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Water produced in combustion
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Fuels and Alternative Fuels Materials or substances that can be used as a fuel, waste oils, vegetable oils or animal fats, which can be used alone, or blended with fossil fuels.
this thread has 16 replies and has been viewed 6832 times
12-01-2016, 07:57:27 PM
Ken Karrow
Location: West Central Missouri
Anyone know how much water is produced in burning 1 gallon of gasoline or diesel as a result of the Oxygen in the air combining with the Hydrogen in the fuel? Thank you for your consideration.
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Registered-II
Location: Spring valley, Illinois
Re: Water produced in combustion
Short answer, about 7 pounds. Read this and it will explain how this happens. Some of the oxygen also combines with the carbon to make co2.
You may have read about the cap and trade legislation which the US House of Representatives passed in June of this year. The US Senate is due to begin work on their version of this legislation in September. This legislation has already been controversial, with opponents labeling it as a leftist plot to seize the U.S. and world financial system, or as legislation that will increase taxes or send jobs overseas.
If this legislative initiative fails, the Environmental Protection Agency has signaled that they are ready to declare CO2 a dangerous pollutant , which will trigger a host of Federal regulations to limit the amount of CO2 generated in the United States under existing legislation, the Clean Air Act of 1990 . While nearly everyone agrees that new legislation would be much preferred to existing legislation, we are certain to face limits of one kind or the other on CO2 pollution in the near future.
This reality is certain to mean much higher costs for the American consumer. Electric bills may increase $10 to $25 a month or more. Gasoline will be more expensive, with some analysts predicting $4 to $5 a gallon prices within 10 years. Food costs will rise, along with any other products that are dependent upon energy or oil. Industries may be relocated to countries that produce less CO2, enabling them to compete more profitably.
One of the major culprits in CO2 pollution is the automobile. You may be surprised to learn how much pollution is produced when you drive your car. For every gallon of gasoline you burn in your car, you remove 21 pounds of breathable Oxygen from the atmosphere, as well as adding 20 pounds of CO2, or Carbon Dioxide to the atmosphere. This might seem unlikely or improbable, but it is a fact.
A gallon of gasoline weighs 6.3 pounds and is comprised of 87% Carbon (C) and 13% Hydrogen (H). When you burn gasoline, a chemical reaction occurs, using Oxygen from the atmosphere. The Hydrogen and the Carbon separate, then recombine with Oxygen from the atmosphere to form H2O, or water, and CO2, or Carbon dioxide.
How is 20 pounds of carbon Dioxide produced?:
A CO2 molecule has one carbon atom (atomic weight 12) and two oxygen atoms (atomic weight of 16 each). A carbon atom has a weight of 12, and each oxygen atom has a weight of 16, giving each single molecule of CO2 an atomic weight of 44 (12 from carbon and 32 from oxygen).
Therefore, to calculate the amount of CO2 produced from a gallon of gasoline, the weight of the carbon in the gasoline is multiplied by 44/12 or 3.7.
Since gasoline is about 87% carbon and 13% hydrogen by weight, the carbon in a gallon of gasoline weighs 5.5 pounds (6.3 lbs. x .87).
We can then multiply the weight of the carbon (5.5 pounds) by 3.7, which equals 20 pounds of CO2.
Now lets see how much H2O or water is produced:
A H2O molecule has two Hydrogen atoms (atomic weight 1) and one oxygen atom (atomic weight of 16 each). Each Hydrogen atom has a weight of 1, and the oxygen atom has a weight of 16, giving each single molecule of H20 an atomic weight of 18 (2 from Hydrogen and 16 from oxygen).
Therefore, to calculate the amount of H2O produced from a gallon of gasoline, the weight of the Hydrogen in the gasoline is multiplied by 18/2 or 9.
Since gasoline is about 87% carbon and 13% hydrogen by weight, the Hydrogen in a gallon of gasoline weighs 0.8 pounds (6.3 lbs. x .13). We can then multiply the weight of the Hydrogen (0.8 pounds) by 9, which equals 7 pounds of H2O or water and water vapor.
How is 21 pounds of Oxygen removed from the atmosphere?:
The combined total weight of the CO2 and the H2O produced by the burning of one gallon of gasoline is 27 pounds. Since we started with one gallon of gas that weighed 6.3 pounds, the amount of Oxygen converted to H2O or CO2 by burning the gasoline is (27-6.3) or 21.7 pounds.
This 21 pounds of breathable Oxygen was removed from the atmosphere by passing through your car's air filter, through the engine, and out the tailpipe as H2O and CO2.
When you multiply that 21 pounds by the United States daily consumption of gasoline (378 million gallons), the result is 7.9 Billion pounds of Oxygen that we are removing from the atmosphere and converting into 7.5 Billion pounds of CO2 and more than 378 Million pounds of water or water vapor each and every day of the year.
On a yearly basis, the total gasoline related CO2 output of the United States is 2.8 Trillion pounds.
This CO2 stays in our atmosphere until it is absorbed by the oceans or broken down by plants through the process of photosynthesis. Also, it seems reasonable that this CO2 would remain at or near ground level, since the CO2 molecule would be heavier than molecules of H2O, or Oxygen or Hydrogen alone. This is a contributing factor in the huge increase in respiratory illness and childhood asthma the US has experienced over the last 30 years.
Change the climate and change the future
Climate legislation is important. We must find ways to reduce our reliance on fossil fuel and decrease CO2 pollution. The recent cash for Clunkers legislation was part of the solution. While initially attached as an amendment to HR 2454, the amendment was moved to the stimulus bill and then signed into law. While stimulating the economy through the sale of new cars, it also traded less fuel efficient cars for more efficient ones, thereby theoretically reducing the amount of CO2 pollution produced. We must continue to reduce the amount of CO2 pollution in the atmosphere, and by doing that, we will increase the amount of available Oxygen. Many coutries around the world are looking to the United States to provide leadership in climate legislation before they draft legislation of their own.
As a nation, we must pass climate legislation this year and partner with the rest of the world at The United Nations Climate Change Conference to reduce pollution.
We will all breath a little easier if we can achieve this goal.
This article based in part on: Environmental Protection Agency frequent questions
© 2008 by blinkin. This material may not be reproduced, rebroadcast, or distributed. Photos are copyright of their authors
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---------- Post added at 06:36:08 PM ---------- Previous post was at 06:33:56 PM ----------
1 gallon of fresh water is about 8.36 pounds
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G.M.Johnson
And you copied this from Newsvine?
Heres a cut and paste that is allowed;
Like jet fuel, gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbons, the exact composition of which depends upon the crude oil from which it was refined. In addition, most gasoline contains additives like antioxidants, static inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, and more.
What we purchase at the pump is a mixture of hundreds of compounds. However, given the boiling points used to distill gasoline (120 - 400 degrees Fahrenheit), we know its hydrocarbons have between 6 and 12 carbon atoms. Most people consider octane - C8H18 - an acceptable average value1. Octane has a density of 0.703 g/mL or 2,661.14 g/gal.
In a gasoline engine, a mixture of gasoline and air is combusted to drive pistons. The pistons turn the drive shaft, and the drive shaft turns the wheels. In the combustion reaction, gasoline (aka, octane, C8H18) combines with atmospheric oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H20):
C8H18 + O2 -> CO2 + H20 (1)
This is the same combustion reaction that occurs in our bodies to generate energy from food. Of course, other elements in the air such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide are burned in the engine as well as oxygen. Those other elements will create other molecules like nitrates and ozone, but we'll ignore them in our calculations.
Of course, we need to balance the equation so the same number of elements enter and exit our reaction:
2C8H18 + 25O2 -> 16CO2 + 18H20 (2)
We can see for every two octane molecules that enter our combustion reaction, 16 carbon dioxide molecules are produced (or, reducing the fraction, one molecule of octane produces eight molecules of carbon dioxide). However, octane molecules and carbon dioxide molecules are not the same mass, and mass must be conserved.
To determine how many grams of carbon dioxide are produced, we need to calculate the molecular mass of carbon dioxide, the molecular mass of octane, and the ratio between the two:
(1 m * 12.011 amu) + (2 m * 15.999 amu) = 44.009 amu (3)
(8 m * 12.011 amu) + (18 m * 1.008 amu) = 114.232 amu (4)
44.009 amu / 114.232 amu = 0.385 (5)
We know that for every octane molecule that enters our reaction produces eight carbon dioxide molecules (Equation 2), and we know that one carbon dioxide molecule is 38.5% the mass of an octane molecule (Equation 5). As a result, we can calculate how many grams of carbon dioxide are produced by one gram of octane (aka, gasoline):
8 * 0.385 = 3.080 g CO2 / g C8H18 (6)
Given the density of octane (0.703 g/mL or 2,661.144 g/gal), we can calculate the pounds of carbon dioxide generated by one gallon of octane (aka, gasoline):
2,661.144 g C8H18/gal * 3.080 g CO2/g C8H18 * 1 lb/453.592 g = 18.07 lbs CO2/gal (7)
There you have it! To the best of our ability, on average, one gallon of gasoline produces 18.07 pounds of carbon dioxide. If your car gets 20 miles-per-gallon and you drive 10,000 miles in a year, you'll produce 4.5 short tons of carbon dioxide.
Don't forget! There are other molecules in the reaction. We aren't saying that you get 18.1 pounds of carbon from 5.7 pounds of carbon (about the weight of a gallon of gas). That would defy physics! We're saying you get 18.1 pounds of carbon dioxide and 8.3 pounds of water from 5.7 pounds of gasoline (1 gallon) and 20.5 pounds of oxygen.
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Andrew Mackey
Location: Rockaway, New Jersey USA
Gasoline is now not a major component of 'gas'. The additives make up more than what they are calling gasoline nowdays. Take E-10. It is supposed to be 10% ethanol, plus additives like detergents, antiknock agents (octanes), lubricants (sulfur and others), aeromatic combustables (like isobutene, iso-propane), Cleaning agents (tolulene), and some methanol for good measure. There are other additives with chemical names that are scary at best. As for E-10, it has been found that it may contain as much as 27% ethanol, from the pump! Besides CO2 you get CO, Sulfur Di Oxide, Hydrocarbons, Soot (carbon particals), water vapor, un-attached Oxygen, Nitrous oxides, and even more noxious items, too numerous to mention!
There are many other pollutants besides CO2 to worry about. SO2 combines with water to make acid rain (sulfuric acid) nitrogen by products make Nitric acid. CO and CO2 combine with other chemicals to make carbonic acid. You also get Ozone - O3. It reacts with other pollutants, creating smog. Not healthy stuff!.
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Thanks to all who answered. The reason for my question is that I moved from an area that is relatively arid but fracking is occurring. Many people are complaining that the water used as a base for fracking is gone forever from the earth's water recycling system. I don't know how much water is used but the amount is small enough that is brought to the site in trucks so in the grand scheme of things is not that much. Also some is recaptured and reprocessed and/or reused. Therefore it is obvious that there is not a net loss but a net gain of water to the earth's system because much more water is gained by the burning of the fuels made from the oil produced as well as the natural gas the by products such as propane. Many more gallons of oil comes out of the ground than water is injected, if it were not the case there would be no economic incentive to do it, and each gallon of oil causes an increase of about one gallon of water even though it is the form of water vapor for the time being. At some point that water vapor becomes liquid water. The extra water and carbon dioxide encourages the growth of plants particularly in arid regions and tends to balance the system.
I'll go on another rant about people out west with their programs to plant a tree - save the planet. Do they not realize that in some areas like here in western Missouri there is more tonage of long term biomass, (trees, shrubs, vines) in a square mile of farm ground that is waste ground (too steep to farm, creek beds, etc.) than they can possibly grow in a square mile of urban landscape? It doesn't have to be irrrigated here. Another rant could be started because of the conversion of marginal ground to farm ground due to an artificially high price for corn to make ethanol to save the planet has caused a decrease in the very trees and brush that take carbon dioxide out of the air as well as an increase in the amount of fuels used to produce it. Now I'll retreat back in my hole and shut up.
