text:
Gallery: Official presidential residence to get €17-million makeover
ERR, ERR News
Photo: Winning entry for the Kadriorg redesign, entitled 'Mirage'. Author: Peeter Pere Arhitektid
While the presidential election process has not yet found any candidate from the political parties, be it current incumbent Kersti Kaljulaid or anyone else, the official residence of the head of state, in Kadriorg, east of Tallinn city center, is to be extensively redesigned, following a tender award to an architectural office estimated at €16.8 million.
The work is scheduled to be completed in 2024, and will include extensive redesign of the Rose Garden (Roosiaed), most well-known as the venue of the annual Restoration of Independence Day reception, on August 20.
The president's office told ERR Thursday that the project includes a design which, for security reasons, will restrict access in front of the presidential palace, where the parade ground is currently open to the adjacent street.
Spokesperson for the office, Mailin Aasmäe, said: "The building, as an object of national security, falls under the control of the Police and Border Guard Board and, if they find that in order to ensure the safety of the building, its staff and the president, the outdoor front area needs to be restricted somewhat /.../ the fact we are now embarking on a large-scale reconstruction project, including to the Rose Garden, comprises the office of the president and comprises that area, then this in fact gives us the opportunity to sit at the table with all the parties and look at what solution we might find."
The project work is due to finish in January 2023, with the construction work scheduled to end the following year.
Forecasts made by the state real estate agency, the RKAS, in 2020, put the total cost at €16.8 million, ERR reports, including the architectural tender process, design and construction itself, and the temporary rehousing of the office and ancillary staff.
Architectural firm Peeter Pere Arhitektid was awarded the tender, out of a shortlist of five (six designs were submitted).
Riina Aasma, who headed up the panel which decided on whom to grant the contract to, said that brief had been: "Very similar to that received by architect Alar Kotli in the 1930s, for the construction of the president's office building near the historic Kadriorg Palace, with which it was to form a common whole."
Kadriog Palace itself was built 300 years ago on the order of Russian Tsar Peter the Great, and was intended as a seaside retreat for his consort, Catherine I (Kadri being the name in Estonian, while "Org" means valley-ed.).
The Kotli-designed building became the official seat of the head of state, and so had to be slotted in behind it.
Alar Kotli (1904-1963) designed many functionalistic 1930s buildings during the period of the first Estonian Republic, including schoolhouses in Rakvere and in Tapa.
"This time around, two existing buildings had to be taken into account in the design," Riina Aasma added.
Design considerations facing Peeter Pere Arhitektid included the entry conduit for official visitors, as well as staff, and solutions for Rose Garden receptions..
The winning design, "Mirage", was created by Peeter Pere along with Eva Kedelauk, Kirke Päss, Madli Kaljuste and Lidia Zarudnaya, while the office was also awarded a price of €12,000.
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Emmanuel Krivine is respected as one of the world's most distinguished conductors whose elegant and colourful interpretations have made him a favourite with leading orchestras and soloists around the world. Regarded as one of the foremost French musicians today, Krivine has held a number of important positions in France and in September 2017 takes up the post of Music Director of the Orchestre National de France, the orchestra's first French Music Director in over 40 years.
Emmanuel Krivine has conducted the world's finest orchestras, including the Berliner Philharmoniker, Royal Concertgebouw, London Symphony and London Philharmonic orchestras, the Gewandhausorchester Leipzig and Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich. He has worked with the Sydney, Melbourne and NHK Symphony Orchestras and, in North America, he has conducted the Cleveland, Philadelphia, Boston Symphony, National Symphony, Los Angeles Philharmonic orchestras and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra where he debuted in 2016/17, now returning each season. A passion for working with chamber orchestras has led to tours with the Chamber Orchestra of Europe and Mahler Chamber Orchestra, and he took up the post of Principal Guest Conductor of the Scottish Chamber Orchestra in 2015.
Krivine and the Orchestre National de France recently marked the 100th anniversary of the death of Claude Debussy with concerts around France and Switzerland including at the Festival de Pâques, Aix-en-Provence, the Settimane Musicali di Ascona, Les Grands Interprètes Toulouse, working with top soloists including Martha Argerich, Jean-Yves Thibaudet, Renaud Capuçon, Francesco Piemontesi and Maxim Vengerov. Their recording of La Mer and Images was released in May 2018.
He is a passionate educator, who regularly conducts orchestras of young musicians, and in 2004 he created a period-instrument ensemble, La Chambre Philharmonique, recognised as one of the most important groups of its kind, which has gained recognition with its award-winning recordings on Naïve; these included most recently a complete set of Beethoven symphonies, awarded Editor's Choice by Gramophone. His discography also includes recordings with the Orchestre Philharmonique du Luxembourg, Chamber Orchestra of Europe with Maria João Pires, London Symphony Orchestra with Vadim Repin, and the Orchestre National de Lyon, released on labels including Deutsche Grammophon, Erato and Naïve.
Emmanuel Krivine was born in Grenoble, from Russian descent through his father and Polish through his mother, and began his career as a violinist. He was awarded the Premier Prix of the Paris Conservatoire at the age of 16 and became a scholar at the Chapelle Musicale Reine Elisabeth in Belgium, studying with Henryk Szeryng and Yehudi Menuhin, and winning many prestigious awards. After a decisive meeting with Karl Böhm in 1965, he increasingly devoted himself to conducting. He was Principal Guest Conductor of the Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France from 1976 until 1983, and then became Music Director of the Orchestre National de Lyon from 1987 until 2000. He also served as Music Director of the Orchestre Français des Jeunes for eleven years between 1984 and 2004, as Music Director of the Orchestre Philharmonique du Luxembourg from 2006 to 2014 and more recently as Principal Guest Conductor of the Barcelona Symphony Orchestra.
2018-19 season / 503 words. Not to be altered without permission.
His flexible shaping of phrase and pulse bespoke a natural rubato that arose from within Debussy's music rather than being imposed on it…He [Krivine] had the CSO sounding like the great French orchestras used to sound, only more virtuosic.
Immediate seduction, where Krivine distilled grace and delicacy with sensuality, triggering without restraint the powerful lyricism of symphonic phrases, as if the enclosure of this small form allowed this sensitive conductor to express the whole of a heightened sentimentality.
This recording has the essential qualities that one expects of Krivine, sharpness of style, commitment, freshness, imagination.


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John Alexander Ross
Grandson of Horatio Ross
Thank you to Steve Beadle, Gillingham, Kent for sending me a copy of an obituary for J A Ross taken from The London Scottish Regimental Gazette, May 1959
The notes below are based on this obituary.
"John Alexander Ross was born in Portsmouth, June 19, 1873 and died, aged 85.
His father, Horatio Serftenberg John Ross, was the eldest son of Captain Horatio Ross of Rossie Castle, Forfarshire, the celebrated rifle shot and sportsman.
J A Ross joined the 12th Middlesex (Civil Service Rifle Volunteers) as a private in 1892. He served in South Africa with the CIV Mounted Infantry, 1900, receiving the Queen's Medal and seven clasps.
He joined 2nd Bn London Scottish on its formation and as a private acting Captain was given command of A Coy, being gazetted Captain in September 1914.
He was Personal Assistant to Major General i/c Administration, Aldershot Command, in September 1917 and was appointed DAQMG, Dover Garrison in May 1918 and promoted to the rank of Major.
He was demobilised in April 1919."
Obituary for J A Ross taken from The London Scottish Regimental Gazette, May 1959
Horatio Ross - Index Page
Ross Family Photos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What are the real values and practice of the Brotherhood?
German authorities have released the well-known Al Jazeera journalist Ahmed Mansour, who had been detained at a Berlin airport at the request of the Egyptian government. Accompanied by his lawyers, Mansour greeted his supporters after his release on Monday, and thanked the German court for its decision.
Ahmed Mansour was sentenced by an Egyptian court, in absentia, to 15 years in prison, alongside two Moslem Brotherhood members and a preacher, for allegedly torturing a lawyer in Tahrir Square in 2011.
But this is not the full story of Ahmed Mansour. He is of course known for being close to the Moslem Brotherhood (as is the Al Jazeera and its creator and protector, the ruling family of Qatar) and publicly known for, by his own words, defending human rights and especially women's rights. Mr. Mansour is on record has having defended the Brotherhood ideology for a long time. He has also argued that this same ideology assures human rights in general and really protects women, which even the most cursory look will show to be complete nonsense.
Therefore the news that Mr. Mansour went into a 'brokered marriage' with a Moroccan woman that he 'divorced' soon after – brokered by senior member Abdelali Hamiddine of the General Secretariat of the PJD party no less – shed some light onto what kind of moral compass Mr. Mansour really live according to. The practice of so-called 'temporary marriages' exist, but mainly within the Shia tradition. The fact that a well-known journalist with one of the largest news-channels in the Middle East have been able to get away with this despicable conduct throws a bad light both on Mr. Mansour himself and on Al Jazeera. Furthermore, the Moslem Brotherhood has some explanation to do here, since they claim to represent 'true Islam'. This is a spurious claim to say the least and very obviously un-true.


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The RunCam Split 2 is the bigger brother of the RunCam Split Mini and consists of a FPV camera module that measures 22x20 mm and a seperate module with HD record function. The RunCam Split 2 is ideal for builds that don't have the space to mount an external HD cam but on which you want to record your flights in Full HD quality with 60FPS.
The FPV cam from the RunCam Split 2 is mounted on the place where your fpv camera has to be mounted. The seperate module with the Full HD record function can be mounted to your frame, for example underneath your Flight controller (PCB measures 38mm * 38mm, mountinghole distance of 30.5mm * 30.5mm).
The RunCam Split 2 is a little bit bigger than the RunCam Split Mini. This results in a somewhat better (GoPro lens) on the camera and the option to connect your RunCam Split 2 by WiFi to your smartphone to make settings and see your footage.


