text:
Josip Frank (Eszék, 1844. április 16. – Zágráb, 1911. december 17.) horvát jogász, politikus, a Tiszta Jogok Pártjának elnöke, 1887 és 1909 között országgyűlési képviselő.

Élete és pályafutása

Származása és családja
Frank 1844. április 16-án született Eszéken, Emanuel és Helena Frank horvát-zsidó családjában. Frank testvére, Jakov adta ki a "Die Drau" című német nyelvű újságot Eszéken, szerkesztette a mérsékelt ellenzéki zágrábi "Agramer Tagblatt"ot, de írt a magyarországi "Pester Lloyd"nak és a bécsi "Neue Freie Presse"-nek is. Ennek megfelelően Jakov Franknak voltak kapcsolatai az Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia dualista köreiben. Frank soha nem titkolta, hogy testvére Jakov magyarón, azaz unionista volt.

Franknak feleségétől, Olga Rojčevićtől öt fia született, akik közül kettő kiemelkedő pályát futott be a politikában. A legidősebb, Vladimir (1873-1916) volt az első, aki apja nyomdokaiba lépett. Az ő nyomdokaiba lépett Ivo (1877 – 1939), aki a család utolsó politikailag aktív tagja volt, egyedüliként élte át a modern horvát történelem fordulópontját, az Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia összeomlását, illetve a Szerb-Horvát-Szlovén Királyság létrehozását. Felesége, Olga halála után feleségül vette Teodora Martinit, akitől még két gyermeke született.

Ifjúkora
Frank Eszéken érettségizett, majd az 1862-es érettségi után Bécsben kezdett jogot tanulni, ahol 1868-ban jogi doktori címet szerzett. Tanulmányai befejezése után a híres osztrák politikus, Karl Lueger ügyvédi irodájában kezdett szakmai gyakorlatot. Ezután a budapesti bíróságon dolgozott, végül 1872-ben Zágrábban nyitotta meg saját ügyvédi irodáját.

Már akkor részt vett a horvát politikai életben. Nyilatkozataiban eleinte a horvát bán Rauch Levin mellé állt, és csatlakozott a Néppárt elleni támadásaikhoz, majd a magyaroknak tett engedmények és a szerbekkel való kapcsolata miatt a populista bánt, Ivan Mažuranićot támadta.

Politikai pályafutása
1877-ben ő volt a zágrábi "Agramer Presse" című újság elindítója, melyet a hatóságok betiltottak, mert ellenzéki álláspontot képviselt. 1878-ban megalapította a "Kroatische Post"ot. Nem sokkal később a hatóságok ezt az újságot is betiltották. A Kroatische Post utolsó fennmaradt száma 1879. április 17-én kelt. A két német nyelvű újság mellett, amelyek Zágrábban jelentek meg, a "Branik" című horvát nyelvű újságot is kiadta. Pénzügyi szakemberként már 1879-ben újságcikkeiben figyelmeztetett Horvátország Magyarországtól való pénzügyi és gazdasági függésére, amely az 1868-as horvát-magyar rendezésből és annak 1873-as revíziójából következett. 1880-ban kiadta erről a "Die Quote Kroatiens" című brosúrát, amelyben bebizonyította, hogy Horvátország túlságosan leterhelt. Fáradhatatlan közéleti politikai munkájával gyorsan elnyerte a választók tetszését, 1880-tól 1894-ig zágrábi városi képviselő volt, és mindig kiállt a horvát főváros előrehaladása és jobbítása mellett. Már 1884-ben képviselő lett a horvát parlamentben, először a Popovače, majd 1887-től a Vojni Križ kerületben. Szakértelmének köszönhetően az országgyűlés pénzügyi, majd költségvetési bizottságának is rendes tagja volt.

A Horvát Jogpártban
1877 és 1890 között Frank a politikai életben önállóan tevékenykedett anélkül, hogy csatlakozott volna egyetlen politikai párthoz. Prominens horvát hazafiként politikai tevékenysége során közel került a jobboldalhoz, és Fran Folnegović ösztönzésére végül 1890-ben parlamenti képviselőként csatlakozott a jobboldalhoz. Jóakarata már abban az évben előtérbe került, amikor saját forrásaival segítette a jobboldali "Hrvatska" lap, majd a "Starčevićev dom" részvénytársaság pénzügyi talpra állítását. Pártpolitikai tevékenységét 1891-től Hrvatska szerkesztőjeként folytatta, amelyben saját politikai nézeteit tette közzé.

Felismerve Horvátország akkori nehéz helyzetét, úgy vélte, hogy a politikai cselekvés elsődleges célja a horvát nyelvű országok egyesítése, valamint Horvátország gazdasági és pénzügyi függetlensége kell, hogy legyen, amelyet az agresszív magyar politika komolyan veszélyeztetett. Egyre közelebb került a párt vezetőjének, Ante Starčevićnek a politikai nézeteihez. Josip Frank volt a felelős a Jogok Pártjának első valódi politikai programjáért, amelyet 1894. június 6-án fogadtak el, és amely nagyrészt az ő politikai nézeteit tartalmazta. A program tartalmazta a horvátok egyesülésének és horvát államiság helyreállításának gondolatát.

A Tiszta jogok Pártjában
Amikor I. Ferenc József császár és király 1895-ös zágrábi látogatása során a zágrábi egyetemisták tiltakozás jeléül elégették a magyar zászlót, és Fran Folnegović párthíveivel elítélte ezt a tettet, Josip Frank, Anto Starčević-csal, Eugen Kumičić-csal és Milo Starčević-csal kilépett a Jogpárt parlamenti frakciójából. Ezt követte a Jogok Pártja végleges szétválása, és a Starčević és Frank vezette pártáramlat a "Hrvatsko pravo" című pártlappal megalapította a Tiszta Jogok Pártját.

Starčević 1896-os halála után Josip Frank, mivel már Starčević támogatását is élvezte, átvette a párt vezetését, majd megerősítette pozícióját és ezzel biztosította politikai jövőjét. Ettől kezdve, még a királyi udvarral folytatott közvetlen tárgyalásokon keresztül is folyamatosan küzdött Horvátország pénzügyi függetlenségéért. 1898-tól 1906-ig a Királyi Pénzügyi Bizottság tagja volt, majd 1898-ban keményen megvádolta Magyarországot a Horvátország és Magyarország közötti pénzügyi elszámolás méltánytalanságával. 1904-ben Frank ismét felvetette Horvátország pénzügyi függetlenségének igényét, és munkájának köszönhetően 1906-ban megszületett a Horvátország és Magyarország között általában véve a legkedvezőbb pénzügyi egyezség.

Ezzel egy időben a párt 1904-ben Starčević Jogok Pártjára változtatta a nevét, és Frank vezetésével folytatta fejlődését. Josip Frank 1905-től az új irányvonal, majd a horvát-szerb koalíció jugoszlávbarát politikájának heves ellenfele lett, 1906-tól pedig a királyi udvarban és a trónörökös, Ferenc Ferdinánd körüli körökben keresett szövetségeseket a koalíció elleni harcban.

Az 1906-os parlamenti választásokon a horvát-szerb koalíció erőssége ellenére a jobboldaliak 20 parlamenti helyet szereztek, és jelentős ellenzéki erővé váltak. 1908-ban Rauch Pál horvát bán támogatta a jobboldaliakat és Josip Frankot a koalíció meggyengítésére és legyőzésére irányuló erőfeszítéseikben, de ezek nem hoztak eredményt. Frank szerepet játszott a hírhedt 1909-es Friedjung-perben is, ahol bebizonyosodott, hogy az osztrák történész, Heinrich Friedjung megismételte a horvát-szerb koalíció vezetői elleni árulásról szóló rágalmazó állításokat. A perrel a bán és a bíróság meg akarta törni a koalíció erejét. A koalíció végül beleegyezett a királyi udvarral való együttműködésbe, és megtartotta a hatalmat, így beteljesületlen marad Josip Frank reménye, hogy a jobboldaliak átvehetik a hatalmat Horvátországban.

Ennek ellenére a királyi udvar támogatásával az osztrák fennhatóság alatti horvát államjog védelmében, a jugoszláv és a nagyszerb eszmék elleni megalkuvást nem tűrő politikája a párton belüli válsághoz vezetett. Ezért a Mile Starčević vezette ún. "milinovci" platform 1908-ban kilépett a pártból, és megalapította Starčević jogpártját. De még ez sem befolyásolta Josip Frankot saját politikai elképzeléseinek megvalósításában. 1908-ban Josip Frank artériás szklerózisban súlyosan megbetegedett. 1909-től már nem volt befolyása a pártpolitikára. 1911. december 17-én halt meg Zágrábban, ahol a mirogoji családi sírboltban temették el.