1000 gallons of water used to make 1 gallon of ethanol!!!!!!!! http://gas2.org/2008/10/16/1000-gall...green-is-that/
Lead Head
Originally Posted by Ken Karrow
Geologist with a bit of a background in hydrogeology here:
The issue isn't a total net gain/loss of water on Earth. The issue is ground water. If you're in an arid region, chances are your water is coming from ground water aquifers. Aquifers flow extremely slowly, and also recharge extremely slowly. The water in today's aquifers took thousands of years to build up to the levels they are at today, but we are pumping them much faster than they naturally recharge. And since the Earth and humanity are both very dynamic, chances are the water you created from burning that fuel won't actually condense back into rain water anywhere near where it was extracted. Especially since we pipe oil and gas all over the country.
Another issue is that as you draw water from an aquifer, the sediments that make it up tend to compact tighter together, and the land above it starts to subside and sink. Once the aquifer compacts, it will never go back to it's pre-compacted state. The storage capacity of the aquifer is permanently reduced, and it will never be able to hold as much water as it did before.
Whether or not the fracking is impacting your ground water levels depends on a lot of things - how much water they're bringing in to a site, how many sites there are, whether or not you're in a water shortage with already excessive ground water pumping, etc...
This is such a big issue that before California completed it's extensive surface-water canal system, some areas were sinking by feet per year. Here's perhaps one of the most famous images of it. The tags show where the base of that pole was located at that given year. The land sunk over 30 feet between 1925-1977
Last edited by Lead Head; 12-10-2016 at 07:32:37 PM.
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Glenn Ayers
Location: Bethany, West Virginia, USA
Yeh ... whatta crockashit. Poles that were put in the ground 30 ft.
Gullible much ?
Besides that ... the pole would have sunk along with the ground it was stuck in.
Geeeze.
"I'll have the Red Pill, thank you."
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Read what I said more carefully: "The tags show where the base of that pole was located at that given year. The land sunk over 30 feet between 1925-1977".
The pole sunk with ground. The tags on the pole should where the ground surface - or the base of the pole WAS in those particular years. It's not a "crockashit" as you say. It's such a big issue that they've been carefully monitoring the ground surface movement in the San Joaquin Valley since the 1920s. Back before anyone cared about the environment. As early as the 1950s and 60s they were setting up extensometers and large spirit-level networks to track the land subsidence. It's so severe you can actually track the subsidence with GPS and see it from space with sensitive satellites. The subsidence tracks ground water usage and aquifer levels. Years with heavy rains and lots of surface water have far less subsidence since there is more aquifer recharge, and far less ground water pumping. Dry years see significant land subsidence.
The reason it's in a farmer's field, is because the San Joaquin Valley is a huge geographic area dominated by farmland, with very intense water demands on the local aquifers. You could try doing the same thing at a golf course, but you wouldn't see any change. You need large-scale pumping over an entire aquifer to see major land subsidence. In the 1960s, almost 1/4 of the entire U.S's pumped irrigation water was coming from this one area in California. They pumped enough water to drop the aquifer water levels over 150 feet.
This isn't some made up thing. It causes significant issues, since underground pipes, surface water canals, etc... are constantly buckling and breaking in the area. This is honestly one of the few large-scale environmental changes the average person could check for themselves. You can measure it yourself. Go pick up an old second-hand transit, put it on a known non-moving benchmark somewhere just outside the San Joaquin valley and shoot a measurement to something inside of it. Come back a year later, and you'll find that the point you measured is now ~6-14 inches lower than it was.
Here's a great page from the USGS on the issue. No BS, no nonsense. Just facts and figures about the land subsidence, the aquifer water levels and how they linked it to excessive ground water pumping. http://ca.water.usgs.gov/projects/ce...in-valley.html
BobRR, Glenn Ayers, Vanman
Thanks for the interest. In the area I was referring to most of the water is last winter's snow in the mountains stored in resivors until needed. The people objecting were quite specific in stating that the water is lost forever.
Location: Mission Viejo, California
I've been wanting to leave this wretched place for all of my adult life. That hasn't been in the cards yet, but hopefully soon. When I heard about this stupid state seceding it made me very happy! Let me leave first, then let these idiots leave our county! Then elections will no longer be such a close race between the moochers and the producers.
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Originally Posted by akuna
California has real stupid water rules.
Interesting in one post we are told it takes for ever to recharge ground water, and in the next, if it rains lots the ground does not sink.
Aquifers cover large areas. Pumping water for a golf coarse, may be from the same aquifer. I am not familiar with California and can not wait for it to crack off and take all the crazy people with it towards Hawaii. Or better yet they vote to leave.
Please actually try reading my posts before you comment. You're embarassing yourself.
I quite clearly said that during years of heavy rain, there is more surface water available, so less ground water is pumped. During these years, the amount of land subsidence decreases. Dry years with little surface water and extensive pumping have lots of subsidence.
California has "stupid water rules" because they use an unsustainable amount of ground water. They simply don't get enough surface water to meet their demands so they have to pump. California produces half of the Country's fruits and vegetables, and is only behind Texas in livestock products. That kind of production requires an immense amount of water.
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Your Quote. "Years with heavy rains and lots of surface water have far less subsidence since there is more aquifer recharge, and far less ground water pumping. Dry years see significant land subsidence."
I see Aquifer Recharge in your quote.
You're purposely twisting my words into what you want them to be. Yes, years with heavier rains will have more recharge, but it's small compared to the amount being pumped. The recharge by itself would not be enough to stop the subsidence. It's the reduced pumping.
Other states have little surface water. They have reasonable water rules.
...and other states do not use as much water as California does. California's huge industry and immense agriculture has tremendous water demand. California produces 50% of the nations fruits and vegetables, and that requires a TON of water.
California represents 11% of the entire country's water usage. That's as much water as Indiana, Pennsylvania, Alabama, Montana and Virginia COMBINED. California needs those strict water rules because they use so much water compared to everyone else. Without those rules in place, you'd have HUGE issues.
You have not elaborated as to what makes their rules crazy
Careful guys or we will be over in smoke, flames and gas. For the record I was talking about Colorado which has lots of water laws, most of them old. However the "lost forever" comments were coming out of the front range which is getting Californicated. I am glad to have left, the freedom of retirement is wonderful.
Water is not "lost forever" from fracking, but water pulled out of aquifers for fracking may be permanently lost from that aquifer.
Almost all states in the west use the "Prior Appropriations" method of water rights allocation, and have been doing so for 100+ years. Prior appropriations basically means that water rights (from say a stream or river) are first-come-first-serve. So if you acquired rights for 10 acre-feet of water/year before anyone else, you are guaranteed that 10 acre-feet - even if it means someone "downstream" of you doesn't get any water at all. While most eastern states tend to use "Riparian Water Rights", which basically means anyone with water on their property is entitled to use it, as long as they do so reasonably.
Like I said, these "crazy ideas" are not new. Most of these laws have been on the books for 100+ years. Some states - including Colorado (which you claim has reasonable rules) even has it baked into their state constitution that they own any and all water that hasn't been appropriated. This means the state of Colorado owns all of your rain water runoff.
There was an issue a few years ago in Oregon with a man who built huge ponds and dams that had over 40 acre-feet of water - which is over 13 million gallons. He was basically capturing all the runoff from his 170 acres of land, under the claim that it was "just rain water". The problem was that runoff would have went into a local creek, which feed a nearby river - which had appropriated water rights. That means he was essentially indirectly stealing water from someone who paid for the ability to use that water.
I just want to reiterate one more time - these laws are not new. They've been in existence for hundreds of years in the United States. However, these laws rarely get enforced until we start running into water shortages. Which is what is happening now in the west. When we have excess water, the laws don't need to be enforced, and people tend to forget these laws even existed in the first place.
Managing and regulating water is very tricky and difficult, and there is no set of rules that will keep everyone satisfied.
BobRR
F o r u m Jump
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Brussels serves as the seat of the European Parliament and is home to foreigners from around the world. If you're an expat in Belgium, you'll find a wealth of resources catered to your needs. Belgium has been moving towards becoming a cashless society and, as a result, has one of the most modern and efficient financial frameworks in the world.
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So how does Belgian banking work? What are the logistics?
Belgium is a modern and advanced financial centre which means banking there should be straightforward. While minor differences occur from bank to bank, you can expect quick customer service and automated digital capabilities.
Both debit and credit card payments are accepted at small and large retail operations. However, if you carry cash instead, you'll generally find that it's accepted in most places. It's probably helpful to note that Belgium recently phased out €1 and €2 coins, so you'll probably find it tough to spend those.
ATMs are located in most banks, as well as in various storefronts and high-traffic areas. If you're using a machine outside of your bank network, however, you'll likely be subject to ATM fees. The good news is that most ATMs will accept your card, even if it's international.
Some ATMs are physically located inside of a bank, and lock their doors to non-members after-hours. Members have to use their bank cards to get inside. Otherwise, you can expect most branches to be open during standard business hours, Monday through Friday.
What banking fees can I expect?
You'll encounter a variety of charges for banking services, depending on your bank. While some online checking accounts are free, others with premium additions can cost you over €100 annually to maintain. If you're a student or eligible for a youth account, you're likely to find a free or low-cost account with access to debit and credit cards.
Most banks offer international money transfers, but it's difficult to pinpoint a cost. EU transfers may tend to be on the cheaper side, while wider global transfers are subject to inflated exchange rates, service fees and even hidden charges.
Most banks use the SWIFT network to send your money outside the EU. And, despite it's name, it's not known for being so swift, and it's definitely not cheap. Up to 5 banks will charge you a flat fee for sending money, so expats making international transfers can end up with rather unpleasant surprises. Not to mention the notoriously poor exchange rates that are generally offered. So with varying fees, banking systems that vary from country to country and long wait times, it can be difficult to plan ahead for money transfers.
To avoid uncertainty and unpleasant fees, use a service like TransferWise. If you have a bank account in Belgium or know someone who does, you'll find the fees delightfully low, as well as transparent. Not to mention your money will be exchanged at the real exchange rate you find on Google, rather than at a sneakily low price.
Good luck on your new adventure in Belgium!


