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Home ASIA Myanmar
In rare comments, Myanmar's Suu Kyi urges people to 'be united': Source
in ASIA, Myanmar, Politics
NAYPYITAW — Myanmar's former leader Aung San Suu Kyi has called for unity among her people, according to a source familiar with her legal proceedings, in rare remarks since her overthrow in a military coup last year.
Ms Suu Kyi, the daughter of Myanmar's late independence hero Aung San, is on trial accused of a litany of offences including violating a state secrets law and multiple counts of corruption, which carry combined maximum jail terms of more than 150 years.
"Aung San Suu Kyi tells the people 'be united', to have open dialogue among each other. 'Everyone has a different view — discuss and talk patiently,'" said the source, who asked not to be identified because the military is restricting information about Ms Suu Kyi and her trial.
The source did not elaborate on why the Nobel laureate had urged unity, but added that it was not a call for dialogue with the junta.
A military spokesman did not respond to a call seeking comment.
The source said a verdict is due next week on a corruption charge centred on allegations that she accepted bribes of cash and gold. Ms Suu Kyi has denied wrongdoing.
Myanmar has been in turmoil since the coup 14 months ago derailed a decade of democratic reforms and economic gains.
The military has been accused by the UN and rights groups of atrocities, which it denies.
Ms Suu Kyi was found guilty of several offences late last year, in a trial conducted behind closed doors and derided by the international community as a sham. She is being held at an unknown location.
Official statements about the trial have been rare and Ms Suu Kyi's defence lawyers are the subjects of a gag order.
The junta says she is receiving due process by an independent judiciary.
This article was first published in Asia One . All contents and images are copyright to their respective owners and sources.
Tags: #Aung San Suu Kyi#UN (United Nations)Myanmar
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COLLEGE PREP/COACHING
MADELINE AUSTIN has over 20 years' experience as a theatre producer, arts manager, educator, director, and actor.She served on the Artistic Advisory Council for Naked Angels in NY and on the Boards of KEEN NY and BROS. A classically trained AFTRA, SAG, AEA actress with a BA in Theater Arts, she was a company member of the Folger Shakespeare Library's touring company "Bill's Buddies" for five years and spent a summer with the Maryland Shakespeare Festival. TV credits: "Homicide, Life on the Street" and "America's Most Wanted". Training: Wynn Handman, Joan See, Paul Austin, Franchelle Stewart Dorn and at Studio Theatre, Arena Stage and the Folger Shakespeare Theatre.
Producing & Management
Madeline has produced Off-Broadway and continues to consult on film and Broadway-bound projects. For more than a decade, she worked with Gerald Schoenfeld, Chairman of The Shubert Organization, which owns and operates 17 Broadway theaters. During that time, she was associated with dozens of Broadways shows while taking on other projects. They included producing and developing the Off-Broadway run of Maybe Baby, It's You (directed by Jeremy Dobrish, Soho Playhouse); The Invested (directed by Ron Canada, 4th Street Theater); Spin Off (by Bernard Pomerance, Tony Award winning playwright of The Elephant Man and directed by Ron Canada, The Riverside Theatre); and Stealing Sweets and Punching People (directed by Michael Sexton, Beckett Theater). She also worked as a production assistant for Tony Award winning producer Jane Harmon and is a graduate of the Commercial Theatre Institute.
Currently the Creative Development Director for Creative Women New York (www.cwnyi.org), she also led The Shakespeare Society as Executive Director overseeing large-scale events and fundraisers including The Shakespeare Society Medal to Ralph Fiennes and The Tempest with Julie Taymor. She worked closely with its education programming that included Teaching Teachers, Shakespeare in Schools, and The Hunts Point Children's Shakespeare Ensemble in the Bronx.
In 2019, she took on management of a new band, Black Litmus, who released their first album last May.
A Midsummer Night's Dream, SPHS
Madeline has directed numerous showcases in New York including North of Providence (Theatre Ubet, Abingdon Theater), Moving at the Speed of Light (Manhattan Theater Source), Hospital Food (EST, Writers' Lab) and Where Have All the Lighting Bugs Gone (Polaris North). More recently, she directed A Midsummer Night's Dream for the SP Stage Co., (SPHS) as well at Benfield Elementary School.
Teaching & Coaching
She co-founded Audition Mastery with Casting Director Brette Goldstein to train new and professional actors; designed and taught Shakespeare after-school programs at Hunter College Elementary School, Harlem RBI, and other schools in NY; and taught presentation/media skills workshops at Princeton University in partnership with Chock Global Communications. She continues to coach privately and teach classes in Shakespeare, acting, college prep, interviewing and presentation skills. Currently, she is an Adjunct Faculty member with Anne Arundel Community College.
madeline@austinbenedict.com | 646.596.1043 | Copyright © 2018 Austin Consulting. All rights reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The show will follow the Bravo star throughout her pregnancy to the birth of her first child.
Real Housewives of Atlanta's Porsha Williams confirmed that she will be the next cast member to have her own spin-off show, reports Reality Tea. Williams will join a select list of housewives to be given their own TV vehicle by Bravo, including NeNe Leakes, Kandi Burruss, and Kim Zolciak.
The reality star shared the news to Instagram in a special post to her followers.
The special will follow Williams toward the end of her pregnancy through to the birth of daughter, Pilar Jhena. Fiance Dennis McKinley also made a congratulatory post on his own Instagram page.
"So happy for @porsha4real you guys get to experience a piece of the day to day leading up to @pilarjhena day!" McKinley wrote.
It is not known if the show will have multiple episodes or if it will be a one-off.
According to Reality Tea, rumors about a show began after a camera crew was spotted at Williams' baby shower.
The all-white baby shower was held on February 24, after filming was already complete for Season 11 of RHOA. Current and former RHOA stars attended the event, including Kenya Moore, Marlo Hampton, and Shamea Morton. Fellow housewife Cynthia Bailey was also present, and took a selfie with Williams' mother, Diane, at the party. Eagle-eyed Instagram users spied a camera in the background of the picture and began asking questions about a spin-off. This led to the deletion of the photo soon afterward.
Williams and McKinley welcomed their daughter, Pilar Jhena McKinley, on March 22. She weighed in at six pounds, 15 ounces.
The two released a statement to People.
"What a time to be alive! Porsha and I are so happy and blessed to announce the arrival of our daughter, Baby PJ.
"Congratulations @Porsha4real on your baby! I hope to make a Love Connection for a Ben!" new father Andy Cohen tweeted.
Reality Tea also noted that Williams has already ensured that her daughter is not without her own Instagram account. The page is currently sitting at over 24,000 followers.
Along with Pilar Jhena, other newborn babies have joined the RHOA family. Former cast member Moore recently had daughter Brooklyn Daly, and Eva Marcille also welcomed a son in 2018. Kandi Burruss is also planning for another child, via surrogate.


