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Tag: Borean
Sahara's rather pale-green and discontinuous Sahelo-Sudanian steppe corridor, and the R1b – Afroasiatic connection
Interesting new paper (behind paywall) Megalakes in the Sahara? A Review, by Quade et al. (2018).
Abstract (emphasis mine):
The Sahara was wetter and greener during multiple interglacial periods of the Quaternary, when some have suggested it featured very large (mega) lakes, ranging in surface area from 30,000 to 350,000 km2. In this paper, we review the physical and biological evidence for these large lakes, especially during the African Humid Period (AHP) 11–5 ka. Megalake systems from around the world provide a checklist of diagnostic features, such as multiple well-defined shoreline benches, wave-rounded beach gravels where coarse material is present, landscape smoothing by lacustrine sediment, large-scale deltaic deposits, and in places, tufas encrusting shorelines. Our survey reveals no clear evidence of these features in the Sahara, except in the Chad basin. Hydrologic modeling of the proposed megalakes requires mean annual rainfall ≥1.2 m/yr and a northward displacement of tropical rainfall belts by ≥1000 km. Such a profound displacement is not supported by other paleo-climate proxies and comprehensive climate models, challenging the existence of megalakes in the Sahara. Rather than megalakes, isolated wetlands and small lakes are more consistent with the Sahelo-Sudanian paleoenvironment that prevailed in the Sahara during the AHP. A pale-green and discontinuously wet Sahara is the likelier context for human migrations out of Africa during the late Quaternary.
The whole review is an interesting read, but here are some relevant excerpts:
Various researchers have suggested that megalakes coevally covered portions of the Sahara during the AHP and previous periods, such as paleolakes Chad, Darfur, Fezzan, Ahnet-Mouydir, and Chotts (Fig. 2, Table 2). These proposed paleolakes range in size by an order of magnitude in surface area from the Caspian Sea–scale paleo-Lake Chad at 350,000 km2 to Lake Chotts at 30,000 km2. At their maximum, megalakes would have covered ~ 10% of the central and western Sahara, similar to the coverage by megalakes Victoria, Malawi, and Tanganyika in the equatorial tropics of the African Rift today. This observation alone should raise questions of the existence of megalakes in the Sahara, and especially if they developed coevally. Megalakes, because of their significant depth and area, generate large waves that become powerful modifiers of the land surface and leave conspicuous and extensive traces in the geologic record.
ETOPO1 digital elevation model (1 arc-minute; Amante and Eakins, 2009) of proposed megalakes in the Sahara Desert during the late Quaternary. Colors denote Köppen-Geiger climate zones: blue, Aw, Af, Am (tropical); light tan, Bwk, BSh, BSk, Csa, Csb, Cwb, Cfa, Cfb (temperate); red-brown, Bwh (arid, hot desert and steppe climate). Lake area at proposed megalake high stands and present Lake Victoria are in blue, and contributing catchment areas are shown as thin solid black lines. The main tributaries of Lake Chad are denoted by blue lines (from west to east: the Komadougou-Yobe, Logone, and Chari Rivers; source: Global Runoff Data Center, Koblenz, Germany). Rainfall isohyets (50, 200, 800, 1200, and 1600) are marked in dashed gray-scale lines. Physical parameters of each basin are shown in white boxes: Abt, total basin area; AW, lake area; Vw, lake volume; and aW= AW/Abt. Black dots mark the location of the paleohydrological records from Lezine et al. (2011), also compiled in Supplementary Table S5.
Lakes, megalakes, and wetlands
Active ground-water discharge systems abound in the Sahara today, although they were much more widespread in the AHP. They range from isolated springs and wet ground in many oases scattered across the Sahara (e.g., Haynes et al., 1989) to wetlands and small lakes (Kröpelin et al., 2008). Ground water feeding these systems is dominated by fossil AHP-age and older water (e.g., Edmunds and Wright 1979; Sonntag et al., 1980), although recently recharged water (<50 yr) has been locally identified in Saharan ground water (e.g., Sultan et al., 2000; Maduapuchi et al., 2006).
Megalake Chad
In our view, Lake Chad is the only former megalake in the Sahara firmly documented by sedimentologic and geomorphic evidence. Mega-Lake Chad is thought to have covered ~ 345,000 km2, stretching for nearly 8° (10–18°N) of latitude (Ghienne et al., 2002) (Fig. 2). The presence of paleo- Lake Chad was at one point challenged, but several—and in our view very robust—lines of evidence have been presented to support its development during the AHP. These include: (1) clear paleo-shorelines at various elevations, visible on the ground (Abafoni et al., 2014) and in radar and satellite images (Schuster et al., 2005; Drake and Bristow, 2006; Bouchette et al., 2010); (2) sand spits and shoreline berms (Thiemeyer, 2000; Abafoni et al., 2014); and (3) evaporites and aquatic fauna such as fresh-water mollusks and diatoms in basin deposits (e.g., Servant, 1973; Servant and Servant, 1983). Age determinations for all but the Holocene history of mega- Lake Chad are sparse, but there is evidence for Mio-Pliocene lake (s) (Lebatard et al., 2010) and major expansion of paleo- Lake Chad during the AHP (LeBlanc et al., 2006; Schuster et al., 2005; Abafoni et al., 2014; summarized in Armitage et al., 2015) up to the basin overflow level at ~ 329m asl.
Insights from hydrologic mass balance of megalakes
Graph of mean annual rainfall (mm/yr) versus aw (area lake/area basin, AW/AL); their modeled relationship using our Sahelo-Sudanian hydrologic model for the different lake basins are shown as solid colored lines. Superimposed on this (dashed lines) are the aw values for individual megalake basins and the mean annual rainfall required to sustain them. Mean annual paleo-rainfall estimates of 200– 400 mm/yr during the AHP from fossil pollen and mollusk evidence is shown as a tan box. The intersection of this box with the solid colored lines describes the resulting aw for Saharan paleolakes on the y-axis. The low predicted values for aw suggest that very large lakes would not form under Sahelo-Sudanian conditions where sustained by purely local rainfall and runoff. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Using these conservative conditions (i.e., erring in the direction that will support megalake formation), our hydrologic models for the two biggest central Saharan megalakes (Darfur and Fezzan) require minimum annual average rainfall amounts of ~ 1.1 m/yr to balance moisture losses from their respective basins (Supplementary Table S1). Lake Chad required a similar amount (~1 m/yr; Supplementary Table S1) during the AHP according to our calculations, but this is plausible, because even today the southern third of the Chad basin receives ≥1.2 m/yr (Fig. 2) and experiences a climate similar to Lake Victoria. A modest 5° shift in the rainfall belt would bring this moist zone northward to cover a much larger portion of the Chad basin, which spans N13° ±7°. Estimated rainfall rates for Darfur and Fezzan are slightly less than the average of ~ 1.3 m/yr for the Lake Victoria basin, because of the lower aw values, that is, smaller areas of Saharan megalakes compared with their respective drainage basins (Fig. 15).
Estimates of paleo-rainfall during the AHP
Here major contradictions develop between the model outcomes and paleo-vegetation evidence, because our Sahelo-Sudanian hydrologic model predicts wetter conditions and therefore more tropical vegetation assemblages than found around Lake Victoria today. In fact, none of the very wet rainfall scenarios required by all our model runs can be reconciled with the relatively dry conditions implied by the fossil plant and animal evidence. In short, megalakes cannot be produced in Sahelo-Sudanian conditions past or present; to form, they require a tropical or subtropical setting, and major displacements of the African monsoon or extra-desert moisture sources.
Change in mean annual precipitation over northern Africa between mid-Holocene (6 ka) and pre-industrial conditions in PMIP3 models (affiliations are provided in Supplementary Table S4). Lakes Victoria and Chad outlined in blue. (a) Ensemble mean change in mean annual precipitation and positions of the African summer (July–September) ensemble mean ITCZ during mid-Holocene (solid red line) and pre-industrial conditions (solid blue line). (b) Zonal average of change in mean annual precipitation over land (20°W–30°E) for the ensemble mean (thick black) and individual models are listed on right). The range of minimal estimated change in mean annual precipitation required to sustain steppe is shown in shaded green (Jolly et al., 1998).
If not megalakes, what size lakes, marshes, discharging springs, and flowing rivers in the Sahara were sustainable in Sahelo-Sudanian climatic conditions? For lakes and perennial rivers to be created and sustained, net rainfall in the basin has to exceed loss to evapotranspiration, evaporation, and infiltration, yielding runoff that then supplies a local lake or river. Our hydrologic models (see Supplementary Material) and empirical observations (Gash et al., 1991; Monteith, 1991) for the Sahel suggest that this limit is in the 200–300 mm/yr range, meaning that most of the Sahara during the AHP was probably too dry to support very large lakes or perennial rivers by means of local runoff. This does not preclude creation of local wetlands supplied by ground-water recharge focused from a very large recharge area or forced to the surface by hydrologic barriers such as faults, nor megalakes like Chad supplied by moisture from the subtropics and tropics outside the Sahel. But it does raise a key question concerning the size of paleolakes, if not megalakes, in the Sahara during the AHP. Our analysis suggests that Sahelo-Sudanian climate could perhaps support a paleolake approximately ≤5000 km2 in area in the Darfur basin and ≤10,000–20,000 km2 in the Fezzan basin. These are more than an order of magnitude smaller than the megalakes envisioned for these basins, but they are still sizable, and if enclosed in a single body of water, should have been large enough to generate clear shorelines (Enzel et al., 2015, 2017). On the other hand, if surface water was dispersed across a series of shallow and extensive but partly disconnected wetlands, as also implied by previous research (e.g., Pachur and Hoelzmann, 1991), then shorelines may not have developed.
One of the underdeveloped ideas of my Indo-European demic diffusion model was that R1b-V88 had migrated through South Italy to Northern Africa, and from it using the Sahara Green Corridor to the south, from where the "upside-down" view of Bender (2007) could have occurred, i.e. Afroasiatic expanding westwards within the Green Sahara, precisely at this time, and from a homeland near the Megalake Chad region (see here).
Whether or not R1b-V88 brought the 'original' lineage that expanded Afroasiatic languages may be contended, but after D'Atanasio et al. (2018) it seems that only two lineages, E-M2 and R1b-V88, fit the 'star-like' structure suggesting an appropriate haplogroup expansion and necessary regional distribution that could explain the spread of Afroasiatic languages within a reasonable time frame.
Palaeolithic migrations
This review shows that the hypothesized Green Sahara corridor full of megalakes that some proposed had fully connected Africa from west to east was actually a strip of Sahelo-Sudanian steppe spread to the north of its current distribution, including the Chad megalake, East Africa and Arabia, apart from other discontinuous local wetlands further to the north in Africa. This greenish belt would have probably allowed for the initial spread of early Afroasiatic proto-languages only through the southern part of the current Sahara Desert. This and the R1b-V88 haplogroup distribution in Central and North Africa (with a prevalence among Chadic speakers probably due to later bottlenecks), and the Near East, leaves still fewer possibilities for an expansion of Afroasiatic from anywhere else.
If my proposal turns out to be correct, this Afroasiatic-like language would be the one suggested by some in the vocabulary of Old European and North European local groups (viz. Kroonen for the Agricultural Substrate Hypothesis), and not Anatolian farmer ancestry or haplogroup G2, which would have been rather confined to Southern Europe, mainly south of the Loess line, where incoming Middle East farmers encountered the main difficulties spreading agriculture and herding, and where they eventually admixed with local hunter-gatherers.
NOTE. If related to attested languages before the Roman expansion, Tyrsenian would be a good candidate for a descendant of the language of Anatolian farmers, given the more recent expansion of Anatolian ancestry to the Tuscan region (even if already influenced by Iran farmer ancestry), which reinforces its direct connection to the Aegean.
The fiercest opposition to this R1b-V88 – Afroasiatic connection may come from:
Traditional Hamito-Semitic scholars, who try to look for any parent language almost invariably in or around the Near East – the typical "here it was first attested, ergo here must be the origin, too"-assumption (coupled with the cradle of civilization memes) akin to the original reasons behind Anatolian or Out-of-India hypotheses; and of course
autochthonous continuity theories based on modern subclades, of (mainly Semitic) peoples of haplogroup E or J, who will root for either one or the other as the Afroasiatic source no matter what. As we have seen with the R1a – Indo-European hypothesis (see here for its history), this is never the right way to look at prehistoric migrations, though.
I proposed that it was R1a-M417 the lineage marking an expansion of Indo-Uralic from the east near Lake Baikal, then obviously connected to Yukaghir and Altaic languages marked by R1a-M17, and that haplogroup R could then be the source of a hypothetic Nostratic expansion (where R2 could mark the Dravidian expansion), with upper clades being maybe responsible for Borean.
Simple Nostratic tree by Bomhard (2008)
However, recent studies have shown early expansions of R1b-297 to East Europe (Mathieson et al. 2017 & 2018), and of R1b-M73 to East Eurasia probably up to Siberia, and possibly reaching the Pacific (Jeong et al. 2018). Also, the Steppe Eneolithic and Caucasus Eneolithic clusters seen in Wang et al. (2018) would be able to explain the WHG – EHG – ANE ancestry cline seen in Mesolithic and Neolithic Eurasia without a need for westward migrations.
Dravidian is now after Narasimhan et al. (2018) and Damgaard et al. (Science 2018) more and more likely to be linked to the expansion of the Indus Valley civilization and haplogroup J, in turn strongly linked to Iranian farmer ancestry, thus giving support to an Elamo-Dravidian group stemming from Iran Neolithic.
NOTE. This Dravidian-IVC and Iran connection has been supported for years by knowledgeable bloggers and commenters alike, see e.g. one of Razib Khan's posts on the subject. This rather early support for what is obvious today is probably behind the reactionary views by some nationalist Hindus, who probably saw in this a potential reason for a strengthened Indo-Aryan/Dravidian divide adding to the religious patchwork that is modern India.
I am not in a good position to judge Nostratic, and I don't think Glottochronology, Swadesh lists, or any statistical methods applied to a bunch of words are of any use, here or anywhere. The work of pioneers like Illich-Svitych or Starostin, on the other hand, seem to me solid attempts to obtain a faithful reconstruction, if rather outdated today.
NOTE. I am still struggling to learn more about Uralic and Indo-Uralic; not because it is more difficult than Indo-European, but because – in comparison to PIE comparative grammar – material about them is scarce, and the few available sources are sometimes contradictory. My knowledge of Afroasiatic is limited to Semitic (Arabic and Akkadian), and the field is not much more developed here than for Uralic…
Spread of Y-haplogroup R1b(xM269) in Eurasia, according to Jeong et al. (2018).
If one wanted to support a Nostratic proto-language, though, and not being able to take into account genome-wide autosomal admixture, the only haplogroup right now which can connect the expansion of all its branches is R1b-M343:
R1b-L278 expanded from Asia to Europe through the Iranian Plateau, since early subclades are found in Iran and the Caucasus region, thus supporting the separation of Elamo-Dravidian and Kartvelian branches;
From the Danube or another European region 'near' the Villabruna 1 sample (of haplogroup R1b-L754):
R1b-V88 expanding everywhere in Europe, and especially the branch expanding to the south into Africa, may be linked to the initial Afroasiatic expansion through the Pale-Green Sahara corridor (and even a hypothetic expansion with E-M2 subclades and/or from the Middle East would also leave open the influence of V88 and previous R1b subclades from the Middle East in the emergence of the language);
R1b-297 subclades expanding to the east may be linked to Eurasiatic, giving rise to both Indo-Uralic (M269) and Macro- or Micro-Altaic (M73) expansions.
This is shameless, simplistic speculation, of course, but not more than the Nostratic hypothesis, and it has the main advantage of offering 'small and late' language expansions relative to other proposals spanning thousands (or even tens of thousands) of years more of language separation. On the other hand, that would leave Borean out of the question, unless the initial expansion of R1b subclades happened from a community close to lake Baikal (and Mal'ta) that was also at the origin of the other supposedly related Borean branches, whether linked to haplogroup R or to any other…
NOTE. If Afroasiatic and Indo-Uralic (or Eurasiatic) are not genetically related, my previous simplistic model, R1b-Afroasiatic vs. R1a-Eurasiatic, may still be supported, with R1a-M17 potentially marking the latest meaningful westward population expansion from which EHG ancestry might have developed (see here). Without detailed works on Nostratic comparative grammar and dialectalization, and especially without a lot more Palaeolithic and Mesolithic samples, all this will remain highly speculative, like proposals of the 2000s about Y-DNA-haplogroup – language relationships.
Genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia; Botai shows R1b-M73
Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence Neolithic migrations to the Maghreb
Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa
Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations
Genetic ancestry of Hadza and Sandawe peoples reveals ancient population structure in Africa
R1b-V88 migration through Southern Italy into Green Sahara corridor, and the Afroasiatic connection
Potential Afroasiatic Urheimat near Lake Megachad
Expansion of peoples associated with spread of haplogroups: Mongols and C3*-F3918, Arabs and E-M183 (M81)
The arrival of haplogroup R1a-M417 in Eastern Europe, and the east-west diffusion of pottery through North Eurasia
Genetic landscapes showing human genetic diversity aligning with geography
Human ancestry solves language questions? New admixture citebait
Carlos Quiles	Academia Prisca, Afroasiatic, Altaic, Anthropology, Archaeology, Culture, Demic diffusion, Dravidian, Proto-Indo-European, Proto-languages, Uralic	7 Comments June 24, 2018 June 24, 2018
Open access article The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages, by D'Atanasio, Trombetta, Bonito, et al., Genome Biology (2018) 19:20.
Little is known about the peopling of the Sahara during the Holocene climatic optimum, when the desert was replaced by a fertile environment.
In order to investigate the role of the last Green Sahara in the peopling of Africa, we deep-sequence the whole non-repetitive portion of the Y chromosome in 104 males selected as representative of haplogroups which are currently found to the north and to the south of the Sahara. We identify 5,966 mutations, from which we extract 142 informative markers then genotyped in about 8,000 subjects from 145 African, Eurasian and African American populations. We find that the coalescence age of the trans-Saharan haplogroups dates back to the last Green Sahara, while most northern African or sub-Saharan clades expanded locally in the subsequent arid phase.
Our findings suggest that the Green Sahara promoted human movements and demographic expansions, possibly linked to the adoption of pastoralism. Comparing our results with previously reported genome-wide data, we also find evidence for a sex-biased sub-Saharan contribution to northern Africans, suggesting that historical events such as the trans-Saharan slave trade mainly contributed to the mtDNA and autosomal gene pool, whereas the northern African paternal gene pool was mainly shaped by more ancient events.
Maximum parsimony Y chromosome tree and dating of the four trans-Saharan haplogroups. a Phylogenetic relations among the 150 samples analysed here. Each haplogroup is labelled in a different colour. The four Y sequences from ancient samples are marked by the dagger symbol. b Phylogenetic tree of the four trans-Saharan haplogroups, aligned to the timeline (at the bottom). At the tip of each lineage, the ethno-geographic affiliation of the corresponding sample is represented by a circle, coloured according to the legend (bottom left). The last Green Sahara period is highlighted by a green belt in the background
Also, interesting excerpts:
The fertile environment established in the Green Sahara probably promoted demographic expansions and rapid dispersals of the human groups, as suggested by the great homogeneity in the material culture of the early Holocene Saharan populations [62]. Our data for all the four trans-Saharan haplogroups are consistent with this scenario, since we found several multifurcated topologies, which can be considered as phylogenetic footprints of demographic expansions. The multifurcated structure of the E-M2 is suggestive of a first demographic expansion, which occurred about 10.5 kya, at the beginning of the last Green Sahara (Fig. 2; Additional file 2: Figure S4). After this initial expansion, we found that most of the trans-Saharan lineages within A3-M13, E-M2 and R-V88 radiated in a narrow time interval at 8–7 kya, suggestive of population expansions that may have occurred in the same time (Fig. 2; Additional file 2: Figures S3, S4 and S6). Interestingly, during roughly the same period, the Saharan populations adopted pastoralism, probably as an adaptive strategy against a short arid period [1, 62, 63]. So, the exploitation of pastoralism resources and the reestablishment of wetter conditions could have triggered the simultaneous population expansions observed here. R-V88 also shows signals of a further and more recent (~ 5.5 kya) Saharan demographic expansion which involved the R-V1589 internal clade. We observed similar demographic patterns in all the other haplogroups in about the same period and in different geographic areas (A3-M13/V3, E-M2/V3862 and E-M78/V32 in the Horn of Africa, E-M2/M191 in the central Sahel/central Africa), in line with the hypothesis that the start of the desertification may have caused massive economic, demographic and social changes [1].
Finally, the onset of the arid conditions at the end of the last African humid period was more abrupt in the eastern Sahara compared to the central Sahara, where an extensive hydrogeological network buffered the climatic changes, which were not complete before ~ 4 kya [6, 62, 64]. Consistent with these local climatic differences, we observed slight differences among the four trans-Saharan haplogroups. Indeed, we found that the contact between northern and sub-Saharan Africa went on until ~ 4.5 kya in the central Sahara, where we mainly found the internal lineages of E-M2 and R-V88 (Additional file 2: Figures S4 and S6). In the eastern Sahara, we found a sharper and more ancient (> 5 kya) differentiation between the people from northern Africa (and, more generally, from the Mediterranean area) and the groups from the eastern sub-Saharan regions (mainly from the Horn of Africa), as testified by the distribution and the coalescence ages of the A3-M13 and E-M78 lineages (Additional file 2: Figures S3 and S5).
Time estimates and frequency maps of the four trans-Saharan haplogroups and major sub-clades. a Time estimates of the four trans-Saharan clades and their main internal lineages. To the left of the timeline, the time windows of the main climatic/historical African events are reported in different colours (legend in the upper left). b Frequency maps of the main trans-Saharan clades and sub-clades. For each map, the relative frequencies (percentages) are reported to the right
R-V88 has been observed at high frequencies in the central Sahel (northern Cameroon, northern Nigeria, Chad and Niger) and it has also been reported at low frequencies in northwestern Africa [37]. Outside the African continent, two rare R-V88 sub-lineages (R-M18 and R-V35) have been observed in Near East and southern Europe (particularly in Sardinia)[30, 37, 38, 39]. Because of its ethno-geographic distribution in the central Sahel, R-V88 has been linked to the spread of the Chadic branch of the Afroasiatic linguistic family [37, 40].
(…) the R-V88 lineages date back to 7.85 kya and its main internal branch (branch 233) forms a "star-like" topology ("Star-like" index = 0.55), suggestive of a demographic expansion. More specifically, 18 out of the 21 sequenced chromosomes belong to branch 233, which includes eight sister clades, five of which are represented by a single subject. The coalescence age of this sub-branch dates back to 5.73 kya, during the last Green Sahara period. Interestingly, the subjects included in the "star-like" structure come from northern Africa or central Sahel, tracing a trans-Saharan axis. It is worth noting that even the three lineages outside the main multifurcation (branches 230, 231 and 232) are sister lineages without any nested sub-structure. The peculiar topology of the R-V88 sequenced samples suggests that the diffusion of this haplogroup was quite rapid and possibly triggered by the Saharan favourable climate (Fig. 2b).
One of the theories I proposed in the Indo-European demic diffusion model since the first edition – based mainly on phylogeography – is that R1b-V88 lineages had probably crossed the Mediterranean through southern Italy into a Green Sahara region, and distributed from there throuh important green corridors, humid areas between megalakes. Even though this new study – like the rest of them – is based solely on modern samples, and as such is quite prone to error in assessing ancient distributions – as we have seen in Europe -, it seems that a southern Italian route (probably through Sicily) for R1b-V88 and a late expansion through Green Sahara is more and more likely.
If we accept that the migration of R1b-V88 lineages is the last great expansion through a Green Sahara, then this expansion is a potential candidate for the initial Afroasiatic expansion – whereas older haplogroup expansions would represent languages different than Afroasiatic, and more recent haplogroup expansions would represent subsequent expansions of Afroasiatic dialects, like Semitic, Hamitic, Cushitic, or Chadic – as I explained in an older post.
In absolutely shameless speculative terms, then – as is today common in Genetic studies, by the way, so let's all have some fun here – instead of some sort of R1b/Eurasiatic continuity in Europe, as some autochthonous continuists would like, this could mean that there would be an old Afroasiatic – R1b connection. That would imply:
That successive westward EHG waves would mean the arrival of Indo-Uralic (Eurasiatic?) in Europe, potentially connected to the expansion of haplogroup R1a into Eastern Europe, possibly R1a-M417 (not R1a-M420). That is, following – as is common in ancient history – the paternal line (haplogroup expansion and reduction in variability) as indicative of population expansions and thus also language change.
Departing from this new admixture in Eastern Europe (and apparently a resurge of R1b and other haplogroups, and thus a varied haplogroup distribution in the steppe in the initial Mesolithic-Neolithic transition), there obviously was a subsequent R1b-M269 haplogroup expansion with reduction in variability during the expansion of Khvalynsk and Suvorovo-Novodanilovka cultures, signalling the emergence of a new ruling elite in the eastern zone of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, as marked by high-status burials.
The "Semitic-like" Agricultural Substrate Hypothesis of Guus Kroonen, therefore, would more likely be – as I said before – the product of contacts with Trypillia and Chalcolithic cultures from the Balkans, and not related to Central and Northern European Neolithic (as proposed by the IECWT workgroup) – which, in genomic terms at least, has no obvious connection with Afroasiatic.
NOTE. Regarding the contribution of CHG ancestry in the Pontic-Caspian steppe cultures, it is usually explained as caused by exogamy, or by absorption of a previous population (as in the Indo-Iranian case), although a contribution of communities of mainly J subclades to the formation of Neolithic steppe cultures cannot be ruled out. As for some autochthonous continuists' belief in some sort of mythical mixed steppe people with mixed haplogroups and mixed language, well…
The Pre-Indo-European linguistic situation, before the formation of Neolithic steppe cultures, seems like pure speculation, because a) language macro-families (with the exception of Afroasiatic) are highly speculative, b) sound anthropological models are lacking for them, and c) migrations inferred from haplogroup distributions of modern populations are often incorrect:
Haplogroup R could then be argued to be the source of Nostratic, and earlier subclades the source of Starostin's Borean, given the distribution of its subclades in Asia and the timing of their migrations.
But of course one could also argue that, given the comparatively late population expansions that Genomics is showing, supporting Western European linguistic schools – where Russian Nostraticists tend to date languages further back in time – R1b (and not R) expansion could be the marker of Nostratic languages, due to its most likely southern path (and their old subclades found in Iran and the Caucasus), which would be more in line with the wet dreams of Europeans proposing R1b autochthonous continuity theories. I like this option far less because of that, but it cannot be ruled out.
If you have read this blog before, you know I profoundly dislike lexicostatistical and glottochronological methods, and I don't like mass comparisons either. Whereas these methods pretend to apply mathematics to big (raw) data where there is almost no knowledge of what one is doing, comparative grammar applies complex reasoning where there is a lot of partially processed data.
But, it is always fun to ask "what if they were right?" and follow from there…
The Indo-European demic diffusion model, and the "R1b – Indo-European" association
Archaeological origins of Early Proto-Indo-European in the Baltic during the Mesolithic
Carlos Quiles	Afroasiatic, Anthropology, Archaeology, Culture, Genetics, Indo-European, Linguistics, Proto-Indo-European, Uralic	7 Comments February 13, 2018 March 17, 2018


