text:
Low prevalence of blood parasites in a long-distance migratory raptor: the importance of host habitat
Rafael Gutiérrez-López1Email author,
Laura Gangoso1,
Josué Martínez-de la Puente1,
Jakob Fric2,
Pascual López-López3,
Mélanie Mailleux1,
Joaquín Muñoz1,
Laïd Touati4,
Boudjema Samraoui5, 6 and
Jordi Figuerola1
© Gutiérrez-López et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015
Accepted: 17 March 2015
The low prevalence of blood parasites in some bird species may be related to the habitats they frequent, the inexistence of the right host-parasite assemblage or the immunological capacity of the host. Here, we assess the parasite load of breeding populations of Eleonora's falcon (Falco eleonorae), a medium-sized long-distance migratory raptor that breeds on small isolated islets throughout the Mediterranean basin and overwinters in inland Madagascar.
We examined the prevalence and genetic diversity of the blood parasites belonging to the genera Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon in Eleonora's falcon nestlings from five colonies and in adults from two colonies from nesting sites distributed throughout most of the species' breeding range.
None of the 282 nestlings analysed were infected by blood parasites; on the other hand, the lineages of Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon were all found to infect adults. Our results support the idea of no local transmission of vector-borne parasites in marine habitats. Adult Eleonora's falcons thus may be infected by parasites when on migration or in their wintering areas.
The characteristics of marine environments with a lack of appropriate vectors may thus be the key factor determining the absence of local transmission of blood parasites. By comparing the parasite lineages isolated in this species with those previously found in other birds we were able to infer the most likely areas for the transmission of the various parasite lineages.
Plasmodium
Haemoproteus
Leucocytozoon
Eleonora's falcon
Migratory species
The presence and abundance of insect vectors is a key factor affecting the interaction between blood parasites and wild bird populations [1,2]. Indeed, habitat characteristics influence both birds' habitat choice during the breeding season and the viability of insect vector populations, and may ultimately determine the success of blood parasite transmission [3]. Piersma [4] has suggested that bird species inhabiting marine habitats such as small isolated islets or sea cliffs usually have lower blood parasite prevalence than species inhabiting inland areas (i.e. mainland and/or large islands) due to the scarcity of insect vectors in marine habitats. Marine habitats whose environments are characterized by high salinity, exposure to winds and a lack of vegetation cover are generally unsuitable places for insect vectors that require an aquatic larval stage to complete their life-cycles [5]. In fact, a number of studies on seabirds have found a low prevalence or total absence of blood parasites and the suggested cause is the scarcity of insect vectors [4,6,7]. However, in addition to the role of vectors, other factors such as the existence of the right host-parasite assemblage and/or the immunological capacity of the avian host to fight off infections may also affect the outcome of host-blood parasite interactions [3,8]. Migratory bird species that use a range of habitats throughout their life-cycles (e.g. marine and freshwater inland habitats) are excellent study models for exploring the relative importance of the potential mechanisms involved in parasite transmission.
In this study, we assessed variation in blood parasite prevalence between breeding colonies and host status (nestlings vs. breeding adults) in Eleonora's falcon (Falco eleonorae). This long-distance migratory raptor breeds colonially on small isolated islets throughout the Mediterranean basin and overwinters in inland Madagascar [9-11]. We used a PCR-based approach to determine the prevalence and the genetic identity of three avian blood parasite genera, Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon, that potentially infect these falcons. These parasite genera commonly infect birds and all have similar life cycles that require the presence of haematophagous insect vectors if they are to be transmitted [12].
In the light of Piersma's hypothesis [4], we expected to find a general paucity of blood parasites in Eleonora's falcons in marine habitats. To determine the relative importance of habitat-related vs. host-related mechanisms on parasite transmission, we 1) compared the parasite load in nestlings from five different breeding colonies located in sites scattered throughout most of the species' breeding range (Figure 1) to determine whether or not local transmission of vector-borne blood parasites occurs on marine breeding grounds, and 2) compared the blood parasite prevalence in nestlings with that of adults from two of these breeding areas. Unlike nestlings, adult Eleonora's falcons are exposed during their annual cycle to a huge range of habitats and their associated pathogens.
Map of the entire breeding range of Eleonora's falcon. Solid black circles show the colonies where blood sampling was carried out for this study. The other colonies of the species are represented by white circles.
The vertebrate host
Eleonora's falcon breeds colonially in marine environments, mainly on the sea cliffs of small islands and rocky islets in the Mediterranean Basin (from Spain to Greece), as well as on several islets in the eastern Atlantic Ocean (the Canary archipelago and the Îles Purpuraires off the north coast of Africa) [9]. When raising offspring, this species is highly specialized in the hunting of migratory birds that are heading to Africa. Accordingly, breeding colonies are strategically situated on small islands and islets located along the main migratory flyways. This falcon has a delayed breeding season and is the tardiest breeder (August–October) of all Northern Hemisphere raptor species [13]. They lay a single clutch of 1–4 eggs. Incubation lasts for 31 ± 2 days and nestlings fledge at 35–40 days [14]. After breeding, Eleonora's falcons undertake a long-distance migration across continental Africa to their winter quarters in Madagascar [11]. This migratory journey takes about 1–2 months and passes through at least 12 countries where they perform several stopovers [11]. In winter, Eleonora's falcons shift both their choice of food items (from birds to insects) and habitat and occupy humid areas of northern-central Madagascar, where the high rainfall can lead to an abundance of insects [15].