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Nutritional status and trophic dynamics of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus (L.)
Watts, Andrew James Russell (2012) Nutritional status and trophic dynamics of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus (L.). PhD thesis, University of Glasgow.
Nephrops norvegicus is a mid-sized benthic decapod lobster found at depths of between 30-300 metres along the eastern Atlantic coast from Norway to Morocco, and within the Mediterranean sea. They inhabit marine muddy sediments in which they excavate burrow systems and from which they make short excursions to feed by predation and scavenging. The females of this species are known to reside within their burrows over the winter period while brooding their eggs, although their feeding behaviour over this period has not been investigated.
Two aspects of the nutrition of N. norvegicus, namely nutritional status (the condition of an animal, which is maintained through a balance between energy intake and energy expenditure) and trophic dynamics (the flow of energy from exogenous inputs throughout food webs in an ecosystem) have been studied, to answer questions relating to the influence of season, sex and site on nutrition in this species. Specific questions that have been addressed include: with regard to season, is there a reduction in the nutritional status of N. norvegicus over the winter due to a decrease in primary production? With regard to sex, do females have a reduced nutritional status to males when they emerge from their winter brooding period, indicating that females go through a period of fasting over the winter? Also do females employ a filter feeding strategy over the winter? With regard to site, do N. norvegicus at two different sites on the west coast of Scotland (i.e. the Clyde Sea Area [CSA] and the North Minch [NM]) occupy different trophic levels and have different fatty acid signatures, which would indicate that their diets are made up of different prey species?
A range of biochemical markers was tested to describe how N. norvegicus reacts to a period of forced starvation, and thus to determine their nutritional status. There was clear metabolic depression, indicated by an increase in the copper concentration of the hepatopancreas in both males and females. In contrast to the findings of previous studies, lipids in the hepatopancreas did decrease with starvation, however was mitigated by the metabolic depression and only became significantly lower than fed individuals after 12 weeks in males and 20 weeks in females. Lipids and water combined made up 80% of the mass of the hepatopancreas, and when the lipids decreased the proportional mass was replaced by water. However, as indicated by the hepatosomatic index (HSI), the total mass of the hepatopancreas decreased over the period of starvation. A temperature effect was also seen which influenced the amount of reserves required by the animal under these conditions.
Using the results from the starvation trials, a predictive tool was developed for determining the nutritional status in N. norvegicus from the wild, and for calculating threshold values which indicate whether animals were in a starved state.
These measurements and threshold values were applied to field caught animals, assessing the factors of season, sex and site. The seasonal analysis showed that there was low nutritional status in N. norvegicus during the winter of 2008-2009, whereas the nutritional status of winter 2009-2010 was not as low. The site analysis showed that N. norvegicus in the CSA, where burrow density is 0.85 m-2, were found to have a lower nutritional status than N. norvegicus in the NM, where burrow density was only 0.55 m-2. These results are consistent with the notion that in high density areas N. norvegicus has a lower nutritional status than in low density areas.
Females were found to have a larger lipid store within the hepatopancreas than males, presumably to sustain reproduction. Females were also found to be metabolically depressed over the winter and spring months of early 2009. However they were not in an advanced state of starvation over this period. It is therefore concluded that over the winter months females reduce feeding, perhaps in a response to reduced mobility brought about by the brooding stage of reproduction, but do not follow different feeding strategies to males over this time.
The differences of trophic level between N. norvegicus in the CSA and the NM were assessed through the use of stable isotope analysis. It was found that although the animals in the CSA had higher 15N values than the animals in the NM, the animals in the NM were actually feeding at 0.6 trophic level units higher than those in the CSA. The high 15N values in the CSA were ascribed to organic enrichment of nitrates in that area. There was no significant difference between males and females at the end of the winter period, indicating that when females are brooding their eggs they do not use different feeding strategies (e.g. filter feeding) as an alternative means of nutrition.
The differences between the Fatty Acid (FA) signatures of N. norvegicus in the CSA and the NM were determined by fatty acid analysis. A clear difference was demonstrated between sites, indicative of differences in the dietary composition of the two populations, and suggestive of a greater input from pelagic food sources (either zooplankton or fish) in the NM. However, no significant difference was found in FA signatures between male and female N. norvegicus at either site or at any time of the year. Thus, consistent with the conclusions from the other monitoring methods, the FA signatures indicate that females and males had similar feeding patterns at all times of year, with regard to the type of food consumed.
As well as addressing issues directly concerned with the nutrition of N. norvegicus in relation to season, sex and site, the results of these studies have a number of wider applications, including the development of optimal feeding strategies for holding lobsters under impoundment conditions for long periods, and for identifying the procedures required to assess more directly the dietary composition of N. norvegicus populations, and especially the contribution of fish to their diet.
Nephrops norvegicus, N. norvegicus, crustacean, decapods, Nutritional status, Trophic dynamics, starvation, Stable Isotope Analysis, Fatty Acid Analysis, trophic position
Q Science > QH Natural history > QH301 Biology
Q Science > QP Physiology
College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences
Neil, Professor Douglas M.
Dr Andrew Watts


Editor's note: When we asked actor and food fanatic Jason Biggs for a few words on his favorite doughnut shop for our 50-state (plus DC) extravaganza, he waxed so poetic, it would be a shame not to feature the whole thing.
If fōnuts, Cronuts, and blueberry-bourbon-basil doughnuts from a Portland transplant that sells one-bean coffee out of a reclaimed barn wood-accented shop on Abbott Kinney are the millennials of the fried dough world, then Winchell's is the aging boomer who once upon a time was cool but now is just confused by the competition's artisanal endeavors. No offense to the young'uns, but I'd rather hang with the boomer and chew the fat about the good old days. You see, Winchell's holds a special place in this Gen-Xer's heart.
When I was 12, I booked my first lead in a TV show, a role that required me to temporarily move to Los Angeles. I had seen a craft service table before, but this was a network show with network money to buy network craft service delectables. Morning, noon, and night, there was always something amazing to indulge in, at least for a pre-teen who back home in New Jersey still had to ask permission to have a Tastykake, but here in a Studio City soundstage got to grab almost whatever he wanted unburdened by his mother's prying eyes.
The very first morning, there was a box of doughnuts from a place called Winchell's. I could tell by the font on the box that this place had been around for a minute. Inside was a doughnut purist's dream: plains, glazes, frostings, sprinkles, bear claws. I went right for the most colorful one, a plain doughnut with vanilla frosting and rainbow sprinkles. (Again, I was 12.) The texture is the thing I remember most: fresh but firm, with a frosting that was already hardened to the doughnut in the best way.
The other thing I remember: Deciding right then and there that I would have this same doughnut every morning I arrived on set, because of course, it would be there. It was always there. This memory lingers, more than 25 years later, not because it's the best doughnut I've ever had, but because it's the only doughnut I've ever had that is so viscerally connected to feelings of freedom and independence, of dreams coming true, and of a time when I could actually sense my world completely changing around me, for the better. I was growing up, and this doughnut was taking part in some of the journey. Try doing that, Cronut! You little hipster, you.