Frankovci
A "frankovci" kifejezés a horvát politikatörténetben a 19. század vége óta azokat a "pravaš"nak is nevezett horvát nacionalistákat jelenti, akik a Tiszta Jogok Pártja köré tömörültek, amelynek vezetője Josip Frank volt. Az 1890-es évek elejétől a kifejezést a Josip Frank által vezetett Jogpárt frakciójának megjelölésére használták. A kifejezés Josip Frank vezetéknevéből származik.

Művei

Könyvek, beszédek és cikkek:
Béla Lukács und die Quote Kroatiens, Agram, 1879.
Die Quote Kroatiens. Eine Studie über das finanzielle Verhältniss zwischen Kroatien und Ungarn anlässlich der bevorstehenden Verhandlungen der Regnicolar-Deputationen, Agram, 1879.
U obranu hrvatskih umjetnika. Odgovor na poslanicu Fr. Š. Kuhača »Anarkija u hrvatskoj književnosti i umjetnosti«, Zagreb, 1898.
Izdaja u stranci prava. (»Mrtvilo u Banovini«), Zagreb, 1899.
Govor dra. Josipa Franka, zastupnika naroda, držan u Hrvatskom saboru dne 3. veljače 1900. o gospodarskom i političkom stanju Hrvatske: (po stenografskom saborskom dnevniku), Prva hrvatska radnička tiskara, Zagreb, 1900.
Potreba financijalne samostalnosti: govor dra. Josipa Franka, zastupnika naroda, izrečen u saborskoj sjednici dne 21. veljače 1900. u specijalnoj razpravi o proračunu: (po stenografskih bilježkah), Prva hrvatska radnička tiskara, Zagreb, 1900.
Nuncij: posebni votum člana Hrvatskoga kraljevskoga odbora, narodnoga zastupnika dra. Josipa Franka, Prva hrvatska radnička tiskara, Zagreb, 1902.
Nuntiuma: különvélemenye, Zagreb, 1902.
Das Nuntium: Separat-Votum, Agram, 1902.
Govori nar. zastupnika dra Josipa Franka izrečeni u zimskom zasiedanju hrvatskoga Sabora godine 1902.: po stenografskom zapisniku, Prva hrvatska radnička tiskara, Zagreb, 1902.
Govori dr. Josipa Franka nar. zastupnika križkog kotara izrečeni za ljetnog saborskog zasjedanja god. 1903.: po stenografskom zapisniku, Prva hrvatska radnička tiskara, Zagreb, 1903.
Za nezavisnost Hrvatske, Tiskom Prve hrvatske radničke tiskare, Zagreb, 1904. (P. o.: Hrvatsko pravo ; god. 1903., br. 2397, 2398, 2400, 2402, 2403, 2406-2409, 2415, 2420, 2421.)
Govor dra Josipa Franka, zastupnika naroda o banovu programu i o stanovištu naše stranke prema tomu programu: izrečen u saborskoj sjednici dne 15. prosinca 1903.: (po stenografskih bilježkah), Prva hrvatska radnička tiskara, Zagreb, 1904.
Govor dra Josipa Franka zastupnika naroda izrečen u sjednici hrvatskoga sabora dne 8. veljače 1904. kod naslova "Sabor" u specijalnoj razpravi proračuna: (po stenografskom zapisniku), Prva hrvatska radnička tiskara, Zagreb, 1904.
Govor o produljenju financijalne nagodbe, Zagreb, 1904.
Govor o proračunu za god. 1904., Zagreb, 1904.
Govori zastupnika naroda dra Josipa Franka izrečeni u zimskom zasiedanju Hrvatskog sabora 1904., tiskom Prve hrvatske radničke tiskare, Zagreb, 1904.
Izjava dra Josipa Franka zastupnika naroda ob ustrojenju parlamentarnog suda časti učinjena u saborskoj sjednici dne 11. siečnja 1904.: (po stenografskom zapisniku) ; Predlog dra Josipa Franka zastupnika naroda o izboru parlamentarne komisije časti iznešen u saborskoj sjednici dne 13. siečnja 1904.:(po stenografskih zapisnicih), Prva hrvatska radnička tiskara, Zagreb, 1904.
Govori dra. Josipa Franka, zastupnika naroda izrečeni u zimskom zasjedanju Hrvatskog sabora 1903-1904.: (po stenografskih zapisnicih), Prva hrvatska radnička tiskara, Zagreb, 1904. (Sadrži: Govor dra. Josipa Franka zastupnika naroda o produljenju financijske nagode izrečen u sjednici hrvatskoga sabora dne 11. siečnja 1904. ; Govor dra. Josipa Franka zastupnika naroda proti prešnosti predloga dra. Pliverića izrečen u sjednici hrvatskoga sabora dne 12. siečnja 1904. ; Govor dra. Josipa Franka zastupnika naroda izrečen u sjednici hrvatskoga sabora dne 13. siečnja 1904 proti predlogu dra. Plivarića i drugovah o roku za financijalnu nagodu ; Govor dra. Josipa Franka zastupnika naroda izrečen u sjednici hrvatskoga sabora dne 21. siečnja 1904. za poboljšanje položaja pučkoga učiteljstva ; Govor dra. Josipa Franka zastupnika naroda za podupiranje dalmatinske sveučilišne mladeži u Zagrebu i Beču izrečen u sjednici hrvatskoga sabora dne 21. siečnja 1904. - Govor dra. Josipa Franka zastupnika naroda izrečen u sjednici hrvatskoga sabora dne 3. veljače 1904. o proračunu za godinu 1904. ; Govor dra. Josipa Franka zastupnika naroda izrečen u sjednici hrvatskoga sabora dne 8. veljače 1904. kod naslova "Sabor" u specijalnoj razpravi proračuna.)
Rad nar. zastupnika dra Josipa Franka u Kraljevinskom odboru: u zajedničkoj sjednici hrvatskog i ugarskog Kraljevinskog odbora, održanoj dne 20. lipnja 1904. u Budimpešti: izjave, predlozi, prosvjed, govori, Prva hrvatska radnička tiskara, Zagreb, 1904.
Govor dra Josipa Franka, zastupnika naroda, izrečen u sjednici hrvatskoga Sabora 3. veljače 1905. o dispozicionom fondu: (po stenografskom zapisniku), Prva hrvatska radnička tiskara, Zagreb, 1905.
Govor dra. Josipa Franka, zastupnika naroda, izrečen u sjednici Hrvatskoga sabora dne 30. siečnja 1905. o proračunu za god. 1905.: (po stenografskom zapisniku), Prva hrvatska radnička tiskara, Zagreb, 1905.
Govori dra Josipa Franka narodnoga zastupnika izrečeni u zimskom zasiedanju Hrvatskog sabora 1905., Prva hrvatska radnička tiskara, Zagreb, 1905.
Govori i interpelacije dr. Josipa Franka zastupnika naroda: izrečeni u zimskom zasjedanju Hrvatskoga sabora god. 1905-1906., Prva hrvatska radnička tiskara, Zagreb.
Govor dra. Josipa Franka zastupnika naroda izrečen u Hrvatskom saboru 9. veljače 1905. u razpravi ob obračunih: (po stenogr. zapisniku), Prva radnička tiskara, Zagreb, 1905. (Hrvatska zastava ; god. 2/1905, br. 8, prilog)
Govor dra. Josipa Franka zastupnika naroda izrečen dne 25. siečnja 1907. u sjednici hrvatskoga sabora u adresnoj razpravi: po stenografskih bilježkah, tiskom I. hrvatske radničke tiskare, Zagreb, 1907.
Pobjeda hrvatskoga naroda, Tiskom Prve hrvatske radničke tiskare, Zagreb, 1908.
Govori dra. Josipa Franka, zastupnika naroda, izrečeni u zimskom zasjedanju Hrvatskog sabora od studenoga 1906. do ožujka 1907.: (po stenografskim zapisnicima), Prva hrvatska radnička tiskara, Zagreb, 1908. (Sadržaj: Govor o radnom i političkom programu vlade ... 13. studenoga 1906. Govor o izbornoj reformi ... 19. studenoga 1906. Govor o neredih o obćini Gospić ... 23. studenoga 1906. Govor o austro-ugarskoj banci ... 23. studenoga 1906. Govor ... 25. siečnja 1907. ... u adresnoj razpravi. Govor ... 15. ožujka 1907. ... o tangenti. Govor u slavu Ante Starčevića ... prigodom svečanosti hrvatskoga radničtva na dvanaestoj obljetnici imendana A. Starčevića u Šestinama [!] dne 16. lipnja 1907.)

