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Gale Sinatra and Barbara Hofer
10.1093/oso/9780190944681.001.0001
Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
How do individuals decide whether to accept human causes of climate change, vaccinate their children against childhood diseases, or practice social distancing during a pandemic? Democracies depend on ... More
How do individuals decide whether to accept human causes of climate change, vaccinate their children against childhood diseases, or practice social distancing during a pandemic? Democracies depend on educated citizens who can make informed decisions for the benefit of their health and well-being, as well as their communities, nations, and planet. Understanding key psychological explanations for science denial and doubt can help provide a means for improving scientific literacy and understanding—critically important at a time when denial has become deadly. In Science Denial: Why It Happens and What to Do About It, the authors identify the problem and why it matters and offer tools for addressing it. This book explains both the importance of science education and its limitations, shows how science communicators may inadvertently contribute to the problem, and explains how the internet and social media foster misinformation and disinformation. The authors focus on key psychological constructs such as reasoning biases, social identity, epistemic cognition, and emotions and attitudes that limit or facilitate public understanding of science, and describe solutions for individuals, educators, science communicators, and policy makers. If you have ever wondered why science denial exists, want to know how to understand your own biases and those of others, and would like to address the problem, this book will provide the insights you are seeking.Less
Science Denial : Why It Happens and What to Do About It
Gale SinatraBarbara Hofer
How do individuals decide whether to accept human causes of climate change, vaccinate their children against childhood diseases, or practice social distancing during a pandemic? Democracies depend on educated citizens who can make informed decisions for the benefit of their health and well-being, as well as their communities, nations, and planet. Understanding key psychological explanations for science denial and doubt can help provide a means for improving scientific literacy and understanding—critically important at a time when denial has become deadly. In Science Denial: Why It Happens and What to Do About It, the authors identify the problem and why it matters and offer tools for addressing it. This book explains both the importance of science education and its limitations, shows how science communicators may inadvertently contribute to the problem, and explains how the internet and social media foster misinformation and disinformation. The authors focus on key psychological constructs such as reasoning biases, social identity, epistemic cognition, and emotions and attitudes that limit or facilitate public understanding of science, and describe solutions for individuals, educators, science communicators, and policy makers. If you have ever wondered why science denial exists, want to know how to understand your own biases and those of others, and would like to address the problem, this book will provide the insights you are seeking.
Keywords: science denial, science doubt, science communication, science education, science understanding, motivated reasoning, reasoning bias, epistemic cognition, science denial solutions, climate change
Adrian Bardon
in The Truth About Denial: Bias and Self-Deception in Science, Politics, and Religion
Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter discusses different interpretations of the denial of science consensus, with a focus on climate science denialism. It investigates whether, in addition to elite manipulation of public ... More
This chapter discusses different interpretations of the denial of science consensus, with a focus on climate science denialism. It investigates whether, in addition to elite manipulation of public opinion, the system justification, personality, and identity-protective cognition approaches to understanding science denial may all have a role to play in understanding the phenomenon. Asymmetry Theory says that there are facts about political conservatives in particular that might make them more susceptible to ideological denialism. Arguments for and against this thesis are examined. The conclusion is that it is the nature of the topic of climate change—and potential solutions—that instigates denial in some groups more than others.Less
This chapter discusses different interpretations of the denial of science consensus, with a focus on climate science denialism. It investigates whether, in addition to elite manipulation of public opinion, the system justification, personality, and identity-protective cognition approaches to understanding science denial may all have a role to play in understanding the phenomenon. Asymmetry Theory says that there are facts about political conservatives in particular that might make them more susceptible to ideological denialism. Arguments for and against this thesis are examined. The conclusion is that it is the nature of the topic of climate change—and potential solutions—that instigates denial in some groups more than others.
Keywords: science, climate, vaccine, climate science denial, system justification, identity, personality, Kahan, Jost
What Is the Problem and Why Does It Matter?
Gale M. Sinatra and Barbara K. Hofer
in Science Denial: Why It Happens and What to Do About It
Science denial, doubt, and resistance are not new. Galileo challenged the prevailing geocentric view of our solar system and was dismissed as a heretic. What is the history of science denial, what's ... More
Science denial, doubt, and resistance are not new. Galileo challenged the prevailing geocentric view of our solar system and was dismissed as a heretic. What is the history of science denial, what's different now, and why does it seem worse? In this opening chapter, "What Is the Problem and Why Does It Matter?," the authors chart the development of this problem, examine how doubt has also been manufactured, and explain how media attempts at "balance" can become a form of bias. While acknowledging the limits and fallibility of science, they argue that if the United States is to be a leader in sustainable economic and social progress, a greater percentage of Americans need to value, understand, and accept scientific methods and findings. When so many US citizens deny science, the health and well-being of Americans and the hope for a sustainable future are in peril.Less
Gale M. SinatraBarbara K. Hofer
Science denial, doubt, and resistance are not new. Galileo challenged the prevailing geocentric view of our solar system and was dismissed as a heretic. What is the history of science denial, what's different now, and why does it seem worse? In this opening chapter, "What Is the Problem and Why Does It Matter?," the authors chart the development of this problem, examine how doubt has also been manufactured, and explain how media attempts at "balance" can become a form of bias. While acknowledging the limits and fallibility of science, they argue that if the United States is to be a leader in sustainable economic and social progress, a greater percentage of Americans need to value, understand, and accept scientific methods and findings. When so many US citizens deny science, the health and well-being of Americans and the hope for a sustainable future are in peril.
Keywords: science denial, science doubt, science communication, science education, climate change
What Can We Do About Science Denial, Doubt, and Resistance?
In this final chapter, "What Can We Do About Science Denial, Doubt, and Resistance?," the authors summarize and expand their suggestions for improving public understanding and acceptance of ... More
In this final chapter, "What Can We Do About Science Denial, Doubt, and Resistance?," the authors summarize and expand their suggestions for improving public understanding and acceptance of scientific knowledge. They review their recommendations for how individuals can think critically about science, become aware of cognitive biases, and better evaluate scientific information. As educators, the authors draw on their combined decades of research on teaching critical thinking and reasoning to make practical recommendations that teachers in K–12 and higher education classrooms can adopt to develop science-savvy students capable of evaluating evidence and making informed decisions. They remind science communicators of the critical role they play in supporting public understanding of science and caution that they may inadvertently play into the public's confusion about issues where scientists actually have strong consensus. The authors conclude with recommendations for what policy makers can do to support science education; combat science denial, doubt, and misunderstanding; and create a better-informed citizenry.Less
In this final chapter, "What Can We Do About Science Denial, Doubt, and Resistance?," the authors summarize and expand their suggestions for improving public understanding and acceptance of scientific knowledge. They review their recommendations for how individuals can think critically about science, become aware of cognitive biases, and better evaluate scientific information. As educators, the authors draw on their combined decades of research on teaching critical thinking and reasoning to make practical recommendations that teachers in K–12 and higher education classrooms can adopt to develop science-savvy students capable of evaluating evidence and making informed decisions. They remind science communicators of the critical role they play in supporting public understanding of science and caution that they may inadvertently play into the public's confusion about issues where scientists actually have strong consensus. The authors conclude with recommendations for what policy makers can do to support science education; combat science denial, doubt, and misunderstanding; and create a better-informed citizenry.
Keywords: science denial, science doubt, science communication, science education, science denial solutions, climate change
The Inquisition of Climate Science
James Powell
10.7312/columbia/9780231157193.001.0001
Political Science, Environmental Politics
Modern science is under the greatest and most successful attack in recent history. An industry of denial, abetted by news media and "info-tainment" broadcasters more interested in selling controversy ... More
Modern science is under the greatest and most successful attack in recent history. An industry of denial, abetted by news media and "info-tainment" broadcasters more interested in selling controversy than presenting facts, has duped half the American public into rejecting the facts of climate science—an overwhelming body of rigorously vetted scientific evidence showing that human-caused, carbon-based emissions are linked to warming the Earth. The industry of climate science denial is succeeding: public acceptance has declined even as the scientific evidence for global warming has increased. It is vital that the public understand how anti-science ideologues, pseudo-scientists, and non-scientists have bamboozled them. We cannot afford to get global warming wrong—yet we are, thanks to deniers and their methods. This book takes on the climate science denial movement and the deniers themselves, exposing their lack of credentials, their extensive industry funding, and their failure to provide any alternative theory to explain the observed evidence of warming. It shows that the deniers use a wide variety of deceptive rhetorical techniques, many stretching back to ancient Greece, and it reveals that the evidence of global warming is real and that an industry of denial has deceived the American public, putting them and their grandchildren at risk.Less
Modern science is under the greatest and most successful attack in recent history. An industry of denial, abetted by news media and "info-tainment" broadcasters more interested in selling controversy than presenting facts, has duped half the American public into rejecting the facts of climate science—an overwhelming body of rigorously vetted scientific evidence showing that human-caused, carbon-based emissions are linked to warming the Earth. The industry of climate science denial is succeeding: public acceptance has declined even as the scientific evidence for global warming has increased. It is vital that the public understand how anti-science ideologues, pseudo-scientists, and non-scientists have bamboozled them. We cannot afford to get global warming wrong—yet we are, thanks to deniers and their methods. This book takes on the climate science denial movement and the deniers themselves, exposing their lack of credentials, their extensive industry funding, and their failure to provide any alternative theory to explain the observed evidence of warming. It shows that the deniers use a wide variety of deceptive rhetorical techniques, many stretching back to ancient Greece, and it reveals that the evidence of global warming is real and that an industry of denial has deceived the American public, putting them and their grandchildren at risk.
Keywords: climate science denial, carbon emissions, global warming, anti-science
How Do Individuals Think About Knowledge and Knowing?
In everyday encounters with new information, conflicting ideas, and claims made by others, one has to decide who and what to believe. Can one trust what scientists say? What's the best source of ... More
In everyday encounters with new information, conflicting ideas, and claims made by others, one has to decide who and what to believe. Can one trust what scientists say? What's the best source of information? These are questions that involve thinking and reasoning about knowledge, or what psychologists call "epistemic cognition." In Chapter 5, "How Do Individuals Think About Knowledge and Knowing?," the authors explain how public misunderstanding of scientific claims can often be linked to misconceptions about the scientific enterprise itself. Drawing on their own research and that of others, the authors explain how individuals' thinking about knowledge influences their science doubt, resistance, and denial. They explain how educators and communicators can enhance public understanding of science by emphasizing how scientific knowledge is created and evaluated and why it should be valued.Less
In everyday encounters with new information, conflicting ideas, and claims made by others, one has to decide who and what to believe. Can one trust what scientists say? What's the best source of information? These are questions that involve thinking and reasoning about knowledge, or what psychologists call "epistemic cognition." In Chapter 5, "How Do Individuals Think About Knowledge and Knowing?," the authors explain how public misunderstanding of scientific claims can often be linked to misconceptions about the scientific enterprise itself. Drawing on their own research and that of others, the authors explain how individuals' thinking about knowledge influences their science doubt, resistance, and denial. They explain how educators and communicators can enhance public understanding of science by emphasizing how scientific knowledge is created and evaluated and why it should be valued.
Keywords: science denial, epistemic cognition, epistemology of science, dualistic thinking, multiplism, belief about knowledge, belief about science, balance as bias, misconceptions about science, uncertainty about science
Denying to the Grave: Why We Ignore the Science That Will Save Us, Revised and Updated Edition
Sara E. Gorman and Jack M. Gorman
Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This book explores the many reasons why people refuse to acknowledge scientific evidence when making health decisions, looking at key drivers of science denial. It examines the psychology and ... More
This book explores the many reasons why people refuse to acknowledge scientific evidence when making health decisions, looking at key drivers of science denial. It examines the psychology and neurobiology of poor health decisions and irrational health beliefs, arguing that in many cases the psychological impulses under discussion are adaptive but are often applied in a maladaptive way. The book also argues that without proper knowledge of the psychological and biological underpinnings of irrational health decisions and beliefs, we as a society cannot design any strategy that will alleviate the problem. It then offers a method of combatting poor health decision-making. This method provides guidance on how to encourage people to adopt a more scientific viewpoint without discounting or trying to eliminate their valuable emotional responses.Less
Denying to the Grave : Why We Ignore the Science That Will Save Us, Revised and Updated Edition
Sara E. GormanJack M. Gorman
This book explores the many reasons why people refuse to acknowledge scientific evidence when making health decisions, looking at key drivers of science denial. It examines the psychology and neurobiology of poor health decisions and irrational health beliefs, arguing that in many cases the psychological impulses under discussion are adaptive but are often applied in a maladaptive way. The book also argues that without proper knowledge of the psychological and biological underpinnings of irrational health decisions and beliefs, we as a society cannot design any strategy that will alleviate the problem. It then offers a method of combatting poor health decision-making. This method provides guidance on how to encourage people to adopt a more scientific viewpoint without discounting or trying to eliminate their valuable emotional responses.
Keywords: scientific evidence, health decisions, science denial, health beliefs, health decision-making
What Role Can Science Education Play?
In international tests, the United States lags behind other developed nations in scientific knowledge, consistently scoring in the middle of the pack, motivating calls to strengthen the science ... More
In international tests, the United States lags behind other developed nations in scientific knowledge, consistently scoring in the middle of the pack, motivating calls to strengthen the science curriculum in the United States, as reflected by the current standards movements in education. As educators, the authors make the case in Chapter 3, "What Role Can Science Education Play?," that while increases in science instruction in K–12 education would be a net gain for increasing public understanding of science, education alone has its limits in addressing the broader problem. They provide examples from their own research and that of others of national trends that show the value of focusing science education on the process of how scientific knowledge is created and vetted. The authors offer suggestions to educators, communicators, and policy makers for supporting public understanding of science.Less