Study area and blood sampling
We sampled five Eleonora's falcon populations located in three different countries in the Mediterranean Basin (Figure 1) in 2008–2012. These populations were selected to cover most of the species' breeding range, from the westernmost (Alegranza Islet, Canary Islands, Spain) to the easternmost (Andros islet, Cyclades Islands, Greece) breeding sites (Figure 1). All birds were measured, bled and released after handling. Wing length (mm) was used to estimate nestling age (±1 day) as per Ristow and Wink [16]. When nestlings were 25–28 days old, a blood sample (0.2 ml) was extracted with a syringe from the brachial vein. In a previous study, it was found that 16–23-days old sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) nestlings were infected by Haemoproteus and Leucozytozoon [17]. This supports the idea 25 days is enough time for blood parasites to be detected in the peripheral blood of Eleonora's falcon nestlings. In addition, the adult Eleonora's falcons, i.e., individuals that had performed at least one complete migration and had overwintered in inland Madagascar, from both Illa Grossa and Alegranza, were trapped using dho-gaza nets and a stuffed eagle owl (Bubo bubo) as a decoy. Adult birds were bled in the same way as nestlings. Blood samples were preserved in absolute ethanol and stored at −20°C until molecular analysis.
DNA extraction and blood parasite analyses
Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples using a standard chloroform/isoamyl alcohol method [18]. A 478 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of blood parasites was amplified as per Hellgren et al. [19]. The presence of amplicons was verified in 1.8% agarose gels. All negative samples in a first screening were repeated twice to minimize the possibility of false negatives. Positive samples obtained using the standard chloroform/isoamyl alcohol method were re-extracted using the Qiagen DNeasy® Kit Tissue and Blood (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and a further PCR was performed to identify blood parasites lineages. We used this second step for sequencing because the quality of DNA sequences – but not the amplification success – significantly improves using this commercial method when compared to the standard chloroform/isoamyl alcohol method [20]. Sequencing reactions were performed according using the BigDye technology (Applied Biosystems) and sequenced in both directions through a 3130xl ABI automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems). The primers HaemF and HaemR2 for Plasmodium and Haemoproteus genera and HaemFL and HaemR2L for Leucocytozoon genus were used. Sequences were edited using the SequencherTM v4.9 software (Gene Codes Corp., © 1991–2009, Ann Arbor, MI 48108). Parasite lineages were identified by comparison with sequences deposited in GenBank (National Center for Biotechnology Information, Blast, 2008). Blood parasite prevalences in adults and nestlings from Alegranza, the only locality where blood parasites were detected (see results), were compared using Chi-square tests (Statistica V. 7.0, StatSoft, I.N.C. 2001).
Ethical approval details
Corresponding permissions were issued by the Spanish, Algerian, and Greek Regional Administrations, according to National laws. Specific permissions numbers: MAOT N° 11908, MAOT N° 6468, MAOT N° 9723, E-87-10-T, E-59-11-E, and 95144/42.
Out of the total of 324 individuals sampled (282 nestlings and 42 adults, see Table 1), blood parasite infections were only found in seven adult falcons (7/42; prevalence in adults = 16.7%), all from the Alegranza population (adult intrapopulation prevalence = 20.0%). None of the nestlings analysed had blood parasites. Parasite infection differed significantly between age classes in Alegranza, the only population where infections were detected (adults: 7/35, nestlings: 0/173; χ2 = 29.92, d. f. = 1, P < 0.0001).
Summary of the Eleonora's falcon breeding populations and sample sizes used in this study
Infected/Sampled
Parasite lineages (number of infected birds)
Alegranza
Illa Grossa
Sa Dragonera
Kef Amor
Andros islet
Haemoproteus LK4 (3), Haemoproteus hBUBIBI01 (1), Plasmodium LK6 (2), Leucocytozoon L_CIAE02 (1)
The number of infected hosts and the parasite identity are also shown.
Overall, we found four different genetic lineages infecting adult Eleonora's falcons: two Haemoproteus lineages (lineage LK4, which was isolated from three adults, and lineage hBUBIBI01, which was isolated from a single individual); Plasmodium lineage LK6 (isolated from two adults); and a single individual infected by Leucocytozoon lineage L_CIAE02. None of the adults showed any evidence of infection by more than one parasite lineage.
We found that none of the Eleonora's falcon nestlings from any of the populations in the Mediterranean basin was infected by blood parasites; on the other hand, 20.0% of the adults from the Alegranza population were infected by at least one of the blood parasite genera identified (Table 1). However, the overall prevalence of each blood parasite lineage infecting the adults in this population was very low, ranging from 2.86% (Leucocytozoon L_CIAE02) to 8.57% (Haemoproteus LK4). The absence of parasite infections in adults from Illa Grossa and from nestlings from Sa Dragonera could be due to the low sample sizes, which may have biased our estimations of blood parasite prevalence in these two populations [21]. Even so, results from the other populations suggest a complete absence of infection by blood parasites in nestlings. In a previous study, Gangoso et al. [22] reported the absence of antibodies against the mosquito-borne West Nile virus in Eleonora's falcon nestlings from Alegranza, despite being detected in 14.8% of adults from the same population. This finding agrees with the results of our study regarding different vector-borne pathogens. In addition, Martínez-Abraín and Urios [23] found no blood parasites infecting Eleonora's falcon nestlings from the Columbretes Islands. Nevertheless, Wink et al. [24] found that 18.8% of adult Eleonora's falcons breeding in the Aegean Sea were infected by Leucocytozoon; regretfully, these authors provide no information about nestlings. Unlike our study, Martínez-Abraín and Urios [23] and Wink et al. [24] used blood smears for parasite detection. Nonetheless, our findings, in which a molecular approach was used, agree with the results of these authors' studies.