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Grattan on Friday: Disillusioned voters find it easy to embrace a crossbencher like Rebekha Sharkie
Posted on July 27, 2018 by particularkev
Michelle Grattan, University of Canberra
More than two decades ago Alexander Downer stood aside as opposition leader for John Howard, paving the way for the 1996 Coalition election win. This week Howard was in Mayo, his former foreign minister's one-time South Australian seat, campaigning for Downer's daughter Georgina.
When the Super Saturday byelections were called, the Liberals thought they had a good chance to pick up Mayo, lost in 2016 to Rebekha Sharkie, from the Nick Xenophon Team (now Centre Alliance).
Leaders seek underdog status in byelection battle to be top dog
Sharkie resigned in the citizenship crisis. The Liberals initially believed Downer was an ideal candidate, despite her living in Melbourne. But soon polling suggested another story – Sharkie was leading Downer 62-38% in polls last month.
Some Liberals talk about a two-stage assault on the seat, arguing that if Downer doesn't win this time, she'll be well set up for next year's election.
Well, not if you look at the history. If Sharkie can hold off the Liberals on July 28, she should be in a strong position for the general election.
It's very hard for a crossbencher to get into the House of Representatives. But when they do, these small players can be difficult to blast out.
Andrew Wilkie won the Tasmanian seat of Denison from Labor in 2010, and retained it in 2013 and 2016. Cathy McGowan wrested Indi (Victoria) from Liberal frontbencher Sophie Mirabella in 2013, to be easily re-elected in 2016.
The late Peter Andren held Calare (NSW) from 1996 until he stepped down before the 2007 election. He had taken the seat from Labor; subsequently it has been in Nationals' hands.
Tony Windsor grabbed New England from the Nationals in 2001 and won three subsequent elections, retiring before the 2013 election. He almost certainly would have lost if he had contested then, but that was because of special circumstances – although from a conservative electorate, he'd sided with the Gillard government in the hung parliament. Windsor failed in a bid to oust Barnaby Joyce from the seat in 2016.
It was a similar story with Rob Oakeshott, who won the Nationals seat of Lyne (NSW) at a 2008 byelection, retained it in 2010, then backed the Labor government. He didn't contest in 2013 (he too appeared headed for defeat), but he drastically reduced the Nationals' margin in Cowper in 2016.
Bob Katter was elected as a National in 1993 but quit the party in 2001, comfortably winning several elections as an independent. In 2011 he launched the Katter's Australian Party; his victory was tight in 2013 but easier in 2016.
The Greens Adam Bandt has a stranglehold on the seat of Melbourne.
Crossbenchers who are successful in House of Representative seats seem to forge a special bond with their communities. In this time of massive disillusionment with politics and distrust of politicians, they are often seen by their constituents as a different sort of beast, as "our" person, less tainted than those from the big parties.
VIDEO: Michelle Grattan on the Mayo byelection and crossbenchers in the parliament
This came through in University of Canberra's Institute for Governance and Policy Analysis (IGPA) research before the 2016 election in Indi, where voters were full of praise for McGowan, although with the caveat that her independent status meant she lacked power.
It's only when a parliament is "hung" or nearly so, that lower house crossbenchers gain serious clout.
IGPA has conducted four focus groups in Mayo this week. The 39 participants, covering all age groups, were "soft" voters, currently unaligned or rethinking their position from the last election.
Sharp messages emerge in the report by IGPA director Mark Evans and Max Halupka.
Sharkie is seen as having performed well, as visible and approachable, engaging and caring. She's viewed as part of Mayo ("she bleeds Mayo"; "she works, acts and lives in Mayo and has Mayo in her heart"). The dual citizenship issue isn't held against her.
Downer, despite her family background, is regarded as an outsider; "entitled", "privileged", "snobby", "stuck up" are adjectives used about her. Not one participant argued in support of her. In contrast, her father was seen as "Mayo through and through".
Evans and Halupka conclude: "Sharkie and Downer are perceived to represent two very different Mayos. Downer represents old 'blue ribbon' Mayo (as did the disgraced [former Liberal member] Jamie Briggs), home to the Adelaide elite and Sharkie represents new Mayo which is reflected with changing community demographics which include households from a much broader range of income groups including young families who are looking for active community minded representation."
These Mayo voters disdain the behaviour of federal politicians and "adversarial politics"; they are appalled by the Leyonhjelm affair; they want cross-party co-operation on key matters, especially energy, growth and the environment, which are issues they're concerned about.
They trust Sharkie; they don't trust ministers or Bill Shorten. They want conviction politicians and politics. "Turnbull is viewed to be performing better but is still perceived to be lacking conviction; Shorten is purely viewed as a 'negative politician' or 'spoiler'," Evans and Halupka say.
While there is no statistical significance in these focus group numbers, the trend is notable. "All of the Labor voters last time are moving to either [Sharkie] or the Greens candidate [Major Sumner]. And half the Liberal voters are moving to her.
"On the basis of this tiny sample Labor is collapsing and Shorten is performing very badly across all cohorts particularly amongst former Labor voters.
"Sharkie's supporters believe that her independence from party is an absolute virtue." ("I like her because she's not associated with the big parties and she's local and cares," said one participant.)
It should be added that Labor, with no chance in this seat, is mainly interested in boosting Sharkie's vote via preferences. It is giving Mayo perfunctory attention – its overwhelming focus is on defending its very marginal seats of Longman (Queensland) and Braddon (Tasmania).
In campaigning, Sharkie is getting support from other crossbenchers, with McGowan, Wilkie, and even Katter pitching in. She's raised $65,000 in micro donations, and recruited more than 800 volunteers.
Given that communities bond with their crossbencher MPs, it becomes a challenge for the major parties to decide the best way to campaign against them.
In particular, will the heavily negative campaign the Liberals are now running against Sharkie eat into her support in these late days, or will people just see this as picking on someone they like?
The conventional wisdom is that negative campaigning works. But trying to knock out an opponent who's seen as something of a local champion can be a tough ask, as the Liberals are finding.
Michelle Grattan, Professorial Fellow, University of Canberra
This entry was posted in Australia, Georgina Downer, Liberal Party, National Party, news, Politics, Rebekha Sharkie, South Australia and tagged article, Australia, byelection, Centre Alliance, Coalition, crossbencher, disillusioned, Georgina Downer, Liberal Party, Mayo, National Party, news, Politics, Rebekha Sharkie, South Australia, voters. Bookmark the permalink.
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Podcast Detroit
IT in the D - Networking events for IT professionals. Award winning blog series. Weekly podcast. Meet. Read. Listen. By @echodave, @bobwaltenspiel
Meet The Troops
Meet The Troops Day 6. Time For Some Perspective
Meet The TroopsNews & Announcements
By Dave	 On Dec 14, 2011
So, who are we helping with our event on December 15th?
You've read the primer on why we're doing this.
You know we're helping local Michigan people in the military stationed overseas.
You've got the event booked in your calendar and you'll be there.
You read the Frequently Asked Questions about the event and you're ready.
You met Dawn on Friday, and then Mike on Saturday, then Jon and Morgan and Tim through the weekend and this week.
Well, now it's time to meet Aaron…
…and I'd love for you to meet Aaron.
Russ would love for you to meet Aaron.
His parents would love you to meet him.
But you can't. At least in any way other than here, like this.
Aaron won't be getting any of the things that we gather on Thursday night. He won't be coming to one of our future events so that you can buy him a beer in person and clap him on the back.
Guys like Aaron are the reason that we think sending packages that do not suck to our Troops in Afghanistan is a damned good idea.
Aaron Ullom
Aaron was a Navy Corpsman and was sent to Afghanistan early last year. He was a graduate of Midland High School, and was 20 years old.
As a Navy Corpsman, he was attached to a US Marine platoon.
When his Platoon Leader was wounded in action, Aaron exposed himself to fire, plugged the wounds and by doing so saved the life of his Marine.
Unfortunately, while he was helping the wounded Marine to cover, Aaron was shot and killed.
Aaron wasn't a SEAL. He wasn't some kind of Special Forces guy. He was a kid from Midland that wanted to serve his country and joined the Navy. Because his father is a nurse, he wanted to become a Corpsman. Every one of the people in our "Meet the Troops" category out at http://www.ITinTheD.com/category/meet-the-troops/ faces the possibility that this could happen to them every day
All bullshit aside folks…if nothing else hammered the point home for you…this is why this is worth doing.
We take a lot of things for granted in our day to day lives…I know I do. We all do.
I don't stop to think about the fact that I don't have to worry about waking up in the middle of the night to the sound of a mortar shell going off outside my window. When I go for a walk down the street, I don't constantly scan rooftops for the glint of reflected light off of a sniper scope getting ready to fire and take my life. As a child runs toward me while I'm out for that walk, I don't stop and wonder if they're strapped with enough explosives to kill me and leave a gigantic crater in the ground.
My mother's father, Tommy Thompson (Army), is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. My other grandfather, Robert Phillips (Navy), could have been, but chose to be buried in the small town in Pennsylvania where he lived.
My kid sister's husband, Shane, is active with the Air Force. My father in law, Tom, was a Marine in Vietnam.
Several high school friends like my buddy Flick are still active, are in the Reserves, or have retired from the various branches.
We take so much for granted in our day to day lives…and I don't think any of us ever really stop and think about it. At all. Ever.
Well now I'm encouraging you to stop and think about it. And as you bitch about that meeting that ran long and made you late for lunch…
…when you bang your hands against the steering wheel because you're stuck in traffic and running late to meet friends in a bar…
…as you worry about finding a new job…
…remember Aaron.
A 20 year old kid who doesn't worry about getting stuck in traffic. Won't be meeting his friends in a bar for a beer…hell, never even made it to be of age to meet his friends in a bar for a beer. He'll never have the worry about finding a job, or about bitching about that meeting that will make him late for lunch.
Because he did his job, and paid the ultimate price for doing it, too. The worst thing that can happen to you or me in our day to day job is probably just getting walked out the door…and while that's stressful…we can find another job.
So for my grandfathers…for Shane…for Flick…for my father in law…for the friends and relatives in your own lives that have served and possibly even died while doing so…
…for all the men and women like Aaron…that's why we're doing this.
We hope to see you tomorrow night at Dragonmead Brewery.
I promise I won't be so deep and full of heavy thoughts. I know it's confusing the hell out of some of you…
As a quick editorial aside, I feel that it's important to note that after Russ approached me with this particular bio, Aaron's mother was approached, and gave her blessing to his story being used here so that his story could be told. I don't want anyone…ever…thinking that we would use something as serious and important as this man's death in any other manner.
The event: http://www.ITinTheD.com/meet/
The primer: http://www.ITinTheD.com/2689/support-michigan-military-families/
…and the Frequently Asked Questions: http://www.ITinTheD.com/2735/dec-15-faqs/
Plus, don't forget to meet Dawn http://www.ITinTheD.com/2765/meet-the-troops-part-1/
…or Mike: http://www.ITinTheD.com/2776/meet-the-troops-part-2/
…and Jon: http://www.ITinTheD.com/2779/meet-the-troops-part-3/
…and Morgan: http://www.ITinTheD.com/2786/meet-the-troops-part-4/
…and Tim: http://www.ITinTheD.com/2799/meet-the-troops-part-5/
They're also all available here: http://www.ITinTheD.com/category/meet-the-troops/
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Home > Guide to Betting on Auto Racing > Guide to Betting on IndyCar Racing > The History of IndyCar
The History of IndyCar
As unfair as it may sound, there are typically two types of IndyCar fans: the casual observer and the fanatic. The casual observer is generally one who enjoys watching the big events, such as the Indy 500. The fanatic, however, is simply obsessed with everything to do with the sport. Their thirst for knowledge is unquenchable and their appetite for speed, thrills, and racing never satisfied.
To the super fans of IndyCar, history is an important aspect of the sport. That is because history allows us to piece together the who, what, why, when and how of one of America's proudest racing series. With a history that dates back to the early 1900s – and a wealth of ups, downs, twists, and turns – IndyCar has made its mark on the world. There is room to be inspired by history and certainly a lot to be proud of.
Every sport has enjoyed particular periods of success and at least one "golden age." It can also be considered nothing less of a truism to suggest that every sport has its standout competitors, who are immortalized as icons and legends of the sport. IndyCar has certainly enjoyed a number of exceptional periods in its history, punctuated by exceptional drivers that have done their bit to leave us addicted and wanting more.
As IndyCar has developed from its formative years to the money-spinning, commercial sport that it is today, it has gone through stage after stage of evolution. There has been glory and triumph, as well as disappointment and defeat. We have witnessed incredible finishes and drivers who have failed to reach their potential. Each and every story that has unraveled over the years has contributed to the sport, of that there is no doubt.
Today, we will look over the enthralling history of IndyCar, from its humble beginnings to the global sport it is today.
Those Humble Beginnings
Although the history of American open-wheel racing is rich and treasured, it would not have been anything without the early pioneers of racing. America cannot lay claim to kickstarting the global fascination with auto racing, however, as that distinction belongs to the French. In particular, a Parisian magazine by the name of Le Petit Journal inspired would be drivers to take part in the world's first racing competition.
It was on July 22, 1894, that a race from Paris to Rouen was advertised by the magazine. There were 102 entrants, each paying 10 francs as an entry fee, but there were only 69 drivers to take part in the qualifier (which was a 31-mile race to establish who would make the 79-mile big race). 25 of those drivers made it to the main event, which was a mix of amateurs and those involved in automobile manufacturing.
This event would send Europe crazy for auto racing for years to come and inspire drivers from all around the continent to race. In the United States, it wouldn't take long for those in the racing industry to create the first automobile competition on American soil. The Thanksgiving Day Chicago Times-Herald race of November 28, 1895, saw Frank Duryea cross 54 miles from the south to the north of Chicago (and back again) in 7 hours and 53 minutes.
While the race is considered by many to be more of an experiment than a race, it plays a huge part in the history of IndyCar. For one, it ignited a burning fascination among Americans with automobile racing. Additionally, it proved that America could challenge the Europeans (who were making steady headway in auto racing). There is little doubt that these humble beginnings were integral to American open-wheel racing as a whole.
The Formation of the Automobile Club of America
If America was to catch up with France, who had set the bar for auto racing in the late 1800's, it would need to be organized. The French were going crazy for racing and had "Speed Week" in Nice (the first regular racing fixture) and a number of the best automobile engineers and designers on Earth. They appeared to have it all. As such, their model would be the one to use for American auto racing.
Even James Gordon Bennett Jr. – the owner of the New York Herald – was a huge fan of what the French were doing. His presentation of a trophy to the Automobile Club de France (ACF) in 1899, in order for the ACF to create an international racing competition, was pivotal in the development of racing as a sport. With this event, France's superiority could be challenged by other countries around the world, including the U.S.
That same year, the Automobile Club of America (ACA) was formed in order to define American auto racing practices. The ACA would model itself on the ACF in France, who was, undoubtedly, the world's foremost auto racing association. However, the ACA would not last more than three years. In 1902, the American Automobile Association (AAA) was formed, with a number of ACA members joining its board.
Pretty soon after the formation of the AAA, races were sanctioned in the United States. The most famous of these races was the Vanderbilt Cup in 1904, with William Vanderbilt favoring the AAA over the ACA to organize the event. This was the first international event held on American soil, at a track in Nassau County, Long Island. The inaugural event was won by America's George Heath, who was driving a Panhard.
The American Grand Prix
In 1905, the AAA Racing Board announced that it was to sanction the National Track Championship. This was the first ever time that an organized points system was used in auto racing, something that would become an integral part of sanctioned races thereafter. Just one year later, however, and the event was canceled. Despite the shaky start, it looked as though there were promising signs for American racing.
Throughout this time, the ACA and AAA were engaging in a feud. Both associations had differing ideas for how racing should be organized in the United States. The ACA, who had aligned themselves with the ACF pretty much after their formation, created the American Grand Prize as a competitor to the Vanderbilt Cup. As international Grand Prix races were at the forefront of the sport, this didn't seem like a bad idea at all.
Just a few years later, in 1908, it appeared that the ACA and the AAA had reached an agreement that would keep both parties happy. Under the terms of the compromise, the ACA would oversee the sanctioning of all international race events in America, while the AAA would sanction everything else. Unfortunately for the ACA, their part of the deal was the least successful. Less than a decade later, the AAA would hold the monopoly on racing in the United States.
The AAA formed the Contest Board in the same year (1908), dissolving the Racing Board. This allowed the Contest Board to sanction everything from tours and trials to races and exhibitions. From March 1909, the newly formed board would have more power and influence than it had previously claimed under its former guise. In that same year, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway opened its doors for the first time.
The First Ever Indianapolis 500
On Tuesday, May 30, 1911, the first ever Indianapolis 500 was raced. Known as the International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race, what is now one of the world's most famous races was held at the now legendary Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The race was the first single, large-scale event to be held at the track. In the preceding two years since it was built, the speedway held smaller races.
The decision to host a major event at the track was influenced by dwindling crowds. In the 1910 season, there were encouraging signs that spectatorship was alive and kicking. There were 60,000 attendees for the Wheeler-Schebler Trophy on Memorial Day but by Labor Day, crowds had diminished. The reason for the low turnout was believed to be due to an abundance of races at the track. Quite simply, no one was interested – or capable of – watching them all.
The idea was to host a major event at the venue rather than a series of smaller races. The ideas that were pitched at the time were a 24-hour race similar to the 24 Hours of Le Mans, or an endurance race with a grand prize of $25,000. At the time, this purse was considered to be large enough to attract the greatest drivers and manufacturers from around the world.
Organizers were torn between the ideas of an endurance race (the majority of manufacturers would have favored this format) and the 24-hour race. However, with the latter, it was believed that many attendees would leave the arena before the race had concluded.
Structuring the Event
The timeframe for the race would be between 10am and late afternoon, with the distance calculated at anywhere between 480 miles to 800 miles. Various factors were considered for the event, such as the date to host the race. Memorial Day was the preferred option, given that many farmers would have a two-week break for "haying," which could drive up ticket sales in addition to acquiring further interest from the wider community.
The decision was eventually made to proceed with a 500-mile race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on May 30, 1911. Those in the auto racing industry were intrigued by the event, with several publications bringing the news to breakfast tables around the country. The event became a major talking point in the press, as excitement continued to build for a race many believed to be worthy of common conversation.
The Speedway management had anticipated a lot of entries to the race, especially given the publicity and the large prize money to be won. The cost of entry was a pretty large sum, $500 per car, so this prevented a legion of pretenders and amateurs from applying. There was to be no prize money for any driver finishing below 10th place, too, and this is something that could have dissuaded many from entering.
Qualifying for Indianapolis
Regardless, there was an abundance of applications for a place in the event. By the final day for entries, there were 46 cars that had been nominated for a place in what was set to be the first Indy 500. 44 of the 46 cars made it to race day.
Organizers had also set qualifying criteria for the race in order to ensure that there was an equal and level playing field. All cars had to complete laps at up to 88 mph. There was to be a minimum speed of 75 mph over a flying start measured at 0.25 miles of the main straightway, on or under 12 seconds. Any cars that could not achieve this would be given two more chances to do so or face rejection.
Of the 46 entries from the U.S. and Europe, 40 lined up on the day, all hoping to get their hands on a part of the largest purse in racing history (at the time). As humorous as it may sound, the grid positions were sorted by the date of filing on entry forms. This was a step away from the standard practice at the time in Europe (a lottery system). Cars were also required to have a minimum weight of 2,330lb and an engine size no greater than 600 cubic inches.
All 40 cars took their positions, five to a row, other than the first and last. The red flag was waved, the course was clear, and the highly anticipated race was finally underway. David L. Bruce-Brown, in an Italian Fiat, established dominance in the first half of the race, only for AAA national champion to overtake him in his "Marmion Wasp." Harroun would continue to establish his dominance as the race went on.
Harroun would go on to win the race with 88 laps led and an average speed of 74.602 mph. He would finish the race in 6:42:08, becoming the first ever champion of the Indianapolis 500. As such, he collected a total of $10,000, announcing his retirement (he had come out of retirement for the race) and never competing again. Sam Dickson, Arthur Greiner's riding mechanic, would also never take part again, losing his life on lap 12 when Greiner hit the wall.
Harroun's victory was celebrated at the time. The race itself was the big winner, however. It was a roaring success and would go on to become one of the most illustrious events in auto racing. As time went on, the Indy 500 would become synonymous with prestige, glamour, and would feature the greatest cars on the planet.
A major change to racing occurred in 1915 when wooden 'board tracks' were introduced, with the vast majority of races occurring on board tracks from 1918 to 1928. As such, these tracks became synonymous with American open-wheel racing. Unfortunately for those involved in racing, these tracks would eventually be consigned to history when the Great Depression hit the country in 1929.
It wasn't just the tracks that would become too expensive to maintain due to the financial collapse. The entire industry suffered as a result of what was the worst economic downturn ever seen. The series was forced to abandon its plans for regular seasons during this period, with no more than five races on the calendar going ahead. One race that lasted in these distressing times was the Indy 500.
That was, until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. World War II had broken out in Europe years earlier but America was not directly involved until the aforementioned attack. As such, auto racing would come screeching to a halt until the war had ended and soldiers had returned home. There was suddenly a real sense of optimism for the series and the American economy would soon be thriving.
The First Race After World War II
What better place for the series to continue after World War II than at the Indy 500. 1946's installment of the race saw George Robson take the win in what was the first race in four years. Robson, racing under the Thorne Engineering banner, would be beaten to the championship by Ted Horn that year, however. Horn would also collect the championship in 1947 and 1948, setting a 58-year record that would be matched by Sebastien Bourdais.
Horn would tragically lose his life at the DuQuoin State Fairgrounds on October 10, 1948, due to a broken suspension. He was just 38.
Safety of Drivers Becomes an Issue
On June 11, 1955, at Circuit de la Sarthe in Le Mans, France, 83 spectators and French driver Pierre Levegh were killed. In addition to the fatalities, almost 180 injuries were sustained as a result of flying debris due to the crash. The tragedy is the worst to have ever occurred in auto racing and sent shockwaves around the world. Prominent racing manufacturer, Mercedes-Benz, would not compete again until 1989 as a result.
An inquiry was launched into the accident, with officials confirming that the drivers were not to be completely held accountable for what happened. Instead, the antiquated track was said to be the cause of the crash. Considering the track had been used for 30 years, it was deemed to be incompatible with cars as fast and comprehensive as those racing that day.
The tragic circumstances at Le Mans had a major impact on auto racing. The AAA confirmed that they deemed auto racing as too dangerous and stepped back from their duties as a sanctioning body in the United States. The series would instead be picked up by Jimmy Bryan, Johnnie Parsons and Bill Vukovich of the United States Auto Club (USAC).
The USAC Era: 1956 – 1979
USAC pretty much kept everything the same way as its predecessor, the AAA. The first race under the new regime was the Indy 500 in 1956. Pat Flaherty won the race that day and posed for photos on the cockpit of his John Zink Special as he was surrounded by fans in the bullpen. This was the first milk drank under the USAC's sanctioning and control, but wouldn't be the last.
USAC did oversee some crucial changes to how the series would be managed, removing many of the dirt tracks from the race calendar. Given what had happened at Le Mans in 1955, there was a heightened sense of urgency to protect drivers and spectators from a similar tragedy. As such, ovals with asphalt surfaces were introduced and became commonplace in the sport.
The following year saw a rookie by the name of A.J. Foyt make his debut in the sport. At just 22-years old, no one would have expected the type of dominance that Foyt would enjoy in racing. As arguably the greatest driver in the history of the sport, Foyt would set the foundations for the most successful career in the history of IndyCar racing.
The 1960s and 1970s
With the dawning of the new decade came changes all around. Engines became more powerful and chassis more refined. The position of the engine would shift to behind the driver in 1964 and would now be turbo. There would also be another race added to the series: The Hill Climb of Pikes Peak. The interesting climb would be knocked off the schedule in 1969, however.
A.J. Foyt was in blistering form throughout the decade, picking up five championships in 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, and 1967. In 1964, Mario Andretti would also arrive on the scene, demonstrating his slick driving skills and laying the foundations for an incredible career of his own. Andretti would later go on to be regarded as one of the greatest drivers in the history of the series.
In the 1970s, circuits and dirt tracks were all but gone. The six seasons between 1971 and 1976 were exclusively contested on asphalted ovals until a race was trialed at Mosport Park in 1977. 1978 saw the unsuccessful attempt to take IndyCar to Europe – showcasing races at famous British tracks, Brands Hatch and Silverstone – but it was not to be and the endeavor pretty much fell flat on its face.
The Emergence of CART
The most major development of the 1970s was the friction between USAC and team bosses that led to a change in how the series would be operated. USAC had no interest in hearing out team owners and this led to a split. The team owners banded together to create Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART), bringing most drivers across to the new association.
A series of incredibly tragic and misfortunate situations occurred around the time of the split, in 1977 and 1978. Indianapolis Motor Speedway president and USAC founder, Tony Hulman, died of heart failure on October 27, 1977. Another eight major officials of USAC then died in a plane crash on April 23. CART now had full control of championship racing and had completely broken away from USAC. Well, almost.
The Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) helped CART to gain recognition as an official governing body from The Automobile Competition Committee for the United States (ACCUS). As USAC had not completely folded, there were two national championships (with CART running the second). The most prized event, the Indy 500, was still under the sanction of USAC (who denied entrance to CART teams at the 1979 version of the race).
The Dispute Continues
Despite an ill-fated merger in 1980, known as the Championship Racing League (CRL), USAC and CART each awarded their own national championship. Jonny Rutherford won both, making it a pretty strange season in all. As USAC still had the Indy 500, things got even more confusing. CART was sanctioning the national championship and had more participants in the Indy 500.
USAC decided to treat the '500 as an invitational in a bid to avoid the controversy of the denied entries to CART teams in 1979. Pretty soon, USAC would only sanction one championship race, the Indy 500.
The Gold Crown Championship
CART had the national championship under its wings, making things a little more stable. USAC still had the Indy 500 but drivers could still earn points towards their seasonal championship tallies. Cars and engines remained the same, regardless of the sanctioning bodies they raced under. While there was still a little bit of confusion to work through, things were not as hectic as they had been in the late 1970s.
As USAC only sanctioned the Indy 500, its Gold Crown Championship would be awarded to the driver that won that race.
The 1980s to 2008
As with other pretty much every series in racing, the 1980s marked a giant leap forward. For IndyCar, there was an abundance of interest from manufacturers and the caliber of drivers had never been higher. This combination – in addition to a busier calendar – would drive great interest from spectators and sponsors. There was little doubt that IndyCar had a bright future ahead.
IndyCar bosses wanted a stable platform to challenge F1. They certainly had the talent and the muscle, but F1 was also enjoying a massive boost itself. Rick Mears, the most successful driver of the 1980s, was challenged by Mario Andretti, Al Unser Jr., Danny Sullivan, Emerson Fittipaldi (among others), and this sent out the right statement to everyone involved in auto racing.
The first five years of the 1990s saw three champions from outside of the United States crowned in IndyCar. Arie Luyendyk, Emerson Fittipaldi, and Jacques Villeneuve showed the world that the series did not necessarily have to be conquered by those from the U.S. Other drivers like Nigel Mansell and Paul Tracy added a cosmopolitan feel to the series and this was a good thing for the future of the sport.
The Second Split: CART and IRL
Just when things seemed to be going well, tension was beginning to boil over between CART and Tony George, the Indianapolis 500 President. This culminated in George pulling the Indy 500 from the National Championship in a bid to create a more American-centric racing series. George wanted American drivers only and the series to be raced on ovals.
What this meant for CART was that it now had to find a way to survive without IndyCar's version of the Super Bowl. It appeared that the series was still popular, in spite of the circumstances, with star drivers like Alex Zanardi, Juan Pablo Montoya, Jimmy Vasser, and Michael Andretti helping to keep the series going strong. However, George had recently formed the Indy Racing League (IRL) as direct competition to CART.
CART also found itself engrossed in a legal battle with George over the rights to the "IndyCar" name. An agreement between both parties saw CART relinquish all use of the name, with the IRL unable to make use of the name until 2003, seven years after it had intended to begin. CART would now rebrand their cars using the term "Champ Cars."
The status quo remained and this favored CART. They maintained control over the talent, sponsors, and fanbase. Things were not to last, however, as the sanctioning body would lose teams who had jumped ship to the IRL. The cancellation of the Firestone Firehawk 600 in 2001 hit CART badly and just two years later, it lost its main sponsor, FedEx, and Honda and Toyota(its engine manufacturers) to the IRL.
The End of CART
By 2002, CART was struggling badly. It had lost its sponsors, its star teams, and was seriously in debt. Spectator interest had all but dried up, with attendances all but depleted from the glory days of the organization. The Champ Car World Series of 2013 fell flat and was not enough to save the former giant from falling hard. That year, CART entered bankruptcy proceedings.
Kevin Kalkhoven, Paul Gentilozzi, and Gerald Forsythe acquired the series and rebranded it Open Wheel Racing Series (OWRS). Tony George wanted to purchase CART but lost out to OWRS. This kept the series alive, as there was little doubt that George would have preferred to shut it down completely. However, with a reduction in races and numerous penny-pinching exercises, Champ Car was a shell of the glory days.
Modernizing IndyCar: 2008 Onwards
2008 saw a return to peace following a bitter feud between CART (later Champ Car) and the IRL. In February of that year, a merger was agreed between both sides. Champ Car director, Kevin Kalkhoven, shook hands with Tony George on a deal that wouldn't exactly sit right with many involved in the sport. The nature of the agreement certainly appeared to be a little polarizing.
The "merger" seemed to strongly favor the IRL. In fact, Champ Car was completely disbanded and its teams were provided with cars to jump ship. The IRL had now gained Champ Car's biggest races (Long Beach and Edmonton). The structure of the sport was certainly looking more a product of George's minds than anyone at Champ Car. Unless that is, you consider the tracks.
In 2011, the ovals that George had pushed for were reduced to seven (down from four in 2008). Permanent and street circuits were the focus, which is pretty ironic in the circumstances. Regardless, the new unified series would function as the IndyCar Series, with both calendars combining.
Tony George is Axed
In 2009, George was removed as the head of the IRL due to what was believed to be a problem with his excessive spending while at the helm of the organization. In 2010, Randy Bernard – former director of the Professional Bull Riders – would take his place. Following years of bitter squabbling, Geroge's influence would no longer be directly felt by those in the sport.
Bernard had a more diplomatic approach, or so it seemed. He pushed for the unification of Champ Car and IRL statistics under the new IndyCar banner and spearheaded a number of others changes and developments during his tenure.
Chevrolet and Lotus
With a new car arriving in IndyCar, competition was back on the agenda. Chevrolet and Lotus were the new challengers to Honda's success and were poised to produce aero kits in 2013. This plan was stalled. Lotus' first season in IndyCar was also a failure, and they ducked out in 2012. The British manufacturer had failed to build a turbo engine capable of keeping up with Honda and Chevrolet, leaving the Japanese and Americans as the sole engine providers in the series.
Both manufacturers would also design their own aero kits from 2015 onwards. While their creations were successful, they were not aesthetically pleasing whatsoever, drawing criticism from many quarters. The designs led to a return to the DW12 of the early 2010s in 2018, minus the airbox and rear bumpers. It appeared that, as the century was closing out, many were keen to look back a little, rather than too forward.
A rich and eventful history can sometimes have the effect of invoking a sense of nostalgia in fans. While the modern age provides drivers and teams with state of the art cars, equipment, and resources, modernity does not always guarantee success. Many IndyCar fans appreciate the history of the years that have come before and this is something that, in a way, should shape the future.
The great drivers who have had their hands in creating the sport we know and love today should always be remembered. Without knowing where you come from, it is pretty difficult to understand where to go next. History provides us with a series of lessons, mistakes, and exceptional circumstances to learn from. With IndyCar racing, it feels as though we have just begun to scratch the surface of what is possible.
From the great drivers to the exceptional manufacturers, the team owners to the fans, everyone gets to share the future of this sport. Without the brave and pioneering efforts of the men who created this sport, we wouldn't have that opportunity at all.


