text:
For other uses, see Paper (disambiguation).
Card and paper stock for crafts use comes in a wide variety of textures and colors
Thin material
Density (ρ)
From 10 gsm to 3000 gsm
Paper products: book, toilet paper, Ruled paper, carton, egg box
"Paper" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
zhǐ
[ʈʂɨ̀]
Suzhounese
tsỳ
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Jyutping
zi2
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
choá
Tâi-lô
tsuá
Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, decorating, and a number of industrial and construction processes. Papers are essential in legal or non-legal documentation.
The pulp papermaking process developed in China during the early 2nd century CE, possibly as early as the year 105 CE,[1] by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BCE in China.[2] The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.
2 Early sources of fibre
4 Papermaking
4.1 Chemical pulping
4.2 Mechanical pulping
4.3 De-inked pulp
4.4 Additives
4.5 Producing paper
4.6 Finishing
4.6.1 Paper grain
6 Types, thickness and weight
7 Paper stability
8 Environmental impact
Main article: History of paper
Hemp wrapping paper, China, circa 100 BC.
The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper date to the 2nd century BCE in China. The pulp paper-making process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century CE Han court eunuch.[2]
In the 13th century, the knowledge and uses of paper spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe, where the first water powered paper mills were built.[3] Because paper was introduced to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos.[4] In the 19th century, industrialization greatly reduced the cost of manufacturing paper. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.[5]
Early sources of fibre
See also: wood pulp and deinking
Before the industrialisation of paper production the most common fibre source was recycled fibres from used textiles, called rags. The rags were from hemp, linen and cotton.[6] A process for removing printing inks from recycled paper was invented by German jurist Justus Claproth in 1774.[6] Today this method is called deinking. It was not until the introduction of wood pulp in 1843 that paper production was not dependent on recycled materials from ragpickers.[6]
Further information: Papyrus
The word paper is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek πᾰ́πῡρος (papuros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant.[7][8] Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing before the introduction of paper into the Middle East and Europe.[9] Although the word paper is etymologically derived from papyrus, the two are produced very differently and the development of the first is distinct from the development of the second. Papyrus is a lamination of natural plant fibres, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration.[2]
Main article: Papermaking
Main articles: kraft process, sulfite process, and soda pulping
To make pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers–not to be confused with tree-free paper; this is because they do not contain lignin, which deteriorates over time. The pulp can also be bleached to produce white paper, but this consumes 5% of the fibres; chemical pulping processes are not used to make paper made from cotton, which is already 90% cellulose.
The microscopic structure of paper: Micrograph of paper autofluorescing under ultraviolet illumination. The individual fibres in this sample are around 10 µm in diameter.
There are three main chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war. The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy, one of its advantages is the chemical reaction with lignin, that produces heat, which can be used to run a generator. Most pulping operations using the kraft process are net contributors to the electricity grid or use the electricity to run an adjacent paper mill. Another advantage is that this process recovers and reuses all inorganic chemical reagents. Soda pulping is another specialty process used to pulp straws, bagasse and hardwoods with high silicate content.
There are two major mechanical pulps: thermomechanical pulp (TMP) and groundwood pulp (GW). In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into steam heated refiners, where the chips are squeezed and converted to fibres between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed into grinders where they are pressed against rotating stones to be made into fibres. Mechanical pulping does not remove the lignin, so the yield is very high, >95%, however it causes the paper thus produced to turn yellow and become brittle over time. Mechanical pulps have rather short fibres, thus producing weak paper. Although large amounts of electrical energy are required to produce mechanical pulp, it costs less than the chemical kind.
De-inked pulp
Paper recycling processes can use either chemically or mechanically produced pulp; by mixing it with water and applying mechanical action the hydrogen bonds in the paper can be broken and fibres separated again. Most recycled paper contains a proportion of virgin fibre for the sake of quality; generally speaking, de-inked pulp is of the same quality or lower than the collected paper it was made from.
There are three main classifications of recycled fibre:.
Mill broke or internal mill waste – This incorporates any substandard or grade-change paper made within the paper mill itself, which then goes back into the manufacturing system to be re-pulped back into paper. Such out-of-specification paper is not sold and is therefore often not classified as genuine reclaimed recycled fibre, however most paper mills have been reusing their own waste fibre for many years, long before recycling became popular.
Preconsumer waste – This is offcut and processing waste, such as guillotine trims and envelope blank waste; it is generated outside the paper mill and could potentially go to landfill, and is a genuine recycled fibre source; it includes de-inked preconsumer (recycled material that has been printed but did not reach its intended end use, such as waste from printers and unsold publications).[10]
Postconsumer waste – This is fibre from paper that has been used for its intended end use and includes office waste, magazine papers and newsprint. As the vast majority of this material has been printed – either digitally or by more conventional means such as lithography or rotogravure – it will either be recycled as printed paper or go through a de-inking process first.
Recycled papers can be made from 100% recycled materials or blended with virgin pulp, although they are (generally) not as strong nor as bright as papers made from the latter.
Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay,[11] which improve its characteristics for printing or writing.[12] Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit ink or paint.
Producing paper
Main articles: Paper machine and papermaking
The pulp is fed to a paper machine where it is formed as a paper web and the water is removed from it by pressing and drying.
Pressing the sheet removes the water by force; once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to be confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water; whereas when making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead.
Drying involves using air or heat to remove water from the paper sheets. In the earliest days of paper making, this was done by hanging the sheets like laundry; in more modern times, various forms of heated drying mechanisms are used. On the paper machine, the most common is the steam-heated can dryer. These can reach temperatures above 200 °F (93 °C) and are used in long sequences of more than forty cans where the heat produced by these can easily dry the paper to less than six percent moisture.
The paper may then undergo sizing to alter its physical properties for use in various applications.
Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoated papers may have their surfaces polished by calendering. Coated papers are divided into matte, semi-matte or silk, and gloss. Gloss papers give the highest optical density in the printed image.
The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut "long-grain", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet. Continuous form paper (or continuous stationery) is cut to width with holes punched at the edges, and folded into stacks.
Paper grain
All paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by the use of appropriate rollers in the later stages of the machine.
Wove paper does not exhibit "laidlines", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the "chainlines", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits "deckle edges", or rough and feathery borders.[13]
Paper can be produced with a wide variety of properties, depending on its intended use.
For representing value: paper money, bank note, cheque, security (see security paper), voucher and ticket
For storing information: book, notebook, graph paper, punched card, photographic paper
For personal use: diary, note to remind oneself, etc.; for temporary personal use: scratch paper
For communication: between individuals and/or groups of people: magazine, newspaper, art, zine, letter, newsprint, card stock
For packaging: corrugated box, paper bag, envelope, wrapping paper, Paper string, Charta emporetica and wallpaper
For cleaning: toilet paper, handkerchiefs, paper towels, facial tissue and cat litter
For construction: papier-mâché, origami paper, paper planes, quilling, paper honeycomb, used as a core material in composite materials, paper engineering, construction paper and paper clothing
For other uses: emery paper, sandpaper, blotting paper, litmus paper, universal indicator paper, paper chromatography, electrical insulation paper (see also fishpaper, dielectric and permittivity) and filter paper
It is estimated that paper-based storage solutions captured 0.33% of the total in 1986 and only 0.007% in 2007, even though in absolute terms, the world's capacity to store information on paper increased from 8.7 to 19.4 petabytes.[14] It is estimated that in 1986 paper-based postal letters represented less than 0.05% of the world's telecommunication capacity, with sharply decreasing tendency after the massive introduction of digital technologies.[14]
Paper has a major role in the visual arts. It is used by itself to form two and three-dimensional shapes and collages.[15][16] It has also evolved to being a structural material used in furniture design.[17] Watercolor paper has a long history of production and use.
Types, thickness and weight
Main articles: Paper size, Grammage, and Paper density
The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in micrometers (µm) in the rest of the world.[18] Paper may be between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in) thick.[19]
Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight assigned to a paper is the weight of a ream, 500 sheets, of varying "basic sizes", before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to end customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, 8.5 in × 11 in (216 mm × 279 mm) paper weighs 5 pounds, because it has been cut from a larger sheet into four pieces.[20] In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb, or 32 lb at most. Cover stock is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is considered card stock.
In Europe, and other regions using the ISO 216 paper sizing system, the weight is expressed in grams per square metre (g/m2 or usually just g) of the paper. Printing paper is generally between 60 g and 120 g. Anything heavier than 160 g is considered card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of the paper and its thickness.
Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper.
The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in 1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metric system. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square meter (approx. 1189 × 841 mm). A1 is half the size of a sheet of A0 (i.e., 594 mm × 841 mm), such that two sheets of A1 placed side by side are equal to one sheet of A0. A2 is half the size of a sheet of A1, and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets).
The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 (16 lb/cu ft) for tissue paper to 1,500 kg/m3 (94 lb/cu ft) for some speciality paper. Printing paper is about 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/cu ft).[21]
Paper may be classified into seven categories:[22]
Printing papers of wide variety.
Wrapping papers for the protection of goods and merchandise. This includes wax and kraft papers.
Writing paper suitable for stationery requirements. This includes ledger, bank, and bond paper.
Blotting papers containing little or no size.
Drawing papers usually with rough surfaces used by artists and designers, including cartridge paper.
Handmade papers including most decorative papers, Ingres papers, Japanese paper and tissues, all characterized by lack of grain direction.
Specialty papers including cigarette paper, toilet tissue, and other industrial papers.
Some paper types include:
Bank paper
Book paper
Coated paper: glossy and matte surface
Construction paper/sugar paper
Fish paper (vulcanized fibres for electrical insulation)
Laid paper
Leather paper
Mummy paper
Oak tag paper
Tyvek paper
Wove paper
Xuan paper
Paper stability
Much of the early paper made from wood pulp contained significant amounts of alum, a variety of aluminium sulfate salts that is significantly acidic. Alum was added to paper to assist in sizing,[23] making it somewhat water resistant so that inks did not "run" or spread uncontrollably. Early papermakers did not realize that the alum they added liberally to cure almost every problem encountered in making their product is eventually detrimental.[24] The cellulose fibres that make up paper are hydrolyzed by acid, and the presence of alum eventually degrades the fibres until the paper disintegrates in a process known as "slow fire". Documents written on rag paper are significantly more stable. The use of non-acidic additives to make paper is becoming more prevalent, and the stability of these papers is less of an issue.
Paper made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials,[25] which is why newsprint and other mechanical paper yellows with age. Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant amounts of lignin and is therefore better suited for books, documents and other applications where whiteness of the paper is essential.
Paper made from wood pulp is not necessarily less durable than a rag paper. The aging behavior of a paper is determined by its manufacture, not the original source of the fibers.[26] Furthermore, tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all paper is at risk of acid decay, because cellulose itself produces formic, acetic, lactic and oxalic acids.[27]
Mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as "high yield" pulps. With almost twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book publishers tend to use acid-free paper, made from fully bleached chemical pulps for hardback and trade paperback books.
Main articles: Environmental impact of paper and Deforestation
The production and use of paper has a number of adverse effects on the environment.
Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years[clarification needed] leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to help regrow forests. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp,[28] but is one of the most controversial issues.
Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone.[29] The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day.[30] Americans also use in the order of 16 billion paper cups per year.
Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins.[31] Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals.[32]
Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known commercially as PaperFoam, the new packaging has mechanical properties very similar to those of some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper.[33]
With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings (such as PFOA) and the higher prices of hydrocarbon based petrochemicals, there is a focus on zein (corn protein) as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags.[34]
Also, synthetics such as Tyvek and Teslin have been introduced as printing media as a more durable material than paper.
Buckypaper
Continuous form paper (or "continuous stationery")
Deinked pulp
Environmental impact of paper
Fibre crop
Graphene oxide paper
Lokta paper
Mass deacidification
Paper and ink testing
Paper armour
Parchment paper, a form of paper made to emulate the texture of animal-based parchment
Roll hardness tester
Seed paper
Stone paper
^ Hogben, Lancelot. "Printing, Paper and Playing Cards". Bennett, Paul A. (ed.) Books and Printing: A Treasury for Typophiles. New York: The World Publishing Company, 1951. pp. 15–31. p. 17. & Mann, George. Print: A Manual for Librarians and Students Describing in Detail the History, Methods, and Applications of Printing and Paper Making. London: Grafton & Co., 1952. p. 77
^ a b c Tsien 1985, p. 38
^ Burns 1996, pp. 417f.
^ Murray, Stuart A. P. The Library: An illustrated History. Skyhorse Publishing, 2009, p. 57.
^ Burger, Peter (2007). Charles Fenerty and his paper invention. Toronto: Peter Burger. pp. 25–30. ISBN 978-0-9783318-1-8. OCLC 173248586. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