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Phoebe Jay Foster-Griffith of Bargara is a country singer. She launched her debut EP 'Higher Than This Day' after the successful release of "14 cents at the gate" in support of the Dairy Farmers crisis. She is currently raising money for a young Para Athlete to compete in the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games. Phoebe is the 2017 Independent Country Music Awards, Most Popular Independent Australian New Talent.
Dale Mansfield of Robina is passionate about helping sick children. She has volunteered 30-60 hours per week since 2010 and has helped organise 150 events, which raised around $800,000 for charities. She became a full-time volunteer for TLC for Kids in 2015. She won the 2017 International Women's Day Award for Leadership in the Community and has been nominated in the 2017 Women in Business Award.
Reverend Jonathan Brook of Bundall is the Director of Mission and Ministry at St Johns Crisis Centre, a volunteer organisation providing care for the homeless. St Johns provides services such as short-term needs including food and shelter, to long-term administrative needs like Centrelink support and drug addiction facilities. Jon Brook has been instrumental in the sustainability of this initiative for over four years, coordinating volunteers and sponsors.
Selena Wool of Capalaba lost three sons and several pregnancies. She created 'Little Lionhearts' to support the pregnancy loss and bereaved community. Selena has fundraised $40,000 to purchase and donate four 'Cuddle Cots', so that families can spend precious time with their babies who have passed away. Selena has also provided 350 memory boxes to bereaved families, filled with nurturing items so parents don't leave hospital with empty arms.
NoosaCare Inc in Tewantin is a not for profit organisation. They have 142 beds over two facilities, employing over 300 staff and 100 volunteers. They offer flexible shifts, have many staff staying for over ten years and have a staff turnover of only 1.8%. Staff are encouraged to bring their children and pets to interact with residents. Their staff attend charity days, wellness programs and monthly recognition programs.
ECCQ – Berlasco Court Caring Centre in Brisbane is a not for profit 60 bed, high care residential facility with 82 employees. Recruitment focuses on "attitude rather than skill or experience", with ongoing education and training provided. They have low staff turnover and long term staff tenure. Staff have flexible rosters, bring children to work when necessary, and have access to an Employee Assistance Program and English lessons.
Kaloma Home for the Aged in Goondiwindi is an 80-bed not for profit facility. Their 125 staff range from 16 to 75 years and are provided with competitive wages and family friendly rosters. Staff with children over eight can bring them to work. Local unskilled people are provided with on-the- job training and complete a trade qualification. Kaloma provides on-site training and an annual $2,000 education scholarship grant.
RangeCare in Flaxton is a not-for-profit organisation established in 1986, providing comprehensive in-home, respite and social support services. RangeCare offers flexible work conditions for its 90 employees and 170 volunteers and has implemented a client management system to increase efficiencies. Their Employee Assistance Program provides access to a professional psychologist. They have regular staff training and online learning modules keep staff up to date with procedures.
Dalby Welcoming Community Inc was formed in 2008. They initiated the annual Dalby's Delicious & DeLIGHtful Festival, a multicultural festival with food, entertainment and a spectacular lantern parade. Now Dalby's signature event, it attracts 7,500 people with 20 local cultural groups performing. The committee produces a free monthly newspaper, runs "G'day Day", provides Conversations in English groups and negotiated to hold a Citizenship Ceremony at the festival.
Graduate Women QLD Sunshine Coast Branch, Dalby was founded in 2004. They have demonstrated leadership in promoting cultural diversity and acceptance with their Refugee Education Program. They provide two week intensive English courses, bursaries to assist students with school fees and private group swimming lessons for Islamic female students. They have raised $3,500 for swimming lessons, $12,000 for bursaries and $1,800 for English dictionaries.
Darling Heights State School is a culturally diverse school with 325 students having language backgrounds other than English. They have employed a community engagement officer to provide programs such as small courses for new Australian parents, friendship, play group and language groups. The school works with refugee and migrant organisations to enable them to understand each group's cultural requirements to ensure the success of their projects.
Kathy Lavery-Wilson is a teacher at Oxley State School and the internal coach for Positive Behaviour for Learning. The program aims to decrease reactive management, maximise academic achievement and improve support for students with extreme behaviours. Kathy has collaborated with colleagues to design matrixes and rubrics to improve student's assessment outcomes, and to refine the reading program. She mentors beginning teachers and models good teaching practice.
Michelle Gray is the Japanese teacher at Robina State High School. She creates a strong culture around language learning and developing globally minded students. She invites visiting Japanese school students for genuine Japanese conversation, runs a weekly Japanese style cram school and facilitates extensive student participation in the annual Japanese Speech Competition. Michelle organises and accompanies a student team to Japan each year for the Parliamentary Debate World Congress.
Zainab Ali is a teacher at Forest Lake State High School. She leads the Academic Signature Program and the Entrepreneurs of Tomorrow program. Zainab was responsible for setting up the 'Innovate' course where students experience robotics; forensics; chemical sciences; 3D printing; graphics; drones; media and project based learning. One of the school's signature programs; 'Innovate' sees emerging technologies, global events, real life situations and has a futures oriented outlook.
Bugs for Bugs of Mundubbera has over 35 years' experience providing crop monitoring services and assisting growers with integrated pest management. They currently produce over 10 species of natural enemies, to help manage pest problems such as scale and mealybug. They operate over 50 climate controlled rooms and use 250 tonnes of butternut squash and 24 tonnes of wheat per year for their beneficial insect production.
Professor Andre Drenth of Bellbowrie has researched innovative solutions to reduce disease losses in tree crops in horticulture and forestry. His research on husk spot disease on macadamias, and Freckle and Panama wilt TR4 on exotic bananas, has led to a successful eradication campaign for Freckle and a containment campaign for Panama wilt TR4. A national screening program is reducing the impact on the environment and human health.
Hive Haven in Beerburrum are delivering a solution to the global decline in food crop pollination. Founders, Ann and Jeff Ross have designed an innovative stingless native bee hive box. It combats hive overheating and enables efficient and sustainable harvesting of food grade native honey, with minimum disturbance to the bees. Made on the Sunshine Coast, their native bee hive assembly and native bee honey have export potential.
Moggill Creek Catchment Group in Brookfield covers over 57 square kilometres and was established in 1997. They have 500 members and are run entirely by volunteers. The group aims to retain and restore local native biodiversity and health of the catchment watercourses. They run annual events like the Photography Competition and 'Kid's Day at the Cottage' to engage and educate the community about the environment.
Jilanna Craig of Kenmore is the Chaplain at Kenmore South State School, where she goes above and beyond because she cares for the children and their families. Jilanna has organised a weekly space for parents to meet together to prevent isolation, and provides a craft activities group for children struggling to make friends. Jilanna is passionate about connecting and supporting families through challenging times, illness or bereavement.
eWaste Connection Ltd in Chapel Hill was founded by the family of a special needs boy who has a love for disassembling all things electrical. Ewaste Connection provides meaningful engagement to young adults with a disability preventing them from obtaining regular work. This social enterprise creates opportunities, skills and friendship through recycling.
Their 45 participants and 21 volunteers refurbish computers and recycle 1.5 tonnes of electrical waste every month.
Paws & Relax in Eagle Farm was established in 2014, providing off leash doggy day care, training and grooming. Paws & Relax understand their client's needs and provide exceptional customer service. They provide their clients with a WOW experience, which has gained them a 5 star review rating on Facebook and Google. They are the only doggy day care recognised as an official RSPCA Corporate Supporter.
Round Table Coffee in Bracken Ridge is owned by Jeremy and Allie Jucha, where quality coffee is served with unrushed courtesy. They provide special chairs for elderly diners, children's activities and colouring competitions. 50% of sales from their huge shelf of books is donated to local schools. Jeremy and Allie have hosted coffee making classes for Jabiru Community College students and sponsor the local netball team.
Joanna Bender of Chinchilla is the Manager of Chinchilla Cinema, a single-screen independent cinema and the Chinchilla Cultural Centre. Commencing as a projectionist and Office Box attendant she was promoted to Manager in 2012. Since becoming manager, Joanna has achieved consistent attendance growth with a record-breaking year in 2015. Joanna created an online presence which has increases bookings and awareness for the venue for corporate and private hires.
United Synergies Get Set for Work Program in Maroochydore is an employment training program designed to assist 15-19 year olds who were disengaged learners. 150 young people have so far benefited from the program and an extremely high number of participants have reengaged back into school, training and/or employment. 77% of them completed a Certificate II qualification in Employment & Vocational Pathways.
Burdekin Men's Shed Association Inc actively builds partnerships with both government and non-government agencies and local community organisations. The Shed has 62 financial members and addresses men's health issues such as physical, emotional, isolation, loneliness and depression. The role of the shed is to promote various activities that focus on recreation, skill-building, and community projects that improve the health and wellbeing of men in the Burdekin Community.
Lighthouse Care in Loganholme is an organisation providing for the most vulnerable in their community with food, support and encouragement. With 25 dedicated staff and 50 volunteers, Lighthouse Care assists over 1,000 families each week. The majority of Lighthouse's work is self-funded through occasional fundraisers and a low cost grocery store. Lighthouse Care is dedicated to creating a place of hope and encouragement for families in need.
Umbrella Network Rockhampton was formed in 2012. A non-profit organisation, it supports families who have special needs children. Families are provided with tools to access therapy, interventions, medical and educational assistance. The Network is volunteer run, many of whom have a disability. Disability Yard Care is a lawn mowing and maintenance service provided by young adults with a disability, empowering them with life and teamwork skills.
Blackall Range Care Group of Montville is a not-for-profit charitable association providing care for the aged and those with a disability. With 90 staff members and 160 volunteers, the Blackall Range Care Group take pride in providing the highest quality standards of care. They run "The Cottage" day centre where people socialise, play games and watch musical and theatre performances. The Group actively fundraise to contribute to their specialist activities, such as the operation of the Caloundra Hinterland Meals on Wheels program.
Kaloma Home for the Aged of Goondiwindi is a not-for-profit facility, employing 82 local staff for the 50 permanent residents. Staff additionally provide 25 home care packages to assist older people remain in their homes. Kaloma is committed to providing training and professional development and have introduced an annual $2,000 education grant for staff. Kaloma consistently achieves three year accreditation status across residential and home care programs, and is soon to expand to 80 beds due to the increasing demand for their services.
NoosaCare of Tewantin is not-for-profit and community owned. They have 195 beds, two facilities, 300 staff and 100 volunteers. They have implemented an employee recognition program and a staff wellness program with yoga classes and confidential counselling. Leaders in dementia, in 2012, NoosaCare opened their award winning 32 bed Memory support unit, incorporating global dementia research. Pioneers in Maggie Beer's inspired change of food provided in Aged Care, meals are cooked from local seasonal produce and from herbs sourced from their own edible gardens.
integratedliving Australia of Rockhampton is a community based organisation supporting older people and young people with disabilities and their carers. For 15 years they have delivered a range of health management and community living services. Due to the low life expectancy and high levels of diet-related mortality in the older Indigenous population, integratedliving launched an innovative Indigenous meal range program in 2015. The "Staying Healthy Eating Well" program was designed to provide healthy meal options and promote intergenerational activities such as food gathering and cooking classes.
Startup and Innovation Tablelands of Atherton was established to support the entrepreneurial and innovative activities in the Tablelands. They developed teaching workshops and provide educational presentations to students and businesses. Their trainees graduate with coaching and consulting skills and real life experience of creating and developing a startup. The initiative has grown from a $7,000 budget to $50,000 and was selected to host the first Australian Future Agro Challenge. Startup Tablelands won the prestigious 2015 Sustainable Economic Growth for Regional Australia Challenge Award.
Sandra Gilbert of Doonan is the Group Care Manager of NoosaCare, overseeing 215 residents and 237 care staff. Sandra's passion for dementia care is responsible for the creation of a dementia specific 32 bed unit. She took over management of the kitchen, sourcing new staff and local produce to provide fresh, tasty meals reducing resident's complaints to zero. Last year Sandra presented at six conferences on dementia and improving food in aged care. Sandra was awarded 2014 NIMAC Nurse Manager of the Year for her work in dementia care.
Skye Brisotto of Yangan has been an employee at Killarney Memorial Aged care for five years, starting as a personal care worker before becoming Lifestyle Co-ordinator. Skye organises activities to support independence, improve motor and social skills and has seen several withdrawn residents develop friendships. She holds regular resident meetings to explore concerns or ideas, and to choose which nutritious meals they would like. Skye is passionate about improving the resident's quality of life and they in turn value her care and compassion.
Bronwyn Reid of Emerald is the founding director of 4T Consultants and Agrisoft Systems. In 2013, Bronwyn started her third company, 'Mining for Business' to help small regional business owners achieve growth by securing contracts with large organisations. Bronwyn holds a Diploma in Science, a Bachelor of Business and an MBA. She is actively involved in the Skills for Tertiary Education Preparatory Studies, and Women into Science and Technology programs at CQ University. Bronwyn is also a member of the Steering Committee with the Bowen Basin Business Development Initiative.
Farmer and Sun of Gympie is a family owned local marketplace, established in 2012 by owners Steve and Trena. They now have a gourmet organic café, 1,000 products and support 70 local farmers who supply them with produce. Farmer and Sun implement sustainable practices using biodegradable products and encourage customers to bring re-usable bags. They received the 2015 Gympie Chamber of Commerce New Business of the Year Award. Steve and Trena have plans to include a local butcher and a room for natural therapies.
Kate Johnson of Chinchilla is the Indigenous Coordinator at Chinchilla State High School. Targeting low attendance and retention rates, Kate implemented a culture of improvement for Indigenous students. Her commitment often sees her doing school drop-offs and pick-ups, speaking to parents late at night, and taking students to doctors' appointments in Toowoomba. Kate's efforts have benefited Indigenous students and their families, with more students staying to graduate year 12 and a 100% success rate for Indigenous students achieving QCE's. Kate has also been pivotal in changing people's negative perceptions.
Aussie Helpers of Charleville founded by Brian and Nerida 14 years ago, is a volunteer run organisation that assists farming families in need. Last year, 1,000 farming families were visited. Volunteers travelled 500,000 kilometres and 150 road trains of essential hay, food and toys were delivered. Aussie Helpers launched a 24/7 online psychology program and will fly a qualified psychologist directly to properties at no cost if needed. Brian has received an Australian of the Year Award in 2014 and 2015.
Quota International of Toowoomba established the Quota, Cops and Kids All Together (QuoCKA) program in 2012 to improve the literacy of young migrant students. With funds raised from raffles and charity functions, Quota purchases a book for each child and donates an additional book to the school library. The program consists of weekly reading sessions between students, police officers and volunteers to encourage and improve reading, comprehension and language skills. Now with 16 volunteers, the reading program has been implemented in five primary schools.
The Umbrella Network of Rockhampton is a not-for-profit organisation, formed in 2012 with the purpose of assisting and supporting families with special needs children. They have helped approximately 600 families by providing guidance and the resources to seek professionals. The Umbrella Network provides a venue for 300 families each month to participate in social groups, parent connect programs, playgroups and events. Their successful "Disability Yard Care" project provides young adults with a disability with the skills and support to gain employment and contribute to their community.
Cairns and Region Multicultural Association Inc. work closely in partnership with James Cook University, CQU and service providers promoting cultural awareness and leadership training. CARMA coordinates and supports many multicultural activities including the Tropical Waves Multicultural Festival and Harmony Day. Their International Women's Day event attracted 200 ladies from diverse groups and businesses in the Cairns region. CARMA coordinates Youth Programs and runs several youth groups. The Management team were presented with a "Local Multicultural Champion" certificate in the Queensland Multicultural Awards.
Cairns Bhutanese Community resettled in Cairns in 2008 and have since participated in many multicultural events and organised their own Cairns Bhutanese Day Festival. The Festival showcases their cultural music, food and fashion to the wider community. They have been successful in connecting youth of other cultures and supporting them to learn cultural music and dances. The members' commitment to promote multiculturalism and diversity in the community has been recognised by the Cairns Regional Council for promoting tolerance, acceptance and self-esteem.
Capricorn Coast Multicultural Group of Yeppoon encourages diverse groups to share their culture, customs, craft and dances through class demonstrations in primary schools. These demonstrations allow students who have newly arrived to Australia to feel welcome and settle into their new community. Organiser, Nini Sielaff, has been a driving force in promoting multiculturalism in the Livingstone Shire for nearly three decades. Nini and the Capricorn Coast Multicultural Group continues to integrate newcomers in the local community through sharing cultural traditions and activities.
Bowen Basin Business Development Initiative is a collaboration between government, small business, business groups and economic bodies. The collaboration provides a strategic and structured approach to regional business development and learning through the sharing of resources and capabilities. The Initiative was officially launched in 2015 "To support business communities within the Bowen Basin to remain resilient and sustainable through the effective co-ordination of business development activities". The innovative concept enabled organisations to work together to maximise resources. Small businesses in regional Queensland are the beneficiaries.
Emerging Entrepreneurs of Cairns is a plug and play high school program teaching entrepreneurship and innovative thinking. Launched in 2015 with a pilot to nine regional students, the program has expanded to 10 schools. In the 10-week "Emerging Entrepreneurs Program" students learn about entrepreneurial mindset, effective idea screening and learning from failure. They develop a 30-minute business plan, cost every idea and ensure that their product meets market needs. The goal is simple… to support students in the creation of one million new innovative Australian businesses.
The Increasing Activity & Intelligent Minds Team of Dalby is a joint partnership project to help schools in the Darling Downs South West Region to get students to move more, sit less, engage well and achieve high. 70 schools have become iAIM Action Schools, with 67% of students increasing their physical activity levels by up to 200 minutes a week. 20 teachers have lead action research projects using physical activity to address school needs and achieve positive student outcomes.
Raelene Ensby of Rockhampton formed The Umbrella Network in 2012. The non-profit organisation's aim is to assist and support families who have young children with special needs. The Umbrella Network provides support groups with workshops on parenting, nutrition, behaviour, autism and specialist visiting, and medical services are arranged. Raelene coordinates community raffles, BBQ's and fund raising using volunteer support. Social groups and fun events are also provided for children and parents. Raelene has successfully arranged free airport car parking for Families travelling to appointments in Brisbane.
Robbie Radel of Biggenden has volunteered with the Apex Club for over 21 years and is also a member of the Rural Fire Brigade, Swim Club, Little Athletics and rural farming groups. Robbie was instrumental in reviving the town's annual Christmas Fair. He was awarded the Australia Day Citizen of the Year in 2016 and has recently been elected to local government. Robbie has joined with fellow farmers to develop the possibility of bringing irrigation water to Coalstoun Lakes. This project would inject $10 million annually and create 200 local jobs.
Sailability Sunshine Coast Queensland was established 17 years ago at Mooloolaba to provide a "Freedom on the Water" experience for Queenslanders with disabilities. The "Not for Profit" organisation is staffed completely by volunteers who provide a sailing experience specifically tailored for each disabled person's individual needs. Sailability volunteers pay for their own expenses for things such as "Blue Card" compliance and First Aid certificates to meet required legal and insurance requirements. Sailability develops relationships with teachers, parents and carers to provide the best support to clients.
• The Cooloola Coast Medical Transport Inc.
• Burrum Coal Discovery Festival Inc.