Considering its small size, the Principality of Monaco is surprisingly well equipped in terms of public parking facilities.
Monaco boasts almost 40 public car parks, with all of the hotels also offering parking to residents and guests. And as with most things in Monaco, even the car parks are of a superior quality, with wide spaces and 24-hours security guaranteed – a necessity when driving a Ferrari or a Lamborghini.
Prices are perhaps more than you would pay in neighboring France or Italy, but only marginally, with the first hour usually free of charge and the second hour costing between €2 - €4.40, depending on which car park you choose. Prices increase by less than a euro for every 15 minutes thereafter with the rate decreasing the longer your car is parked.
Leaving your car in an underground car park for the day with a 'forfait journalier' in Monaco will set you back a standard €20. For an up-to-date idea of prices across the Principality please take a look here (information in French).
On street parking in Monaco is available in some areas, although actually finding a free space near a metre might be a harder feat than locating a car park with spaces.


text:
109. UK smaller companies: reaching beyond the white cliffs of dover
While technology companies only make up about 1% of the FTSE 100, there are plenty to be found in other areas of the UK stock market. Guy Feld, co-manager of the Marlborough UK Micro-Cap Growth fund, and Eustace Santa Barbara, co-manager of Marlborough Special Situations fund, tell us more about the AiM market. Home to 84 technology companies, more than a third of the firms listed are also headquartered or have the majority of their operations outside the UK. Investing in UK smaller companies can be a route to growth stories around the world…
Download transcript(PDF)
Marlborough UK Micro-Cap Growth and Marlborough Special Situations funds are run by the highly respected smaller companies team at Hargreave Hale. The Micro-Cap Growth fund invests in the UK smallest companies. Relatively small positions are taken initially, and the managers will then run their winners aggressively, adding to them as their story unfolds. The Special Situations fund has evolved as it has grown over the years and now invests in both small and medium-sized companies.
Read more about Marlborough UK Micro-Cap Growth and Marlborough Special Situations
What's covered in this podcast:
How the team has been able to outperform this year [0:39]
How few tech companies are in the FTSE 100 [3:54]
What type of tech companies you can find in the AiM index [4:23]
Whether UK smaller companies could do better in an economic recovery next year [7:26]
How entrepreneurial spirit could see even restauranteurs find new opportunities to grow their businesses post-pandemic [8:20]
Why M&A is good for smaller companies investors [9:03]
If UK smaller companies can survive Brexit [10:17]
The extent to which UK smaller companies are actually international businesses [10:32]
237. Hunting for profits in UK Equity Income
by Juliet Schooling Latter
Sid Chand Lall, manager of the IFSL Marlborough Multi Cap Income fund, talks to us about finding...
235. Why investors need to rethink the way they build a portfolio
One day in September 2022 "we were the only active buyer of UK duration in the world" says manager...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


But unlike the other two groups the Vril Gesellschaft were an inner circle of women who were also fighting against their times and culture. They were psychic mediums that wore a horse-tail hairstyle. They believed that their long hair acted as cosmic antennae to receive alien communication from beyond. which started post-WWI with Thule medium Maria Orsic.
Confused by the strange language and mental images she was receiving through psychic channeling, Maria Orsic of Thule joined with the Vril Gesellschaft which brought in another psychic medium named Sigrun to help translate the alien language (which turned out to be ancient Sumerian) and decipher the strange mental images of a circular flight machine for making contact.


Heading into the Olympic year of 1980, Bill Rodgers was the top-ranked marathoner in the world. But with the U.S. boycotting the Moscow Games over the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, he would have no shot at gold. Instead, Boston Billy (1) returned to his favorite race. Running "with a passion," he would pull away to win his fourth title.


text:
Oman Air Launches New In-flight Experience
Commencing from 1st March 2005 Oman Air will take a step further in its product and service enhancement strategy by the introduction of a "new design" range of catering service equipments within its fleet.
The upgrade is a significant step forward and of considerable investment to ensure the latest designs and products are keeping Oman Air on par with its competitors within the region.
Having spent many months in the planning and procurement stages – the introduction of the equipments will commence on 01.03.05 with both Business Class and the Economy Class products online on all network destinations.
Significant differences will be apparent to the frequent flyer, as the total product concept has changed from aspects including the colour, shape, size and design through to different service styles on certain routings.
Oman Air will be only the second airline – world wide to use this new "Swift" design and the only carrier within the Middle East, North Africa and Asian regions.
Taking into account the historic traditions and culture of Oman – the colours used typify these elements:
Green - Luscious vegetation of the costal region and Salalah
Copper brown – The unique hand crafted designs used in utensils, homes (famous Oman Doors, chests and rifles insignia)
Aqua Marine – The perfect shores of Oman and its marine history.
White - The colour of generosity and calm, and treasures of the ocean like pearls.
The Business Class is a blend of simplicity and quality with crisp white linen and modern steel cutlery, complimenting the new lines of the bowl, plates and entrée dish.
With pure white china, the foods supplied are greatly enhanced and the product resembles the quality you expect from a fine dining experience.
Minor details – like a hot chocolate mug, steel cruet sets and new glassware are new touches that make the difference.
An inaugural launch of the products will take place at the In-flight Catering Business Unit at Seeb International Airport on 27th February 2005 with the patronage of senior airline officials, frequent flyers, invited guests and local media.
The introduction comes at an important time for Oman Air with the arrival of a new B737 and expansion into new routings in the Indian Sub continent.


text:
import {MoveNetEstimationConfig, MoveNetModelConfig} from './types';

export const SINGLEPOSE_LIGHTNING = 'SinglePose.Lightning';
export const SINGLEPOSE_THUNDER = 'SinglePose.Thunder';
export const MULTIPOSE_LIGHTNING = 'MultiPose.Lightning';

export const VALID_MODELS =
    [SINGLEPOSE_LIGHTNING, SINGLEPOSE_THUNDER, MULTIPOSE_LIGHTNING];

export const MOVENET_SINGLEPOSE_LIGHTNING_URL =
    'https://tfhub.dev/google/tfjs-model/movenet/singlepose/lightning/4';
export const MOVENET_SINGLEPOSE_THUNDER_URL =
    'https://tfhub.dev/google/tfjs-model/movenet/singlepose/thunder/4';
export const MOVENET_MULTIPOSE_LIGHTNING_URL =
    'https://tfhub.dev/google/tfjs-model/movenet/multipose/lightning/1';

export const MOVENET_SINGLEPOSE_LIGHTNING_RESOLUTION = 192;
export const MOVENET_SINGLEPOSE_THUNDER_RESOLUTION = 256;
export const MOVENET_MULTIPOSE_DEFAULT_MAX_DIMENSION = 256;

