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Heart RhythmsInformation on what defines a normal heart rhythm and the most common types of arrhythmia (disorders of heart rhythm).
ImagingInformation on what defines a normal heart rhythm and the most common types of arrhythmia (disorders of heart rhythm).
ServiceVarious documents and links to interesting sources of information are provided here for patients and physicians.
Information on what defines a normal heart rhythm and the most common types of arrhythmia (disorders of heart rhythm).
The heart is the motor that keeps us alive. Each minute, it pumps almost five litres of blood through the body, supplying organs, tissue and cells with oxygen and nutrients. Normally our heart beats evenly and we don't think about it – ideally this should remain the case throughout our lives.
Frequently, however, people notice the occasional beat out of place, or a "skipped" beat, or have palpitations. There are also symptoms that at first sight have nothing to do with the heart, including fatigue, shortness of breath, and feelings of anxiety, which can accompany arrhythmia disorders.
This term encompasses a large number of disorders where the normal heart beat rhythm is disrupted as a result of various causal factors. Just as the way they present can vary greatly, so too can their significance for ongoing life differ – some are harmless, others are life-threatening and require urgent treatment. This is a decision that only your doctor can make. You can feel reassured in knowing that effective treatment options are available for practically all types of arrhythmia these days, and together, we'll find the right one for you!
Alongside your personal consultation, you can use this website to find out how the heart works, how arrhythmia can manifest itself, and how such disorders are diagnosed and treated.
The heart is the motor that drives your blood circulation, contracting 60–100 times a minute to pump blood through your body. It has two atria and two ventricles through which the blood flow: All of the used blood is collected from around the entire body in the right atrium, the right ventricle pumps it into the lung, where it is revitalised and oxygenated. Then, the oxygenated blood collects in the left atrium and the left ventricle pumps it throughout the body.
When we engage in physical effort or become mentally excited, our pulse can rise to over 160 beats a minute. In younger people, in sportspeople or under the influence of medication (e.g. beta-blockers), our pulse at rest can fall below 60 beats a minute.
Each heart beat is triggered by a small electrical impulse that passes through the heart from top to bottom and causes the cells of the myocardium, the heart's muscle, to contract. This pulse is generated by the heart itself in the sinus node (normal heart rhythm = sinus rhythm). From there, it passes through the heart's atria to the AV node.
The AV node is normally the sole electrical pathway between the atria and the ventricles. It conducts the electrical impulse onwards to the ventricles, enabling the pulse to spread out through the ventricles.
A slow heart rate (pulse under 60 beats a minute) is referred to as bradycardia. Bradycardia is not always indicative of a disorder – in young people and very fit people in particular, a resting pulse of under 60/min is nothing unusual. Certain medicines such as beta-blockers can also slow the heart rate.
The patient's symptoms dictate whether bradycardia needs to be treated, which is why you should always discuss this with your doctor.
This also applies if breaks occur in your pulse. If you suffer from dizziness and fainting as a result of such arrhythmia disorders, pacemaker therapy provides you with an extraordinarily effective method of treatment.
A fast heart rate (pulse over 100 beats a minute) is referred to as tachycardia. Again, tachycardia is not always indicative of a disorder – faster heartbeats are entirely normal when we get excited or engage in strenuous physical activity. But there are states of tachycardia that are caused by abnormalities in the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinus node. The most common forms of tachycardia are: Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, AV nodal re-entry tachycardia, WPW syndrome, atrial tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular flutter. These will be described in more detail in the following sections.
Atrial fibrillation is the most common form of arrhythmia, and means that the electrical stimulation of the atria no longer comes from the sinus node. Instead, there is a jumble of different electrical impulses passing chaotically through the two atria. As a result, the atria can no longer contract in an orderly fashion, and their pumping capacity suffers. This loss, which can account for up to 20% of the heart's total performance, may be noticed by you in the form of diminished performance.
Because there is no organised stimulation of the atria, the AV node is also unable to pass electrical impulses to the ventricles regularly, causing an irregular pulse, which is known as absolute arrhythmia. Many patients experience discomfort with irregular heartbeats, and this problem often impairs their quality of life considerably.
How quickly the pulse stumbles is solely dependent on the conductivity of the AV node. Thankfully, the ventricles are protected from the electrical chaos in the atria thanks to the filtering effect that the AV node provides. The faster the heart beats, however, the more pronounced the discomfort.
The lack of contraction of the atria can cause the blood flow to stop in certain areas of the atria. This is particularly the case with the atrial appendage, where a clot or "thrombus" can easily form. If it is carried by the blood flow, this presents the risk of a stroke.
Atrial fibrillation can occur in the form of attacks ("paroxysmal") which disappear of their own accord. Persistent atrial fibrillation occurs when the atrial fibrillation does not stop of its own accord, but rather needs to be stopped by the doctor (e.g. by electrical cardioversion). Finally, chronic ("permanent") atrial fibrillation persists permanently without further attempts to restore the normal heart rhythm being undertaken.
All forms of atrial fibrillation can cause symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness and reduced performance, which is why it should always be treated.
The aim of this treatment is not to avoid atrial fibrillation, but instead to prevent excessively fast beats of the heart during atrial fibrillation. Medication is therefore administered that intensifies the filtering effect of the AV node (e.g. beta-blockers, verapamil, digitalis).
The aim of this therapy is to prevent atrial fibrillation, for which special arrhythmia medications are available, known as anti-arrhythmics (e.g. flecainide, propafenone, amiodarone). These medicines may only be administered under careful supervision. Unfortunately, several studies have indicated that their effect is often limited.
If episodes of atrial fibrillation do not end of their own accord, your heart can be "reset" to its natural rhythm by way of electric shock, for which a brief anaesthetic is necessary. However, this method does not have a long-term stabilising effect on the heart's rhythm.
Pulmonary vein isolation is a modern therapy for the prevention of atrial fibrillation that has developed into a routine treatment for atrial fibrillation in recent years. Professional cardiology associations have increasingly been recommending the early use of this treatment.
Atrial fibrillation refers to the atria of the heart beating very quickly and irregularly, which can cause symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness and reduced performance. This form of arrhythmia occurs only briefly or in an attack-like fashion in some patients, while atrial fibrillation in others is persistent.
It is now known that such attack-like atrial fibrillation is triggered by rapid extra beats from the pulmonary veins. Patients sometimes sense these extra beats as a brief "stumble" of the heart or a skipped beat, which can result in the actual fibrillation.
Atrial fibrillation used to be treated using medication with the aim of relieving the symptoms. However, such drug therapy was not effective in many patients, or they had an intolerance towards anti-arrhythmic drugs.
Today, catheter ablation is a modern and effective alternative. Because it is much more effective for and tolerated much better by many patients than years of drug therapy, it should be considered as an option early on and discussed with your doctor.
What does catheter ablation mean in relation to atrial fibrillation and pulmonary vein isolation?
Catheter ablation involves a special catheter, which is a thin metal wire with a plastic sheath, being fed into the inside of the heart. Metal electrodes at the tip of the catheter are brought into contact with the heart tissue that is responsible for the arrhythmia. High-frequency alternating current is used to briefly heat the tissue to around 50°C and cauterise it. The creation of ablation lines helps to electrically isolate the pulmonary veins from the left atrium. This prevents quick extra beats from the pulmonary veins reaching the left atrium and triggering atrial fibrillation.
Catheter ablation is a technically complex procedure that is performed with the aid of three-dimensional "mapping systems".