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Running man: In less than a year, MS patient goes from barely crawling to running a marathon
Elizabeth Payne
Blake Hurdis keeps a running stroller in his shed to remind himself how far he has come.
A year ago, the Smiths Falls-area man would fill it with weights for support while he painfully learned to run again after a bone-marrow transplant.
Prior to the life-changing treatment, a devastating multiple sclerosis attack had left him unable even to crawl. He was forced to pull himself around his house with his hands.
Today, Hurdis is training for a marathon, and that is just the beginning. So far, in addition to regular training, he has run 60 kilometres in one go and he is aiming for ultra-marathons and more long-distance running.
To help other MS patients, and to raise awareness about the possibilities for them.
"I want to be an example in some way. There is nobody who stands out there and says, 'This is what you can do'."
Hurdis said his progress has stunned doctors, and he wants to see how far he can go.
A year and a half ago Blake Hurdis, 36, couldn't even crawl after a devastating attack of multiple sclerosis landed him in intensive care. However, following a stem cell transplant last November, he has exceeded all doctors' expectations and even plans to run the PEI marathon on his birthday, Oct. 14. Julie Oliver / Postmedia
"I want to see what is truly abnormal. How far can you push yourself? Is it 60 kilometres? Is it 100 kilometres? Is it 200 kilometres? Who knows."
A former soldier with the U.S. military who served in Iraq and Afghanistan, Hurdis, a dual citizen, underwent a bone-marrow transplant at The Ottawa Hospital in 2017 after becoming so incapacitated with multiple sclerosis that he feared for his life.
The treatment turned his life around — as it has for the other 56 patients who have undergone the procedure since it was pioneered in Ottawa nearly 20 years ago.
It is not considered a cure, cautions Dr. Mark Freedman, who helped pioneer the treatment in Ottawa, but the results can be remarkable. Freedman, a neurologist and professor at the University of Ottawa, directs MS research at The Ottawa Hospital.
None of the patients who have undergone the procedure since trials began in Ottawa in 1999, has had a new episode of multiple sclerosis.
"We have established a quality of life after the first year — in some cases six months — that is really improved."
Freedman mentions one patient who went from debilitated to back working in construction after a bone-marrow transplant.
"They return to their lives. Many have gotten their drivers' licences back, they have gone back to jobs and school. It normalizes their lives."
Normal is not enough for Hurdis, though. He wants to push himself to physical extremes. In part, he is motivated by wanting to draw attention to the impact of a bone-marrow transplant on the disease.
The treatment is not for everyone. Only about five per cent of all patients with MS warrant a bone-marrow transplant, says Freedman. Those who undergo the treatment are among the youngest and also have the most aggressive and debilitating forms of the disease.
For other patients, Freedman says, there is ever improving medication that successfully treats them and keeps symptoms at bay.
The world of MS treatment has changed dramatically in the past two decades. The first treatment for MS wasn't approved until 1995. Since then, there has been steady progress.
Hurdis recalls going to a MS clinic when he was first diagnosed and almost everyone was using a walker or in a wheelchair. "That is my future," he thought.
That is no longer the case.
"Now, it is much less likely you will see patients in the progressive stage if we can get to them early," says Freedman.
Hurdis, who is 36, was at the upper age range for the bone-marrow transplant when he underwent it in November 2017. He believes he was accepted because he was able to show that he could recover.
The procedure itself can be hard on patients. Freedman says it can take a year of their lives to get fully back on their feet. For Hurdis, it took less. He will run the PEI marathon on Oct. 14 — his 37th birthday — just 11 months after undergoing the bone marrow transplant. He attributes that, in part, to pushing himself — and that stroller — in the months after the transplant.
He doesn't expect to break any speed records, but says he hopes to finish in a respectable time.
The bone marrow procedure, which uses a patient's own stem cells to rebuild their immune system, is physically difficult for most patients.
It begins with rounds of chemotherapy designed to eradicate the person's immune system.
"Initially, it sucked," recalls Hurdis. "It doesn't feel good when you take the drug, but it is really not going to feel good in a month. It took a couple of months for me to get over the chemo."
He still takes pain medication to deal with back problems related to earlier MS attacks.
Still, 11 months after the procedure, Hurdis says: "This is the best I have felt in a long time. It feels like I don't have MS."
He wants to get the word out to other patients who might qualify, that there is remarkable treatment for aggressive MS.
"As much as I want to be an example of what is possible for people, I don't want to be the only one."
Hurdis began a Go Fund Me campaign in June to help get him to the PEI marathon. So far, he has raised $595 of a $1,500 goal. Anything above $500 or $600, he said will be donated to the Ottawa MS clinic or the MS society. His page can be found at gofundme.com/5nhq6rs.
Provincewide psychiatrist shortage strains Ottawa's resources Sunny today, then showers threaten through much of next week
Father of technician demands Hydro One be held accountable for death | Ottawa Citizen
Two teen men on trial over beating of senior in Vanier | Ottawa Citizen
City hall blog: Inquiry on inquiries results in city staff questioning inquiry work
City bureaucrats will probably high-five each other in their offices Wednesday afternoon if council approves a measure in the governance report that could reduce staff workload.
City hall blog: RendezVous meeting in mayor's boardroom had city wanting 'evidence of partnership'
Eleven items were on the agenda when Eugene Melnyk and John Ruddy met with Mayor Jim Watson and senior city staff in the mayor's boardroom last August, including "evidence of partnership" and "plans for Kanata.
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"Another thing you don't see mentioned is the danger of anyone traveling along that r…"
"I'm willing to make two bet's with anyone here. 1. SMART will not start operations…"
Drake replied Jun 7, 2016 to What's the story with the Caboose in Petaluma today?
"Correct, it was 1971 and still said Southern Pacific. Was a flat top model (no upper…"
"Noticed a couple of guys with cameras camping out all day in the 95 degree heat wait…"
Drake replied Aug 17, 2015 to New Haystack Bridge lowering - Aug. 17?
"Noticed today that the American flag and Christmas Tree were taken down I from the t…"
Drake replied Aug 16, 2015 to New Haystack Bridge lowering - Aug. 17?
"I typically don't count cars but it was out of the norm and I was out running withou…"
Drake replied Jan 16, 2015 to Record size train today? Very unusual sight.
"I watched it crossing the Petaluma River bridge yesterday so I guess all 17 made it."
"It almost looked like a real train!"
"How about the bridge at Port Sonoma, is there much life left to it?"


