5. Cigarettes. In Poland we can no longer buy them from a vending machine because a legal act passed by the Sejm eliminated this thriving industry in just one sentence. But this does not ban a machine from making you a cigarette – so invented here in Poland, we have the automated cigarette production machine, which will fill paper tubes with tobacco, for the exclusive use of the purchaser (sorry I meant to say the commissioner). However, a Polish nicotine addict still has the option to drive off to Austria after running out of fags in the middle of the night. There cigarette vending machines have had an illustrious history ever since their introduction back in 1900. Of course only Austrians over the age of eighteen may use such machines these days and one's eligibility is automatically checked on the basis of a credit card or a driving licence (in Austria both documents are chipped).
4. Beer. Recently, while I was in Munich I came across a rather curious machine standing in a hotel corridor. It was not a self service beer tap, which would have required bar skills to operate, but a refrigerated cabinet with local lagers for the delectation of connoisseurs of the hop. The only skills required were inserting a coin and pressing a button. The product range was completed by salty snacks and soft beverages so points were scored for not letting any dads forget about their kids. Ecological sustainability had also been considered, as there was a plastic bin for the return of empty bottles. There are also wine vending machines that work on the same principle. Advinéo has even invented one where you can prepay into an account over the internet before you've even found the machine to dispense your booze. Meanwhile in the US there are automated kiosks vending wine, which apart from an ID scanner are also equipped with face recognition systems and a breathalyser. So any minors (I mean all those under the age of 21), don't stand a chance – especially if they've had a few already.
3: Kebabs. Such a machine was built by students of the Warsaw University of Technology and they installed it in the hallways of that very same college. However one small technical flaw in their design had not been considered. The endless queue of drunken students in search of instant sobriety meant that the contents had to be continuously replenished. It's not clear whether the inventors are now students or young entrepreneurs but another Kebs & Go machine has appeared in an underground passageway next to Warsaw's Dworzec Centralny central railway station. It's not quite so popular, despite the fact that a team of culinary vloggers gave it a thumbs up with a score of seven out of ten stating that it was easy to use and that the food was both hot and (more surprisingly) tasty. Shorter queues can also be seen next to machines dispensing dehydrated food reinvigorated with a splash of hot water but such lines tend to grow in length in the weeks just before student grants get paid out.
2. Milk. It reportedly all began with a Warsaw hipster with a thing for anything pro-ecological and today even a metropolis such as Radom can boast the latest in milk vending machines. Real fresh, full fat (with none of this sissy semi skimmed stuff) milk that tastes "just like it used to". And at no extra cost you can even pour it into your own bottle to save on plastic. These mechanical udders can be found in most of those grocery chains that have added 'Eco' to their name. Or along country roads. Indeed one farmer from Łódź has placed such a machine just next to his pasture so you can come and look at Bessy (and her calf) while you pour out your purchase. But Polish farmers have got nothing on the Irish. On the emerald isle, deep in rural counties you will find with increasing ubiquity vending machines for eggs straight from the hen's bottom.


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More History April 2, 2019 by admin
Grover Cleveland Elementary School In San Diego
It was Jan. 29, 1979, and in a tranquil San Diego suburb, Grover Cleveland Elementary School had just become ground zero in an undeclared war. By the time the country's first high-profile school.
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Melvin Eugene HATTER (1924-2004) Melvin Eugene Hatter, 80, of Connellsville, went to meet the Lord on December 16, 2004. He was born January 15, 1924, in Morrell, a son of the late Andrew J. Hatter and Lila M. Basinger Hatter.
THE NINTH GENERATION. No. IX-1 CHARLES CLARENCE WORCESTER (Charles 8, Nathaniel 7, Moses 6, Moses 5, Moses 4, William 3, Moses 2, William 1) b Stoddard, NH, Oct. 27.
First, mayors don't become president (not unless they make the move from City Hall to the governor's mansion first — and that hasn't happened since Grover Cleveland. San Francisco; Republican Pete.
Those were the words 16 year old Brenda Spencer told reporters when asked why she had begun shooting at children waiting at the gates of the Grover Cleveland Elementary School across the road from her.
The others were Andrew Jackson in 1824; Samuel Tilden in 1876; Grover Cleveland in 1888; and Al Gore in 2000. records of students to enable them to secure admission to elite schools. Crashed.
Coolbaugh most recently held a similar position for the PGA Tour's Farmers Insurance Open last month at Torrey Pines outside San Diego. That tournament was. the two courses run by Erie County.
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CALIFORNIA OBITUARIES OF ALFORDS. AND SPELLING VARIATIONS. Obituaries are listed alphabetically by FIRST name. Included are people whose last name, maiden name, or married name is Alford or a spelling variation: Alfred, Alvord, Allford, Halford, Hallford, Holford, etc.
Thermal Belt Rail-Trail spans 8 mi. from Kentucy St. at Oakland Rd. (Spindale) to Oak Springs nr. US 221 (Gilkey). View amenities, descriptions, reviews, photos, itineraries, and directions on TrailLink.
She taught Italian at Grover Cleveland High School in Buffalo for almost 20 years. She was predeceased by her eldest son, Dr. Lucien Jassy, an internist, of San Diego, CA. She is survived by her.
Abraham Lincoln University Los Angeles The History Of The Uk Constitution Should the US constitution be abolished. Help us continue to report on great work across the UK, champion new talent and. Cheney, I see from your dead people comment that you get your news from Facebook memes, but the National Constitution Center + Newsweek are just two of many
The Great Depression What Caused It Feb 2, 2018. Few areas of historical research have provoked such intensive study as the causes of America's Great Depression—and for good reason. Discover why the prosperity of the Roaring Twenties couldn't last, and how people's spending and saving habits made a financial crisis inevitable. Tim and Moby wonder: Lesson learned? This international movement of
Virgil Presnell Virgil Delano Presnell, Jr. was convicted in 1976 of malice murder, kidnapping with bodily injury and other crimes and was sentenced to death for the murder
The Rockets (Houston, NBA) were born in San Diego in 1967. The Nuggets were born in Denver. when you start up your league after World War I, instead of during the Grover Cleveland Administration.
Thomas Paine Statue Thetford Early life and education. Thomas Paine was born on January 29, 1736 (NS February 9, 1737), the son of Joseph Pain, a tenant farmer and stay-maker, and Frances (née Cocke) Pain, in Thetford, Norfolk, England.Joseph was a Quaker and Frances an Anglican. Despite claims that Thomas changed the spelling of his family name upon his
1979, 16-year-old Brenda Spencer killed two people and wounded nine others when she fired a gun from her house across the street into the entrance of San Diego's Grover Cleveland Elementary School.
American Revolution Study Guide 5th Grade Founding Fathers Board Game He drew the plans for the tailgating zone south of Turpin Stadium, NSU's football stadium, with cable TV, water and electrical connections provided to patrons, changing the face of game day activity. A History Of America In 100 Maps Review Review. ". Several fascinating and rare examples included in A History
Amazing Facts About Benjamin Franklin Renaissance nerd Benjamin Franklin designed America's first U.S. penny in 1787. Instead of E PLURIBUS UNUM, it was emblazoned with the motto: "MIND YOUR BUSINESS". Make sure you know these interesting. Did the American Founding Fathers study the case for Jesus Christ being a mythical figure? There is much evidence that Washington and Jefferson, among
SAN DIEGO — The San Diego Padres' rotation is living up to. struck out four and walked none. NOTES: Hudson joins Grover Cleveland Alexander (six games in 1923) and Tiny Bonham (four games in 1944).
Students from local schools helped plant Mrs. Obama's inaugural plot in. The nurse maid for President Grover Cleveland's wife, Frances, often took the first family's two young daughters to the lawn.
Answers to the quiz: Harrison Ford (there were two presidents Harrison) played President James Marshall in "Air Force One"; Ronald Reagan played Philadelphia Nationals pitcher Grover Cleveland.
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Deaths 2014 Please send in your information and photos to Death Notice. Previous Death Notices Milena (nee Popovich) Cillag – entered into rest December 29, 2014. Beloved daughter of the late Pelka and Nikola Popovich.
Let's see, we can rule out Grover Cleveland and Taft, but Jefferson and Lincoln cut. hop on over to Playboy to see how each party will be celebrating tonight. aaryn b. from san diego February 05,
Valley honorees include Monica Flores of Camellia Elementary School in North Hollywood, Ramon Jacinto of San Fernando Middle School in San Fernando, Brooke Moral of Roy Romer Middle School in North.
Its protective work began informally, as part-time security for President Grover Cleveland in 1894. In a 2002 story, U.S. News & World Report catalogued a San Diego bar brawl involving agents, the.
She spotted the San Diego Zoo's aerial Skyfari cars. 32 miles long in a state that has been governed by George Clinton, Theodore Roosevelt and Grover Cleveland. 5. The Westons, first family of.
Grover Cleveland Jr., 42, of Elkton. Survivors: Daughters, Carolyn Lewis of San Diego, Calif., Katherine Mazza of Exton, Chester County, and Theresa Safina of Landenberg, Chester County; son,
Oregon was the first state to set aside an official holiday, in 1887, and in 1894, President Grover Cleveland and Congress made it a. which runs through September 23, and San Diego will host the.
Amazing Facts About Benjamin Franklin
What Was Christopher Columbus Career