In international tests, the United States lags behind other developed nations in scientific knowledge, consistently scoring in the middle of the pack, motivating calls to strengthen the science curriculum in the United States, as reflected by the current standards movements in education. As educators, the authors make the case in Chapter 3, "What Role Can Science Education Play?," that while increases in science instruction in K–12 education would be a net gain for increasing public understanding of science, education alone has its limits in addressing the broader problem. They provide examples from their own research and that of others of national trends that show the value of focusing science education on the process of how scientific knowledge is created and vetted. The authors offer suggestions to educators, communicators, and policy makers for supporting public understanding of science.
Keywords: science denial, science doubt, science communication, science education, science education research, science knowledge, science denial solution, climate change
How Do Emotions and Attitudes Influence Science Understanding?
Science is often portrayed as a cold, dispassionate enterprise. The notion that science is an emotionless pursuit is mistaken. In Chapter 7, "How Do Emotions and Attitudes Influence Science ... More
Science is often portrayed as a cold, dispassionate enterprise. The notion that science is an emotionless pursuit is mistaken. In Chapter 7, "How Do Emotions and Attitudes Influence Science Understanding?," the authors explain how conducting and learning about science involve the full range of human emotions, including joy, amazement, surprise, and confusion as well as anxiety, anger, fear, and hopelessness. These emotions are present in the lab, in the science classroom, and in individuals reading about topics like genetically modified organisms and climate change. Research clearly shows that emotions and attitudes are deeply intertwined in thinking and reasoning about science, as they are with all human experiences. If one is in favor of innovative treatments for disease, one is likely to experience curiosity and hope when reading about a new therapy. If one is skeptical about vaccines, one may experience anxiety and fear when reading about fast tracking the development of vaccinations. The authors provide suggestions for individuals, educators, and communicators for heightening appreciation for the role of emotions and attitudes in science understanding and in science doubt, resistance, and denial.Less
Science is often portrayed as a cold, dispassionate enterprise. The notion that science is an emotionless pursuit is mistaken. In Chapter 7, "How Do Emotions and Attitudes Influence Science Understanding?," the authors explain how conducting and learning about science involve the full range of human emotions, including joy, amazement, surprise, and confusion as well as anxiety, anger, fear, and hopelessness. These emotions are present in the lab, in the science classroom, and in individuals reading about topics like genetically modified organisms and climate change. Research clearly shows that emotions and attitudes are deeply intertwined in thinking and reasoning about science, as they are with all human experiences. If one is in favor of innovative treatments for disease, one is likely to experience curiosity and hope when reading about a new therapy. If one is skeptical about vaccines, one may experience anxiety and fear when reading about fast tracking the development of vaccinations. The authors provide suggestions for individuals, educators, and communicators for heightening appreciation for the role of emotions and attitudes in science understanding and in science doubt, resistance, and denial.
Keywords: science denial, science doubt, science communication, science education, science emotions, science attitudes, science denial solution, climate change
Charismatic Leaders
in Denying to the Grave: Why We Ignore the Science That Will Save Us, Revised and Updated Edition
This chapter discusses the second factor in promoting science denial: charismatic leaders, who are perhaps the biggest and most formidable opponents to rational understanding and acceptance of ... More
This chapter discusses the second factor in promoting science denial: charismatic leaders, who are perhaps the biggest and most formidable opponents to rational understanding and acceptance of scientific evidence in the health field. It looks at several profiles of leaders of anti-science movements and attempts to identify common denominators among them. Although they may be true believers, most of them are people who should know better, who often distort the truth, and who may masquerade as selfless but in fact gain considerable personal benefit from promulgating false ideas. And, most important, what they do harms people. Ultimately, there is a fascinating, albeit at times a bit frightening, psychology behind the appeal of these charismatic leaders that may help in neutralizing their hold over others.Less
This chapter discusses the second factor in promoting science denial: charismatic leaders, who are perhaps the biggest and most formidable opponents to rational understanding and acceptance of scientific evidence in the health field. It looks at several profiles of leaders of anti-science movements and attempts to identify common denominators among them. Although they may be true believers, most of them are people who should know better, who often distort the truth, and who may masquerade as selfless but in fact gain considerable personal benefit from promulgating false ideas. And, most important, what they do harms people. Ultimately, there is a fascinating, albeit at times a bit frightening, psychology behind the appeal of these charismatic leaders that may help in neutralizing their hold over others.
Keywords: science denial, charismatic leaders, scientific evidence, anti-science movements, false ideas
How Do We Make Sense of Science Claims Online?
Science doubt, resistance, and denial have been amplified in the digital society. There is a previously unimaginable range of information available, and most people can no longer imagine life ... More
Science doubt, resistance, and denial have been amplified in the digital society. There is a previously unimaginable range of information available, and most people can no longer imagine life otherwise. When one is curious about something, one turns to the internet. But how does one know what to believe and what is truthful? In Chapter 2, "How Do We Make Sense of Science Claims Online?," the authors argue that most people are ill-equipped to engage in the critical reflection that would help them evaluate conflicting claims and biased information or to recognize agendas that may lead to distorted or one-sided presentations. The echo chamber of the internet raises additional concerns. As individuals seek out information, they often turn to familiar sources and the opinions of like-minded individuals. In an age of social media, they see Facebook postings and tweets of friends who share a worldview—and often drop the feeds of those who do not. The authors draw on their own research and that of others to describe these growing concerns and offer suggestions to inividuals, educators, communicators, and policy makers for improving critical evaluation of scientific information found online.Less
Science doubt, resistance, and denial have been amplified in the digital society. There is a previously unimaginable range of information available, and most people can no longer imagine life otherwise. When one is curious about something, one turns to the internet. But how does one know what to believe and what is truthful? In Chapter 2, "How Do We Make Sense of Science Claims Online?," the authors argue that most people are ill-equipped to engage in the critical reflection that would help them evaluate conflicting claims and biased information or to recognize agendas that may lead to distorted or one-sided presentations. The echo chamber of the internet raises additional concerns. As individuals seek out information, they often turn to familiar sources and the opinions of like-minded individuals. In an age of social media, they see Facebook postings and tweets of friends who share a worldview—and often drop the feeds of those who do not. The authors draw on their own research and that of others to describe these growing concerns and offer suggestions to inividuals, educators, communicators, and policy makers for improving critical evaluation of scientific information found online.
Keywords: science denial, science doubt, social media, source evaluation, decline of expertise, anti-vaccination, information literacy, algorithmic literacy, echo chamber, filter bubble
What Motivates People to Question Science?
From the safety of eating genetically modified organisms to whether mask-wearing reduces the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19, battle lines are drawn around scientific issues once resolved ... More
From the safety of eating genetically modified organisms to whether mask-wearing reduces the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19, battle lines are drawn around scientific issues once resolved outside of politics. Positions reflect less about familiarity with the scientific topic than they do about core beliefs and worldviews, leading to what psychologists call a motivated view of science. In Chapter 6, "What Motivates People to Question Science?," the authors explain that even when individuals attempt to be rational and make decisions justified with evidence, motivations can bias their reasoning. Forming one's views on science through the prism of social groups is also problematic. The notion that junk science is whatever is inconsistent with your social group's preferences reinforces a negative perception that science, as a whole, is untrustworthy. The authors explain that when individuals crowdsource their views on science by polling their social group, rather than evaluating science claims on their own merit, they do not always make scientifically sound decisions. The chapter provides suggestions for what individuals can do to avoid motivated views of science and what science communicators can do to convey science to a skeptical audience.Less
From the safety of eating genetically modified organisms to whether mask-wearing reduces the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19, battle lines are drawn around scientific issues once resolved outside of politics. Positions reflect less about familiarity with the scientific topic than they do about core beliefs and worldviews, leading to what psychologists call a motivated view of science. In Chapter 6, "What Motivates People to Question Science?," the authors explain that even when individuals attempt to be rational and make decisions justified with evidence, motivations can bias their reasoning. Forming one's views on science through the prism of social groups is also problematic. The notion that junk science is whatever is inconsistent with your social group's preferences reinforces a negative perception that science, as a whole, is untrustworthy. The authors explain that when individuals crowdsource their views on science by polling their social group, rather than evaluating science claims on their own merit, they do not always make scientifically sound decisions. The chapter provides suggestions for what individuals can do to avoid motivated views of science and what science communicators can do to convey science to a skeptical audience.
Keywords: science denial, science doubt, science communication, science education, motivated reasoning, social identity, science denial solution, climate change
Avoidance of Complexity
This chapter describes another reason people succumb to unscientific notions—the discomfort people have with complexity. It is not that people are incapable of learning the facts but rather they are ... More
This chapter describes another reason people succumb to unscientific notions—the discomfort people have with complexity. It is not that people are incapable of learning the facts but rather they are reluctant to put in the time and effort to do so. This retreat from complexity is similar to the other reasons for science denial in that it is in many ways a useful and adaptive stance. But when making health decisions, the inability to tackle scientific details can leave one prone to accepting craftily packaged inaccuracies and slogans. Scientists, doctors, and public health experts are often not helpful in this regard because they frequently refuse to explain things clearly and interestingly. The chapter then argues that scientists need to work much harder on figuring out the best ways to communicate facts to non-scientists. It proposes some possible methods to make scientific thinking more intuitive. By focusing on the scientific method, one can begin to educate people about how to accept complexity and uncertainty, how to be skeptical, and how to ask the right questions.Less
This chapter describes another reason people succumb to unscientific notions—the discomfort people have with complexity. It is not that people are incapable of learning the facts but rather they are reluctant to put in the time and effort to do so. This retreat from complexity is similar to the other reasons for science denial in that it is in many ways a useful and adaptive stance. But when making health decisions, the inability to tackle scientific details can leave one prone to accepting craftily packaged inaccuracies and slogans. Scientists, doctors, and public health experts are often not helpful in this regard because they frequently refuse to explain things clearly and interestingly. The chapter then argues that scientists need to work much harder on figuring out the best ways to communicate facts to non-scientists. It proposes some possible methods to make scientific thinking more intuitive. By focusing on the scientific method, one can begin to educate people about how to accept complexity and uncertainty, how to be skeptical, and how to ask the right questions.
Keywords: complexity, science denial, health decisions, scientific details, health professionals, scientists, scientific thinking, scientific method
This chapter examines confirmation bias, which refers to people's tendency to attend only to information that agrees with what they already think is true. Confirmation bias is responsible for not ... More
This chapter examines confirmation bias, which refers to people's tendency to attend only to information that agrees with what they already think is true. Confirmation bias is responsible for not only a great deal of denial of scientific evidence but also the actual generation and maintenance of incorrect scientific information. That is, scientific and medical professionals are as prone as anyone else is to "seeing what we believe," making it especially difficult to help people sort out what is true science from the mistakes and outright fabrications. The chapter demonstrates how confirmation bias, although a highly adaptive human trait, often causes scientific misperceptions due to resistance to the often counterintuitive disconfirmation process of scientific inquiry. It then proposes some ways of countering confirmation bias.Less
This chapter examines confirmation bias, which refers to people's tendency to attend only to information that agrees with what they already think is true. Confirmation bias is responsible for not only a great deal of denial of scientific evidence but also the actual generation and maintenance of incorrect scientific information. That is, scientific and medical professionals are as prone as anyone else is to "seeing what we believe," making it especially difficult to help people sort out what is true science from the mistakes and outright fabrications. The chapter demonstrates how confirmation bias, although a highly adaptive human trait, often causes scientific misperceptions due to resistance to the often counterintuitive disconfirmation process of scientific inquiry. It then proposes some ways of countering confirmation bias.
Keywords: confirmation bias, science denial, scientific evidence, incorrect scientific information, true science, scientific misperceptions, disconfirmation, scientific inquiry
How Do Cognitive Biases Influence Reasoning?
Individuals like to think of themselves as rational actors, careful and considered in their thinking and capable of sound and reliable judgments. Yet people often engage in automatic, reflexive ... More
Individuals like to think of themselves as rational actors, careful and considered in their thinking and capable of sound and reliable judgments. Yet people often engage in automatic, reflexive thinking. It takes effort to turn on the reflective, deliberative mind; and humans are basically cognitive misers. In Chapter 4, "How Do Cognitive Biases Influence Reasoning?," the authors explain how particular cognitive biases such as confirmation bias, the availability heuristic, illusions of understanding, and the appeal of intuitive theories, influence reasoning about scientific issues. They explain how difficult it is to stay open to new perspectives and to fairly evaluate information that challenges what one thinks one knows—or wants to believe is true. They offer suggestions for what individuals and educators can do to engage in and promote the effortful work of reflective thinking and how to check one's own biases when interpreting complex scientific topics.Less
Individuals like to think of themselves as rational actors, careful and considered in their thinking and capable of sound and reliable judgments. Yet people often engage in automatic, reflexive thinking. It takes effort to turn on the reflective, deliberative mind; and humans are basically cognitive misers. In Chapter 4, "How Do Cognitive Biases Influence Reasoning?," the authors explain how particular cognitive biases such as confirmation bias, the availability heuristic, illusions of understanding, and the appeal of intuitive theories, influence reasoning about scientific issues. They explain how difficult it is to stay open to new perspectives and to fairly evaluate information that challenges what one thinks one knows—or wants to believe is true. They offer suggestions for what individuals and educators can do to engage in and promote the effortful work of reflective thinking and how to check one's own biases when interpreting complex scientific topics.
Keywords: science denial, science doubt, cognitive bias, confirmation bias, availability heuristic, confidence by coherence, intuitive theory, illusion of understanding, genetically modified organisms