// The default configuration for loading MoveNet.
export const MOVENET_CONFIG: MoveNetModelConfig = {
  modelType: SINGLEPOSE_LIGHTNING,
  enableSmoothing: true
};

export const MOVENET_ESTIMATION_CONFIG: MoveNetEstimationConfig = {};

export const KEYPOINT_FILTER_CONFIG = {
  frequency: 30,
  minCutOff: 2.5,
  beta: 300.0,
  derivateCutOff: 2.5,
  thresholdCutOff: 0.5,
  thresholdBeta: 5.0,
  disableValueScaling: true,
};
export const CROP_FILTER_ALPHA = 0.9;
export const MIN_CROP_KEYPOINT_SCORE = 0.2;
export const DEFAULT_MIN_POSE_SCORE = 0.25;

export const NUM_KEYPOINTS = 17;
export const NUM_KEYPOINT_VALUES = 3;  // [y, x, score]
export const MULTIPOSE_BOX_SIZE = 5;   // [ymin, xmin, ymax, xmax, score]
export const MULTIPOSE_BOX_IDX = NUM_KEYPOINTS * NUM_KEYPOINT_VALUES;
export const MULTIPOSE_BOX_SCORE_IDX = MULTIPOSE_BOX_IDX + 4;
export const MULTIPOSE_INSTANCE_SIZE =
    NUM_KEYPOINTS * NUM_KEYPOINT_VALUES + MULTIPOSE_BOX_SIZE;

export const DEFAULT_KEYPOINT_TRACKER_CONFIG = {
  maxTracks: 18,  // 3 times max detections of the multi-pose model.
  maxAge: 1000,
  minSimilarity: 0.2,
  keypointTrackerParams: {
    keypointConfidenceThreshold: 0.3,
    // From COCO:
    // https://cocodataset.org/#keypoints-eval
    keypointFalloff: [
      0.026, 0.025, 0.025, 0.035, 0.035, 0.079, 0.079, 0.072, 0.072, 0.062,
      0.062, 0.107, 0.107, 0.087, 0.087, 0.089, 0.089
    ],
    minNumberOfKeypoints: 4
  }
};

export const DEFAULT_BOUNDING_BOX_TRACKER_CONFIG = {
  maxTracks: 18,  // 3 times max detections of the multi-pose model.
  maxAge: 1000,
  minSimilarity: 0.15,
  trackerParams: {}
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


With a vast number of travel agencies today, traveling to Thailand has become less stressful. Getting an excellent hotel accommodation, accessing good meals, suitable means of transportation around the country has now become so easy. But do you need SIM card for a while Thailand stay lasts?
Some visitors get SIM card to keep in touch with their families an friends back at home while some need it for their work. Whichever reason that warrants a purchase of a SIM card, it is a good thing to have traveler's SIM with you while in Thailand. Think about some emergency cases, a situation where you need to keep up with other tourists, or when you need to locate a place using Google Maps; all these are other resins why you need s traveler's SIM card. Having a SIM card makes your traveling more comfortable and enjoyable! Therefore a traveler's SIM card I part of your traveling stuff!
Now that you have a better understanding of why a traveler's SIM card is essential as you prepare for your journey, then how do you get one? Each Thailand SIM card comes with voice, data or combo package. The data package is the best choice for tourists because it allows internet connectivity for uploading pictures and checking updates. Before buying any of the packages ask questions and make sure understand what the package of your choice has to offer.
Getting a Phone Card in Thailand is stress-free. Although they can offer you a traveler's SIM card at the airport, you can as well get one from any of the 7/11, shopping centers and other phone outlets across the country.
Make sure your phone's network can work outside your own country. Before arriving in Thailand, make sure your mobile phone has been unlocked to work in other countries that operate GSM network.
The PIN Number of Your Phone Must Be Known: some phones are designed to ask for PIN code each time you insert a new SIM into them especially when you are outside the country. In such a situation you must know your phone PIN code when coming to Thailand because you might be prompt to enter your phone's PIN code immediately you insert the traveler's SIM into your phone.
DTAC Happy Tourist 599 THB (excl. VAT) comes with unrestricted internet access for 15 days, 6GB at MAX speed with additional free 100 THB airtime.
The AIS package is also similar to that of DTAC's.
What is a Travel Pocket Hotspot?
This can be defined as a personal portable wireless modem that allows you to connect any wireless-enabled gadgets to connect to the internet through a secured connection. With a portable Wi-Fi, you can connect all your gadgets including mobile phone, laptop and tablet to the internet anywhere anytime. Carrying a portable Wi-Fi can save youa a lot of money on data roaming, Wi-Fi hunting and heaps of prepaid SIM card credits. Out of the country Travel Wi-Fi is pre-designed and does not need any complicated setup.
4) Share your travel experiences on social media networks!
5) Discover valuable information about attractions & museums opening hours, public trains and buses locations for your tours.
Renting a portable Wi-Fi if you don't have one gives you access to internet connection anywhere you want it. No more Wi-Fi hunting or weak Wi-Fi signals in your hotel. Say farewell to costly roaming bills. Your Wi-Fi internet connection can be shared with up to 5-6 mobile devices (depending on the router version you are using and country you are renting from). So, share Wi-Fi with your travel cohorts and go on an escapade!
Overseas Travel Wi-Fi routers are pre-designed by our devoted operations crew. You cannot insert your own SIM card into the router, due to local data guidelines by the country's indigenous ISP to avoid abuse. That's the beauty of the rent service – no installation, no configuration is needed; it's just convenient and easy to use.
You will collect charging cables, universal charger, and user handbook to show you how to connect and using the router and definitely, the router itself!
You must return the pocket Wi-Fi to TRIPIZEE within one business day ahead of your indicated return date. For messenger return, our courier associates will be in touch with you to pick up the pocket Wi-Fi 1 business day after your stated return date.
Example: If you return it on Thursday, September 4, you must return the device by Friday, September 5.


The epic match-three adventure continues in The Treasures of Montezuma 4!
Follow Anna, a young archeologist, into a dense jungle, where she'll discover not only a lost city but also her extraordinary destiny. As you play, you'll enjoy three content-rich modes, each packed with electrifying gameplay: Match tokens to release special powers and collect gems in Story Mode; search for a lost artifact in Quest Mode; and complete challenging goals in Puzzle Mode, which features ten ALL-NEW styles of gameplay ranging from Catch the Frog to Big Bang and beyond! As you unlock achievements and build a monument to the gods, you'll enjoy enhanced visuals, butter-smooth controls, and use of all of the classic bonuses. Play The Treasures of Montezuma 4 today to enjoy more intense action, more addictive game modes, more mind-bending puzzles, more explosive visuals, and more of the over-the-top fun that has been a hallmark of this groundbreaking series of casual games!


text:
June 15, 2021 D S hollywood 0
Supermodel Chrissy Teigen has offered a public statement of regret over her past conduct as a cyberbully, conceding that she acted like a "savage" to numerous individuals. In a proclamation posted on Instagram, the 35-year-old model broke her month-long online media quietness, saying that the previous "barely any weeks" were extremely "lowering" for her.
"I realize I've been calm, and ruler realizes you would prefer not to catch wind of me, however I need you to realize I've been sitting in an opening of merited worldwide discipline, a definitive 'stay here and consider what you've done'.
"Not a day, not a solitary second has passed where I haven't felt the devastating load of disappointment for the things I've said previously," Teigen composed.
The model was as of late involved in a significant discussion after Courtney Stodden, who is non-paired, asserted that Teigen tormented them numerous years prior.
As indicated by Stodden, Teigen supposedly sent messages encouraging the television character to commit suicide over their relationship and union with entertainer Doug Hutchinson.
After Stodden's cases became visible, Teigen apologized to the model.
Thinking about the debate, Teigen said, "As you most likely are aware, a lot of my old horrendous (dreadful, terrible) tweets reemerged."
"I'm genuinely embarrassed about them. As I take a gander at them and comprehend the hurt they caused, I need to pause and ponder: How is it possible that I would have done that?" she added.
In spite of the fact that Teigen has apologized to Stodden, the model said she is secretly connecting with "others" to say sorry.
"I've apologized openly to one individual, yet there are others and something beyond a rare sorts of people who I need to say I'm sorry to. I'm presently secretly contacting individuals I offended," she composed.
Teigen said her conduct via online media was unforgivable and her "objectives" didn't merit it.
"I was a savage, full stop. What's more, I'm so grieved. I need to go somewhat further here, thinking about those I've harmed and companions I've disillusioned," she said.
Teigen additionally conceded that she was "unreliable" and "juvenile" online in light of the fact that she thought she "expected to dazzle aliens to be acknowledged".
"On the off chance that there was a mainstream society heap on, I took to Twitter to attempt to acquire consideration and hotshot what I at the time accepted was a rough, sharp, innocuous jest. I thought it made me cool and relatable on the off chance that I made fun of VIPs. Presently, went up against with a portion of the things that I said, I wince to my center," the model said.
Sanchari Vijay to live on through others


NIKTEC, INC is able to provide a cost effective repair service for this ITOX BT101/BT103. We will provide you with a pre-paid fedex shipping label for USA based clients to ship in their failed BT101/BT103. Contact us to request a quote about this ITOX part.