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HOME FOOD & DRINK
A Substitute for Souffle Pans
By: Shailynn Krow
Can I Make a Cake Mix in a Ceramic Dish?
How Long Do You Bake a Double Batch of Box Chocolate Cake?
Substitute for a Springform Pan
Glass Pie Pan Baking Tips
How to Find Out How Many Cups Is 3 Quarts
Souffles turn a lot of cooks off, but once you've mastered these puffy, delicate delights, you might find yourself altering the recipe to suit your taste. While a classic souffle is cooked in a ramekin, it doesn't have to be. Many other types of equipment work just fine. There's no need for a special pan or dish as long as you prepare the souffle correctly.
Mugs or Teacups
Oven-safe coffee mugs or teacups can be used for a souffle. Choose a medium to short cup that is made from ceramic. Grease the cup as you would a ramekin. Avoid tall mugs, because the souffle needs to rise above the rim. A tall cup leaves more room for error and deflated souffles.
Oven-Safe Bowls
If you have an oven-safe, ceramic mixing bowl you can use it to make a souffle. Use a bowl if you want to make a larger souffle to serve several people. Prepare the bowl the same way you would the ramekin. You can use any heat-proof, oven-safe bowl to make a souffle, even if it isn't ceramic. Decorative bowls that are oven-safe can be used, too.
Ceramic Baking or Casserole Dish
Casserole dishes work well for souffles because they're shallow and typically made from ceramic. Stick to smaller casserole dishes, around 6 to 8 inches in diameter. The larger the baking or casserole dish, the more surface area you'll have and it might be difficult for your souffle to rise properly in the oven.
Crème Brulee Cups
creme brulee cups look like ramekins, but they're shallower and sometimes oval. A creme brulee cup works best for an appetizer-sized souffle because it doesn't hold as much volume as a traditional ramekin. Prepare your creme brulee cups the same way as you'd prepare ramekins. Creme brulee cups don't need to be made from ceramic, but they must be oven-safe.
A ramekin's straight sides allow the souffle batter to rise up and puff into its classic shape. Ramekins are easy to serve and are more attractive at the dining table than a metal pan. Souffles are meant to be eaten as soon as they come out of the oven, so you'll want a dish that can be placed on the table and eaten from right away. If you don't have a suitable ceramic dish, a spring-form pan will work, but the metal pan may give the souffle a slightly metallic taste.
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Shailynn Krow began writing professionally in 2002. She has contributed articles on food, weddings, travel, human resources/management and parenting to numerous online and offline publications. Krow holds a Bachelor of Science in psychology from the University of California, Los Angeles and an Associate of Science in pastry arts from the International Culinary Institute of America.