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President pledges continuous engagement with young people -at first youth luncheon
Georgetown, Guyana – (January 24, 2018) President David Granger has reminded young people of their crucial role in nation-building and urged them to seize every available opportunity to become the best they can be in whichever profession they choose right here in Guyana. "You can be whatever you want to be and I do hope that while I am here, I will be able to give you that vision and that sense of purpose so that you can want to use the resources to venture into your profession of choice," he said. The President made these remarks at a special luncheon, which he hosted at State House for a group of youths drawn from Regions Three, Four, Five, Six and Ten. The President pledged to host youth engagement activities as often as possible to ensure that youths in Guyana remain fully engaged with the country's leadership and proposed that a youth conference to be held later this year.
Acknowledging that youth unemployment is a challenge his administration has had to make a priority, the Head of State informed that Government is currently in the process of consolidating all of the youth programmes including initiatives such as the Hinterland Employment and Youth Service (HEYS) and the Youth Entrepreneurial Skills Training Programme (YEST).
"We are bringing all the youth programmes together to have a common core curriculum so that every child, whether or not he or she is a school dropout, who enters that programme will get common training, which will prepare him or her to get employment in Guyana. I don't like to see young children, some of them who have left secondary school in the Rupununi for example, drifting over to Brazil to do menial work. I think they can stay here and get a good living, not only because oil is on the horizon but because we can produce practically every food that the Eastern Caribbean needs," the President said.
In this regard, he outlined the prospects and the many opportunities that lie in entrepreneurship such as value-added and agro-processing ventures. The President spoke of the importance of education, which is intrinsically linked to employment. President Granger urged students and young adults to pursue higher education, noting that tertiary education is mandatory for most jobs today. "The country is wide open and it is open to you…Your education will not only equip you for employment but it will also equip your for entrepreneurial activities so that you can become rich," he said.
Speaking of the environment, the President reminded those in attendance that they are the ones who will inherit the national patrimony and therefore, they must develop a greater appreciation and love for their country. "You will inherit this country…This is the most beautiful, the most bountiful country in the Caribbean…I want you to love your country, I want you to own your country, I want you to be the best you could be," he said.
The event was coordinated by Mr. Brian Smith, who holds the post as Deputy Director of Sport and who is also a youth leader. He expressed his appreciation to the President, who indicated his intention to host this activity back in November 2017, where he also indicated that it must be an engagement that is free from any political influences.
The Coordinator also assured that this event will be expanded to include an even wider cross-section of youths. "Whilst we have not been able, this year, to have more members from the outlying regions, it is definitely something that will be done next year," he said. He added that this luncheon, which will be an annual feature, allows for the President to interact with young people and in many way, removed any impression of a veil of mystery regarding State House and the Presidency, in other words, opening up the country's highest Office to youths.
Representatives from President's Youth Award Republic of Guyana (PYARG), the Department of Youth and Sport, Director of Youth, the Volunteer Support Platform, African Cultural Development Association (ACDA) Youth, the University of Guyana's International Affairs Association and Student Association, the Rose Hall Town Youth and Sports Club (RHTYSC), Guyana Environment Initiative and young professionals and entrepreneurs attended the event.
Transcript of the address by His Excellency David Granger, President of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana, at the National Regional Development Consultative Committee (NRDCC) Meeting January 19, 2018
President vows to bring perpetrators of crimes during period of 'Troubles' to justice
Posted:January 24, 2018