Alongside treatments that involve heating using high-frequency alternating current, there are also procedures that involve cold ("cryoablation") and laser energy ("laser balloon ablation").
Pulmonary vein isolation: What happens during the stay at the clinic?
Of course, you will feel a degree of uncertainty about such a procedure. The best remedy against this in our opinion is to find out exactly what you can expect. To this end we will go through the therapy step by step with you. In addition to this, you can also read here how the procedure is performed.
Before treatment in the electrophysiological cardiac catheter laboratory, you will be thoroughly examined, which includes an ECG, an ultrasound of the heart from outside and through the oesophagus (the "TOE"), and a blood test.
You must be nil-by-mouth on the day of the examination, so from midnight of the previous day, please only consume liquids. During the examination, you will be administered both sleep-inducing and anti-coagulant drugs intravenously.
After local anaesthetic is administered, thin plastic hoses – the sheaths – are placed in blood vessels to enable the catheter to be fed into the heart.
To preserve access to your left atrium and the pulmonary veins, a fine needle is used to penetrate the septum between the right and left atria. Special catheters are then positioned inside the pulmonary veins to identify the triggers of the atrial fibrillation. A contrast dye injection is used to highlight the transitions between the pulmonary veins and left atrium on the x-ray. A 3D reconstruction of your left atrium and the exit points of the pulmonary veins are then generated on a computer. The ablation catheter is then used to create an isolation line around two pulmonary veins each by means of several cauterisations. Because each pulmonary vein can in principle be the point of origin of superfluous beats, all of the existing pulmonary veins are isolated, one after the other. All of the catheters are then removed from your heart.
When you awaken, you will be moved in your bed to the monitoring station where you will be carefully looked after. To prevent further bleeding around the puncture area, you must maintain absolute bed rest for several hours.
The following side effects can occur in exceptional cases. You will be extensively informed about these and their treatment in the prior consultation with your doctor.
Pulmonary vein isolation – what now?
Once discharged, you will receive ongoing care in our consultations for patients with arrhythmia disorders, during which any necessary follow-up examinations will be performed or coordinated. Should additional drug therapy be necessary, the doctors will discuss this with you. Blood thinners will certainly be necessary for several months (even if you did not need to take such medication beforehand). Any existing treatment with blood thinners will always be continued.
If atrial fibrillation occurs again after the so-called "blanking time", an electrophysiological test is usually recommended. Here, the possibility that the pulmonary veins may have recovered their conductivity is tested by means of a repeated examination using a heart catheter. During this follow-up examination, it is then possible to finish off incomplete ablation lines.
Many people suffering from atrial fibrillation are at greater risk of stroke. Patients in particular with additional diseases such as heart failure, high blood pressure and diabetes, as well as older people, must undergo careful examination to determine whether treatment with blood thinners needs to be administered. Patients who have already suffered a stroke are at particularly high risk.
This treatment was usually performed using Vitamin K- and argonists until some years ago. Careful monitoring with regular blood tests is necessary with this treatment (INR or Quick value testing). New substances, known as direct anti-coagulants, no longer need to be monitored by means of blood tests. We will discuss with you which form of blood thinning therapy is best suited to you.
The closure of the appendage, or auricle has developed into an alternative treatment in recent years. This technique is based on the knowledge that clots caused by atrial fibrillation usually develop in the appendage of the left atrium. This appendage can be sealed using a plug known as an occluder. This makes blood thinners unnecessary, but the benefits of such treatment have only been scientifically proven for a small number of patients at this time.
Atrial flutter means that the atria are not stimulated by the sinus node. In its typical form, the electrical impulse instead follows a circuit in the right atrium, circulating up to 300 times a minute. Thankfully, the AV node does not usually allow the impulse to pass through to the ventricles in each circulation. However, it is not uncommon for the impulse to pass through to the ventricles in every other circulation, in which case palpitations occur with a heart rate of around 150 per minute.
Atrial flutter cannot be adequately treated with medication. The therapy of choice in this case is catheter ablation to permanently interrupt the circuit. The rate of success for this routine procedure is >95%. After the procedure, you will usually no longer need to take anti-arrhythmic drugs.
AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia occurs due to two electrical pathways being present near the AV node. Under certain conditions, often triggered by an extra beat of the heart, the electrical impulse at the AV node begins to circulate and typically triggers a heart beat at each circulation. The palpitations that this causes are particularly unpleasant and frequently cause feelings of anxiety.
AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia can therefore impair your quality of life considerably, but thankfully it is not dangerous. Medication has proven to be inadequately effective in treating it. The treatment of choice is catheter ablation to ablade one of the two electrical pathways situated near the AV node. The result is complete recovery. The success rate of this routine procedure is around 98%.
Normally, the AV node is the sole electrical pathway between the atria and the ventricles. However, some people have an additional congenital pathway known as the "bundle of Kent". This pathway can circumvent the AV node to carry electrical impulses both from the atrium to the ventricle and, conversely, from the ventricle to the atrium. Often – but not always – this bundle can be detected in a normal ECG.
Under certain conditions, usually triggered by extra beats of the heart, the electrical impulse begins to circulate, typically from the atria to the ventricles via the AV node and returns to the atria via this extra pathway, as if going through a back door. A heart beat is triggered with each circulation, and palpitations result.
Particular attention must be paid to patients when atrial fibrillation occurs. There is a risk here that the filtering effect provided by the AV node is circumvented, which would cause the electrical chaos to spread via the extra pathway from the atria to the ventricles. In worst-case scenarios, such a situation can give rise to life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia disorders ("ventricular fibrillation", sudden cardiac death).
Medication is not a reliable method of preventing electrical impulses from being conducted via this extra pathway, which is why catheter ablation of the additional bundle is the treatment of choice. The result is complete recovery. Depending on the location of the bundle, the success rate is between 95 and 99%. The administration of anti-arrhythmic drugs is no longer necessary after the procedure.
Atrial tachycardia is caused by myocardial cells in the atrium generating electrical impulses in rapid succession in place of the sinus node. These impulses spread to the heart via the normal pathways and cause palpitations.
In addition to drug therapy, the source of the disruption is successfully located during a special catheter examination and eliminated by way of catheter ablation in many cases today. The success rate is between 70 and 90%.
Ventricular tachycardia is a serious arrhythmic disorder that occurs in the ventricles. It can severely impair the function of the heart and can be life threatening, especially in patients with heart disorders. A very careful examination of the heart is usually required to identify possible causes and administer appropriate treatment.
In some cases, patients who otherwise have healthy hearts and benign ventricular tachycardia can be treated with only drug therapy or catheter ablation.
Most patients, however, require the implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD, Defi). This device monitors the heart rate and protects the wearer from life-threatening arrhythmia disorders, in particular "sudden cardiac death".
ICD patients who frequently require ventricular tachycardia to be treated by the ICD can also have ablation therapy ("VT ablation") performed.
Ventricular fibrillation is the most dangerous of all arrhythmia disorders. The ventricles are no longer stimulated in an orderly fashion by the electrical impulse sent via the AV node from the atria. Instead, there is total electrical chaos in the ventricles, and the heart ceases to pump. Ventricular fibrillation results in unconsciousness in just a few moments, and unless immediate aid is administered, will invariably result in death.