Can you do something about the CSS syntax errors and HTML standards errors? When I was evaluating your theme I found 20+ CSS errors just by running it through the standard CSS validators — with thesis (my current platform), I get 1 (which was my error).
Like I mentioned in our twitter exchange, this has been duly noted, and will be addressed in a future version (probably 1.1 in a month or so), but overall it isn't very high on the overall priority list.
I think features, true bug fixes, and tweaks to the UI are much more important than a lack of focus on fixing small validation errors that do little to effect the performance or display of the theme. I understand how some people feel about validating, but I am not really one of those people. In the end, it is nice to validate, but not mission critical.
It's good to see the upgrade.


Dagaya 2.0 makes it easy to control two bidirectional, high-power, brushed DC motors with any microcontroller or any other development board. The board includes 2 robust VNH5019 motor drivers from ST(VNH5019A-E datasheet), which is operating from 5.5 to 24 V and having the capability to deliver a continuous 12 A (30 A peak) per channel.
Its is possible to combine the Outputs to a single channel to deliver up to 24 A continuous (60 A Maximum) to a single motor.


text:
Tag: T.J. Otzelberger
Iowa State hands out a new 2022 basketball offer
Chris Williams, July 12, 2021 July 12, 2021
Due to the fact that Iowa State already has two high-level commitments in the bag for its class of 2022, the July recruiting period has been somewhat tame. New head coach T.J. Otzelberger did hand out a new offer on Monday though. Jasen Green, a 6-foot-7...
"Childish" activities helping new-look ISU program build lasting bonds off the court
Rob Gray, July 12, 2021 July 12, 2021
SIOUX FALLS, SD - MARCH 7: Robert Jones #21 of the Denver Pioneers tries to go up for a shot against Rocky Kreuser #34 of the North Dakota State Bison at the 2020 Summit League Basketball Championship in Sioux Falls, SD. (Photo by Richard Carlson/Inertia) Summit Leag...
The Young Killer and The Unicorn: Iowa State's youngsters turning heads during summer workouts
Jared Stansbury, July 6, 2021 July 6, 2021
Iowa State freshman forward Xavier Foster dunks the ball in the first half against Kansas State on Tuesday, Dec. 15, 2020, at Hilton Coliseum in Ames. Blake Hinson's eyes light up, and a smile spreads across his face after hearing the question from a report...
A commitment to defense fuels dreams of renewed "magic" for ISU hoops newcomers
Rob Gray, July 5, 2021 July 5, 2021
Mar 4, 2020; Oxford, Mississippi, USA; Mississippi Rebels guard Blake Hinson (0) celebrates during the final seconds during the second half against the Missouri Tigers at The Pavilion at Ole Miss. Mandatory Credit: Petre Thomas-USA TODAY Sports Blake Hinson...
Details of Otzelberger's contract released
Jared Stansbury, June 28, 2021 June 28, 2021
UNLV Rebels head coach T.J. Otzelberger instructs the team in the first half of a college basketball game against the Cincinnati Bearcats, Saturday, Nov. 30, 2019, at Fifth Third Arena in Cincinnati. When T.J. Otzelberger was introduced as Iowa State's new head men's ba...
MUSINGS: A Fred Hoiberg return to Hilton Coliseum? Don't rule it out…
Feb 16, 2021; College Park, Maryland, USA; Nebraska Cornhuskers head coach Fred Hoiberg looks onto the during the second half against the Maryland Terrapins at Xfinity Center. Mandatory Credit: Tommy Gilligan-USA TODAY Sports Imagine this scene... It is a Friday or Saturday even...
Cyclones officially add transfer Izaiah Brockington
StephCopley, May 6, 2021 May 6, 2021
The following is a press release from the Iowa State Athletics Communications Office: AMES, Iowa – Iowa State head men's basketball coach T.J. Otzelberger has announced the addition of Penn State transfer Izaiah Brockington. Brockington is a 6-4 guard out ...
Iowa State makes Penn State transfer Brockington's top-four
Jared Stansbury, May 4, 2021 May 4, 2021
Feb 14, 2021; University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Penn State Nittany Lions guard Izaiah Brockington (12) dunks the ball during the second half against the Nebraska Cornhuskers at Bryce Jordan Center. Nebraska defeated Penn State 62-61. Mandatory Credit: Matthew OHa...
TUESDAY MUSINGS: Like it or not, the transfer portal is here to stay
Jared Stansbury, April 20, 2021 April 20, 2021
Apr 5, 2021; Indianapolis, IN, USA; Baylor Bears guard Davion Mitchell (45) brings the ball up court during the first half against the Gonzaga Bulldogs in the national championship game during the Final Four of the 2021 NCAA Tournament at Lucas Oil Stadium. Man...
PODCAST: CW & T.J. Otzelberger
Chris Williams, April 15, 2021 April 22, 2021
In part three of the Built to Lead Podcast Series which is presented by Graphite Construction Group, Chris Williams sits down with brand new Iowa State basketball coach T.J. Otzelberger. The two friends discuss Otzelberger's first few weeks on the job, his ideas...


Below you can view all the townhouses for sale in the Hillside subdivision located in Arvada Colorado. Listings in Hillside are updated daily from data we receive from the Denver multiple listing service.
To learn more about any of these townhouses or to receive custom notifications when a new property is listed for sale in Hillside, give us a call at 720-580-6756.
Perfect for working at home or multi-generations MLS#6905606. KELLER WILLIAMS AVENUES REALTY.
Walk out basement has a builder option to finish* Charm & attention to detail and high end finishes throughout*Hurry! ! MLS#3217143. KELLER WILLIAMS AVENUES REALTY.


A Forested Tract-Size Profile of Virginia's NIPF Landowners.
Source: Res. Pap. SRS-1.Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 10 p.
Information gathered from 3,221 permanent Forest Survey sample plots showed that nearly 1.3 million acres, or 11 percent, of the nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) timberland in Virginia is in forested tracts 10 acres or less. Forested tracts ranging from 11 to 100 acres accounted for the largest proportion of NIPF timberland. Forested tract size varied significantly by NIPF-ownership group and broad management class. By NIPF-ownership group, the other corporate group recorded the highest average forested tract size of 684 acres. By management class, natural pine stands recorded the lowest average forested tract size of 128 acres. Volume and net annual growth of growing stock were stable across all forested tract-size categories. Softwood growing-stock removals were stable across all forested tract-size categories, whereas hardwood growing-stock removals increased successively up to the largest tract-size category.
Thompson, Michael T; Johnson, Tony G. 1996. A Forested Tract-Size Profile of Virginia''s NIPF Landowners. Res. Pap. SRS-1.Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 10 p.
Timberland, forest ownership, forested tract size, timber volume, timber growth, timber removals.


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text:
Q: How to convert regular properties into Automatic properties C# public class MsException : BaseException
{
    private readonly string _error;
    private readonly string _message;

    public MsException(int id)
    {
        var code = (Enum)errorId;

        _error = code.ToString();
        _message = code.GetNames();
    }

    public override string StatusCode => _error;
    public override string Message => _message;
}

I want to convert those properties into auto properties as C# 6 examples. How they will look like?
In BaseException I have two properties again string StatusCode and string Message.
Any help will be appreciated. I need some example how to do it.

A: If you have StatusCode and Message in base class. You are inheriting that base class and want to set values to base class property then you can simply assign values to that property
public class MsException : BaseException
   {
   public MsException(int id)
      {
         var code = (Enum)errorId;

         this.StatusCode = code.ToString();
         this.Message = code.GetNames();
      }
   }

Your BaseException class might look like
public class BaseException
{
    public string StatusCode {get; set;};
    public string Message {get; set;}

}

A: You have some terrible mix here since you override properties that are found in BaseException which is hardly a good idea, since they already exist.
So you can just use these properties that are already there instead of creating new ones.
Perhaps you can explain why do you need this.

A: public class MsException : BaseException
{
    public MsException(int id)
    {
        var code = (Enum)errorId;

        StatusCode = code.ToString();
        Message = code.GetNames();
    }
}

Something like this may work.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Montebello, CA (January 31, 2017) – Epsilon Electronics has their 2017 catalogs for many of their brands available both online and through your local dealers.
New Epsilon Electronics branded catalogs include: 2017 SoundStream full-line; SoundStream New for 2017; SoundStream Marine and Powersports; 2017 Power Acoustik full-line; Power Acoustik New for 2017; 2017 Precision Power full-line; Farenheit 2017 Off-Road LED & DJ Lighting Solutions and the NESA 2017 full-line.
These catalogs are available online by visiting www.epsilonelectronicsinc.com/brands.html, selecting your desired brand and then clicking on the "Catalogs" tab at the top of the page.
Alternatively, you may visit your local dealer to obtain catalogs. To locate your nearest U.S. dealer there is a where-to-buy feature associated with each of our brands.
Dealers wishing to order catalogs may contact their reps or add literature to their orders.
2017 products have begun shipping and will continue rolling out throughout February and March.
Epsilon Electronics Inc. operates as a corporate umbrella for various brands that include Soundstream, Power Acoustik, Precision Power, Farenheit, and NESA. Epsilon produces name brand products that are sold in over 2,000 locations across the USA. It is also a top 12 Volt brand in over 55 countries worldwide. In addition, Epsilon is the second largest aftermarket car video supplier in the USA. As an innovator in the industry, Epsilon holds 13 key industry patents. Furthermore, each year they offer products with features that supersede previous models, as well as customers' expectations.