Here is a 40-minute talk on advice I would've wanted to hear back when I was a first-year Ph.D. student.
I gave a guest lecture in our department's Intro. to Ph.D. seminar class that all new Ph.D. students take during their first semester on campus. I focused on advice that's most relevant to first-year students rather than general Ph.D. life advice.
Here is a series of short videos extracted from that lecture. The editing is rough since I had to cut out a lot of impromptu discussions to make the videos crisp. Enjoy!


text:
TUCSON MASSACRE
Liberals now seek ban on metaphors
Ann Coulter hits the left for 'blaming
a mass killing on figures of speech'
Ann Coulter About | Email | Archive
Ann Coulter, well-known for her TV appearances as a political analyst, is an attorney and author. Her latest book is "In Trump We Trust: E Pluribus Awesome!" She also is the author of "Adios, America! The Left's Plan to Turn Our Country into a Third World Hellhole."
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After the monstrous shooting in Arizona last week, surely we can all agree that we've got to pass Obama's agenda immediately and stop using metaphors.
At least I think that's what the mainstream media are trying to tell me.
Liberals instantly leapt on the sickening massacre at a Tucson political event over the weekend to accuse tea partiers, Sarah Palin and all conservatives who talk out loud of being complicit in murder by inspiring the shooter, Jared Loughner.
Of course, to make their case, they first must demonstrate:
a) Right-wingers have called for violence against anyone, especially conservative, pro-Second Amendment Democratic congresswomen; b) Loughner was listening to them; and c) Loughner was influenced by them.
They've proved none of this. In fact, it's nearly the opposite.
Needless to say, no conservative has called for violence against anyone. Nor has any conservative engaged in any "rhetoric" that was likely to lead to violence. Every putative example of "violent rhetoric" these squeamish liberals produce keeps being matched by an identical example from the Democrats.
Sarah Palin, for example, had a chart of congressional districts being targeted by Republicans. So did the Democratic Leadership Committee. Indeed, Democratic consultant Bob Beckel went on Fox News and said he invented the bull's-eye maps.
Would you be prepared to defend yourself and other innocents in a surprise attack? Find out what one courageous churchgoer did to protect others: "Shooting Back: The Right and Duty of Self-Defense"
Similarly, every time liberals produce an example of military lingo from a Republican – "we're going to target this district" – Republicans produce five more from the Democrats.
President "whose a–es to kick" Obama predicted "hand-to-hand combat" with his political opponents and has made such remarks as "if they bring a knife to the fight, we bring a gun" – making Obama the first American president to advocate gun fights since Andrew Jackson.
These are figures of speech known as "metaphors." (Do liberals know where we got the word "campaign"?)
It's not that both sides did something wrong; neither side did anything wrong. The drama queens need to settle down.
The winner of the most cretinous statement of 2011 – and the list is now closed, so please hold your submissions – is MSNBC's Chris Matthews, who on Monday night recalled Palin's statement, "We're not retreating, we're reloading," and said, I quote, "THAT'S not a metaphor."
Really, Chris? If that's not a metaphor, whom did she shoot?
By blaming a mass killing on figures of speech, liberals sound as crazy as Loughner with his complaints about people's grammar. Maybe in lieu of dropping all metaphors, liberals should demand we ban metonyms so that tragedies like this will never happen again.
As for Loughner being influenced by tea partiers, Fox News and talk radio – oops, another dead-end. According to all available evidence, Loughner is a liberal.
Every friend of Loughner who has characterized his politics has described him as liberal. Not one called him a conservative.
One friend says Loughner never listened to talk radio or watched the TV news. Throw in "never read books" and you have the dictionary definition of a liberal. Being completely uninformed is precisely how most liberals stay liberal.
According to voluminous Twitter postings on Saturday by one of Loughner's friends since high school, Caitie Parker, he was "left wing," "a political radical" "quite liberal" and "a pot head."
If any public figure influenced this guy, my money's on Bill Maher.
But liberals have been so determined to exploit this tragedy to geld conservatives, they have told calculated lies about Loughner's politics.
In the most bald-faced lie I have ever read in the New York Times – which is saying something – that paper implied Loughner is a pro-life zealot. This is the precise opposite of the truth.
Only because numerous other news outlets, including ABC News and the Associated Press, reported the exact same shocking incident in much greater detail – and with direct quotes – do we know that the Times' rendition was complete bunk.
ABC News reported: "One Pima Community College student, who had a poetry class with Loughner later in his college career, said he would often act 'wildly inappropriate.'
"'One day (Loughner) started making comments about terrorism and laughing about killing the baby,' classmate Don Coorough told ABC News, referring to a discussion about abortions. 'The rest of us were looking at him in shock. … I thought this young man was troubled.'
"Another classmate, Lydian Ali, recalled the incident as well.
"'A girl had written a poem about an abortion. It was very emotional and she was teary eyed and he said something about strapping a bomb to the fetus and making a baby bomber,' Ali said."
Here's the Times' version: "After another student read a poem about getting an abortion, Mr. Loughner compared the young woman to a 'terrorist for killing the baby.'"
So that's how the Times transformed Loughner from a sicko laughing about a dead fetus to a deadly earnest pro-life fanatic. (Never believe a news story written by Eric Lipton, Charlie Savage or Scott Shane of the New York Times – or for simplicity, anything in the Times.)
I wouldn't have mentioned Loughner's far-left worldview immediately after a tragedy like this, but now that liberals have opened the door by blaming Loughner's politics, they better brace themselves.
And when I say "brace themselves," I don't mean they need to actually strap themselves into a brace. That's a metaphor, Chris.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Copy an array of sheets and renumber them I want to add an extra week through a macro. My Workbook, contains all workhours for my colleagues for several projects from monday to sunday and a summary for that week. I would like to add an extra week with the same references to that summary. So I set up an Array.
Everytime I want to run this macro I would like te copy the array to the back and add an extra number for the new week (renumber / renaming the sheets), so I got week 1, week 2, week 3 with the right days (monday (week) 1, monday (week) 2, monday (week) 3 and so on).
This is already what i got:
Sub Macro1()