The only possible treatment for ventricular fibrillation is electric shock therapy ("defibrillation"). Because the human brain will suffer irreparable damage after just a few minutes of ventricular fibrillation, aid must be administered as quickly as possible.
Today, patients that are successfully resuscitated from ventricular fibrillation are fitted with a defibrillator implant that can protect the wearer from sudden cardiac death, unless a treatable cause can be found. For patients at high risk of a life-threatening arrhythmia disorder, a decision must be made whether to implant such a device by way of precaution.
ECGs play a particular role in diagnosing arrhythmia disorders. There are many different types of arrhythmia disorders that can feel similar to patients, and it is only possible to differentiate between them using an ECG. The success of treatment is always dependent on the accuracy of the diagnosis.
In addition to normal ECGs and 24-hour ECGs, ambulatory measurements lasting several day and ECG "event recorders" are also available. These enable you to easily record your own ECG. The ECG recorder implant, which enables ECG recordings of up to three years, is particularly suitable for rare and unpredictable arrhythmia disorders.
Where possible, you should endeavour to have your arrhythmia recorded once on an ECG. To this end, it may be advisable to seek out the A&E of a hospital or your local GP in the event of an attack. If you already have an ECG recording of your arrhythmia, please bring it with you.
Fainting attacks occur frequently. In many cases, the cause needs to be identified on the basis of the patient's history and simple examinations. Unfortunately, the causes of fainting remain unclear in over one third of patients, but it is important to clarify the underlying cause, because fainting is a symptom that can be due as much to a harmless circulatory reaction as it can to an arrhythmia disorder that requires urgent treatment.
With appropriate examinations and the use of state-of-the-art diagnostic techniques, we can clarify the cause for almost all patients and develop specific therapy strategies for them.
Electrophysiology is a special field of cardiology that addresses the diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmia.
It is not always possible to identify the causes of arrhythmia from outside in a normal ECG. In such cases, a recording of the electrical currents from the inside of the heart can provide key indications for the correct diagnosis. With many types of arrhythmia, there is also the opportunity for full recovery through elimination of the underlying problem.
This is why, in "interventional electrophysiology", the precise cause of your arrhythmia is determined during a heart catheter examination, and if possible, eliminated right there.
What is the purpose of the examinationg?
The aim of the electrophysiological examination is to determine the precise cause of your arrhythmia. For certain heart disorders or irregularities in the (on-the-spot or ambulatory) ECG, we can also estimate the risk for the reoccurrence of arrhythmia disorders.
Catheter ablation involves the cauterisation of the area of your heart responsible for the arrhythmia in order to disable it. This enables many patients to be healed fully at the source of the problem.
Preparation includes preliminary examinations such as an ECG at rest, an ultrasound scan of the heart, a blood test and in particular a detailed discussion with your doctor.
You will be admitted on the agreed date. During the procedure, you will be connected to various devices (e.g. ECG, blood pressure gauge, respiratory monitor) for the continuous monitoring of your heart's and circulation's function.
The examination will be performed in most cases under mild sedation, meaning that you will be administrated sedatives. Especially during ablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation ("pulmonary vein isolation"), but also if requested for other procedures, medication will be administered to induce a deep sleep.
The electrophysiological heart catheter (a thin, flexible probe) is used to ascertain the cause of your arrhythmia. Where possible, cauterisation of the source of the problem is performed directly ("catheter ablation").
After the procedure, several hours of bed rest are required. If necessary, your heart's rhythm will be monitored for some time in the observation ward.
You will ordinarily be discharged from the clinic on the first or second day after the procedure. You will receive a detailed examination report with all of the information needed for further treatment.
Once discharged from the clinic, you should avoid strenuous physical activities for a week.
In the follow-up consultation, the results of the electrophysiological examination/catheter ablation and any further action may be discussed with you if necessary.
Further information on the electrophysiological examination and catheter ablation can be found on the website of our partner "Netzwerk Rhythmologie".
Before any treatment, the arrhythmia is precisely diagnosed, as this is the only way that we weigh up the benefits and potential risks to select the best treatment for you. Although treatment of arrhythmia using heart catheters ("catheter ablation") has advanced considerably in recent years, this procedure is unfortunately still not equally well-suited to all disorders, which is why drug therapy continues to play an important role. If the choice is made to treat your arrhythmia with drug therapy, there are likely to be several medications available. We will discuss with you in detail which of these medicines is suitable for you – whether singularly or a combination.
The implantation of a pacemaker is the most effective treatment for symptoms that are attributable to a heart rate that is too low or to breaks in heart rate ("bradycardia"). Such symptoms can include dizziness or fainting, shortness of breath or reduced physical performance.
The pacemaker itself is usually implanted underneath the collarbone above the pectoral muscle. From there – depending on the nature of the arrhythmia – one or two thin probes ("electrodes") run to the heart, and these register the natural heartbeat precisely. When necessary, the electrodes can dispense control impulses discreetly to your myocardium.
Pacemakers are customised precisely to the patient's specific needs and do not impair their quality of life. On the contrary – whoever needs a pacemaker will live a better and safer life with one!
We want you to be fully informed, so please contact us with any questions that you may have on pacemaker therapy or pacemaker check-ups!
Defibrillator implants are the most effective protection against sudden cardiac death. It detects life-threatening states of arrhythmia in just a few seconds and is able to treat these quickly and effectively. In recent decades, the "defi" has saved the lives of countless people – some of them even several times.
For patients with a life-threatening arrhythmia disorder that is already known and the cause of which cannot be treated, ICD therapy is the treatment of choice. For patients deemed at high risk of such arrhythmia disorders, a decision must be made whether to implant such a device by way of precaution.
The ICD is usually implanted underneath the collarbone around the pectoral muscle. From there, one or two thin probes ("electrodes") run to the heart, and these register the natural heartbeat precisely. These electrodes enable the device to immediately detect and treat arrhythmia disorders. In addition to the treatment of acutely life-threatening disorders, normal pacemaker functions can also be performed if necessary.
Defibrillators must be adapted precisely to the specific needs of the patient. They do not impair your quality of life. On the contrary – whoever needs a defibrillator will live a better and safer life with one!
We want you to be fully informed, so please contact us with any questions that you may have on defibrillator therapy or defibrillator check-ups.
It is not uncommon in patients with heart failure for the myocardium to work with poor coordination. There are delays and inconsistencies in the electrical stimulation and in the ability of the heart to pump blood. This affects the left ventricle in particular, meaning that the heart is additionally weakened.
CRT devices ("Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy) try to balance out these delays and improve the heart's pumping function. At present, an additional pacemaker probe ("electrode") has been successfully placed in almost all affected patients in such a way that enables the left ventricle to be selectively controlled. The devices are then fine-tuned to coordinate and optimise the stimulation sequence in the ventricles.
Whether resynchronisation therapy is performed using only a pacemaker or with a pacemaker-defibrillator combination is in part dependent on whether there is also a risk of a life-threatening arrhythmia. We will discuss all aspects of this decision with you in depth.
CRT implants must be adapted precisely to the specific needs of the patient, as this is the only way that they can contribute to the patient's performance and quality of life.
We want you to be fully informed, so please contact us with any questions that you may have on CRT therapy or device check-ups.
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Tichelaar is a Dutch occupational surname meaning "tile / brick maker". Among variant forms are Tigchelaar, Tigelaar and Tiggelaar. People with this name include:

Tichelaar
Jacques Tichelaar (born 1953), Dutch politician
Paul Tichelaar (born 1982), Canadian athlete
 (1642–c.1714), Dutch barber false accuser of Cornelis and Johan de Witt
Tigchelaar
Seth Tigchelaar (born 1990), Neuroscientist
Eibert Tigchelaar (born 1959), Dutch biblical scholar and Dead Sea Scrolls expert
Jeff Tigchelaar (born 1976), American poet and author
Sippie Tigchelaar (born 1952), Dutch speed skater

See also
Royal Tichelaar Makkum, Dutch pottery company
Nicola Tiggeler (born 1960), German actress, singer, and dancer

References

Occupational surnames
Surnames of Dutch origin

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Copper, Brass and Bronze, otherwise known as the "Red Metals", may look the same initially but are actually quite different. Copper. Copper is used in a wide range of products due to its excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, good strength, good formability and resistance to corrosion.
Copper does not react with water, ... Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution and was found to contain cyano complexes of such metals as gold, silver, copper, iron, and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides.
Weigh the gold tokens and record the mass of each token. If you wish to convert more copper tokens in the zinc/sodium hydroxide coloring bath, it may be necessary to add distilled water to the solution to replenish any liquid that has evaporated. It is not necessary to add any additional sodium hydroxide.
Hello Rajesh, yes you can make the copper water slightly warm if you want. As per my knowledge heating will not affect the properties of the water stored in a copper vessel. One method of making copper water involves boiling of the water in a copper vessel until the water in it reduced to half.
Gold water, silver water, copper water means water charged with the healing qualities of these metals. It is known that copper, silver and gold have health benefits for the human body. These health benefits can be transferred to the water which comes in contact with these metals.
Turn copper pennies into silver and gold pennies; Turning Copper Pennies Into Silver and Gold Pennies. When a copper penny is zinc plated it will appear to change from its copper color to silver color. And by using sufficient heat, a zinc plated copper penny can be changed to a gold color.
Jun 20, 2012· Gold water, silver water, copper water means water charged with the healing qualities of these metals. It is known that copper, silver and gold have health benefits for the human body. These health benefits can be transferred to the water which comes in contact with these metals.
Water shortage threatens Centerra Gold's Mount Milligan copper-gold mine . By Michael Allan McCrae, ... Mount Milligan is an open-pit copper and gold mine with a 62,500 tpd design capacity.
Many precious metal ores contain copper minerals in various amounts. These copper minerals dissolve in cyanide solutions to a greater or lesser degree depending on the particular copper mineral or minerals present, their fineness, and the dissolving effect of the cyanide solutions.
Bronze is a metal alloy consisting primarily of copper, usually with tin as the main additive, but sometimes with other elements such as phosphorus, manganese, aluminum, or silicon. Color Muted yellow, somewhat similar to gold, but duller.
Specific Heat Capacity (C or S ) - The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius is called the specific heat capacity of the substance. The quantity of heat is frequently measured in units of Joules(J). Another property, the specific heat, is the heat capacity of the substance per gram of the substance.
Centerra Gold (TSX:CG) has secured short-term water supply for its Mount Milligan copper-gold mine in drought-stricken BC, averting a reduction in production for the very near future.
A debate may be on, but again, copper water is definitely good for all of us. Tags alkaline, alkaline water, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, copper vessel, copper water, PH Water, weight loss. Category AYURVEDA, HEALTH. Meenakshi Gupta.
its water withdrawal by approximately 28 000,000 m3/year - 3A reduction in open water evaporation of approximately 79 000 m /yr - Water use per tonne of ore produced is less than half the global average for typical copper-gold mines. - A raw water use rate of 696 l/s against a licence to abstract 870 l/s.
Colloidal Copper can also can be used to help ear and inner ear ... Elixir of Gold 50. Copper Colloid. Multi-Mineral 12 colloids ... Personal Water purification Systems Providing Reliable and User-friendly Water Purification in Both Normal and Hostile Filtration Environments.
The bare copper bases are therefore given a fine thin layer of nickel coating in a submersion bath. The nickel layer is decorative and can provide corrosion- and wear resistance. So-called 'Nickel water block' is still a pure copper water block, but plated with a layer of nickel.


This summer, Freyberg High School science teacher Cherie Fenemor will accompany 14 Kiwi students to the Auckland Islands.
In September last year, most of the world's leaders committed to collective action in combating the problems that affect us all most deeply.
Waikino School (contributing Years 1-6) near the Coromandel Peninsula), has been on a journey to celebrate their region.


PI objectives are a set of directives that are summarized to describe the technical and business elements of a goal that needs to be achieved by an agile team or an agile release train. They serve the basis of planning and aligning the outcomes of a program increment.
PI objectives help to give a clear understanding of what needs to be done. With that being said, the information described in the PI objectives is effectively communicated to business owners or stakeholders, which also educates them on what will be made and in a way that it also validates the team's grasp on the matter.
A lot of work goes into correctly mapping the objectives out. In this article, we have broken down the process of creating smart PI objectives into three simple steps.
What and why do you want to achieve your goal in the PI?
How will you achieve what you want in this PI?
To answer all of these questions, you need to have a staunch understanding of the vision and the scope of your project. Teams need to possess an in-depth knowledge and an understanding of the teams, their velocities, competencies, milestones, and its dependencies. This helps in analyzing and doing relevant estimations of the upcoming stories. A time limit should be set for when the objective can be achieved.
The PI objectives should draw focus towards helping the user or the business owner implement a feature. It should be planned in such a way that you get feedback as early as possible so changes can be made in time so that it reduces costs and risks in the future.
Once the planning is done, these PI objectives need to be summarized down into statements that address both the technical and the business aspect of what needs to be done.
Specific and Measurable – They need to be supported by reasonable estimation thereby distinctly describing or quantifying what needs to be achieved. Feedback from stakeholders is important to guarantee success.
Attainable – It should be realistic, free of any ambiguity and should explain the matter as explicitly as possible.
Relevant – The PI objectives need to be aligned with the vision and the product backlog.
Time-Bound – Set a time limit to achieve the objective.
Increase page load time by x% so the customers experience less frustration.
With the PI objectives made, the final step is to get a business value assigned. This is assigned by business owners during the PI planning session. Business owners assign a value from 1 being the lowest, to 10 being the highest. These values determine the priority or the severity with which the objectives need to be done.
Having PI objectives give direction to your project. It enhances transparency and visibility into the entire project by coordinating everyone to the same mission. Not all of the PI objectives are completed in a program increment.
The objectives that are not met in a program increment, are re-evaluated from where they are either removed or moved up the backlog for the upcoming program increment. This not only reduces excess WIP but also ensures continuous improvement.
You can create custom or team PI objectives in Kendis that will help you in aligning and coordinating all the goals that your agile teams wish to achieve.
Kendis works on top of JIRA and other agile tools, your teams can keep on working with their existing JIRA boards and program level and above is planned and managed at Kendis.
Try out our 30 days free trial or book a demo with our product expert.