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HomeScience FictionHarry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone
Action & Adventure Children's literature Comics English Fantasy comedy Fantasy Fiction J.K Rowling Science Fiction
Harry Potter has never been the star of a Quidditch team, scoring points while riding a broom far above the ground. He knows no spells, has never helped to hatch a dragon, and has never worn a cloak of invisibility.All he knows is a miserable life with the Dursleys, his horrible aunt and uncle, and their abominable son, Dudley - a great big swollen spoiled bully. Harry's room is a tiny closet at the foot of the stairs, and he hasn't had a birthday party in eleven years.But all that is about to change when a mysterious letter arrives by owl messenger: a letter with an invitation to an incredible place that Harry - and anyone who reads about him - will find unforgettable.For it's there that he finds not only friends, aerial sports, and magic in everything from classes to meals, but a great destiny that's been waiting for him... if Harry can survive the encounter.
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Shanghai Haoyuan Biotech Co.,Ltd. ("Shanghai Haoyuan") is a pioneer of the research and development of nucleic acid detection (NAT) technology, and also a leader of the blood screening by NAT technology in blood centers in China. Professor Huang Daopei , a senior molecular biologist, working in U.S. for many years, realised that the detection methods for hepatitis B virus (HBV) was undeveloped and lag behind in China where almost 10% populations were infected with HBV. Therefore, he raised funds about 100,000 dollars from patriots in America and came back to Shanghai and established Shanghai Haoyuan BioTechnology Company in 1997. Ever since then, it has opened a new chapter of NAT technology for infectious diseases in China.
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20/04/2018�� Every organization must have an employer identification number (EIN), even if it will not have employees. The EIN is a unique number that identifies the organization to the Internal Revenue Service. The EIN is a unique number that identifies the organization to the Internal Revenue Service.... contain your Federal Employer Identification Number (FEIN), and list a valid fax number where reply is to be sent. Any request that does not meet the above specifications will not be addressed.
The group probably bills under its tax ID, and you cannot use that number once you leave. According to an authority with the Value Options provider relations department, you have to recredential with those panels you want to be in again. We suggest you apply once to the Council for Affordable Quality Healthcare (see previous question) as a shortcut to the recredentialing process. how to get the imei number on lg v20 phone You obtain a federal tax ID number (FEIN or EIN) with the IRS after you have confirmation and filed articles from the State of Connecticut showing your approved Connecticut business. Bank Account Opening a business banking account under your new Connecticut business name should be easy with these two items.
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Today I wanted to donate. However, the country list in the entry form didn't contain my country. Please add Turkey to the country list.
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Interview with Fred Dylla, Executive Director and CEO, the American Institute of Physics
By David Wojick
Social Role
World of Tomorrow
Fred Dylla, PhD, of AIP
Fred Dylla is the Executive Director and CEO of the American Institute of Physics (AIP), which publishes a number of journals out of its offices in Melville, NY. Previously, Dylla served as Chief Technology Officer and as Associate Director at DOE's Jefferson Lab, where he spearheaded the Free Electron Laser program. He has held various positions at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, where he helped develop technology for nuclear fusion reactors, particle accelerators, and materials processing. He received his PhD in physics from MIT, is a Past President and Fellow of the AVS and a Fellow of the American Physical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Dylla assumed the helm at AIP in 2007, and has carved out an impressive set of achievements and new directions for AIP since then. In addition, he has become known as one of the most thoughtful voices in discussions about publication policies, public access, and the sustainability of publishers and science funding.
Q: AIP is not a typical scientific publisher. Can you briefly describe the organization?
A: The American Institute of Physics (AIP) is a non-profit umbrella organization of 10 member societies, whose combined membership comprises 135,000 physical scientists and educators working in a variety of fields, including physics, medical physics, astronomy, geology, optics, acoustics, crystallography, rheology, and materials science.
At its Publishing Center in Melville, NY, AIP publishes a portfolio of 15 highly cited scholarly journals in physics; it also publishes prestigious journals for five of its Member Societies. Through its Physics Resources Center in College Park, MD, AIP also serves its member societies, the physics community, and the general public with valuable resources in science communication, government relations, statistical research, history preservation, education and career services, and outreach to students and physicists in industry.
Q: You have long been active in discussions with US government officials over OA policy. In March, you testified at a Congressional committee hearing. My impression from the statements by the Chairman and Ranking Member is that OA legislation is unlikely any time soon. They seem to be backing away from it. How do you see it?
A: I was very pleased that the Investigations and Oversight Subcommittee of the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee held a hearing on public access to scholarly publications. Before I offer my thoughts on the hearing, I first want to set the context for this event.
When I became head of AIP in 2007, I was very concerned about the tone and content of the public debate over public access to scholarly publications, and the unintended consequences to the scholarly enterprise and to the conduct of science if legislation were enacted without a careful analysis of the need and likely impact. A year later, the NIH public access mandate was enacted. Since then, several bills on both sides of the issue of public access have been introduced in Congress.
I felt that a different approach was needed. In 2009, I was invited to participate in the Scholarly Publishing Roundtable that was empaneled by the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee to examine public access issues. This group included balanced participation by the key stakeholders: publishers, librarians, and university provosts. The Roundtable developed consensus recommendations for the development of public access policies for scholarly data and publications.
Many of the Roundtable's recommendations were incorporated into the 2010 Reauthorization of the America COMPETES Act. Section 103 set in motion a process for federal agencies that fund significant R&D to develop agency specific strategies to strengthen access for publicly funded research, including publications, research reports and associated data. In addition, the law notes the importance of encouraging interoperability between public and private repositories and the development and implementation of appropriate international standards.
Against this background, and with agencies working to develop public access strategies, I felt that there was no need for additional legislation at this point. This simple observation was getting lost with the flurry of competing bills introduced early this year on public access. I was pleased that the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee exercised their jurisdiction over this issue by holding the March 29th hearing.
As you noted, the opening statements of Subcommittee Chairman Paul Broun (R-GA) and Ranking Member Paul Tonko (D-NY) cautioned against precipitous changes in public access policies. Chairman Broun stated, "I have a lot of questions about how we should meet the challenges of expanding access to research without compromising the quality of the product, or the rights of those involved in the process." Ranking Member Tonka offered similar remarks, saying, "At this point, I believe the language this Committee included in the reauthorization of the American COMPETES Act remains the best path forward". Tonko later added, "If we proceed to a legislative approach, we may end by creating more problems than we solve. An abrupt end to the current system could drive some publishers out of existence. It could result in the loss of established journals and weaken professional scientific societies. These outcomes would be counterproductive to the goal of having high quality research widely published and disseminated." I agree with both of them.
Broun and Tonko recognized that this is a complicated and emotionally charged issue. I understand that the committee membership and their staff will keep open the possibility of additional hearings on the subject, but as they stated in their opening remarks, the first hearing was to gather information and was not targeted for any particular new legislation.
At the same time, other committees also have jurisdiction over portions of this issue, and we should remember that the NIH policy came about as part of appropriations legislation, so you never know what Congress may do. It is important to remain vigilant and engaged, and to make sure that members of Congress understand the background and what is at stake.
Q: By the same token, the US Office of Science and Technology Policy in March released the report regarding the Task Force on Public Access to Scholarly Publications. OSTP seems to have punted the report, as it is basically just the Task Force mission statement, with nothing from the Task Force itself. Has the Obama Administration lost interest in OA policy?
A: No, I do not believe the Obama Administration has lost interest in OA policy. In fact, I understand that they are continuing to carefully consider the implications and impacts that Administration actions would have on all stakeholders. This is a complicated issue and it deserves thoughtful analysis. But we know that the OSTP process is still very much alive.
The OSTP report on public access that was released at the end of March was required by the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act. I read the report as supportive of the work started during the interagency deliberations, particularly at DOE and NSF, to create partnerships with publishers that improve reporting on grant-supported research. This is especially significant given the important roles of these agencies in funding science (beyond the health and biomedical mission of NIH).
The report notes that OSTP will continue to monitor progress at the agency levels and leaves open the possibility for additional reports downstream. I would hope that the prominent place in the report for DOE and NSF initiatives indicates that these two agencies can be models for how other agencies respond to the related issues of access, interoperability, standards, and archiving.
Q: Can you tell me a little more about these pilots with DOE and NSF?
A: Starting early in 2011, I was privileged to join a small group of both non-profit and for-profit publishers, to begin an engagement with DOE and NSF to explore partnerships and pilot projects on access and related issues. The publisher group was kept small to keep our engagement and activities nimble.
Once a practical pilot project is demonstrated to both our government and publishing partners to be mutually valuable, it could be easily expanded to other publishers and other agencies. This group worked with CrossRef to launch a pilot project last May, called "FundRef," that will enable funding agency information to be collected and tagged in a consistent manner for scholarly publications. When FundRef protocols are fully implemented, a fundamental service will be provided for public access and the transparency of research funding—the clear identification of the funding source for every scholarly publication.
We will be launching a multi-publisher pilot project to link agency reports on agency platforms with related publications on publishers' platforms. This pilot project builds on the extensive database of government research reports and data sets that DOE's Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) maintains on OSTI's science.gov site. As with the FundRef project, this research report-to-publication linking arrangement provides an expanded means of identifying and finding the results of publicly funded research. A search on a topic or author on the OSTI site would lead to publications by the chosen author or selected topic on the linked publisher's site. In order to provide immediate public access to the full text of the version of record of the publication on the publisher's site, a modest cost, article rental service has been in place for the last two years (similar to the iTunes model) that now involves more than 40 scholarly publishers.
Additionally, protocols are being developed for identifying and linking data sets that underlie figures, tables, and photos in scholarly publications. These are all examples of win-win projects: they improve the identification and access to publications from both agency and publisher platforms and at the same time minimize expended resources by allowing each partner to bring its expertise to the table.
Q: My view is that publishing final research reports, which the US Government already owns and some science agencies already publish, is the best way to give taxpayers access to research results. Do you think this approach is sensible?
A: You wrote a very useful article on this subject for the Scholarly Kitchen. This article showed that even though every grantee for a federally-funded research project is required by the granting agency to write a research report, the agencies, with a few notable exceptions, do not do well in making these reports publicly available.
As you have observed, these reports should be an essential component of public access for several very good reasons: (1) as a condition of the grant there is one-to-one correspondence between every grant and every report, since not all reports result in a subsequent formal publication; (2) the report may be the only account of the completed research, especially if there were negative results or for some reason the researchers could not complete a publication — one should never judge whether negative results in one era of experimentation could lead to an interesting line of enquiry in another era; and (3) the report may contain additional information that would not fit in the confines of scholarly journals, which often enforce page limitations.
While I strongly support the posting of grantee reports on agencies' public websites, the public is right to want to view the full range of products derived from the underlying research, including publications and associated data. The public access debate has focused on access to scholarly publications for the obvious reason that a journal article is tangible and highly valuable research-based product. But that is the beauty of the partnerships we are developing: we can easily provide links to these additional products, and provide the public the ability to read or utilize them at low or no cost.
But there are costs, and that needs to be part of the discussion if we want to go beyond the research reports that the government has in fact paid for. This is where the simple refrain from some public access advocates falls apart. We've heard many times, the government paid for the research (with tax dollars); the public shouldn't have to pay again to read a publication describing the research. While the government did pay for the research, they did not pay for a publisher-financed peer-reviewed publication. I estimate the cost of bringing a typical article in an AIP published journal before a reader to be approximately $2,500. Other journals may have expenses that make this more or less. This expense must be recovered through subscriptions, pay-per-view fees, or in the case of some journals, page charges or other author fees.
Publishers as a whole have not been very good in describing or promoting what they do. In these times, when we are all very used to content being free on the web, people get frustrated when something is behind a pay wall. But somebody, from the author to an intermediary like a library, or the reader, has to pay for the product, or the enterprise is in trouble. Clearly, the newspaper industry is not weathering the Web transition very well because they could not find a replacement for their primary source of pre-Web income: print advertising and print subscriptions. The music recording industry is half the size of what it was in the pre-Web era, and some would say it was saved primarily by the iTunes model. Scholarly publishing went online early in the web era with an established business model (the subscription), and it is still intact because the industry provides an essential product for scholarship and stays abreast of the technology needed to evolve both the product and dissemination tools.
The public access debate has been a huge distraction for all sides. I sincerely hope that the entire community identifies and implements satisfactory solutions for the public's right to access the results of publicly-funded research in some form. And then we can move onto the important tasks which have always aligned the publishing and library communities, including how we collectively disseminate, catalog, and archive the scholarly literature.
In our engagement with DOE and NSF, I believe that we have helped identify a number of mechanisms where the public can access publications on a publisher's site or stewarded sites at little or no cost. The interested parties involved in research, including the funding agencies, research institutions, libraries, repositories and publishers, can all work together on the tasks that are related to access. These issues include interoperability, persistent identifiers, discovery tools, and the challenges of digital archiving.
A: Following the release of the Finch Report, the British Government announced that it will provide mechanisms for journal articles resulting from taxpayer-funded research to be open access within six months of publication. Articles would be either made immediately accessible online, with the funding agencies paying up-front publication costs or made available by researchers through an open access repository no later than six months after publication. The European Commission then announced that it is aiming for 60% of all European publicly-funded research articles to be open access by 2016 with details still to be worked out shortly. What is your opinion of these new developments?
A: The Finch report recognizes the significant costs in publishing that I spoke about earlier, and the UK proposes to pay directly for those costs as the preferred method of publication. That is all to the good, but it would be much more difficult to implement in the US. The UK government-academic environment is much smaller and operates under a simpler structure than the US environment. Implementation of this approach in the US would be a more complicated and controversial action with wide-reaching implications for the sustainability of some journals.
I also want to note two important points about the open access developments in the UK that recognize the value of the scholarly publisher. First, the Finch report recommended that, during the transition to more widespread open access publishing, a mixed economy is needed. An incremental transition will be less disruptive to all parties: research institutions, funding agencies and publishers. Second, and perhaps most important, the Finch report concluded that articles should not be made freely available without a compensation mechanism to publishers. The UK government accepted this recommendation, and policy will include payment for publishing those journal articles that result from government-funded research. The Finch recommendations and the UK government response state a clear preference for the up-front payment mechanism for providing access over the deposit of articles in public repositories with embargo periods.
AIP will continue to advocate a mixture of solutions as the most sensible approach to increasing public access, including article rental models, linking between agency and publisher sites, free access through public libraries, open access journals, and embargoed access where the publisher has control of the embargo period according to the market of the journal. As I've pointed out earlier in this interview, and in my Congressional testimony, efforts to improve public access, search, and discovery of relevant articles and data will benefit more from close collaboration between funding agencies and publishers than by government mandated solutions.
In my experience, publishers are pleased to meet the increasing demands for open access, as long as there are viable and sustainable business models that provide the necessary resources to review, select, produce, publish, and archive this essential product of scholarship.
I offer further comments on the Finch report in a report I wrote just after the publication of the report. I congratulate the group who worked on the Finch report because it involved nearly a year's deliberations among interests that do not often agree. The 2009 Roundtable demonstrated that if you put people with opposing views in an environment where they can have honest, frank and unhurried discussions, it is usually possible to identify common ground. It is more difficult to comment on the European Commission's action right now because so many of the details have yet to be worked out.
Q: Aside from OA, what do you see as the biggest issues in scientific publishing today?
A: I sincerely hope that by incorporating the progress that I have outlined on public access and open access issues, the community can move away from these issues and concentrate on more pressing problems that involve all in the scientific community, not just scientific publishers — namely, the continuing global economic crisis is putting extreme pressure on the funding of science and research institutions in the US and the Eurozone. If the worldwide economy doesn't begin to stabilize soon, science funding and thus scientific publications will suffer.
The funding of basic science is generally the realm of governments. With governments under pressure to adjust expenditures to better match revenues, science budgets are under stress. All segments of the scientific community need to recognize that we are significantly impacted by new economic constraints. We also have to work together to show the value of basic research as a long-term investment — an investment that needs to be nurtured and preserved for the long-term for the common good. The simple fact that the almost anyone in the developed world can access one of our journals on a hand-held device is the direct result of government investments over the last half century in solid-state physics, optics and materials science. Our network of interlinked communications has enabled the worldwide economy. It wouldn't have happened without investments in basic science that led to the transistor, the optical fiber, and the laser.
I see our biggest challenge as energizing all participants in science — researchers, funding agencies supporting the research community, and the publishing community that makes the communication of the best peer-reviewed results possible — to work together to demonstrate the value of this enterprise to the creation of new jobs, a higher standard of living, a better environment, stronger national security, and improvements in human health. This challenge far outweighs the issue of how John Q. Public finds an article.
David Wojick
View All Posts by David Wojick
19 Thoughts on "Interview with Fred Dylla, Executive Director and CEO, the American Institute of Physics"
Looks like nobody wants to take Fred on. Interesting. I myself would like to know more about the experimental iTunes model for scholarly publishing that he mentions in passing.
I work for AIP and thought of responding to you on the iTunes model. Here is the link to a 2 year old press release that has the information you may be looking for.
http://www.aip.org/press_release/deepdyve.html
By Aravind Akella
Thanks Aravind, this is good for two years ago. So how is it going? Fred brought it up, not me.
It is a fine interview and it is great that Fred recognizes the publics reasonable desire to "view the full range of products derived from the underlying research, including publications and associated data". However, as with so many Toll-Access shills, Freds statements around
"We've heard many times, the government paid for the research (with tax dollars); the public shouldn't have to pay again to read a publication describing the research. While the government did pay for the research, they did not pay for a publisher-financed peer-reviewed publication."
shows a fundamental misunderstanding of what OA advocates say, and what the role of outdated and inefficient Toll-Access publishers are.
He is right, that as the public pays, the public can set the terms for the research. However, if the public wants Open Access, publishers like AIP can accept that and abide by the terms or find other business! The public certainly can find other publishers, and has no obligation to accommodate specific out-dated Toll-Access publishers that simply don't offer the level of access demanded.
By andersnorgaard
Your invective is worthless, Anders. Apparently you do not even know what a shill is. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shill A shill has a hidden relation to a cause. Fred's position is quite clear. He is the CEO of a major publisher. Nor does the simple public you proclaim exist. On the contrary, this is a complex issue with many competing positions.
Fred is a prominent participant in the ongoing dialog between the US Government and the scholarly publishing industry. I had hoped to generate an intelligent discussion here about this dialog. Your diatribe adds nothing to that discussion.
Jul 30, 2012, 7:01 AM
David, if you re-read my comment, you could reasonably interpret it as merely identifying Fred as displaying the same misunderstanding as so many Toll-Access shills.
With that out of the way you could maybe proceed to address if you disagree with the basic premise that "as the public pays, the public can set the terms for the research."
I agree with the basic premise that "as the public pays, the public can set the terms for the research." Congress does this through the twin research authorization and appropriations processes. In fact Fred's AIP publishes an excellent news service that tracks this term setting process, called AIP FYI, edited by Richard Jones. See http://www.aip.org/fyi/. I recommend it highly.
But as Fred points out, scholarly publication is not part of publicly funded research. Unlike the researchers, the journals do not work under contract to the government, so the public has no specific say in what they do. Research reports, on the other hand, are produced under government contract. Most research contracts require them.
If scholarly publishers wish to publish publicly funded research, they have to play by the rules for doing so. So do you not think that the public can instruct recipients of public money to only deal with publishers that respect the terms and intentions of the grants?
Publishers do a better job of compliance, by far, than researchers themselves. It's part of why NIH has built PMC on publishers' backs.
Yes, it makes sense to place the obligation of compliance where it is handled most efficiently.
Apparently, burdening an industry with an obligation the government itself assumed is OK with you, right? So, car dealerships should have to enforce speed limits?
Burdening publishers with respecting contracts in general or copyright is ok with me. So is burdening them with respecting the rules of the science they wish to publish. If they don't wish to follow the rules, they are free to find other business.
Publishers are part of science. You want to treat them as not. That's not correct. If scientists don't want to respect the rules of publication and editorial review, they are free to not publish.
The question is whether the government can legally do this? Once the grant expires the government has no perpetual control over a researcher's behavior. Even while the grant is in effect the issue is one of free speech. Unless the information is classified I am free to express it to whom I please, including in writing.
Publishers are not publishing research, which is an activity, they are publishing a description of the research. The difference is central to the debate. The government does not own what I think.
I would be interesting to hear if Fred agrees with your theories. 🙂
Aug 1, 2012, 1:12 AM
Dear Mr. Norgaard:
I fully subscribe to Kent's and David's replies to your comments. Further, I would add that if you look at AIP and many of AIP's Members Society's publication policies,(particularly the American Physical Society) you will find that we support a variety of public access./open access initiatives, including a full "green OA " policy permitting authors to post final versions of their manuscripts on personal and institutional websites, the publication of open access journals along with our suite of subscription access journals that offer OA options for individual authors, and public access initiatives by article rental and free access in public libraries. Our authors, reviewers, editors, subscribing institutions, and readers do not find AIP to be an "outdated" publisher.
By Fred Dylla
Dear Mr. Dylla,
It is of course difficult to tell exactly what David means, but to me he seems to imply that Open Access mandates (eg. the NIH mandate) are not legal. Do you support this theory?
Do you also agree with the way David finds that "free speech" is a relevant concern in relation to Open Access mandates?
I do know that not all of AIP and its members policies are outdated, and I am glad if you are moving in the direction of getting rid of any Toll-Access legacies that may be left.
By Anders Norgaard
Aug 5, 2012, 5:09 PM
Anders, I think the legality is an open question that needs to be refined and decided in the Courts. Coming from a regulatory background, where this is standard practice, I am amazed that the NIH mandate was not challenged. But there are several issues here. Maybe I will do an SK article on this.
The basic green OA question is how the government can have authority over activities, in this case writing, reviewing and publishing, that it does not fund? What is the legal basis for this authority? How far does this authority extand and what are its limits? For example, if I write a paper 10 years from now that happens to include a number I developed under an NIH grant, does the mandate apply? Does it follow my thoughts wherever they go, forever? These are important questions.
On the gold side the free speech issue arises. How can the government prohibit me from publishing my writing in the journal of my choice?
It would still be interesting to hear how Fred interprets your theories and to what degree he agrees with them.
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On the Fifth Sunday after Pentecost, when the Church celebrates the Hieromartyr Eusebius, bishop of Samosata (July 1th 2018 AD), in the Holy Monastery of the Venerable Joachim of Osogovo near Kriva Palana Hierarchical Divine Liturgy was celebrated. His Eminence Metropolitan of Kumanovo and Osogovo k. Dr. Joseph officiated the Divine Liturgy. The faithful communed of Christ's Holy Mysteries.