With Sheets(Array("Week 1", "Monday 1", "Tuesday 1", "Wednesday 1", "Thursday 1", _
    "Friday 1", "Saturday 1", "Sunday 1"))

Sheets(Array(""Week 1", "Monday 1", "Tuesday 1", "Wednesday 1", "Thursday 1", _
    "Friday 1", "Saturday 1", "Sunday 1")).Copy After:=ActiveWorkbook.Sheets(ActiveWorkbook.Sheets.Count)

End With

When i runn this macro i got this:
picture of macro1()

I would like that sheet "monday 1 (2)" is automaticly renumberd to: "monday 2" and so on for the whole week.
And when i add an another week it adds sheet: Week 3, Monday 3 .. Sunday 3

A: This is without any real error handling. I have used currWeek in a loop for demonstration purposes. You could set its value outside of a loop and simply have it be the latest week. You could also prompt user to input this value via an inputbox.  Sub remove() is just to get rid of added sheet during testing.
This gives you the general structure.
If you had a sheet called "Main", and in Cell B2 put the number of weeks you wanted to add, the following code checks what the current maximum week is (based on the last current worksheet name) and then loops from this adding weeks.
Sub AddWeeks2()

Dim startWksheetCount As Long
Dim wb As Workbook

Set wb = ThisWorkbook

Dim currWeek As Long

Dim startWeek As Long
Dim endWeek As Long

Dim tempStr As String
tempStr = wb.Sheets(wb.Sheets.Count).Name

startWeek = CInt(Right$(tempStr, Len(tempStr) - InStr(1, tempStr, " ")))
endWeek = startWeek + wb.Sheets("Main").Range("B2") - 1

