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"Going There": Richard J. Powell on Black Visual Satire
Going There: Black Visual Satire (2020) by Richard J. Powell | Artwork pictured on cover: How Ya Like Me Now? (1988) by David Hammons
In a recent episode of the Yale University Press podcast, Jessica Holohan interviewed Richard J. Powell to discuss his new book, Going There: Black Visual Satire, a groundbreaking study of the visual forms of satire produced by Black artists in 20th- and 21st-century America. Richard J. Powell is John Spencer Bassett Professor of Art and Art History at Duke University and co-director of the From Slavery to Freedom Lab at the Franklin Humanities Institute.
Here are some highlights from their conversation.
Jessica Holohan: I'd like to start by asking you to talk a little bit about how Black visual satire both fits into and occupies a unique space within the long history of satire.
Richard J. Powell: Well, Jessica, that's actually an interesting question because, as your question suggests, Black visual satire does fit into the history of satire. And it also kind of has its own life.
I would best answer that question by saying that the focus of Going There is on modern and contemporary art works. In other words, works produced in the last twenty, thirty, forty years.
I argue in the book that these works, as well as works that were created just before—and I'm thinking about early to mid 20th-century masters like Archibald Motley, Palmer Hayden, and Oliver Harrington—can't be understood without considering an even earlier history. And that's from canonical works by people like Hogarth, Goya, and Daumier, to African American blackface minstrels of the 1870s and afterwards.
So this book really attempts to take in a very, very broad history of visual satire, how we think about visual satire in relationship to African Americans, and to something that we might call Black visual satire.
JH: You discuss three key elements of satire.
RP: There are three elements that I'd argue really make it possible to even think about Black visual satire. The first element has to do with who the satirist is. Clearly, the artist is intrinsic to facilitating the artwork's meaning, and more importantly, one has to be aware of who the artist is. Being a Black artist really places the satire in total context, and I'll talk about context in a few minutes.
The other element has to do with the object or target of derision. And in many instances this is the status quo, institutions, overarching systems, and we can include within those institutions systemic racism, which can be and frequently is a target of critique by Black visual satirists. And then finally, people whose moral shortcomings or perceived crimes against humanity or society merit calling out and censuring.
And then finally, I think the other key element that really makes all of this come together has to do with audiences, the consumers, the recipients of the satire and their ability to understand, appreciate, and process what's coming to them. Satire is not something that is on the surface what it seems to be, but actually has layers of meaning and significance.
Richard J. Powell speaking at the Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University.
JH: One of the most complicated genres you discuss is minstrelsy and the deployment of blackface or whiteface. What are the things that make this in particular so complicated?
RP: I devote a whole chapter to minstrelsy because it really requires verbiage, histories, and narratives to unpack and make sense of it.
And part of the complication here—and we haven't quite talked about this—is that so many people often confuse stereotypes with satire, and that's something that I go to great lengths to try to unpack and take apart.
Minstrelsy does traffic in stereotypes. There's no question about it. When we think about Dan Rice in the 1830s, you know, putting black paint on his face and pretending or acting out in a way that evokes Black bodies and Black movements. It was derisive and it was racist and it was extremely popular. It was so popular that within several decades minstrelsy became something that people are doing the world over.
But it's even more complicated than that, Jessica, because we can go back to the 17th century, the 18th century in Europe, where there is what we call the commedia dell'arte: these routine performances that were done, you know, in villages all throughout Europe, that have these Black characters like Harlequin and these white characters like Pierrot. And they play out certain kinds of broad characterizations of people in classes and in various hierarchies of society.
Mark Anthony Neal and Richard J. Powell discussing the Archibald Motley: Jazz Age Modernist exhibition at the Nasher Museum of Art, curated by Dr. Powell. (View the full episode on Left of Black.)
I'm giving you all that background because when we get to the 20th century, we begin to see how embedded this culture and minstrelsy is in American life, whether it's in advertisements—Aunt Jemima, Uncle Ben—or whether it's in movies like Gone with the Wind.
We're talking about an incredible hurdle to overcome, and yet we find Black artists, beginning in the 1870s, using blackface minstrelsy as a form of art-making. But of course, what complicates that is that we have the constituents of irony, of Black men pretending to be white men pretending to be stereotypically Black. But you also have performances by these Black minstrels or these Black blackface minstrels that incorporate musical sophistication, skillful dancing, and dramatic elements that raise the ante on blackface minstrelsy's inauthentic representations.
Again, I know I've given you multiple layers here, but that's kind of what we're working with—so much so, by the time we get to the 1960s and 1970s, we find a whole set of artists who are utilizing the trappings of minstrelsy, and using them in order to critique racism, to critique the stereotype.
JH: Let's pick up one of those examples you mentioned, and that is the Aunt Jemima image, which wound up in the news this summer when Quaker Oats officially retired that image from their packaging and their marketing. You actually had an op-ed piece in the LA Times in early summer about that, in particular, and fans of Saturday Night Live may know that just this past weekend, there was a skit in which Maya Rudolph plays Aunt Jemima and is objecting to being fired.
So what is the potency of the Aunt Jemima image, and what are the ways that she has been used in artworks over the decades?
RP: Well, first of all, I have to say that in my editorial I say that she has been retired, but she's still here. And she's still here because of the timeframe that I just described to you. These are tropes that have been deeply incorporated into the American psyche, you know, especially since the late 19th-century. So, you can imagine something that core to Americans' concepts of self is going to be hard to eradicate.
What I do in the book is I talk about how again, artists utilize this icon or this trope, and they find really, really creative ways of flipping it. And I'm thinking about artists in particular like Betye Saar, a really important collage artist based in Los Angeles, who does The Liberation of Aunt Jemima, which shows one of these stereotypical cookie jars, and she incorporates into her little collage all sorts of elements that deal with Black Power, that deal with the liberation of Black people in this kind of turbulent moment of the late 1960s.
I like how Lucy Lippard describes Aunt Jemima as having almost a homeopathic quality, of taking this negative image and turning it around, and making it into something that might potentially be restorative.
I mentioned Betye Saar, but there's literally a litany of artists, in particular at the beginning of the 1960s, but going all the way up to even an artist like Kara Walker. I'm thinking about her piece A Subtlety, which she did in 2014 in the Domino Sugar factory building that was about to be demolished in Brooklyn. She does this huge Aunt Jemima sphinx made out of sugar and it became the event of the art world in the summer of 2014.
As I said in my editorial, "I's in town, honey" is the quotation from the advertisement, and it really resonates, because this is an image that for all of its negativity has functioned, for many artists, as an antidote against racism.
"Between the arms of Kara Walker's Marvelous Sugar Baby" by Dan Nguyen @ New York City is licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0
JH: You had really interesting things to say about Kara Walker's Aunt Jemima sphinx. Can you describe the piece a little bit more and share your thoughts on it?
RP: Yes. Well, first of all, it was incredibly big, and it filled the interior of the main space of this Domino Sugar factory. It embraces the shape of a sphinx, this kind of half-kneeling, half-reposed figure, except that in this case, it's clearly an image of Aunt Jemima, with the bandana and a kind of strange expression on her face. And what was also interesting is that she surrounded it with these little figures that were made out of kind of a brown sugar molasses version of sugar. They were these stereotypical images that one might find in shops that refer to plantation workers, little Black boys carrying bananas, little Black boys, you know, carrying baskets on their heads. And of course, the title of the piece is the ultimate surreal title:
A Subtlety
or the Marvelous Sugar Baby
An Homage to the unpaid and overworked Artisans who have refined our Sweet tastes from the cane fields to the Kitchens of the New World on the Occasion of the demolition of the Domino Sugar Refining Plant.
I argue that this is a piece that perhaps nods towards an inglorious history of sugar in the New World. But I also think it's a piece that is a critique of her censors because Kara Walker is an artist who has faced and confronted, ever since she emerged in the art world in the 1990s, all sorts of people who have questioned her work, who feel confused by her work, who challenge her imagery, because her artwork is satirical and has all of these incredibly complicated layers.
Her work in particular gets at a tension between two related ideas that we mentioned a little bit ago, that is satire and stereotype. And I think it's easy to think about satirical works as turning primarily on stereotype, but they are distinct.
Listen to the full podcast to hear more about why an audience might struggle to understand a satirical artwork, the difference between satire and stereotype, and the intersections of Black satire and politics in works by Ollie Harrington and Robert Colescott.
Going There: Black Visual Satire is now available wherever books are sold.
YaleUniversity · Exploring Black Visual Satire


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The only non Indiana native, Calvin calls North Palm Beach, FL home. He is a graduating senior at Indiana University with degrees in Finance and Real Estate from the Kelley School of Business. He credits his initial interest in aviation to his grandfather, who was a fighter pilot in the United States Air Force for 30 years. In high school, Calvin was gifted a discovery flight for Christmas and immediately began flight training thereafter, receiving his official license in January of 2015. Beginning this July, he will remain in the aviation and aerospace industry by joining the Financial Leadership Program with United Technologies Corporation. Calvin is very proud he can be apart of a journey that will impact so many young students who are looking to pave their own path into this world of aviation that we have all learned to love.
Hailing from the small town of Loogootee, Indiana. Adam is a graduating senior at Indiana University studying Finance, Real Estate, and Entrepreneurship through the Kelley School of Business. While the only non-pilot of the crew, Adam developed an interest in aviation after taking a discovery flight during his junior year at Indiana. He intends to pursue his pilots license upon graduation.