I am sure you all are aware of Greek yogurt but for those who are not, Greek yogurt is a yogurt which is rich in good probiotics and has double of proteins with less lactose content compared to the normal yogurt. It is very good to treat a lot of problems that we face regarding our hair and skin. It is a natural solution to many problems that we otherwise struggle with and keep finding solutions to. So today let me get you through these problems and the feasible solutions using Greek Yogurt.
Yes, I am sure most of you are trying to deal with it day in and day out – increasing waistline. Well, Greek Yogurt is an easy way to deal with it as it is a rich source of iodine and it is much needed for your thyroid gland to work smoothly. Many of us have high thyroid levels leading to weight and inches gain. Consuming this natural iodine content helps a lot specially because lactose has been drained out from it.
Greek yogurt works wonder to moisturize your skin. Use it plainly or with honey to prepare a mask. This can help you retrieve your skin's natural moisture and retain the glow back. You can also create even more effective masks by adding lemon juice and blueberries to your mask. You can also use products made from Greek yogurt for your skin.
Greek yogurt can be a very effective deep conditioner that would help your hair regain their lustrous feel. The texture also shall improve with regular usage. It works well on your hair to clean the roots and scalp and make it free of dandruff and flakes etc. it also works on detangling and nourishing your hair for that extra shine.
It is known by experts to fight acne by not letting it seep through the skin. It is also known to provide a good healing to blemishes which are already there on your skin.
Try making scrubs using walnut or coffee with Greek Yogurt and see the difference your skin feels after one or two uses itself. You would feel the goodness when your skin gets supple thanks to that extra cream which it has over the normal yogurt.
Trying to lose weight but cannot win over the cravings? Try eating this over your normal snack for like twice a day and you would see your urge to eat more die. You would feel fuller and reduce weight naturally even when you do not get time for that hefty workout. But hey, workout is essential too and for better results, it is much needed.
With so many benefits, I guess Greek Yogurt has a lot of beauty benefits. In addition to these, we should encourage more use of it for our consumption as well as it would ensure we are enriching our body with right amount of protein with lesser sugar. We would also be working on enhancing vitamin B12 in our body apart from many other necessary nutrients which work over many diseases including thyroid and cancer. So, go for it girls!