If Not IsNumeric(startWeek) Or Not IsNumeric(endWeek) Then

    MsgBox "Please ensure start week and end week are numbers"
    Exit Sub

Else

    For currWeek = startWeek To endWeek

        startWksheetCount = wb.Sheets.Count

        wb.Sheets(Array("Week " & currWeek, "Monday " & currWeek, "Tuesday " & currWeek, "Wednesday " & currWeek, "Thursday " & currWeek, _
            "Friday " & currWeek, "Saturday " & currWeek, "Sunday " & currWeek)).Copy After:=wb.Sheets(wb.Sheets.Count)

        Dim currSheet As Long
        Dim sheetName As String
        Dim cutOff As Long

        For currSheet = startWksheetCount + 1 To wb.Sheets.Count

            sheetName = wb.Sheets(currSheet).Name

            If Not Left(sheetName, 4) = "Week" Then

                cutOff = InStr(1, sheetName, "y")
                wb.Sheets(currSheet).Name = Left$(sheetName, cutOff) & " " & CStr(currWeek + 1)

            Else

                wb.Sheets(currSheet).Name = "Week " & CStr(currWeek + 1)

            End If

        Next currSheet

    Next currWeek

End If

End Sub

Private Sub remove()

Dim ws As Worksheet
Dim wsName As String

Application.DisplayAlerts = False

For Each ws In ThisWorkbook.Worksheets

    wsName = ws.Name

    If Not wsName = "Main" Then

        If Right$(wsName, 1) <> CStr(1) Or _
           Len(Right$(wsName, Len(wsName) - InStr(1, wsName, " "))) > 1 Then

           ws.Delete

        End If

    End If

Next ws

Application.DisplayAlerts = True

End Sub

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Many people do not recognise themselves as carers as their caring responsibilities have grown slowly. There's plenty of support available from organisations across the city and many people will be surprised how supportive employers, family members and friends will be when you tell them about your situation. Everyone knows a carer, so it's closer-to-home for most people than you think.
Why not pop along to the free Carers Event, 10:30-3:30, Thursday 14th June in Williamson Square, Liverpool. Over 50 organisations will be showcasing the support on offer to carers, with plenty of fun activities such as Tai Chi and Zumba throughout the day.
When you next visit your GP, make sure you tell them about your caring role so that they can take this into account and link you in with available support.
All carers will be juggling other responsibilities such as work and family as well as their caring role and nearly half of carers in Liverpool are delivering more than 20 hours of care each week. It's easy to feel there is not enough time to do the things that you enjoy and neglect your own interests which will eventually impact your wellbeing. Looking after yourself is so important and will benefit you and the person that you care for. This could be doing some exercise, seeing a friend, watching your favourite TV program, going on a night out – do make it a priority and enlist the help of your family and friends to make it work, which brings us to the 4th top tip….
Make sure your family and friends know about your caring responsibilities and talk to them about how it is going. When people offer to help, think about what will benefit you the most – perhaps sitting with your family member for a few hours so you can go out – and consider accepting their offer!
Each local authority will have support for Carers – contact your local carers centre and ask for an assessment – they will be able to advise you of the support that is available. Here in Liverpool the Liverpool Carers Centre is funded by the city council and offers 1-to-1 support through Carers Assessments and a program of courses and health and wellbeing activities where you can meet other carers in similar situations. Support for young carers up to the age of 18 in Liverpool is provided by Barnardos.
To find out more about support available from Liverpool Carers Centre, please call 0151 7052307 or visit www.localsolutions.org.uk.


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AMC1600E is the latest open-ended Motion Controlling Platform launched by ADTECH. It supports IEC6113-3 programming, 16-axis bus and 6-axis pulse hybrid control, HMI, IO, DA, AD that can be flexibly configured according to customer's actual situation, and powerful motion control processing function with Pre-processing planning functions of motion track, spline interpolation, electronic cam and other motion functions.
QH混合伺服驱动器,同比步进温升降低三分之一,加减速响应更快,1000线编码器不丢步,并具有振动抑制功能。The temperature rise of QH hybrid servo driver is reduced by one-third comparing to the stepping driver, the acceleration and deceleration response is faster, the 1000-line encoder does not lose step, and has vibration suppression function.The temperature rise of QH hybrid servo driver that has vibration suppression function is reduced by one-third comparing to the stepping driver, which has faster acceleration and deceleration response and the 1000-line encoder does not lose step.
QS7系列标准型交流伺服驱动器是众为兴研发的第三代伺服驱动产品,优化的软件算法,成熟稳健的硬件结构,涵盖100W到5.5KW功率范围。QS7 series standard AC servo driver is the third generation of servo driver developed by ADTECH, which has optimized software algorithms and mature and robust hardware structure covering 100W to 5.5KW power range.
QS8系列标准型交流伺服驱动器是众为兴研发的第四代伺服驱动产品,优化的软件算法,成熟稳健的硬件结构,涵盖200W到4.3KW功率范围。QS8 series standard AC servo drive is the fourth generation of servo drive developed by ADTECH, which has optimized software algorithms and mature and robust hardware structure covering the power range from 200W to 4.3KW.
QS2直流伺服驱动器是众为兴针对低压、低成本场合合开发的伺服驱动产品。基于多年通用伺服领域经验,内建多种算法、参数设置灵活、体积小巧,搭配低压伺服电机,广泛运用于200W~400W小功率场合。The QS2 DC servo drivers were developed by ADTECH for low-voltage and low-cost applications. Based on years of experience in the general servo field, they have built-in multiple algorithms, flexible parameter settings, compact size, widely used in 200W ~ 400W low power applications with low-voltage servo motor.
ACH系列伺服电机,适配众为兴QS7系列伺服驱动器,功率范围:200w-3.7Kw。ACH series servo motor, suitable for ADTECH QS7 series servo drivers. Power range: 200w-3.7Kw.
QXS系列伺服电机,可适配众为兴脉冲及总线伺服驱动器,功率范围:100W-3.8Kw。QXS series servo motor can be adapted to the ADTECH pulse and bus servo drivers. Power range: 100W-3.8Kw.
LM-F直线电机模组,适用于中高负载工作场合,有磁芯设计,有齿槽力,适合大负载搬运及点到点的控制。LM-F linear motor modules that have magnetic core design and cogging forceis are suitable for medium and high load applications and heavy load handling and point-to-point control.
LM-R 系列直线电机,适用范围广,有极距要求,有效行程按定子长度叠加,适合高精度及圆弧轨迹控制。LM-R series linear motor that the effective stroke is superimposed according to the length of the statorhas has wide application range and the requirement of pole distance, which is suitable for high precision and circular path control.


text:
MasterChef: The Professionals contestants to host charity event at the Frog E1
01 March 2017 by Katie Pathiaki
Ten MasterChef: The Professionals contestants will come together to cook a charity dinner to raise money for SSAFA - the Armed Forces charity at Adam Handling's Frog E1 restaurant in London's Shoreditch on 27 March.
The chefs involved include Mark Stinchcombe, winner of MasterChef: The Professionals 2015; Elly Wentworth, runner-up of MasterChef: The Professionals 2016; Brian McLeish, finalist in MasterChef: The Professionals 2014; and five contestants from the 2015 show Joey O'Hare, Danilo Cortellini, Dean Westcar, Darren Sivewright and Gavin Barnes.
Each chef will cook an individual dish for the menu containing a core ingredient that they will be assigned, ranging from potatoes to rhubarb.
Handling said: "Both Andi and I were so inspired by Albert's story that we wanted to do our bit in raising money for army veterans. SSAFA is a fantastic charity that I have a longstanding history with due to my family's army background so it's great to finally work with them."
newbychallenge-830
SSAFA, formerly known as Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen and Families Association, provides support for both veterans and those serving in the British Armed Forces. Over 7,000 staff and volunteers help almost 100,000 people a year. Services range from providing specialist services to support homeless veterans; housing for wounded and sick serving personnel and families; and professional health care.
Tegan Jones, SSAFA director of fundraising said: "We are thrilled by Adam and his team's support for SSAFA, in channelling their fantastic cooking expertise to raise money for such a worthy cause. All funds raised for SSAFA will go towards supporting anyone who is serving or has ever served in the British Armed Forces, and their families."
Tickets cost £150 per person and can be bought here.
The event follows a successful fundraiser held at the Frog E1 in November 2016 which raised almost £10,000 for Dementia UK.
Handing, Walker, Stinchcombe, Sivewright, Cortellini, O'Hare, Westcar and Barnes were joined by former MasterChef: The Professionals participants Nick Bennett, Scott Barnard and Bobby Retnakumar at the restaurant where they all cooked a course each.
Adam Handling to open flagship The Frog restaurant in Covent Garden >>
MasterChef finalists to host one-off charity dinner >>
Former Woodford chef to take up residency at the Riverside Inn >>
TagsChef, Restaurants and Masterchef
Syrian refugee to launch London pop-up restaurant
Casual diners more likely to buy from restaurants with healthy menu options
Chef Farid Derradji wins Chef of the Year Ireland
Celtic Manor's Simon Crockford wins National Chef of Wales 2017


...for the events. this online registration will be through a 3rd party event registration platform and payment processor with api. the site needs to be fully responsive with great UX UI design. we will require data collection and marketing tools, and other industry standard tools which will make the website easy to promote, user friendly and SEO.