Jegyzetek

Fordítás

Horvátországi politikusok
1844-ben született személyek
1911-ben elhunyt személyek

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Smoking seems to increase brain damage in alcoholics
Alcoholics who smoke appear to lose more brain mass than alcoholics who don't smoke, according to a study at the San Francisco VA Medical Center.
It is already well-known that the brains of long-term alcoholics atrophy and shrink, the study authors say, but the new findings are the first evidence that cigarette smoking might contribute to that atrophy, particularly in grey matter of the parietal and temporal lobes.
Fifty to 90 percent of alcoholics also are smokers, according to Dieter Meyerhoff, PhD, a radiology researcher at SFVAMC and the principal investigator of the study
"Just looking at the amount of tissue mass lost due to either drinking or smoking, alcoholics who smoke show a greater loss in some regions of the brain compared to alcoholics who don't smoke," says Meyerhoff, who also is a professor of radiology at the University of California, San Francisco.
The study, which was published in the August 2005 issue of Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, compared 37 recovering alcoholics between the ages of 26 and 66 with a control group of 30 healthy light drinkers. The researchers used magnetic resonance imaging, a safe, non-invasive imaging technique, to measure brain volumes of the study participants.
They discovered that the more severe the tobacco habit, the greater the brain injury. "In smoking alcohol-dependent individuals, smaller regional [brain] volumes are related to greater cigarette-smoking severity," according to the study findings, with severity measured by level of nicotine dependence, cigarettes smoked per day, and years of smoking.
The alcoholics (24 smokers and 13 non-smokers) averaged around 400 drinks per month for three years prior to the study; the light drinkers (seven smokers and 23 non-smokers) averaged between four and 11 drinks per month before the study and had no history of alcohol abuse or dependence. The alcoholics were sober for approximately one week before the study began.
The study uncovered no apparent differences in brain volume between smoking and non-smoking light drinkers.
Another key finding was that among non-smoking alcoholics, there was a direct relationship between brain volume and cognitive function: the higher the volume, the better the function. However, no such relationship was apparent among smoking alcoholics, according to co-author Timothy Durazzo, PhD, an associate radiology researcher at SFVAMC. Nor has such a relationship been measured before in previous studies on alcohol abuse and brain volume, he says.
"And this makes us wonder if what has been reported in the literature of alcoholism could have been obscured or distorted by combining smokers and non-smokers in the same studies," Durazzo adds.
In their paper, the researchers speculate that smoking "disrupts these [brain] structure-function relationships," possibly through its detrimental effects on brain volume or on brain neurochemistry.
Meyerhoff and his co-authors emphasize that their results are retrospective -- that is, they discovered the apparent effects of smoking during statistical analysis of the participants in an earlier study they conducted on alcoholism and its effects on the brain. They then went back, re-classified each study participant as smoking or non-smoking, and analyzed brain volumes accordingly.
The authors say that if replicated in other studies, their results will raise several potentially important questions. The first is whether recovering alcoholics should also be treated for smoking -- and if so, at what point during their treatment. At present, alcohol treatment programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous do not discourage smoking or even address the issue, they say.
Beyond that, says Durazzo, there is the potential effect of smoking on cognitive dysfunction, which is common among older long-term alcoholics. "Right now, our study participants are relatively young, around 50," he notes. "But will the combination of smoking and drinking, or continued smoking during abstinence from alcohol, put them at greater risk for cognitive dysfunction as they age?" Finally, says Meyerhoff, there is the question of whether smoking has an effect on physical recovery from alcohol abuse. "In alcoholics who stop drinking, we know that there is recovery from at least some of these injuries to the brain -- but is this recovery affected by continued smoking?" Meyerhoff and his team are conducting a study to explore that question right now.
In the future, the researchers plan a prospective study that will use MRI to compare brain volumes between smoking and non-smoking light drinkers and smoking and non-smoking alcoholics, with the hope of replicating the results of their current retrospective study.
Other authors of the study include Stefan Gazdzinki, PhD, of UCSF and the Northern California Institute for Research and Education (NCIRE); Colin Studholme, PhD, of UCSF; Enmin Song, PhD, of NCIRE; and Peter Banys, MD, of SFVAMC and UCSF.
The research was supported by a grant from the U.S. Public Health Service that was administered by NCIRE.
UCSF is a leading university that consistently defines health care worldwide by conducting advanced biomedical research, educating graduate students in health care, and providing complex patient care.
Related Smoking Articles from Brightsurf:
Smoking rates falling in adults, but stroke survivors' smoking rates remain steady
While the rate of Americans who smoke tobacco has fallen steadily over the last two decades, the rate of stroke survivors who smoke has not changed significantly.
What is your risk from smoking? Your network knows!
A new study from researchers at Penn's Annenberg School for Communication found that most people, smokers and non-smokers alike, were nowhere near accurate in their answers to questions about smoking's health effects.
Want to quit smoking? Partner up
Kicking the habit works best in pairs. That's the main message of a study presented today at EuroPrevent 2019, a scientific congress of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
Smoking and mortality in Asia
In this analysis of data from 20 studies conducted in China, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and India with more than 1 million participants, deaths associated with smoking continued to increase among men in Asia grouped by the years in which they were born.
Predictors of successfully quitting smoking among smokers registered at the quit smoking clinic at a public hospital in northeastern Malaysia
In the current issue of Family Medicine and Community Health, Nur Izzati Mohammad et al. consider how cigarette smoking is one of the risk factors leading to noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular and respiratory system diseases and cancer.
Restaurant and bar smoking bans do reduce smoking, especially among the highly educated
Smoking risk drops significantly in college graduates when they live near areas that have completely banned smoking in bars and restaurants, according to a new study in the American Journal of Epidemiology.
How the UK smoking ban increased wellbeing
Married women with children reported the largest increase in well-being following the smoking bans in the UK in 2006 and 2007 but there was no comparable increase for married men with children.
Smoking study personalizes treatment
A simple blood test is allowing Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) researchers to determine which patients should be prescribed varenicline (Chantix) to stop smoking and which patients could do just as well, and avoid side effects, by using a nicotine patch.
A biophysical smoking gun
While much about Alzheimer's disease remains a mystery, scientists do know that part of the disease's progression involves a normal protein called tau, aggregating to form ropelike inclusions within brain cells that eventually strangle the neurons.
A case where smoking helped
A mutation in the hemoglobin of a young woman in Germany was found to cause her mild anemia.
Read More: Smoking News and Smoking Current Events

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
package com.facebook.buck.cxx;

import com.facebook.buck.core.build.execution.context.ExecutionContext;
import com.facebook.buck.cxx.toolchain.objectfile.DylibStubContentsScrubber;
import com.facebook.buck.io.file.FileScrubber;
import com.facebook.buck.io.filesystem.ProjectFilesystem;
import com.facebook.buck.step.Step;
import com.facebook.buck.step.StepExecutionResult;
import com.facebook.buck.step.StepExecutionResults;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.StandardOpenOption;

/**
 * Resets all addresses in a dylib stub, so that if the ABI of a dylib stays the same, the dylib
 * stub itself will be identical on disk.
 */
public class MachoDylibStubScrubContentsStep implements Step {
  private final ProjectFilesystem filesystem;
  private final Path dylibPath;

  public MachoDylibStubScrubContentsStep(ProjectFilesystem filesystem, Path dylibPath) {
    this.filesystem = filesystem;
    this.dylibPath = dylibPath;
  }

  @Override
  public StepExecutionResult execute(ExecutionContext context)
      throws IOException, InterruptedException {
    try (FileChannel dylibFile =
        FileChannel.open(
            filesystem.resolve(dylibPath), StandardOpenOption.READ, StandardOpenOption.WRITE)) {

      DylibStubContentsScrubber scrubber = new DylibStubContentsScrubber();
      scrubber.scrubFile(dylibFile);
    } catch (FileScrubber.ScrubException scrubException) {
      throw new IOException(scrubException.getMessage());
    }

    return StepExecutionResults.SUCCESS;
  }

  @Override
  public String getShortName() {
    return "apple_dylib_stub_scrub_contents";
  }