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What haven't you got that you want?
Added to that gift is a lifelong desire to help people heal and move forward in their lives beyond whatever is troubling them; be it pain, anguish, conflict, loss or even an unknown block holding them back in their professional lives.
Phil's innate understanding and connection to the energies and strength which exists within us, physically, spiritually and emotionally, empower his work which he describes as helping to 'take what you have and turn it into what you want'.
This is a major part of what Phil describes as 'The Philosophy' surrounding his abilities that have enabled him to help clients around the world; whether captains of industry or everyday people troubled in their relationships or lives.
The process Phil works by with every client is first to connect with then on a level that is totally devoid of Judgement and helps them to bring about awareness of what is at the root of those adverse thoughts, feelings and often, the block in that part of their life. As the understanding grows and evolves and acceptance expands Phil helps the client move towards resolution.
'I am often asked, "Is it really ok to feel this way to be angry/sad/confused/resentful/upset". My reply is always the same "You can't help what you feel but you can help what you do about it".
Liz Baron Cohen, Director of Urban Bliss London.
I see people from all walks of life troubled both personally and professionally. For some it can be difficulty in their mental or emotional life, for others it manifests physically through discomfort, pain or illness. Emotion is an incredibly powerful force but all too often overlooked as the root cause of so many issues. Emotion is potentially mankind's greatest asset but arguably the least understood. For some though, in the right conditions, stress or disruption, it can be a ticking time bomb.