Brass Stein Mug Floral & leaf Etched Design 4"x3 7/8"
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(3) Vintage Solid Brass Steins Shaped Beer Cup Mug Tankard Arabic?
VTG SAUDI ARABIA COAT OF ARMS MUG STEIN LACQUERED SPUN BRASS & SILVER ALLOY 5.5"
Very Heavy Solid Brass Stein with Decorative Old Seaman Face Design, 1 cup?
Vintage~Estate Find~ Brass~Lidded Beer Stein~Made in India~6.5"


text:
Elsa | Getty Images
Where are they now? Catching up with Greg Biffle
Jerry Bonkowski NASCAR.com May 6, 2021 at 11:22 AM
Greg Biffle isn't letting the grass grow under his feet in semi-retirement from NASCAR racing. But having sand in his shoes — well, that's an entirely different story.
And while you're at it, throw in a few lemons (more on that in a minute).
The two-time NASCAR champion is still racing these days, but not on pavement or even dirt. Rather, he's getting ready to kick up a bunch of sand competing in the six-race Sand Outlaws Series that starts next weekend, May 15, and runs until mid-November.
RELATED: Greg Biffle career stats | All of Greg Biffle's Cup wins
Biffle is one of the founders of the series, which holds races in remote — and obviously very sandy — places such as Sand Mountain, Utah; Glamis, California; Anthony Dunes, Idaho and Oregon Dunes in Oregon. The events are either NHRA-style straight-line drag races or hill climbs that often have the sand buggies flying through the air.
"I'm building some of those side by sides and off-road cars, and I really enjoy doing that," Biffle told NASCAR.com. "It's the same mentality. Racing is racing. It's that adrenaline, you want to be better than the competition, you want to build a better piece and have a faster car. I just enjoy the competition."
There's another type of competition for the man nicknamed "The Biff." After driving cars that cost $100,000 or more in 510 Cup races in his career, in recent years since retiring from Cup he's gotten some of the greatest fun in his life racing "lemons," which are essentially beater cars that can't cost more than $500 and in-race repairs must be minimal.
"I'll tell you, the most fun I had in probably 10 years was two years after I quit running Cup full-time, I ran a lemons race," Biffle said. "We built this car, went to Pittsburgh and I'm running this thing like a race team, right? You know, from the spirit of the rules, the car has got 218,000 miles on it and we're doing everything we can to prevent it from failing on the track.
"I wanted to run a 24-hour race at Carolina Motorsports Park in Kershaw, South Carolina. That was my target. Well, we needed to test. We can't go there the first time to the race track with a car and hope it's going to make it 24 hours.
"So I've got this bright idea, we're going to run the race two weeks prior to that in Pittsburgh, so that we can get an understanding and a feel for the car and how the tech process works and all that. So we went to Pittsburgh and raced this race. I mean, an absolutely beautiful race track in the middle of nowhere. A great road course. I mean, we had a ball. We finished second there, three laps down.
"I'm telling you, running a 24-hour race with just backyard parts and five gallon plastic fuel cans, that's hard. You're not allowed to have any fancy stuff. The thing burns a quart of oil about every three hours. So four hours into the race, we had to put four quarts of oil in. I'm telling you, organizing that as sort of being the crew chief and the team owner and the driver, was tough."
And when he won that race?
"It's like I won the championship or the Daytona 500," Biffle said.
Biffle had to skip this weekend's season-opening lemons race at Sebring, Florida, but has plans to compete in several other races this year. He has high hopes, including swapping out the original Ford Mustang motor for a newer — but used — higher horsepower Mustang under the hood.
"The cool thing about lemons is they run all these iconic tracks, places like Sebring, the road courses at places like Daytona, New Hampshire, at Sonoma, which I love, and Road Atlanta," Biffle said. "We're planning on running some more of them. I want to keep it fun."
While racing lemons, sand buggies and competing in this summer's six-race Ray Evernham's and Tony Stewart's Superstar Racing Experience are occupying much of Biffle's time, he isn't ruling out a return to the NASCAR world.
Biffle's last NASCAR Cup race was in 2016. With each passing day, month and year, it continues to surprise him that he's been out of NASCAR's top series for so long.
"I'm telling you, yes it does," Biffle said. "And the more years that go by, I think my gosh it's been more days and more days and more days. But yeah, it's amazing that it's been that long."
Biffle never officially retired. He didn't have a going away or goodbye tour. He just kind of stopped following the final race of 2016 at Homestead.
But he was lured out of retirement twice in the last two years, competing in the Camping World Truck Series both times, once for Kyle Busch Motorsports in 2019 and then GMS Racing in 2020.
His one-off start for KBM was his first race in a Truck since 2004, but it was quite evident he hadn't lost a step, winning the race at the challenging Texas Motor Speedway.
And don't forget Biffle is one of just three drivers who have won championships in both the Truck Series (2000) and Xfinity Series (2002). He came close to being the first driver in history to win a crown in all three of NASCAR's premier series in 2005, winning the Cup season finale at Homestead-Miami Speedway, but came up short by 35 points to Tony Stewart for the championship, tied for second with Roush Fenway Racing teammate Carl Edwards.
Now 51, Biffle isn't ruling out returning to race in a truck again this season if he gets a call.
"I want to run (more) races for Kyle. … It's certainly not out of the question," Biffle said. "We've had more casual conversations, nothing serious. Kyle's bugged me about running full-time, but not necessarily this year. … To be honest with you, I love it, it's what I grew up doing and I love it so much. But at the same time, I just don't think I want to run full time again.
"I'm obviously a huge fan of the sport. Unfortunately, this COVID thing has driven a lot of people away. We haven't been able to do some of the things we want to do. I was scheduled to drive three races for Kyle in 2020, and talked to some other teams about doing some things, and then the world got turned upside down.
"Then it's just show up, get in the car and drive. I certainly watch all the races, but this was the first year in like 21 years that I wasn't in Daytona this year in February for Speedweeks. I'd go to the track every day, hang out, it's good to see everyone. Last year, I drove the pace car, gave rides for NASCAR, all that stuff.
"So this is the first year that I haven't gone to a race so far. It'll be nice to get this behind us."
When Biffle looks back on his career, he has a lot of high points. Most notable are his Truck and Xfinity championships, as well as a career-high six wins and finishing oh-so-close for the Cup championship in 2005 — the one that got away.
"(I think about it) all the time," Biffle said. "I mean, you just can't escape that we left a wheel loose and I was running third at Texas. I'm not saying I would have won the race but probably you know we'd won there a lot. We had a great car. We were running third, we had a loose wheel and we finished 20th.
"And then I was leading Homestead in the last race and I was ready to put Tony (Stewart) a lap down and the caution came out. There are coincidences for sure, but boy, two of the last three races — Texas and Homestead — there were a lot of close calls that kept me from winning the title. But you know what, close only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades. I didn't win a title and it's unfortunate, but that's the way it goes."
As for other career high points, Biffle added:
"It's so hard for me to put my finger on one thing, so many great things happened. I think back to my first truck win in Memphis (1999), I think back to winning nine races in a single season in the trucks (also 1999), my first win in a Cup car in Daytona (2003 Pepsi 400). As for individual seasons, probably 2005, winning more races than anyone in the series. That tells you how competitive it was."
As if sand and lemons racing aren't enough to keep the native of Washington state busy these days, Biffle also owns a fully operational mine and rock quarry in Virginia, operates heavy equipment there, and is also a real estate investor (oftentimes doing his own repair work on properties to make them more appealing for sale), including buildings used by some Cup teams in the Charlotte area. He also enjoys traveling (he just came back from a vacation in Aruba), has a boat in Florida, or can be found fishing.
And then there's his biggest non-racing passion of all, the Lake Norman Humane animal shelter and rescue in suburban Charlotte.
"We raised money for a long period of time and then we finally were able to build a facility," Biffle said. "We're fortunate enough to be able to do that. It's going very well. It's a constant battle to raise money and keep all the pets in our care, keep them fed and cared for and then get them to a new home.
"We've had some months where we're adopting out 100 animals per month. We're having some big days and big success and I feel good about it. You know, I'm an animal lover from way back and it's just a passion of mine."
For a guy who doesn't like to use the "R word" (retired), Biffle is as busy these days as when he was racing full-time in the Cup Series. But he's doing things on his time and on his schedule. And he wouldn't want it any other way.
"I'm just enjoying life," Biffle said. "I really, really miss the sport, being behind the wheel. I feel like I could still get in there tomorrow and win a championship. I don't know that I want to go to the track every week, but I'd like to be involved to some degree.
"Let's get back to normal, you know? I was even in discussion with a few teams about potentially helping in some manner. It'd be nice to still be involved at some level. I just really enjoy it and like the sport."
The Greg Biffle file:
* Age: 51
* Hometown: Vancouver, Wash. Has lived in suburban Charlotte for more than 20 years.
* Rookie of the year: 1998 Craftsman Truck Series, 2001 Busch Series
* NASCAR Cup career: 510 starts, 19 wins, 92 top-five and 175 top-10 finishes. Also 13 poles.
* NASCAR Xfinity Series career: 244 starts, 20 wins, 93 top-five and 149 top-10 finishes. Also 14 poles. Won 2002 championship.
* NASCAR Camping World Truck Series career: 83 starts, 17 wins, 43 top-five and 55 top-10 finishes. Also 12 poles. Won 2000 championship.
* Best NASCAR Cup season finish: 2005 (tied for second in the standings with teammate Carl Edwards, 35 points behind champion Tony Stewart) with 36 starts, 6 wins, 15 top-five, 21 top-10 finishes)
* Best overall NASCAR season statistically: 1999 Truck Series (9 wins, 14 top-five and 19 top-10 finishes)
Veteran motorsports writer Jerry Bonkowski is writing a number of Where Are They Now? stories this year for NASCAR.com. Check out stories he's already done on Ricky Rudd, Darrell Waltrip, Mark Martin, Marcos Ambrose and Juan Pablo Montoya. Also, follow Jerry on Twitter @JerryBonkowski, his @TheRacingBeat podcast and his email newsletter, TheRacingBeat.substack.com.
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Norbert Prager
NP:
NP: Elsie Prager's alien registration book, 2nd view, Salford, August 1939
NP: ID card
Arrived in Britain:
Experiences:
Came With Parents or Close Family
Interview number:
Interview Summary:
Norbert Prager was born in Goettingen, Germany in 1932. He was the only child of a German mother and a Polish father. His father's brother, Norbert became President of the Hanover Jewish Community after surviving the war in hiding. Another brother emigrated to America where he became a Chazan, Shochet. His mother's parents emigrated to Palestine before the war. The siblings of his mother emigrated to Palestine, one to Belgium and then England and another to England to the Smithman family.
The family gained permission to emigrate to USA and left Germany on 31 July 1939, arriving at Harwich on 1 August. They came by train to Manchester and Norbert attended Crecian Street School, Salford. War broke out and Norbert was evacuated to Fleetwood to a non-Jewish family, who took him to Sunday School each week, where he learnt many hymns. He stayed until Chanukah and then came back for an operation on his foot at the Jewish Hospital. He was there for months and learnt English. His parents turned their home into a Boarding House and took in 7-10 people. From hospital he attended Broughton Modern. He remembered the Manchester Blitz and other bombing. They hid in the cellar of their house.
His father started a bag manufacturing business with Solly Zucker called Hersol Products and had a place off Smedley Lane. The family attended the Rumanian Shul. Norbert went to MH Cheder in Northumberland Street and to Manchester yeshivah at night. He also belonged to Bnai Akivah. The family listened to the wireless and he went to the cinema. BA met in the house on Singleton Road. He attended summer camps. After Broughton Modern Norbert went to Loreburn College for 3 years and then joined his ailing father in the bag manufacturing business, which he was now operating alone.
Everybody had to have some kind of either job or somebody who could vouch for them in England. So, in August 1939 we had permission to go to America, see? England was only a transit. But being so close to the war, I'm not so sure we weren't the last boat out- we landed up at Harwich. And then war broke out, so that was the end of that. We couldn't go to America.
Any message that I'd like to end with? Yes. Peace. Peace. That's all. Peace in this world.