Although information regarding the development of blood parasites in nestlings of wild bird populations is scarce, studies conducted in different avian groups have detected avian blood parasites infecting nestlings after as few as 13 days of life [2,25-27]. Svobodová et al. [17] found Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon in 16–23-days old sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) nestlings. Therefore, it is unlikely that the absence of parasites in Eleonora's falcon nestlings was due to time constraints in parasite development.
The presence of appropriate insect vectors is a crucial factor influencing the success of blood parasite transmission in birds [1,2]. Mosquitoes (Fam. Culicidae), biting midges (Fam. Ceratopogonidae) and black flies (Fam. Simuliidae) are the main vectors of Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon, respectively [12]. Although we did not perform any entomological surveillance to quantify insect diversity and abundance in the study areas, no previous study has ever found any of these insect vectors on either Alegranza [22] or the Columbretes Islands [6]. Eleonora's falcons are usually parasitized by blood-sucking louse flies (Hippoboscidae) [22,24], which, in the absence of other vectors, could play a role in the transmission of blood parasites in marine habitats. Indeed, a recent study reported that Hemoproteus iwa in Galapagos great frigatebirds (Fregata minor) was vectored by a hippoboscid fly, an obligate ectoparasite of the bird host [28]. However, louse flies can transmit parasites of the subgenus Haemoproteus, as is the case of H. iwa [12], but not of the subgenus Parahaemoproteus, which were isolated from the adult Eleonora's falcons in this study. In addition, the subgenus Haemoproteus seems to be restricted to pigeons and frigatebirds [29,30] and, to our knowledge, have not been found to infect falcons. Therefore, the lack of suitable vectors might explain the incapacity of transmission from infected adults to uninfected nestlings in breeding areas.
Alternatively, the lack of blood parasites in Eleonora's falcon nestlings in these five populations could be due to host-related immune mechanisms, as suggested by Martínez-Abraín et al. [8]. However, this possibility is poorly supported by our results, since the prevalence of infection in adults found in this and previous studies [24] showed that Eleonora's falcons are indeed susceptible to blood parasite infections. The Eleonora's falcon possesses a very specialized Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), characterized by a complete lack of variability at both MHC class I and II, probably due to pathogen-driven selection [31]. The MHC system may play a key role in the defence of birds against blood parasites [32]. Further studies should be conducted to identify the role of the specialized MHC system in the mechanisms used by Eleonora's falcon against blood parasite infections.
We suggest that either during migration or in wintering areas, adult Eleonora's falcons may encounter a diversity of vectors transmitting Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon. After breeding, Eleonora's falcons perform a long-distance migration across continental Africa to reach Madagascar [10,33], thus crossing and stopping in areas with a high abundance of potential insect vectors during the rainy season [33,34]. Njabo et al. [35] and Waldenström et al. [36] isolated Plasmodium and Haemoproteus parasites in wild mosquitoes from Cameroon and in migratory and resident birds from Nigeria, respectively. In addition, Haemoproteus (17.4% prevalence), Leucocytozoon (9.4%) and Plasmodium (1.9%) have been found in birds from different families in Madagascar [37]. In their wintering quarters, Eleonora's falcons inhabit degraded humid forests and cultivated areas close to pristine humid forest [15] where, due to their suitability for insect vector reproduction, blood parasite transmission may occur. Furthermore, during the pre-breeding and breeding seasons, adult Eleonora's falcons often travel inland (i.e. the main islands of the Canary and Balearic archipelagos, continental Africa and continental Europe) to visit freshwater ponds and other water bodies [38], where the presence of suitable vectors such as biting midges [39] and mosquitoes [40] has been recorded.
By comparing the parasite lineages isolated from Eleonora's falcons with those previously found in other wild bird species, it is possible to infer areas of parasite transmission and determine the host-range of these parasite lineages. In this respect, Plasmodium LK6 and Haemoproteus LK4 lineages have been isolated from adults of the closely related lesser kestrel (Falco naumannii) in Spain [41,42], with a parasite prevalence of 4.6% and 0.7% in adults, respectively. Like Eleonora's falcon, the lesser kestrel is a long-distance migratory species that winters in Africa, which suggests that parasite-vector interactions in wintering quarters may facilitate the transmission of blood parasites in these species. In addition, the Leucocytozoon L_CIAE02 lineage was found in both adults and juveniles of the migratory black kite (Milvus migrans) in Tarifa (S Spain) [43], which suggests that this parasite lineage could be transmitted in both Africa and Europe. Interestingly, the two additional parasite