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HomeNewsArt Attack: Church Painting Fixed After Bungled Restoration
Art Attack: Church Painting Fixed After Bungled Restoration
September 13, 2021 zenger.news News Comments Off on Art Attack: Church Painting Fixed After Bungled Restoration
Experts in Belgium have fixed a bungled restoration by 17th century Flemish master Peter Paul Rubens. It shows Saint Peter being handed the keys to the kingdom of heaven by Jesus — but as Saint Thomas.
The artwork, which appears to be a copy of a famous Rubens painting, was located in Saint Peter and Paul Church in the village of Pulle, Belgium, in the northern province of Antwerp.
The painting, an excellent copy of a Rubens (1577-1640), now hangs in the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is unclear who painted it, but it is assumed to have been one of his students.
The historic twist was discovered by an art restorer in Antwerp.
Chantal Siebens, owner of an art supplies store, restored the painting in Pulle and found it was not originally Thomas kissing the hand of Christ. It had a layer beneath the surface that showed the artist's true intent. The image has now been restored to show Saint Peter.
The painting's latest restoration shows Saint Peter, as it was in the original. (Obeeliks bvba/Zenger)
The painting "Thomas kissing the hand of Christ" before it was restored and discovered that it was overpainted and should have been St. Peter. (Obeeliks bvba/Zenger)
"Before restoring the painting, the parishioners were convinced it was Saint Thomas kissing the hand of Jesus on the painting. I discovered it was not Saint. Thomas, but St. Peter," said Siebens, a certified restorer who trained at the Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp.
Copy tradition
Students of the Old Masters traditionally copied their paintings to practice their skills and to honor the masters, according to Sotheby's auction house.
"It was a matter of pride to possess one's own version of a great artwork. King Charles I had up to 60 copies of Old Master paintings, commissions or gifts, including many which reproduced original works from his own collection. And copies took on a commercial aspect as the art market gained momentum during the 17th century," according to Sotheby's.
Rubens also admired and copied antique sculptures, as wellas the work of Italian Renaissance masters, such as Raphael, Da Vinci and Caravaggio, according to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.
In his youth, Rubens was hired by Vincenzo I Gonzaga, duke of Mantua, in what is now northern Italy. His main responsibilities were to copy Renaissance paintings. Flemish artist Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641) is perhaps Rubens' most famous student. He worked as his assistant for several years, learning the art of copying paintings, notably Titian and Raphael portraits.
The botched earlier restoration shows a man kissing Jesus' hand. In the Bible, the apostle Thomas doubts that Jesus was resurrected until he saw the wounds on his hands, and then kissed the hand. The scene of Thomas kissing Jesus' hand is depicted in "The Incredulity of Saint Thomas" (1601-1602) by Caravaggio (1571-1610).
During restoration, Siebens said she noticed Jesus' arm was a bit deformed, as was the head of Thomas the Apostle. "It was obvious that another painter had tried to hide some damage," she said.
The expert quickly realized, after scanning the painting with a UV light, that it had been poorly restored and there was another layer beneath the top layer of paint.
"It took me about five months to restore this painting," she said. "The painting was very dark, dirty and greasy, the board was weakened, and it wasn't stable anymore.
"To remove overpaints is always a risk; you don't know what caused the damage and what you will find underneath," Siebens said.
"You protect the painted surface and start to clean and stabilize the back. I had to remove some little pieces of fabric that were hiding some holes and made a new board.
"After cleaning the surface, I removed the overpaints using some gels containing a solvent. The gaps are filled with a mixture of rabbit glue and kaoline. The basic retouches were made with water-based colors and the final retouches with pigments and paraloid. A varnish with UV filter will protect the painting."
Siebens said the painting was somewhat hidden in a corner because it was considered ugly. During restoration work on the church in the 1970s, it is possible someone from the parish tried to repair damage to the canvas by painting over the head.
Edited by Fern Siegel and Judith Isacoff
The post Art Attack: Church Painting Fixed After Bungled Restoration appeared first on Zenger News.
Democrat Leaders Mobilize For Newsom In Final Stretch Before Recall Vote
Mexico's Supreme Court Rules To Decriminalize Abortion

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Some weeks ago an esteemed colleague of ours asked us this hard question. In turn, we asked others. In response, the Black Citizenship Project was formed--a loose collection of local and regional Black artists who wanted to respond to the state sanctioned violence against Black bodies and communities. Our collective response is one of performance, celebration, loss, prayer, healing, dance, protest and music.