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Cashing In On The White House Connection: It's Not Just Hunter Biden
By Jim Zarroli • Oct 30, 2019
President Jimmy Carter's younger brother, Billy, became the target of a Senate investigation over his ties to the Libyan government and appeared before the Senate Judiciary Committee in August 1980.
Originally published on October 30, 2019 6:31 pm
Billy Carter appeared to relish his role as the president's colorful kid brother, raking in money through personal appearances, guest shots on TV's Hee Haw and even his own eponymous brand of beer.
When it came out that he had also accepted money for lobbying from the Libyan government, his financial dealings no longer seemed quite so funny.
Being related to a high-ranking politician can be lucrative, as former Vice President Joe Biden's son Hunter has discovered.
Hunter Biden accepted a seat on the board of the Ukrainian gas company Burisma Holdings, reportedly for $50,000 a month, despite no experience in the energy business.
But the younger Biden is hardly the first relative of a high-ranking politician to try to cash in on his or her famous relative's position.
"There have always been special interests looking for a shortcut to get access to power, and they're betting that the benefit that they get from hiring that relative will get them access and influence," says Meredith McGehee, executive director of Issue One, a nonpartisan group that seeks to reduce the role of money in politics.
Presidential relatives have been a source of scandal throughout history — in both Republican and Democratic administrations, she says.
When Richard Nixon first ran for president in 1960, he had to answer questions about a loan that billionaire Howard Hughes had given his brother Donald. Nixon later said the scandal had contributed to his narrow defeat to John F. Kennedy.
As President George H.W. Bush tried to deal with the fallout from the savings and loan crisis, he was also contending with an uncomfortable fact: His own son Neil had served on the board of Denver-based Silverado Savings and Loan, which went bankrupt, costing taxpayers more than $1 billion.
Like Billy Carter before him, Neil Bush insisted he had done nothing wrong, and no evidence emerged that he had received preferential treatment from the government.
But his role at the bank caused major political problems for his father.
Likewise, Billy Carter's ties to Libya led to a congressional investigation and caused a major scandal for his brother, who had come to office promising to run an honest administration after Watergate.
The fact that Billy Carter was never charged with any crime almost didn't matter, says presidential historian Julian Zelizer of Princeton University.
"Very often there's nothing wrong. Nothing is actually done that's illegal. Nothing is done that's formally unethical, and rarely has it affected public policy. But that's different than, 'Does it become a scandal?' It looks bad," Zelizer says.
Now, it's former Vice President Biden's turn to contend with a relative's questionable business dealings.
President Trump has vigorously sought to raise questions about Hunter Biden's activities. In fact, Trump's attempts to pressure Ukraine to investigate the younger Biden are at the center of the current impeachment inquiry against him.
But Trump has relatives making business deals too. Trump has never really separated himself from his family's business, the Trump Organization, which is run by his sons, Eric and Donald Jr., and the family has frequently been accused of seeking to profit off the presidency.
The Trumps' business dealings are even more questionable, Zelizer says, because Trump's daughter Ivanka and son-in-law, Jared Kushner, actually work in the White House.
"Billy Carter was not in the White House. He was not making decisions with the president, and that was the case with Neil Bush, too. So what we're talking about now is fundamentally different," Zelizer says.
MARY LOUISE KELLY, HOST:
Being related to a president or vice president can be lucrative. Take former Vice President Joe Biden's son Hunter. He got a seat on the board of a Ukrainian gas company despite having no experience in the energy business. He was paid $50,000 a month. NPR's Jim Zarroli looks at the long history of politicians' relatives trying to make a buck off their more famous family members.
JIM ZARROLI, BYLINE: Billy Carter owned a Georgia filling station when his brother Jimmy was elected president. He soon became famous in his own right - selling a brand of beer, doing personal appearances, even going on "Hee Haw."
(SOUNDBITE OF TV SHOW, "HEE HAW")
BILLY CARTER: (As self) But I still can't figure out what to do with the outside of a peanut. That's a whole problem.
ZARROLI: It was all in good fun until it came out that Billy Carter had taken money from Libya for lobbying work. Presidential historian Julian Zelizer.
JULIAN ZELIZER: And it explodes into this post-Watergate scandal - Billygate, it's called.
ZARROLI: Billy Carter insisted he'd done nothing wrong. He even made light of the scandal in a commercial later.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
CARTER: When I got $200,000 from Libya, a lot of people thought it was because of my brother. It's just not true. I was giving them advice. Whether you believe me or not, I'm going to give you some advice. Try Edy's Grand Light.
ZARROLI: Still, the revelation embarrassed President Carter. Lobbyists pay lots of money for access to a president, and Meredith McGehee of the campaign finance reform group Issue One says that's often meant going through their relatives.
MEREDITH MCGEHEE: And there have always been special interests looking for a shortcut to get access to power. And they're betting - right? - that the benefit that they get from hiring that relative will get them access and influence.
ZARROLI: Scandals over presidential relatives have happened in both Democratic and Republican administrations. Richard Nixon's brother Donald made headlines for taking a $200,000 loan from aviation billionaire Howard Hughes. Businessman Neil Bush was the son of President George H.W. Bush. He sat on the board of a savings and loan called Silverado that would later fail, costing taxpayers a billion dollars. Bush denied any wrongdoing.
NEIL BUSH: I believe in the principle if you didn't do anything wrong, don't admit to it. And I didn't do anything wrong.
ZARROLI: There was never any proof that Neil Bush got preferential treatment from the White House. Still, it almost doesn't matter, says Julian Zelizer.
ZELIZER: Very often, there's nothing wrong. Nothing is actually done that's illegal. Nothing that is done that's formally unethical, and rarely has it affected public policy. But that's different than does it become a scandal. It looks bad.
ZARROLI: Today it's former Vice President Biden's turn. President Trump brings up Hunter Biden's financial endeavors all the time. Trump's efforts to get Hunter Biden investigated are central to the impeachment inquiry. Here's Trump at a recent rally.
PRESIDENT DONALD TRUMP: Joe's son Hunter got thrown out of the Navy, and then he became a genius on Wall Street in about two days. By the way, whatever happened to Hunter? Where the hell is he?
ZARROLI: But Trump has relatives, too. And Zelizer says the Trump family finances are of a different magnitude. Not only are the Trumps still actively doing deals in foreign countries, Trump's daughter and son-in-law actually work in the White House.
ZELIZER: Billy Carter was not in the White House. He was not making decisions with the president. And that was the case with Neil Bush, too. So what we're talking about now is fundamentally different.
ZARROLI: The Trumps have actually embraced the idea that they can do business and still run the government. But for other presidents, drawing a line between the public interest and their family's finances has been a struggle.
Jim Zarroli, NPR News, New York.
(SOUNDBITE OF VALLIS ALPS' "RUN") Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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Report: NASA needs new tools to garner mission support among young people
By Aliya Sternstein
Astronauts to board virtual reality video game
Building and Maintaining the Constituency for Long-Term Space Exploration
NASA should use social networking applications to cultivate support among younger Americans, the people who will carry the tax burden of funding the new long-term program for space exploration, according to a report from George Mason University researchers.
MySpace and YouTube are prime examples of "2.0 tools," new uses of the Web that have caught on with 18- to 24-year-olds--the group the researchers studied -- in a significant way, according to the report.
The advice grew out of a GMU workshop, held July 31-Aug. 3, which brought together young and old from the fields of space and strategic communications. Their objective was to figure out a way to build support for future space exploration.
The participants reviewed market research data showing that young people are generally uninterested in – or even opposed to – space travel activity. Young adults are more concerned about jobs and war than space exploration, according to the research.
A Dittmar Associates study of nearly 500 Americans aged 18 to 24 found that young people are strongly opposed to sending humans to Mars by a ratio of 3-1. The young people cited costs and their inability to see a point in such a mission as reasons for opposing it.
Close to half of the respondents were unaware that the U.S. has new plans to explore space. Many of those in the 55 percent majority who knew of such plans had only a vague understanding of exactly what NASA is trying to do.
Most of the young adults – 72 percent – think NASA money would be better spent solving problems on Earth, according to the Dittmar study.
The younger participants at the GMU workshop came up with numerous ideas for using Web 2.0 tools to convert the cynics. Each strategy involved "putting space where it is not expected, but where it cannot be ignored by the younger generation."
The report recommends that NASA seize on viral marketing opportunities, including podcasts, ringtones, MySpace pages and YouTube videos. The communications should be irreverent enough that young people will want to share them with friends, it states.
Another suggestion is to promote space with guerilla marketing tactics, such as an "Oregon Trail"-type video game or a moon-Mars plot inside the online alternate universe called Second Life.
"There was an overwhelming sense among the workshop participants that NASA needs to promote its lunar plans in ways that distinguish them from the old Apollo program," the GMU report states. "Where is the excitement for youth today in redoing what their fathers or grandfathers did almost four decades ago?"