^ a b c Göttsching, Lothar; Gullichsen, Johan; Pakarinen, Heikki; Paulapuro, Hannu; Yhdistys, Suomen Paperi-Insinöörien; Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (2000). Recycling fiber and deinking. Finland: Fapet Oy. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-952-5216-07-3. OCLC 247670296.
^ πάπυρος Archived 16 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus
^ "papyrus". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press.
^ "papyrus". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
^ "Natural Resource Defense Council". Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
^ Appropriate Technology. Intermediate Technology Publications. 1996.
^ Thorn, Ian; Au, Che On (24 July 2009). Applications of Wet-End Paper Chemistry. Springer Science & Business Media. Bibcode:2009aowp.book.....T. ISBN 978-1-4020-6038-0.
^ "ARCHIVED – Introduction – Detecting the Truth. Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery – Library and Archives Canada" Archived 2 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine in a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada
^ a b "The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information" Archived 12 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, especially Supporting online material Archived 18 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), Science, 332(6025), 60–65; free access to the article through here: martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html doi:10.1126/science.1200970
^ "Lynette Schweigert". NEA. 5 November 2015. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
^ "Herminia Albarrán Romero". NEA. 24 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
^ Morris (August–September 2018). "Material Values, Paper". The Economist: 38.
^ "Paper Thickness (Caliper) Chart". Case Paper. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
^ Elert, Glenn. "Thickness of a Piece of Paper". The Physics Factbook. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
^ McKenzie, Bruce G. (1989). The Hammerhill guide to desktop publishing in business. Hammerhill. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-9615651-1-4. OCLC 851074844.
^ "Density of paper and paperboard". PaperOnWeb. Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 31 October 2007.
^ Johnson, Arthur (1978). The Thames and Hudson manual of bookbinding. London: Thames and Hudson. OCLC 959020143.
^ Biermann, Christopher J/ (1993). Essentials of pulping and papermaking. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-097360-6. OCLC 813399142.
^ Clark, James d'A. (1985). Pulp Technology and Treatment for Paper (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Miller Freeman Publications. ISBN 978-0-87930-164-4.
^ Fabbri, Claudia; Bietti, Massimo; Lanzalunga, Osvaldo (2005). "Generation and Reactivity of Ketyl Radicals with Lignin Related Structures. On the Importance of the Ketyl Pathway in the Photoyellowing of Lignin Containing Pulps and Papers". J. Org. Chem. 2005 (70): 2720–2728. doi:10.1021/jo047826u. PMID 15787565.
^ Erhardt, D.; Tumosa, C. (2005). "Chemical Degradation of Cellulose in Paper over 500 years". Restaurator: International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material. 26 (3): 155. doi:10.1515/rest.2005.26.3.151.
^ "The Deterioration and Preservation of Paper: Some Essential Facts". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015. Research by the Library of Congress has demonstrated that cellulose itself generates acids as it ages, including formic, acetic, lactic, and oxalic acids
^ Martin, Sam (2004). "Paper Chase". Ecology Communications, Inc. Archived from the original on 19 June 2007. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
^ EPA (28 June 2006). "General Overview of What's in America's Trash". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
^ Groll, T. 2015 In vielen Büros wird unnötig viel ausgedruckt Archived 17 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Zeit Online, 20 June 2015.
^ Effluents from Pulp Mills using Bleaching – PSL1. Health Canada DSS. 1991. ISBN 978-0-662-18734-9. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2007. Pdf Archived 12 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Dioxins and their effects on human health". World Health Organization. June 2014. Archived from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2015. More than 90% of human exposure is through food
^ "PaperFoam Carbon Friendly Packaging". Archived from the original on 9 March 2006. Retrieved 3 April 2006.
^ "Barrier compositions and articles produced with the compositions cross-reference to related application". Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
Burns, Robert I. (1996). "Paper comes to the West, 800–1400". In Lindgren, Uta (ed.). Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation (4th ed.). Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag. pp. 413–422. ISBN 978-3-7861-1748-3.
Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Needham, Joseph (ed.). Paper and Printing. Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. V (part 1). Cambridge University Press.
"Document Doubles" in ARCHIVED – Introduction – Detecting the Truth. Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery – Library and Archives Canada, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada
Alexander Monro, The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of the World's Greatest Invention, Allen Lane, 2014[ISBN missing]
Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) official website
Paper at the Encyclopædia Britannica
"How is paper made?" at The Straight Dope, 22 November 2005
Thirteen-minute video on modern paper production system, from Sappi
Cotton (rag)
Dó
Onionskin
Wasli
Wove
Fiber crop
Units of paper quantity
Surface chemistry of paper
Wet strength
and process
Bleaching of wood pulp
Conical refiner
Deinking
Paper pollution
Hollander beater
Kraft process
Organosolv
Paper machine
Soda pulping
Sulfite process
Paper mill
List of paper mills
Cigarette pack
Coffee cup sleeve
Corrugated fiberboard
Molded pulp
Oyster pail
Continuous stationery
Manila folder
Pay card
Passbook
Ingrain wallpaper
Decorative arts and handicrafts
Banner-making
Canvas work
Lace-making
Spinning (textiles)
Cast paper
Moneygami
Papercutting
Cameo glass
Chip work
Bronze and brass ornamental work
Hardstone carving
Lath art
Micromosaic
Pietra dura
Pressed flower craft
Straw marquetry
Label Construction
Die cutting (web)
In-mould labelling
Pressure-sensitive adhesive
Security hologram
Security label
Cigarette warning label
Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
List of food labeling regulations
Mandatory labelling
Nutrition facts label
Radio-frequency identification
United Kingdom food labelling regulations
Warning label
Automatic identification and data capture
Active packaging
Contract packager
Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging
Package pilferage
Package theft
Packaging engineering
Resealable packaging
Reusable packaging
Reuse of bottles
Shelf-ready packaging
Shelf-stable
Tamper resistance
Wrap rage
Alternative wine closure
Case-ready meat
Currency packaging
Drink can
Egg carton
Flour sack
Foam food container
Glass milk bottle
Milk bag
Optical disc packaging
Popcorn bag
Plastic milk container
Self-heating food packaging
Screw cap (wine)
Single-serve coffee container
Aluminum can
Antistatic bag
Boil-in-bag
Corrugated box design
Endcap
Flexible intermediate bulk container
Insulated shipping container
Intermediate bulk container
Packet (container)
Padded envelope
Paper sack
Security bag
Self-heating can
Steel and tin cans
Tetra Brik
Thermal bag
Tub (container)
Unit load
Materials and
Bail handle
Biodegradable plastic
BoPET
Coextrusion
Double seam
Foam peanut
Hot-melt adhesive
Linear low-density polyethylene
Liquid packaging board
Low-density polyethylene
Metallised film
Modified atmosphere
Overwrap
Package handle
Packaging gas
Paper pallet
Pressure-sensitive tape
Pump dispenser
Shock detector
Shock and vibration data logger
Slip sheet
Staple (fastener)
Susceptor
Tamper-evident band
Tear tape
Temperature data logger
Time temperature indicator
Velostat
Aseptic processing
Blow fill seal
Corona treatment
Curtain coating
Die forming (plastics)
Electronic article surveillance
Flame treatment
Hermetic seal
Induction sealing
Plastics extrusion
Roll slitting
Shearing (manufacturing)
Verification and validation
Can seamer
Cartoning machine
Case sealer
Extended core stretch wrapper
Label printer applicator
Lineshaft roller conveyor
Logistics automation
Material-handling equipment
Mechanical brake stretch wrapper
Orbital stretch wrapper
Palletizer
Rotary wheel blow molding systems
Shrink tunnel
Turntable stretch wrapper
Vertical form fill sealing machine
post-use
Packaging waste
Source reduction
Lumber/
Bressummer
Cruck
Flitch beam
Joist
Timber truss
Utility pole
Glued laminated timber
parallel strand
I-joist
Oriented strand board
Oriented structural straw board
Wood-plastic composite
Fuelwood
Firelog
Pellet fuel
Pulpwood
Birch-tar
Hemicellulose
Cellulosic ethanol
Lignin
Pyroligneous acid
Pine tar
Barkdust
Black liquor
Ramial chipped wood
Wood wool
Axe ties
Clapboard
Sawdust brandy
Split-rail fence
Tanbark
Wooden masts
Certified wood
Destructive distillation
Dry distillation
List of woods
Wood drying
Writing & Writing material
Palm leaf (Borassus)
Ola leaf (Corypha umbraculifera)
Birch bark (Betula)
Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus)
Bamboo and wooden slips
Trema micrantha
Ficus aurea
Parabaik (Streblus asper)
Samut khoi (S. asper)
Kraing (Morus bark)
Clay tablet
Wax tablet
Silk text
Textile printing
Geoglyph
Impermanent
Electronic paper
Carrier objects
Writing systems
History of writing
List of writing systems
Types of sculptures
Architectural sculpture
Bas relief
Environmental sculpture
Kinetic sculpture
Styles of sculptures
Detonography
Elements in sculpture
Traditional materials
Modern materials
Notable sculptures
Great Sphinx of Giza (c. 2558–2532 BCE)
Abu Simbel temples (c. 1264 BCE)
Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon (438 BCE)
Colossus of Rhodes (c. 292 BCE)
Winged Victory of Samothrace (c. 2nd century BCE)
Terracotta Army (246–210 BCE)
Laocoön and His Sons (c. 200 BCE-70 CE)
Venus de Milo (130–100 BCE)
Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius (175 CE)
Buddhas of Bamiyan (507–554 CE)
Chartes Cathedral (c. 1194–1250 CE)
Konark Sun Temple (1250 CE)
Moai, Easter Islands (1250–1500 CE)
Pietà (1498–1499)
David (1501–1504)
Kamagaya Great Buddha (1776)
Nelson's Column (1843)
Adams Memorial (1881)
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You are at:Home»Category: "NASCAR"
Browsing: NASCAR
Midweek Top 10: Steelman bobsled, defenders leave academies, Carrier Classic obit, more
By Kevin Lilley on	 June 12, 2013 Army, Combatives, Football, Mixed martial arts, NASCAR, Navy, Olympics, UFC
Ten quick hits' worth of military-related sports news before Congress tries to make all the academy football teams wear the same uniform (non-football news after the jump): 1. Bobsled-bound? Option quarterbacks need to be versatile, but former Army signal-caller Trent Steelman is taking things to a new level. Already under contract with the Baltimore Ravens, Steelman's now in the running for a spot on the U.S. Olympic bobsled team, according to Army football guru Sal Interdonato. Steelman's father told Interdonato that the Army officer performed well in the U.S. Bobsled Combine recently and will be participating in further qualifying events…
Air Force bucks trend, re-ups NASCAR sponsorship
By Kevin Lilley on	 February 8, 2013 Air Force, NASCAR
The Army announced last summer that it would not return to NASCAR as a sponsor for 2013. The Navy and Marine Corps are also out of the NASCAR business. With rare exception. But the Air Force is back for 2013, renewing its deal to sponsor the Richard Petty Motorsports-owned No. 43 car, driven by Aric Almirola. The sponsorship lasts the entire season, but the Air Force will be the primary sponsor for two races on military-friendly weekends — the Coca-Cola 600 in Charlotte, N.C., over Memorial Day weekend and the Coke Zero 400 in Daytona Beach, Fla., two days after…
Monday mega-links: Stann-Bisping set, Kennedy fallout, concussions, golf and more
By Kevin Lilley on	 July 16, 2012 Air Force, Army, Combatives, Football, Mixed martial arts, NASCAR, Navy, UFC, Uncategorized, Wrestling
A dirty dozen military-themed sports links from a busy weekend (non-MMA notes after the jump): 1. Kennedy recap. Special Forces soldier Tim Kennedy lost in his second try at the Strikeforce middleweight title Saturday night in Portland, Ore., falling to Luke Rockhold via five-round unanimous decision — the same way he lost his 2010 title bout against Rolando "Jacare" Souza. Read the After Action review, with video, here. Click here for full coverage from our good friends at MMAJunkie. 2. Now what? Read Sherdog's suggestions for Kennedy's next fight, including what could be a make-or-break rematch with Souza. 3. From…
At Daytona with the #88 National Guard Race Team
By Mike Morones on	 July 7, 2012 NASCAR
Fort Belvoir commander serves as grand marshall
By Mike Morones on	 July 6, 2012 Army, NASCAR
Col. Greg Gadson, garrison commander at Fort Belvoir, serves as Grand Marshall for the Subway Jalapeñ–o 250 and gives the command for drivers to start their engines at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Fla, on July 6. (Mike Morones/Military Times)
Dale Jr. Qualifies at Daytona
By Mike Morones on	 July 6, 2012 NASCAR, Uncategorized
As part of an ongoing project about military sponsorship in professional sports, I'm in Daytona covering the #88 National Guard race team. Here are a few shots from today's qualifying session at Daytona International Speedway. Stay tuned for more photos following Saturday night's race.
NASCAR: Behind the scenes with Ryan Newman and the Army car
By Mike Morones on	 April 29, 2012 Capital City 400, NASCAR, Uncategorized
I spent the weekend at Richmond International Raceway to get a behind-the-scenes look at what it takes to run the Army car during Saturday's Capital City 400 at Richmond International Raceway in Virginia. Driven by Ryan Newman, the Army-sponsored Chevrolet finished the night in 15th place. In addition to the action on the track, I spent some time at the Army's 'Strength in Action Zone' on the midway at the RIR complex. Besides an appearance by Newman and the presence of the Army #39 show car, the zone featured interactive displays and a helicopter flight simulator. While the rainy weather…
Capital City 400 at Richmond
By Mike Morones on	 April 29, 2012 Army, NASCAR
Ryan Newman Meet and Greet at Richmond
By Mike Morones on	 April 28, 2012 NASCAR
Here's a shot from the Army's Strength in Action Zone outside the track – they had some exhibits of equipment as well as some physical training test and of course the #39 show car. Because of the weather attendance was a bit sparse – at least until Ryan Newman arrived for a quick question-and-answer session.
Army car ready for the race; fans also getting lubed
Her's one more from yesterday afternoon's Sprint Cup qualifying laps at Richmond International Raceway. Since practice and qualifying took place yesterday, the track is fairly quiet this morning. Though on my drive in to RIR around 9:30 a.m. there were quite a few people kicking back in the parking lots, mentally preparing for the day's action. And by mentally preparing I mean drinking beer. Keep in mind the race starts at 7:30 p.m., assuming there are no weather delays. The forecast does not look promising on that front so I might need a beer by the time it's all over…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Essay has been a wonderful source of expression about what you want to talk about and how you want to describe something. There are rules explaining the things and you have to follow them so that you have the best write up in the class. You have to understand about all the different genres of write up else it won't be possible to come up with what you have been asked for.
Compare and contrast write up is a great genre of write up. It is nothing but a format of write up where you have to talk about the similarities and difference of a two things that you want to compare and contrast. The things can be from any sphere may be art or literature or normal person.
There are plenty of good topics to choose and here are some of the bests to choose from. Choose the one that you relate with the most.
Which one do you prefer Renaissance Art or the Baroque Art?
Which era of construction was the best in the American history Antebellum Era, Reconstruction Era?
Which one do you like the most and why you do like it Childhood or. Adulthood?
The subject that intrigues you the most Biology or. Chemistry?
Which one do you believe in Astrology or. Astronomy?
Which form of rule you want to have in your own country a Prime ministerial rule or a presidential rule?
Which one do you favour and why do you favour it Fruits or. Vegetables?
Which animal do you love the most dogs or cats?
Compare and contrast between any two religion that you want to talk about and why?
Which one do you favour and what is the reason behind it, republican or democrat?
The format of music that intrigues you the most Jazz or classical music?
Compare and contrast between any two colours of your choice and justify all the reasons.
Which game do you like the most and why, soccer and football?
Write a compare and contrast write up on any two jobs that you would want to do when you grow up?
Write a compare and contrast write up on humanity and professionalism?
Which one do you favour, Cash or. Credit Cards?