  @Override
  public String getDescription(ExecutionContext context) {
    return "Scrubs addresses from an Apple dylib stub";
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Celebrating 10 Years of Baha'i Blog!
Baha'i Blog, News March 30, 2021 Naysan Naraqi Leave a comment
Baha'i Blog is super excited to share that we are celebrating our 10 year anniversary since we launched in Naw-Ruz 2011! (Woohoo!!!)
Over the last 10 years, we've been passionately exploring how the Revelation of Baha'u'llah translates into different avenues of media by creating a plethora of Baha'i-inspired content, which we hoped will serve the Baha'i community, and also help raise the profile of the Baha'i Faith online. We hope you've enjoyed Baha'i Blog so far, and more importantly, we hope that our work has contributed to your journey and exploration of the wonderful teachings of the Baha'i Faith.
Here's a brief outline of what Baha'i Blog is all about and some examples of our projects over the last decade:
Baha'i Blog – More Than Just A Blog!
A "blog" is a website run by an individual or small group usually focused on a certain subject, and since Baha'i Blog first launched in 2011, we've been celebrating and exploring the Baha'i Teachings and Baha'i-inspired ideas, news, resources, artistic expressions and personal reflections through the use of various avenues of media – but not just as a website! We see Baha'i Blog as more of a "laboratory" of sorts, where through planning, action and reflection, we explore how the vast and dynamic Revelation of Baha'u'llah translates into various avenues of content creation. Whether it be through the articles we publish, the videos we make, the music we record, or the podcast we produce, we look at each of these avenues as projects in and of themselves.
With hundreds of posts being published each year, the core of the Baha'i Blog website is still written articles that share personal reflections, news, resources, and interviews on a wide variety of Baha'i-related initiatives and topics, contributed by a team of regular writers and guest contributors. The site has definitely evolved over the years with more sections and content to supplement our articles, such as video, audio, and image posts, and even quizzes, plus other Baha'i Blog platforms, such as our growing YouTube channel and Instagram page. We also continue to create new supplementary projects to honor special occasions, such our Personal Reflections initiative, and wherever possible, we also work behind-the-scenes to support many other "non-Baha'i Blog" initiatives from Baha'i Institutions, communities and friends worldwide. Our aim therefore, is to both support and to contribute to the ecosystem of Baha'i-inspired content found mainly in the online space.
Some of the Baha'i Blog team were able to meet at the Association for Baha'i Studies Conference (ABS) in Ottawa, Canada, 2019. It was the first time some of us met in person, and we really missed those who couldn't be there! (Pictured from left to right are: Naysan Naraqi, Jordan Raj, Neeka Najmi, Sonjel Vreeland, Laura Friedmann, Kyle Schmalenberg)
The Baha'i Blog team also makes it a priority to hold regular meetings to plan, act and reflect on the work we're doing, and to explore what the Baha'i Writings and other guidance from the Baha'i Institutions say about the creative and online space. We try our best to constantly evaluate otherwise-unspoken assumptions we might bring to our work, putting due consideration to our processes and practices, and to look at how they might reinforce or question those assumptions. In light of this, we also reflect on both traditional, and trending norms in the world of media, making a genuine effort to ensure that we don't fall victim to the traditions or trends that may contradict our understanding of what our values are as Baha'is, while also taking into consideration the way in which many users consume content. Learn more about some of our values here on our Editorial Values page.
Baha'i Blog Articles, and now Audio Articles Too!
When we started Baha'i Blog, our main focus was written articles, and although this still remains a huge part of our content, our focus has definitely broadened to more video and audio content. Our articles are written by a variety of authors, and cover a wide range of subject matter ranging from personal perspectives and reflections, to news and interviews and features of creators, books, music and other initiatives.
More recently, we've also started creating audio recordings of Baha'i Blog articles, and we hope to record many more of these in the future as well!
Baha'i Blog's YouTube Channel
About five years ago, we launched Baha'i Blog's Youtube channel with our very first video called A Brief Introduction to the Baha'i Faith. Since that time we've published over 750 videos on a wide variety of topics, and we average 300,000 monthly views from around the world. With new videos being added every two to three days, we have over 25,000 subscribers so far, so if you haven't already, please subscribe to Baha'i Blog's YouTube channel.
Over 300 Baha'i Blog Studio Sessions From Around the World, and Counting!
Our popular Studio Sessions music series continues releasing at least one new song per week, and we are so excited to have surpassed the huge milestone of publishing over 300 Studio Session so far!
Our Baha'i Blog Studio Sessions series is an initiative where we invite Baha'is and their friends in different parts of the world, to come into a studio on location, to film and record them singing a song based on the Baha'i Writings or letters from Shoghi Effendi or the Universal House of Justice. We then make these videos and audio recordings available on our YouTube Channel and SoundCloud page for everyone to listen to and be inspired! We also include the quotation used and the chords to the song so you can learn them as well!
So far, we've published songs from over 40 global locations in more than 30 different languages, and we're always blown away by all the wonderful talent and songs we've uncovered in communities worldwide! Here's what one of our listeners had to say about the Studio Sessions series:
To me this project is nothing less than an example for unity in diversity. It's really wonderful to see and hear so many different voices from around the globe, showing their individuality, their musical uniqueness and all inspired by the same source, the same spirit. Really amazing!
We couldn't have come this far without the help of so many wonderful souls who have not only taken part by singing in the Studio Sessions, but to all those who have helped in so many different ways, from picking people up from a train station, to helping to edit the videos. We'd really like to thank EVERYONE who has helped so far in making this wonderful contribution to the arts a reality!
You can find out more about Studio Sessions from this article, and in our Celebrating 300 Studio Sessions article, we share examples from all the different locations and languages featured so far.
Watch Baha'i Blog's Studio Sessions series here on our YouTube channel, or listen to Baha'i Blog's Studio Sessions series here on our Soundcloud playlist.
The Baha'i Blogcast with Rainn Wilson
In this wonderful series of podcasts, which we've aptly named "The Baha'i Blogcast", actor Rainn Wilson interviews members of the Baha'i Faith and other friends from all over the world about their hearts, and minds, and souls, their spiritual journeys, what they're interested in, and what makes them tick.
Each episode is approximately one hour, and we've released over 60 episodes so far with more to come! Thousands of listeners tune in from around the world and the feedback has been amazing, with so many people telling us that they love how authentic the conversations are and how they can't wait for the next episode to be released. Here's what one of our listeners had to say:
It's actually been really huge for me, very meaningful, very comforting at times, very confirming and inspiring to have access to these very real, very sincere conversations and for me it's served as a very real form of accompaniment!
Listen to the Baha'i Blogcast with Rainn Wilson using the following links:
* iTunes: The Baha'i Blogcast with Rainn Wilson
* Soundcloud: The Baha'i Blogcast with Rainn Wilson
* Spotify: The Baha'i Blogcast with Rainn Wilson
* YouTube [Audio Only]: The Baha'i Blogcast with Rainn Wilson
What's That Word?
'What's That Word?' is our fun and educational video series hosted by the hilarious Baha'i Blog team member, Jordan Raj! In each episode, Jordan playfully breaks down the meanings of words that are sometimes found in the Baha'i Writings, like "vivified"!
Watch all five episodes of What's That Word?
Also check out our WHAT IS RIDVAN? with Jordan Raj video made in a similar fashion as well!
Creative Ideas by Baha'i Blog
With all the activities going on in the Baha'i world, one of the things we really hope to achieve here at Baha'i Blog is to help serve as a resource for Baha'is and their friends, and so, because we had a lot of people asking us to help them with ideas for games or arts-and-crafts they could use for their children's classes, holy days, or other Baha'i-inspired activities, so we created a video series called "Creative Ideas" to help.
Check out all of our Creative Ideas videos here.
Celebrating the Bicentenaries of the Births of Baha'u'llah and the Bab
The Baha'i Blog team knew that we had to do something to contribute to the celebrations of these very special anniversaries, not only as individuals in our own communities, but also in the online space as well. Our highest priority was to help promote content coming from the Baha'i World Centre, like the Bicentenary website, the streaming of live feeds from the various Houses of Worship, and the wonderful new films called Light to the World and Dawn of the Light.
We also wanted to create some of our own content to honor these special occasions, but within certain parameters. After consulting as a team, we felt that if we produced reusable content such as templates for graphics and video, we might disempower communities from expressing themselves in their own unique way, and hamper the use and development of human resources and skills that might otherwise have an opportunity to develop at the grassroots. We therefore decided to limit our own content to the creation of a few things, like our Personal Reflections initiative (which I share more about later in this post), and certain articles that may help communities, such as '10 Places to Find Photos and Images for You and Your Community' and '10 Tips for Taking Photos at Community Events' and '7 Great Sites for Creating Invitation Cards for Your Community Events'.
Introducing Baha'i Blog TV (BBTV)!
We are super excited to have launched Baha'i Blog TV, or BBTV as we like to call it! BBTV allows you to access and watch hundreds of Baha'i-inspired videos on your iPhone and iPad handpicked by the Baha'i Blog team, so as well as Baha'i Blog content, you'll also find awesome content from a wide variety of sources, including videos from the Baha'i World Centre, BahaiTeachings.org, and many others! Whether you're looking for inspiring Baha'i talks or podcasts, beautiful Baha'i music, or Baha'i films to share with your friends, we've got it covered!