There's always a beginning for something you love whether it's personal, work or for the things that would enhance your skills and talent. Most of the best artists and musicians begin learning their crafts at a young age and worked their way to the top to fulfill their dreams. Some studied and perfected music and skills not for entering the world of celebrities but for their fulfillment and self satisfaction.
Whatever the reason getting into music world is exciting and it doesn't matter if you will start with musical instrument for beginners like student trombone kits or other starter kits because learning is always fun and interesting. It also adds up happiness in your home when you start strumming your guitar and playing your piano, try it yourself!


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Supply Chain Execution Spells Sweet Success for Farley's & Sathers
Candy company sees gains in inventory visibility, accuracy, expiration management following HighJump solution deployment
Eden Prairie, MN — October 21, 2004 — Confectionary producer Farley's & Sathers Candy Co. has managed its recent explosive growth in part by implementing supply chain execution solutions from HighJump Software, the solution provider announced this week.
The producer of such confections and snacks as JuJyFruits, Wunderbeans and RainBlo, privately held Farley's & Sathers is headquartered in Round Lake, Minn., with an additional packaging and distribution center located in Chattanooga, Tenn., and its manufacturing plant in Des Plaines, Ill. The company is owned by private equity firm Catterton Partners.
Farley's & Sathers has experienced significant growth through acquisition and increased sales of its base brands. After evaluating several SCE vendor offerings to accommodate its growing stable of brands and expanding list of stock-keeping units (SKUs), Farley's & Sathers selected HighJump to provide the software and implementation services required for its facilities in Minnesota, Tennessee and Illinois.
The company implemented HighJump's warehouse management system (WMS) to better manage inventory and help maintain high customer service levels. Through a coordinated effort between HighJump and Farley's and Sathers, accelerated implementations were completed at three separate facilities. The company now utilizes HighJump's warehouse management and management visibility solutions to carry out fulfillment and distribution operations for customers nationwide.
Farley's and Sathers' three facilities are now online and taking advantage of the benefits offered by HighJump's Supply Chain Advantage, which have included significant improvements in inventory visibility and full control over product expiration dates, according to the solution provider. The ability to derive expiration dates from lot codes has increased the company's ability to manage inventory rotation and to maintain high levels of product freshness.
"We've used the HighJump SCE product to support our inventory management and order fulfillment processes," said Kurt Schultz, vice president of operations of Farley's & Sathers. "As a fast-growing business, we rely heavily on efficient fulfillment and distribution to get our product to market on time."
"Farley's & Sathers will be able to leverage Supply Chain Advantage's adaptability to accommodate new and changing process requirements as they arise, keeping total cost of ownership low," said Chris Heim, president of HighJump Software.
HighJump Software is a 3M company.


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This article is more than 10 years old
Silchester dig reveals how ancient Britons built a thriving city
Maev Kennedy
Thu 16 Jul 2009 18.04 EDT First published on Thu 16 Jul 2009 18.04 EDT
The streets and foundations of the oldest town in Britain are emerging on a low hill near Basingstoke in Hampshire – and they may cause history books to be shredded.
Almost a century before the Romans arrived in 43 AD, a town of up to 10,000 people was laid out at Silchester, with all the characteristics credited to the invaders: a regular grid pattern of streets and narrow alleys dividing plots, supplied with water from wells and springs – a wealthy place minting its own coins and trading in luxury goods with continental Europe.
Even the name it kept through centuries of Roman rule, Calleva Atrebatum, dates back to its iron age founders. A layer of charred wood suggests the town was destroyed by fire, possibly in the revolt led by Boudicca in 60AD.
The site is surrounded by Roman walls built more than a century later, still 4m tall in places, but the emerging evidence suggests its glory days were pre-Roman.
"We're turning up more questions every day, but the evidence is all pointing in one direction," said Professor Mike Fulford, of Reading University. "The only rivals for the title of oldest town would be St Albans or Colchester – but there is nothing to suggest anything on this scale."
He believes it the town was founded by Commius, a leader of the Attrabates tribe in Gaul, who fell out with his former allies and had to flee Julius Caesar in 50BC. The site he chose, in an area where his tribe probably already had links, was well inland so safe from Roman galleys, on a low spur of defensible land which still has remarkable views in every direction, with ample water and surrounded by forests full of game.
Visitors will be invited to walk a main street over 2,000 years old this weekend, and inspect artefacts including an Iron Age brooch found just two days ago, as part of the Festival of British Archaeology.
Hundreds of sites will be open over the next fortnight. The festival, organised by the Council for British Archaeology, is now the largest of its kind in the world. This year there are more than 600 events, most including free lectures, walks, and sessions making anything from iron age pots to medieval stew.Many of the festival sites are usually closed to the public, but at Silchester the student and volunteer diggers are used to being stared at. Over 12 years there have been regular open days, but people wander across the farm fields most days to a site which keeps producing surprises. The standard Roman north-south, east-west grid was only imposed after the fire: this summer they are working on a large house repeatedly rebuilt over centuries, aligned not with the new Roman roads but with the original Iron Age street grid – and on the summer solstice.
The site has long been regarded as one of the most enigmatic in Britain, a major town with a forum, a huge basilica, baths and temples, completely abandoned in the 5th century, its wells deliberately filled in – and never occupied again by anyone. The circuit of battered but imposing walls rearing up from green fields still encloses only a medieval church and a Victorian farmhouse.
Professor Fulford first began digging there as a junior lecturer in the 1970s, and now expects the site will more than last until his retirement in five years. It was extensively excavated in the 19th century, but his team has found a mass of material which the Victorians either missed or could not interpret, including dogs buried all over the town, one carefully placed into its grave standing up, still on guard after 1600 years.
Recent finds include skeletons of young dogs with marks of flaying – suggesting that among its many flourishing Iron Age industries, Calleva Attrebatum was the centre of a trade in warm fluffy puppy fur cloaks.


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Q: Deleting childNodes from parentNode 1 - I am adding Div container using JS but once their Counter crosses '5' i want to delete these Div containers ONE BY ONE from [0] index.
2 - Here below is what i have done so far.in which i am even getting the childNodes's Number but i am not able to delete these nodes..

var counter = 0;

function add_div() {
  var mainDiv = document.getElementById("main-div");

  var divi = document.createElement("DIV");
  divi.setAttribute("ID", "div_id");
  divi.style.backgroundColor = "red";
  divi.style.height = "50px";
  divi.style.width = "50px";
  divi.style.margin = "20px";
  mainDiv.appendChild(divi);
  document.body.appendChild(mainDiv);
  document.body.style.backgroundColor = "blue";
  counter += 1;
  document.getElementById("count").innerHTML = counter;

  //read nodes
  var ch = document.getElementById("main-div").childElementCount;
  document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "number of childNodes: " + ch;

  //counter check
  if (counter > 5) {
    mainDiv.removeChild(mainDiv.childNodes[0]);
    // mainDiv.parentNode.removeChild(mainDiv);
  }
}
<button onclick="add_div()">ADD DIV</button>

A: I first decremented your counter to update for both negative and positive values. I then set a flag to detect if your code was decrementing or not. When counter reached 5, decrement is set to true, where when counter is moving towards 5, decrement is set to false.
Then your div's were added to an array, where we use a for loop to traverse through the array, removing a div one by one, until we reach 0, where decrement is set back to false;

var counter = 0;

 let decrement = false;
function add_div() {
  if(!decrement){
    var mainDiv = document.getElementById("main-div");

  var divi = document.createElement("DIV");
  divi.setAttribute("ID", "div_id");
  divi.style.backgroundColor = "red";
  divi.style.height = "50px";
  divi.style.width = "50px";
  divi.style.margin = "20px";
  mainDiv.appendChild(divi);
  document.body.appendChild(mainDiv);
  document.body.style.backgroundColor = "blue";
  counter ++;
  document.getElementById("count").innerHTML = counter;

  }

  //counter check
  if (counter > 5) {
    decrement = true;
  }
  if(counter <= 0){
      decrement = false;
    }
  if(decrement){
    counter--; //decrement counter
    let holder = [];                                     //place div ID's in array
    document.getElementById("count").innerHTML = counter; //update counter
    let div = document.querySelector('#div_id');           //grab div
    holder.push(div);                                        //push to array
    for(let i = 0; i < 5; i++){
     holder[i].parentNode.removeChild(holder[i]) //removes child
    }

  }

}
<button onclick="add_div()">ADD DIV</button>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Questa voce raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti la Società Sportiva Avia nelle competizioni ufficiali della stagione 1943-1944.

Rosa

Calcio a Roma

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Skiing or riding under the Stoke Chair is a tall order in Revelstoke - any number of pro rippers could be riding the chair above you, so bring your "A" game if you mean to shred the moguls of SWF.
The lift line features progressively steeper pitches of moguls and/or powder, with several crossings of Greenhorn and The Last Spike, followed by a small terrain park, new this season.
After the park, which can be circumvented, the last mogul pitches lead to the base of the chair.


The art scene in Cape Town, South Africa is one of the biggest draws to the cosmopolitan city, and whether you're cruising through a popular tourist area or visiting a local township, the creativity can be seen in world-class museums, independent art galleries and even in and outside of private homes.
Cape Town has long attracted creatives from all over the world, and if you want to explore the city's best artwork, we'll tell you where to go and what to do.
You'll need plenty of time and energy to make it through the grand Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa, a contemporary art museum that has six sprawling floors at the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront. Having opened in the fall of 2017, the museum is the largest contemporary art space in all of Africa and has a basement gallery and a restaurant and sculpture garden on the roof. From video installations and large-scale sculptures to paintings that are socially charged, this museum captures the breadth of creativity that exists throughout the continent and the African diaspora. The rotating and permanent collections highlight artists from throughout Africa as well as black American greats like Glenn Ligon and Kehinde Wiley and every exhibit demands that you take your time to appreciate the work.
A Cape Town suburb with industrial roots, Woodstock is home to some of the most ambitious art galleries and design studios in the city, and the street art has helped to shape the look of the region. There are plenty of fine art galleries to visit on your journey through Woodstock, so pop into Stevenson Gallery and a gallery owned by self-taught artist Muso Masoabi before visiting collectives like Greatmore Artists Studios to meet those that are redefining art in South Africa.
Located just eight miles from Cape Town, Langa is one of the oldest townships in all of South Africa, and the local arts community is vibrant and thriving. Langa is home to the Guga S'Thebe Arts and Cultural Centre, which is used to host exhibits and artistic events, and the township is also known for the brightly colored murals that are painted on homes and buildings throughout the township. Getting a tour of the neighborhood via companies like the black-owned Maboneng Township Art Experiences, which offer tours on Airbnb Experiences, and are highly recommended, especially since you won't want to miss exploring the mini art galleries located inside the homes of longtime Langa residents.
Plan on visiting Cape Town on the first Thursday of the month? Museums, art galleries, shops, and restaurants welcome thousands of visitors during First Thursdays, as the local creative community unites to enjoy live performances and the see the latest collections from painters, sculptors, photographers, and designers. If you want to take home art from your time in Cape Town, you're sure to find the perfect pieces here.
Wandisile Nqeketho grew up in the township of Khayelitsha, and he opened 18 Gangster Museum as a response to the gang culture he witnessed throughout his life. 18 Gangster Museum was created to help turn the children of Khayelitsha away from local gangs, and the museum tours, lead by reformed gang members and ex-offenders, take visitors on a powerful journey into the history of South Africa's gangs through photographs, videos, and real-life stories.