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Alice Margaret Coats (15 June 1905– 19 May 1978, Bath) was a British watercolor painter, engraver, woodcut artist, and author. She was a member of the Central Club of Wood-Engravers in Colour. She is best known for botanical and horticultural works.

Life
Alice Margaret Coats was born on 15 June 1905 in Handsworth, Birmingham to a Scottish clergyman, the Rev. Robert Hay Coats, and his wife Margaret, who was from Glasgow. Coats was educated at Edgbaston High School before studying at the Birmingham Central School of Art between 1922 and 1928, at the Slade School of Fine Art in London and in Paris during the 1930s at Andre Lhote's school. Coats produced book illustrations, flower paintings on silk, colour woodcuts, and landscape paintings in both oil and watercolours.

Between 1933 and 1939 Coats was an organizing secretary of the 'Birmingham Group' of artists and during World War II from 1940 to 1945 served in the Land Army helping to cultivate land on which Birmingham University housing was later built.

In the 1950s, her artistic career was cut short by arthritis and since then she concentrated on her writings and the study of horticultural history. Coats wrote a series of scholarly articles and books on horticultural history and biography that were recognized by the Royal Horticultural Society and the University of Birmingham.

In 1965, Coats joined the newly founded Garden History Society and contributed articles to Garden History.

Her first book Flowers and their History was published in 1956. Among her other works were Garden Shrubs and their Histories (1963), The Quest for Plants: a History of the Horticultural Explorers (1969), The Treasury of Flowers (1975), and Lord Bute (1975). Her book The Book of Flowers (1973) included woodcuts, engravings and watercolors.

Exhibitions
 1961 Kenya, Nairobi, Sorsbie Gallery
 1961 India, Mumbai, Jehangir Nicholson Gallery
 1960 Cyprus, Nicosia, British Council Office - Nicosia
 1960 Pakistan, Lahore, Alhamra Art Gallery
 1957 Spain, Gijon, Salon De Exposiciones Del Real Instituto Jovellanos
 1957 Spain, Oviedo, Galeria De Exposiciones De La Obra Social Y Sultural
 1957 Spain, Madrid, Ateneo De Madrid
 1957 Spain, Salon De Exposiciones De La Sociedad De Amigos Del Arte
 1957 Portugal, Lisbon, Palacio Foz
 1957 Portugal, Porto, Escola Superior De Belas Artes Do Porto
 1954 Ceylon, Colombo, Ceylon Art Gallery
 1954 Switzerland, Fribourg, Musee d'art et d'histoire
 1952 Germany, Berlin, Kunst Templehof
 1950 Canada, Québec, Montreal Museum Of Fine Arts
 1949 Austria, Alpbach, Summer School
 1943 London, Ognisko Polskie (Polish Hearth) Belgrave Square
 1943 London, Belgian Institute, Belgrave Square
 1943 London, Czechoslovak Institute, Grosvenor Place
 1943 London, Greek House, Grovesnor Square

Collections
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington
 Government Art Collection, London
Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery
 British Council, London

Publications
 Flowers and their Histories (1956; 2nd ed., 1968)
 Garden Shrubs and their Histories (1963)
 The Quest for Plants: a History of the Horticultural Explorers (1969)
The Plant Hunters (1970)
The Books of Flowers (1973)
The Treasury of Flowers (1975)
Lord Bute (1975)

References

1905 births
1978 deaths
20th-century English painters
20th-century English women artists
Alumni of the Birmingham School of Art
Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art
Artists from Birmingham, West Midlands
English watercolourists
English women painters
Women engravers
Women watercolorists
20th-century engravers


Excerpted from the remarks of NAB President/CEO Gordon Smith in his State of the Industry address at the NAB Show in Las Vegas.
At NAB, we're not worried about technology; we're excited about the digital world that is reinventing broadcasting. We're not worried about revenues; broadcasting has bounced back from the worst recession in history.
But we worry about those who would damage our business. And about government in a rush, or over-reaching — that, we worry about.
Gordon Smith. 'Isn't it ironic that a former Republican senator is urging the Obama administration not to lose sight of an important segment of its political base?' © NAB Show Less than two years ago, broadcasters gave up more than 25 percent of TV spectrum and spent $15 billion transitioning from analog to digital television. That was our cost of leaving Howdy Doody analog and moving to high-definition and multi-channel digital. We embraced this digital future so that we could offer dazzling HD programs and multicasting; so we could offer consumers more choices and deliver content on different platforms, such as sending video to smartphones, tablets and laptops.
We spent these billions because we knew we needed to remain relevant to new generations, who expect to get their content on the go. Now, less than two years later, wireless companies want another 40 percent of TV spectrum. Hey … we already gave at the office! So we are in full battle mode to protect broadcasters from being forced to give up spectrum involuntarily.
If a station simply can't make it and it volunteers to sell its spectrum, that's fine — as long as it doesn't harm another station that wants to stay in business and is excited about the future. The problem is that what is voluntary for the former could become involuntary for the latter. It concerns us that the FCC could forcibly relocate a broadcaster, crowd channels closer together, reduce their coverage, destroy innovation for viewers, increase interference or otherwise degrade their signal.
This endangers our digital future, and violates President Obama's promise to prevent a world of digital haves and have-nots.
Ladies and gentlemen, there is not enough spectrum in the universe to replace our one-to-many broadcast system to a one-to-one transmission architecture. Even the wireless companies themselves concede they will need to eventually use some of their spectrum in a broadcast-type architecture, specifically for sending mass-appeal video content to smartphones.
Broadcasting already has the architecture, and it's worked for more than 60 years. What sense does it make to take spectrum that is being used efficiently and use it less efficiently?
And where exactly, other than dense urban markets like New York and L.A., is this great spectrum shortage? It's certainly not in rural America.
One needn't look any further than the recently announced AT&T and T-Mobile merger to see my point. In announcing their deal, corporate executives stated that one of the greatest benefits of the proposed merger is that AT&T's network capacity would double by adding T-Mobile's already built towers in urban areas.
Moreover, recent press reports indicate that certain companies licensed to provide mobile broadband service are simply not making the necessary investments to deploy their service, but instead are sitting on more than $15 billion of spectrum they aren't using.
I'm not saying there will not be future demands for spectrum to sate consumers' want for more reliable wireless service, but before anything is done, we believe a respected third party, like the Government Accounting Office, should conduct a comprehensive inventory of what spectrum is out there and more importantly, how much of it is being used today.
Won't that help us know the best way to meet America's communications and spectrum needs?
There's a lot at stake here. So why rush? Once spectrum is reallocated and local TV stations are gone, they won't be coming back. And at what cost to the 43 million people that rely exclusively on over-the-air television for free?
They don't have cable. They don't have satellite. And their numbers are growing, not declining, as evidenced by the growing pay TV cord-cutting phenomenon embraced by younger, tech-savvy viewers. In fact, many who depend on free over-the-air television are older, lower-income, minority and rural viewers. One in three Spanish-speaking households, for example, depend totally on over the air.
Now, don't get me wrong. There are some pretty useful apps out there — I have many on my iPad. But my point is this: Should we risk weakening a broadcasting system that serves a real purpose in American life, a system that is a pillar of our communities for the chance to play more games on our iPads?
Another reason may be that while some apps are fun, they are not important to everyday life and their novelty wears off. I've got 100 apps on my iPhone, and I use only five or six with any regularity.
The White House was for it. Congressional leadership supported it. Both the House and Senate Judiciary Committees had passed it. This put radio in a position of maximum peril.
Now, I think he meant repository, but I have to tell you, the rank and file of 260 members of the House of Representatives — Republican and Democrat alike — with grassroots engagement, by radio and television working together, really came through.
Until last year, NAB was viewed on Capitol Hill as "The House of No" — almost no matter the issue — which is not a long-term strategy for success, especially when trying to navigate the political minefields in Washington.
In politics, we always say you can't beat something with nothing. With this new flexibility, we now find ourselves in a position of greater strength and credibility among policymakers. And this will serve us well, I think, as we shape radio's future, which remains very bright indeed.
Finally, this thought. If you look around the world right now, you will see we are involved in three wars. You will see people trying to recover from an economic meltdown and keep their mortgages from going under. You will see incomprehensible suffering in Japan. You will see Middle East dictators, thugs and emirs trying to hold on to power amid turmoil.