On your iPhone or iPad, go to Apple's app store and search for "Baha'i Blog TV", then click on the download button and you're good to go!
On your Android, go to the Google Play store and search for "Baha'i Blog TV", then click on the "Install" button and you're all set!
Or you can visit the BBTV website: tv.bahaiblog.net
Baha'i-Inspired Talks and Interviews
One of the things we strive to do here at Baha'i Blog is to help and support Baha'i institutions and organizations with their media-related initiatives and needs, including the recording and archiving of Baha'i-inspired talks. For instance we help the Grand Canyon Baha'i Conference and the Australian Gold Coast Baha'i community film and record some of their talks for archival purposes, and then we make a select number of them available for others to listen to on Baha'i Blog. We also take special care to ensure that all the talks we publish have the permission of both the speakers and the organizers involved, and we never publish something just because we've found it online. Furthermore, Baha'i Blog team members, with the help of volunteers, review the content and quality of every talk, often spending a lot of time on this process, before we publish anything.
We've recently started including interviews as well, like this interview with Baha'i singer/songwriter Grant Hindin Miller, and we'll be adding more throughout the year. We've published over 100 talks and interviews so far, and we hope you've found them as inspirational and informative as we have!
Watch Baha'i-inspired talks and interviews here on Baha'i Blog's YouTube Channel, or listen to them here on Baha'i Blog's Soundcloud page.
Audio Books and Readings
The Baha'i Blog team continues to provide audio readings of certain letters from the Universal House of Justice and the Baha'i International Community (BIC) whenever possible, and we've also started creating more and more audio versions of some of our articles too! For example here's an article called Some Native American Prophecies & the Baha'i Faith, read by its author, Roman Orona, and here's an example of the recent message from the Universal House of Justice on the Occasion of the Day of the Covenant.
You can find the playlist to all our audio recordings here on this YouTube playlist, or this Soundcloud playlist.
Baha'i Blog's Personal Reflections Project
We first launched our Personal Reflections project in honor of the 200th anniversary of the Birth of Baha'u'llah.
This initiative profiled 200 Baha'is and their friends from around the world, capturing a simple portrait photo paired with a quotation taken from an interview with the person on how the Baha'i Faith has touched their life. We published the portraits on our Personal Reflections website and on social media, focusing primarily on Instagram and Facebook.
After reflecting on how the project was received, we decided to share a further 200 portraits and reflections in 2019 in honor of the 200th anniversary of the Birth of the Bab — in total, the project features 400 portraits!
A lot of thought and consultation went into the development of this project, and as a result, we intentionally chose not to use the names and locations of the people photographed so that the focus remains on their faces and what they have said, rather than allowing any connotations to arise because of their names or the countries they represent. It can also be difficult to determine where a person is from and which country to label each photograph. Consider, for example, a person who grew up in Australia, was photographed in Canada, and who has a Filipino mother and an Iranian father. By omitting names and nations, countries or territories, we hope the emphasis is placed on the people depicted and how the Revelation of Baha'u'llah has touched their lives. By sharing these pictures and excerpts, we wanted to answer the call from the Universal House of Justice to communicate "a sense of what it means for humanity that these two Luminaries [the Bab and Baha'u'llah] rose successively above the horizon of the world."
We hope you find these portraits as eye opening and inspiring as we do, and be sure to follow Baha'i Blog's Personal Reflections initiative by using these links:
* Website: personalreflections.bahaiblog.net
* Facebook: facebook.com/personalreflectionsbahai
* Instagram: instagram.com/personalreflectionsbahai
* Twitter: twitter.com/reflectbahai
'The Art Of…' is a series of short films, each featuring a different artist and exploring their thoughts and ideas behind their craft. The series is produced by Half Light Media, the not-for-profit Baha'i Blog operates under, and so far we've published three of these films: 'The Art of Reza Mostmand', 'The Art of Kate Vestlie', and 'The Art of Lua Shayenne'.
You can watch 'The Art of…' series here on Baha'i Blog's YouTube channel: The Art Of…
Special Projects and Collaborations
Baha'i Blog literally receives hundreds of requests to help, support, or even just brainstorm with others about their ideas, projects, and initiatives. We're always torn because we wish we could work on almost everything that comes our way, but with limited time and resources, we have to be selective and careful we don't stretch ourselves too thin, especially with all that we're already doing on Baha'i Blog. The projects we have been involved with have proven to be wonderful learning opportunities and have enabled us to forge stronger relationships with others who are also striving to serve the Baha'i Faith. It should also be added that we feel quite strongly about the fact that a lot of what's important about the work we do on Baha'i Blog is about what happens behind-the-scenes – often the stuff that people don't necessarily see – rather than than the end product and what gets published. Having said that, here are some notable initiatives and projects we've either been behind or involved in over the last year or so, that people have seen:
An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith by Rainn Wilson Animation
When Rainn Wilson first called to chat about the idea of making an animated introduction to the Baha'i Faith, I was excited because of what was learned when Baha'i Blog made this short video about the Baha'i Faith, and because sadly, there's still not that much out there when it comes to introductory Baha'i materials online. Seeing as how 57 percent of the world are actively online these days, there's definitely a need for videos like this, so we joined forces with our friends at BahaiTeachings.org, SwissVBS to make the idea a reality.
A lot of thought and time went into the making of this animation, and we're super excited to have had over 1 Million views within the first few weeks of launching it!
Watch the animation here on the BahaiTeachings.org YouTube channel: An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith by Rainn Wilson
And check out the audio version which includes some of Rainn's commentary about the animation on this episode of the Baha'i Blogcast with Rainn Wilson.
Hope From Iran
In collaboration with PersianBMS and our dear friend, filmmaker, Flavio Azm Rassekh, we were able to support the production of Hope From Iran, a wonderful trilogy of short films each focusing on different people around the world, whose lives have been affected in some way by the Message of Baha'u'llah.
Watch all three films in English or Persian here: HOPE FROM IRAN
Baha'i Blog Presents 'Una Serata con NAIM (An Evening with NAIM)'
Baha'i Blog is excited to share this music initiative called "Una Serata con NAIM", which is Italian for "An Evening with NAIM". In this live concert filmed in his hometown of Genoa, Italy, Italian singer/songwriter NAIM takes us on a musical journey where he shares music from his album Libero, and interweaves principles of the Baha'i Faith and the inspiration behind the songs.
A couple of years ago Baha'i Blog wanted to experiment in creating a music video series called "Baha'i Blog Presents An Evening with…", where we would film and record live Baha'i-inspired concerts featuring various Baha'i musicians and bands. I had just interviewed NAIM about his album Libero (which you can read here), and he was organizing a concert based on the album. It was as if the stars aligned. He graciously accepted to be the first to help us try out the idea of filming "An Evening with…" and so "Una Serata con NAIM (An Evening with NAIM)" came to life!
We were also excited that the concert was in Italian, as we not only wanted to keep it authentic, but having lived in Italy briefly myself, I knew that we could use more Baha'i-inspired content in Italian online. Don't worry, we've included subtitles in both English and Italian as well!
"Una Serata con NAIM (An Evening with NAIM)" is available on both Baha'i Blog's YouTube channel and Soundcloud page, where we've also included edits of the individual songs without the commentary in case you just want to listen to the songs.
Ink of Light Baha'i Writers' Festival
The Ink of Light Baha'i Writers' Festival is an annual festival that explores and celebrates the work of Baha'i writers and creatives. Taking place in Brisbane, Australia, speakers and attendees all come together to share ideas, learn from one another, and celebrate various avenues of creative expression.
Seeing as Baha'i Blog is a "blog" after all, which means there's a lot of writing involved, and the fact that the festival is held in Australia, where most of the Baha'i Blog team is based, we thought this was something we should definitely help out with in order to help promote and encourage creativity and writing in the Baha'i community,
You can find some of the talks and interviews given at the 2019 Ink of Light festival here on this Ink of Light playlist, and find out more about the festival from this Baha'i Blog article, and InkofLight.org.
The Heroes Teaching Conference and Music
In April 2019, some 1,000 Baha'is and like-minded friends from all over Southern Queensland and Northern New South Wales, Australia, gathered together in the city of Brisbane to attend a historic conference aimed to help its participants find their place in service to Baha'u'llah and humanity. The conference was called 'The Heroes Teaching Conference', and Baha'i Blog had the honor of helping out with the filming and recording of the event. As well as presentations and workshops, also woven throughout the two-day program were beautiful songs performed by conference participants who were inspired by stories of heroism in the Baha'i Faith's history, and from the spirit generated at the event. Within a few weeks after the conference, these songs were recorded live in a music studio in Brisbane, and we are so excited to be able to share this wonderful collection of inspiring songs as well as some of the presentations.
Use the following links to watch the videos from the Heroes Teachings Conference:
* Highlights from the Heroes Teaching Conference 2019
* Talks from the Heroes Teaching Conference
* Music inspired by the Heroes Teaching Conference
Music from the European Baha'i Choral Festival 2019