Wow. I knew I'd enjoy Never Doubt a Duke, just because Regina Scott wrote it. I didn't expect to love it.
I loved the characters. I loved how she set up what will hopefully be an amazing new series. I loved how it was dramatic and fun and romantic.
In Never Doubt a Duke we meet a great new household, who needs someone a bit more than even Mary Poppins. I loved Jane. She is an amazing person and a terrific mentor for those young girls. Alaric is essential, while not the typical haughty Duke, he's every bit an arrogant dastard, until his life gets turned upside down.
There isn't a blatant message in Never Doubt a Duke but the subtle one about being constant and doing God's work is prevalent.


text:
Die Plinius-Briefe sind eine Sammlung von Briefen () des römischen Schriftstellers Plinius der Jüngere (61 oder 62 – ca. 114). Mit ihrer Publikation begründete er ein eigenes Genre und verschaffte sich den von ihm angestrebten Nachruhm.

"Sie sind einerseits", konstatierte der Philologe Matthias Ludolph, "als stilistisch geformtes und veröffentlichtes Werk, Bestandteil der studia und gehören damit von Haus aus zu den Mitteln, mit denen man im Rom des Prinzipats Ruhm gewinnen kann. Darüber hinaus sind publizierte Briefe im höchsten Maße geeignet, in ganz unaufdringlicher Weise den Ruhm ihres Verfassers zu befördern."

369 Briefe sind in zehn Büchern zusammengefasst. Die ersten neun Bücher enthalten 248 Briefe, die Plinius an 105 verschiedene Adressaten gerichtet hatte. Dies waren Freunde, persönliche Bekannte und namhafte Zeitgenossen. Diese Briefe veröffentlichte Plinius selbst, bevor er als Statthalter des Kaisers Trajan nach Bithynien ging. Das zehnte postum von unbekannter Seite publizierte Buch umfasst seine Korrespondenz mit Trajan (121 Briefe, auch Antwortschreiben des Kaisers). Nur die Briefe im 10. Buch sind chronologisch geordnet.

Die Briefsammlung ist von herausragender Bedeutung als historische Quelle für das späte 1. und beginnende 2. Jahrhundert. "Das hohe Ansehen, das die Briefe von historischer Seite genießen, wird von literarisch-philologischer Seite zumeist nicht geteilt. Den Plinianischen Briefen widerfährt ein ähnliches Schicksal wie beinahe der gesamten nachklassischen Literatur, die nur sehr schwer aus dem Schatten ihrer klassischen Vorgänger heraustreten kann." In jedem der Briefe behandelte Plinius unter Einhaltung der äußeren Form (Adressat, Absender, Grußformel) ein bestimmtes Thema. Nahezu alle Bereiche des Lebens der römischen Oberschicht werden angeschnitten. Die meisten dieser in einem sprachlich "mittleren Stil" verfassten Mitteilungen wurden für die Veröffentlichung wohl noch einmal überarbeitet. Sie geben detaillierte Einblicke, sowohl in das Alltags- als auch in das politische Leben und in die gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse in Rom. Enthalten sind persönliche Anliegen und Beziehungen, Reflexionen über Politik, Rechts- und Gerichtswesen, Literatur und Kultur, Bildungsfragen, daneben Landschaftsschilderungen.

Bekannt sind die Beschreibungen seiner Villen Tuscum im Apennin und Laurentinum südlich von Ostia am Mittelmeer.

Zu den bekanntesten Einzelstücken gehören die Schilderung des Vesuvausbruchs im Jahr 79 für Tacitus  und der Briefwechsel mit Trajan bezüglich der Frage, wie mit Christen zu verfahren sei.

Zwecke, Erscheinungsweise und Art der Briefe

Neben dem auf literarischen Nachruhm zielenden Motiv und einer autobiographischen Absicht werden die Briefe neuerdings auch als Versuch angesehen, mit der zeitgenössischen Öffentlichkeit unter dem Aspekt der politisch-moralischen Einflussnahme zu kommunizieren. Für die von Plinius selbst vorgenommenen Veröffentlichungen werden drei aufeinander folgende Publikationszeitpunkte als wahrscheinlich angegeben: die ersten zwei oder drei Bücher zwischen den Jahren 101 und 104, die Bücher vier bis sieben etwa 107/108, die Bücher acht und neun 109 oder 110 n. Chr. Vieles spricht dafür, dass es sich nicht um Briefe handelt, die von Plinius tatsächlich in dieser Form verschickt worden sind, sondern um für die Veröffentlichung überarbeitete Fassungen oder um rein artifizielle Erzeugnisse zum Zweck der Publikation. Erwogen werden auch Mischformen zwischen dem Rückgriff auf tatsächliche Korrespondenz und fiktiven Ergänzungsprodukten. Angeregt wurde die Veröffentlichung, wie Plinius im ersten Buch bemerkt, durch den Prätorianerpräfekten Gaius Septicius Clarus.

Der oft – auch von Plinius selbst –  hergestellte Vergleich mit Ciceros Korrespondenz, so Lambert, sei fragwürdig. Bei Ciceros Briefen handle es sich um aus dem Moment heraus verfasste "echte" Briefe, die "uns das Handeln, Denken, Fühlen dieses Mannes beinahe von Tag zu Tag miterleben lassen." Auch seien die Briefe Ciceros im Unterschied zu denen des Plinius datiert und erst nach seinem Tode unter anderen von seinem Sekretär Tiro herausgegeben worden.

Gesellschaftliche Einblicke

Gesellschaftliche Ungleichheit war für Plinius nicht nur eine vorgefundene Selbstverständlichkeit im römischen Alltag, sondern ein zu wahrendes Gut. Bei der Ordnung des Rechtswesens in den Provinzen gelte es für die Verantwortlichen, durch Leutseligkeit sowohl die Honoratioren sich gewogen zu halten als auch die einfachen Bürger zu gewinnen. Es komme sehr darauf an, die Standes- und Rangunterschiede sorgfältig zu beachten, denn "sind sie einmal verwischt, getrübt, vermengt, dann ist nichts ungleichwertiger als diese Gleichwertigkeit."

Bei der Eheschließung zwischen unterschiedlich wohlhabenden Partnern erschien es Plinius hingegen nötig, noch rechtzeitig einen insgesamt standesgemäßen Ausgleich herbeizuführen. Der in bescheidenen Verhältnissen aufgewachsenen Tochter seines offenbar geschätzten Briefpartners Quintilianus stellte er 50.000 Sesterzen als eigenen Beitrag zur Ausstattung mit Kleidung und Dienerschaft in Aussicht, "Dinge, von denen die innere Würde zwar nichts gewinnt, aber doch Schmuck und Glanz erhält." Dies sei angesichts des hochangesehenen Bräutigams geboten, "dem die Rücksicht auf seine zivilen Verpflichtungen eine gewisse Eleganz gebietet."

Plinius nimmt in seinem Briefwerk vielfach Frauen gegenüber eine wertschätzende Haltung ein und greift im Einzelfall auch zu superlativischen Attributen wie probatissima (die Ehrbarste), honestissima (höchst Angesehene), sanctissima (die Erhabenste). Doch auch was es an Rühmlichem und Bemerkenswertem zu erfahren gibt, hänge ab von der gesellschaftlichen Stellung der Betroffenen, stellt Plinius fest. Eher zufällig habe er bei einer Segelpartie auf dem heimischen Comer See (Larius Lacus) durch den Hinweis eines Freundes von dem außergewöhnlichen gemeinsamen Tod eines Ehepaars von einfachem Stande erfahren, obwohl es sich dabei um Landsleute aus heimatlicher Umgebung handelte. Die Frau hatte den an einem unheilbaren Geschwür leidenden Ehemann mit sich selbst zusammengebunden und war ihm voraus und ihn mitreißend aus einem auf den See hinausgehenden Zimmerfenster in den Freitod gesprungen.

Über die Anzahl seiner Sklaven macht Plinius keine Angaben. Sie bilden für ihn einen selbstverständlichen Bestandteil des über eine Reihe eigener Güter verteilten Hausstands. Er bezeichnet sie als "meine Leute" (mei) und hält es bei der Orientierung auf Sklavenmärkten für geboten, nicht nur nach dem Augenschein zu gehen, sondern vor allem die Ohren offen zu halten, um bestätigt zu bekommen, dass die in Aussicht Genommenen auch brav und gut verwendbar sind (ut frugi sint). Dennoch gelte es als Herr stets wachsam zu sein gegenüber den eigenen Sklaven, erläutert Plinius am Beispiel des Larcius Macedo, eines von seinen Sklaven übel zugerichteten und bald darauf verstorbenen, aber wohl auch besonders strengen und harten Herrn, dem Sohn ausgerechnet eines Freigelassenen:

In der Alltagsnormalität fühlt sich Plinius von den eigenen Sklaven nicht hinreichend umsorgt, anders als wenn er zu Besuch bei der Schwiegermutter ist und von deren Sklaven bedient wird. So bittet er sie um einen Gegenbesuch, damit der in den Alltagsroutinen verloren gegangene Respekt seiner Leute wieder aufgefrischt werde.

In die Vielfalt der römischen Klientelverhältnisse, die die persönlichen Beziehungen in einem Geflecht von Abhängigkeit, wechselseitiger Unterstützung und Belohnung nicht allein im kleinen Kreis bestimmten, sondern sich von rechtlicher Vertretung über politische Unterstützung bis zu militärischer Gefolgschaft erstreckten, gibt Plinius Einblick unter anderem in einem Brief an seinen Freund Maximus. Diesen lobt er dafür, dass er auf der Ebene der Klientelpflege, die auch ganzen Bürgergemeinden gelten konnte, den Veronesern ein Gladiatorenspiel ausgerichtet hat, als Geste der Dankbarkeit und zur Belohnung für die ihm nachhaltig erwiesene Achtung und Verbundenheit:

Bildungshorizonte

Als studia bezeichnet Plinius in der Regel die zentralen Felder seiner geistigen Betätigung vor allem in den Bereichen Rhetorik und Literatur, wichtigen Bestandteilen seiner Ausbildung zum Anwalt und Politiker. Sie nahmen breiten Raum schon in der Zeit des Aufwachsens bei seinem Onkel ein, bei Plinius dem Älteren. In der alltäglichen Praxis fallen Ausarbeitung und Vortrag von Gerichtsreden im Begriff der studia bei Plinius zusammen. So lobt er zwei junge Anwaltskollegen nach Plädoyers gegeneinander für ihr Bestreben, sich mit den Studien (ex studiis) einen Ruf zu erwerben. Unter ihren auf diese Weise der Allgemeinheit zugute kommenden Eigenschaften erwähnt er außergewöhnliche Rechtschaffenheit, Charakterfestigkeit und Anstand, eine mannhafte Stimme und sprachliche Gewandtheit, ein sicheres Gedächtnis, großes Talent sowie Urteilsvermögen. Seine an einen jungen Mann gerichtete Empfehlung zur Anlage der Studien betonen zunächst den Wert von Übersetzungen aus dem Griechischen ins Lateinische und umgekehrt. Damit seien präzises Ausdrucksvermögen, eine Fülle von Redewendungen (copia figurarum) wie auch die Darstellungskraft zu schulen.