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From the beginning, Dr. Pareena G. Lawrence set out to empower women and defy limitations set for them, especially in the gendered society of her home country, India.
For Lawrence, that calling came through economic policy.
After completing degrees in economics at the University of Delhi and Purdue University, Lawrence entered the higher education realm, serving as a faculty member at the University of Minnesota, Morris, and then as provost and chief academic officer at Augustana College.
Now, Lawrence has brought her combined economic training and understanding of the power of sisterhood, allies and friends to Hollins University in Roanoke, Va., where she is the first minority woman to serve as president of the all-women's institution in its 175-year history.
Lawrence believes her economics background will prove to be instrumental in helping her complete her tasks as president — planning budgets, forecasting the future of the institution and dismantling systems on campus that may be detrimental to students while promoting those that prove helpful.
As one of 37 women's colleges in the United States, Hollins has played a "tremendous role" [AB1] in preparing its students for the workforce and for public citizenship, Lawrence says. Students are encouraged to make a difference in the world in their spheres of influence and use their education to improve themselves and their communities.
Likewise, college access is important for Lawrence. While the institution does not have a significant endowment, institutional leaders work to ensure that students "who are well prepared are not turned away," Lawrence says.
Currently, 43 percent of Hollins students are Pell recipients or Pell-eligible. Last year, the institution launched a Global Commitment Scholarship, which provides five full-tuition scholarships to women across the globe with high need who want a Hollins education. A similar scholarship initiative is in the works for women in the local community.
A champion for all women, Lawrence has documented the expansive role that women play in international economic development and co-authored a book titled Life Histories of Women Panchayat Sarpanches from Haryana, India, about 10 women leaders and their impact on their communities.
At the 2018 annual meeting of the Association of American Colleges and Universities, Lawrence gave a compelling keynote speech about when institutional values of fostering diversity and inclusion and protecting free speech collide. She emphasized that institutions must do better at creating a climate of belonging on campus and care where students can simultaneously engage in civic debate on issues they are passionate about.


Last week I had the rare opportunity to make a presentation to a highly engaged group of seniors on behalf of the Yukon Status of Women Council. I say "rare" because it's not often that I interact with internet users who are genuinely concerned with protecting their privacy and security online. Most people take too lackadaisical an attitude towards these matters, and when you consider the excursions that even our own government is making into our private online affairs, that's just not okay.
I promised the attendees of that session a reference to assist with following up on the matters we'd discussed. Rather than provide a print-out, though, since this is such an important issue, I figured a public blog post couldn't hurt. Plus, for reference, here's a link to the slide deck from the presentation.
Every action you take, both online and offline, entails a degree of risk, and you have to assess the potential benefit and its value to you. And so it is with internet security, and, of course, understanding risks online is the most important aspect of protecting oneself. For example, many people watch movies online. Acquiring them for free via BitTorrent involves tremendous risk of being infected by malware, and of potentially breaking copyright laws that could get you in trouble with the law. Is it worth all that risk, or does paying $4 to rent a safe copy of a movie legally on iTunes make more sense?
I've read a lot about the "right way" to protect oneself in a given circumstance online, but one expert's truth always contradicts another's, and really neither can be considered absolutely correct. Like most things in life, the "truth," if there is such a thing, lies somewhere in between. And you'll never find it, because it's always changing. So instead of learning the Officially Correct Way to resolve a security or privacy situation online, it's better to equip yourself with an understanding of the dangers and get some suitable tools for effectively responding to them. After all, rules are just static and inflexible ways of doing things one way. Knowledge grants you the power to respond organically to ever-changing situations.
Avoiding the risks of other people taking advantage of your online activities.
Just like in the "real" world, good judgement reigns supreme online. Would you drive your car without a seatbelt? No, because you know that even the benefit of efficient transportation isn't worth the risk of injury in an accident. So would you browse the internet using an unsupported operating system like Windows XP? Of course not, it's a target for all sorts of bad people; you'd upgrade or buy a new computer.
Private fixed landline access in Whitehorse is unfortunately limited to one thing: cable internet from Northwestel. The sole benefit with this method of internet access is, of course, the total volume of data available for consumption — that is, the amount of "stuff" you can download or upload. The drawbacks are cost — it's really quite expensive, particularly at the lower end of the company's product line — and the fact that you can never be sure of what you're getting.
During my session with this group of very intelligent seniors, it was clear that no one trusts Northwestel to be honest or accurate with their measuring of our internet use. For all we know, Northwestel has a cage of monkeys pounding on a keyboard to manufacture numbers for billing purposes. There's nothing that would disprove this idea other than the company's cold, "Trust us," attitude. Trust must be earned, however… but that's another sermon.
Private mobile access is internet service that is provided via the cellular phone network. Luckily, there is some competition in this space: we have both Bell and TELUS available to us here in Whitehorse. This method of internet access can be more affordable — it generally starts at about $5 a month — and it's very convenient, since you can take it with you. Of course, the major drawback here is data volume. If you're looking at watching movies on Netflix, this is not the best way to access the internet.
Another thing to consider, and this is where we get to the heart of the matter, is privacy. Bell tracks and resells what you do online. While TELUS certainly also tracks your activities, it doesn't hawk that data on the open market (though I'm sure they give it up to the government upon unwarranted request, as does every carrier). This is where the question of risk/benefit comes in. Are you okay with having your life's activities sold to the highest bidder without discernible benefit to you? (Ignore Bell's "qualified advertising" argument, it's a sham.) Personally, I prefer to maintain as much privacy as possible — or to enjoy direct benefit from the resale of my privacy, when appropriate. So I go with TELUS rather than Bell, and I strongly recommend you do, too.
Then there's the fact that it's completely public and open. That means it's like you're communicating in a big, open, public room with wonderful acoustics that bounce all the sounds around nicely so everyone can hear what everyone else is saying… if they're listening. And that's what the bad guys are doing: listening very carefully for that moment you type a password into an insecure web page, and then they grab it and it's theirs to do what they like with.
Personally, I never use free public wireless internet. There's just too much risk. Of course, it's all about saving money, so many people so use it. But it's worth coining a new adage to describe that situation: "Penny wise, security poor." What you give up greatly outweighs what you get with free public internet, in my opinion. Avoid it whenever you can.
If you're just browsing web pages and checking email, pick up an internet stick from TELUS or learn how to set up your mobile phone as a "hot spot." This is generally cheaper and better quality than Northwestel's lowest-tier cable internet packages, plus offers the added benefit of being mobile.
If you're planning on replacing your cable TV connection with a Netflix subscription (what an excellent idea, by the way), plug your nose and subscribe to cable internet with Northwestel.
Keep your computer is up to date with the latest security patches and software upgrades.
Microsoft Windows 8's built-in "Defender" is also a good (and free) option.
So you either need to commit the time to adopting "The Way of the Geek," or you need to pay an actual professional geek to do it for you. It's time or it's money, your choice.
If there was one take-away from the group's discussion about these companies, it was the exceptionally poor service that was generally provided by all of them. Some people did report positive experiences with a couple of the companies listed above. But it was clearly more common that these seniors suffered at the hands of these service providers than gained benefit. In the Whitehorse market, there's clearly tremendous room for improvement in the quality of service provided to home computer users, particularly seniors.
For the time being, how can you choose between them? My advice is call them all for a chat and pick the one that is the most polite, respectful, patient, and offers to support you in a way you feel comfortable with. Hopefully at least one of them fits the bill.
Passwords are the bane of existence. I hate them. No, I loathe them.
But. They are also the keys to our security online. Literally. They're like keys that we open doors with. And so, while it pains me to say it, as we have a different key to every door in our lives, we must have different passwords for every online service we encounter. And every password must be incomprehensibly complex.
That's crazy! Try to remember just one password that follows those rules. Now consider that many of us engage with dozens — hundreds, even (if you're like me, that is) — of online services every day. And try to remember all of those passwords. No wonder the world has settled on "123456" as a standard password. Less strain on the brain, eh?
That might be the case, but if that's your password, you may as well not have a password at all. And while you're at it, just leave your doors unlocked. It's really important to use complicated passwords that are different everywhere. But how can you remember all of them?
Many geeks will give you this rule: don't use password management software. I hate that rule. It's dumb. It's the same as saying, don't put all your keys on the same key ring, or don't put all your cards in one wallet. Of course there's a risk of someone gaining access to your password collection. But when it's a question of using "qwerty" as your password on two-dozen web sites, versus having a invariably complex jumble of characters for every online service, I say go with the latter. If you're smart about it, and protect that collection as you would your wallet or key ring, you'll be fine.
About that last service I mention there, Abine's Do Not Track Me also lets you create unlimited, alias email addresses on the fly to mask your identity and control the flow of unsolicited communication. When you consider that a password only represents 50% of your security solution, the other half commonly being your email address, it makes sense to be able to obscure the entirety of your online identity.
In a nutshell, when you sign up for online services, Do Not Track Me will generate an anonymous email address for you on the fly, hiding your real email address from the service provider. Then when the service provider sends you an email, the Do Not Track Me service secretly redirects it to your real email address. If the service provider resells your email address, and you start to receive unsolicited messages, you can track that and potentially cut it off without having to sacrifice your real email address.
Again, you're putting a lot of trust into Abine as a company, but I feel the benefit is worth it.
The internet world is not so different from what we experience day-to-day, but it's easy to get distracted by its gee-whiz factor. If you make sure you're equipped with good defensive tools and conduct yourself wisely, however, your threats level will be minimized.