lineages that we found in Eleonora's falcons have previously been isolated from non-raptor species. Haemoproteus hBUBIBI01, which only differs in a single nucleotide from the lineage LK4, has been isolated for the first time from cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) in southern Spain [44]. Likewise, Illera et al. [45] have reported the presence of Plasmodium TF413, which is identical to lineage LK6, in Berthelot's pipits (Anthus berthelotii), a resident species present in all the islands in the Canary archipelago. These latter authors [45] suggest that lesser kestrels, the only species previously found to be infected by the Plasmodium linage LK6, could have spread this lineage to Berthelot's pipits. However, lesser kestrels do not breed in the Macaronesian islands and only vagrant individuals are ever observed in this area. In this respect and according to our results, a long-distant migratory raptor such as Eleonora's falcon could spread blood parasites to resident birds on the main islands, where insect vectors are present (see [36]).
Our results support the hypothesis proposed by Piersma [14] that explains the low prevalence of parasites in avian species living in marine environments and strongly indicates that in Eleonora's falcons habitat characteristics affect the transmission of blood parasites.
This study was partially supported by the Cabildo de Lanzarote, the project CGL2012-30759 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and through the Severo Ochoa Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D&I (SEV-2012-0262). RGL was supported by a FPI grant, JMP and PLL by the Juan de la Cierva program, and LG by a contract from the Excellence Projects from the Junta de Andalucía (RNM-6400). JM was supported by an International Outgoing Fellowship (FP7-PEOPLE-2010). BS was supported by the Algerian Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique (DGRSDT/M.E.S.R.S.) and a Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program from King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. The Hellenic Ornithological Society and A.G. Leventis Foundation financed the fieldwork in Greece. We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). We would like to thank J. J. Moreno, R. Limiñana, L. Parpal and V. Urios for their help with the fieldwork, I. Martín for her help with molecular analysis, and the LAST (EBD-CSIC) for logistical support. Three reviewers provided valuable comments on a previous version of the manuscript.
RGL, JMP, LG and JF designed the study. LG, PLL, BS, LT and JF conducted the fieldwork. RGL, JMP, MM and JM performed the laboratory analysis. All authors contributed to writing the manuscript and approved the final version.
Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), C/Américo Vespucio, s/n, E-41092 Seville, Spain
Hellenic Ornithological Society, Themistokleous str. 80, 10681 Athens, Greece
Vertebrates Zoology Research Group, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
Biology and Ecology Department, University of Constantine, 25017 Constantine, Algeria
Laboratoire de Recherche et de Conservation des Zones Humides, University of Guelma, 24000 Guelma, Algeria
Centre of Excellence for Research in Biodiversity, King Saud University, 12643 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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text:
Song Parodies -> "The Man Who Said Fox Sure Ain't Balanced"
"The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance"
"The Man Who Said Fox Sure Ain't Balanced"
Michael Pacholek
Unfortunately, this song remains fiction. After all, there's no way in hell Bill O'Really? will ever let William Tong on his show. Or me.
They said "Fair and Balanced" gives them the crown
the womenfolk, they lied.
They lied.
They said "Fair and Balanced" all over town
the men on-air, so snide.
'Cause the pull of the bucks was the only law
Republicans understood.
When it came to playing loose and fast...
they were mighty good.
From out of the East a stranger came
a liberal with a plan
the kind of a man the West and South would need
but Fox had panned.
Many a man would say "Fox lies!"
and many a man would fall!
The man who said, "Fox sure ain't balanced!"
He said, "Fox sure ain't balanced!"
He was the bravest of them all!
The love of this land can make a man run on
when he should stay
stay home.
Campaign for the White House, tell the truth
inside Capitol's dome.
But the pull of the bucks was the only law
"liberal" was no good.
Beat down and afraid she prayed that he'd return
that fateful night
at nine.
She knew that O'Reilly didn't fight no fair
it just ain't right.
From the moment a girl first sees TV
the very first thing she learns
when a man enters the No-Spin Zone
only one returns.
Everyone heard, "You're lying, Bill!"
They all saw O'Reilly fall!
alvin rhodes - November 30, 2004 - Report this comment
great parody...5s
AFW - November 30, 2004 - Report this comment
good job...
Michael Pacholek - December 01, 2004 - Report this comment
Tyranny fell in 1781, and 1865, and 1945, and 1965 (Voting Rights Act), and 1974, and 1992. It may take until 2008, but tyranny will fall again and justice will prevail. Sooner or later, it always does.
Righty - December 03, 2004 - Report this comment
Tyranny fell and justice prevailed in 2000 and 2004, not to mention in 2002. Moreover, the grim reaper is loose and hard at work, so I expect to see some more tyranny falling and justice prevailing as soon as 2005. It's the new technology: everything happens faster these days.
Lefty - March 01, 2005 - Report this comment
Ad hominem attacks are the last refuge of those defending an untenable position, i.e. right wing positions.
Michael Pacholek - March 01, 2005 - Report this comment
William Tong has now done "This Monarch's Not Mentally Balanced." I hate to say it, but it's far from his best work.
The address of this page is: http://www.amiright.com/parody/60s/genepitney3.shtml For help, see the examples of how to link to this page.
Anthology 1961-1968
Gene Pitney - 25 All-Time Greatest Hits
Gene Pitney - Greatest Hits [Curb]
Looking Through: The Ultimate Collection