Die Beschäftigung mit der Wissenschaft biete ihm Freude und Trost (et gaudium mihi et solacium in literis), bekennt Plinius; nichts könne mehr Freude spenden, nichts die Trauer wirksamer lindern. Zwar ließen die Studien ihn Unglücksfälle tiefer empfinden, aber auch geduldiger ertragen.

Wichtige Anhaltspunkte für die eigene Orientierung erhofft sich Plinius auch von seinen Briefpartnern; denn nicht nur die menschliche Neugier komme dabei auf ihre Kosten. Lohnende Berichte von anderer Seite könnten beispielgebend auch für die eigene Lebensführung wirken (ad rationem vitae exemplis erudimur). In diesem Sinne gewährt Plinius jüngeren Bekannten seinerseits in pädagogischer Absicht freundschaftliche Hilfen, so etwa mit einer brieflichen Empfehlung zur Begrenzung des Tafelluxus durch beispielhafte Selbstbeschränkung. Am Ende dieses Briefes heißt es programmatisch:

Auch seinen Rat zur Gelassenheit gegenüber den Wechselfällen des Lebens bindet Plinius an das Beispiel der eigenen Lebenserfahrung:

Bei Gelegenheit, sich den hektischen Alltagsgeschäften mit ihrer vielen Lauferei und dem oft geringem Nutzen zu entziehen, hält Plinius für angebracht und lohnend, wenn die Zeit stattdessen für Studien oder Muße (otium) genutzt werden könne. Muße sei, wie es so scherzhaft und treffend heiße, doch besser als Nichtstun. Einem anderen Briefpartner rät er, den Studien alles andere unterzuordnen und daraus etwas überdauerndes Eigenes zu schaffen, das nicht wie sonstiger Besitz nach dem Tode auf andere übergeht.

Ethisch-moralische Leitvorstellungen

Als vorbildliche Eigenschaften, die Plinius auch ausdrücklich für sich selbst in Anspruch nimmt, hebt er Freigebigkeit (liberalitas), Bescheidenheit (modestia) und Milde (clementia) hervor. Es scheint, dass Plinius auch tatsächlich im Ruf besonderer Milde stand, wenn sogar Untergebene seiner Freunde auf ihn als Fürsprecher bei ihren Herren rechnen konnten. Sabinianus wird von ihm eindringlich beschworen, einem seiner Freigelassenen wegen dessen Vergehen nicht weiterhin zu zürnen:

Bei der Auseinandersetzung mit Verfehlungen anderer mahnte Plinius überhaupt zur Zurückhaltung und wandte sich gegen jene, die am härtesten bestraften, was sie selbst am meisten nachahmten. "Ich für meine Person halte den für den besten, vollkommensten Menschen, der allen andern so verzeiht, als ob er selbst täglich fehlte, und sich so vor Verfehlungen hütet, als ob er niemandem etwas verziehe." Schließlich gelte der Satz: "Wer die Fehler der Menschen haßt, haßt die Menschen." (qui vitia odit, homines odit)

Rangunterschiede bei der Bewirtung seiner Tischgäste zu machen, lehnte Plinius ab, anders als er es bei einem Bekannten erlebt hatte, der nur einigen die besonderen Delikatessen servieren ließ, die übrigen Teilnehmer dagegen mit billiger Schmalkost abspeiste. "Auch den Wein hatte er in kleinen Fläschchen in drei Sorten aufgetragen, nicht, damit man die Möglichkeit habe zu wählen, sondern damit man nicht ablehnen könne, eine für sich und uns, eine für die geringeren Freunde – er macht nämlich Rangunterschiede bei seinen Freundschaften –, eine dritte für seine und unsere Freigelassenen." Mit wem dagegen er, Plinius selbst, Tisch und Polster teile, den behandle er auch in allen Dingen gleich.

Mitmenschliche Teilnahme bezeugt Plinius auch gegenüber den zu seinem Hausstand gehörenden Sklaven. Er gestattete ihnen entgegen üblichem Brauch, eine Art Testament zu machen, und setzte dessen Inhalt nach eigenem Bekunden dann auch um, als wäre es rechtskräftig. "Sie verteilen, schenken, hinterlassen selbstverständlich innerhalb des Hauswesens, denn für Sklaven ist das Hauswesen gewissermaßen der Staat und sozusagen ihre Gemeinde."

Zwiespältige Gefühle löst bei Plinius der Freitod seines von schwerer Gicht geplagten väterlichen Freundes Corellius Rufus aus. Es sei doch immer besonders traurig, wenn der Tod nicht auf natürlichem Wege eintrete, denn "bei denen, die von der Krankheit dahingerafft werden, liegt immerhin ein starker Trost eben in der Unabwendbarkeit; bei denen, die ein freiwilliger Tod entführt, ist der Schmerz darüber unheilbar, weil man glaubt, sie hätten noch lange leben können." Von der Frau des Corellius, der schließlich die Nahrungsaufnahme verweigerte, wurde Plinius als letztmöglicher Abwender dieses Freitods an das Krankenlager gerufen, erfuhr aber schon auf dem Wege dahin, dass auch er den Entschluss des Freundes nicht würde ändern können: "Als der Arzt ihm zu essen geben wollte, hatte er gesagt: 'Mein Entschluß steht fest!', ein Wort, das in meiner Seele tiefen Schmerz, aber auch hohe Bewunderung auslöste." Auch in anderen Berichten des Plinius über Freitode in seinem Umfeld sind es, wie Bütler anmerkt, besonders zwei wiederkehrende Aspekte, die betont werden: die vernunftgemäße Entscheidung und die standhafte Durchführung. Darin zeige sich der absolute Primat des Geistes auch unter schwersten Krankheitsumständen. "Das heißt aber, daß Plinius den Freitod nicht nur gutheißt, sondern darüber hinaus die in ihm sich äußernde menschliche Größe bewundert."

Zeitkritische Perspektiven

So sehr Plinius einerseits die vorbildlichen Eigenschaften und Haltungen von Persönlichkeiten in seinem Freundes- und Bekanntenkreis betont und beispielhaftes Verhalten vielfach ausgiebig lobpreist, so wenig zufrieden, mitunter abfällig und beinahe resigniert äußert er sich über zeitgenössische Zustände in der Gesellschaft, denen er oft vergangene, aus seiner Sicht bessere Zeiten gegenüberstellt. Bütler meinte dazu: "es muss nämlich erstaunen, wieviele vorzügliche und verschwenderisch mit lobenden Epitheta belegte Männer und Frauen in Plinius' Briefen am Leser vorüberziehen, während andererseits die licentia temporum [Zügellosigkeit der Zeitläufte] beklagt und die vitia [Laster] der anonymen Masse gegeißelt werden. Damit entsteht ein schroffer und weder durch Zwischenstufen gemilderter noch sonst wie ausgeglichener Gegensatz zwischen dem Autor und einer mehr oder weniger geschlossenen Gruppe um ihn herum auf der einen – sowie der Umwelt, von der er sich bewußt distanziert, auf der anderen Seite. Jene kleine elitäre Gruppe spielt in den Briefen eine Hauptrolle und prägt sich dem Leser dadurch besonders stark ein; sie vermag aber das düstere Gesamtbild offenbar nicht aufzuhellen." An seinem Freund Asinius Rufus lobt er in besonderer Weise die mehrfache Vaterschaft, der er einen ansonsten neuerdings ausgebildeten allgemeinen Hang zur Kinderlosigkeit entgegensetzt:

Von den Nachwachsenden hat Plinius allerdings im Allgemeinen keine gute Meinung. Dies zeigt sich etwa bei dem Loblied auf seinen gerade verstorbenen vormaligen Schützling Iunius Avitus, an dessen Ausbildung und charakterlicher Formung er so hohen Anteil hatte, dass Avitus ihm äußerste Wertschätzung entgegengebracht und ihn als seinen Lehrer verehrt habe.

Wenn Plinius sich einerseits erfreut zeigt über die Vielzahl literarischer Talente, die auch mal einen ganzen Monat lang zu täglichen Lesungen den Stoff böten, so klagt er andererseits über das Verhalten des Publikums, das sich großteils den Darbietungen gar nicht oder wenig konzentriert zuwende. Die meisten säßen auf öffentlichen Plätzen schwatzend herum, ließen sich von Ferne über den Stand der Dinge informieren und blieben weg, solange der Vortragende noch nicht anwesend, die einleitenden Worte bzw. größere Teile des Vortragsmanuskripts noch nicht gesprochen seien. Nun erst kämen sie zögerlich hinzu, blieben aber auch dann nicht bis zum Schluss, sondern machten sich teils diskret, teils ohne jegliche Rücksichtnahme wieder davon.

Eine spezielle Verderbnis der Sitten sieht Plinius in den nach griechischem Vorbild unbekleidet durchgeführten, römischen Gepflogenheiten aber nicht entsprechenden gymnastischen Wettkämpfen. Das in Vienne ergangene diesbezügliche Veranstaltungsverbot begrüßt er deshalb und wünscht sich das auch für Rom: "Denn die Laster von Vienne bleiben an Ort und Stelle, unsere verbreiten sich weithin, und wie im menschlichen Körper die schlimmste Krankheit die ist, welche im Kopf beginnt, so ist es auch im Staat."

Als teilweise unwürdig beschreibt Plinius auch die Verhältnisse am wichtigsten Ort seines eigenen staatspolitischen Wirkens, im Senat von Rom. Seinem Freund Maximus berichtet er von der Einführung eines neuen Abstimmungsverfahrens bei Wahlen unter Einsatz von Stimmtäfelchen:

Von älteren Senatskollegen hat sich Plinius erzählen lassen, wie es noch in ihrer Anfangszeit ganz anders zugegangen sei: lautlose Stille nach dem Namensaufruf des Kandidaten, der dann seine Referenzen und Unterstützer benannte, die ihrerseits kurze Erklärungen abgaben. "Das war wirksamer als alles Werben. Bisweilen bemängelte ein Kandidat die Herkunft, das Alter oder auch den Charakter seines Konkurrenten. Der Senat hörte sich das mit zensorischem Ernst an. So setzten sich häufiger Männer durch, die es verdienten, als solche mit guten Beziehungen."