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As a dedicated funeral establishment our responsibility is to the families we serve. We provide the most elaborate funeral service to the simplest graveside ceremony, the most unusual memorial service, to the most basic direct cremation. Since no two people are alike, neither should their funeral ceremony be alike. We are prepared to assist families from every walk of life to create a unique ceremony that reflects a life well-lived.
Chadbourn: Dorothy Bass Green, 94 of Chadbourn died Sunday, May 19, 2019 at the Grand Strand Medical Center in Myrtle Beach, S. C.. She was the daughter of the late Richard Dick Bass and Edith Gore Bass and was preceded in death by her husband, Ira Litchfield Green, Sr. . She was baptized at the First Baptist Church in Whiteville. She was a loving homemaker to the complete Green Family. Survivors include two sons, Richard D. Green, Sr. (Zelda W.) of Cerro Gordo, N.C. and David...
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Since 1924, the Connelly Funeral Home of Essex have served the Baltimore, Essex & Middle River areas and surrounding communities with care and compassion. We understand that funerals are for the living and strive to provide a meaningful, individual service for every family we serve. Our professional staff is always available for assistance and guidance whether our services are needed before the funeral, at the time of death, or after the funeral is over. We've designed our website to provide information about the services we offer along with helpful links.
Colt helped our family during the most difficult days. Not only was the service beautiful for our Mo...ther. He was there from the beginning to the end. He is caring, genuine and truly a wonderful person. Thank you for all your care, love & respect during this very difficult time. Connelly funeral home of Dundalk is a class act. Thank you again for all your kindness & care. See More
On May 25, 2019 Elaine V. Snyder (nee Bartos) beloved wife of the late Donald J. Snyder; devoted mother of Donna Connors and Ronald Snyder and his wife Alicia; cherished grandmother of Teresa Klier, Dina Rachuba and Caitlin Snyder. Also survived by 8 great-grandchildren. A funeral service will be held at the Connelly Funeral Home of Essex, 300 Mace Avenue on Friday at 1:00 pm. Visiting hours will be held on Thursday from 3 to 5 and 7 to 9 pm. Interment at St. Stanislaus...
On May 29th, 2019 Leroy "Butch" George Jackson, Jr. devoted husband to Teresa Ann Jackson; beloved stepfather to Tanya and Raymond Welsh, Amanda and Martin Satterfield and DeAnna Delcostello; dear brother of John and Ronald Jackson and the late Donald Jackson; cherished grandfather to Katlyn, Desirae, Alyssa, Wyatt, Jaxson, Hunter and Landyn. A funeral service will be held at the Edgemere Church of God, 7414 Ellen Avenue, Sparrows Point MD 21219 on Saturday June 8th, 2019 at...
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Marshall Jimmy Sarvis, 73 of Whiteville, died April 16, 2017 at Columbus Regional Medical Center. He was a sewing machine mechanic for Blue Jeans , Jasper Textiles and Stone Manufacturing for 30 years. He was the son of the late Marshall Jenkins Sarvis & Lucienne Marie Sarvis. Marshall is survived by his wife; Linda Jones Sarvis, two sons; Randy Wayne Sarvis & Raymond Allen Sarvis both of Whiteville, one sister; Nancy Sarvis Jenrette of Whiteville, two step...
On May 25, 2019 William Marion Griffin, Sr. beloved husband of Michelle Griffin and the late Rebecca Griffin; devoted father of Debbie Reese, daughter-in-law Tammy Griffin, step-daughter Ashley Morelock and the late William M. Griffin, Jr.; loving grandfather of Stacy Griffin, William Griffin III, Devon Pottler and Isabella Morelock. Also survived by many loving family members and friends. A funeral service will be held at the Connelly Funeral Home of Essex, 300 Mace Avenue on...
Doris Lee Fowler Bullard of Delco, NC passed away peacefully in her home Saturday, June 1, 2019. She was born January 14, 1934 in Green Sea, SC the daughter of the late Charlie Lee and Jeffie Strickland Fowler. She was the oldest of seven siblings and is preceded in death by her husband, Horace Bullard of Delco, NC and her two sisters Dola Fowler and Margaret Fowler Buffkin. Doris, "Nannie, Aunt Dot, Mrs. Doris, Grandma," proudly served the community for 54 years as the...
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Police have filed cases against actors Vadivelu and Kushboo, both campaigning for the ruling DMK alliance, based on complaints that they violated rules during their election campaigns.
The Tiruvarur Police registered a case against Vadivelu for having spoken in a public meeting denigrating DMDK leader Vijayakanth thus promoting enmity, hatred and ill will between the cadres of two different parties in breach of the model code of conduct.
The case was registered following a complaint lodged with the Chief Electoral Officer of Tamil Nadu by Dileep Kumar, a high-power committee member of Vijayakanth's DMDK, Chennai.
Two cases have been filed against Kushboo in Theni district. In the first case, the actress allegedly disrupted traffic while campaigning. The second case was filed as some cars in her convoy did not have required permission.
If you liked this FIR against Kushboo, Vadivelu, please like, tweet and share this on Facebook, Twitter, Google+, Pin Board or leave a comment. You can also get the latest News by subscribing to our feed. Don't forgot to share your voice with your friends! They may have also like or have thought on this News and that will help us to improve our selves!.
Director R. Udhayakumar has made some likeable and enjoyable movies in the past including Rajni's 'Ejamaan' and Kamal's 'Singaravelan', Vijaykanth's 'Chinnakounder', Karthick's 'Ponnumani' and 'Urimai Geetham'. The director, on a self-imposed hiatus from Tamil films, has made his appearance on the campaign front, though.
Camping in and around Nagercoil and campaigning in support of the AIADMK candidates for the ensuing Assembly elections, Udhayakumar has taken comedian Vadivelu to task for 'forgetting his past' and launching a verbal attack on 'Captain' Vijaykanth.
"It was me who introduced Vadivelu to Vijaykanth Sir more than two decades ago and asked him to consider casting him (Vadivelu) in one of his films. Now that he has become popular, Vadivelu shouldn't be forgetting all those things and behave in an arrogant manner.
"The entire (Kollywood) industry is aware that Vijaykanth is a kind-hearted and plain-speaking man. When I was making 'Chinnagounder', Vadivelu came to me seeking an opportunity and I made him hold the umbrella for Vijaykanth in the film, taking pity on him as he too hailed from Madurai. It'd be better for him to watch his words," said Udhayakumar.
On this page, we have tried to provide all the information on FIR against Kushboo, Vadivelu. However, if you encounter any discrepancy in the information about this news, do write to us. We welcome any kind of feedback that would improve the quality of the site, a site that strives to provide the best information on FIR against Kushboo, Vadivelu.


This 3 day series of consecutive Thursdays with Hester will give you a solid introduction to her favourite method of making prints. Collagraph is one of the most diverse ways of making printed images and suits many different artistic approaches.
Create sample plates using simple motifs and experiment with the myriad of methods available to collagraph printmakers. Learn how to ink, wipe and print them before beginning to develop your own design.
This series of non-consecutive days is the perfect format to get to grips with this exciting technique as it allows the participant time to learn from each stage and to use that knowledge to develop their preferred methods creating a series of exciting images from their own designs.
– Learn to make fabulous textural collagraph printing plates.
– Learn to ink and wipe plates using intaglio printing methods.
– Access studio equipment and print using an etching press.
– Apply your skills to create collagraph prints from your own designs.
– Explore how to use more than one colour on a single plate.
Feel free to bring any examples of work that inspires you or resources to use such as natural materials or found objects which could be included a Collagraph collage. Don't worry if not though as Hester brings lots of resources with her.
A sketchbook and pencils would be handy but not essential.


My name is Anthony Cangelosi and I currently lead design at Lark42 where I help create and improve experiences on a variety of products. Previously, I was Lead Product Designer at PledgeMusic, and helped people make and discover 3D printed products at Shapeways.
I believe in designing experiences using a healthy dose of empathy, data, and research. I like to move quickly and iterate as much as time will allow. I'm never too precious about my designs and well aware that great ideas can come from anywhere, not just from my own head. I believe being able to build what you design is key to understanding how a design technically comes together and what makes an experience work well.
A musician in my former life, I still enjoy playing, writing, and recording. I'm also a martial arts practitioner having trained in Shaolin kung fu, Muay Thai, and currently Brazilian Jiu Jitsu. I live in Brooklyn, NY with my wife who is a trained assassin for the Illuminati.
I've decided to publicly shame myself with links to old portfolios. It's interesting to see how far you've come and also very humbling to see how terrible things you did in the past were. I'm sure I'll feel the same about this site.


In a document produced by Defra, and seen by REB Market Intelligence, plans for a no-deal Brexit are outlined.
Within the document, it shows that in the event of a no-deal Brexit, the commodity waste, parings and scrap of plastics is shown to have . . .


Beni, our nine-year-old male Chimpanzee, has died after sustaining a deep cut on his leg last Saturday. Despite a week of close monitoring by our animal care and veterinary teams, he passed away on Friday.
When our team first discovered the cut, our Veterinarian team performed emergency surgery. Despite severe blood loss, Beni started showing some signs of recovery the day after. By the next day he became lethargic and lost interest in his food and water. Beni then underwent a further veterinary procedure for further diagnostics and treatments on Friday, however he did not recover from the anaesthetic due to his compromised state.
Beni was born at the Zoo nine years ago and was a much loved member of the Zoo's Chimpanzee troop. Beni had a very cheeky personality and he made it easy for his carers, other Zoo staff and our visitors to fall in love with him. He will be sorely missed by all of us and we have all been very saddened by his death.
Chimpanzees are an endangered species due to loss of habitat and poaching. We work with the Jane Goodall Institute to protect Chimpanzees and other primates in the wild by supporting sanctuaries, the reduction of illegal animal trafficking, and community learning to protect endangered apes in the wild.
Learn more about the Chimpanzees at Wellington Zoo.


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Pamirs nationalpark (även Pamir National Park) är en nationalpark i Tadzjikistan som år 2008 sattes upp på den tentativa världsarvslistan (förslag till världsarv).

I nationalparken lever bland annat brunbjörn, snöleopard, varg, skruvhornsget, Marco Polo-får (Ovis ammon polii), brunhuvad mås och stripgås.

År 2013 upptogs Pamirs nationalpark på världsarvslistan.

Referenser

Nationalparker i Tadzjikistan
Pamir
Världsarv i Tadzjikistan
Världsarv inskrivna 2013

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Remix Competition Details & Rules!
Here is your chance to remix one of our most popular releases! The winner will have their remix released on a brand new Hassassin EP available to buy on ITunes, Beatport, Juno, Spotify, HMV Digital & around 100+ other stores, you will receive a percentage of the sales along with loads of Dub-All Or Nothing merchandise including T-Shirts, event tickets & FREE Itunes & Beatport downloads.
Your remix can be in any genre you like, the more original the better, we are looking for something that takes the track in a new direction.
You must be 16+ to enter due to contract reasons.
Remix stems can be downloaded by clicking like on this page http://www.facebook.com/duballornothing and then clicking on FREE DOWNLOADS.
Your remix MUST be uploaded to this group on Soundcloud: Hassassin – Orchestrated Nightmare Remix Competition!
You MUST be following us on Soundcloud for your remix to be approved!
You MUST use the artwork supplied in this group.
ALL parts in your remix MUST be of your own creation, excluding the remix stems supplied. Only use your own sounds or ROYALTY FREE SAMPLES.
You MUST only enter your remix into the Soundcloud group ONCE!! After it has been approved anyone who repeats to enter the same track into the group will be disqualified.
Competition ends July 31st 2012 winner will be announced 48 hours later via the facebook page you liked for the remix stems.


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A MAJOR police investigation has been launched after a woman's body was found in the water of Lake Daylesford this morning.
A WOMAN'S body has been found in the water at Lake Daylesford, Victoria, sparking a major police investigation.
It's believed the body was discovered by a passer-by at around 8am this morning in the foothills of Victoria's Great Dividing Range, northwest of Melbourne.
The body was found near the bridge on Bleakley St, near the well-known Boathouse Daylesford restaurant.
It's not yet known how the woman died or how long she was in the water.
Police are on the scene and investigating the circumstances.