Jensen, Hadley. "Photographs from the Vernay-Hopwood Chindwin Expedition." From the BGC Exhibition Confluences: An American Expedition to Northern Burma, 1935. Bard Graduate Center, 2013.
Jensen, Hadley. "The Life & Times of Henry B. Nicholson." In Backdirt: Annual Review of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, pp. 46-51. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, 2010.


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Hub love: What's changed about office design in 2017?
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At a growing number of hospitals across the country, it is now possible to have a cappuccino with your CAT scan. Mixed-use real estate is coming to healthcare, and more hospitals are integrating shops and appealing public spaces into their designs. READ MORE
New office design focuses on construction culture
When McCarthy Building Companies, Inc., a national green building and construction firm, sought a new Houston location to accommodate its growing presence in that region, it turned to interior architecture firm lauckgroup to create an office design that injected a sense of local pride into the space and met their growing staff's needs. The lauckgroup Houston office crafted a space that honored the brand with a design while also capturing the way the firm's employees work for their clients. READ MORE
Singapore Airlines unveils new business class designed by JPA Design
Singapore Airlines today unveiled its new cabin design, which will be fitted to its Airbus A380 fleet starting from next month. JPA Design, who has been designing award-winning business and first class cabins for Singapore Airlines since 1998, worked closely with the airline to create a dynamic, exciting, and future focused business class seat and cabin for the A380. READ MORE
Behind the daring design of the Viceroy Hotel
With an ambitious aesthetic that's both slickly contemporary and mindful of the past, the Viceroy Chicago hotel brings serious edge to the Gold Coast. If rebirth and renewal is the tale of any city, consider the 180-room Viceroy hotel the latest chapter in Chicago's story: Anchoring the intersection of State and Cedar streets, the Convexity Properties-developed, 18-story building wows with an undulating glass tower that dramatically soars out of the original brick and terra-cotta facade of the historic Cedar Hotel. READ MORE
The University of Nebraska's new College of Business building highlights entrepreneur alumni and corporate leaders
Howard L. Hawks Hall is the new $84 million, 240,000-sf home for the University of Nebraska-Lincoln's College of Business. Created by Nashville-based Advent, the linear and clean design of the interior space incorporates wood tones, pops of Nebraska red, and lifestyle imagery of students. READ MORE
IIDA accepting applications for the Anna Hernandez/Luna Textiles Education Fund Award
The IIDA Foundation is pleased to announce that applications are being accepted for the Anna Hernandez/Luna Textiles Education Fund Award. This award honors the memory of Anna Hernandez, the founder and president of Luna Textiles, by advancing the work of women in the Interior Design profession. The recipient of the Anna Hernandez/Luna Textiles Education Fund Award will receive $5,000 on behalf of the IIDA Foundation. READ MORE
IIDA 2018 Board nominations being accepted
The IIDA Nominating Advisory Council is accepting nominations for the IIDA International Board of Directors President-Elect, a one-year term beginning June 2018, and four (4) Vice Presidents, each serving a two-year term, beginning June 2018. The Vice President candidates must be IIDA Professional Members in good standing. IIDA Members are invited to recommend potential candidates, and a member may nominate oneself. READ MORE
Len-Tex Wallcoverings New ASAP Book
Len-Tex Clean Vinyl™ Wallcoverings is excited to introduce our NEW ASAP Book! Includes 50 SKUs of design options all perfect for hospitality, healthcare, institutional, and corporate projects. And with same day shipping, getting your order is FAST and EASY! Don't wait! Contact your Distributor to order your new ASAP Book today!
A UK company breathes new life into historic property
When Advanced Commercial Interiors Limited, a UK company based in Sandiacre, Nottinghamshire, had outgrown its previous space, it started eyeing Pear Tree Yard, a 1780s property located next to the scenic Springfield Mill and canal. In the last several years, this historic property had fallen into disrepair, but ACI, which does office fit-outs and refurbishments, caught a vision to renovate the building. READ MORE
An urban hotel inspired by Hong Kong's maritime and industrial era
Occupying a building from the 70s, The Fleming is a boutique hotel that originally opened in 2006. Nine years later, it underwent a redesign and rebrand by A Work of Substance that transformed the hotel into a modern reflection of Hong Kong's culture. READ MORE
Rosanna Hu: Nobody wants to talk about style anymore
Architects and designers no longer want to associate themselves with particular styles or trends, argued Neri&Hu founder Rosanna Hu during a talk with Dezeen and Dornbracht in Berlin last month. Although architects and designers have often been associated with particular movements or stylistic approaches in the past, Hu said that today, many take an eclectic approach to their work to in order to avoid categorisation. READ MORE
7 tips for job hunting during the holidays
The Business Journals
It's December, and people at every professional level are often tempted to put their career search on hold. "Who hires in December?" they think, and instead, opt to spend time with family. Family time is important, especially over the holidays, but I always advise candidates to continue their search throughout December. READ MORE
10 phrases you should start saying more often at work
In management literature over the years, thought leaders keep drilling down on trust as that one huge motivator that will get you great collaboration, increase employee engagement, and lead to positive business results. But what's the starting point to trust? Well, like anything else involving communicating with another human being, it's the words we choose that matter. READ MORE
The culture war being fought over tomorrow's libraries (Co.Design)
Let there be light: New York restaurants emerge from dark dining era (Bloomberg)
Here's why you'll need more than a funky office design to attract millennials to work at your company (Business Insider)
Rapt Studio's young talents design skate-centric SoCal HQ for Vans (Interior Design)
Kate Hessong, Content Editor, 469-420-2609 | Contribute news


Thank you so much to my lovely friend Natalie at Searching For My Inner Zen for the nomination to complete this tag. I love little posts like these as they give you an insight into the brains of the people you follow… And I'm a bit of a nosy b*tch so… lol.
No pressure to complete the challenge but for those of you tagged who want to, I look forward to reading your answers.
So Fun! Ill post mine soon! Thanks for the nomination!


Bring 4 quarts of water to a boil in a large pot and season liberally with salt. Add the bucatini and cook until al dente. Drain, reserving 2 cups of the pasta cooking water separately.
Heat the oil in a 14-inch sauté pan along with the bacon and cook on medium heat until the bacon has rendered most of its fat and is beginning to crisp. Add the onion, garlic, and crushed red pepper and cook until the onion is very soft. Drain most of the fat from the pan, then increase the heat and add the crushed tomatoes and 1 ½ cups of the reserved pasta cooking water. Cook until flavors have blended and sauce is thick enough to coat the pasta, about 8 minutes. Add the drained pasta and the basil to the pan and cook, tossing, until pasta is warmed through (adding a bit of the remaining pasta cooking water if necessary).
Serve the pasta immediately, garnished with the Pecorino Romano and basil.