In einem weiteren Brief an Maximus kommt Plinius auf das neue Verfahren und damit im Zusammenhang stehende Bedenken zurück, dass die geheime Abstimmung zu Missbräuchen führen könnte. Viele würden doch im Geheimen erst recht den Anstand beiseitelassen. "Das ist jetzt eingetreten", berichtet Plinius. "Bei den letzten Wahlen fanden sich auf einigen Stimmzetteln allerhand Witzeleien, sogar Zoten, in einem Falle statt des Namens der Kandidaten die ihrer Förderer. Der Senat brauste auf und beschwor den Zorn des Prinzeps auf den Schreiber herab; doch der verkroch sich und war nicht auszumachen, befand sich wohl gar unter den Empörten." Wie Abhilfe zu schaffen wäre, sieht Plinius nicht; immer seien doch die Gebrechen stärker als die Heilmittel.

Aristokratische Nutzung von Landeigentum

Plinius' ländlichen Besitzungen werden in seinem Briefwerk erst in zweiter Linie als Ertragsgüter und wirtschaftliche Existenzbasis behandelt. Vor allem als lohnenden Gegenpol zu den in Hektik und zweifelhafter Geschäftigkeit verbrachten Tagen in der Metropole Rom setzt er sie in Szene. Ulrich Schnabel vertritt in der Zeit für die gegenwärtigen Erscheinungsformen von Alltagsstress und Reizüberflutung im "Online-Zeitalter" unter Hinweis auf Erkenntnisse von Sozialpsychologie und Hirnforschung einen ähnlichen Ansatz: "Dass schon der Anblick von Wiesen und Bäumen einen erholsamen Effekt hat, ist mittlerweile sogar wissenschaftlich bewiesen. Im Gegensatz zu einer städtischen Umgebung wird unser Gehirn in der Natur nicht ständig mit neuen Reizen bombardiert und kann sich auf einer Almwiese oder beim Blick aufs Meer besonders gut regenerieren." In einer Vergleichsstudie mit Studenten der University of Michigan wurde gefunden, dass Stadtspaziergänge sich im Vergleich zum Aufsuchen eines mit Bäumen und Sträuchern bestückten Arboretums nachteiliger darstellten im Hinblick auf Stimmungslage, geistige Leistungsfähigkeit und Aufmerksamkeit. Ein weiteres Experiment habe noch Erstaunlicheres zutage gebracht: "Schon das Betrachten eines Naturpanoramas auf einem Foto wirkte sich vorteilhafter auf den Geisteszustand aus als das Betrachten einer Straßenszene."  An beschaulichem Ruheort angekommen, werde er sich erst bewusst, wie lästig und fade sich der städtische Alltag auf die Dauer darstelle. Auf seinem Gut bei Laurentum falle das alles von ihm ab:

Die Lage des Laurentischen Anwesens erscheint ihm ideal, das Haus relativ geräumig, der Unterhalt aber nicht weiter kostspielig. Es biete guten Wetterschutz, da die das Atrium D-förmig umschließende Säulenhalle durch Scheiben und vorspringende Dächer geschützt sei. An den mittigen Empfangsraum schließe das Esszimmer an, "das bis zum Strand vorspringt und, wenn einmal das Meer vom Südwind aufgewühlt ist, von den bereits gebrochenen, letzten Ausläufern der Wellen bespült wird. Auf allen Seiten hat es Flügeltüren oder Fenster, die nicht kleiner sind als Flügeltüren, und so schaut man von den Seiten und von vorn gleichsam auf drei Meere". Mit dem Stolz des Hausherrn und als sachkundiger Genießer setzt Plinius die briefliche Führung durch die Bauten fort:

Zu den Annehmlichkeiten des Bäderkomplexes gehört ein reizvolles Warmwasserbassin mit Meerblick beim Schwimmen; zudem gibt es einen Wohnturm mit je zwei Wohnzimmern in beiden Geschossen und einen weiteren Turm mit einem Zimmer, von wo aus man Sonnenaufgang und Sonnenuntergang beobachten kann. Auch damit haben die Attraktionen dieses Anwesens für Plinius noch kein Ende, denn sein liebster Aufenthaltsort ist ein – über einen stattlichen und wiederum durch Fenster geschützten Säulengang erreichbares – Gartenhaus, vom Hausherrn selbst angelegt, wie er betont, mit einem "Sonnenzimmer" (heliocaminus) und einem Schlafraum, der Ausblicke sowohl auf das zu Füßen liegende Meer wie auf die rückwärtigen Landhäuser und auf die Wälder oberhalb gewährt.

Dass wirtschaftliche Erwägungen Plinius bei Erwerb und Nutzung der Landgüter durchaus nicht fremd waren, macht er an anderer Stelle deutlich, wo er Erwägungen über ein weiteres Objekt zur Abrundung seiner Besitzungen anstellt. Dabei handelt es sich um angrenzende Landstücke, die den Vorteil böten, dass sie keine zusätzlichen Reisekosten und Mühen für Besuche verursachen würden und keines eigenen Verwalters bedürften, sondern von dem dort bereits beschäftigten nur zusätzlich übernommen zu werden brauchten. Auch die Kosten für Gärtner, Handwerker und Jagdausrüstung fielen so nur einmal an.

Für den Erwerb spreche, dass es sich um fruchtbaren Boden handle, der zwar keinen übermäßigen, doch einen sicheren Ertrag verspreche. Gerade die Ertragslage habe aber in der jüngeren Vergangenheit erhebliche Einbußen dadurch erlitten, dass die dort abhängig Beschäftigten mit den Pachtzahlungen in Not geraten seien und wichtiges Arbeitsgerät großteils verpfändet hätten. "Sie müssen also ausgerüstet werden, und zwar mit um so  mehr Kosten, als sie nur tüchtige Sklaven brauchen können; denn weder habe ich selbst irgendwo Sklaven, die in Fesseln Zwangsarbeit leisten, noch hat dies sonst jemand in der Gegend." Dafür sei aber das früher fünf Millionen Sesterzen teure Landstück nun für drei Millionen zu haben, eine für Plinius durchaus aufzubringende Größenordnung: "Freilich ist fast mein ganzer Besitz in Land angelegt, doch kommt auch etwas Zins herein, und es wird nicht schwer sein, Geld aufzunehmen. Ich kann es von meiner Schwiegermutter bekommen, über deren Kasse ich wie über meine eigene verfüge."

An wieder anderer Stelle zeigt sich, dass Plinius zum Teil intensiv mit Fragen der Ertragsoptimierung seiner Güter befasst war, etwa bei der Vermarktung der Weinlese. Da beklagt er, dass sein Rabattsystem, das neben einem Kaufpreisnachlass für alle Käufer eine zusätzliche Ermäßigung für Großabnehmer beinhaltete, nun zwar allgemein nachgeahmt werde, sich aber ökonomisch kaum auszahle. Die Vorteile lägen eher darin, dass die Geschäftspartner, die er für pünktliche Gegenleistung noch zusätzlich belohne, sich von ihm gerecht behandelt fühlten und ihm auf diese Weise dankbar gewogen blieben.

Nicht immer stellt sich der Genuss der stadtfernen Aufenthalte auf seinen Landgütern Plinius dem Jüngeren ungetrübt dar, nicht einmal in der Toskana (at hoc ne Tuscis quidem), wo er, wie es im Brief heißt, mit allerlei schriftlichen Vorbringen seiner Leute eingedeckt werde.
"Diese lese ich noch um einiges weniger gern als meine eigenen Schriften; denn auch meine eigenen lese ich ungern. Ich überarbeite nämlich ein paar kleinere Reden, was nach einiger Zwischenzeit langweilig und mühsam ist. – Meine Rechnungen werden nachlässig geführt, wie wenn ich gar nicht da wäre. Bisweilen steige ich doch aufs Pferd und spiele insofern den Gutsbesitzer, als ich durch einen Teil meiner Ländereien reite, aber nur um mir Bewegung zu verschaffen. Bleibe Du bei Deiner Gewohnheit und schreibe dem Landmann, der ich bin, was sich in der Stadt zuträgt."

Aspekte und Probleme der Provinzverwaltung – im Dialog mit Trajan

Die Übernahme der Verwaltungsorganisation einzelner Provinzen des Römischen Reiches auf Zeit lag für einen vormaligen Konsul im Rahmen der Erwartungen, denen er sich als führendes Senatsmitglied zu stellen hatte. Plinius war darauf in vieler Hinsicht ausgiebig vorbereitet, wie aus seinem Briefcorpus hervorgeht. Im Senat hatte er sich als Anwalt für Senatskollegen eingesetzt, die wegen vermeintlicher Unregelmäßigkeiten während ihrer Tätigkeit in der Provinzverwaltung von ihren politischen Gegnern angegriffen worden waren. Anderen gab er anlässlich der Übernahme solcher Funktionen gute Ratschläge mit auf den Weg. Besondere Rücksichtnahmen hielt er hinsichtlich der Ausübung römischer Hoheit in den alten griechischen Kernlanden für angebracht. Dem in diese Aufgabe berufenen Maximus riet er:

Zudem mahnt Plinius den Freund Maximus, sich den guten Ruf zu erhalten, den er sich von Bithynien her mit seiner Quaestur erworben habe; denn bekanntlich sei es der Ehre weit schädlicher, das errungene Ansehen zu verspielen, als gar nicht erst dazu zu kommen. Als Plinius von Trajan dann selbst als besonders bevollmächtigter Statthalter in die Provinz Bithynien und Pontus entsandt wird, zeigt sich in seinen brieflichen Rückfragen ein geradezu peinliches Bemühen, nur ja die eigenen Kompetenzen nicht zu überschreiten und sich – ganz im Sinne seiner Ermahnung an Maximus – keine rufschädigenden Missgriffe zu leisten. Ludolph deutet dieses Verhalten als mit Pedanterie gepaarte Entscheidungsschwäche und partielle Hilflosigkeit. Der historischen Forschung hat er mit seinen zahlreichen Bitten um kaiserliche Weisung einen ansehnlichen Dienst erwiesen, da sonst viele Einzelheiten damaliger römischer Provinzverwaltung gar nicht überliefert wären.