Australia's southern belle, Adelaide is a stylish city of great architecture, great shopping and wonderful food and wine. It boasts a riverside CBD and a coast lined with sandy swimming beaches, as well as being the centre of South Australia's wine regions. Capital of South Australia and the country's 5th largest city, Adelaide has it all!
Adelaide's central area straddles the winding River Torrens. With extensive greenery around built-up areas on either side of the river, it is a pleasant place to wander around on foot and discover the cafes, restaurants and boutiques for which Adelaide is well known. The CBD has a grid layout making it easy to navigate, and around the edges in the greenbelt you will find riverside parks and paths, the botanic gardens, a racecourse and numerous parks, gardens and playgrounds.
Adelaide's suburbs hide some wonderful places of history and culture. Hahndorf is a German settlement a short drive up the freeway, Glenelg is an historic beachside suburb which was the first European settlement in the state, and Port Adelaide holds the story of Adelaide as South Australia's main link with the world, bringing news and supplies by sea. Museums and galleries are plentiful throughout the city and suburbs, and the Adelaide Fringe Festival and WOMAD are both held in March and bring even more of the arts to the city.
From Adelaide, the beautiful southern coast of Australia is waiting to be explored, and it is also a short trip to Melbourne via the famous Great Ocean Road. Inland, the Stuart Highway heads through the vast Outback to Darwin. With both domestic and international flights arriving regularly, Adelaide is a perfect starting point for a road trip to anywhere.