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Classical Music News of the Week, December 14, 2019
JACK Quartet Presents Inaugural JACK Frontiers Festival
On December 17 and 18, 2019, the JACK Quartet will kick off the inaugural season of JACK Frontiers at The New School's John L. Tishman Auditorium. Performances will feature recently-commissioned works from composer-collaborators Lester St. Louis, Clara Iannotta, Tyshawn Sorey, and Catherine Lamb.
JACK Frontiers is a vehicle for the JACK Quartet to bring distinctive voices, that challenge the norms of concert music, into conversation with audiences. Crafted through years of close collaborative relationships and designed to bring new perspectives into the spotlight, Frontiers introduces dynamic creators to the JACK community and expands the notion of what a string quartet can be.
JACK Frontiers is made possible with the generous support from the National Endowment for the Arts, American Composers Forum, Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity, Chamber Music America, the Ernst von Siemens Music Foundation, and The New School, where the quartet is in residence at the Mannes School of Music.
John L. Tishman Auditorium
University Center, The New School
63 5th Ave, New York, NY 10003
For complete information, visit https://jackquartet.com/
--Andrew Ousley, Unison Media
Eun Sun Kim Appointed Music Director of San Francisco Opera
Eun Sun Kim has been appointed the Caroline H. Hume Music Director of San Francisco Opera (SFO), effective August 1, 2021. The appointment was announced by SFO General Director Matthew Shilvock at the War Memorial Opera House.
Ms. Kim will become the fourth music director in the history of San Francisco Opera, leading the orchestra, chorus, and music staff, and working with General Director Matthew Shilvock; Managing Director: Artistic Gregory Henkel; and other members of the Company on repertoire and casting. She will be a key member of the creative leadership, helping to shape the artistic direction of the Company's second century, working closely with the young artist programs, and bringing great opera to Bay Area audiences.
The announcement comes after an inclusive search process led by Mr. Shilvock and Mr. Henkel in which feedback was invited and shared from all parts of the organization.
Effective immediately, Ms. Kim is Music Director Designate, in which role she will participate in the planning of future seasons and in orchestral auditions. She will conduct the Company's new production of Beethoven's Fidelio that will be a part of the opening weekend of the 2020–21 season. Complete information about San Francisco Opera's 2020–21 season will be announced in January.
As Music Director, she will conduct up to four productions in each season of her initial five-year contract, in addition to conducting concerts, working with San Francisco Opera's resident artist Adler Fellows, and participating in the executive leadership of the organization.
For more information, visit sfopera.com
--Beth Stewart, Verismo Communications
Miller Theatre Announces the Winter 2020 Edition of Its Free Pop-Up Concerts
Whether it is one's first visit to Miller Theatre or fiftieth, the free and fun Pop-Up Concerts provide the perfect opportunity to get up close and personal with today's most exciting new music. Sit onstage and enjoy a free drink during these hour-long weeknight concerts, and mingle with the musicians and fellow concertgoers after the show. Onstage seating is first-come, first-served. All concerts start at 6 p.m. and doors open at 5:30 p.m.
Lauren Cauley, violin
The spellbinding violinist Lauren Cauley is no stranger to Miller audiences; she is a celebrated member of many ensembles, including the Mivos Quartet and Ensemble Signal. Here, she gets the spotlight, in an adventurous program of recent works for solo violin that shows the breadth of sonic potential of her instrument.
Austin Wulliman & Conrad Tao
Austin Wulliman, violin; Conrad Tao, piano
Austin Wulliman, violinist of the JACK Quartet, has been praised as both a chamber musician and soloist. The "gifted, adventuresome violinist" (Chicago Tribune) demonstrates his talents in both categories in this Pop-Up, collaborating with pianist Conrad Tao, called "one of the most compelling voices in classical music" (The Baltimore Sun). Don't miss this star-studded evening featuring recent works, including four world premieres.
Brandee Younger & Dezron Douglas
Brandee Younger, harp; Dezron Douglas, bass
The duo of harp and bass may be an uncommon combination, but this particular duo makes one wish it was a regular occurrence. Genre-defying harpist Brandee Younger—who recently opened Miller's Jazz series—and the in-demand bassist Dezron Douglas come together for an incredible evening of inspired jazz works.
The Hands Free
James Moore, guitar & banjo; Caroline Shaw, violin
Eleonore Oppenheim, bass; Nathan Koci, accordion
The Hands Free is an acoustic quartet that creates "a beautifully eclectic mix of sounds that depict an immense variety of places and emotions—all while maintaining the warmth and spontaneity of an impromptu jam session" (Second Inversion). Making their Miller debut, the group features four unique and imaginative composer/performers.
Miller Theater
For more information, visit https://www.millertheatre.com/visit
--Aleba Gartner, Aleba & Co.
Tulsa Opera Announces 2020–21 Season
General Director Ken McConnell and Artistic Director Tobias Picker today announced Tulsa Opera's 73rd season comprising Verdi's Rigoletto; Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice in a new production with dance; and Mr. Picker and librettist Aryeh Lev Stollman's new opera Awakenings, based on the book by Oliver Sacks and directed by Tulsa native James Robinson.
Mr. McConnell said:
"We are very much looking forward to the coming season, which includes operas spanning nearly three centuries. From an 18th-century adaptation of opera's oldest tale, to Verdi's first masterpiece, to a brand-new opera by Tulsa Opera's Artistic Director Tobias Picker, there is truly something for everyone. We hope that through this variety of programming and the formidable talents of our guest artists, we are able to strengthen even further the community's great love for opera."
For complete information, visit tulsaopera.com
--Shuman Associates PR
Orpheus Chamber Orchestra Presents Vadim Gluzman at Carnegie Hall
On Saturday, January 25, 2020 at 7:00pm, Orpheus Chamber Orchestra returns to Stern Auditorium / Perelman Stage at Carnegie Hall to present a program celebrating the changing of the seasons. Artistic Partner Jessie Montgomery and composer Jannina Norpoth's brand new reimagining of Tchaikovsky's endearing collection of piano miniatures, The Seasons, adds to the slim collection of Romantic repertoire for small orchestra. Frequent Orpheus collaborator, violinist Vadim Gluzman, returns to perform Vivaldi's Four Seasons.
Of the performance, Gluzman says "What challenges and excites me the most today about performing Vivaldi's Seasons, is combining the vast knowledge and understanding of the baroque period performance practice with the energy and excitement of the modern world. Using baroque bow for clarity of phrasing, elegance and crispness of sound, yet at the same time projecting emotions that speak to all of us today. Vivaldi is timeless and universal in his appeal and it is an incredible inspiration and privilege to be bringing his music to life at Carnegie Hall!"
Single tickets start at $25 and can be purchased now at carnegiehall.org, by calling CarnegieCharge at (212) 247-7800, or visiting the Carnegie Hall Box Office located at 57th Street and 7th Avenue in NYC. Orpheus subscriptions start at $59 and are available at orpheusnyc.org or by calling (212) 896-1704.
For more information, visit https://www.carnegiehall.org/en/calendar/2020/01/25/orpheus-chamber-orchestra-0700pm
--Katy Salomon, Morahan Arts and Media
The Moment a Child Finds a Home at YPC, She Becomes a Young Artist
Our children come to sing, they stay for artistry and friendship, and they go on to create a better tomorrow. At the heart of Young People's Chorus are young people from all over New York City who come together to create beautiful music and meaningful connections. Together they feel the magic and joy of singing. YPC encourages each and every child to flourish, supporting them in finding their voices as artists and human beings.
Please make a gift to YPC this holiday season. Whether you can give $10 or $10,000, you are changing a life. And, between now and December 31, a generous donor is matching all new and increased gifts!
We are already half way to our goal of $50,000 by December 31: https://ypc.org/support/donate/
Text-to-Give:
Text the code "HEARYPC" to 44-321 to donate anytime between now and December 31 to help us impact the lives of even more young people.
Surround Sound:
Spreading the word to friends and family and encouraging them to donate can go a long way! Share YPC's story through videos of our amazing choristers. Working together, we can surround our world with beautiful voices.
Watch and hear "Heart of Tomorrow": https://ypc.org/heartomorrow/
--Young People's Chorus of New York City
Michael Tilson Thomas Celebrated at Kennedy Center
This past Sunday, newly awarded Kennedy Center Honoree Michael Tilson Thomas (MTT) was celebrated in a special tribute presentation at the 42nd annual Kennedy Center Honors Gala. The tribute included a performance by more than 40 alumni of the New World Symphony, America's Orchestral Academy (NWS), which MTT co-founded 32 years ago as a training ground for the next generation of classical musicians.
Conducted by NWS alumnus and Louisville Orchestra Music Director Teddy Abrams, the alumni musicians paid tribute to MTT's wide-ranging artistry, performing a program that celebrated his acclaimed interpretations of modern masters, his advocacy for American music, and his own work as a composer. Joining the orchestra in performance were MTT's longtime friends and collaborators Audra McDonald and Yuja Wang, as well as Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich, who recently collaborated with MTT as part of Metallica and San Francisco Symphony's S&M2 concert. Spoken tributes were also given by Mr. Ulrich and actress Debra Winger.
The gala will be televised on CBS on Sunday, December 15, at 8:00 p.m. ET.
--John Hamby, Shuman Associates
Labels: News of the Week
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On Controlling Volume…
Mahler: Symphony No. 1 (SACD review)
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Following a whirlwind romance with a hot-blooded Italian, Charlotte De Pace now finds herself in cosy domesticity with her husband and two young children in Melbourne, Australia. But memories of romantic nights in Italy, those first flutters of blossoming love and the exhilarating ride to happily ever after are far from forgotten. Those moments inspire Charlotte's emotionally driven, passionate stories set in glamorous locations where hot romance and seduction always lead to love.