text:
Крупи́цьке — заповідне урочище в Україні. Розташоване в межах Полтавського району Полтавської області, на схід від села Деревки.

Площа 300 га. Статус присвоєно згідно з рішенням облвиконкому від 17.04.1992 року № 74. Перебуває у віданні: ДП «Полтавський лісгосп» (Опішнянське л-во, кв. 108-112).

Статус присвоєно для збереження лісового масиву на лівобережній боровій терасі річки Ворскла. У деревостані переважають сосна, дуб, рідше — береза.

Джерела
 Державний кадастр територій та об'єктів природно-заповідного фонду України станом на 01.01.2013; (22. Крупицьке)
 Заповідне урочище «Крупицьке»

Заповідні урочища Полтавської області
Природно-заповідний фонд Котелевського району
Природоохоронні об'єкти, засновані 1992
Засновані в Україні 1992


text:
Zadie Smith Is Adapting Her New Novel for TV
Dani Spencer
But you should still read the book…
Since its debut last week, Zadie Smith's newest novel Swing Time has become one of the most widely written about books of the year. The highly anticipated publication follows her previous literary successes On Beauty, White Teeth, and NW. While critics are raving about the novel Swing Time, Zadie Smith is already working on turning it into a TV series co-written with her husband Nick Laird.
According to Flavorwire, Smith and Laird will be working with the British production company Baby Cow in order to bring the story to life. Zadie Smith released a statement expressing her excitement:
"I am absolutely delighted at the prospect of working with Baby Cow on an adaptation of Swing Time. Their extraordinary track record in both drama and comedy I have always admired from afar and it's a thrill for me to get the chance to collaborate with Steve Coogan and Christine Langan."
Film is a new territory for the author, but if anyone could pull it off, it's Smith. We have all the faith in her writing capabilities, and look forward to watching the show (after completing the novel of course)!
https://medium.com/media/625f0caecae3166519d773992f7ccb98/href
NYC-based writer.
Time Swings Widely
Zadie Smith's new novel, Swing Time, and its dense relationship to time, place, and identity.
Nov 21	- Ilana Masad	Read
Samantha Irby Thinks Most People Suck But She Still Wants to Be Your Friend
The author of "Wow, No Thank You" on aging, friendship, "Sassy" magazine, and filling a pool with fat people
May 22 - Lesley Kinzel
'MEM' Is a 'Black Mirror' Episode Set in Jazz Age Montreal
Author Bethany C. Morrow discusses her speculative fiction novel and the ethics of cloning memories
Jun 1 - Adam Morgan
Does 'Star Trek: Discovery' Deliver on Its Promise of Diversity?
Rahawa Haile and Nicole Chung discuss the successes and failures of representation in the newest 'Star Trek' series
Oct 6 - Electric Literature

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Statute
Focus on projects
Photo gallery of Burundi
Summary of health activities carried out
Summary of school activities
Solidarity trips
HomeHome EnOur worksOur projects
HEALTH ACTIVITIES SUPPORT PROJECT
Regularly, at the beginning of each mission, we go to some of the health centres scattered throughout the country to carry out out outpatient services (visits, dressings, analysis and drug prescriptions, monitoring of operated patients) and to recruit any surgical patients to be sent to the Bubanza Hospital, which is our operational headquarters.
Two of these centers are located in the city of Bujumbura, the former capital, and precisely at the Nuns of Charity (Nuns of Calcutta) in the district of Rohero and at the dispensary of Kamenge; another center is located in Kiganda, located about 1,700 meters high along the route to Gitega, the current capital, the last is located in Bugwana, a beautiful location near the border with Rwanda and Tanzania, over 200 km from the hospital in Bubanza.
Diocesan Hospital of Bubanza
Hospital is located in the city of Bubanza, capital of the homonymous Province, 40 km north of Bujumbura, on the slopes of Kibira, a mountain range that crosses the country from north to south, and which was the refuge of the rebels during the civil war. It was built at the end of the 1970s by Swiss volunteers, and operated at full capacity until the outbreak of the civil war, which bloodied the country for over 10 years. It has been in regular operation since 2000.
It consists of two operating rooms, a gynaecology room with neonatology, a radiology room with fixed and mobile equipment, an oxygen distribution centre for operating theatres and wards, an analysis laboratory and a pharmacy, and has a capacity of about 160 beds. Since 2016 it has been equipped with a physiotherapeutic rehabilitation centre. Since September 2019 we have implanted an atelier for the construction and maintenance of prostheses and orthoses that we will provide free of charge to indigent people suffering from lower and upper limb handicaps due to malformations and amputations.
For about three years we have been carrying out regular visits and outpatient services in the health center located in the town of Vatolatsaka, located 130 km east of Toliara, reachable with difficulty, as the last 40 km are very bumpy track, which can only be covered with 4×4 off-road vehicles. Here we recheck the operated patients, make visits and send to the city people to be operated on or who need further diagnostic tests.
Saint-Luc Clinic
Is a private structure in Toliara with two small operating rooms, a radiology room without mobile devices, a pharmacy and a small analysis laboratory, and a capacity of about 60 beds, where we carry out out outpatient and surgical activities, essentially orthopaedic.
With regard to the project to support healthcare activities, both in Burundi and Madagascar, the Andare Oltre Foundation is responsible for the costs of purchasing consumables, implantable materials and prostheses, as well as all outpatient and hospital expenses for the indigent people visited and hospitalized.
PROJECT TO SUPPORT SCHOOL ACTIVITIES
Since 2015 we have started a project in Madagascar to support school activities in two areas of the country, where there are as many local associations that are our partners in this path. With the Loharano Association, based in Antananarivo (capital of Madagascar), we have built 4 classrooms of a secondary school in the village of Antsahanadrisa, Itasy Region, about 120 km east of the capital Antananarivo. The last two classrooms were inaugurated in November 2018. Currently they are attended by 88 students, who otherwise, due to the distance from the city, the difficulties of moving on non-existent roads and the high costs of transport and accommodation, would not have had any chance to continue their studies. We also pay a significant proportion of teachers' salaries. The other Association with which we collaborate is called Radler, and is located in the city of Toliara, capital of the province of the same name, located in the extreme south of Madagascar, on the Mozambique Canal. It is certainly the poorest area in the whole country. Together with the Radler Association we have renovated four classrooms of a primary school, currently attended by 85 students, and we are building a semi-residential college where, once finished, one hundred secondary school students can be accommodated. We are also paying a large part of the teachers' salaries in these facilities. We are also training and updating teachers, with courses held by expatriate staff.
Piero Petricca
School activities support project
Burundi 2020: 25 January – 15 February
Individual activities
Support for school activities
Fondazione ANDAREOLTRE onlus • Via Cercemaggiore, 59 00131 Roma • Tel./Fax. +39 3318311452 • P.I./C.F. 97584480582. • Privacy Policy