As we begin to get our heads around what the internet will look like without net neutrality, one thing is clear: Women will be put out of business.
On December 14, 2017, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) voted along party lines to end net neutrality, ushering in an age where Internet Service Providers (ISPs) like Comcast, AT&T, Time Warner, and Verizon would have free reign over your internet. Various efforts are currently underway to keep net neutrality in place, including a lawsuit brought by the attorneys general of 22 states and a Senate resolution to block its repeal (which is currently just one vote shy of passing). Still, there's no guarantee these measures will work. Should they fail, women with small businesses would be particularly impacted as ISPs would have the capability, incentive, and legal authority to block legal content, slow down your internet speeds, and offer fast lanes for those who can afford it (typically not women entrepreneurs).
There are so many layers to debate, but commonly overlooked is the fact that the open internet has opened the doors for women entrepreneurs and creatives of color. I am one such entrepreneur. I had been interested in entrepreneurship from a young age but never imagined having the tools needed to start a business, especially as a young girl of color. Luckily, when I was fifteen I stumbled upon Society6, and it allowed me to create my own unique designs and sell them to anyone. I did not need funding to start the shop, manufacture the products, or advertise, because the website takes care of that. It was exciting to be able to turn my hobby and form of self-expression into a source of income, and to discover that people enjoyed my work enough to purchase it. Society6, and other sites like it, is able to exist because of an open Internet, helping thousands of creators start their own businesses.
If women can get past the first hurdle and start an online business, next, under the new rules, they would be required to pay for fast lanes. Time is crucial to both users and creators, especially now when users will leave a website that takes more than three seconds to load. Every second counts towards your business's reputation and customer retention. Overall, increased costs would cause product prices to rise, harming consumers and reducing sales. Small businesses will not stand a chance against larger, established companies if net neutrality is truly gone, and if an entrepreneur cannot afford to jump these hurdles, her business will never see the light of day.
The democratization of entrepreneurship is a result of the open internet. Consumers, rather than ISPs, have had the ability to choose what businesses will flourish. It gave women access to unprecedented resources thanks to crowdfunding platforms and social media and allowed women to innovate by focusing on their ideas instead of on outside funding.
Women are 72% more likely to operate home-based businesses because of the increased barriers to entry they face. Women often juggle multiple obligations at once and struggle to find outside funding, making the flexibility of a home-based business more suitable for them.
Mothers and women of color struggle with unemployment and a larger pay gap than child-free and white women face. Women of color also start more businesses than white women, due to economic necessity. According to The 2017 State of Women-Owned Businesses Report, while the number of women-owned businesses grew 114 percent from 1997 to 2017, firms owned by women of color grew at more than four times that rate (467%).
Net neutrality is crucial for women of color precisely because of that growth rate. For every ten women-owned businesses launched since 2007, eight were started by women of color. In the past nine years, there's been a 137-percent increase in Latina-owned businesses, a larger rise than that among any other demographic group in the U.S. It is necessary to support that growth so we can ensure other women of color face fewer obstacles when trying to find jobs and, in turn, a comfortable environment.
Women of color's businesses tend to grow more slowly because it is more difficult for women of color to get outside funding than white men. Women who want to start their own businesses often have to fund it themselves and with help from friends and family. Net neutrality has allowed women of color to rely much less on outside funding through the use of crowdfunding websites like Kickstarter, Patreon, Go Fund Me, and IndieGoGo.
Without net neutrality we would have a two-tiered internet which would end some of the innovation within communities of color because paying to get your content, services, and products to customers faster is just not something many women of color can afford. Adorned by Chi is an online store created by Jacque Aye showcasing "Black women wearing the cutesy and quirky styles" that she loved but rarely saw online. She started it as a creative outlet after quitting her job and does everything from designing to marketing to photography. She acknowledges that having extra fees when starting Adorned by Chi would have been "an additional hurdle at the time" that she did not have to jump. "A neutral net definitely gives small businesses a fighting chance and an easier pathway to finding our customers no matter where they are," she says.
Eliminating the net neutrality rules would irreparably harm female entrepreneurship, women-owned small businesses, and their consumers. Although the vote has passed, the fight is far from over. To show your support for efforts to block the repeal, call your congresspeople, organize, show up to protests, and continue to make a ruckus.
Marianna Elvira is the Univision policy fellow at the National Hispanic Media Center (NHMC) and a law student at Florida State University College of Law. In her spare time she designs and sells various products online.