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Some corals 'killed' by climate change are now returning to life
Environment 9 October 2019
By Gege Li
Coral reefs are feeling the effects of climate change
Images & Stories / Alamy Stock Photo
Reef-building corals can make unexpected recoveries from climate change-induced destruction. It turns out that some corals only look dead when exposed to unusually warm water. Instead, the coral's polyps shrink and retreat into their hard skeleton, making the reef appear dead, before recolonising the skeleton when conditions are better. It is a survival strategy never seen before in today's corals – but it may not help the corals as the climate continues to change.
Corals have been hard hit by warming waters. Reefs worldwide, including the Great Barrier Reef, are edging towards collapse. The slow-growing endangered species Cladocora caespitosa is particularly vulnerable to destruction with little indication so far as to whether it can recover.
By monitoring colonies of C. caespitosa in the Mediterranean Sea for 16 years, Diego Kersting and Cristina Linares at the University of Barcelona, Spain, have observed that recovery is possible. They discovered that seemingly dead corals can in fact regrow in the wake of heat damage caused by climate change. Some made an almost full recovery.
When the polyps that make up a C. caespitosa colony are hit by warm weather, Kersting and Linares found that they shrink and recede deep within the coral skeleton. To the eye the hard coral looks devoid of life. But given time these tiny polyps – the characteristic "tentacles" on coral – can regrow.
Ancient strategy
We already knew that ancient corals could do this, as their fossils contain the fossilised remains of tiny skeletal structures that formed when the polyps regrew. Until now, however, it wasn't clear whether today's corals could. "We can see why and when this strategy is put in place and how the recovery process evolves through time," says Kersting.
Spotting one of these "recovered" corals is difficult because they look healthy, which might be why biologists haven't recorded this survival strategy in today's corals until now. Kersting and Linares noticed the behaviour only because they monitored corals over several years and witnessed "dead" ones returning to life.
This and other survival strategies used by different corals still present only a narrow window of opportunity for rebuilding the world's reefs. Kersting says that it won't be enough to compete with climate change if warming continues at its current rate and calls for similar long-term monitoring for other susceptible spots.
This particular strategy will be "highly ineffective" under current environmental change scenarios, says Gergely Torda at James Cook University, Australia. "Adaptation and acclimatisation is the only chance corals have – in tandem with us doing our part and curbing greenhouse gas emissions," he says.
Journal reference: Science Advances, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax2950
More on these topics:
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I am very inspired by our gorgeous Bernese Mountain Dogs as well as so many photos of our friends Berners. I am a member of the Bernese Mountain Dog Club of Ontario, Bernese Mountain Dog Club of Canada, Berner Friend World Wide, Berner Rescue and we are foster. Through my FaceBook pages, I have made friends with so many Berner LOVERS, in Canada, USA and all around the world. Our one common interest in our lives is our LOVE for our Bernese Mountain Dogs, their daily adventures, their health, and happiness.
Our first Berner, Gallant Lord Byron was 11 when he passed away in August 2017. My love for the breed started long before Byron came into our lives. My parents had a Berner, over 35 years ago and I knew then that I would welcome the opportunity in own life once I was able to have the time and freedom. Freelancing from home gives me that opportunity to do the work that I love, but to also enjoy the privilege of living with this special breed.
What longtime Bernese Mountain Dog LOVERS state is oh so true; Berners are like potato chips, "you can never have just one"!!! Hence our happy home with our Berners! It is a home that is truly filled with LOVE!!!
There are just not enough hours in the day to inhale the joy and admiration I have for these beautiful creatures. Love what you paint and you will do it well.
I feel so much LOVE in my heart and my soul for these exceptional creatures.