The Relativity Media bankruptcy sale isn't done yet.
U.S. Bankruptcy Court Judge Michael Wiles scheduled a hearing for tomorrow after telling the company that he and others involved, including many creditors, haven't had enough time to pour through the collection of agreements reached over the last few days to sell the TV operation — and leave other assets with CEO Ryan Kavanaugh.
"I applaud the efforts of everybody who worked so hard," Wiles says. "But we have a bit of a due process issue here." He added that he has "no objections to the process that led to the sale of the assets" — and "in theory" could approve the TV sale which he says is "consistent with the goal and purposes of Chapter 11" to keep the company going. But "there are issues to be finished about which contracts are to be included and under what terms….The parties are entitled to see the details" and that "was not possible" today .
Relativity lawyer Bennett Spiegel said that the company merely wanted Wiles to approve a $125 million agreement to sell the TV unit to a creditor group known in the case as Stalking Horse Bidders, and to assure the second biggest creditor — Manchester Securities — that he would approve its plan to buy Relativity's debtor-in-posession financing agreement.
He added that the TV sale and other agreements would not "provide for working capital for the company going forward after October 20" when the deal is expected to close. By early January "we fuly expect to be back before your honor with some mechanism" to fund film and other units.
This morning RKA Film Financing filed an objection to the transactions citing insufficient notice.
"Since approximately 1 a.m. this morning, and as recently as just an hour before the filing of this Objection, the Debtors have filed over 750 pages of documents (as of the filing of this Objection) that this Court is being asked to approve today," RKA said in a filing. "While RKA, and likely every other party but those drafting these documents, has not had any meaningful opportunity to review these papers in detail, the transactions this Court is being asked to approve today, on no notice to any creditor, appear to include" — a reorganization plan, a new debtor-in-possession lender, a sale of the television operations with "contradictory" and confusing schedules and a new first lien lender which includes Kavanaugh.


This bi-fold continental wallet is crafted from brushed calf leather with a subtle metallic finish. The silver-tone highlights give avant-garde edge to the iconic intrecciato weave. Practical and roomy, it's equipped with eight credit card slots and four str for organising notes and receipts.