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Prosecutor seeks review of NC House speaker's legal work
DURHAM — A prosecutor has asked investigators to look into concerns about legal work performed by one of the legislature's top leaders, but House Speaker Tim Moore says he has never mixed that work with his lawmaking duties.
The News & Observer reports that Wake County District Attorney Lorrin Freeman asked the State Bureau of Investigation to look into Moore's work for developer Neal Hunter's pharmaceutical company. Previously, Moore's legislation had rescued a Durham project involving Hunter. Freeman also asked the SBI to investigate Moore's private legal work preceding legislation involving bail agents. The inquiry isn't a criminal investigation, she said.
"Certainly, the allegations in both of these (cases), if they bear out to be true, seem to suggest a pattern of the use of public position for personal gain," Freeman said.
Hunter co-founded KNOW Bio and agreed to pay Moore $40,000 for four months of legal work largely related the treatment of startups in federal tax law. The Cleveland County Republican was House rules chairman and became House speaker in 2015. He disclosed details about the work in an interview Friday.
The newspaper reported last month on the contract. Former CEO Anne Whitaker said she learned about the contract shortly after her 2017 hire and later canceled it because she didn't see the work, which appeared to involve lobbying federal officials, as a needed expense.
Freeman learned about the contract from the story and said a few days earlier, an anonymous letter arrived regarding Moore's legal work for the North Carolina Bail Agents Association. The not-for-profit group earns fees by providing training for those in the bail business. The letter, later sent to the newspaper, alleged the association had paid $10,000 in a "legal retainer fee" to win his support for legislation that would prevent a for-profit competitor from offering the training.
Moore said Monday he welcomed further inquiries into the anonymous letter, which he called part of a "coordinated attack" and "fabricated narrative" meant to affect next month's elections.
"My work as a private attorney and businessman has never conflicted with my public service in the General Assembly," Moore said in a statement provided by his legislative spokesman. "I recuse myself from voting on legislation when appropriate and hold myself to the highest standards of integrity that the people of North Carolina deserve from elected leaders."