Nach einem ausgedehnten Brand in Nikomedia fragt er beispielsweise an, ob Trajan angesichts der von Plinius als komplett desolat geschilderten Brandschutzvorkehrungen zustimme, dass eine maximal 150 ausgebildete Handwerker umfassende Feuerwehr vor Ort gebildet werde. Trajan verwirft diesen Plan aber mit dem Hinweis auf die besondere politische Unruhelage in der Provinz Bithynien und Pontus. Jeder Art von Personenorganisation sei unter diesen Umständen besser vorzubeugen. Plinius solle für eine bessere technische Ausstattung zur Brandbekämpfung sorgen, diese aber den einzelnen Hausbesitzern auftragen und wo nötig das herbeigelaufene Volk mit dazu anhalten (accursu populi ad hoc uti)

Als Plinius ein Problem bei der wirksamen Bewachung der Gefängnisse in seiner Provinz sieht und nachfragt, ob er die bisher allein dafür zuständigen Stadtsklaven (publicos civitatium servos) nicht besser durch Soldaten ersetzen oder, wie bereits geschehen, ergänzen solle, antwortet ihm der Kaiser:

Im Allgemeinen sind die Reskripte Trajans so gehalten, dass sie die Fortgeltung bestehender Regelungen bekräftigen. So heißt es in einem Antwortschreiben zum Beispiel, dass den Bewohnern der den Römern verbündeten Stadt Amisos die von ihnen betriebene Unterstützungskasse zuzugestehen sei, weil sie ihren Gesetzen und der Vertragslage nach darauf ein Anrecht hätten. Man könne ihnen das umso weniger verwehren, "wenn sie einen solchen Beitrag nicht für Unruhen und unerlaubte Zusammenkünfte, sondern zur Linderung der Armut bedürftiger Leute gebrauchen. In den übrigen Städten, die unserem Rechte unterworfen sind, ist dergleichen zu verbieten."

Als Plinius im Hinblick auf die Mitgliederzusammensetzung städtischer Ratsversammlungen nach Rom meldet, dass einige für diese Posten Geldgeschenke als Gegenleistung erbringen müssten, der Großteil dagegen nicht, und um eine verbindliche kaiserliche Regelung nachfragt – "denn was für die Dauer bleiben soll, muss von Dir verfügt werden, dessen Taten und Worten ewige Geltung sicher ist" (cuius factis discisque debetur aeternitas) –, heißt es in der Antwort:

Sehr differenziert werden auch Fragen der Bürgerrechtsverleihung gehandhabt. Da Plinius für den eigenen Masseur bei Trajan das römische Bürgerrecht beantragt und gewährt bekommt, aber noch Angaben zur Person nachreichen soll, wird er darauf aufmerksam gemacht, dass er wegen dessen ägyptischer Herkunft erst noch das alexandrinische Bürgerrecht für ihn hätte erwirken sollen. Auf die nachholende diesbezügliche Bitte erwidert Trajan, dass er nach dem Beispiel seiner Vorgänger das alexandrinische Bürgerrecht eher zurückhaltend verleihe. "Aber da Du für Deinen Masseur Harpocras bereits das römische Bürgerrecht erhalten hast, kann ich Dir auch diese Bitte nicht gut abschlagen."

Bei Vorschlägen seines Statthalters für Bauprojekte in Bithynien und Pontus mahnt Trajan eine solide Gegenfinanzierung an, selbst wo Plinius die Voraussetzungen dafür bereits als erfüllt ansieht – es handelt sich um den Neubau eines öffentlichen Bades in Prusa – und meint, es gehe um ein Unternehmen, das sowohl der Rang dieser Stadt erfordere als auch "Deines Jahrhunderts Glanz" (saeculi tui nitor). Im Antwortschreiben wird die Realisierung des Projekts an Bedingungen geknüpft: Zum einen dürfe keine neue Steuer erhoben werden; zum anderen dürften für notwendige Ausgaben künftig nicht weniger Mittel zur Verfügung stehen.

Auf ausgeprägten Personenkult scheint Trajan keinen besonderen Wert gelegt zu haben. Wohl erlaubt er Plinius auf Anfrage, eine Statue seiner selbst, des Kaisers, in einem geplanten Tempelbau aufzustellen, verbunden allerdings mit dem Hinweis, dass er Ehrungen dieser Art nur sehr sparsam erlaube. Als Plinius bei der Ausgabenprüfung der Stadt Byzantion entdeckt, dass man dort jährlich 12.000 Sesterzen aufwendet, um einen Gesandten mit einer Dankadresse für den Kaiser nach Rom zu schicken, bestätigt ihm Trajan, er habe Recht damit, diesen Ausgabenposten zu streichen. "Der Zweck wird ebenso gut erreicht, wenn Du nur die Dankadresse schicken lässt."

Überlieferung
Plinius' Briefe überlebten nur als Kopien, die Hunderte von Jahren später angefertigt wurden und die sich jeweils geringfügig voneinander unterscheiden.

Für die ersten neun Bücher, die Plinius selbst in Gruppen zu je drei herausgegeben hatte, gibt es eine große Zahl an Handschriften des 9. bis 15. Jahrhunderts, die sich in drei Überlieferungsklassen einteilen lassen, je nachdem, wie viele Bücher sie umfassen. Der Text des zehnten Buches geht auf die Editiones principes zurück, die Hieronymus Avantius und Aldus Manutius 1502 und 1508 vorlegten. Ihnen lag eine heute verlorene Pariser Handschrift aller zehn Bücher zugrunde. Erst 1888 wurde eine Handschrift mit vierzig dieser Briefe von und an Trajan in der Bodleian Library in Oxford wiederentdeckt.

1471 erschien in Venedig die von L. Carbo herausgegebene und gedruckte editio princeps, die auf einem der Manuskripte in der Tradition der neun Bücher basierte. Die erste Ausgabe mit der zehnbändigen Sammlung wurde von Aldus Manutius bereitet, der ein erhaltenes Manuskript aus dem 5. Jahrhundert aus der Abtei Saint-Victor verwendete (sechs Blätter davon erhalten als Pierpont Morgan Library Manuskript M.462) und 1508 in Venedig druckte.

Werkausgaben

Kritische Ausgaben
 R. A. B. Mynors (Hrsg.): C. Plini Caecili Secundi epistularum libri decem. Ed. correctior, Oxford 1966. (Oxford Classical Texts)
 Mauriz Schuster (Hrsg.) & Rudolf Hanslik (Hrsg.): C. Plini Caecili Secundi epistularum libri novem. 3. ed., Leipzig 1958. (Bibliotheca Teubneriana)

Ausgaben mit Übersetzung
 Heribert Philips (Hrsg.) & Marion Giebel (Hrsg.): Plinius: Epistulae / Sämtliche Briefe. Lateinisch-Deutsch, Stuttgart 2010. (Reclams Universal-Bibliothek)
 P. G. Walsh (Übers.): Pliny the Younger: Complete Letters. Oxford u. a. 2009. (Oxford World's Classics)
 Helmut Kasten (Hrsg.): Plinius: Briefe. Lateinisch-Deutsch, 7., durchges. Auflage, Zürich 1995. (Sammlung Tusculum)
 André Lambert (Übers.): Plinius Secundus: Sämtliche Briefe. Zürich & München 1969. (Die Bibliothek der Alten Welt)
 Betty Radice (Hrsg.): Pliny: Letters. Lateinisch-Englisch, 2 Bde., Cambridge (MA) 1969. (Loeb Classical Library)

Literatur
 Hans-Peter Bütler: Die geistige Welt des jüngeren Plinius. Studien zur Thematik seiner Briefe (= Bibliothek der klassischen Altertumswissenschaften. Neue Folge, Reihe 2, Band 38). Winter, Heidelberg 1970 (zugleich Dissertation, Universität Zürich 1967).
 Eckard Lefèvre: Vom Römertum zum Ästhetizismus. Studien zu den Briefen des jüngeren Plinius (= Beiträge zur Altertumskunde. Band 269). De Gruyter, Berlin u. a. 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-020874-0.

 Matthias Ludolph: Epistolographie und Selbstdarstellung. Untersuchungen zu den 'Paradebriefen' Plinius des Jüngeren (= Classica Monacensia. Band 17). Narr, Tübingen 1997, ISBN 3-8233-4876-0 (zugleich Dissertation, Universität München 1996).
 Katrin Schwerdtner: Plinius und seine Klassiker. Studien zur literarischen Zitation in den Pliniusbriefen (= Beiträge zur Altertumskunde. Band 340). De Gruyter, Berlin u. a. 2015, ISBN 978-3-11-041740-1 (zugleich Dissertation, Universität Trier 2014).
 Adrian Nicholas Sherwin-White: The letters of Pliny. A historical and social commentary. Clarendon Press, Oxford 2003, ISBN 0-19-814435-0 (Nachdruck der Ausgabe Clarendon Press, Oxford 1966).
 Reinhard Förtsch: Archäologischer Kommentar zu den Villenbriefen des jüngeren Plinius. Mainz 1993.

Weblinks
 Lateinischer Text der Briefe bei Perseus
 Diverse Briefe in brauchbaren deutschen Übersetzungen unter "Plinius"
 Ausgewählte Briefe in deutscher Übertragung mit gegenübergestelltem lateinischem Text
 Ältere, kritisch-philologische lateinische Ausgabe mit Kommentar (Teubner)
 Ältere deutsche Komplettübersetzung

Anmerkungen

Literarisches Werk der Antike
Literatur (Latein)
Brief (Literatur)


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What is the harm in taking break once a while from your busy work schedule? And what better way to give a small treat to yourselves by reading a few funny tweets? If you are an addicted follower of tweeting good time, this will be definitely new to you. We are up with some of the wackiest parody Indian Twitter accounts that tweets the most nonsensical stuff to make your day. They offer a daily dose punches & jokes out of latest news & happenings around the world.
I am sure you will love. What more? Put these accounts into a 'comedy' list on Twitter to have the flow uninterrupted. Laugh your workload away!
As his profile says, "Armchair thinker, excessive drinker, occasional writer, wants to be lighter", this guy is truly awesome. He comes up with every issue by adding element of funny to it.
If it's priced at Rs 39,990, why call it PS4. PS3.999 would have been cool, no.
Could Thakur run Ramgarh with outside support from Gabbar Singh? No, no? THEN WHY YOU GUYS ARE PILING TO AAP?
Praveen is a standup Comedian and calls himself as Sit down Tweeter. He has over 10, 729 followers on tweeter.
Dhoni is very funny man.. He will not only play Ishant Sharma but also expects to win the match..
Performing with @KananGill tomorrow at Loft 38, IndiraNagar at 9pm. Tics at 6000 bucks less than Russell Peters show. Yes Free entry. Come.
The tweeter page says, "Out to prove that Freud chicken is nothing but Jung food. Coined the word 'Murgasm' (pleasure you derive from gorging on chicken tandoori)". And bang come the jokes!
In an RGV movie, someone would kill the maid's friend whose ghost would return to seduce the diplomat's driver.
Lokpal Bill passed. Anna sips lime juice and effectively withdraws chai-pani from ministers and bureaucrats.
Well he definitely has nothing to do with @DesiBaba or @BabaNithyanand or @NirmalBaba or @BabaRamDev. One of the funniest Indian tweeter account.
He is a comic writer and Co-founder of All India Bakchod with 51,636 tweeter followers.
"Mehenga hoga" – Indian reaction to when a product they buy actually does what it's supposed to.
Ridiculous how foggy it is in Chandigarh. It's like living inside a Silent Hill video game.
With 70, 321 he rules tweeter and claims to be the author of The Dork Trilogy.
Eighth Schengen visa application in four years. Somebody say "global village" so I can punch you in the face with a guitar.
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