Preet Bharara decided not to do the easy thing and write a made-for-TV book about the sprawling legal inquiries into Donald Trump's campaign and presidency.
But that's all anyone wants to ask the former U.S. attorney for the Southern District of New York about, along with his personal view of the president who summarily fired him in March 2017 after assuring him he could stay.
Bharara, on his million-strong Twitter feed and his podcast, "Stay Tuned with Preet," analyzes the Trump probes with the gimlet eye of an ex-prosecutor known for his media savvy and his takedowns of corrupt pols and Wall Street bad boys. And while he's careful not to go beyond the facts — or dish what he knows from his old job — it takes little to entice Bharara to dive into Muellermania with the rest of us.
But he thinks Robert Mueller, the special counsel brought in to investigate that allegedly tainted election after Trump fired Comey, will want to explain himself, at least privately. Bharara predicts Mueller will deliver a robust report to Attorney General William Barr that will lay out precisely why and how he decided to prosecute — or not — various individuals swept up in the Russia probe, including the president.
Bharara argues that, unlike Clinton — or, say, a businessman suspected of defrauding a bank, but not ultimately charged with a crime — the president of the United States isn't entitled to prosecutors' silence. So even if Americans never find out why minor Russiagate figures such as Donald Trump Jr. or Jared Kushner weren't charged, Congress should be told what, if any, role the president played in Russia's efforts to elect him, along with what he did to cover it up.
Parlor speculation aside, Bharara has written an engaging book about the law ("You sound surprised," he quips when I tell him this) that comes at an urgent time in the United States, with America's warring political tribes either losing faith in the justice system — a new poll suggests that half of Americans believe the Mueller probe is a "witch hunt" — or investing so much faith in the former FBI chief that many are bound to be disappointed by his final product.
"It was very important to me that this not be a book for lawyers and aspiring lawyers," Bharara told me in an interview in one of his several post-SDNY offices — this one the concrete-floored media company founded by his entrepreneur brother, Vinit Bharara, and where his podcast is produced.
The book may nonetheless inspire a few young Americans to become the next Preet Bharara, but it also aims more broadly to impart lessons from his career on "how to do the right thing, how to exercise discretion, how to tell truth from falsehood, how to keep an open mind," as he puts it. Part memoir, part guidebook and part leadership-circuit speaker-bait, "Doing Justice" makes for breezy reading given its weighty subject matter.
Unlike many other prominent prosecutor types, Bharara is loose and funny, practiced at speaking in layman's terms and cracking jokes — including one we struck from the record. And the war stories he shares in the book all come with lessons that apply well beyond the law, from the infamous Menendez brothers case that taught him to hone his instincts to the story of a mob boss whose love of food induced him to confess to his crimes.
Bharara still has confidence in the justice system, even with Trump as its titular head. He isn't especially troubled by the accusation that the president, through former acting Attorney General Matt Whitaker, tried to lean on his successor, Geoffrey Berman, to intervene in the SDNY's probe of hush-money payments Trump allegedly made through his former lawyer.
Bharara is concerned, however, about the larger state of American democracy in the age of Trump, and the gaps in the law he has exposed by flouting norms, such as: presidential candidates should release their tax returns, eliminate potential conflicts of interest once they win the White House and not hire their own children.
"We didn't contemplate that someone was going to just defile them in that way," says Bharara, a Democrat who is working on a democracy and rule-of-law task force with former New Jersey Governor Christine Todd Whitman, a Republican of decidedly pre-Trump vintage.
But he's also concerned about ordinary Americans' increasingly partisan view of how the law ought to work — he worries about those on the right who still chant "LOCK HER UP!" at Trump rallies, just as he worries about those on the left who think Mueller, rather than a political process, will deliver them from Trump. He sees little chance the Senate would convict Trump even if the House impeached him, barring some major revelations from Mueller.