Soft Serve Social Acai Avalanche is the e-juice with acai ice cream flavor. It is topped with ripe blueberry and strawberry flavors.
Get a chance to enjoy a unique berry dessert flavor! Soft Serve Social Acai Avalanche is the e-juice with acai ice cream flavor. It is topped with ripe blueberry and strawberry flavors. More berries – more enjoyment! Thanks to a 70/30 VG/PG base, vapers will produce massive clouds of vapor. Comes in a 60ml glass bottle and offers 3 nicotine levels. Plunge into a berry paradise with every inhale of Acai Avalanche vape juice by Soft Serve Social brand.


text:
Home > Articles, Reports, Theses > Reports > Search Results: "displaced person"
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Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the relationship between climate change and human rights
This report discusses how observed and projected impacts of climate change have implications for the enjoyment of human rights and for the obligations of States under international human rights law .
Chapter I discusses the main features of climate change as defined in the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and central aspects of current climate change debates under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Chapter II outlines various implications of climate change for human rights, commenting on:
(a) the relationship between the environment and human rights;
(b) implications of the effects of climate change for the enjoyment of specific rights;
(c) vulnerabilities of specific groups;
(d) human rights implications of climate change-induced displacement and conflict; and
(e) human rights implications of measures to address climate change.
Chapter III relates the discussion of the impacts of climate change on human rights with relevant obligations under international human rights law, which are also summarized in annex 1 to the present report.
Chapter IV draws conclusions on the relationship between climate change and human rights
Growth, poverty and the terms of development partnership
Fifty countries are currently designated by the United Nations as "least developed countries" (LDCs): Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde (until December 2007), Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Timor–Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Yemen and Zambia .
The list of LDCs is reviewed every three years by the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in the light of recommendations by the Committee for Development Policy (CDP).
The following criteria were used by the CDP in the 2006 review of the list of LDCs:
(a) A "low-income" criterion, based on the gross national income (GNI) per capita (a 3-year average, 2002–2004), with thresholds of $750 for cases of addition to the list, and $900 for cases of graduation from LDC status;
(b) A "human assets" criterion, involving a composite index (the Human Assets Index) based on indicators of (i) nutrition (percentage of the population undernourished); (ii) health (child mortality rate); (iii) school enrolment (gross secondary school enrolment rate); and (iv) literacy (adult literacy rate); and
(c) An "economic vulnerability" criterion, involving a composite index (the Economic Vulnerability Index) based on indicators of (i) natural shocks (index of instability of agricultural production; share of population displaced by natural disasters); (ii) trade shocks (index of instability of exports of goods and services); (iii) exposure to shocks (share of agriculture, forestry and fisheries in GDP; merchandise export concentration index); (iv) economic smallness (population in logarithm); and (v) economic remoteness (index of remoteness).
For all three criteria, different thresholds are used for addition to, and graduation from, the list of LDCs. A country will qualify to be added to the list if it meets the three criteria and does not have a population greater than 75 million. A country will normally qualify for graduation from LDC status if it has met graduation thresholds under at least two of the three criteria in at least two consecutive reviews of the list. However, if the GNI per capita of an LDC has risen to a level at least double the graduation threshold, this country will be deemed eligible for graduation regardless of its performance under the other two criteria. After a recommendation to graduate a country has been made by the CDP and endorsed by ECOSOC and the General Assembly, the graduating country will be granted a three-year grace period before actual graduation takes place. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 59/209, this standard grace period is expected to enable the relevant country and its development partners to agree on a "smooth transition" strategy, so that the loss of LDC-specific concessions at the end of the grace period does not disturb the socioeconomic progress of the country
Don't call it Shangri-la: Economic programmes for displaced populations in Nepal
Buscher, D.; Heller, L.
The Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children (Women's Commission) is undertaking a multi-year project on how to promote effective livelihoods for displaced women and youth . As the length of displacement continues to increase, and as we learn more about the importance of economic opportunities as an effective way to protect against abuse, exploitation and violence against women, it is clear that the humanitarian assistance community must develop effective, hustainable livelihood programs that focus on giving people the training, tools and support they need to be able to feed and care for themselves.In January 2008, the Women's Commission visited Nepal to assess livelihood projects. Nepal, which is recovering from a 10-year civil war, has a large population of internally displaced people, some of whom lre still displaced and some of whom are now returning to their original homes. It also hosts refugees from Bhutan, who have been living in camps in the southeast of the country for 17 years. Thus, Nepal provides a rich context to assess livelihood projects under a variety of conditions.This report contains some excellent examples of creative, comprehensive economic programs targeting these displaced and returning populations, such as agricultural cooperatives that provide sccess to bigger markets. It also highlights missed opportunities that, unfortunately, often characterize current humanitarian livelihood responses—such as not preparing refugees to work in camp or out-ofcamp markets and not teaching them skills vital for third-country resettlement. Additionally, this report notes the benefits that can be achieved when the humanitarian assistance and development ommunities work in tandem in a post-conflict recovery context. Finally, the Women's Commission found that community-based approaches are the most successful approaches, and also help build peace. For example, livelihood projects that target both the returnees and the community to which they have returned tend to mitigate discrimination and promote community cohesion
Keeping recovery on course: Challenges facing the Pakistan earthquake response one year on
Survivors have begun rebuilding their homes, communities, and livelihoods — but as another hazardous Himalayan winter looms, urgent efforts are needed to ensure that people stay safe and the reconstruction process is not derailed .
More than five million people were affected — including 73,000 confirmed dead, at least that many left injured, and 3.3 million people made homeless — when a powerful earthquake registering 7.6 on the Richter Scale rocked Pakistani-administered Kashmir (PAK) and the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) on 8 October 2005.
The devastated region, covering 30,000 sq km, is characterised by difficult mountainous terrain, poor infrastructure and, in many places, severe poverty. It is also a land of extreme weather conditions: heavy winter snowfalls, torrential monsoon rains, and baking summer heat. These conditions, combined with aftershocks, seasonal floods, and frequent landslides, have made the relief and reconstruction task a formidable one.
In spite of these challenges, much has been achieved. Thanks to a relatively mild winter, the resilience of the survivors, plus the combined efforts of the Pakistani authorities, aid agencies, and donors, a secondary humanitarian disaster was averted.
Survivors have begun rebuilding their lives. During the emergency phase, Oxfam International helped almost one million men, women, and children by providing water and sanitation facilities, winterised tents and transitional shelter kits, and livelihood support.
However, the task of reconstruction is far from over and hundreds of thousands of people remain vulnerable, particularly as winter approaches once again. The government's reconstruction plans have for the most part been finalised and implementation has begun. Assessments of land safety and damage to houses and water supplies have been conducted.
However, the progress of recovery has been patchy, and the pace of construction of housing and infrastructure has been slow. At least 1.8 million people have not begun rebuilding their homes; most of them are in makeshift shelters that offer limited protection against the coming cold. Last winter was relatively kind; this one is predicted less likely to be. Urgent action is needed to ensure that communities are safe, warm, and healthy this winter.
Some of the most pressing needs are:
temporary winterised shelter for people living in rural and mountain areas who are unable to rebuild, as well as upgraded winterised shelter for people in camps (especially in NWFP);
solutions for people who have lost land permanently and for those who can't return home for other reasons;
effective mass communication strategies to promote seismically-safe reconstruction and to inform both men and women of their entitlements;
collection and analysis of data, split by gender, to support well-targeted policies;
sustained political, technical, and financial support for the reconstruction effort.
Afghans in Quetta: Settlements, livelihoods, support networks and cross-border linkages
Huge numbers of Afghan refugees living in Pakistan have returned to Afghanistan, yet an almost equal number has remained, despite an often hostile government response . Why is this? This paper shows how livelihoods analysis can shed light on push and pull factors in people's decision making about whether to stay or return. It forms part of a 3 country study by the AREU, which aims to produce context specific research on policy issues surrounding repatriation and long term migrant populations in the region. This paper looks at Afghans living in Quetta, close to the border with Afghanistan. The authors present qualitative data which shows how ethnic identity, social networks and access to assets affect individuals' perceptions of Afghanistan and the risks involved in repatriation. In particular, the research reveals the role of cross border networks in livelihood strategies.
There is a growing realisation that Afghans in Pakistan came for many different reasons: seeking refuge from political conflict, fleeing natural disaster or economic plight. Policies on both sides of the border need to be revised and offer differentiated solutions to what is considered by some to be a protracted refugee situation.
The findings of the study include that:
ethnic links and livelihood opportunities were major factors in the decision to settle in Quetta; work available to Afghans tends to be poorly paid manual labour;
police harassment, most commonly a tool of extortion, is the main threat that Afghans face in Quetta;
perceptions regarding Afghanistan are highly individualised and shaped by place of origin and ethnicity.
The implications for policy makers include:
the intergenerational differences shown in this study call for further research, as this issue will occupy a central place in any policy debate about Afghans living in Pakistan. Should refugees have more of a range of options for the future, regarding education, employment and residency?
at the very minimum government policies must protect Afghans from harassment and extortion by state agencies – something which international agencies cannot ensure;
this study in Quetta shows an ongoing demand for education and health services and job opportunities among the Afghan population.
Gender and migration: Overview report
Reeves, H.; Jolly, S.
Over the past four decades total numbers of international migrants have more than doubled but the percentage of the world population migrating has remained fairly constant . There are now 175 million international migrants worldwide or approximately 3.5 per cent of the global population – about half of whom are women, despite the common misconception that men are the migrants.
This Overview Report on Gender and Migration takes a broad approach to migration – it looks at the gender dynamics of both international and the lesser-researched internal migration and the interconnections between the two. People may choose to migrate, or have no choice, or the decision may fall somewhere on the continuum between the two. This report therefore covers both forced and voluntary migration, including covering economic and other voluntary migrants, refugees and internally displaced persons and trafficked people. These migrants in turn come through regular (conforming to legal requirements) or irregular channels


text:
Q: tracking clicks on anchor tel links I am embedding anchor links on mobile smart phone browsers using the tel anchor link.
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My understanding is that the smart phone intercepts the link and allows the user to directly call.
How can i track the user click on this link?
use a 302 redirect?