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text:
The Yorkshire Fly Fisher - by Joseph Rossano
Alec at the bench with his Norlander vise. (photograpy by Gregory Minaker and Joseph Rossano)
To many, Alec Jackson was the man behind those gorgeous hooks. Hooks of blue, silver, gold and black. Hooks that have come to define an era in steelhead fly tying. Mentored by Syd Glasso, Wes Drain, Walt Johnson, Lee Richardson, Stan Bogdan and others from a bygone, golden era, of Steelhead Fly angling, Alec has left us to join his wife Rose in a much better place.
Arranged upon Alec's manuscript, "A Book of Low Water Flies", is a selection of Alec Jackson Spey and River Dee hooks in silver, gold, blue, and black.
Alec chose to dispense with the obvious in favor of exploring that which lay beneath the surface, a behavioral trait that endeared him to many. Alec's life was a pursuit of excellence. He sought it out in everyone with whom he came in contact, and when he identified promise, he encouraged its growth. Mr. Jackson led a tribe of followers whom adhere to the same doctrine. It may come as a big surprise to some but Alec Jackson was a great long-distance runner. So great in fact, he and Roger Bannister—the man to break the 4-minute mile—were competitors and acquaintances. Success in endurance running requires a willingness to subject oneself to a tremendous amount of discomfort. Unlike football or hockey, or some other team sport where mental toughness is a collective effort, long distance running demands individuals battle with the voices in their heads and the pain they're willing to inflict upon themselves to defeat their competitors. The sport is one of those pursuits where mental toughness and self-sacrifice commingle.
Pictured are fly pattern cards and three writings created for friends and family, "Lies From The River And Such Tales", 1994, "A Book of Low Water Flies", 2007, and "October", 2007. Scattered upon them are a smattering of Alec's favored North Fork Stillaguamish river fly patterns.
In the Washington Steelhead Fly Anglers, Alec found a group of individuals sharing his mindset, loners who pursued steelhead with a fly even during those months of the season when it was likely to be unsuccessful. To persevere as a steelhead fly angler through long periods of no fish, inclement weather, and the biting cold of winter required the same mental toughness exhibited by the long distance runner. It is no surprise that this organization became so dear to Alec. Alec believed that obsession led to success well before Malcolm Gladwell wrote his book "Outliers." In the four decades preceding Gladwell's book, Alec dispensed the same wisdom, acknowledging that time spent in obsession, pursuing excellence, often yielded something in excess of it. Like those in Arnold Gingrich's "The Boys of Manny's Back Room," the WSF was populated with many a "10,000 hour rule" test case and many icons of the sport. To share their realizations about steelhead with another was an opportunity in which Alec reveled.
A devout fly angler, a purist on the surface, Alec began his angling career as a coarse fisherman in Yorkshire, the home of his youth. Cutting his teeth on gudgeon captured with a maggot affixed to a bare hook, he then focused on the number of fish caught per minute as a measure of success. This is in stark contrast to his later dedication, chasing a fish, the steelhead, that often does not eat at all. Furthermore, the refined lines of the hooks that now bear his name stand in stark contrast to their primitive beginnings. These primitive beginnings provided Alec with humility and in turn allowed access to those who might otherwise have been intimidated by him. A champion of the underdog, Alec was a defender of right; he chose a path of introspection allowing for change in perspective yet defending everyone and everything in that path. Often a not so idle threat would be uttered from Alec's lips, "If they harm my friend I will slit their throat." Loyalty to one's friends, to a cause, and passion expressed in that loyalty are traits that intimidate the timid. Alec was anything but timid and used this confidence to the benefit of many. The Deer Creek Restoration Group, The Washington Steelhead Fly Fisher's the Northwest Atlantic Salmon Fly Guild and many more benefited from Alec's passion and determination to see these valued entities become strong and viable, to ensure that the fish and the places that harbor them, and the fly angler's way of life, were protected into perpetuity. In anglers like Russ Miller, Ringo Nishioka and others, Alec saw a bright future for the sport.
While he had fond memories of the Stillaguamish, especially Skiers, and the Sauk too sat near the top of his favorites list, Alec's heart was property of the Wenatchee River. One autumn, I accompanied Steve Gobin, Mark Waslik and Alec for a day's fishing on the Wenatchee. Alec guided each of us to steelhead.
The author's favorites are these variants of Alec's Sauk River Shrimp and grubs. The examples pictured incorporate three different hooks, a black Sealy, a black Alec Jackson Spey Fly Hook manufactured by Partridge, and a gold Alec Jackson Spey Fly Hook manufactured by Daiichi. The hooks and the flies tied on them, represent an evolution in the development of these beautiful patterns. Again, the three patterns pictured are arranged atop a section dedicated to their development from Alec's "A Book of Low Water Flies".
My faith in Alec's word was cemented that day, not because we all were successful, but because he acknowledged that our success was the function of reconnaissance performed by his dear friend, Russ Miller. The removal of ego, the wishing of good for the other, was ever present in everything that Alec did. For Alec it was never about what you could get, it was about what you could give.
Alec endeared himself to those for whom he had tremendous respect. Early in his development as a steelhead fly angler, Alec pinpointed Bob Strobel, one of the all-time Northwest greats, as a prospective mentor. Alec shadowed Bob until such time that he was taken under the great blue heron's wing. Returning the favor, Alec too, dispensed wisdom gleaned at the shoulders of some of steelhead fly-fishing's legends, luminaries of their time. The fact that Alec was an individual—he did not have an organization with an outreach department to spread his message—he simply infected thousands of people with his passion for steelhead fly angling, literature and more. In a myriad of ways, Alec affected and inspired many to pursue with the same passion, the sport and the fish he loved so much. When one is a character, a personality, an icon of their sport, an icon of anything, like Alec was, you personally encounter thousands of people. The result is a thousand more stories, about you, and the moment you impacted the minds and hearts of those with whom you brushed against. Alec was no different, he had thousands of stories, and all who met him could tell a thousand more. Many can share a special memory of Alec and a gem he shared with them. His longtime angling partners-in-crime Bob Aid, Bob Strobel, Dick Teski, Steve Fransen, and Jack "The Hat" Coleman carry with them special memories of their time streamside with Alec, each story part of an oral history that is now steelhead fly fishing legend. As Alec frequently pronounced, "I figure that every Steelhead I have caught owns eight hours of my life." in turn, everyone who came in contact with Alec owns a piece of him.
Books, steelhead fishing, fly tying are all but just a part of who Alec Jackson was. Alec was a proud father with three sons Robert, Alan and Stephen. Each of his children, and the grandchildren they brought to him and Rose, provided a greater joy than any fish, on any river, and with any partner, Alec may have had. Granddaughters Lea, Amber, and Amanda were each an apple in their grandfather's eye, while grandsons Eric, Jordan, and Jaden brought him endless pride. Together Alec's grandchildren were the proverbial light of his life. Alec's legacy will continue in the hands of Alan and his family. They will continue to run his hook company as a family business. Stephen, a revered Northwest angler, who has logged countless hours streamside, and can be found today dispensing angling advice at Seattle's Outdoor Emporium, will remain in the angling world. In Stephen we will long have opportunity to receive piscatorial wisdom from a Jackson. Alec, thank you for leaving all of them with us. Likely, Alec would not have wished us to mourn his loss but to remember his legacy, his progeny insure that wish.
Skunk Spade - Tied by Dave McNeese on a Partridge #8 low water hook
Hook: Alec Jackson Spey hook
Tail: Red hackle fibers
Body: Rear 1/3rd 5 or 6 strands of peacock herl twisted together with fine oval silver tinsel, front 2/3rd's 5 or 6 strands of black ostrich hurls twisted together with fine oval silver tinsel
Collar: Stiff black hen hackle
Wing: Sparse white polar bear or substitute
Head: Fluorescent red Jungle Cock optional
Inland Spade - Tied by Dave McNeese on a Partridge #8 low water hook
Tail: Deer body hair
Body: Black ostrich twisted with fine oval silver tinsel
Collar: Grizzly hackle
Head: Fluorescent red
Coastal Spade Tied by Dave McNeese on a Partridge #8 low water hook
Body: Peacock hurl twisted with fine oval silver tinsel
In the last few days of November, this writer rushed to New York for his own father's passing. Funeral arrangements and estate management required a stay in the tri-state area through the third week of December. Shortly after returning home Alec and I had a conversation, Alec said, "So you lost your dad Joe. Are you okay?" "I'm fine," I said. Alec then confided that his time was not long. He had a year at most. He went on to talk about how people die, the good ways and the bad. Alec was with Lee Richardson in his final moments, "He just drifted off peacefully, that's how I'd like to go." Alec said.
One of the most iconic images of Northwest Steelhead fly angling comes from Trey Combs "Steelhead Fly Fishing and Flies". Washington Steelhead Fly Anglers (left to right) Dick Teske, Bob Strobel, Harry Lemire, Alec Jackson, and Nate Smith are captured exchanging notes somewhere near "Skiers" on the North Fork of the Stillaguamish. The photo is accompanied by Alec's Hardy cane rod and a favorite Bogdan Reel.
What happens to great fly anglers when they die? Are they as much a part of their favorite rivers in the afterworld as they are in this one? The Sauk, Skagit and Stillaguamish Rivers are my home too. Moments in time flash before my eyes when visiting these rivers. Shrouded in the pearl mist of a winter's rain or the dappled light of spring, one's angling mentors can be seen, still fishing, focused, and anticipating the pull. The tug is our hearts as we imagine them. And, swirling around above us in the great river that is the afterlife, we can also imagine Alec holding in a comfortable lie, Rose by his side.
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text:
Patented FRS Formula
Power Your
Within.
FRS uses a scientifically advanced, patented formula developed by health scientists that features the all-natural antioxidants quercetin and green tea extract, plus seven essential vitamins. These powerful ingredients work together at the cellular level to deliver:
Long-lasting, natural energy
Improved athletic performance
Increased mental function
Fueled by nature. Endorsed by science.
The FRS formula was originally developed and tested by health scientists as an effective way to deliver natural, sustained energy to chemotherapy patients. Today, the benefits of FRS are enjoyed by athletes, fitness experts, nutritionists and others wanting to lead a healthy lifestyle.
The benefits are clear as seen through these scientific studies:
Reduction in
mental fatigue4
Improvement in
concentration4
Increase in physical
VO2max3
Let's start with quercetin.
Quercetin (kwur-si-tin) is a revolutionary, all-natural antioxidant found in foods such as blueberries and apples. With over 10,000 scientific studies on the benefits of quercetin, scientists believe it works at the cellular level with your body to produce and sustain your own natural energy. Quercetin mimics the effects of exercise by enhancing the production of mitochondria, the energy-producing units in our cells. Until now, exercise was the only practical way to increase mitochondria in cells. Dr. Mark Davis, Ph.D. University of South Carolina and FRS Scientific Advisor says, "Quercetin could be one of the most important discoveries in nutrition in a very long time."
The grade and purity of an ingredient is as critical as the ingredient itself. FRS uses QU995® (99.5% pure quercetin) which aids the speed and amount of absorption. It is recommended to have 500 - 1000mg of quercetin daily. Each serving of FRS contains 250 – 325mg of quercetin, with two to three servings suggested daily.
Mark Davis is a professor of exercise physiology and nutrition in the Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health at the University of South Carolina. He is also a fellow in the American College of Sports Medicine where he was previously on the board of trustees. Dr. Davis's research is primarily focused on the effects of exercise and nutrition on mental and physical fatigue and how dietary components like quercetin appear to work in the brain, immune system and muscle to increase mitochondria, reduce inflammation and fatigue and increase resistance to infection and cancer. As an FRS scientific advisor, Mark says "FRS is unique among energy products in that it contains quercetin which provides energy in a totally different way than the ingredients in other energy drinks: it's a healthy choice for energy."
Another antioxidant powerhouse.
Green Tea Extract, like quercetin, is an all-natural antioxidant. Unlike black or oolong tea, green tea is not fermented and is instead typically created by steaming fresh leaves at high temperatures. Because of this process, the antioxidant properties remain intact and health benefits are maximized. Each serving of FRS contains 20 – 85mg of green tea extract.
Completing the formula.
Vitamins are the third and equally important component of the FRS formula. While critical to any complete nutrition program, vitamins cannot be produced by the body but are found naturally in certain foods. Today, diet alone doesn't usually provide adequate vitamins so dietary supplements, like FRS, have become staples of a balanced diet. FRS not only contains seven essential vitamins, B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, C and E, but each serving provides over 100% of the Recommended Daily Value.
Take the natural approach to energy
Unlike traditional energy drinks that rely on chemicals, sugar and large doses of caffeine to create energy spikes, FRS creates natural energy the healthy way. Although FRS products contain a small amount of caffeine, it is derived from green tea extract and is a mere 20mg to 48mg, which is the equivalent to 1.5 to 4 ounces of coffee. The caffeine in FRS is not the primary source for improved energy and performance but rather acts as a metabolic enhancer to kick-start the patented FRS formula.
Equally as important is what's NOT inside our products. FRS does not contain preservatives, artificial flavors, or synthetic colors.
Studies point to a better performance
Enhanced athletic performance
Increase in treadmill time trial performance1
Study Details: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study - 12 healthy, active (but not highly trained) men and women. 1000mg of quercetin per day for 7 days.
3Source: The Dietary Flavonold Quercetin Increases VO2max and Endurance Capacity. Davis JM, Carlstedt CJ et aJ. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,June 2009
Improvement in cycling time trial performance over the last 5km2
Study Details: A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. 250 mg of quercetin twice daily, over 42 days to 11 elite cyclists.
2Source: Dietary Antioxidant Supplementation Combined with Quercetin Improves Cycling Time Trial Performance. MacRae Holden, Mefford Karl. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Excercise Metabolism, 2006, 16, 405-419.
Sustained energy and fitness
Increase in endurance3
Increase in VO2max (typical measure of fitness)3
Improved mental function at work
Reduction in mental fatigue4
Improvement in concentration4
Study Details: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. 33 university employees, non-athletes, working class, skilled trade professionals, age 29-63 years. 500mg of quercetin per day for 24 days.
4Source: The Effects of an Antioxidant Drink on Work Performance and Health Parameters in an Industrial Setting, Durak & Bell, 2006, Univ. of Santa Barbara, CA (unpublished study).