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Regional Cause of Deadly NY Crane Collapse Under Investigation
Cause of Deadly NY Crane Collapse Under Investigation
Saturday, February 6, 2016 at 6:02 pm | כ"ז שבט תשע"ו Updated Saturday, February 6, 2016 at 8:56 pm
NEW YORK (AP) -
A construction crane is seen on top of cars along the street in downtown Manhattan in New York, Friday. (Reuters/Brendan McDermid)
It may take weeks to determine why a huge construction crane that was being lowered during strong winds came crashing down onto a street, killing a pedestrian and crushing a row of parked cars, city officials said.
Investigators are reviewing surveillance footage from nearby buildings and poring over the twisted, crumpled steel of the 565-foot-long crane, which came thundering down onto a historic Manhattan street 10 blocks north of the World Trade Center during Friday morning's commute.
Officials said they recovered the mobile crane's movement recording computer, which could provide clues – such as the angle of the boom – as to why the crane fell. But they cautioned its data was just one piece of the puzzle.
"It is not the equivalent of a black box," Department of Buildings Commissioner Rick Chandler said. "But I don't want to set the expectations too high. It's not going to give us data on wind speeds or the actions of the operators."
Work crews crawling over the sprawling accident site began to slice up the downed crane into as many as 35 pieces, which will be loaded by four other cranes onto flatbed trucks and removed for further study. Officials said they hoped to have the block of Worth Street cleared of debris by Monday morning.
It could be several days, though, before buildings whose pipes were crushed can have their water restored and before crews can repave the street and sign off on its stability.
Wall Street worker David Wichs, 38, z"l, was walking on the street below and was killed by the crane collapse. He was a mathematical whiz who worked at a computerized-trading firm, his family said. Born in Prague, he had moved to the United States as a teenager and graduated from Harvard University, said his sister-in-law, Lisa Guttman.
"He really created a life for himself," she said through tears. "He literally took every opportunity he could find."
The levayah for David, z"l , will be held at 11:00 a.m. on Sunday at Cong. Kehilath Yeshurun, 125 E. 85th St in Manhattan.
Three other people were struck by debris and injured in the collapse.
The crane was used to install generators and air conditioning units atop a nearby high-rise and had been inspected by the Department of Buildings on Thursday to approve an extension, officials said. It had the capacity to carry as much as 330 tons.
The crane was rated to withstand wind gusts up to 25 mph, but when winds neared 20 mph on Friday the crew opted to secure it. A bystander's video taken through a window high above the ground showed the crane's arm descending in wind-blown snow and then taking the crane to the ground.
The crane's operator tested negative for alcohol or substances and was cooperating with investigators. The crane was being used by Galasso Trucking and Rigging in Queens. Calls for comment were not returned.
Cranes dotting the skylines of Manhattan and Brooklyn have become increasingly commonplace and are emblematic of a building boom across the city, particularly of high-rise residential and commercial structures. Questions about their safety have persisted since two tower cranes collapsed in Manhattan within two months of each other in 2008, killing a total of nine people.
After Friday's crane collapse, Democratic Mayor Bill de Blasio ordered that all cranes in the city cease operation. Tower cranes attached to the sides of buildings were allowed to resume work Saturday, but crawling cranes like the one that fell Friday must first be approved by city inspectors before they can return to work.
Updated Saturday, February 6, 2016 at 8:56 pm
Regional Briefs – January 12, 2015
1 Dead, 2 Missing After Tugboat Crash on Hudson River
Family Vacation Turns Into Tragedy Upstate
New York-Area Rail Crashes Blamed on Lack of Apnea Testing
Police: Girl, 10, Mistakenly Pins Mother Under Car, Killing Her
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The thought behind this photo was to show the feeling of joy I felt looking at those beautiful flowers lit in the golden light of the evening. The flowers here appear to be jumping which reflects joy to me. It draws you in and makes you keep looking at it. Some photos are made to print. This is one such photo.