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Your ceremony shouldn't be the boring bit before the party begins. I'm here to make sure you kick start your marriage in the most beautiful, unique, personal way possible.


Our client is a leading manufacturer of electrical and mechanical motion control and power generation products serving markets throughout the world. With experienced personnel in their Canadian Branch Office/warehouses, you're never far from a ready source of product knowledge. With their 33 North American warehouses interconnected their field sales force can provide immediate answers to stock motor availability, order entry, scheduling and many engineering data questions.
• Process returns of merchandise for clients providing appropriate credit/replacement.
• Top skills outside of the Bilingualism are Technical/Mechanical knowledge/aptitude, Customer Service Experience and ERP experience.
• Must be Bilingual, written and verbal must be excellent.
• Must have experience with ERP systems, i.e. Oracle.
• It's a fast-paced environment with high volume, however it's much different than just a call center. The candidate will have to be knowledgeable of many more than 20 different brands and products.


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Courtesy Qatar Airways
Airlines Sidestep Electronics Ban, Offer Passengers Free In-Flight Laptops and Wi-Fi
by Jordi Lippe-McGraw
Qatar Airways is the latest airline to tackle the electronics ban.
Where there's a will, there's a way. After a new U.S. Department of Homeland Security rule went into effect March 23, prohibiting travelers on select flights from Middle Eastern and North African airports from bringing electronics bigger than a cellphone into the aircraft cabin, several airlines have come up with creative ways to work around it. Qatar Airways is the latest to come up with a clever plan: The Doha-based airline will offer passengers a laptop loan service.
The complimentary PC laptops will be available to business class passengers traveling on all U.S.-bound flights from the affected airports starting next week. The airline will also offer one hour of free Wi-Fi for all passengers, a special $5 Wi-Fi package to stay connected for the duration of the flight, and a service at the gate for all passengers, where any prohibited electronics will be collected before boarding and securely packaged, tagged, loaded as check-in baggage, and returned upon arrival to the U.S.
"We truly appreciate the importance of being able to work onboard our aircraft, and that is why I have insisted on offering only the best possible solution for our customers," Qatar Airways Group Chief Executive Akbar Al Baker said in an email statement. "Providing this laptop loan service, we can ensure that our passengers on flights to the U.S. can continue to work while on board."
Qatar Airways is just the latest airline to find a way around the inconvenient ban. Emirates's president told Bloomberg on March 29 that the Dubai-based airline was exploring the idea of offering approved laptops to passengers and, along with Turkish Airlines, lets passengers check their electronics at the gate using secure padded cases. Etihad revealed similar plans: The Abu Dhabi-based airline will provide first and business class passengers on all flights to the U.S. loaner iPads and free Wi-Fi starting April 2.
Royal Jordanian Airlines went straight cheeky after the new ban was announced. Last week, the airline tweeted a list of 12 things to do on a 12-hour flight with no laptop or tablet. Some suggestions included "analyze the meaning of life" and "engage in primitive dialogue from the pre-internet era."
We're sure to see even more clever ways around the ban, which was rolled out by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in response to "evaluated intelligence" that there was a plot to attack planes using explosives concealed in consumer electronics. The U.S. ban affects flights out of airports in Amman, Jordan; Cairo, Egypt; Istanbul, Turkey; Jeddah and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Dubai and Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Kuwait City; Casablanca, Morocco; and Doha, Qatar. The U.K. followed with its own version of the ban, but didn't target Persian Gulf transportation hubs. As of now, no U.S. airline is affected, but companies such as British Airways and easyJet were hit by restrictions after the U.K. enacted its own prohibition.
Still confused how this might affect you? Read our full breakdown of the ban.