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Yet another Honda failure for McLaren
STAFF WRITER | March 8, 2017 - 10:21am
MONTMELO, SPAIN - MARCH 07: Stoffel Vandoorne of Belgium driving the (2) McLaren Honda Formula 1 Team McLaren MCL32 on track during day one of Formula One winter testing at Circuit de Catalunya on March 7, 2017 in Montmelo, Spain. (Photo by Dan Istitene/Getty Images)
The start of the second and final pre-season test ahead of the 2017 Formula One season opener was a challenging but ultimately productive day on track for the McLaren Honda team.
Rookie racer Stoffel Vandoorne took to the track shortly after 09:00, and the team worked progressively through its test programme, which featured more aero correlation, tyre testing and balance and handling evaluations.
Shortly after midday, Honda detected an electrical anomaly in the power unit, and, in order to investigate further, elected to undertake yet another complete PU change.
The team worked extremely efficiently to get the car back up and running – the engine change taking less than four hours – allowing Stoffel to return to the track shortly before 16:00.
In the afternoon session, the team completed more useful mileage, conducting aero tests and simulation of the type of running expected in Melbourne. Stoffel completed 80 laps by the time the chequered flag fell at 18:00.
"Today was certainly a day of mixed fortunes for us. Having another issue with the power unit has been of course frustrating for everybody, but the team dealt with it extremely well and I'm pleased we managed to get back out on track this afternoon," Stoffel said. "Losing track time is obviously not ideal, but when we were on track we actually managed to get a large chunk of our test programme done, and we learned a lot more about the car today."
"We tried a lot of different things with the aero, balance and set-up, and also went through a lot of procedures and car behaviours that I will need to prepare in time for Australia. It hasn't been the ideal way to start the second test, but considering the issue we've had, we've still managed to complete a good number of laps, and we go into tomorrow hoping for more track time and more solid data that we can take forward to Melbourne."


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Amazon eyes potential $100 million investment in India's Apollo Pharmacy: ET
Hong Kong activist Agnes Chow denied bail after landmark sentencing
BENGALURU (Reuters) – Amazon.com Inc is considering a nearly $100 million investment in India's pharmacy chain Apollo Pharmacy, facing up to Reliance Industries Ltd and Tata Group in the country's fast-growing drug market, the Economic Times reported on Wednesday, citing two people aware of the plans. (https://bit.ly/3oy7TfO)
Amazon already delivers medicines in India and the potential investment would come amid rising competition from Mukesh Ambani's Reliance, which bought a majority stake in online pharmacy Netmeds.
Tata Group https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/tatas-in-talks-to-pick-up-majority-stake-in-e-pharmacy-firm-1mg/articleshow/79072715.cms, meanwhile, was reportedly in talks to pick up a majority stake in e-pharmacy firm 1mg.
Both Amazon and Apollo Hospitals, which owns Apollo Pharmacy, did not immediately respond to Reuters request for comments.
The growth of e-pharmacies, however, has left many Indian trader groups feeling threatened, who say online drugstores can contribute to medicine sales without proper verification and the entry of large players can cause unemployment in the sector.
Amazon's plan to further expand in India also comes close on the heels of its launch of an online pharmacy to deliver prescription drugs in the United States, increasing competition with drug retailers such as Walgreens, CVS Health and Walmart.
(Reporting by Vibhuti Sharma in Bengaluru; Editing by Arun Koyyur)
The post Amazon eyes potential 0 million investment in India's Apollo Pharmacy: ET first appeared on One America News Network.


Composed by Various. Arranged by James Strange. Romantic Period, Classical Period, Baroque Period, Impressionistic, Technique Training. Set of Parts, Solo Part, Tablature. 64 pages. Published by Penny Music Co. (S0.102027).
Find scores for Prelude pour Madrid 92 Halffter at Sheet Music Plus.


It is not every day that you hear a conservative commentator go off on an extended rant about how the war in Iraq was a colossal waste and total failure, but that is exactly what Bryan Fischer did today on his radio program.
According to Fischer, there is one, and only one, metric by which the success of the war can be judged and that was whether or not the US left behind a nation which protected religious liberty for Christians. And based on that one measurement, Fischer declared the Iraq war to be a monumental failure for which the US has absolutely nothing to show.
In fact, said Fischer, Christians actually had it better under Saddam Hussein because he realized that he could only trust Christians to help him run the country because all the Muslims were liars and thieves. But when Hussein was toppled, the protection for Christians vanished and now they have been left at the mercy of "a spirit of darkness, a spirit of death, a spirit of tyranny, a spirit of despotism, a spirit of terror" that is Islam.


Join our Psychology internship in Mongolia and learn directly from psychologists who help patients with a variety of mental health conditions. You'll work at a mental health centre and assist with various tasks. This experience will give you a deeper insight into how a developing country cares for people with mental health illnesses.
There are too few mental health professionals in the country, and extra hands are always needed. Your role is observational, but you'll be given a research assignment. You'll also be asked to assist with creating materials for consultations and training. You'll even get practical experience by doing community-based outreach work. All of this will give your CV an edge, and help you learn more about mental illness in a global context.
You'll live and work in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia's capital, and stay with a local host family. You'll have evenings and weekends free to make the most of your time here and explore as much as possible.
You should have completed at least three years of psychology related studies or training.
Is a Psychology internship in Mongolia right for me?
This internship is perfect for anyone currently studying psychology. You'll learn directly from an experienced psychologist, which will add valuable experience to your CV. We also run community outreaches where you can learn basic medical skills and use them to help people.
You'll also have the chance put your theoretical knowledge into practice through observations and research. This will expand your practical knowledge of psychology and give you an understanding of the challenges people with mental illness face.
Please note that due to government regulations in Mongolia, our interns are not permitted to treat or consult with patients directly.
You need to have completed at least three years of psychology or related studies to do a psychology placement in Mongolia. You'll also need to commit to staying at least four weeks. Our start and end dates are flexible, however, and the project runs throughout the year. So you can choose a time that suits you.
At all times, there will be a qualified supervisor with you. Projects Abroad staff are also available to help you and ensure that you have a memorable and productive time abroad.
You will also assist with preparing training and consulting materials. All of your research will focus on mental health and mental illnesses in a Mongolian context. Your supervisor will guide you and offer assistance when needed.
You'll learn a great deal by shadowing psychologists and psychiatrists on their rounds or during consultations with patients. We also encourage you to ask questions and take notes to learn as much as possible.
If it's possible at your placement, you can explore different wards. You can speak to your supervisor about this.
Depending on your level of experience, you may be asked to prepare and give a presentation to local staff. These topics could include stress management or doctor and patient conflict. You can also suggest new therapy methods to the local staff during these presentations. This is the perfect opportunity for you to show the similarities and differences for treating mental illness in your home country and Mongolia.
Every month, we organise a community outreach. These outreaches are held at a community centre and help people from disadvantaged areas. You will help hand out meals, assist the doctor on duty, and distribute medication to people. You'll get some practical experience by helping to record blood pressure readings or check the weight/height of patients. The doctor on duty will supervise you, and answer any questions you have.
You will be based in the capital of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar. You will complete your internship at health care centres in the city. The centres are focused on mental health patients.
Ulaanbaatar is home to over a million people and is the only major settlement in Mongolia. The country is known for its vast open plains and you'll quickly find that it has a fascinating history and culture. Besides being the home of famous Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire, the country is also home to wandering nomads.
You will live with a friendly host family in the city for the duration of your trip. You can use this time to get to know your family, talk to them about their lives, and eat as many local dishes as you can!
You will eat breakfast with your host family, before heading out of the door to your psychology placement in Mongolia. Make sure to pack a white lab coat to wear at your placement if you have one! Or purchase one in Mongolia if your placement requires you to wear one. You can take a bus, walk, or use a trolleybus to get there. During your induction on your first day, we'll show you the easiest way to get to work.
A typical day on this internship runs from 9am - 3pm, Monday to Friday. Your daily hours and activities will vary, depending on the placement you choose and their requirements.
You will work with a supervisor who guides your tasks, teaches you, and assists you when needed. We recommend that you ask questions, and learn as much as you can from your supervisor. You'll do research, prepare training, or prepare consulting materials. Depending on your experience, other tasks include giving presentations to the local staff about psychology related topics.
During your free time, you can explore, plan a trip to see the nomads, visit a Mongolian monastery, meet volunteers and interns from around the world, or relax at your host family home.
There are two main aims to this internship: to provide you with an educational experience and to support those with mental illness.
There is a lack of mental health professionals in Mongolia and there is a need for psychiatrists, psychologists, and occupational therapists. With so few mental health workers available to work with the population, extra hands and a sharing of knowledge are encouraged.
Our programme mission is to enable an exchange of medical knowledge and facilitate a greater understanding of global healthcare practices. By empowering local communities, we aim to improve standards of health through awareness, prevention, and treatment. You will exchange knowledge with psychologists from a different culture, environment, and background. You'll also gain experience in preparing training materials, and be part of medical outreaches.
Your psychology work experience in Mongolia will give your CV a boost and give you a global perspective on mental health awareness.
Join us on a Psychology Internship in Mongolia, which provides you with observational work experience and benefits the local community.