Let's party at the New Deal!
It's always a great time at the New Deal Cafe -- come out and join us!
We're psyched to be a part of this annual music series! Join us for the 2019 launch -- it's Summer Jam time!
Venture to the wrong side of the tracks and hit the dance floor with all the party people at Hershey's!
All the good people in MoCo know that Hershey's is the place to be for great music. Join us for the party!
We're hitting the Hyattsville house concert circuit -- more details to come!
We've been invited to play for the MoCo Active and Social Meetup group's Mardi Gras Masquerade Ball! Join us at the Elks Lodge for a good-time dance party. There will be a king cake, door prizes, and a rockin fun time for everyone!
We're back at the Outta the Way Cafe for a February Friday show!
The longest night of the year deserves a celebration. Join us for the madness!
It's always a party at Solly's! Join us on the upper level for fiddle-fun on U Street in DC!
Back at the New Deal again!
Join us for the funky fiddle-blues in the DC-area's favorite listening room!
Come get happy at the Outta the Way Cafe — great spot for local music!
Electrical problems that shuttered Solly's have been resolved and we've got not 1 but 2 rescheduled dates. Join us for twice the fun on U Street in DC!
One of our favorite events of the year, come for the local flavors, face painting, moonbounce and live music!
Sorry to say the show has been cancelled due to an electrical problem at Solly's. Friday the 13th strikes again! Be on the lookout for a rescheduled date.
We're back on the Solly's second floor stage for more mayhem in DC! It was so much fun last time, hope you'll join us again!
We are thrilled to be among the incredible artists featured at this year's NY State Blues Festival! Our roots as a band began to grow in Syracuse, and we can't wait to pay homage to our blues home-away-from-home with an action-packed set on the big stage. Festival goers will be familiar with the groovy blues-fiddling of Roustabouts founding member Pete Daniels, who has joined Carolyn Kelly on the Bluesfest stage in previous years. We're very excited to announce that Central New York harp legend Tom Townsley will be joining the party as our special guest. Mark your calendars for Saturday June 30 at 2pm and get ready for one helluva hootenanny! See you in the 'Cuse!
We are available for hire, drop us a line!
We're back at Montgomery County's best kept musical secret--join us at the Grove!
We finally figured out our rescheduled date -- join us for our return to DC!
We're back at everyone's favorite little music room. Join us!
Andrew's Birthday Jam at Outta the Way!
Join us to ring in Andrew's new year! It's gonna be a party y'all!
We're psyched to announce our return to the District, playing at Solly's Tavern on U Street!
After 15+ years on the scene and countless hours at Area 51 Studios with Tommy Lepson we are psyched to FINALLY release our debut album Plenty of Blues! Join us for a night of fun in Montgomery County's favorite roadhouse!
After 15+ years on the scene and countless hours at Area 51 Studios with Tommy Lepson we are psyched to FINALLY release our debut album Plenty of Blues! Join us for a night of fun at the New Deal Cafe, PG county's coolest little listening room!
Join us for the Jam!!
Join us for Zoo Uncorked at the National Zoo! We're excited to play at the wildest wine tasting in town, with event proceeds supporting important conservation programs and Zoo initiatives. It's great to be back in DC, across the street from where it all started for us, so come on out and party with the animals, party animals! Give back and get down!
Back at the Outta the Way Cafe!
We're finally back at Outta the Way! We've missed you!
The Roustabouts "We've Almost Got a CD" Party!
This is it, the home stretch ... after more than 10 years on the DC music scene, we're almost done recording our first CD. Join us at the New Deal Cafe for a night of music and celebration! We'll be playing songs from the CD and are hoping to raise a few more dollars to take us across the finish line. Come on out and support your favorite blues-fiddle band!


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This TIP proposes a [string insert] subcommand for inserting a substring at a given index. This new [string insert] command is to be the string analogue of [linsert].
[TIP 475] proposed the same subcommand, and in addition proposed a public C routine to access the same functionality. It was rejected, but only for reasons relating to the C routine. This TIP is a duplication of the rejected TIP, modified only to remove the C routine from the proposal, and with appropriate revisions to the sections describing the Reference Implementation and Future Work.
Substring insertion is a basic string operation not directly available in current Tcl. Substring insertion can be synthesized from existing string commands, but the numerous legal forms of indexing yield significant difficulty. A novice user cannot be expected to know, much less implement, all possible index formats. Thus it is reasonable to provide a standard substring insertion command.
The current design of [string replace] expressly (albeit inexplicably) prevents its use for performing string insertion. TIP 323 originally proposed to extend [string replace] to allow string insertion, but this aspect of TIP 323 was withdrawn for the sake of compatibility.
Clarification: TIP 504 proposes no changes to the semantics of [string replace].
To mirror the behavior of [linsert], [string insert] at end should append to the string. This is in conflict with [string replace], were it to be extended to permit replacing an empty substring.
[lreplace] of an empty range at end inserts elements immediately before the final element, whereas appending requires the start index to be end+1. The hypothetical extended [string replace] would mirror [lreplace] and therefore would not have the end-relative indexing semantics needed to implement [string insert].
In conclusion, it is most straightforward to simply provide a [string insert] command with the same semantics as [linsert].
# Pure Tcl implementation of [string insert] command.
# Convert end-relative and TIP 176 indexes to simple integers.
(?:([+-])                   # op, omitted when index is "end"
([+-]?\d+))?                # n, omitted when index is "end"
# Convert first index to an integer.
# Add or subtract second index, if provided.
# Concatenate the pre-insert, insertion, and post-insert strings.
# Bind [string insert] to [::tcl::string::insert].
More sample implementations can be found on the Additional String Functions page of the Tcler's Wiki, but at time of writing, they do not handle end-relative indexing nor can be used to append to a string. Since they are implemented in terms of [string replace] and do not perform any index arithmetic of their own, they actually do support TIP 176 indexes.
Special-case [string in] to mean [string index].
Take no special action, in which case [string in] becomes an error.
This TIP proposes option #2 because abbreviations are not guaranteed to be stable in the long term. This TIP targets Tcl 8.7, the first alpha version of which was recently released. Thus there are three reasons why compatibility is deemphasized in this situation.
Returns a copy of string with insertString inserted at the index'th character. index may be specified as described in the STRING INDICES section.
If index is start-relative, the first character inserted in the returned string will be at the specified index. If index is end-relative, the last character inserted in the returned string will be at the specified index.
If index is at or before the start of string (e.g., index is 0), insertString is prepended to string. If index is at or after the end of string (e.g., index is end), insertString is appended to string.
A pure Tcl reference implementation is given above.
The dgp-string-insert branch in the Tcl Fossil repository provides an implementation of the proposed subcommand, complete with documentation, bytecode compilation, and a set of test cases.
The direct evaluation of [string insert] is routed though a new internal routine TclStringReplace. It is a conventional substring replacer routine that serves as the inner core of both the [string insert] and [string replace] commands with suitable screening of corner cases by the callers. There is one routine to perform this function, so that there is one place to get the functionality right (debugging), one place to work on performance and representation efficiency (optimization), and one place where we can experiment with transformation to different data structures. This is one of a family of TclStringFoo routines that are engines of functionality for other [string foo] subcommands.
The existing internal routine TclStringReplace does not include the full collection of optimizations that the prior routine Tcl_ReplaceObj did. Since this routine remains internal, it can continue to gain these revisions without further TIP examination. Likewise, alternative bytecode compiler and execution strategies may also be pursued internally.
These routines may be good candidates to become available to applications and extensions in the public C API. The current TIP does not propose that. It is out of scope. A set of questions will need to be addressed when considering converting these routines into public ones. First it will need to be determined what level of robustness to present in a public interface. Should such a function be permitted to fail or even abort if given improper arguments? Or should all required argument validation be built into the routines to detect such things and raise catch-able errors instead? This general question includes the specific question about whether such routines are permitted to panic when memory allocation fails. Second several of these routines require an argument specifying an index into a string. These arguments have type int. It is expected that string indices limited to int will no longer be desirable in Tcl 9, so it must be decided whether it makes sense to create new routines for Tcl 8.7 that are destined to be discarded by Tcl 9, or whether a migration path needs to be put in place from the beginning. Since these questions are non-trivial, addressing them is saved for a later TIP.