Hard to find rain gear and rainwear in clear and team colors for schools, performance groups, dance, drill team, cheerleading squads, cheerleaders, color guard, marching band, etc. Find raincoats, rain jackets, ponchos, hat cover protectors, and other forms of uniform protection in nylon, plastic, PVC, or insulated or lined with Thinsulate. Zippered hoods and custom imprinting available on certain rain coat styles. Pays for itself in cleaning bills.


text:
Is Tadalafil safe?
Tadalafil- A solution to erectile dysfunction
How does it work to treat erectile dysfunction?
What could be the possible side effects?
When do you need to call emergency medical care?
For a full range of blood tests and medications, visit our Welzo Online Pharmacy Page. For more details, click here.
Understand how to use Tadalafil safely.
Tadalafil (a generic form of famous brands; Cialis and Adcirca) is becoming increasingly popular in treating erectile dysfunction (ED). It is appealing to people because you don't need to keep it in your pocket and use it before intercourse (like Viagra). Instead, you can take it daily and experience normal bodily functioning throughout the day. It is also available in the form of low dosage pills. Besides the treatment of ED, it is also prescribed to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
You can also use it before sexual activity, and its effects last up to 36 hours. Although it offers some benefits over Viagra, is it completely safe? To have the final say about its safety, you should first know how it acts, its possible side effects, and how they could be minimized to have maximum protection.'
Any erectile dysfunction drug should increase blood flow into the muscles of the penis. Like Viagra, Tadalafil works by inhibiting the enzyme phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5). This hormone breaks the guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) cycle, which is responsible for widening the blood vessels that supply the blood to the penis.
Due to the inhibition of this enzyme, the cGMP stays for a more extended period in your body, causing a prolonged and persistent erection due to relaxing blood vessels and increased blood flow. However, it should be understood that it can't cause sexual stimulation.
To learn more about erectile dysfunction, see our information page here.
To understand the safety, you should first understand its possible side effects. For details of side effects, you should consult the leaflet available in the pillbox. Moreover, some side effects may not be noticeable, while others may persist and lead you to the emergency room.
Mild sides effects
These side effects influence 1-2 people out of a hundred. They are primarily dose-dependent, i.e., their severity may increase with increasing dose, and these effects are mainly due to disturbance of blood pressure (BP) and drug interactions. If you notice these symptoms, consult your physician or pharmacist. He may suggest you a change in dose.
These side effects include:
Facial redness and flushing
Abnormal ejaculation
More severe effects
These side effects usually influence one in a thousand people. However, they require emergency care. If you note them, it is advised to stop the medication and consult the doctor immediately.
These effects are:
It is a highly prolonged, persistent, and painful erection. Any erection lasting more than 4 hours should be a cause for concern, and you should immediately consult the doctor. Prolonged erections for up to 36 hours have been reported.
These may happen during sex or after sexual intercourse. Therefore, it is advisable to relax a bit.
Sudden hearing or eyesight issues
Erectile dysfunction medications can increase hearing and eyesight issues due to the disturbance of blood supply to optic and ear nerves. A typical example is the non-arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION). Although various other factors, e.g., high Blood pressure, heart diseases, and diabetes, have a role, the use of Tadalafil can exacerbate the situation.
Fits or seizures
Generalized seizures could be noted after taking Tadalafil. In addition, a 2018 study found that it can increase the risk and frequency of attacks and reduce the efficacy of oxcarbazepine, a drug used to treat convulsions and seizures.
Problems with blood flow and blood pressure
Tadalafil and other PDE5 inhibitors relax the blood vessels and cause low blood pressure. It is used to lower blood pressure and pulmonary arterial hypertension. So, consult your healthcare professional if you are taking blood pressure drugs. An earlier study in 2006 found that a single 20 mg tablet can reduce diastolic and systolic blood pressure by 4.8 mmHg.
Severe and sudden allergic reactions
An allergic reaction may cause red spots (hives), reddish patches on the skin, and swelling around the eyes.
Whenever you note any of the following symptoms, it is the alarm to call for emergency help.
Painful allergic reactions
Chest tightness and sore throat
Swelling of the throat, mouth, lips, tongue, etc...
It is safe within safe dosages. The safe dosage is different for different individuals. You may start with a 2.5 mg pill and increase gradually until satisfactory intercourse is achieved. Montorsi and his colleagues undertook an earlier study in 2004 on the safety of Tadalafil. The trial involved 1173 patients of ED for 24 months. It was found that the tolerance and safety of Tadalafil were satisfactory for the majority of the patients. Although milder side effects were reported, only 6.3% of people left the treatment due to adverse effects, and 8.6% noted severe side effects.
A more recent review study in 2017 found that using Tadalafil daily is better than its on-demand use.
So, in general, it could be a safe drug to treat pulmonary hypertension and ED for healthy people. However, for better results, its daily use is recommended. Moreover, you do not need to worry about a missed dose.
Consideration for safe use
Although it is a relatively safe solution to treat symptoms of ED, you can increase the safety by following these guidelines.
It usually requires 30-60 minutes to work. So, use it at least 30 minutes before sexual intercourse.
The starting dose could be 2.5 mg. However, you can go higher with the consultation of the doctor. Some evidence suggests that grapefruit juice could increase the plasma levels of Tadalafil. So, you can use a reduced dose of grapefruit juice and get the best results.
Do not drink alcohol with tadalafil tablets.
Note any sudden decrease in blood pressure and respond immediately.
Consult wellness professionals before using it if you take alpha-blockers, recreational drugs, antifungal drugs, and other medications or have HIV.
Bottom-line
Tadalafil is a safer choice for ED because it is available in low dosages (as low as 2.5 mg) and can be taken daily. It could also be taken before sexual activity. However, take note of the various possible reactions to the drug.
To learn more about how to order Tadalafil, click here.
You can also learn more about other ED medications here.
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The After Words
How newsmakers and entertainers grappled with the tragedy of September 11
By Caroline Kepnes Updated December 21, 2001 at 05:00 AM EST
The repercussions from the Sept. 11th terrorist attacks will resonate for years to come. But even in the tender three months following the tragedy, we were forced to reevaluate everything from the life expectancy of irony to the future of action movies to the concept of celebrity telethons (who knew they could be positively pitch-perfect?). What follows is a sampling of voices from the entertainment industry that emerged from the post-9/11 tumult, all trying to make sense of a senseless act and a deeply changed world.
"There's going to be a seismic change. I think it's the end of
"There's going to be a seismic change. I think it's the end of the age of irony. Things that were considered fringe and frivolous are going to disappear." — Vanity Fair editor Graydon Carter
"How have we spent the past two weeks? 1. Crying 2. Staring at hands 3. Feeling guilty about renting video 4. Calling loved one 5. Thinking about donating blood 6. Watching TV for nine hours, finally getting up, going to corner store for Cheez Doodles, eating Cheez Doodles, realizing Cheez Doodles aren't helping, throwing Cheez Doodles away." — The Onion
"We all feel the need to do something. Those of us here tonight are not heroes. We are not healers, nor protectors of this great nation. We are merely artists and entertainers here to raise spirits and, we hope, a great deal of money." — Tom Hanks, America: A Tribute to Heroes
"You know…since the world changed in September…I read this article: Everybody's having sex, first dates — boom, friends calling up other friends, boom, boom. There's this new attitude: Why live for tomorrow, live for now. Do you know what I'm saying?" — Ally (Calista Flockhart) to her therapist on Ally McBeal
"I swear I've never seen anything like this….This whole place is like a complete war zone." — MSNBC's Ashleigh Banfield, reporting from near ground zero
"We have been the cowards lobbing cruise missiles from 2,000 miles away. That's cowardly….Staying in the airplane when it hits the building, say what you want about it, it's not cowardly." — Bill Maher, Politically Incorrect
"In no way was I intending to say, nor have I ever thought, that the men and women who defend our nation in uniform are anything but courageous and valiant, and I offer my apologies to anyone who took it wrong." — Bill Maher, Politically Incorrect, after getting flak for his above comment
"At times like this, we like escapism, and Temptation Island can provide a dumb distraction from what's going on." — Robert Thompson, professor of popular culture at Syracuse University
"My gut is that people will go to the familiar." — Sandy Grushow, chairman of Fox Television Entertainment Group
"That sort of ironic, hip attitude is going to have to undergo revision. Any sort of sense of cynicism and self-absorption — nobody is going to be interested in that." — Jonathan Galassi, publisher and editor in chief of Farrar, Straus and Giroux