The quickest way for us to receive your complaint is to use our online form. This helps you to give us the information we need to process your complaint as quickly as possible.
You can also complete a paper form and post it back or hand in at your local branch.


Theme: "Raise a problem get an answer" is a Y&D project that will last 17 months and will be implemented in 4 countries with the participation of 8 youth organizations working in the field of active participation of youth.
It started in 2013 and it will be finalised at the end of the year 2014. The project wants to create a platform for the exchange of good ideas about activities that youth can undertake to start a real change in the society in which they. There will be a core working group of 16 youngsters, which constitutes the steering committee coming from 4 countries (Estonia, Italy, Romania and Lithuania). D.G.T. Association is one of the 8 partner organisations. "Raise a problem, get an answer!" foresees also a visit to the Commissions of the European Parliament to present the platform.


You go and ask for an invite, and if your worthy staff give it to you.
You have to put your mouth on Bran ... I mean, yeah, you have to request one.
Bran? bran flakes? oat bran? Be more specific!!!
Still trying to recoop from the coronary your 'pack stealing' post caused me!! Cheeky Git!!
"It's not what ya got, it's what you give."
Please do not PM me for invites. Thx.


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Zabaione or Zabaglione, whichever way you spell it, it's still a tasty custard. And did you know it's given to Sardinian grooms on their wedding night for "strength"? Learn more about the history of zabaione / zabaglione by reading Clifford Wright's story on Zester, which includes an easy recipe so you can whip up a bowl for yourself.
And did you know that Marsala enhances egg nog? Charles Perry offers a delicious recipe for spiked egg nog that includes the sweet Sicilian specialty as an option.
What wine works with pizza, turkey, and everything in between? Why, Riunite Lambrusco of course. The recommendation comes from a blog whose name tugs at my hearstrings — Wine or Die. The same site also reviews Banfi Chianti Superiore.
How about shrimp? Read this primer on the pink crustacean that would make Bubba Blue proud, and find out what white wine is a perfect match.
Surely you're ringing in the New Year with a sparkler (or two, or three, or …), and there are alternatives to Champagne. For example the Wine Curmudgeon suggests one of our favorite Proseccos, as well as a number of other bubblies.


I have a bit of a problem. I have neat ideas for characters, but with the limited time I get to play, there's no way I can devote time to playing any of them and still be able to develop my other characters (Skyblaze, BigMacintosh, Thistledown, Bright Eyes, Honeybun, and Marcel).
So, I'm making this tread here to post my other character ideas. Any pony posted here will be available for adoption by whoever wants it. I won't make chat profiles for them, so if you like the character enough to RP it in chat, it can be assigned to your name without having to bother an admin to move it.
This isn't just "my" thread, either, so if somepony else has a character that they want to put up for adoption, they can post it here, too.
Ok! Here are some character descriptions and pictures if anypony would like to adopt them and use them. I haven't done "Puzzles and Ponies" stats for them. I figure whoever adopts them would prefer to stat them up on their own.
The artwork for these was done by Jordan Peackock (http://greywolf.critter.net), so please credit him in the character's chat profile page!
Cloudkicker is a thrill-seeker. Always on the lookout for the next big adventure, he spends much of his time exploring the dangerous Everfree Forest. He's almost always active, some would say hyperactive, and seems determined to fill every moment of silent with a steady stream of mindless chatter. Cloudkicker's adventuresome tendencies often get him into trouble, but also get him out of trouble just as quickly as he dreams up some ludicrous gamble that just happens to pay off. He knows more about the dangers of the world beyond Ponyville than perhaps any other pony.
High Jumper is a braggart who likes to be above everypony figuratively and literally. He's a decent-enough pony and isn't intentionally rude; he just has a very high opinion of himself. He is strong and hardy, to be sure, and he certainly doesn't let anypony forget it. High Jumper's family lives in the mountains, and early on he developed a knack for jumping that borders on the incredible.
And that's it! If anypony wants to adopt one of these ponies, post below and I'll take 'em off the list!
Last edited by Skyblaze on Thu Oct 27, 2011 7:49 am, edited 5 times in total.
I told myself I wasn't going to have any new characters. I need to stop talking to myself, it seems I'm usually wrong. I'll take Rose Petals. If that's alright.
I would like to take Miss Starshine off your hooves, if that's alright, and I would like to offer a character idea I've been sort of mulling over for a few weeks.
- Hibiscus Dawn is a culinary expert who loves to prepare and arrange flowery dishes for his patrons. Everything from innovative morning dishes (Sugared Lotus over a cream bed with a side of oats) to desserts (Elderflower cake with a dazzlingly sweet berry frosting), Hibiscus Dawn seeks to revolutionize the way ponies look at flower gourmet. He one day hopes to open the restaurant with the very most stars (Some may be fine with five, but he'll settle for six and a half) associated with it's name and inspire others to follow suit in developing their own unique recipes.
goldengirl wrote: I told myself I wasn't going to have any new characters. I need to stop talking to myself, it seems I'm usually wrong. I'll take Rose Petals. If that's alright.
Just remember to please credit Jordan Peacock (http://greywolf.critter.net) for the artwork.
Edit: Hmm... I've already removed their descriptions. If you want to use them, let me know and I'll PM them to you. But of course, once you adopt them they're yours, so you needn't feel bound to the descriptions I came up with.
somepony's bringing in an OC named Berry Blue, so I'm removing this one.
Last edited by Skyblaze on Mon Aug 20, 2012 6:08 am, edited 3 times in total.
Last edited by Skyblaze on Mon Aug 20, 2012 6:09 am, edited 1 time in total.
Sure! Have fun with him!
You can drop the 'hard of hearing' bit if you want to. That was included as a balancing factor when he was made up as a character in an RPG. It doesn't have to carry over to the chat RP.
Another new pony for somepony to adopt. I wish I had time to develop personalities for them all and run them!
Meet Punkin' Pie (no relation to Pinkie)!
Last edited by Skyblaze on Mon May 21, 2012 7:23 am, edited 2 times in total.
Skyblaze wrote: Meet Punkin' Pie (no relation to Pinkie)!
As per the canon character policy, yes.
Can I call her 'Punkin' Patch' instead? I like the sound better.
If you want to adopt her, you can call her whatever you want.
I love her design, but I don't RP in Chat that much, and I'd hate to take her away from somepony that does want her. If nopony claims her by Wednesday I would be happy to take her though.
I hope you don't mind if I put Glacial up here. I only really made him for the Sunstone event and now I don't have the time or motivation to play him properly.
Thanks Sonic Blitz for adopting him.
Last edited by Obsidian on Mon Feb 20, 2012 9:14 pm, edited 1 time in total.
Sure! anypony can use this thread.
Im afraid I am really not all that chat active and I do apologize, RL is just to busy. I am putting Zack up for adoption, Any pony want him they can have him. Just try and do him some justice for me.
Is there some way we can direct new players to this thread? Maybe there would be some that wouldn't mind taking over an existing character for their first.
anypony want a pegasus thief/con man with impeccable taste? Because I always wanted to give Marquis more love, but I just never had it in me.
Think Neal Caffrey, without all those boring redeeming qualities.
I think I've the same problem, so I'd like to offer a few characters as well. They do have names and such in the chat, however you can likely change them and all that good stuff.
Yup, just... go ahead and stuffs.
Last edited by Feather_Quill on Sun Feb 12, 2012 4:53 pm, edited 1 time in total.