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Bits of samples collected from asteroid Ryugu. (Image Credit: JAXA)
NASA, Solar System, Space Tech
Scientists find cocktail of amino acids in asteroid samples
by Space Chatter Wire
Scientists recently discovered more than 20 amino acids in samples retrieved from an asteroid by a Japanese spacecraft, according to the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The samples could provide insight into the evolution of the early solar system and the processes that helped kickstart life.
JAXA launched its Hayabusa2 spacecraft in 2014 to gather samples from the surface of the asteroid Ryugu. The space rock is a carbonaceous, or C-type asteroid, which contain large amounts of carbon and are among the most ancient objects in the solar system. The space agency sent the spacecraft to Ryugu because scientists hypothesize that c-type asteroids may have played a role in delivering the basic ingredients of life to Earth during its inception.
The mission proved a success. Hayabusa2 collected 5.4 grams of material from the surface of the asteroid and returned the regolith to Earth in 2020. The samples were then sent to Japan, where the researchers assessed their chemical makeup with high-precision instruments.
Initial analysis revealed the samples to contain 10 different types of amino acids, however, further inspections found over 20 different types. These molecules serve as the building blocks for proteins, and ultimately, life on Earth.
Although scientists have analyzed several meteorites on this planet, including some that probably originated from C-type asteroids, Earth-based contaminants makes studying them challenging. The darkness of asteroids also makes them difficult to observe from afar. Obtaining samples straight from the asteroid helped the researchers circumnavigate these obstacles.
"We previously only had a handful of these rocks to study, and all of them were meteorites that fell to Earth and were stored in museums for decades to centuries, which changed their compositions," said Nicolas Dauphas, a geochemist from the University of Chicago who worked with the Japanese researchers to analyze the fragments, in a statement. "Having pristine samples from outer space is simply incredible. They are witnesses from parts of the solar system that we have not otherwise explored."
The study reportedly marks the first time that amino acids have been found in sample returns from an asteroid. Verifying their existence in the asteroid suggests that these compounds came to Earth from space and could be present on other planets and celestial bodies, according to the researchers. The chemical nature of the samples also indicate that the material could have provided Earth with water, another key ingredient for life on this planet, during its formation.
Hayabusa2 isn't the only spacecraft sent on a mission to return samples from an asteroid. NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft, which the space agency launched in 2016, retrieved samples from the surface of another c-type asteroid, called Bennu, earlier this year. The spacecraft is set to return to Earth in 2023.
The findings are presented in Proceedings of The Japan Academy.
Tags: amino acids, asteroids, Hayabusa2, JAXA, NASA, OSIRIS-REx, Ryugu, solar sytem
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Astronomers Could Detect Life On Saturn's Moon Enceladus — Without Even Probing It Directly
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Organic carbon found on Mars could point to earlier lifeforms on the Red Planet
What's that 'lightsaber' on Mars? Have no fear, it's just a new project from NASA
Large Rock Hits $10M James Webb Telescope, NASA is Cool with It
Two planets only 218 light years from Earth are believed to be 'waterworlds'
Is Mars Still Volcanically Active?
Newborn star shaped like an hourglass revealed in marvelous JWST images


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Yamaha and Lorenzo part ways for 2017
Published: 18 April 2016 Updated: 18 April 2016
Movistar Yamaha have announced that they will part ways with Jorge Lorenzo for the 2017 season, partly confirming that, as reported by MCN weeks ago, that the reigning world champion will switch to Ducati for the next two seasons.
In the brief statement, the Japanese manufacturer wished him all the best for the future, while not yet confirming who will replace him.
Yamaha is extremely grateful for Jorge's contributions to its racing successes and looks forward to sharing more memorable moments during the remaining 15 MotoGP™ rounds of 2016, their ninth season together.
Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. wishes Lorenzo the very best in his future racing endeavors and reconfirms the Movistar Yamaha MotoGP team's full support on his campaign to achieve his fourth MotoGP™ title.
Having already reconfirmed Valentino Rossi for 2017-18, Yamaha will announce the future Movistar Yamaha MotoGP team riders' line-up in due course after securing the services of the second rider.
Ducati are expected to announce the signing of Lorenzo later today.
By Simon Patterson
MotoGP and road racing reporter, photographer, videographer