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What does "Seven" and "Nine" mean in "Seven of Nine"?
She is one of a gajillions of Borg drones. What exactly does "Seven of Nine" means as far as drone identifications? Shouldn't she have some GUID instead?
star-trek star-trek-voyager seven-of-nine
Her full designation was actually "Seven of Nine, Tertiary Adjunct of Unimatrix 01." So you could convert that to a GUID-like code: 7-9-3-01. :) – Nick Shaw May 10 '12 at 14:58
What you fail to realize is that she speaks in an accent which is determined by her MAC address. – Chris B. Behrens May 10 '12 at 17:14
ROTFL - " shouldn't she have a GUID ". – Clay Nichols May 10 '12 at 22:16
When Janeway formed the alliance with the Borg that subsequently lead to Seven's disconnection from the Collective, they talked about what to call her. If I recall correctly, Janeway found Seven's full designation to be rather unwieldy, and they eventually settled on using "Seven of Nine", which Seven called "imprecise, but acceptable". – a CVn May 11 '12 at 8:19
I know this is really freaking old, but are we just going to let @NickShaw's comment go like that without referencing Tolkien and the ring poem? – Turambar Sep 22 '16 at 18:50
You're assuming there is a unique identifier for Borg drones. They could very well just have "disposable" identifiers assigned to them when they are awakened to join a group and perform a specific task.
Also, Iirc, there's a Voyager episode where Seven needs to coach a human team and she assigns them numbers. When one of them "fails", she just re-numbers them so that 4 becomes 3 (and takes over with the task), 6 becomes 4 and so on. That suggests that Borg consider their "names" as something that is subject to change and can efficiently handle that. She used those numbers as roles identifiers more than as GUIDs.
If there's GUID for Borgs (DNA signature? Assimilation serial number?), it would be pretty inefficient to state it completely in communications.
(Note, btw, the similarity with the soldier identification scheme in the Roman Army, where soldiers would decline their legion, cohort, century, etc. numbers of the unit they belong to)
sylvainulgsylvainulg
That is an interesting idea, of a drone not being addressed until it is activated. But I'm not sure there is any proof of this in canon. – Xantec May 10 '12 at 15:33
It seems exceptionally unlikely. Proper resource management would be a hallmark of something like the Borg collective. Just because humans can consider other humans to be worthless and disposable does not mean that the Borg would do likewise. – Donald.McLean May 10 '12 at 15:45
@Donald: True, but irrelevant. The Borg might very well consider names to be worthless and disposable. My router does the same; doesn't mean it's not managing resources efficiently. – Tynam May 10 '12 at 16:10
@Tynam: Actually, it's completely relevant. If something doesn't have a unique, permanent identifier, there's no way to manage it on a global scale. Why would the collective need to manage on a global scale? The collective realizes that the individual components of the collective, although they are merely components, each have their own value. They didn't just pick Picard out of a hat when they made him Locutus. Nor would they fail to use any special characteristics of any other drone. – Donald.McLean May 10 '12 at 16:24
@Donald.McLean: True; I agree Borg must have an internal ID much more sophisticated than 'fifteen of twenty'. But I doubt the need for a static GUID. I imagine that internally each Borg has a resource/capability dataset, something like graphics card 'this device supports these features' interfaces. Given three drones of equal ability, the collective picks the most convenient - the Borg care about tracking capability, not identity. (This would be too clumsy for the internet, but Borg have much faster data transfer. "Unimatrix" ~= DHCP server.) – Tynam May 10 '12 at 19:56
The # of # designations are, as others have pointed out, rank of total on a ship/station and then jumps way out to subdivision of region(unimatrix). This is not sufficient to uniquely identify an individual.
Let's get speculative, seeing as the canonical answers aren't satisfactory here. When do Borg use these identifiers? In verbal communications. When do Borg communicate verbally? When they are speaking to other species.
The Borg designations are only used in the rare event that verbal communication is needed. In interborg communication there is no identity, and this undoubtedly involves more computer-like unique ids and networking. Probably mesh networks over subspace and transwarp conduits.
So we should migrate this question to SU site with "DNS" tag? +1:) – DVK-on-Ahch-To May 10 '12 at 17:20
"When do Borg communicate verbally? When they are speaking to other species." Also, the collective on a ship may synchronously say what the ship intends to be doing next, even though there appears to be no non-Borg to hear (except the cameras that are there for the TV/movie audience). – TOOGAM Jan 8 '16 at 16:53
TL;DR: What we are mistaking to be "names" of Borg, are actually "designations". There's a distinct difference in that a "designation" is more like a rank or job title, whereas a "name" - as humans understand them - is a persistent, unique identifier of an individual.
A single Borg may have several different designations throughout its lifetime, and it is possible that a single designation may change hands between several Borg. Further, when the designation is simplified to "X of Y" without any of the additional qualifiers which are a part of the full designation, it is very probable that many Borg exist with the same shortened designation.
We may not know for sure whether the Borg actually have persistent, unique identifiers like we have names - it does not seem to be addressed in canon. However, it would be hard to imagine such a complex Collective being able to operate efficiently without such identifiers.
I think @sylvianulg got closest to the truth, though I'm still not sure the analogy (used by some others) of a router assigning IP addresses is quite accurate.
First, let's go over some facts (see links and quotes below for reference):
Seven of Nine's full designation was Seven of Nine, Tertiary Adjunct of Unimatrix 01.
Unimatrix 01 is known to currently have nine drones, each designated [One-Nine] of Nine, with some having an additional functional designation such as Primary Adjunct or Auxiliary Processor
Formerly, Unimatrix 01 had only five members, with primary designations being [One-Five] of Five.
A Borg drone's designation represents their position within their Unimatrix or Trimatrix.
So, the designation a Borg gives to outsiders is more of a rank or title - and, when they give only their "short name", it's a fairly non-specific one at that. For example, "Seven of Nine" could refer to the Seven we know or it could also refer to (if one existed) "Seven of Nine, Auxiliary Processor of Unimatrix 42".
That said, it is also possible that Seven previously had a different designation. Perhaps one might have been "Four of Eight, Secondary Adjunct of Trimatrix 626" before she was re-assigned to Unimatrix 01.
What is important to realize here is that Borg "designations" are not "names" in the sense that humans understand. To us, names are (generally) unique identifiers of an individual. The Borg designations are an identification of the individual's position or function.
The unique identifiers - the true "name" - of each Borg will probably never be known outside of the Collective. However, I believe we can be fairly certain that such an identifier does exist. Proper resource tracking and allocation can not be achieved without being able to uniquely identify each resource. It is probably some sort of long GUID which is assigned to each Borg when it is first attached to the Collective. Since such complex identifiers would be impractical to use when communicating with species outside of the Collective, the Borg instead chose to fall back to their designations when such communication is necessary.
To bring this into a networking analogy, the operation of routers & IP Addresses comes close but is still not quite correct. Let's consider instead hostnames and asset tags, used to identify and track servers in an organization.
When a computer is first purchased, businesses will generally put an asset tag on the system to track it for inventory purposes. That asset tag is usually kept on the system, with a unique number and/or barcode, throughout its life - from its arrival in Receiving (before it is even put into use) until it is permanently decommissioned (destroyed, or transferred outside of the organization's control). The asset tag here represents a (relatively) life-long, unique identifier that will not be shared or re-used on any other resource.
Hostnames, on the other hand, are often used to identify a system's function. For example, MySQLSRV-05-03 might be node three in SQL cluster number 5. These names might be shuffled around and re-used across different unique systems, because they relate more to the systems' function than they do to its identity.
Example: A new system is purchased to act as a VM host. On arrival, it is given Asset Tag #01701. Once installed in its role, it is given the Hostname VMH-09-07 because it will be the seventh VM host in group number 9. Some years down the road though, the system is beginning to show its age - it just doesn't perform as well as the newer models, and can no longer adequately serve the business' needs as a VM host. However, it is still quite well suited to be a file server. So, a new server is brought in to replace it. The new server, Asset Tag #74656, takes on the Hostname of VMH-09-07 when #01701 is taken offline for reconfiguration. The old VMH server still retains its identity as #01701, but when it steps into its new role its Hostname becomes FS-12-04.
Below are quotes from Memory Alpha, which serve as the primary basis for my analysis:
Borg Collective - Collective organization
Drones within a unimatrix or trimatrix are designated in groups known as "adjuncts", with the individual drone's identification serving to designate their position within the adjunct. (VOY: "Dark Frontier", "Unimatrix Zero", "Endgame")
Seven of Nine
Seven of Nine (full Borg designation: Seven of Nine, Tertiary Adjunct of Unimatrix 01)
Unimatrix 01
Known drones assigned to Unimatrix 01
One of Nine