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Francesca Flores: "Authors are finding ways to incorporate these strong voices into their books…"
5 Questions With...
By: Aurora Dominguez
[Note From Frolic: Our resident YA expert Aurora Dominguez got the opportunity to interview author Francesca Flores and ask her five(ish) questions. Francesca's novel 'Diamond City' is out now!]
Aurora: What was your inspiration behind your most recent novel?
Francesca Flores: The setting and character came to me first for Diamond City! For months before writing, I heard Aina's voice and wrote down little bits of dialogue from her. She was strong and opinionated, but also vulnerable, so I wanted to get to know her better. For the setting, I started picturing a gritty, dangerous world with industrial-era technology. I grew up in Pittsburgh, PA, which has a long history of steel work in the US' industrializing era, so that helped me bring this world to life. I wanted it to be a society in the middle of great change, and see how that change affects different social classes within that society, especially the poor, immigrants, and people of the traditional religion in this world, which is banned. But I also wanted witty, morally-gray characters and fast-paced, heart-pounding scenes, so it all tied together to make an assassin character fighting her way through this world and being critical of the different injustices she sees and experiences
What character in this novel do you most relate to and why?
In some ways Aina and in some ways Tannis, who is another assassin working for the same boss as Aina. They've both used to fending for themselves and having to fight for a chance at a better life. They both need to learn how to trust people more and how to ask for help. I relate to that and I think a lot of readers will as well! They're also both quite athletic and so am I, so it was fun to write that into their personalities.
Why do you feel novels with powerful and unique characters are so popular and have such a voice right now?
I think that young people in our world today have a front-row seat to the injustices that happen everywhere in our world, and are finding a lot more ways to talk about it and share their beliefs, especially with more ways to talk to and connect with each other than ever before. Authors are finding ways to incorporate these strong voices into their books. As more diverse voices are coming out of YA, that allows different points of view to shine and have voices heard that haven't been given much opportunity before, and I think that, in turn, can help inspire more unique characters throughout all of YA. Books have great influence and as authors we should recognize that. If young characters have strong voices, young readers can find ways to show their own strong voices.
Please describe the content of your latest read and what can readers expect from it.
I'm reading Jade War by Fonda Lee and LOVING it! It's the sequel to Jade City, and both are full of action and complex characters. The characters leap off the page, the fight scenes are incredible, the use of jade as the world's magic system is really unique, and I feel completely immersed in the world.
What's next for you in the books world?
Soon the title and cover for the sequel of Diamond City will be revealed, and I can't wait to share this book with readers. It's wrapping up the duology and has more action, more magic, more romance, and a lot of challenges for Aina to overcome. After I finish revisions for my sequel, I'll be working on my third book, which is another YA fantasy and I can't wait to write it. It has elements of different characters, emotions and places that have inspired me over the years, all put together and becoming its own thing
Who is your current favorite writer? Why?
I adore Sabaa Tahir! I'm completely invested in her series, AN EMBER IN THE ASHES. I fangirl every time I go to one of her signings. She stands up for what she believes in, and she's super funny! Her Instagram stories, especially the talking vegetables, are my favorite thing. I CANNOT wait for the final book of the quartet and to read whatever she writes next!
Any writing advice for aspiring writers?
Practice writing/revising as much as you can and try to avoid feeling pressured to publish "right now." The first book you write doesn't need to be the first book you publish. Publishing requires a lot of patience, and writing is a skill to hone, not a formula to conquer. Practice will help you find your voice, learn your own process, and figure out what you really enjoy writing about. Study books in your genre to see how to make readers really feel something, and read craft books to learn ways to make your story more effective. My last bit of advice would be to not fear doing a lot of work. If the story or a major part of it needs to be rewritten (if multiple trusted people have given you the same constructive feedback), then the work is always worth it. Make sure you have a clear vision before diving into revisions, and keep your mind focused on the story you want to convey.
Aurora Dominguez is a high school English teacher, college professor and journalist in South Florida. Her work has appeared in The Miami Herald, Where Magazine and J-14 Magazine, all places where she worked as a writer and editor before going from the newsroom to the classroom. Her favorite days are "Caturdays," which she spends with a good book, her husband, Sebastian, and her cat, Luna. Her motto when it comes to reading: "No book left behind!"
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Book of the Week: The Boyfriend Project by Farrah Rochon
Lyla Lee: "It's about time that we're getting more diverse books"


In 1949 the medical community was still not sold on fluoride. An article that year by Dr. D. C. Badger in the American Journal of the Diseases of Children, supported by a press release by the American Medical Association, discussed the phenomenon of children with mottled teeth in various American communities with high fluoride levels in the water supply.(77 )The article suggested that children receive distilled water until six years of age.
By the way, as a professional chemist Cox erred continuously in referring to "fluorine" added to the water. Fluorine is a toxic gas which combines easily with other materials such as calcium, uranium, and most other metals; it is almost never found in its native state. It is the fluorides and their derivatives that are added to the public water supply.
The total body burden of fluoride is growing from an estimated 10 percent of children in fluoridated areas with mild dental fluorosis in 1950 to recent CDC data that show that the fluorosis rates have risen considerably, with 41 percent of American adolescents afflicted, a figure understated because it combines data from fluoridated and unfluoridated communities. Studies of fluoridated towns in the U.S. and Canada have rates as high as 70 to 80 percent. Fluorosis varies by race, with the highest rates found among black children,(71) the very same children that water fluoridationists say they want to protect from cavities.
It is ironic that the comments made by Mattox in 1979 have come full circle. It is now those unborn who "reap the harvest" of dental fluorosis, infertility, diabetes, autism, neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative diseases, all alarmingly on the rise. Is this indeed the legacy of Gerald D. Cox?
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How to Find a Good Botox doctor.
If you want good Botox, you have to find a good Botox doctor – Botox's ability to make you look good is only as good as the talent and experience of the person wielding the needle. In the unlikely event, I ever become elected to a position of power, one of the (few) things on my manifesto would be that celebrities must own up to exactly what they do to look they way they do (and who they use to do it). Reason one is that it would take the pressure off the rest of us as we'd realise that in most cases, "good genes" are augmented by hours of workouts and liberal time in the chair of a professional skin guru.
After all I remember talking to one celebrity's personal trainer. She had told the world that she had transformed her body "with yoga" neglecting to mention the two hours a day she spent running round her garden with him so they paparazzi didn't spot them. Magazines are now full of celebrities who used to deny having things done confessing all now they've given them up! I once, embarrassingly, told a Botox doctor I didn't want to look like a certain celebrity – only for him to be pictured coming out of her house a week later – see, if she'd owned up, I wouldn't have wasted either of our time.
Reason 2: if we do want to have things done, we'd know who's good and who's bad! Celebrities who generally go to the best Botox doctor they can find – otherwise the whole world knows they've had a tiny needle slip up. If they had to fess up as to who they all saw, the rest of us would know who to visit! I admit to anyone that I have Botox – have done for years – I'll also happily tell anyone that I have fillers in the lines by my mouth. And, as I think I have a good Botox doctor and a great injector of fillers, I'll also happily recommend my 'jabbers' to anyone who asks for their names.
Checking qualifications is a must. I prefer to use a surgeon or cosmetic doctor as I think they have a better understanding of the subtle anatomy of the face. If you're choosing either of these people plastic surgeons should be a member of BAAPS. Cosmetic doctors are a bit harder as there's currently no official regulator. Registration with the Association of Independent Healthcare Organisations means that you're getting your jabs in a safe environment and you're being injected with legitimate product, but doesn't regulate the skill of the injector. Members of the British College of Aesthetic Medicine (formally the British Association of Cosmetic Doctors) however must reach a peer reviewed standard, retrain regularly – and have insurance.
Always ask to see pictures of someone's past work and, even better, especially for full surgery, talk to a patient. Some doctors specialise in a certain type of look – and that might not be one that suits you. If you want something subtle, it's probably best not to go to someone whose entire lookbook is duck pouts and pillowy cheeks. If that's the look you want, then going to someone who specialises in barely-there effects like Baby Botox won't be a match made in heaven.
Ask friends and family: There's no longer the stigma of having work done that there used to be, many people now either have work done themselves or, at last know someone who has a little help here and there. Ask them if they have a good Botox doctor that they visit and if they'd recommend them.
Know what you want to achieve. This was a tip a plastic surgeon I interviewed gave me. He said it's absolutely vital to be completely clear what bothers you about your face. Saying 'I want to look younger' is very different from thinking the bags under your eyes make you look older and you hate them. Be as specific as possible about what you dislike. This doesn't mean you shouldn't listen if the expert advises you (sensibly) otherwise, but they aren't psychic. What they think may make you look younger might not actually rectify the problem that concerns you most. The only time my botox went slightly wrong was when I didn't remind the injector what I wanted to achieve. And he was normally a good Botox doctor.
Never go to any clinic where you don't actually meet the person who will be working on you. You must meet the person who is working on your face. Other red flags, I once enquired about botox from a surgeon who didn't touch or look at my face once in the consultation (he didn't get the job). Be wary of anyone who rushes you into an appointment, tries to force you into having more done than you planned (without clearly explaining why they think it's a better option). Personally, I'd also be sceptical about anyone offering a discount deal or who you find via a coupon site. The best Botox doctors are booked up in advance – they don't need to offer discount deals to get people in through the door.
As I say, it's vital to do your own research but if you are interested in who I've been to. In London, I saw Dr Ross Perry for Botox, and the fabulous Marie Duckett for fillers. For my fillers and Botox in Sydney I saw Dr Peter Bakaric and his amazing 'trained mosquito' needle (he's so gentle it's like a tiny insect bite when the needle goes in) and in Auckland, Dr Piergiovanni Marzinotto at the Skin Institute Takapuna (no-one has ever given me an eyebrow arch like he did).