I'll let you draw your own conclusions on this one. Meanwhile, I'll be over here watching the adults race and the 18-year-old Max Verstappen who said we don't defend on Sunday, we attack…and he qualified worse than Lewis…worse, worse, worse worse!
What is up with you and Lewis, dude? That is a pretty mature response. He discusses blaming himself, talks about things in terms of common humanity, and expresses how he "didn't deliver." To be able to own your emotional response and even your self criticism is a sign of maturity. You jump all over this guy's case when he has the slightest infraction of your sensibilities and give hugely wide berth to others like Rosberg or Kvyatt. I'm about done.
Just remember, you can't spell Hockenheim without N-I-C-O.
Yeah, I don't know what that means, either.
Great performances by Rosberg, Riciardo, Verstappen, Raikonnen, and even by Hamilton. Some of them also managed to keep their efforts in perspective.
On another topic, the Sky commentary kept mentioning this is Rosberg's home GP, wasn't that Monaco? (Along with 80% of the other drivers).
Nationality home, I agree with that but definitely Merc's home GP.
Looks like he's been rummaging through his mum's closet again.
Why does Lewis dress like a colorblind Prince without the fashion sense?
He's promoting designers. They just give him stuff to wear and he wears it. It's what celebs do. If he doesn't look good it's not not him, it's on the designer.
Nice one Negative Camber. I think this is what's called killing two birds with one stone. You've managed to feed the trolls and amused yourself with your favorite punching bag:Hamilton. You've been ranting about Hamilton's dog whistling late but aren't you doing exactly the same thing here, sir? We get it, the guy can't dress. Can we move on and leave that to TMZ/his Twitter followers or some fashion media outlet, we're here for motorsports.
Dam. I thought the jacket was cool, in a Prince purple rain kinda way.
I was thinking Game of Thrones for some reason.
There is nothing wrong with having a go at Lewis, he invites it.
When he loses he give the impression sulking child.
When he wins its over the top in your face.
Nico is very similar most of the top drivers are.
I read an article once by Anthony Hamilton going back to Lewis's karting days. When he lost a race or didn't do well his father said that, Lewis would not be anything on the order of being very depressed, but he definitely wasn't a happy camper. I can understand why some fans may dislike Lewis, but let's be clear there is something else also at work here, which brings out such anger, and hatred by some of his critics towards Hamilton.
Sorry Todd, we live in a world of absolutes these days. You are either a devout fanboy or an extreme hater. If you fall in the middle you are fair game for each side to attack.
p.s. I am sharpening my pitchfork and readying my torch if you decide to ever attack my sacred cow.
Sky is overly obsessive of their golden boy Hami. Hes always right and hes the best. When he isnt winning, they come up with excuses. This week its because their in Germany. Some more conspiracy theory coming from the Brits.
I can't believe no one can see how amazing that jacket is! L-Ham is the last true race driver. Ask yourself the following question: Is there any difference between Nico Rosberg and a computer?


So many bright and beautiful items in this post! This skirt is one of my all-time favourites and I love wearing it. This time I chose to pair it with a bright green top and vibrant accessories. The brighter the better!
"This necklace looks so much better on me!"


Partner with Brunel Business School (BBS) to have access to funding for up to two-thirds of your research project costs through a Knowledge Transfer Partnerships (KTP).
KTP are the Government's leading programme helping UK businesses of all kinds to access skills and expertise at Universities like Brunel with typical project duration of 1-3 years.
The knowledge sought will be embedded into your company from the knowledge base at Brunel through a R&D project, or projects (at Masters or Post Doctoral level), undertaken by a recently qualified person (known as associate) recruited (on open market with company partner having final say) to specifically work on that project.
Associates are usually employed at the company's premises and are jointly supervised by company staff and an academic supervisor from Brunel. Academic members of staff provide the equivalent of a half a day to KTP projects usually on the company premises. Brunel University London's facilities are also available to support the project.
A research collaboration agreement will be agreed between Brunel and the Company prior to the start of the project. The project provides a financial budget for the employment costs of the associate, travel and subsistence, equipment and the consumables pertaining to the project and training for the associate. The University will invoice the company for their contribution to project costs quarterly in arrears.
BBS has been successful in getting regular KTP funding and has recently been awarded a KTP of £540K which will develop innovative business models to strengthen the position of Age UK.


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Exit interview: Ajay Bhatia's journey from technologist to managing director
Bhatia discusses successes and failures during his 13 years at the vehicles e-commerce company Carsales.
By Byron Connolly
Australia Editor, CIO Apr 6, 2022 1:00 pm PDT
Carsales's Ajay Bhatia has resigned as managing director at the Melbourne-based organisation he has been part of for the past 13 years. Bhatia, who joined Carsales in 2008 as chief product and information officer, became managing director for consumer business in 2017 and in December 2019 was appointed the local managing director.
Bhatia's path to MD began as a technologist, rather than via a more traditional path such as sales or finance.
Bhatia is heading to Germany to join Adevinta group as CEO of online vehicle seller mobile.de. He is replacing mobile.de's interim CEO, Patricia Lobinger. Bhatia says his focus at mobile.de will be to ensure the team is motivated and focused to bring customer, consumer, and commercial innovations to the German market. The team, according to Bhatia, has already built an excellent market position for the business with 1.5 million cars currently for sale and 16 million unique visitors to the website.
In an interview with CIO Australia, Bhatia says he has given "absolutely everything" to Carsales and it is now time to move on. "I am further excited by taking on new challenges and the family is excited to be in a new part of the world. I will miss Carsales, I will miss my friends and I will miss everything Aussie," he says.
Ajay Bhatia's achievements at Carsales
Bhatia has been a crucial part of the Australian e-commerce success story. In 2017, he was promoted to managing director of Carsales's consumer business after spending several years driving the organisation's technology strategy. He has spent the past two years in the top job following the organisation's push into global markets in countries such as Argentina, Colombia, and Chile.
Bhatia tells CIO Australia that 13 years is a long time in a company to single out his biggest success but says what he is most proud of is the team that has been built at Carsales.
"This team has helped me substantially accelerate the growth of the Australian business thus providing great returns for our investors. And it is this team that has built a platform for success. We have the best online automotive product in the world for both dealers and consumers and the net promoter score [NPS] of these products is world-class," he says.
During his tenure, Bhatia and his team created a search engine, RyvusIQ, which enables consumers to advertise, sell, and buy new and used cars online. In 2014, Brazilian company WebMotors announced it was using this engine to drive its website.
In November 2016, the organisation ran a hackathon which resulted in what it claimed was a world-first piece of image-recognition software. Dubbed Cyclops, the software automatically selects and assigns angles to each image uploaded by photographers directly onto the Carsales platform to better showcase aspects of vehicles on sale. An artificial intelligence feedback mechanism helps the software learn from its mistakes to improve its performance over time.
In early 2020, Bhatia steered Carsales through a period where its inventory rose as uncertain customers put the brakes on buying vehicles due to the economic impact of the pandemic. At the time, the company temporarily stood down 250 staff and cut executive pay as enquiries about vehicles on the site dropped significantly.
Ajay Bhatia shares lessons from his career
Bhatia admits that one of his missteps occurred earlier in his career as a less-experienced executive attending board meetings and trying to sell to members around the table. "Once I started sitting on a few boards, I realised how bad it is to be sold to. Now, my approach is very different and I wish I had learned that earlier," he says.
Bhatia is co-president at the Australia India Chamber of Commerce in Victoria, and a non-executive director at Placie, Myeloma Australia, RedBook Inspect, Tyresales, Stratton Finance, Assembly Payments, and iCar Asia.
"There are many other examples where early on my perspective was more limited and I found it hard to make decisions that took a holistic perspective," Bhatia adds. "Now, having managed almost all parts of the Carsales business, including technology functions, I am much better equipped to see all sides of the fence."
Author: Byron Connolly, Australia Editor
Byron Connolly is a highly experienced technology and business editor who contributes to CIO Australia. He also facilitates roundtables and conferences for CIOs and other senior technology executives and creates content from these events.
Recent stories by Byron Connolly:
CIO exit interview: Steve Hodgkinson, Victoria Department of Health
How Flight Centre's Australian IT team is flying out of a COVID crisis
Improved market confidence, large projects to drive IT job growth