A: The only answer is to use a redirect, sorry.
Call Us

Then, on redirect.php do a 302 redirect to the tel protocol for the number you have passed (or the default number).
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text:
Peter Graham "Pete" Olson (* 9. Dezember 1962 in Fort Lewis, Washington) ist ein US-amerikanischer Politiker der Republikanischen Partei. Seit 2009 vertritt er den 22. Kongresswahlbezirk von Texas im Repräsentantenhaus der Vereinigten Staaten.

Familie, Ausbildung und Beruf
Pete Olson besuchte die Clear Lake High School in Houston und studierte danach bis 1985 an der dortigen Rice University. Daran schloss sich bis 1988 ein Jurastudium an der University of Texas in Austin an. Zwischen 1988 und 1997 diente Olson in der United States Navy, deren Reserve er bis heute angehört. Im Golfkrieg war er als Pilot eingesetzt.

Olson ist verheiratet und hat zwei Kinder. Mit seiner Familie lebt er privat in Sugar Land.

Politische Laufbahn
Von 1998 bis 2002 arbeitete er im Stab von US-Senator Phil Gramm und danach für Senator John Cornyn.

Bei der Wahl 2008 wurde Olson im 22. Kongresswahlbezirk von Texas in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 3. Januar 2009 die Nachfolge von Nick Lampson antrat. Er ist bzw. war Mitglied im Ausschuss für Energie und Handel sowie in zwei Unterausschüssen. Außerdem gehört er mehreren Congressional Caucuses an.

Bei allen Folgewahlen wurde er bestätigt, bei der Halbzeitwahl von Donald Trumps Präsidentschaft im November 2018 setzte er sich allerdings nur knapp mit fünf Prozentpunkten Vorsprung gegen den Demokraten Sri Kulkarni durch. Im Juli 2019 gab Olson bekannt, bei der kommenden Wahl 2020 nicht wieder anzutreten, sondern sich aus der Politik zurückzuziehen.

Der Sitz gilt als eine der besten Zugewinnmöglichkeiten für die Demokraten, bei denen unter anderem Kulkarni wieder kandidiert. Die frühere Hochburg der Republikaner, die südliche Vorstädte Houstons umfasst, wurde demographisch zunehmend diverser und damit kompetitiv. Olson hatte 2016 noch mit 19 Prozentpunkten Vorsprung gewonnen, während Donald Trump bei der zeitgleichen Präsidentschaftswahl den Bezirk mit acht Prozentpunkten Vorsprung gewann; bei der Präsidentschaftswahl 2012 hatte Mitt Romney noch einen Vorsprung von 25 Prozentpunkten gehabt.

Positionen
Olson sprach sich für den Bau der Pipeline Keystone XL aus und setzte sich stark für das Johnson Space Center der NASA ein.

Weblinks

 Webpräsenz beim Kongress (englisch)