Plan a vacation escape to the Chesapeake Bay beach town of North Beach. Visit the town's shops and restaurants, enjoy the public beach, and just relax. North Beach sits right on the Chesapeake Bay so there are spectacular views just about everywhere you look. Family getaway or romantic weekend, find the vacation rental that suites your needs.
New house with Chesapeake Bay views. Three bedrooms, 2.5 baths. Pool table. Two-person kayak.
This four bedroom, three bath house with views of the Bay is just a two block walk from a sandy beach with boardwalk and pier.


Be it an email account or FileZilla, forgetting password is something that we does more often, too often I should say.
Start FileZilla and open 'Site Manager'. Goto File>Site Manager or click the button below File option to open 'Site Manager' in FileZilla.
Here you'll see website names on left and its details on the right side. Password will be displayed in asterisk, so you can't view it. We can view the password only in XML file created by FileZilla.
To download the XML file, goto File>Export.
Select 'Site Manager Entries' in the displayed pop-up box and click 'OK'.
Download the generated XML file to your system.
Open the file and you'll see the site details including username and password.
You've recovered your forgotten password. Cheers!!!


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The Search – "The Search For Connection, Contact and Community"
Besides an edition of the songs from the band's early years (under the name Silverslut), it's been quiet around The Search since 2008, at least when it comes to recordings. Now, finally, they have released the album "The Search For Connection, Contact and Community", which was released September 30th.
Already in the first tones in the first song "Silent Days" they set the ambience for the entire album. I'm enshrouded in an Autumn-like, dreamy, slightly mellow atmosphere, an atmosphere that goes hand in hand with the lyrics, which are well summarized in the album title.
The Search is really not a refrain band, in the meaning that you won't go around humming grandiose refrain hooks afterwards. The songs are more ambient, thoughtful creations, which doesn't stop them from being full of beautiful melodies and nice passages where the songs allow to blossom. My favourites here are "An Ounce of Courage" and "Age of the Hermit". One exception is "The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter", a song in a faster pace and with a more obvious refrain, which you can listen to here below.
Listen to the album on The Search's Bandcamp page, and you can follow the band on their blog and on their Facebook page.
Silent Days
The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter
Tags: Indie Pop Rock The Search
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The "Hour of Code" will be offered at our downtown location for the Spring 2017 semester! The FREE workshops will take place the 1st Wednesday of the month starting Wednesday, February 1st through Wednesday, May 3rd.
The downtown location is located in the RRSTAR building at 99 East State Street.
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Presenting your research in class could bring you a solid return on your investment. For example, teaching gives you exposure; talking about your research may help you recruit motivated students in your lab, which will help you advance your research, possibly by taking it in original directions. In parallel, you could also use your research to design a novel course and possibly evaluate student learning in a fashion that would make for a publication in a science education journal.
The late Lindley J. Stiles famously made himself an advocate for teaching during his professorship at the University of Colorado: "If a better world is your aim, all must agree: The best should teach" (http://thebestshouldteach.org/). In fact, dispensing high-quality teaching and professional education is the primary goal of any university . Thus, for most faculty positions in academia, teaching is a significant requirement of the job. Yet, the higher education programs offered to Ph.D. students do not necessarily incorporate any form of teaching exposure. We offer 10 simple rules that should help you to get prepared for the challenge of teaching while keeping some composure.
Class time should be spent guiding students to create their own explanation of the material and to develop cognitive abilities that will help them become critical thinkers. In other words, you don't want to present all aspects related to a certain topic or to lay out all the explanations for them. Thus, an effective way to teach is to get students to learn by transformative learning: beyond memorizing and comprehending basic concepts, they will learn to reflect on what they learn and how they learn it (see, for example, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformative_learning and references within). Such teaching practices require that a significant part of the learning process happens outside the classroom, through reading assignments, homework, writing essays, etc. So make sure you budget time to organize these, as specified in Rule #2. Remember that in the end this will be a win-win situation: you will save time by not having to fit everything into your class time, and students will learn how to find answers through their own thinking.
This is yet another great time-saver, and this rule title is actually from Confessions about Stress and Time: Thoughts for Faculty (available at http://www.colorado.edu/ftep/publication s/confessions.html ). Students want to know how what you teach relates to the world around them. They also like to know what is happening in science right now, so this is where you can feed in some of your research interests (for some examples of how researchers around the world have been bringing their research into the classroom, refer to the special section of the July 6, 2007, issue of the magazine Science entitled The World of Undergraduate Education . Students will welcome such connections, especially in an introductory course or in a course for non-majors. Additionally, they will feel the passion that makes you love being a scientist. On your end, you might find that preparing course materials will be easier (because you are already a master of that topic), and you might learn to be more comfortable at presenting your research in layman's terms.


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Posts tagged 'Harper Magazine'
Someone Else Joins the "Peak Whale" Bandwaggon
Katherine Mangu-Ward makes a point I have also made on occasion:
take a moment to thank the man who really saved the whales: John D. Rockefeller.
1846, Americans dominated the whaling industry with 735 ships. John D.
Rockefeller gets into the oil refining business in 1865. By 1876,
kerosene is routing whale oil, and the whaling fleet was down to 39 ships, because kerosene was just so darn cheap:
price of sperm oil reached its high of $1.77 per gallon in 1856; by
1896 it sold for 40 cents per gallon. Yet it could not keep pace with
the price of refined petroleum, which dropped from 59 cents per gallon
in 1865 to a fraction over seven cents per gallon in 1895.
This dynamic is also instructive for those fretting that we're going to run out of oil,
just as many undoubtedly worried that we were going to run out of
whales. (Note to self: Check historical record for instances of the
phrase "Peak Whale.")
I don't want to be overly self-referential here, but I actually "found" this reference to peak whale theory over two years ago when digging through the archives of this blog's 19th century predecessor, the Coyote Broadsheet:
As the US Population reaches toward the astronomical
total of 40 million persons, we are reaching the limits of the number
of people this earth can support. If one were to extrapolate current
population growth rates, this country in a hundred years could have
over 250 million people in it! Now of course, that figure is
impossible - the farmland of this country couldn't possibly support
even half this number. But it is interesting to consider the
environmental consequences.
Take the issue of transportation. Currently there are over 11
million horses in this country, the feeding and care of which
constitute a significant part of our economy. A population of 250
million would imply the need for nearly 70 million horses in this
country, and this is even before one considers the fact that "horse
intensity", or the average number of horses per family, has been
increasing steadily over the last several decades. It is not
unreasonable, therefore, to assume that so many people might need 100
million horses to fulfill all their transportation needs. There is
just no way this admittedly bountiful nation could support 100 million
horses. The disposal of their manure alone would create an
environmental problem of unprecedented magnitude.
Or, take the case of illuminant. As the population grows, the
demand for illuminant should grow at least as quickly. However, whale
catches and therefore whale oil supply has leveled off of late, such
that many are talking about the "peak whale" phenomena, which refers to
the theory that whale oil production may have already passed its peak.
250 million people would use up the entire supply of the world's whales
four or five times over, leaving none for poorer nations of the world.
I wrote more about John D. Rockefeller (including his role in saving the whales) in my praise of Robber Barrons several years ago. In addition to Rockefeller, the article also discussed Cornelius Vanderbilt as the 19th century precursor to Southwest Airlines. From the Harper's Magazine in 1859:
...the results in every case of the establishment of opposition lines
by Vanderbilt has been the permanent reduction of fares. Wherever he
'laid on' an opposition line, the fares were instantly reduced, and
however the contest terminated, whether he bought out his opponents, as
he often did, or they bought him out, the fares were never again raise
to the old standard. This great boon -- cheap travel-- this community
owes mainly to Cornelius Vanderbilt".
Tags: Cornelius Vanderbilt, Coyote Broadsheet, economy, Harper Magazine, Katherine Mangu Ward, oil, Peak Whale, refining, Robber Barrons, Southwest Airlines
Category: Energy | 5 Comments
Suppresion of Scientific Enquiry
From the Boston Globe today:
"We do not understand the natural internal variability of climate
change" is one of Lindzen's many heresies, along with such zingers as
`"the Arctic was as warm or warmer in 1940," "the evidence so far
suggests that the Greenland ice sheet is actually growing on average,"
and "Alpine glaciers have been retreating since the early 19th
century, and were advancing for several centuries before that. Since
about 1970, many of the glaciers have stopped retreating and some are
now advancing again. And, frankly, we don't know why."
Lindzen published similar views in The Wall Street Journal this spring,
environmentalist Laurie David, the wife of comedian Larry David,
immediately branded him a "shill." She resurrected a shopworn slur
first directed against Lindzen by former Globe writer Ross Gelbspan,
who called Lindzen a "hood ornament" for the fossil fuels industry in
a 1995 article in Harper's Magazine....
For no apparent reason, the state of California, Environmental
Defense, and the Natural Resources Defense Council have dragged Lindzen
and about 15 other global- warming skeptics into a lawsuit over auto-
emissions standards. California et al . have asked the auto companies
to cough up any and all communications they have had with Lindzen and
his colleagues, whose research has been cited in court documents.
"We know that General Motors has been paying for this fake science exactly as the tobacco companies
did," says ED attorney Jim Marston. If Marston has a scintilla of
evidence that Lindzen has been trafficking in fake science, he should
present it to the MIT provost's office. Otherwise, he should shut up.
"This
is the criminalization of opposition to global warming," says Lindzen,
who adds he has never communicated with the auto companies involved in
the lawsuit. Of course Lindzen isn't a fake scientist, he's an
inconvenient scientist. No wonder you're not supposed to listen to him.
My position on global warming and the state of global warming science is here.
Tags: Boston Globe, Environmental Defense, global warming, Harper Magazine, Jim Marston, Larry David, Laurie David, lawsuit, Ross Gelbspan, warming
Category: Science | 1 Comment