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York County natives helped settle the rest of the country
June Lloyd
Our region is usually recognized as one of the cultural hearths of early America, an area from which settlers set out to populate the rest of the country. You can see that by following the patterns of some members of succeeding generations of local families as they moved southwest and west. They sometimes spread down through western Maryland and the valleys of Virginia toward North Carolina and beyond. Others took a more northern route into Ohio and then dispersed throughout the Midwest. Thousands of people contact or visit the York County History Center each year looking for their roots; they can attest to the settlement patterns as they follow their families' origins back here.
These mostly German and Scots Irish families were yeoman farmers, owning their own land. Families of eight or more children were common. As the children grew and married, it did not take many generations until the farm could not be divided any further and still provide support. Some needed to move on; sometimes they were lured on by accounts of cheap open land from friends and relatives that already had ventured to the new frontiers. Another factor after the Revolutionary War was the promise of bounty land in future states to the west, such as Ohio, Tennessee and Kentucky, as a reward for their service.
Some of these local folks became prominent, even founding towns, like the Ruhls of Galion and the Kniselys of New Philadelphia, both in Ohio. Jeremiah Morrow, born in Gettysburg in 1771, became the first Representative to the U.S. Congress from Ohio when it became a state in 1803. He later was a U.S. Senator and governor of Ohio.
Some time ago, fellow researcher June Grove shared a link to the Franklin Hoke Barnitz papers at the State Historical Society of Missouri Rolla Research Center at the Missouri University Science and Technology Center. Their collections focus on the history of southern Missouri and the Ozark Highland. I did a bit more digging and thought F.H. Barnitz's story is a good example of how local families spread and prospered.
It looks like German immigrant John George Carl Barnitz (1722-1796) came to York in the mid-1700s. Well-known wounded Revolutionary War veteran Jacob Barnitz (1758-1828), York County Register of Wills and Recorder of Deeds from 1785 to 1824, was a son, and Jacob's son Charles A. Barnitz 1787-1850) was the local Representative to the U.S. Congress in the 1830s. George Augustus Barnitz (1770-1844) was another son of immigrant John George Carl; he served as a York County judge for over 20 years and married Catharine Maria Spangler. Their son, George A. Barnitz, Jr. (1801-1871), a Princeton graduate, was an attorney, having studied with cousin Charles A., and he was also a coal merchant. He married Maria Catharine Doudel (1816-1888), daughter of Michael and Sarah Hoke Doudel. They were the parents of Franklin Hoke Barnitz (1836-1910), the western traveler.
F.H. Barnitz had a cabinet making shop in Kansas before the Civil War, but he was in Rolla, Phelps County, Missouri, by 1862. He reportedly served as a teamster or wagon master with the Union Army. After the Civil War, he continued in the freight business throughout the region, including the shipping of livestock, some of which he reportedly lost to Indians. That might have led to Barnitz buying 1,000 acres in 1868 in the Lake Spring area, just over the line in neighboring Dent County. He started a successful stock farm and also owned general stores, grist mills and a tobacco factory. He and wife, Ohio native Mary Elizabeth McClure Barnitz (1845-1891), had two children, Anna and Jonathan /John (1878-1954), who was probably named for Franklin's brother Jonathan of the 87th Pennsylvania Volunteers who died at New Creek/Keyser, Virginia in 1862.
The Missouri Barnitzes have not moved from their spread in the Ozark's since F.H. started that first stock farm. John's son George Augustus (1906-1977) bred registered Horned Hereford cattle. The next two generations, George Alan (1936-) and Franklin Alan (1968-) seem to be the present proprietors of Barnitz Farms Inc. raising black and red Angus cattle on their now 2,500-acre property. A 2012 Missouri Beef Cattleman article notes that the big barn built in 1868 is still in use, so the original Franklin Barnitz built well. The present Barnitzes have both won farming awards, and Frank A. served much of the first decade of the 2000s as a state representative and then state senator from their district, seemingly as a conservative Democrat.
Satellite views of that area show a lot of forest left, and it is sparsely settled, compared to what Franklin H. Barnitz's descendants would have experienced here if he had not headed west. Rolla is about halfway between St. Louis and Springfield on Interstate Highway 44, near the Army training center, Fort Leonard Wood. It is the county seat of Phelps County with a population of around 20,000. The county seat of Dent County, Salem, population 5,000, lies about 27 miles south. The Lake Spring area of mostly scattered farms is about halfway between the Rolla and Salem. Dent and Phelps counties have a combined population of about 61,000, with only a quarter in Dent County. That gives us an idea of how farms with extensive acreage are still possible.
The Barnitz experience is just one example of what one branch of one York County family experienced after they sprang from our hearth. There are many more stories to tell, and this one could be fleshed out more with the use of the Franklin Hoke Barnitz collection donated by his descendants to the State Historical Society of Missouri branch at Rolla. The inventory lists ledgers, business records and, most intriguingly, family letters concerning York and Yorkers.
June Lloyd is Librarian Emerita of the York County History Center and can be contacted at ycpa89@msn.com. Follow her local history blog at yorkblog.com/universal.


Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg, simply known as Otto von Bismarck, was a Prussian-German statesman whose actions unified Germany, made it a major player in world affairs, and created a balance of power that kept Europe at peace after 1871.
As Minister President of Prussia from 1862�1890, he oversaw the unification of Germany. In 1867 he became Chancellor of the North German Confederation. Bismarck designed the German Empire in 1871, becoming its first Chancellor and dominating its affairs until he was removed by Kaiser (Emperor) Wilhelm II in 1890. His diplomacy of Realpolitik and powerful rule gained him the nickname the "Iron Chancellor." As Henry Kissinger has noted, "The man of 'blood and iron' wrote prose of extraordinary directness and lucidity, comparable in distinctiveness to Churchill's use of the English language."
As the leader of what historians call "revolutionary conservatism" Bismarck became a hero to German nationalists; they built hundreds of monuments glorifying the symbol of powerful personal leadership. Historians praised him as a statesman of moderation and balance who was primarily responsible for the unification of the German states into a nation-state. He used balance-of-power diplomacy to keep Europe peaceful in the 1870s and 1880s. He created a new nation with a progressive social policy, a result that went beyond his initial goals as a practitioner of power politics in Prussia. Bismarck, a devout Lutheran who was loyal to his king (who in turn gave Bismarck his full support), promoted government through a strong, well-trained bureaucracy with most decisions in the hands of a Junker elite representing the rural aristocracy in the east.
Bismarck had recognized early in his political career that the opportunities for national unification would exist and he worked successfully to provide a Prussian structure to the nation as a whole. While the new nation had universal male suffrage, the elected officials did not have full control of the government.


text:
Feb 5, 2020 06:00am
Under Faith and Fitness
3 Life Lessons from Super Bowl LIV
If you were like me you were riveted to the TV on Super Bowl Sunday, and no I am not talking about the halftime entertainment. I knew it would be an amazing game, I just didn't think the Kansas City Chiefs had another come from behind win in them, especially playing the powerhouse San Francisco 49ers.
As I reflected back on the game, I walked away with three life lessons that I believe can apply to everyone's life.
Life Lesson Number One: Never Give Up
Patrick Mahomes said this Super Bowl win was about never giving up.
Football as in life is a four quarter game. Good things will eventually happen if we have that never give up attitude. Patrick Mahomes and the Kansas City Chiefs showed us that if you keep fighting to the end, we will be rewarded.
Galatians 6:9 says, "Let us not become wearing in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up."
No matter what you are going through, don't give up.
No matter what quarter of life you are in, don't give up.
You may be just one Hail Mary pass away from your life turning around.
Life Lesson Number Two: Be the Kind of Leader that People Believe In
One of the keys to the Chiefs Super Bowl victory was they kept believing in their leader.
"Then the guys kept believing in me and kept making plays downfield, and we found a way to win." -Patrick Mahomes
Patrick Mahomes leads with character and integrity.
He is a kind of leader that his players believe in.
We have an opportunity to influence people all of the time. We don't have to be the quarterback on the winning Super Bowl team to be a leader that people believe in. We can be that type of leader at work, at school, in our community, our families and our churches.
When we lead with character and integrity, like Patrick Mahomes, we can be the kind of leader people believe in and want to play for.
Life Lesson Number Three: Do Something Special
"Do something special," is what Patrick Mahomes said to his players when they were down 24–0 against the Texans in the NFL Divisional Round.
He simply asked each player to do something special. When each individual does something special, it collectively raises the success of the team.
When every player does their part, it's difficult to stop a team from winning no matter how far behind they are.
What can we personally do to do something special for the betterment of humanity?
It may be a simple smile to a stranger, buying a homeless person a meal, or any gesture that makes someone else feel known and cared for.
I wish Patrick Mahomes, Andy Reid, Clark Hunt and the entire Kansas City Chiefs organization nothing but future success.
It's great to see an organization that seems to have their priorities in line.
Let's take these three life lessons of never giving up, being a leader that people believe in and doing something special and apply them to our own lives and see how it transforms us and the world around us.
TroyIsmir.com


text:
<!doctype html>

    <title>Code coverage report for ol/pointer/eventsource.js</title>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../prettify.css" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../base.css" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">

      all files / ol/pointer/ eventsource.js

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goog.provide('ol.pointer.EventSource');

/**
 * @param {ol.pointer.PointerEventHandler} dispatcher Event handler.
 * @param {!Object.<string, function(Event)>} mapping Event
 *     mapping.
 * @constructor
 */
ol.pointer.EventSource = function(dispatcher, mapping) {
  /**
   * @type {ol.pointer.PointerEventHandler}
   */
  this.dispatcher = dispatcher;

  /**
   * @private
   * @const
   * @type {!Object.<string, function(Event)>}
   */
  this.mapping_ = mapping;
};

/**
 * List of events supported by this source.
 * @return {Array.<string>} Event names
 */
ol.pointer.EventSource.prototype.getEvents = function() {
  return Object.keys(this.mapping_);
};

/**
 * Returns a mapping between the supported event types and
 * the handlers that should handle an event.
 * @return {Object.<string, function(Event)>}
 *         Event/Handler mapping
 */
ol.pointer.EventSource.prototype.getMapping = function() {
  return this.mapping_;
};