The 2019 European Baha'i Choral Festival was held at the Baha'i House of Worship in Langenhain, Germany, and it was the second European Baha'i Choral Festival to date. Over a hundred participants came together to sing, share music with others and to strengthen the bonds of fellowship and harmony amongst Baha'is and their friends across Europe, and we had the opportunity to help them film and record the songs they performed at the event.
The songs performed at the festival were composed by a diverse range of Baha'i composers, and were conducted by a variety of musicians. The songs are in English, Albanian, Arabic, Finnish, Swedish, French, Spanish and German, and all are based on excerpts from the Baha'i Writings.
We've created a playlist of 11 songs performed as part of the festival here on Baha'i Blog's Soundcloud page and YouTube channel.
For more information about the European Baha'i Choral Festival, check out bahaichoralfestival.de, and you can also read Baha'i Blog's interview with festival director Ameli Dziemba here: The European Baha'i Choral Festival
Drawing Nigh to Baha'u'llah – A Series of 12 Talks Given by Adib Taherzadeh
Baha'i Blog is thrilled to be able to share this series of 12 talks collectively called "Drawing Nigh to Baha'u'llah" given at the Alaskan Baha'i Summer School in 1984 by Mr. Adib Taherzadeh, former member of the Universal House of Justice.
It took us a while, but we were able to get permission to publish this amazing series of talks, and we are extremely grateful to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Alaska (www.akbahai.org), and to Peaceful Pages for giving us permission to republish these talks.
You can read more about the life of Adib Taherzadeh in this One World newsletter article from the Baha'i International Community. Of his many legacies, Adib Taherzadeh's scholarship and strength as a writer also live on in his works, such as the four volumes of 'The Revelation of Baha'u'llah', which you can read more about in this Baha'i Blog article.
The complete playlist of these "Drawing Nigh to Baha'u'llah" talks can be found on Baha'i Blog's YouTube channel and Soundcloud page.
The Justice Conference
The Justice Conference is an annual Baha'i-inspired conference created for the exploration of international law, global governance, justice and ethics. It takes place in the Netherlands, and in 2019, the Baha'i Blog team started helping with the filming and publication of some of their presentations online.
Baha'i Blog has published some of these presentations, and there are more to follow. Here is the Justice Conference playlist on Baha'i Blog's YouTube channel, and on our Soundcloud page.
You can find out more about the Justice Conference here on justice-conference.com, and check out the Justice Conference Facebook page as well.
Gold Coast Baha'i Community Talks
Fortunately for me, I live in the beautiful city of the Gold Coast, Australia, where we not only have beautiful beaches, but a vibrant and active Baha'i community. From time-to-time, the Local Assembly of the Gold Coast hosts information evenings that seek to explore a Baha'i perspective on topics that relate to the life of society, and Baha'i Blog has been filming a number of these talks and publishing some of them as well.
These talks are given by a range of Baha'is in the community, and offer a wide variety of topics, and they can be found in the Baha'i Talks & Interviews Playlist on Baha'i Blog's YouTube channel. Included below are links to some of them as well:
* Purposeful Parenting – A Talk by Dr Melanie Lotfali
* Dreams: The Language of the Soul – A Talk by Dr Reza Samvat
* Medicine & Spirituality – A Talk by Dr. Arman Sabet
* Is Spirituality a Solution to the Economic Problems of Today? – A Talk by Dr Soheil Abedian
* The Life & Legacy of Bahiyyih Khanum – A Talk by Dr. Janet Khan
The Grand Canyon Baha'i Conference
The Grand Canyon Baha'i Conference is an annual conference held in Scottsdale, Arizona, USA, and it boasts over 2,500 attendees each year, making it the largest regularly held Baha'i conference in the world. The conference program caters for people of all ages, allowing individuals, families and groups the opportunity to come together and share personal and spiritual experiences, and to also learn more about the Baha'i Faith as it relates to the world we live in.
For the last few years, Baha'i Blog has been working with the conference in filming many of the talks and workshops, and we also designed and built their new website.
You can find some of the talks in the Baha'i Talks & Interviews playlist on the Baha'i Blog YouTube channel, and on this page of the conference website.
Andy Grammer's Happy Ayyam-i-Ha Song
Special mention needs to be made of this fun little song called "HAPPY AYYAM-I-HA" performed by Andy Grammer and written by Andy Grammer, Red Grammer, and Jamey Heath.
We were so happy when Andy Grammer sent the song to us and allowed us to publish it for everyone to enjoy during the special days of Ayyam-i-Ha! Special thanks to Andy Grammer, Red Grammer and Jamey Heath for this fun song, and for letting Baha'i Blog share it with everyone! Lyrics and chords are also included so you can all sing along!
Listen to the Happy Ayyam-i-Ha song here.
How You Can Get Involved and Help
We get a lot of people asking how they can help out, and we're so grateful to all the people who have helped in so many different ways over the years. If you like what we're doing and would like to contribute in some way, here are a few simple ways you can help:
1. Subscribe to Baha'i Blog
A simple little thing like this goes a long way! Like us on Facebook, follow us on Instagram, sign up to our email list and subscribe to our YouTube channel. Share the page or an article or video you like with your friends, and please help us spread the word by letting others know about all the things we're doing. Every little thing counts, and it can help make a difference.
2. Write for Us
We're always looking for potential writers and articles for Baha'i Blog, so if you're interested in trying your hand at writing an article, check out our Write For Us page and our Editorial Values page. Once you've done that, feel free to send over a few article ideas listing the potential title of the article plus a few lines about what they'll cover to: [email protected]
3. Make a Donation
Running a website with articles, videos, music and all of the things we're doing costs money, and as a not-for-profit initiative, Baha'i Blog is made possible thanks to the financial contributions of individuals. So if you like what you see and would like to help us continue doing what we're doing by making a donation, you can do so by donating here.
4. Stay in Touch
We really love hearing from people who use Baha'i Blog, and it would mean a lot to us to hear from you. Tell us how it's impacted you and/or your community, and we'd also love to hear any ideas or feedback you may have, so send us an email: [email protected]
From all of us here at Baha'i Blog, stay safe, and THANK YOU ALL SO MUCH for your continued support and encouragement over these last ten years!
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The Law of Sex
Texas Embraces FOSTA
By webattorney Leave a Comment
Over a year ago, Congress passed the Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act ("FOSTA") and the Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act ("SESTA") in a confused attempt at combatting sex trafficking, but instead endangered sex workers and censored private companies that were worried about newly-imposed civil and criminal liability. Now, states are getting in on the action by passing their own versions of the misguided law. These new laws will be used to come after platform operators for user-submitted content, to subject those platforms to the whims of state-level officials who are more often influenced by politics than the Department of Justice, and to put more pressure on those platforms to censor erotic media.
Texas Governor Greg Abbott recently signed a state version of FOSTAA hidden amongst four other bills related to reducing the backlog of thousands of untested rape kits in the state, criminalizing "stash houses" that facilitate human trafficking, and increasing resources available to sexual assault survivors. These bills will take effect on September 1, 2019.
"I'm here to sign legislation that keeps Texas a national leader in cracking down on human trafficking, making Texas a hostile place for human traffickers, and providing protection to the victims of this heinous crime," Gov. Abbott claimed. "It doesn't matter what your politics are. It just matters what your commitment is. We are proud to make Texas synonymous with the word justice."
Despite the Governor's pronouncements, the Texas FOSTA law will not be effective at reducing sex trafficking or protecting victims. Instead, it will have the opposite effect. Like FOSTA, which caused huge amounts of erotic content to be removed from the internet, the law will encourage continued censorship of protected online expression. In addition, it will eliminate the crucial digital evidence often provided to law enforcement by online advertising networks used by traffickers. More of these platforms will shut down or move overseas – outside the reach of U.S. investigators. But worse still, the law will create increased danger for sex workers who will no longer have access to digital screening and security protections such as "bad date" lists and safety tips. The human cost imposed by FOSTA was recently detailed in an article published in Fordham Law Review, which concludes that the law "confines commercial sex to its most dangerous model." This is particularly devastating for the estimated 79,000 young sex trafficking victims in Texas, many of whom are Latino or African American, according to estimates provided by the state's Attorney General's Office and a recent study by the University of Texas. Women of color are disproportionately arrested and prosecuted for sex work and forcing the activity back to the street will naturally increase the victimization.
Like the federal FOSTA/SESTA bills, the Texas version titled Senate Bill 20 creates criminal and civil liability by stripping online platforms and content providers of an over 20-year-old protection that effectively fostered innovation and guarded freedom of expression on the internet. Now, in addition to federal criminal and civil liability levied by FOSTA, online platforms and content providers will be exposed to potentially debilitating criminal and civil liability for prostitution and sex trafficking claims at the state level in Texas, unless they take onerous measures to find and remove users involved in this criminal activity. While such measures are hard to successfully implement for even the largest sites, startups and smaller platforms will have a particularly tough time complying with Senate Bill 20, as fledgling businesses do not have the financial resources necessary to employ costly artificial intelligence tools and/or a large team of moderators trained to hunt down anything vaguely resembling sex trafficking or prostitution on their platforms.