Two of Nine (Primary Adjunct)
Three of Nine (Auxiliary Processor)
Four of Nine (Secondary Adjunct)
Five of Nine
Six of Nine
Seven of Nine (Tertiary Adjunct)
Eight of Nine
Nine of Nine
Previous drones assigned to Unimatrix 01
One of Five
Two of Five
Three of Five (Tertiary Adjunct)
Four of Five
Five of Five
+1 for convincingly detailed research and reasonable deduction. I find 'asset tag/hostname' much more convincing than MAC/IP address, although I still think there's an argument for 'capability bitstring' over GUID, if only because it suits the Borg's relentless determination to suppress individual identity. – Tynam May 10 '12 at 20:02
@Tynam Ah, but the "capability bitstring" would inevitably be non-persistent. A drone will eventually suffer injury or biological degradation which causes it to no longer be able to serve specific functions. Alternately, it may undergo cybernetic upgrades that enhance its abilities. It's also likely that a number of drones will end up with the same "capability bitstring" over time. Eventually, a cube - or even a Unimatrix or Trimatrix - could have two or more drones with the same string and that could lead to confusion in the system. – Iszi May 10 '12 at 20:08
Example: "Are you the 01111010 which is 'Seven of Nine, Tertiary Adjunct of Unimatrix 01' or are you meant to be 'Six of Eight, Secondary Adjunct of Trimatrix 626'?" Instead, the "capability bitstring" should be used as a lookup value in the manifest database when a replacement is needed. i.e.: "I need a drone that has capability string '01111000' to assign to Seven of Nine, Tertiary Adjunct of Unimatrix 01'. Assign the first GUID with that capability string value to that position." – Iszi May 10 '12 at 20:12
Would the analogy of military hierarchy not serve better here? If one says: I'm from the 7th platoon of the 9th battalion, 3rd squad of 1st (insert higher group set) or the 7th Sergeant, etc? – Gustavo Carreno May 10 '12 at 20:43
@GustavoCarreno As far as I am aware, such an analogy could actually be misleading. Unless there's some detail I'm missing out on, the vast majority of Borg (with the obvious exception of the Queen) are of equal status - no one drone is required to follow the orders of another. Military hierarchy implies superiority of some above others, and a duty for most to obey some who are not at the top. – Iszi May 10 '12 at 22:10
Seven of Nine was Seven's designation within the Borg collective. As an assimilated individual has no need for a name within the collective they are given a number relative to their function within the collective. Generally a Borg will refer to itself by just its number; Seven (of Nine) for Seven, Three (of Five) for Hugh, One (of One) for One. But to specifically identify itself an individual drone will give its full function as well; Seven of Nine, Tertiary Adjunct of Unimatrix 01).
Having no regard for individuality, Borg drones were identified with designations rather than names. A drone's designation typically described its position within a group, e.g. "Third of Five." To more specifically identify a drone, its function could be appended to this designation, e.g. "Seven of Nine, Tertiary Adjunct of Unimatrix 01." In the same manner, the Borg refer to alien species by number rather than by name. Memory Alpha
neilfein
XantecXantec
My problem is the smallness of address space, not the fact that there is no name. – DVK-on-Ahch-To May 10 '12 at 15:19
@DVK Presumably on one of the large Borg cubes or a planet the numbers could get very high, depending on the function. But even then the Borg may have found that for standard day-to-day operations smaller groups perform more efficiently. In this which case within a large population you might still only have up to 10 or 20 Borg in a particular group but the function iteration would be larger (ex. 5 of 20, centennial power maintenance of planet 459). This is just a thought though, with no proof either way. – Xantec May 10 '12 at 15:30
If this is the correct answer, I'm a little disappointed in Star Trek. I'm sure the Borg assimilated scads of similar sized groups. That would mean that based on their group size, in order to maintain distinct naming, borg assimilated in similar group sizes could seldom be part of the same adjunct. I had always assumed that 9 referred to a rank or class within an adjunct restricted to 9 members. I like my theory better, even if it's wrong. – Gorchestopher H May 10 '12 at 16:44
But they don't need distinct naming. A Borg drone isn't going to go on holiday and need proper ID to access her money back home. The cells in my body don't have distinct names. For the stationary ones, it is enough that their neighbors know them. For the ones that move around, they are identified by function. – Kyle Jones May 10 '12 at 18:02
I'd even go a bit further. The designations might be limited and retrieved "just in time" if there's a need for them (a bit like IP addresses are determined through DHCP). E.g. while working together on a counter to the Undine, there were only nine drones active meant for communication in some way in that particular region. In TNG (Hugh) there were only 5 drones nearby (functional or not), so he assigned that designation to "himself" just-in-time. Seven and Hugh both consider this their "name" because it's essentially been "burnt" into their mind. – Mario May 11 '12 at 8:28
DVK, I think the "smallness of address space" you are concerned about is the answer, as shown in VOY 6x02, Survival Instinct.
During that episode, Seven of Nine and 3 other drones are stranded and disconnected from the Collective. If I recall correctly, one of the things Seven does while they are stranded is to reassign their numbers to (1-4) of Four.
The "Nine" in Seven of Nine is simply the number of drones she was working most closely with when the Voyager crew first encountered her, and "Seven" is her ranking within that sub-collective.
However, I may not be recalling the events of Survival Instinct fully correctly; I know she re-linked their minds when she made the sub-collective, but I think the re-numbering happened before that.
IzkataIzkata
The Borg don't have "ranking". – Valorum Jun 12 '16 at 13:40
@Valorum See Iszi's answer for a more detailed description of "ranking". – Izkata Jun 12 '16 at 20:08
This was said in one of her first episodes and retrieved again when we meet 3 of 9 and 4 of nine that they were a group of nine people all assimilated together. It is later shown that they were the 9 members of the crew on the star ship 7's parents piloted.
chcukchcuk
Is there a reference somewhere showing that the "of 9" is specifically a reference to the assimilation amount? – DVK-on-Ahch-To May 10 '12 at 15:19
I am currently pulling from memory of the show but I want to say it was the episode where 7 as a borg is camping with the rest of her team due to the ship they were on being destroyed. – chcuk May 10 '12 at 15:21
I am pretty sure the Raven only had three people on it. Or at least I am pretty sure that Annika and her parents were the only people shown. – Xantec May 10 '12 at 15:38
The Raven had no crew other than Annika and her parents. She never saw her parents again after they were assimilated until near the very end. – BBlake May 10 '12 at 16:14
She was the 7th assimilated person of a group of nine captured on a starship.
This seems to be the established Borg short hand naming convention going back to Star Trek TNG when we are introduced to the character Hugh.
Hugh, formerly Third of Five, was a former Borg drone who was rescued by the USS Enterprise-D in 2368. Sources: http://en.memory-alpha.org/wiki/Hugh
Hugh, or 3rd of 5, was the first such instance of being introduced to a named Borg besides Locutus (Picard's assimilated designation). When Hugh's ship crash landed he was the 3rd crew person on a ship of 5 Borg.
If the ship was not his permanent assignment then it can also be extrapolated that these naming designations were temporary, much like the IP address on your router, however this is merely speculation.
maple_shaftmaple_shaft
Third of Five was Hue's designation within the ship he was on (quotes are from memory: "What is your name?" "I am Third of Five." "There were five Borg on your ship.") I do not believe the number was indicative of the size of the group when the individual was assimilated. – Xantec May 10 '12 at 15:35
Again, IP addresses on a router may not be a great analogy here. Though IPs may be passed around between devices joining and un-joining the network, each device is (generally) still uniquely identified by its built-in MAC address. – Iszi May 10 '12 at 17:50
@Iszi True, but MAC addresses can also be spoofed. So I think if you want to fully address that analogy, the MAC address would be more like the drone's DNA, the one individual aspect of a drone left after assimilation (barring subconsciousness). – Xantec May 10 '12 at 18:08
@Xantec A more appropriate analogy (see my answer for further explanation) is hostnames & asset tags. An asset tag is unique to each system throughout its lifetime. However, hostnames are often used to represent the system's role and position within the network. One system may transition through several hostnames, and one hostname may end up being used by several different systems (one at a time), but each system will still be uniquely identifiable by its asset tag. – Iszi May 10 '12 at 19:37
Personally i think the writers were having a bit of fun while paying homage to the early television sitcom "My Living Doll." MLD was the story of a harried scientists (Robert Cummings ) who had been charged with the enviable task of instructing another statuesque blond cyborg (Julie Newmar) in all things human. Newmar, who seemed to spend a lot of time dressed only in a towel, had the clinical assignation of " AF 709."
It wouldn't be much of a stretch to think that the writers may have been topping their caps to the show and in particular to Newmar who you may remember rocked another skin tight costume playing the original Catwoman on Batman.
Randy GaysekRandy Gaysek
An interesting theory, but one lacking in references and substance. – Valorum Jun 12 '16 at 13:38
@Randy Gaysek: Nice find, but I think you are giving the writers too much credit. – sfhq_sf Jun 12 '16 at 16:32
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged star-trek star-trek-voyager seven-of-nine or ask your own question.
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package org.jetbrains.android.inspections;