/**
 * Returns the handler that should handle a given event type.
 * @param {string} eventType The event type.
 * @return {function(Event)} Handler
 */
ol.pointer.EventSource.prototype.getHandlerForEvent = function(eventType) {
  return this.mapping_[eventType];
};

  Code coverage
  generated by istanbul at Fri Mar 11 2016 13:34:39 GMT+0100 (CET)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: How can I load iconsmind icons? Found here those beautiful icons: https://themekit.dev/docs/code/iconsmind/
What do I need to use them? I added following lines to head
<link rel="stylesheet" href="themekit/css/bootstrap-grid.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="themekit/css/style.css">

and this to body:

Nothing appeared.
I expected this icon:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Pickleball Court – Maximum of 2 players on a team, plus a non-playing coach.
Tournament format will be double elimination play with the first person/team to win 2 out of 3 games; each game is played to 11, win by 2.
The USPFC reserve the right to change the tournament format depending on entry numbers, space restrictions or other circumstances.
Awards will be presented to 1st through 3rd place for each event within each age division.
Line Judges: The line judge plays an important role in officiating pickleball medal matches [Rule 14.C]. The job entails more than staring at the assigned line and calling balls "out." Although calling the assigned line is the primary responsibility, a line judge is a vital component of the officiating team and at any time may be asked for his/her opinion regarding other actions that occur during the match [Rule 14.I].
Generally, line judges are used only during medal matches [Rule 14.E.a], and even then, it may be only during Gold Medal matches. This typically is due to a shortage of people willing to line judge — not to mention qualified people willing to line judge. One reason for the shortage is that medal matches routinely take place later in the day when players who have been eliminated from competition have departed the venue. Another reason is the absence of documented standards and procedures that clearly explain the line judge's tasks. This Line Judge Guide is intended to change that.
This Line Judge Guide contains the USAPA/IFP standards and procedures for line judging and the responsibilities of referees working in unison with line judges. Duplicate information is contained in the USAPA Referee Handbook and Referee Trainer Guide.
In many cases the need for line judges is filled by pleading for anyone not playing in a match to man a line judge position. Due to a shortage of line judge candidates the person who ultimately volunteers may or may not be qualified. Generally, lack of qualification is overlooked just to fill the position.
Two-line judges shall be assigned to all medal round game. All line judges must have a copy of, and be familiar with the USPFC Pickleball Rules prior to the start of competition.
Scorekeeper: Each team will keep their own score and report back to the coordinator after the game is complete.
A minimum of eight courts are required. Scheduling of games should facilitate as little travel and change of locations as possible.
If possible, the venues should be made available to competitors for familiarization and practice the day prior to the tournament.
Game balls: Host shall provide one game ball in new or very good condition for each court. Each team is responsible for providing their own pickleball paddles and practice balls.
Schedule for four (4) days of competition. Allow for 20 minutes per game. There is a five (5) minute forfeit rule in effect.
Pickleball is played either as doubles (two players per team) or singles. Doubles are most common. Same size playing area and rules are used for both singles and doubles.
A team will have a maximum of two (2) players on the court. A team will forfeit the game if there are not two (2) players on the court. A team must have two (2) players on the court to start a game or a forfeit will be called.
• Must be made underhand.
• Paddle contact with the ball must be below the server's waist (naval level).
the baseline or court until the ball is struck.
the serve and lands in the proper service court; let serves are replayed).
until they commit a fault *(except for the first service sequence of each new game).
• The first serve of each side-out is made from the right-hand court.
fault is committed and the first server loses the serve.
court (except for the first service sequence of the game*).
serve to the opposing team.
The double bounce rule eliminated the serve and volley advantage and extends rallies.
In singles, the server serves from the right-hand court when his or her score is even and from the left when the score is odd.
*At the beginning od each new game only one partner on the serving team has the opportunity to serve before faulting, after which the service passes to the receiving team.
• Games are normally played to 11 points, win by 2.
• The non-volley zone is the court area within 7 feet on both sides of the net.
executing smashes from a position within the zone.
carrying to touch the non-volley zone, including the associates lines.
volley zone, even if the volleyed ball is declared dead before this happens.
• A player may be legally in the non-volley zone any time other than when volleying a ball. • The non-volley zone is commonly referred to as "the kitchen".
• A ball contacting any line, except the non-volley zone line on a serve, is considered "in". • A serve contacting the non-volley zone line is short and a fault.
Determining Serving Team – Players use a coin toss to determine who will serve first. The winner of the coin toss will have the option to choose side or to serve or receive.
A maximum of 45 sets of medals (1st through 3rd place) will be needed. USPFC will advise you of the number of sets needed based on total entries, plus a reasonable margin.


Returning to the office after the holidays is not easy, and reading is perhaps the last thing on anyone's agenda. Yet Christopher Hitchens, self-proclaimed atheist and contrarian, i nvites the reader to delve into his mind and sift through his ruminations on Karl Marx, Charles Dickens, Ezra Pound, Benjamin Franklin, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, George Orwell in his exquisite anthology of essays, Arguably. He takes a dig at Isaac Newton's gravity, questioning everything, testing our acceptance of factoids. His notes on Newton do, however, sound oddly similar to those of Bill Bryson's in A Short History of Nearly Everything. Just saying.
Christopher Hitchens' essays are undeniably gripping, sharp, and even bitting, but still entertaining. Definitely worth sharing.
Summer presents a great opportunity to catch up on our reading – a skill Galileo deems to give superhuman powers (and you never know when that might come in handy at the office).
Our summer book of the week is the award-winning The Periodic Table by Primo Levi, Auschwitz survivor and internationally renowned chemist, scientist, poet and writer, who combines his two loves – chemistry and writing. If you are like me, and never took a single chemistry class in school, Primo's award-winning book beautifully illustrates Dmitri Mendeleev's periodic table with each chapter representing a chemical element. A must read.
But if you would rather listen to the audio book, BBC Radio 4 presents a gripping dramatized version of the book here.
Previous Post A Stylish Le Marais Apartment for the Summer?


Positioning enables you to differentiate yourself from the more than 400,000 other financial advisors out there.
To position yourself effectively, you must create a value proposition, elevator speech and call to action.
In addition, your personal story will inspire others to work with you.
With more than 400,000 financial advisors in the United States, investors have plenty of options when it comes to getting guidance about their wealth.
How can you stand out in that huge crowd and attract not just many clients, but also the ones who are the right fit for your business?
The answer is to position yourself for success. Positioning strategies are designed to help you establish, control and maintain how clients, prospects and other professionals perceive you. If you position yourself effectively, you can't help but become a go-to advisor—the first person who ideal clients and prospects think of when they need help making smart decisions about their money. I'm sure you can guess what happens then: You generate a stream of new ideal business, month after month after month.
There are five steps to positioning yourself successfully as the go-to expert in your chosen client niche.
Step 1. Claim your unique, compelling value proposition. Your first step in effective positioning is to realize your unique value proposition—your expertise in addressing clients' full range of financial concerns through a comprehensive process. Financial advisors often like to highlight a specific skill or two that they possess—such as financial planning or stock picking. These skills are valuable, of course, but they don't go far enough from a positioning standpoint. That's because the affluent aren't looking for a single skill. Indeed, the top criterion that the affluent use to choose their financial advisors is overall expertise. They want financial advisors who can help them maximize the probability of achieving their most important financial and life goals.
Your positioning statement needs to "speak" truly to the members of your chosen niche. It must offer key benefits that the members of that niche want to enjoy. Your statement also must be short, simple and believable.
Keep it short, simple and concise. Imagine you are in an elevator and someone asks you, "What do you do?" You have only the length of an elevator ride to answer in a memorable manner.
Make it compelling. Describe how your offering solves an important challenge or fills a key need for the prospect.
Step 4. Construct a call to action. If the listener expresses further interest once you've made your elevator speech, then deliver your call to action—a specific step that the prospect should take in order to take advantage of the value you just described in your elevator speech. In nearly every case, your call to action will be to have the prospect schedule an initial meeting with you to review his or her portfolio and to explore the possibility of working together.
Step 5. Tell your personal story. Once the prospect has agreed to schedule an initial meeting with you, take a few moments to move this early dialogue to a more personal level. This sets the stage for a great long-term financial advisor-client relationship. We've discovered that the best way to set the stage is to share a brief personal story about yourself that conveys why you care passionately about helping clients make smart financial decisions. When others hear your story, it gives them insight into who you are, what you stand for and what you had to overcome to get to where you are today. Very often, your personal story creates in prospective clients a willingness, even an eagerness, to work with you.
For more on communicating your personal story, check out this video.
The idea that "perception is reality" is true. By positioning yourself so that you're seen by ideal prospects and clients as a true expert who can help them achieve the things they most want, you will achieve top-of-mind status among those investors—and you'll find yourself attracting more business than ever before.
Jonathan Powell is a managing principal at CEG Worldwide, LLC in San Martin, California. Working with many of the nation's top financial firms, he enjoys helping financial advisors transform their professional and personal lives by implementing CEG Worldwide's research-backed principles.