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What technology and chronology of the creation of an electronic document (electronic document and specify certain content)?
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To make an examination, the expert skilled in the art should be granted access to the computer itself, its unit or computer storage. Transferable objects of study should be sealed in individual packages for safekeeping. Especially close attention should be paid to the packaging unit of the computer: it is necessary to get through the packaging it was impossible to connect it to the mains.
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For various reasons many people do not have the opportunity to own a real pet. This may be because they live in a rented apartment or they do not have the money needed to properly look after a pet. Cyber pets are a great way for these people to experience the joys of owning their own pet.
There are a huge number of online sites that cater for people that are looking for the virtual pet experience. Some of the bigger sites like Neopets allow you to create your own pet from scratch. You can choose the color, style, and personality of the pet you wish to look after. You can also name and train your animal. Once you create your own virtual pet you then look after it as you would a real pet. You feed it, walk it, toilet train it and the list continues. Some sites allow your pet to get a job and earn points that enable you to buy items, games and other online services. Sites also often run competitions that you can enter your pet in such as best trained, most popular, most unusual etc. Owning a virtual pet is also a great way to socially connect with others as most virtual pets sites offer group games and meeting places where you can interact with other owners and their pets. Some sites also allow your pet to have their own blog where you can write about the activities that your pet has been up to.
Cyber pets can be as real or as imaginary as you like. You can own a puppy or cat that looks like a 3D computer animated version of the animal. You can also be very creative and own a dragon or a unicorn. There are no limits to the type of animal you can own and train. If you like the idea of adopting a pet rather than creating your own then nearly all online cyber pet sites offer this option.
Some of the advantages of owning a cyber pet over a real pet are that once you turn off the computer your pet is gone. This is very advantageous if you are going on a holiday as you don't have to arrange for someone to take care of your animal. If you have a young child who loses interest quickly this could be a great way to get them passed wanting a pet. They can create a virtual pet, look after it until they are satisfied and then can simply stop using the program and the cyber pet will be adopted by someone else. Another advantage is that most virtual pet sites are free of charge meaning that owning a pet does not require any money, other than that which you are paying for your internet connection.
Anyway you look at it cyber pets are a great way to experience owning a pet. You get all the benefits of having an animal to care for and look after without the cost and extra space that is usually required for a real pet.


text:
#include <aws/location/model/RouteMatrixEntry.h>
#include <aws/core/utils/json/JsonSerializer.h>

#include <utility>

using namespace Aws::Utils::Json;
using namespace Aws::Utils;

namespace Aws
{
namespace LocationService
{
namespace Model
{

RouteMatrixEntry::RouteMatrixEntry() :
    m_distance(0.0),
    m_distanceHasBeenSet(false),
    m_durationSeconds(0.0),
    m_durationSecondsHasBeenSet(false),
    m_errorHasBeenSet(false)
{
}

RouteMatrixEntry::RouteMatrixEntry(JsonView jsonValue) :
    m_distance(0.0),
    m_distanceHasBeenSet(false),
    m_durationSeconds(0.0),
    m_durationSecondsHasBeenSet(false),
    m_errorHasBeenSet(false)
{
  *this = jsonValue;
}

RouteMatrixEntry& RouteMatrixEntry::operator =(JsonView jsonValue)
{
  if(jsonValue.ValueExists("Distance"))
  {
    m_distance = jsonValue.GetDouble("Distance");

    m_distanceHasBeenSet = true;
  }

  if(jsonValue.ValueExists("DurationSeconds"))
  {
    m_durationSeconds = jsonValue.GetDouble("DurationSeconds");

    m_durationSecondsHasBeenSet = true;
  }

  if(jsonValue.ValueExists("Error"))
  {
    m_error = jsonValue.GetObject("Error");

    m_errorHasBeenSet = true;
  }

  return *this;
}

JsonValue RouteMatrixEntry::Jsonize() const
{
  JsonValue payload;

  if(m_distanceHasBeenSet)
  {
   payload.WithDouble("Distance", m_distance);