Private vacation unit in tropical guest house near the beach.
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text:
using System.Text;

namespace EntityChange;

/// <summary>
/// Format changes in Markdown format.
/// </summary>
public class MarkdownFormatter : IChangeFormatter
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the header template.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The header template.
    /// </value>
    public string HeaderTemplate { get; set; } = Environment.NewLine;

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the footer template.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The footer template.
    /// </value>
    public string FooterTemplate { get; set; } = Environment.NewLine;

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the operation add template.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The operation add template.
    /// </value>
    public string OperationAddTemplate { get; set; } = "* Added `{CurrentFormatted}` to `{DisplayName}`";

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the operation remove template.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The operation remove template.
    /// </value>
    public string OperationRemoveTemplate { get; set; } = "* Removed `{OriginalFormatted}` from `{DisplayName}`";

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the operation replace template.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The operation replace template.
    /// </value>
    public string OperationReplaceTemplate { get; set; } = "* Changed `{DisplayName}` from `{OriginalFormatted}` to `{CurrentFormatted}`";

    /// <summary>
    /// Create a readable change report.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="changes">The changes to format.</param>
    /// <returns>
    /// A string representing the <paramref name="changes" />.
    /// </returns>
    public string Format(IReadOnlyList<ChangeRecord> changes)
    {
        var builder = new StringBuilder();
        builder.AppendLine(HeaderTemplate ?? string.Empty);

        foreach (var change in changes)
        {
            string template;
            if (change.Operation == ChangeOperation.Add)
                template = OperationAddTemplate;
            else if (change.Operation == ChangeOperation.Remove)
                template = OperationRemoveTemplate;
            else
                template = OperationReplaceTemplate;

            var line = NameFormatter.Format(template, change);
            builder.AppendLine(line);
        }

        builder.AppendLine(FooterTemplate ?? string.Empty);
        return builder.ToString();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Since second grade, I wanted to travel the world. Back then, I wanted to be a teacher in China. Later, I wanted to be an Egyptologist. Sometime in middle school, I became enamored with Europe and wanted to see the likes of Barcelona, Rome, and Paris. At 14, I learned about the Peace Corps, and that became my ultimate goal.
For a long while, travel was my passion, my pursuit, my life dream. From my grounded, stateside, never-been-on-a-plane, never-seen-the-Alps, never-seen-the-Pyramids, never-seen-Canada perspective, travel was adventure, it was purpose, and it was fulfillment. Nothing else would really matter if I could stand on a savannah, dip my toes in another ocean, hike the Italian countryside, or watch the sun set on the other side of the globe.
For a good portion of my life, all that was just wistfulness, imagination, and yearning. But last year I began pursuing this dream I had harbored since being a kid. I honestly thought no one really understood my desire to ***see the world*** (which deserves all the italics, all the asterisks, and probably three exclamation points). Forever I had wanted to do these things, but I had made no tangible steps toward achievement. Fear, money, fear, and practicality held me back. But then I booked a ticket, and I went.
I haven't stopped going. I can now stay I've stood in a desert. I've partied in Berlin (the highlight probably being when I devoured a Bavarian pretzel at 2 AM). I've been to the southernmost point of America. I've seen a handful of the thousands of places there are to see. And it's been awesome. There's adrenaline, exhilaration, sleep deprivation, a sense of personal strength and victory, and especially a sense of euphoria when the sun, the caffeine, and emotions hit just right while you're standing in a cobblestoned town square.
But on my last two trips, I've begun to be nagged by a quiet, but discomforting thought: So what? Perhaps it's because I keep going and it feels flippant (it's not), and also maybe it's an extension of too many adrenaline rushes, and adrenaline eventually runs dry.
Back in January, wandering beneath the live oaks of New Orleans, I wondered this first: "What is the point of travel?" This question goes beyond experiencing other cultures, *finding yourself*, and just having fun. All these things are great. But I am someone who values my productivity and, yes, probably even judges myself and others based on it. And travel is not traditional productivity. Sure, you can check places off, but you can't say you made a profit, planned a fundraiser, or finished your dissertation when you're training between German towns (but I did check my email!). Which, again, is all dandy, but can you do it forever? Or is travel, ultimately, just a vacation? I feel like it is more, or should be more, and it is more to me—but I also felt empty on that Monday afternoon in New Orleans' Garden District (maybe also because it was Monday), and I felt a similar emptiness a couple of months later walking through the English Gardens of Munich. Here I was, living life (whatever that actually means), seeing this new place and infatuated, but so what?
I asked a similar question about life in general a few months ago. Perhaps all this is just my quarter-life (let it be a quarter and not a midlife!) existential crisis, but I really don't feel like I'm having a crisis. Rather, I feel like I've found my stride in life – between juggling grad school, friends, volunteering, no sleep, and travel ("drowning" may be more apt than juggling). Nevertheless, I wonder, once I make it to Switzerland (which is the top of my theoretical travel list), what then? Do I move there? But I'm not traveling to find a home?
I'm also not traveling to find myself. Because I know myself. I wrote about that a few months ago, which seemed to rub some of my friends along a cheese grater (that is to say, the wrong way), but personally, my globetrotting journey is not soul-searching one. That should not shortchange those who are soul-searching. I'm looking for something…different? More?
Finally, I realized, that's it! (Because this is an essay, and I have to pretend life's episodes have tidy endings – right?) I'm not looking for myself necessarily, but I am looking for something bigger than myself. And this didn't come to me while sitting on a rock looking at the Mermaid in Copenhagen or smoking weed in Amsterdam (I didn't actually do that, prospective job employers; I'm dead serious, everyone).
I had this epiphany following a journey to see Burg Eltz—this magical castle in Germany's Mosel Valley, a couple of hours south of Cologne. I had seen this castle for years (aka two) on my Instagram feed. When I discovered I was geographically so close to it, I had to go. I might write about the adventure to see Burg Eltz in greater detail later, but the summary is, I un-boarded a train at the emptiest station ever (they didn't even have machines to buy tickets) and then walked an hour up a mountain, by myself, passing only one other person until I arrived before this castle of my dreams as the sun slid behind the mountains. Thankfully, there were three German teenagers nearby taking photos, and I asked them to snap a photo of me (one of them was on crutches, so they weren't going to steal my phone). On my way back to the train station, back to civilization, away from my dream castle, I thought about how I was in the middle of the German wilderness, seeing castles and the countryside, on my fourth foreign undertaking in a year. I hadn't found myself; I had become myself. I was on an adventure.
And that's it: Travel isn't emptiness. It's adventure. And adventures don't have ends. They just keep going.
I Traveled Abroad...And It Didn't Change Me?


text:
Diana Drubig (* 27. Februar 1981 in Leipzig) ist ein deutsches Fotomodell sowie ehemalige Schönheitskönigin.

Am 12. Januar 1999 wurde die gelernte Rechtsanwaltsgehilfin als Miss Sachsen in Trier zur Miss Germany der damaligen Miss Germany Association (MGA) gewählt.

Im gleichen Jahr belegte sie bei der Wahl zur Miss Intercontinental am 22. April in Bochum den vierten Platz und kandidierte Anfang Dezember bei der Miss World.

Nach ihrer Wahl konnte sie für Moderationen und Werbeaufnahmen gebucht werden und setzte ihre Model-Tätigkeit zunächst fort. 2005 wurde sie als selbständige Fotodesignerin tätig.

Weblinks
 Webseite Diana Drubig

Einzelnachweise

Model
Miss Germany
Deutscher
Geboren 1981
Frau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Lux meridiani is a small beetle native to East Asia that ranges from three to five centimeters in length. The insect has an expansive habitat and feeds on the leaves of Fabaceae (legume) family of trees. Its adaptability to temperature and weather, as well as its wide feeding range, allows it to proliferate in large portions of the world.
One of L. meridiani's key characteristics is a glowing abdominal light, used as a signaling mechanism during mate selection. Casually referred to as Lux due to this light, the glow of a single Lux beetle is the equivalent of a 1 watt LED light. The active chemical compound that produces this glow is luciferase, the same chemical active in glowworms and fireflies.
Starting at the larval stage of the beetle's year-long life cycle, Lux emits a startlingly bright. Its relatively long lifespan allows it to reproduce in large populations, as it will lay eggs twice: during both the spring and the fall.
Brought to North American urban areas on wood pallets (presumably made from Fabaceae trees) via large cargo ships and then transported to major cities via an extensive freight truck network, Lux beetles have established a strong ecological niche in cities. Attracted to the heat of urban incandescent lighting, their population has gone unchecked by predators, aided by vociferous reproduction rates. As they do not directly damage trees or other property, their presence in cities tends to be perceived as more of a nuisance than cause for alarm. In 2018, there were an estimated eight billion Lux beetles in the New York Tri-State area alone (roughly half the number of ants in the region circa 2014).
Lux has been the catalyst for an immense amount of ecological disturbance. The effects of its "persistent radiance" has created a waterfall effect on urban growth, agriculture, and ecosystem balance.
Persistent radiance has disrupted the circadian rhythms and diurnal cycles of countless plants and animals, in turn affecting everything from crop pollination to work and sleep schedules. Human insomnia has increased drastically in urban environments. Enabled by adaptive sleep cycles, large portions of the population have used these extra waking hours for work, generating remarkable economic growth for cities. This in turn fostered further urban expansion, creating more hospitable habitats for Lux, and accelerating a relentless feedback loop of light, productivity, and urban development. Economist Paul Krugman has remarked that Lux is the best thing to happen to city economies since electrical lighting.
But as in most ecological disasters, there is usually a silver lining. As the desert took over large amounts of previously arable land, desert species such as the Ash-Throated Flycatcher, the Spiny Lizard, and the Desert Tortoise began making these new arid lands their home. They became natural predators of Lux, due to excellent light detection developed during years in the desert acclimating to true nighttime darkness.
Scientific classification is usually portrayed in a family tree of hierarchy, or a cladogram. Once Lux took over cities, scientists found they needed a different approach to understanding the beetle and its ecological niche. They performed network analysis of the entire Fabaceae family of trees and the tree species that Lux colonized. Over time, they noticed that Lux's virality was similar to the spread of information. When information spreads, it reshapes classification schemes and bridges previously unconnected groups. When information traverses an existing network, the underlying network itself changes. Similarly, Lux not only interacts with the Fabaceae network, but through ecological interaction, it also changes it.
Pre-Lux meridiani: Fabaceae family has distinct tribes, subtribes and groups. Multiple species remain clustered around one group and segregated from other groups.
Species that Lux touched would become morphologically similar to other, previously unrelated species in a more distant sub-tribe of Fabaceae. Lux was connecting and uniting formerly unconnected groups.
It was this function as a viral species between biological organism and information that led academics to deem Lux as "organic software". With its own algorithms and logics that not only redefine the environment humans live in but create emergent feedback loops and system reclassifications, L. meridiani has irrevocably shifted our broader ecology in radical ways.
Post-Lux meridiani: Fabaceae family now shows greater clustering. Subtribes are now far more related, indicating greater genetic homogeneity.
Xiaowei R. Wang is a designer working at the intersection of participatory geography and computational design.