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Home » Miscellaneous » Civilization Chronicles Interview with Bruce Shelley
Civilization Chronicles Interview with Bruce Shelley
Conducted by Troy Goodfellow; Date Posted: 10/24/06
This interview is a "deleted scene" of sorts from Sid Meier's Civilization Chronicles, the definitive Civilization collector's edition. As part of this project, several interviews with members of past Civilization teams were conducted by journalist Troy Goodfellow. These were used as the source material for a massive article on the history of the franchise that is include in a 96 page book included in the Civ Chronicles package.
This interview is with Bruce Campbell Shelley, who helped design Sid Meier's Civilization and Railroad Tycoon. He now serves in a managerial role at Ensemble Studios and is on the board of directors for the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences.
Sid Meier's Civilization Chronicles for PC is available for a MSRP of $69.99.
Game ideas are dropped all the time. Did you ever doubt that Civilization would work?
No. It was fun and interesting from my very first experience with it. As it started to take shape I remember thinking that it was incredibly cool to be working on this game because we had a strong feeling that it was something really special. I remember being amused by the idea that the leading edge of game development at the time was Hunt Valley, Maryland, but nobody knew but me and a few others. I was convinced that the game would appeal to a wide audience and be a big success. The only major concern was that the president of the company [Microprose] didn't understand it and had no faith in it. I believe if Sid had been an employee [rather than a partner] it might have been cancelled.
Was the scale of the success surprising?
We felt it was an incredible game and as more and more people were exposed to it in development everyone raved about it. I don't think at the time I thought it would become recognized as one of the best PC games of all time, that it would turn out to be probably Sid's best game ever, or that it would live on through multiple revisions, perhaps forever. So in those terms the success was surprising.
What was the most important thing you learned in the development of Civ?
The development of the original Civilization game was the penultimate success of the design by playing process. Sid produced a playable prototype that contained most of the core features of the game. Once he got me involved playtesting it, we would test and review it every day. Then he would redesign and recode, and new version would be sitting on my chair when I got in the next morning. I would play it all morning making notes about what I thought was working and what was not, and we would meet when he got in and start again. Day by day the game took shape. Eventually it was accepted as a real project by the company and we got artists and other people involved. The essence of what makes Civilization great is that it was created by a very small team testing, adjusting, and retesting day after day. We have essentially adopted the same process at Ensemble Studios for the entire Age of Empires series.
No game before Civ had that kind of scale. How important is the "epicness" in the appeal of Civ?
I have remarked before that being assigned to work with Sid as his assistant designer was like going to a game design university. I believe one of his principles of game development is to choose a big topic, perhaps an epic topic. I don't know if he came up with that before or after making Civilization. I don't believe that big and epic are necessary conditions for success, but they can be very helpful, especially for games based on history. The rise of civilization covers a lot of material and from that it was fairly easy to pull out parts with which to build a game. The narrower the topic, the less there is to borrow. Big epic topics generally come with a story that can be easily turned into a simple vision. Great games put the player in the position of the hero and guiding a civilization from the Stone Age to the Space Age was big, interesting, and heroic.
Sid's games before Civ were real time (flight sims, RRT, Covert Action) and he's moved in real time since. Could Civ work in real time?
Yes and no. It has been done to some extent already, but the real-time games play quite differently. To me examples of Civilization converted to real time are Empire Earth and Rise of Nations. They are both strategy games that play through the rise of civilization (so maybe yes), but there are some big differences in real-time gameplay (so maybe no). In Civilization you play at your own pace, do lots of economic micromanagement, and combat is perhaps a minor part of play; real-time play is hair-on-fire frantic, much less economic, and really focused on combat. Where Civilization IV takes 6-12 hours to complete a game, the typical RTS game takes one hour or less to complete. The big epic topic is the same but the gameplay is dramatically different.
The key difference between turn-based and real-time comes in the number and pace of gameplay decisions. In turn-based play you have all the time you want to make your decisions and you don't advance the turn until you have completed all you wish to make. In real-time you have a very limited time to make decisions so you must continually rank them in priority. You deal with the most pressing decisions first and let the remainder slide if you can't get to them. In turn-based you see the results of the other player actions and can ponder them for as long as you like before taking your turn. In real-time game conditions are constantly changing. You have little time to ponder your response.
Some anecdotes from the experience of making the original Civilization:
I believe I was the second person ever to play the original Civilization, after Sid of course, and I liked the concept immediately. As I recall, Sid gave me the first playable prototype in May, 1990, on a 5 ¼" floppy disc, which I believe I still have somewhere. Many of the elements of the final game were there. We had used the same iterative process of design by playing when making both Railroad Tycoon and Covert Action.
Before Civilization appeared on my radar, Sid asked me to list 10 things about the game Empire that I would change or add if I could. This was part of his research on making Civilization. As I recall, the big influences on him at the time were the experience of making Railroad Tycoon, Sim City, Empire, and perhaps Populous. As we neared completion I remember him commenting that he didn't know what he would do next because Civilization incorporated every good idea he had on making a game. I left the company about 9 months later after working with him on an American Civil War game that was never completed.
It seemed like a struggle at the time to get the company management on board with Civilization. They didn't seem to get it. They wanted more flight sims.
I wrote the original big manual that included a lot of historical material on the rise of civilization. I had to choose some illustrations and one I chose was Michelangelo's statue of David. The artist assigned to sketch the historic objects was a woman and she questioned why I had chosen a naked man. I had been doing a lot of reading for the game and manual and just thought it was a breakthrough piece of art. I didn't consider anyone would be offended by it or if there was any gender bias in my selection. She didn't raise either issue with me, but just her query made me think about the choice, which wasn't changed.
The original Civilization was made in a relatively short period of time. I remember writing most of the blurbs for the technologies in the Civilopedia and feeling embarrassed that we ran out of technology. In the original game you could do research on future unnamed projects. There just wasn't time to invent new stuff and consider what game implications they might have.
I was incredibly impressed by Sid's creativity. For the early months of development at least, all of the art in the prototype was Sid's work. He would whip out Paint or some art program, create a new object, and it would go right into the game. Remember these were the days of 16 color graphics (and we were very glad to have the bounty of 16). As another example of his creativity, when he started toying with the morale of the people in cities I thought it was very clever to invent the entertainer specialist and have him look like Elvis.
I remember Sid being remarkably private about the development of the game for the longest time. For many months I was pretty much the only person that was playing it and discussing it with him. People would come into my office to watch and question me, and I believe he was constantly being pressed to pass it out to others, but he kept it tight. If he explained why to me then, I don't recall the answer. Today I feel that getting many people involved is a good thing for the design by playing process. A few years ago Sid complemented me during a speech he was giving by saying I was fun to work with because I had the ability to always see the glass as half full, not half empty. That ability is perhaps a requisite for a game developer. Maybe it is just imagination.
Al Roireau was head of playtest on Civilization and he had strong opinions on game design that occasionally clashed with those of the game teams. As we started getting real artists assigned to Civilization, somebody created a head of Al Roireau that was used as a temporary fill-in for all of the opposing kings on diplomacy screens. So for months of playtesting Al's head was constantly popping up. He took it well.
At the time we were working on Civilization the company had a bonus plan paid for projects based on sales and meeting milestones. I believe that because Sid was not an employee and the VP of development's bonus was tied to projects Sid was not working on, it was very hard for us to get artists and other assets as the game started moving to full production. I remember many meetings when I reported we could not meet the production schedule without help. The game shipped late at least partially because other projects were given a higher priority. I thought it was nuts to hold back on what everyone in development agreed was going to be a big hit. I was really incensed when our bonuses were shaved considerably because we slipped, which I thought was management's decision.
During the three-four years that I worked with Sid as his assistant designer, one of the playtesters started calling us the A team. I don't think I ever commented on that or acknowledged it, but I came to be very proud of it. Working with Sid, especially on Railroad Tycoon and Civilization, was a fantastic opportunity for which I will always be grateful. That experience led to other wonderful opportunities for me. I have tried to pass on what I learned to my colleagues at Ensemble Studios.
There is certainly some Civilization in the Age of Empires series. The vision for the original Age of Empires game was something like the historical and economic aspects of Civilization merged with the game play of Warcraft and Command & Conquer.
Bruce Campbell Shelley is a computer game designer who helped design Sid Meier's Civilization and Railroad Tycoon with MicroProse and the 1997 hit real-time strategy game Age of Empires with Ensemble Studios. He now serves in a managerial role at Ensemble and is on the board of directors for the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences.
Troy Goodfellow is a freelance gaming journalist based in Maryland. He has been playing computer strategy games for almost twenty years and still vividly remembers the day Civilization appeared. His work is often found in Computer Games magazine. Troy keeps a blog devoted to strategy games at www.flashofsteel.com.


Made with a 16-gauge galvanized steel frame and reinforced by Hardbacker tile backer board, the sturdy one-piece construction, has a wrap around mantel, battery powered electronic-ignition On/Off switch, extended chimney, 36" firebox with 7 logs, lava rocks to accent the base of the firebox, 18" grate, 55,000 BTU's stainless steel burner, ETL approval and has a liquid propane/natural gas option. Brining family and friends together is always a special occasion when gathering in front of a roaring fire.
Fire Logs with Lava Rocks: 7 piece 24"


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Silly Card Game Review - Princess Bride: Prepare to Die!
It seems silly to be writing a review of a game that is basically two cards that you put together to make something kind of dumb, but Game Salute has been very good to me and Dan Yarrington is a bad-ass (and he's the head dude at Game Salute). So I'm mentioning their Kickstarter promotion for Prepare to Die, because I've seen the cards and they're funny.
The game is essentially a gimmick - take the greatest line from Princess Bride and substitute other funny stuff. Like this:
Hello! My name is Arnold Schwartzenegger. You collapsed my souffle. Prepare to die.
That's it. That's the game. In fact, the rules for this game are so short, they printed them on three of the cards. And in case that sounds like a lot of rules, that covers three different ways to play the game. So it's not very many rules.
Really, though, the rules are that you're going to combine a person with a thing that person did, and pretend that's a good reason to kill them. Then laugh.
Game Salute sent me a few of the cards for this game. They're clever, and some are even funny. I have to be honest, I wouldn't buy this game, because it's almost completely pointless, but I also have to admit that I laughed when we were coming up with some rather silly combinations.
A few more samples:
Hello! My name is Harriet Tubman. You branded my stallion. Prepare to die.
Hello! My name is Nikola Tesla. You drank my milkshake. Prepare to die.
OK, two samples.
I don't think I need to keep going. Either you want to play this game or you don't. If this sounds like fun to you, check out the Kickstarter and buy yourself a copy:
HELLO! MY NAME IS PETER PAN. YOU SANK MY BATTLESHIP. PREPARE TO DIE.
Chris Cisne said...
Game Salute are just openly ripping off Kickstarter addicts these days, right?
I don't think 'ripping off' is really fair. They help a lot of small publishers succeed at their Kickstarter campaigns, so it does look like they're all over Kickstarter. But this is a rare case, to see a game that is directly published by Game Salute, as opposed to them just helping someone else make it happen.
Besides, someone loved Apples to Apples, so someone will love this. One man's trash is another man's come up.


As Chicago's indie folk singer/songwriter Max Subar prepares to release his debut album, he's got a lot of things on his mind. One of them is releasing his first single. Ever. And we've got the exclusive premiere of that track, a song called "Morning Song" that drenches your ears in its lightweight beauty. Says Subar of the track, "'Morning Song' is a reflection on peace and personal awakening after a dark period of time." As Subar's vocals carry you on an early morning journey ("The sun is shining through…the birds are chirping too"), they come at you oddly reminiscent of Joshua Radin, an easy listening track to ease you into your day.
In a Dream is due out March 31st. Keep up with Max Subar here.