Belege

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Texas
Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1962
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This week's round-up of business news features Dooher's Bakery in Campbellford winning the "Sweetest Bakery in Canada" contest, the return of the Cubs' Lair competition for young entrepreneurs, and the arrival of Uber Eats food delivery service in Peterborough.
New business events added this week include the Peterborough Chamber's lunch-time seminar on the blockchain on September 19th, Community Futures Peterborough #FinancialFriday seminar on mortgage financing on September 21st, workshops on new regulations under Safe Food for Canadians Act in Peterborough on September 25th, and the Peterborough Chamber's Leaders Lunch Series on strategic planning in Peterborough on September 27th.
We publish businessNOW every week. If you'd like us to promote your business news or event in businessNOW, please email business@kawarthanow.com.
Dooher's Bakery (61 Bridge St. E., Campbellford) has been named as the "Sweetest Bakery in Canada" in a contest sponsored by Michigan-based Dawn Food Products, Inc. for the first time.
The results of the national contest, when began in April with both online and mail-in voting, were announced last Friday (September 14).
Judging from the reaction on Dooher's Bakery Facebok page (over 4,600 "likes", 785 comments, and more than 3,000 shares), a lot of people agree with the result.
The family-run bakery was founded in 1949 by Muriel and Harry Dooher, and is currently operated by the founders' grandaughter Cory Dooher. Using special family recipes, the bakery produces sweet rolls, pastries, squares, pies, short breads, muffins, donuts, cookies, and more.
In addition to bragging rights, Dooher's Bakery also receives a prize package valued at $10,000, which includes national and local recognition (including a full-page ad in Bakers Journal), an award plaque, a local celebration party, national and local public relations support, and more.
Pontiac Home Bakery in Shawville, Quebec, and The Rolling Pin Bakery in Hope, British Columbia, were the Eastern Canada and Western Canada national winners.
For more information on Dooher's Bakery, visit www.doohers.com.
Cubs' Lair, the largest competition for young entrepreneurs in Peterborough and the Kawarthas, is returning for its fourth year.
An initiative of FastStart Peterborough, the Innovation Cluster, and the Trent Youth Entrepreneurship Society, Cubs' Lair gives entrepreneurs between the ages of 18 and 29 the chance to win up to $10,000 in prizes.
After applying online, participants will attend a series of three mandatory workshops at the Innovation Cluster that will help them build skills in creating a business model canvas, financing, marketing, and preparing their pitch to a panel of judges.
The final pitch event takes place at 6 p.m. on Thursday, November 22nd at the Gordon Best Theatre in downtown Peterborough. A panel of established business professionals will test competitors' knowledge of how they will grow the business and judge the best pitch.
Richard Cochrane of Status Exempt won the 2017 competition for his platform that allows First Nations to obtain tax exemption online. Judges chose Cochrane based on having a comprehensive business plan and creating a first-of-its-kind solution.
This year's prize package of up to $10,000 includes incubator space at the Innovation Cluster, a social media package from PTBOCanada, two-year cash flow budgeting support by Gauvreau & Associates, with more prizes to be announced.
For more information, including eligibility requirements and how to apply, visit www.innovationcluster.ca/programs/cubslair/. The deadline to apply is Saturday, October 27th.
Food delivery service Uber Eats is now available in Peterborough.
Created by ridesharing service Uber in 2014 out of San Francisco, the service launched in Toronto in 2015 and is expanding to 100 cities across Canada.
Users can order food from participating restaurants — mostly fast food chains that don't have their own delivery service — on their websites or using the Uber Eats smartphone app. Meals are delivered by couriers using cars, bikes, or on foot.
Participating Peterborough restaurants so far include McDonald's, A&W, Popeye's Louisana Kitchen, Harvey's, Swiss Chalet, Jeff Purvey's Fish & Chips, Pita Pit, Caribbean Sizzle, Boston Pizza, and Firehouse Subs with more to come.
Another Canadian food delivery service, SkipTheDishes, has already been operating in Peterborough since December 2017, with 45 restaurants currently prticipating.
As for the ridesharing service Uber, the company has no plans to make the service available in Peterborough.
The Impact Centre in partnership with Northumberland CFDC and Venture13 is presenting a lunch and learn seminar on course-based internship program for early-stage startups offered by the Impact Centre at the University of Toronto.
"Exploring New Ventures Closer to Home: Helping your Startup grow with top talent from UofT" takes place from noon to 1 p.m. on Tuesday, September 18th in the seminar room at Venture13 (739 D'Arcy St., Cobourg).
Students in the Exploring New Ventures Closer to Home (ENV-C2H) program will work with your company (unpaid) for either 100 or 200 hours, learn about entrepreneurship, and earn an academic credit.
The seminar is free and lunch will be provided. Register at Eventbrite.
Peterborough & the Kawarthas Economic Development's Business Advisory Centre hosts its annual BAC at the Bonfire event from 6:30 to 8:30 p.m. on Tuesday, September 18th at Elmhirst's Rerort (1045 Settlers Line, Keene).
BAC at the Bonfire brings together entrepreneurs around a cozy campfire to share their stories and mingle with like-minded professionals.
This year's theme is how to scale your business for growth and remain competitive. Gain valuable insight guest speakers Marissa McTasney of Moxie Trades and Craig Mortlock from Mortlock Construction.
BAC at the Bonfire is free, but advance registration is required at www.eventbrite.ca/e/bac-at-the-bonfire-tickets-48841408969.
Renowned city planner Paul J. Bedford will be the guest speaker at the Peterborough DBIA's September Breakfast Network.
The Peterborough Downtown Business Improvement Area (DBIA)'s next monthly Breakfast Network takes place at 7:30 a.m. on Wednesday, September 19th at Empress Gardens (131 Charlotte St., Peterborough).
Renowned planner Paul J. Bedford will be the guest speaker. A member and fellow of the Canadian Institute of Planners, Bedford has 45 years of experience in urban planning, including as Toronto's chief city planner for eight years.
Breakfast begins at 7:30 a.m. with the guest speaker at 8 a.m.
The meeting is open to everyone, and tickets are $5 at the door.
The Peterborough Chamber of Commerce's next Lunch Box Learning seminar takes place from noon to 1 p.m. on Wednesday, September 19th in the Chamber boardroom at 175 George Street North in Peterborough.
The topic will be "What is Blockchain and why should I care?" presented by Anthony Evelyn from RBC Wealth Management, followed by a question-and-answer session. Blockchain — a "digital ledger" stored in a distributed network — is the technology the underpins digital currency like Bitcoin but is being used for more than just currency and transactions.
Lunch Box Learning is a noon-hour seminar series that's open to Chamber members and members of the Women's Business Network of Peterborough (WBN).
The seminar is free to attend, but please bring your own lunch.
Note: this seminar replaces the one on the topic "Business Relationships in the Age of Machine Intelligence and Automation" originally scheduled for this date.
The Port Hope & District Chamber of Commerce is hosting "Marijuana in the Workplace: Is Your Workplace Ready?" from noon to 1 p.m. on Wednesday, September 19th at the Port Hope Council Chambers (56 Queen St., Port Hope).
The seminar will provide information on the rights and responsibilities of employers regarding the upcoming legalization of marijuana. Jason Schmidt of Schmidt Law Legal Services will be leading the discussion, along with Peter Treacy, Field Consultant from Peninsula Canada – Human Resources & Employer Advice.
Bring your own lunch (beverages will be provided). The event is free, but please RSVP by emailing admin@porthopechamber.com or calling 905-885-5519.
The Kawartha Chamber of Commerce & Tourism's next Business After Hours event takes place from 5 to 7 p.m. on Wednesday, September 19th.
During the "Bridgenorth Hop", the Chamber will visit members in Bridgenorth, including Bridgenorth Deli, Style Boutique, and TCB Office Furniture & Supplies.
More details will be announced as the date nears.
The Port Hope & District Chamber of Commerce is hosting "Community Economic Development 101" from 9 a.m. to noon on Thursday, September 20th at the Port Hope Lions Recreation Centre (29 Thomas St., Port Hope).
The interactive workshop, intended for municipal candidates, staff, community volunteers, and business professionals, will teach the basics of economic development and provide practical tools to help your municipality attract jobs, investment, and tackle economic development barriers.
The workshop is free, but advance registration is required by emailing admin@porthopechamber.com or calling 905-885-5519.
The Lindsay & District Chamber of Commerce is hosting its Fall Golf Classic Tournament from 11 a.m. to 8 p.m. on Thursday, September 20th at the Lindsay Golf & Country Club (282 Lindsay St. S., Lindsay).
The event fee of $141.25 includes a BBQ lunch, 18 holes of golf (cart included), and dinner. There will be prizes for women's and men's closest and longest drive, most honest and winning teams, and putting and chipping contests.
For more information and to register, visit www.lindsaychamber.com.
The Innovation Cluster Peterborough & the Kawarthas is hosting "Hands-ON: Alternative Financing Options with SME Bancorp Inc." from 12 to 1 p.m. on Thursday, September 20th at VentureNorth (270 George St. N., Peterborough).
The workshop, presented by Peter Browning of SME Bancorp, will cover the topics of financing accounts receivable or factoring, using credit insurance to eliminate your credit risk and reduce your cost of borrowing, financing purchase orders, how to fund the purchase of assets such as inventory and the services you need to run your business, and financing equipment.
The workshop is free and lunch will be provided to attendees courtesy of SME Bancorp, but advance registration is required. To register, visit www.eventbrite.com/e/hands-on-alternative-financing-options-with-sme-bancorp-inc-tickets-49178907436.
The next in the #FinancialFriday seminar presented by Community Futures Peterborough takes place from 10 a.m. to noon on Friday, September 21st in the Judy Heffernan Memorial Board Room at Community Futures Peterborough (351 Charlotte St., Peterborough).
Grace Reynolds of Northwood Mortgage Ltd. will present on the topic "Mortgage Financing – Getting Your House In Order!". The session will cover what banks look for when qualifying you for a mortgage, how much income you need to show on tax returns, and how to maximize your tax minimization.
The #FinancialFriday series is designed to support small businesses and entrepreneurs with information on finance and business acumen.
The seminar is free, but seating is limited and you must register in advance at www.eventbrite.ca/e/financialfriday-mortgage-financing-getting-your-house-in-order-tickets-50373762279.
Diatom Consulting is offering two workshops to help local businesses prepare for new regulations under the federal Safe Food for Canadians Act that come into effect in January 2018.
The new regulations will result in potential changes for local food manufacturers to record keeping, facility licenses, and oversight from the Canadian Food Inspection Agency.
The two workshops, entitled "Safe Food for Canadian Regulations – What You Need to Know" and "Safe Food for Canadian Regulations – Building a Compliant PCP Process", take place from 9 to 11:30 a.m. and 1 to 3 p.m. on Tuesday, September 25th at VentureNorth (270 George St. N., Peterborough). Each workshop costs $199 or $269 for both.
For more information and to register, visit www.eventbrite.ca/e/safe-food-for-canadians-regulations-training-sfcr-tickets-49537672512.
Peterborough & The Kawarthas Economic Development is hosting a workshop for entrepreneurs from 6 to 8 p.m. on Wednesday, September 26th at St. Matthew – St. Aidans Church (1946 Lakehurst Rd., Buckhorn).
The "New Venture Session" is designed for aspiring entrepreneurs or startups looking for support in the business community. The session will provide an overview of the foundations of starting and running a business, resources and programs that are available for entrepreneurs in Peterborough & the Kawarthas, the business model canvas exercise, how to access support from the Business Advisory Centre, and getting started on the "Startup Checklist".
Presented in partnership with Selwyn Township, Trent Lakes, and Curve Lake First Nation, the workshop is free and you can register at www.eventbrite.ca/e/new-venture-workshop-tickets-48692197674.
The third event of the Peterborough Chamber of Commerce's Leaders Lunch Series for 2018 takes place from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Thursday, September 27th at Personal Touch Banquet Hall (1135 Lansdowne St. W., Peterborough).
Ali Lajevardi, Director of BDC Advisory Services, will deliver a keynote address on "The Benefits of Strategic Planning" followed by a question-and-answer session featuring panelists Rhonda Barnet, Jonathan Bennett, and Matt Tanguay.
The cost is $20 and includes networking and lunch. For more information and to register, visit peterboroughchamber.ca.
The Kawartha Chamber of Commerce & Tourism's next B.O.S.S. (Business Owners Sharing Solutions) session is scheduled for 5 to 7 p.m. on Tuesday, October 2nd at Camp Kawartha (1010 Birchview Rd., Douro-Dummer).
The session will explore team building programs, practices, and activities, and discuss the importance of establishing trust, setting goals, and honouring the goals of others. Refreshments will be provided.
The Greater Peterborough Chamber of Commerce's Love Local Business Expo will take place this year from noon to 7 p.m. on Wednesday, October 3rd.
The region's largest business showcase, in previous years the Expo took place at the Morrow Building during September. While spacious, the location was also somewhat uncomfortable during the heat of late summer and required a lot of carpets to cover up the concrete floor.
This year's Expo is taking place at the Envinrude Centre, which features air conditioning and hardwood floors.
You can register for a booth at peterboroughchamber.ca.


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How We Come Together: Teen's PPE Initiative
Kanchan Naik | Jul 2, 2020
While young people are less likely to suffer the consequences of the coronavirus pandemic, it is their responsibility to protect vulnerable, immunocompromised communities. And that's precisely what Presentation High School student Mitthra Senthil is trying to do. After the transition to distance learning, it would have been easy for Mitthra to focus on the onslaught of AP exams, finals, and projects that are typical of any high school workload. Instead, she directed her passion for STEM towards addressing the current deficiency in medical supplies.
The coronavirus outbreak has threatened the resources, staffing, and support available to medical facilities all over the Bay Area. To date, there have been 2,120 confirmed cases in our community — a number that can only be the lowest possible estimate. According to the Los Angeles Times, healthcare and sanitation workers are being forced to reuse N95 masks, thus endangering the lives of the individuals trying to protect ours. Although Gov. Newsom recently announced a large purchase of masks for the state of California, the reuse of medical gear runs rampant in some of the area's largest facilities. And healthcare workers are not the only ones in desperate need of masks. Shelters, soup kitchens, and food banks in California struggle to accommodate the growing population of homeless individuals vulnerable to the virus.
It is amid this environment that Mitthra Senthil used her STEM and sewing skills to make masks of her own. "The idea came to fruition when Mitthra's mother was at a grocery store and a few of the workers and customers asked where they could buy their own masks because they didn't have access to reusable masks to wear – especially when working. So, with her grandmother (who taught her how to sew), Mitthra contacted family friends at hospitals and had them send an approved template/design that would be effective for all users", says a representative from Presentation High School.
With the help of her family, Mitthra has distributed 100 cloth masks to local hospitals, and more than 150 to homeless shelters and the general public. Even better, these masks are available to all communities. "The cost of the masks ($3) is put directly toward the purchasing of supplies." Although the future of the pandemic is nebulous, it is heartening to know that young people are using the wealth of resources and knowledge available to them to bring out the best in our humanity. Mitthra continues to make masks for the Bay Area. To request masks, you can email mitthrasenthil@gmail.com or place an order on her website.
Kanchan Naik is a junior at the Quarry Lane School in Dublin, California. Aside from being the Youth Editor at India Currents, she is also the Editor-In-Chief of her school newspaper The Roar and the Teen Poet Laureate of Pleasanton.