import com.android.resources.ResourceType;
import com.intellij.codeInsight.daemon.QuickFixActionRegistrar;
import com.intellij.codeInsight.quickfix.UnresolvedReferenceQuickFixProvider;
import com.intellij.openapi.module.Module;
import com.intellij.openapi.module.ModuleUtil;
import com.intellij.openapi.module.ModuleUtilCore;
import com.intellij.psi.PsiElement;
import com.intellij.psi.PsiFile;
import com.intellij.psi.PsiReferenceExpression;
import org.jetbrains.android.dom.manifest.Manifest;
import org.jetbrains.android.util.AndroidResourceUtil;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
import org.must.android.module.extension.AndroidModuleExtension;

/**
 * @author Eugene.Kudelevsky
 */
public class AndroidQuickFixProvider extends UnresolvedReferenceQuickFixProvider<PsiReferenceExpression> {
  @Override
  public void registerFixes(@NotNull PsiReferenceExpression exp, @NotNull QuickFixActionRegistrar registrar) {
    final Module contextModule = ModuleUtil.findModuleForPsiElement(exp);
    if (contextModule == null) {
      return;
    }

    final AndroidModuleExtension facet = ModuleUtilCore.getExtension(contextModule, AndroidModuleExtension.class);
    if (facet == null) {
      return;
    }

    final Manifest manifest = facet.getManifest();
    if (manifest == null) {
      return;
    }

    final String aPackage = manifest.getPackage().getValue();
    if (aPackage == null) {
      return;
    }

    final PsiFile contextFile = exp.getContainingFile();
    if (contextFile == null) {
      return;
    }

    AndroidResourceUtil.MyReferredResourceFieldInfo info = AndroidResourceUtil.getReferredResourceOrManifestField(facet, exp, true);
    if (info == null) {
      final PsiElement parent = exp.getParent();
      if (parent instanceof PsiReferenceExpression) {
        info = AndroidResourceUtil.getReferredResourceOrManifestField(facet, (PsiReferenceExpression)parent, true);
      }
    }
    if (info == null || info.isFromManifest()) {
      return;
    }
    final String resClassName = info.getClassName();
    final String resFieldName = info.getFieldName();

    ResourceType resourceType = ResourceType.getEnum(resClassName);

    if (AndroidResourceUtil.ALL_VALUE_RESOURCE_TYPES.contains(resourceType)) {
      registrar
        .register(new CreateValueResourceQuickFix(facet, resourceType, resFieldName, contextFile, true));
    }
    if (AndroidResourceUtil.XML_FILE_RESOURCE_TYPES.contains(resourceType)) {
      registrar.register(new CreateFileResourceQuickFix(facet, resourceType, resFieldName, contextFile, true));
    }
  }

  @NotNull
  @Override
  public Class<PsiReferenceExpression> getReferenceClass() {
    return PsiReferenceExpression.class;
  }
}


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