text:
CSU Politics
Columbus Politics
Columbus Area
Nursing Students Unite!
The Saber
Parking Services Implements New Parking Policy
What it is and how it works
Damaris Chavira, Senior Copy Editor|March 13, 2019
Columbus State University's Parking Services is implementing a new license plate scanning system to monitor parking throughout campus. Initially effective on Jan. 1, 2019, the system is currently being updated and will now be enforced on July 1, 2019. Students will receive warnings for parking incorrectly as a reminder of this upcoming policy until it comes into effect.
The new license plate recognition (LPR) software is utilized by Parking Services employees to scan each license plate on vehicles parked on campus. Each scan has the potential to alert Parking Services employees to any vehicles on the Hotlist.
"The Hotlist," said Parking Services, "alerts Parking Service agents of vehicles marked by the University Police with active bans from campus, Amber Alert vehicles, and police APB's in regards to criminal activity." The police term "APB" stands for "all-points bulletin." It is an alert from one police station to all others in the area with instructions about arresting a suspect or suspects.
"The more efficiently our teams can move through lots, the safer our campus stays," said Parking Services. "Additionally, by moving to license plate scanning, we are able to eliminate the need for more wasteful plastic hang-tags."
These hang-tags, or Parking Permits, allow students who commute to park on campus. To acquire these permits, students must pay a $45 annual fee to Parking Services in Illges Hall. Their hours are Mon. through Fri. from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. The dates the permit is in effect are listed on the tag. Permits can now also be renewed online.
For the LPR software to work, the rear license plates must be visible. Therefore, currently, vehicles should not back into or pull through parking spaces on campus. However, Parking Services is working to develop a front license plate that the software will read as a normal license plate when mounted to a vehicle's front bumper.
The front license plate will be available at no cost to those who apply for parking since these plates will be mandatory if a driver chooses to pull through or back into a parking space. There will be a replacement fee of $20 if the front plate is damaged, lost, or stolen. This replacement fee will take the place of the $20 replacement hang tag fee.
"Since these plates will not be available until later in the Summer 2019 semester," informed Parking Services, " the new "No Pull Thru / No Back In" policy will be enforced with $10 citations beginning July 1, 2019."
Once the "No Pull Thru/ No Back In" policy is in place, any vehicle backed into a parking space without a front license plate that matches the rear plate will be considered incorrectly parked and is at risk of an additional ticket.
These and any other citations received can be easily paid or appealed online at https://parking.columbusstate.edu/.
CSU Policy
Rankin furniture replacements caused issues for students
CSU Food Pantry
Accommodations for the Seeing and Hearing Impaired
The Counseling Center at CSU Battles Mental Health Issues
Workout Modification Accommodations
Remembering Ryan Hutto
National Infantry and Soldier Center rededicates the Global War on Terrorism Memorial
Gov. Kemp urges South Georgia to brace for Hurricane Dorian
This five-story mural will greet returning students for the Fall Semester
The Possible Perils of Uptown Columbus' Pipeline Work
Elevator Accessibility on Main and RiverPark Campus
A Look At Our Disability Parking
How to Apply for an Emotional Support Animal
Accommodations for Mental Health Related Issues
Top 10 Houseplants (That Aren't Succulents)
The official website for the Columbus State University award-winning student-run publication


text:
using System;

using UIKit;
using CoreGraphics;
using Foundation;

namespace KinderChat.iOS
{
	[Register("TaskCell")]
	public class TaskCell : UICollectionViewCell, IThemeable
	{
		public static readonly NSString CellId = new NSString ("TaskCell");

		static readonly CGSize IconMaxArea =  new CGSize(124, 124);
		static readonly nfloat SelectionRadius = 52;

		UIView iconContainer;
		UIView selectionCircle;
		UIImageView taskIcon;
		UILabel taskNameLbl;

		public UIImage TaskIcon {
			get {
				return taskIcon.Image;
			}
			set {
				taskIcon.Image = value;
			}
		}

		public string TaskName {
			get {
				return taskNameLbl.Text;
			}
			set {
				taskNameLbl.Text = value;
			}
		}

		public override bool Selected {
			get {
				return base.Selected;
			}
			set {
				base.Selected = value;
				selectionCircle.Hidden = !value;
			}
		}

		public TaskCell (IntPtr handle)
			: base(handle)
		{
			Initialize ();
		}

		public TaskCell ()
		{
			Initialize ();
		}

		void Initialize()
		{
			iconContainer = new UIView {
				TranslatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false,
			};
			taskIcon = new UIImageView {
				TranslatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false,
				ContentMode = UIViewContentMode.ScaleAspectFit,
			};
			taskNameLbl = new UILabel {
				TranslatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false,
				TextAlignment = UITextAlignment.Center,
				Lines = 2,
			};

			iconContainer.AddSubview (taskIcon);
			ContentView.AddSubviews (iconContainer, taskNameLbl);

			iconContainer.Height (IconMaxArea.Height);
			taskIcon.CenterXY ();

			NSLayoutConstraint constraint = null;
			constraint = NSLayoutConstraint.Create (iconContainer, NSLayoutAttribute.Left, NSLayoutRelation.Equal, ContentView, NSLayoutAttribute.Left, 1, 10);
			ContentView.AddConstraint (constraint);
			constraint = NSLayoutConstraint.Create (iconContainer, NSLayoutAttribute.Right, NSLayoutRelation.Equal, ContentView, NSLayoutAttribute.Right, 1, -10);
			ContentView.AddConstraint (constraint);

			ContentView.AddConstraint (Layout.VerticalSpacing (iconContainer, taskNameLbl));
			taskNameLbl.CenterX ();
			ContentView.AddConstraints (Layout.PinLeftRightEdges(taskNameLbl, 10, 10));

			SetupSelectedView ();
		}

		public void SetCellSize (CGSize size)
		{
			taskNameLbl.PreferredMaxLayoutWidth = size.Width - 20;
		}

		public void ApplyCurrentTheme ()
		{
			taskNameLbl.Font = Theme.Current.TextTitleFont;
			taskNameLbl.TextColor = Theme.Current.TitleTextColor;
		}

		void SetupSelectedView ()
		{
			selectionCircle = new UIView {
				TranslatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false,
				BackgroundColor = Theme.Current.MainColor,
				Hidden = true,
			};
			iconContainer.AddSubview (selectionCircle);
			iconContainer.SendSubviewToBack (selectionCircle);

			selectionCircle.CenterXY ();
			selectionCircle.Height (2 * SelectionRadius);
			selectionCircle.Width (2 * SelectionRadius);
			selectionCircle.Layer.CornerRadius = SelectionRadius;
		}

		public void AnimateIconAppearance ()
		{
			iconContainer.Alpha = 0;
			UIView.Animate (1, () => {
				iconContainer.Alpha = 1;
			});
		}
	}
}


text:
Pennine Way Walking Guide
Pennine Way Walks
A classic route that follows the backbone of England. Crossing three National Parks the major challenge to walkers is often the weather as the wild upland moors are crossed. Despite the reputation of the moors and high land there are also some pleasant low level sections which offer some respite from the elements in bad weather.
This 268 mile (429 km) long National Trail starts in the Derbyshire village of Edale and then heads north following the Pennines to the village of Kirk Yetholm, which is located just over the border in Scotland. Most people take 16 days to complete the trail although many walkers are content with short circular walks that include part of the Trail.
The Pennines form the backbone of England and include a variety of terrain although upland moorland predominates. The Trail includes sections within three National Parks - the Peak District, Yorkshire Dales and Northumberland.
From Edale the path climbs onto Kinder Scout before continuing over the moors around Bleaklow to reach Stoodley Pike with its monument. Top Withins is the next major point of interest before reaching the limestone scenery of the southern Yorkshire Dales. Here Malham Cove and Pen-y-ghent are key points in the Trail's progress. Continuing via the market town of Hawes the path follows upper Wharefdale before reaching the wild moors of Tan Hill.
Continuing north the walker passes the waterfalls of High Force and Cauldron Snout. High Cup Nick, one of the most dramatic places in English landscape is soon followed by Cross Fell, which at 893 m. (2947 ft.) is the highest point on Trail. Following in the footsteps of the Romans the Trail shadows Hadrians Wall before entering Kielder Forest to reach the moors of Northumberland where The Cheviot is the last high ground before descending to Kirk Yetholm just over the border in Scotland.
Regional Walking Guides
A full list of "Where to Walk" Walking Guides can be found at List of Regional Walking Guides.
Guidebook to the Pennine Way National Trail with OS map booklet. The 265 mile route from Edale to Kirk Yetholm takes three weeks to walk and is suitable for fit and experienced long distance walkers. The route crosses the Peak District, Yorkshire Dales and North Pennines National Parks. Includes separate OS 1:25,000 map booklet of the route. - More information