text:
/**
*============================================================================
*  The Ohio State University Research Foundation, The University of Chicago -
*  Argonne National Laboratory, Emory University, SemanticBits LLC,
*  and Ekagra Software Technologies Ltd.
*
*  Distributed under the OSI-approved BSD 3-Clause License.
*  See http://ncip.github.com/cagrid-portal/LICENSE.txt for details.
*============================================================================
**/
package gov.nih.nci.cagrid.portal;

import junit.framework.TestCase;
import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.AfterClass;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.BeforeClass;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.mock.web.MockHttpServletRequest;
import org.springframework.mock.web.MockHttpServletResponse;
import org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.HibernateJdbcException;
import org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.support.OpenSessionInViewInterceptor;
import org.springframework.web.context.request.ServletWebRequest;
import org.springframework.web.context.request.WebRequest;

/**
 * User: kherm
 *
 * @author kherm manav.kher@semanticbits.com
 */
public abstract class AbstractDBTestBase {

    protected MockHttpServletRequest request = new MockHttpServletRequest();
    protected MockHttpServletResponse response = new MockHttpServletResponse();
    protected WebRequest webRequest = new ServletWebRequest(request);
    org.apache.commons.logging.Log logger = org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory.getLog(getClass().getSimpleName());
    private boolean shouldFlush = true;

    public ApplicationContext getApplicationContext() {
          return TestDB.getApplicationContext();
      }

    @Before
    public void begin() throws Exception {
        TestDB.create();
        beginSession();
    }

    @After
    public void end() throws Exception {
        TestDB.drop();
        endSession();
    }

    protected void interruptSession() {
        endSession();
        logger.info("-- interrupted DaoTestCase session --");
        beginSession();
    }

    private void beginSession() {
        logger.info("-- beginning DaoTestCase interceptor session --");
        findOpenSessionInViewInterceptor().preHandle(webRequest);
    }

    private void endSession() {
        logger.info("--    ending DaoTestCase interceptor session --");
        OpenSessionInViewInterceptor interceptor = findOpenSessionInViewInterceptor();
        if (shouldFlush) {
            try {
                interceptor.postHandle(webRequest, null);
            }
            catch (Exception exception) {
                if (exception instanceof HibernateJdbcException) {
                    if (exception != null) {
                        System.out.println(exception); // Log the exception
                        // Get cause if present
                        Throwable t = ((HibernateJdbcException) exception).getRootCause();

                        while (t != null) {
                            System.out.println("*************Cause: " + t);
                            t = t.getCause();
                            // procees to the next exception
                            //  exception = ((SQLGrammarException)exception).get
                        }

                    }
                }
            }
        }
        interceptor.afterCompletion(webRequest, null);

    }

    private OpenSessionInViewInterceptor findOpenSessionInViewInterceptor() {
        return (OpenSessionInViewInterceptor) getApplicationContext().getBean("openSessionInViewForTesting");
    }
}


text:
Major obstacles in communication of first responders
In some cases the issue is a lack of money to buy the needed equipment. In others, there has been a lack of full cooperation between local governments. The short answer is many Bay Area cities are not ready to communicate with one another or even themselves in the event of a large scale terrorist attack.
Remember the Santana Row fire in San Jose just one year after 9/11? Santa Clara County found its radio communications jumbled during the Santana Row fire. The system put in since then allows all county agencies to communicate, but it has limited capacity and can be knocked out if too many responders try to use it at the same time.
Over in Oakland last year, officers had trouble talking to law enforcement from other agencies during the riots after the verdict in the trial of BART officer Johannes Mehserle. Oakland has recently activated its own $18 million radio system. But next year, when all first responders in Alameda and Contra Costa Counties switch to a one-radio system, Oakland won't join them because it has its own system. Connections between the two systems have not been sufficiently tested.
In San Mateo County, they're about $27 million short of what they need to build 19 towers so all first responders can be on the same page. Radio project manager Steve Dupre says practically all police agencies have their own radio networks.
San Francisco, energized by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and the 1993 office massacre at 101 California Street, deployed a single radio system for all first responders. Now if those first responders go outside of the city to help Marin or Alameda or San Mateo counties, they can reprogram their radios to connect to their agencies, but then can't talk to their own command center.
Experts say the technology allowing all Bay Area first responders to communicate across a shared, secure network is 10 years away.


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I develop a simple design to use on screen-printed tote bags. The printed area will be a 10-by-10-inch composition using both my graphics and the text "UW Botanic Gardens" and "Plants for life".
I used CMYK color value.


At least the drug deals Wall Street is suddenly hooked on are legal.
The latest is Pfizer's (PFE) bid to buy U.K.-based AstraZeneca (AZN) for an eye-popping $100 billion.
The proposed deal, which so far has been snubbed by the British drug maker, would be the second biggest health care buyout on record, according to Dealogic.
It's getting difficult to keep track of all the suitors, proposals and marriages going on in the health industry.
Even without the potential Pfizer-AstraZeneca union, health care merger and acquisition activity is already humming along at the fastest pace on record.
About $163 billion worth of health care deals have been proposed so far this year. That's up almost 50% from last year and 211% above the post-financial crisis low of $53 billion in 2012, Dealogic stats show.
The buying spree in the pharmaceutical world is being driven by low interest rates that make it cheaper to borrow money and swollen corporate treasure chests. Many companies have a lot of cash on hand. There are also ongoing pushes for firms to expand their drug pipelines as patents expire and competition heats up.
Bayer (BAYRY) CEO Marijn Dekkers told CNN International that while his company remains focused on organic growth, "If the right opportunity comes along, we'll definitely take a very good look at it."
There have been a number of high profile deals in recent days, including Bill Ackman coaxing Valeant Pharmaceuticals (VRX) to offer a $46 billion buyout of Botox maker Allergan (AGN) and a $20 billion deal between Novartis (NVS) and GlaxoSmithKline (GLAXF).
Overall global merger and acquisition activity is surging this year. It has totaled more than $1 trillion so far in 2014, a brisk 41% improvement from the same period of last year and the fastest pace since 2007, according to Dealogic.
Interestingly, the number of global deals has declined slightly, while the average deal size has soared 53% to about just over $100 million, Dealogic stats show.
But health care deal making is popping even faster than the broader market, and the AstraZeneca situation would make it an even larger year.
That would represent the biggest deal for the health care sector since Warner-Lambert was purchased for $112 billion in 2000. Guess which drug giant was behind that mega deal? None other than Pfizer.


No doubt you have heard a lot about using information graphics to save space or illustrate data in your annual reports, but very little about why they work. A little history first!
In the 17th and 18th centuries, information graphics took the form of visualizations, charts and maps, especially important as explorers were returning from long journeys with tales of distant lands. Scientists in the 18th century had mastered the art of pie charts, histograms and line graphs.
Along with scientists, people of faith were using graphics to depict highly religious scenes, including 'De Schepping der Wereldt' (Creation of the World), a 17th century information graphic that shows the earth's creation according to Moses.
In the 20th century, information graphics advanced swiftly as technology allowed for my image creation, from the 1933 use of lines in the first London Tube map to the stylized human figures in pictograms designed by Otl Aicher for the 1972 Munich Olympics.
By the turn of the 21st century, artists began combining powerful software with design principles culled from an understanding of human perception. Information graphics became the indispensable tools they are today.
Information graphics are effective because they shift the balance between seeing and thinking to take greater advantage of the brain's abilities. "Seeing" is extremely fast and efficient. We see immediately and with little effort. Thinking is slower and can be less efficient. Traditional text, table or column-based presentation methods rely on conscious thinking for almost all of the work. Information graphics shift the balance toward greater use of visual perception, taking advantage of our powerful eyes whenever possible.
This entry was posted in Blogazine on January 20, 2018 by Cherisse Lu.


Welcome to Spring Break in Texas. it's not spring Break unless it rains and/or is cold for at least half of it!
oh bluebonnets! we're living in Nebraska now, so I won't get to see bluebonnets and I am missing them terribly.
Random question from your post-what do you think of the iphone service since you travle a lot? Do you find that you are without service much? We need new phones and were all set on the Droid until we read the reports on the levels of radiation & the Droid is very high. Any thoughts on this topic?!
oh how I miss the bluebonnets. If you stopped in Uvalde, you may have driven through Castroville/Hondo?? I used to live in Castroville; my dad worked at the hospital in Hondo for a while. Nice area!
My parents are growing potted bluebonnets right now! Hopefully they will be blooming for our wedding next Thursday!
Oh Honey - thank you so much for this post. I'm a Texas girl...but haven't headed out farther west than the Hill Country Area...so, I'm sharing this with my man to see when he wants to load up our crew!
Tell us a little about that cute skirt!!! Is it homemade?
@ Stacy: Thanks for the compliment on the skirt! I bought it nine years ago at The Limited. It would be the simplest skirt ever to make. It's a wrap skirt. Essentially, you would just quilt together some fabrics and at some ties to the waist. Voila!
@ Anonymous: I love my iPhone, although I have friends who love their Droids. I don't know anything about the radiation levels, although I am going to get an earpiece (with a cord), so I can keep it away from my body.
Megan is right - spring break always brings crazy weather to Texas.
I am glad that you had a good time out in my old neck of the woods!
There really is a lot to see and do out there.