  }

  if(m_durationSecondsHasBeenSet)
  {
   payload.WithDouble("DurationSeconds", m_durationSeconds);

  }

  if(m_errorHasBeenSet)
  {
   payload.WithObject("Error", m_error.Jsonize());

  }

  return payload;
}

} // namespace Model
} // namespace LocationService
} // namespace Aws

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


First off, I actually wrote something tonight! I'm now at 46,004 words and I have 3,996 words left to go. Hello lengthy goodbyes as people are leaving. Also, I put this page up: button bases. There's fifty of them, I've been working on them on and off and have done like… 5-10 a day for the last little while, just as something to procrastinate with. All of them are 88×31. My next fifty will probably be another standard size. I love stock photography, vectors and textures so much.
Tomorrow (erm… later today), I'm going to be going out for breakfast/brunch/lunch with the family (for dim sum!) which I'm pleased about. Also, I need to buy index cards so I can make up my study cards for my biology classes. And tomorrow I'm going to be writing 3,996 words and just… finishing it.
+ 1 new completed review over at Imaginary Sunshine Reviews! Click here to read it.
There's a review for A Hundred Million Suns by Snow Patrol up as well.
Also… I bought 300 index cards today… $1/100. It's a good day? Yes, I think it is.


text:
Edirne (también llamada por su antigua denominación, Adrianópolis o Hadrianopolis) es una ciudad situada al noroeste de la Turquía europea, no lejos de las fronteras con Grecia y Bulgaria. Edirne ha sido desde antiguo un estratégico y valioso cruce de caminos. Atraviesa la ciudad el río Tundzha, que confluye con el Meriç a poca distancia de Edirne. Cuenta con una población de 136 070 habitantes (2007).

Situada en el centro geográfico de la fértil llanura costera de Tracia, su economía está basada en la producción de algodón, lino, seda, cuero, lana, esencia y agua de rosas, cera y tinte rojo. Además, es un importante mercado regional que abastece a muchas otras ciudades cercanas de fruta, vino y otros productos agrícolas.

En 2008 Edirne obtuvo la distinción EDEN, que otorga la Comisión Europea, a uno de los veinte «Mejores destinos de turismo y el patrimonio intangible local».

Historia
Las raíces de Edirne son muy antiguas. Ya en la época clásica existía un asentamiento tracio bajo el nombre de Uskadama, que fue abandonado después de numerosas guerras con los griegos y romanos. En el año 125
d. C., el emperador romano Adriano la reconstruyó dándole su propio nombre a la ciudad. Por su alto valor estratégico, las zonas cercanas a la ciudad de Adrianópolis han sido el escenario de nada menos que quince batallas a lo largo de la Historia, nueve de ellas después de su fundación. La más famosa de estas batallas es la del año 378, en la que los visigodos destruyeron al ejército del Imperio romano de Oriente, mataron al emperador Valente y se extendieron por los Balcanes saqueando todo a su paso. No obstante, Adrianópolis consiguió resistir el cerco godo y bloqueó así el avance bárbaro hacia Constantinopla.

Durante la Edad Media fue escenario constante de combates entre el Imperio bizantino y los invasores eslavos, especialmente búlgaros. En 1205 los cruzados que habían invadido Bizancio fueron derrotados aquí por los búlgaros y, finalmente, en 1362, Adrianópolis cayó en poder de los turcos otomanos, que la convirtieron en su capital bajo el nombre de Edirne hasta 1453, fecha en que fue trasladada hasta la recién caída Constantinopla.

En 1575, el sultán Selim II encargó al arquitecto real otomano, Sinan, la construcción de una enorme mezquita en la ciudad. La Mezquita de Selim es hoy en día el símbolo y monumento más característico de la ciudad, famosa por poseer los minaretes más altos de toda Turquía, pues miden nada menos que 70,90 metros.

En la época de decadencia del Imperio Otomano, la ciudad fue ocupada en dos ocasiones por los rusos (1829 y 1878). Durante las Guerras Balcánicas, volvieron a sucederse violentos combates entre las fuerzas turcas y los ejércitos de Serbia, Grecia y Bulgaria, que buscaban el camino para atacar la capital otomana en Estambul. A pesar de la tenaz resistencia turca, los búlgaros consiguieron capturar la ciudad en 1912, aunque, al igual que las de los rusos, esta ocupación fue también efímera.

Desde entonces, la ciudad ha permanecido tranquila. Cada mes de junio, dentro de la localidad se celebra un festival de lucha tradicional en aceite llamado Kırkpınar. Esta tradición es la cita deportiva más antigua aún en activo por detrás de los propios Juegos Olímpicos.

Véase también
 Odrisios
 Tracia
 Historia de Turquía

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Kırkpınar Edirne (en inglés)
 Mapa de Edirne

Capitales de provincia de Turquía

Ciudades de la Antigua Roma en Turquía
Localidades con bienes declarados Patrimonio de la Humanidad en Turquía
Antiguas capitales nacionales de Europa
Antiguas capitales nacionales de Turquía
Turismo en Turquía
Destinos EDEN 2008
Turquía en 2008

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