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Shop > By Series > Native American Heritage
Kansas Native Americans
Grades: 3-8 Subject: SS - Social Studies, SS - Culture and Diversity
Ages: 8-14 Series: Native American Heritage, State Experience
One of the most popular misconceptions about American Indians is that they are all the same-one homogenous group of people who look alike, speak the same language, and share the same customs and history. Nothing could be further from the truth! This book gives kids an A-Z look at the Native Americans that shaped their state's history. From tribe to tribe, there are large differences in clothing, housing, life-styles, and cultural practices. Help kids explore Native American history by starting with the Native Americans that might have been in their very own backyard! Some of the activities include crossword puzzles, fill in the blanks, and decipher the code.
My First Pocket Guide About Kansas
Kansas Biography Bingo
Kansas History Bingo Game
Kansas Geography Bingo
The Kansas Experience Poster/Map!
Kansas Wheel of Fortune!
Kansas Millionaire
Kansas Survivor: A Classroom Challenge!
Kansas Classic Christmas Trivia
Kansas Student Reference Timelines (Pack of 10)


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In the above block, a FormBuilder object is yielded as the person_form variable. This allows you to generate the text_field and check_box fields by specifying their eponymous methods, which modify the underlying template and associates the +@person+ model object with the form.
The FormBuilder object can be thought of as serving as a proxy for the methods in the FormHelper module. This class, however, allows you to call methods with the model object you are building the form for.
The above code creates a new method div_radio_button which wraps a div around the new radio button. Note that when options are passed in, you must call objectify_options in order for the model object to get correctly passed to the method. If objectify_options is not called, then the newly created helper will not be linked back to the model.
The standard set of helper methods for form building are located in the field_helpers class attribute.


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MMA Offshore awarded Woodside walk-to-work vessel contract
MMA Offshore announced earlier today that it has been awarded a contract by Woodside to provide accommodation and walk-to-work vessel services to support platform maintenance operations on Woodside's Australian assets over two scopes scheduled to commence in April 2019.
The MMA Pinnacle, a Multi-Purpose Support Vessel (MPSV) will be fitted with a bespoke motion-compensated gangway system which will enable the safe and efficient transfer of personnel between the Woodside platforms and their accommodation on the vessel during the maintenance programme.
The gangway system, based around a custom-built pedestal and a Safeway motion-compensated mast and gangway, offers excellent workability at the significant and variable platform heights required. MMA's experienced in-house engineering team worked closely with Woodside and Safeway, a specialised gangway manufacturer based in the Netherlands, to design and fit the system to the MMA Pinnacle. This contract award is a testament to MMA's marine expertise and our ability to work in close partnership with our clients to deliver optimised marine solutions and paves the way for an innovative, safer and more efficient approach to platform maintenance logistics in the region.
The MMA Pinnacle, which is on a long term structured contract with i-Tech 7, the Life of Field business unit of Subsea 7, is also permanently fitted with two identical Centurion SP Work Class WROV Systems capable of working in up to 3000m and has an approved Safety Case for operations in Australia which is owned by i-Tech 7. The vessel is also fitted with a 150t active heave compensated subsea crane capable of reaching depths of up to 3,000m making the vessel a very versatile asset for the region.
Source: MMA Offshore


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SHAED Reveal – Led by Miles and
Posted On October 23, 2020 October 23, 2020 In SHAED Reveal
Led by Miles and A.J., who shot videos for Billy Aylish Jaden and Kelani and others, the band shot "No Other Way" using a giant LED wall and virtual production, a new technique used in the first season of Mandalorian and the next Batman movie. American pop trio SHAED has left the official video with its new single "No Other Way". With a deep understanding of the moment of vulnerability, the trio has discovered a wealth of strength and creativity that inspired "No Other Way" and paved the way for their first record to be released next year. No Other Way" is the long-awaited sequel to the first American hit Multi-Platinum 6+ BILLION "Trampoline", which caught ZAYN's attention and then worked with them on a new version of the song. Music Crowns is a global platform for music artists to discover, a point of contact for the world's best unsigned, independent and newly signed music artists. The band would continue "Trampoline" with international tours and festival dates, but like many artists, the pandemic has changed everything. The trio explores beautiful nature and fights against the elements, while singer Chelsea Lee embodies her powerful performance in the band's new national anthem. In this video we had the opportunity to experience a sandstorm in the desert, a blizzard and a thunder monster face to face with the latest technology, all from the studio in Tampa. For the first time in many years, SHAED had the opportunity to slow down, redirect as an artist and take root at home. SHAED, consisting of Chelsea Lee, her husband Spencer Ernst and his twin brother Max Ernst, had big plans for 2020. As a trio, we're ready to face everything that life brings us," the group says. DYLI returns with a new collaboration of "Cotton Candy" ft. Zip, from Delaware, USA, is releasing a new song called "Personal. DYLI is back with a new personal motivational project, "Cotton Candy," ft. Kalin: "We wrote this song to remind him to live in the moment and do what he thinks is right without anything or anyone getting in his way. Is it Friday? Do you want a new song? Well, we have it for you.
SHAED Reveal