Importantly, Texas Senate Bill 20 targets not only illegal sex trafficking, but consensual sex work as well. Now, online platforms and content providers can be sued or prosecuted in state court in Texas, if their services were used by third parties to promote or facilitate prostitution. Consensual sex workers will be pushed away from the protections the internet provides and toward potentially violent and dangerous people on the streets. They face increased risk in customer interactions, now that their harm reduction tools have been removed from the internet in reaction to FOSTA. Such risks are now more prevalent. For example, there was a 170% spike in sex trafficking incidents reported in San Francisco as a result of FOSTA. Additionally, such risks are often more serious, and may include death. In fact, before FOSTA, Craigslist's erotic services section helped reduce the female homicide rate by 17%, according to a recent study. More FOSTA-like prohibitions at the state level will exacerbate the damage already done by the federal law.
Similar to FOSTA, Article 3 of Senate Bill 20 regulates the "Online Promotion of Prostitution" by making it a criminal offense to own, manage, or operate an interactive computer service or information content provider with the intent to promote or facilitate prostitution. Also, like FOSTA, the law broadly-defines these terms, but also adds new categories of targeted online intermediaries. An "interactive computer service" is any information service, system, or access software provider that provides or enables access to a computer server by multiple users, including a service or system that provides access to the Internet or a system operated or service offered by a library or educational institution. An "access software provider" is any provider of software or enabling tools that (1) filter, screen, allow, or disallow content, (2) select, analyze, or digest content, or (3) transmit, receive, display, forward, cache, search, subset, organize, reorganize, or translate content. An "information content provider" is any person or entity that is responsible for creating or developing information provided through the internet or any other interactive computer service. Essentially, just about any online service or content provider may be charged if its users promote or facilitate prostitution.
Article 3 of Senate Bill 20 creates new trafficking offenses such that a conviction may be obtained when a person knowingly:
Traffics another person with the intent that the trafficked person engage in forced labor or services;
Traffics another person and – through force, fraud, or coercion – causes the person to engage in prostitution, promotion of prostitution, or compelling prostitution;
Traffics a child with the intent that the trafficked child engage in forced labor or services;
Traffics a child and causes the child to engage in continuous sexual abuse, indecency, sexual assault, prostitution, promotion of prostitution, compelling prostitution, sexual performance, harmful employment, or possession or promotion of child pornography; or
Receives a benefit from participating in a venture that involves any of the above.
Article 3 of Senate Bill 20 also creates civil liability for damages arising from compelled prostitution when a defendant (1) compels prostitution of the victim, (2) knowingly or intentionally engages in promotion of prostitution, on or off line, that results in compelled prostitution of the victim, or (3) purchases an advertisement that the defendant knows or reasonably should know constitutes promotion of prostitution, and which results in compelled prostitution of the victim.
Other portions of the law will require the state to collect data on trafficking cases, implement a "media awareness campaign," and develop recommendations to decrease demand. Significantly, the law also requires an examination of the presumed connections between trafficking and sexually-oriented businesses.
States like Texas have been anxious to pass laws like this; holding online intermediaries responsible for illegal activities of their users. However, until the passage of FOSTA, they faced an insurmountable hurdle in the form of Section 230 to the Communications Decency Act. FOSTA removed that hurdle, and effectively invited states to adopt legislation like the Texas bill. Now, the states need not wait for the Department of Justice to pursue websites that are believed to promote or facilitate consensual sex work. The floodgates of liability have been opened in Texas, and there is no longer any gatekeeper. Any state prosecutor looking to leverage the sex trafficking panic can use a law like the one passed by Texas to target online platforms. This will predictably result in a chilling effect on speech and continued censorship of erotic media, as platforms react by exterminating any content that may be considered risky.
While Texas may be the first state to enact its own version of FOSTA, it is unlikely that it will be the last to do so. Publishers and consumers of adult-oriented media will pay a price as online access becomes more burdensome. The real price will be paid by sex workers who will face increased hostility and violence now that their harm reduction tools have been criminalized. Other states considering these "mini-FOSTA" laws are encouraged to look carefully at the devastation caused by the federal version before making the same mistake.
This post was co-authored by Lawrence G. Walters, Esq., and Bobby Desmond, Esq., of Walters Law Group. Nothing in this post is intended as legal advice.
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Famous Landscape Photographers
Landscape photography is a popular form of photography and is taken up as a profession by many. Photographers in love with nature are mesmerized by its diversity and immortalize it by clicking some amazing photographs and reveal a portion of the nature through their viewpoint.
This article is a compilation of the profiles of some of the most famous and world renowned photographers who have made it large in the field of landscape photography. Read on to know more about them.
Ansel Adams: Not only was he one of the best landscape photographers, he was also a great environmentalist. Well-known for his black and white photography, Adams' works mainly depict the life of western coast of America. Some of his notable works include the 'Yosemite National Park', 'Moon and Half Dome', and 'California'. He played an important role in the formation of the club called 'Group f/64'. The 'Zone System', a photographic technique was developed by Ansel Adams in association with Fred Archer.
David Muench: David Muench, from Santa Barbara, California, is a stalwart landscape photographer in his own sense. Josef Muench, his father too, was a landscape photographer and worked for the 'Arizona Highways' for a period of over 50 years. David Muench started working as a freelance photographer during the 50s. In the year 1975, he took part in the 'Lewis and Clark Expedition' organized by the 'Jefferson National Expansion Memorial'. He accomplished the mammoth task of photographing 33 large murals during this expedition.
Christopher Burkett: Burkett finds his way into this list for his larger-than-life photography. He has traveled throughout USA to capture some of the most amazing landscapes. The 'San Diego Union-Tribune', 'Bloomsbury Review', 'Washington Post', etc., have reviewed his artworks. Burkett won the 'Hasselblad Masters' award along with 12 other photographers in the year 2004.
Colin Prior: A British landscape photographer from Milngavie, Glasgow, Colin Prior developed interest for wildlife in his childhood itself, when he used to wander away into the forests near his house. At the age of 23, Colin Prior won the 'Best Newcomer' award in the 'Camera Beneath the Waves' competition for underwater photography. One among the top panoramic photographers of the world, Colin Prior is also one of the founding members of 'International League of Conservation Photographers'.
Thomas Bachand: Having worked for more than 10 years in the field of photography, Thomas Bachand is comfortable with digital photography as well as the traditional form of photography. He draws inspiration from the works of other famous photographers like Ansel Adams, Richard Misrach, and many others. Bachand is also known for his monograph, named 'Lake Tahoe: A Fragile Beauty'. For all his notable works in the field of photography, Thomas Bachand finds a top spot in the list of famous modern landscape photographers.
Timothy H. O'Sullivan: Timothy H. O'Sullivan was born as an American in the year 1840 in New York City and is appreciated for rendering the most surreal black and white landscape photographs. He started picking up lessons in photography while working for Mathew Brady at a studio in New York City. O'Sullivan captured many moments of the American Civil War. The 'Harvest of Death' (1863) is considered his best work of photography. This picture, from the Battle of Gettysburg, depicts dead soldiers.
The life, passion, and success of these famous photographers should act as a motivation and lead us to take up photography and try our hand at this amazing activity which makes us appreciate the beauty of nature and brings us closer to it in a way.
Famous Portrait Photographers
The art of portrait photography involves capturing faces and specifi
Most Famous and Well-known Women Photographers of All Time
Every image tells a story and every time we look at a photograph, we
Famous Photojournalists
They could break the stereotypical traditions of covering news, beca
Famous American Photographers
There are many people from America who have made it big in the field
Famous Wedding Photographers
Wedding photography aims at capturing photographs of the couple thro
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REV JESSE JACKSON
AP/PA Images
MLK Historical Marker Honors King's Final Flight At Memphis Airport
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The marker is the first of a series of commemorations leading up to the 50th anniversary of King's assassination.
John Gress/Reuters
The Moment A Kid Named Obama Realized A Black President 'Can Happen'
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Rev. Jesse Jackson faced doubts and death threats when he ran for the White House. He also inspired some notable young politicians.
Twitter/Jean-Marie Le Pen
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Jesse Jackson Had Dinner With France's Most Notorious Racist
By Willa Frej
The reverend claimed he knew nothing about Jean-Marie Le Pen before they met over the weekend.
Obama's Send-Off at Last White House Correspondents' Dinner Ends with the N-Word
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The last thing Obama's final roasting didn't need to end on is associating him with the n-word - even as an act of thanks and brotherly love.
The Resurgence of New Afrikan Identity
By Johnny L. Ricks, Contributor
Proud Product of Public Education and the Hard Knocks of Life
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The Rev. Jesse Jackson Remembers Rodney King And The L.A. Riots
I remember it rather vividly. I remember I was asked for a response, and my response was that Rodney King was the victim
A Crime Against the People of Flint
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Activist, Speaker, Author, Pastor
Last week, a colleague said, "The Flint water crisis is a crime against humanity." I was taken aback. This is a serious charge
What Does It Mean to Love Our Neighbor?
By Grace Ji-Sun Kim and Rev. Jesse Jackson, Contributors
The story of Isaac and Ishmael is difficult to read. The account follows two half-brothers born to the same father and different mothers. As the story played out, one was adored and one was banished. One was considered the heir of their common father; one was disinherited.
Jesse Jackson Joins Calls For Resignations After Laquan McDonald Shooting
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Jackson called for "bold comprehensive change" in the Chicago PD and in the criminal justice system.
Why Social Conditions Matter to the Pope
In his statements and actions, Pope Francis reveals a commitment to emulate the earthly ministry of Jesus. This is particularly clear in the Pope's focus not only on the condition of humanity's inner selves, but even more so on the conditions in which so much of humanity lives.
The Confederate Flag and the Fight to End Racism
In the wake of the devastating terrorist attack on June 17, 2015 at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina it has become apparent that this nation needs to deal with the pervasive issues of malicious racism and white privilege.
Rev. Willie Barrow: A Goddaughter Remembers
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Writer/Call-in Radio Talk Host/News Anchor
In what would be her last Christmas in 2014, I asked my godmother how she came to meet Dr. King and Rosa Parks. Her answer, "In the streets, marching."
On the "A" w/Souleo: Rev. Jesse Jackson Takes on Silicon Valley
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For anyone who thinks it is poor timing to host an economic summit focused largely on increasing diversity in Silicon Valley during a climate of protests against police brutality, here is a rebuttal: the two are connected, according to Rev. Jesse Jackson.
Advent Hope: The Joy of Meeting Kenneth Bae
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Freedom for Kenneth Bae! His Family's Enduring Faith
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Mascotism and the Redskins
"Mascotism," as we might name the use of terms, stereotypes, and images, touches on the very difficult issue of colonialism, domination and racism that is so deeply entrenched in American history and society.
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Living in Hope: Kenneth Bae and Matthew Miller
As we celebrate the release of Jeffrey Fowle, we remain deeply concerned for Matthew Miller and Kenneth Bae, the two other Americans still in prison in North Korea.
Ebola and Thomas Eric Duncan: Compassion for All
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Ebola Outbreak and Outcry: Saving Thomas Eric Duncan
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Rev. Jesse Jackson: Chicago Needs A 'Reconstruction Plan'
By Joseph Erbentraut
In response to the violent holiday weekend -- during which more than 60 people were wounded and 11 killed in shootings -- Chicago
Kenneth Bae: When One Hurts, All Hurt
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In this two-part article we will discuss leadframes for use in IC packaging. The leadframe creates an electrical connection between the perimeter of the die and the outside of the package. Typically, manufacturers use bondwires to connect the leadframe to the die bond pads. Keep watching to learn more about this technology.
The outline for this section is shown here. First we will discuss stamped leadframes. This is a cost-effective high volume approach but has high non-recurring engineering costs. Next we will discuss etched leadframes. This has a lower non-recurring engineering cost, but typically costs more in high volume production. We'll then discuss leadframe materials, followed by leadframe plating materials and techniques.
Let's begin with a brief overview. We use the leadframe to make electrical connections to the printed circuit board. The leadframe is one of two major techniques for making the connection to the circuit board; the other is the use of solder balls, a process known as bumping. The leadframe approach is the oldest and more mature of the processes. We can create leadframes through two processes: stamping or etching to create geometries we need. We can plate leadframes to improve bonding, corrosion resistance and solderability. We create leadframes from various metals, but the primary metal is copper. Manufacturers process most leadframes in long coils, approximately 900 feet or longer.
Engineers prefer stamped leadframes for high volume manufacturing. This is a low cost manufacturing option, but the tooling is more expensive. The tooling can run into the hundreds of thousands of dollars to buy the machinery and create the punch die. There is typically a long lead time as well. In high volume manufacturing though, the advantages of the low unit cost will still outweigh the up-front tooling costs and times. Older leadframe strips are typically around 30 millimeters in width, while newer leadframes are typically 250 by 70 millimeters. This facilitates higher volumes.
In order to create the shape of the leads in the leadframe, we require a set of stamping dice. These die are made from hard materials like silicon carbide, so that they can punch through many copper leadframes without degrading the dice. This image shows a set of stamping dice for a leadframe.
Figure 1, Stamping die set for a leadframe.
The stamping process occurs in a pipeline fashion. The machine feeds the leadframe in stages and a heavy plate, containing the stamp die set, stamps the portions sequentially. This machine is relatively expensive, so there is a higher non-recurring engineering cost, but once we purchase the machinery and the die stamp set, it produces a low cost leadframe, on the order of one cent per part or even less. The top image shows the machinery, while the bottom image shows the stamp sequence. The stamp sequence proceeds from left to right. In order to reduce stress on the copper and the machinery, one stamps a small section at a time, so the stamp may need to run more than 20 times to stamp the pattern to create the leadframe.
Figure 3, Leadframe showing progressive stamping. The machine would feed the strip from left to right.
The second major technique for creating a leadframe is the etch technique. Etching is a sort of chemical stamping or milling. The advantages include faster turn-around times, a low initial cost for tooling, more options for form factors, and lower stress leadframes. The non-recurring engineering costs are much lower, on the order of $5000, and the turn-around time is around 6 weeks. The images on the right show the impact of the stress on the copper from the stamping and etching. Notice the deformation in the copper with the stamped process that introduces stress into the copper. The disadvantages include higher costs for volume production on some leadframe formats, and the inability to create some patterns. Many companies might start their new products with an etched leadframe, and then when volumes ramp, go to a stamped leadframe. The Quad Flat No-Lead, or QFN, is typically done as an etched leadframe. One can etch the leadframe in such a way as to achieve a scalloped surface to facilitate mold locking. The scallops prevent the leads from falling out or being pulled out during later assembly steps.
Figure 4, Cross-section of a stamped leadframe (left) and an etched leadframe (right).
There are several common materials used for leadframes. One material used early on in the semiconductor industry was Invar or Alloy 42. Alloy 42 is a mixture of iron and nickel. Although Alloy 42 is not as conductive as copper, it does have the advantage in that it doesn't form a troublesome intermetallic with the tin plating. It also has a low coefficient of thermal expansion, which can help prevent stress problems at the die level. The more common leadframe materials today are copper and its alloys. While pure copper can be used, a copper alloy lead frame like copper-iron, copper-chromium, copper-nickel-silicon, or copper-tin, can have better hardness properties, which reduce bending and deformation during the assembly process and in more aggressive thermal cycling situations. The challenge is to increase hardness without increasing the resistance too much, since an element alloyed with copper will increase the resistance.
Next month we will discuss leadframe platings and their effect on the leadframe and packaging process.
This month's technical tidbit describes the Inter-Integrated Circuit Interface, or I2C interface. It is a two-wire interface that is gaining increased acceptance as an analog design for test technique to test complex analog circuits.
The I2C interface was developed by Philips Electronics in the early 1980s as a method to attach low speed peripherals to a personal computer. Although this interface has long since disappeared for personal computer devices in favor of the Universal Serial Bus, it still is used for testing purposes on integrated circuits. Although the original specification for I2C called for a 100kHz operating frequency, newer versions of the I2C standard run at frequencies as high as 5MHz.
This drawing shows a block diagram of the I2C interface. There are two pins that interface to the outside world: SDA, the data line; and SCL, the clock line. This extremely low pin count interface is popular for circuits with limited pins, as this interface can be implemented with just two pins. Basically, one microcontroller acts as a master device, and the rest of the devices then operate as slaves to the master. The I2C bus uses pull-up resistors to the power supply, so the combination of those resistors and the capacitance of the SDA and SCL lines limit the frequency of operation.
Figure 1, I2C Bus block diagram.
There are four operating modes for the I2C interface: master transmit, master receive, slave transmit, and slave receive. The most common data and address format is 7-bits, but some versions run with 10-bits. Data transfer is initiated with the Start bit when SDA is pulled low while SCL stays high. Then, SDA sets the transferred bit while SCL is low (blue) and the data is sampled (received) when SCL rises (green). When the transfer is complete, a Stop bit is sent by releasing the data line to allow it to be pulled up while SCL is constantly high. In order to avoid false marker detection, the level on SDA is changed on the falling edge and is captured on the rising edge of SCL. The address and data arrive with the most significant bit first.
Figure 2, Bus Protocol for I2C Interface.
An example of a chip that uses this interface is Linear Technology's LTC2309, an 8-channel, 12-bit Successive Approximation Register (SAR) Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC). The data input to the DAC uses the I2C interface.
Figure 3, Linear Technology's LTC2309 uses the I2C bus as an interface to the DAC.
Q: Why do some suppliers sell Copper Alloy lead frames rather than just pure copper lead frames?
A: A copper alloy lead frame (like Cu-Fe, Cu-Cr, Cu-Ni-Si, or Cu-Sn) can have better hardness properties which reduce bending and deformation during the assembly process and in more aggressive thermal cycling situations. The challenge is to increase hardness without increasing the resistance too much, since an element alloyed with copper will increase the resistance.