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Overview of Heat Illness
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Snakebites
More than 60,000 bites and stings are reported to poison centers in the US each year, about 45,000 of which are snakebites (of which 7,000 to 8,000 are venomous and cause about 5 deaths). Which of the following types of snakes accounts for the majority of these bites and almost all deaths?
Coral snake
Cottonmouth
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Some Differences Between Classic and Exertional Heatstroke
Heatstroke is hyperthermia accompanied by a systemic inflammatory response causing multiple organ dysfunction and often death. Symptoms include temperature > 40° C and altered mental status; sweating may be absent or present. Diagnosis is clinical. Treatment includes rapid external cooling, IV fluid resuscitation, and support as needed for organ dysfunction.
Heatstroke occurs when compensatory mechanisms for dissipating heat fail and core temperature increases substantially. Inflammatory cytokines are activated, and multiple organ dysfunction may develop. Endotoxin from gastrointestinal (GI) flora may also play a role. Organ dysfunction may occur in the central nervous system (CNS), skeletal muscle (rhabdomyolysis), liver, kidneys, lungs (acute respiratory distress syndrome), and heart. The coagulation cascade is activated, sometimes causing disseminated intravascular coagulation Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) involves abnormal, excessive generation of thrombin and fibrin in the circulating blood. During the process, increased platelet aggregation and coagulation... read more . Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia is a serum potassium concentration > 5.5 mEq/L (> 5.5 mmol/L), usually resulting from decreased renal potassium excretion or abnormal movement of potassium out of cells. There are... read more and hypoglycemia Hypoglycemia Hypoglycemia unrelated to exogenous insulin therapy is an uncommon clinical syndrome characterized by low plasma glucose level, symptomatic sympathetic nervous system stimulation, and central... read more may occur.
Heatstroke is sometimes divided into 2 variants, although the usefulness of this classification is controversial (see table Some Differences Between Classic and Exertional Heatstroke Some Differences Between Classic and Exertional Heatstroke Heatstroke is hyperthermia accompanied by a systemic inflammatory response causing multiple organ dysfunction and often death. Symptoms include temperature > 40° C and altered mental status... read more ):
Exertional
Classic heatstroke takes 2 to 3 days of exposure to develop. It occurs during summer heat waves, typically in older, sedentary people with no air-conditioning and often with limited access to fluids. It can occur rapidly in children left in a hot car, particularly with closed windows.
Exertional heatstroke occurs more abruptly and affects healthy active people (eg, athletes, military recruits, factory workers). It is the 2nd most common cause of death in young athletes. Intense exertion in a hot environment causes a sudden massive heat load that the body cannot modulate. Rhabdomyolysis is common; acute kidney injury and coagulopathy are somewhat more likely and severe. Heat exhaustion Heat Exhaustion Heat exhaustion is a non–life-threatening clinical syndrome of weakness, malaise, nausea, syncope, and other nonspecific symptoms caused by heat exposure. Thermoregulation and central nervous... read more can transition to heatstroke as heat illness progresses and is characterized by impairment of mental status and neurologic function.
Classic Heatstroke
Exertional Heatstroke
Patients usually affected
Older, sedentary people
Healthy active people (eg, athletes, military recruits, factory workers)
No air-conditioning during summer heat waves
Intense exertion, particularly without acclimatization
Usually hot and dry but sometimes moist with sweat
Often moist with sweat
Heatstroke may occur after using certain drugs (eg, cocaine, phencyclidine [PCP], amphetamines, monoamine oxidase inhibitors) that cause a hypermetabolic state. Usually, an overdose is required, but exertion and environmental conditions can be additive.
Malignant hyperthermia Malignant Hyperthermia Malignant hyperthermia is a life-threatening elevation in body temperature usually resulting from a hypermetabolic response to concurrent use of a depolarizing muscle relaxant and a potent,... read more can result from exposure to some anesthetics in genetically predisposed patients. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is characterized by altered mental status, muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, and autonomic hyperactivity that occur when certain neuroleptic drugs are used. Clinically... read more can develop in patients taking antipsychotics. These disorders are life threatening.
(See also Overview of Heat Illness Overview of Heat Illness Heat illness encompasses a number of disorders ranging in severity from muscle cramps and heat exhaustion to heatstroke (which is a life-threatening emergency). Heat illness, although preventable... read more .)
Symptoms and Signs of Heatstroke
Central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, ranging from confusion or bizarre behavior to delirium, seizures, and coma, is the hallmark of heatstroke. Ataxia may be an early manifestation. Tachycardia, even when the patient is supine, and tachypnea are common. Sweating may be present or absent. Temperature is > 40° C.
Diagnosis of Heatstroke
Clinical evaluation, including core temperature measurement
Laboratory testing for organ dysfunction
Diagnosis is usually clear from a history of exertion and environmental heat. Heatstroke is differentiated from heat exhaustion by presence of the following:
CNS dysfunction
Temperature > 40° C
When the diagnosis of heatstroke is not obvious, other disorders that can cause CNS dysfunction and hyperthermia should be considered. These disorders include the following:
Acute infection (eg, sepsis, malaria, meningitis, toxic shock syndrome)
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is characterized by altered mental status, muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, and autonomic hyperactivity that occur when certain neuroleptic drugs are used. Clinically... read more
Serotonin syndrome Serotonin Syndrome Serotonin syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition resulting from increased central nervous system serotonergic activity that is usually drug related. Symptoms may include mental... read more
Status epilepticus (interictal)
Laboratory testing includes complete blood count, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, calcium, creatine kinase (CK), and hepatic profile to evaluate organ function. A urethral catheter is placed to obtain urine, which is checked for occult blood by dipstick, and to monitor output. Tests to detect myoglobin are unnecessary. If a urine sample contains no red blood cells but has a positive reaction for blood and if serum CK is elevated, myoglobinuria is likely. A urine drug screen may be helpful. Continual monitoring of core temperature, usually by rectal, esophageal, or bladder probe, is desired.
Prognosis for Heatstroke
Mortality rate and morbidity are significant in heatstroke patients but vary markedly with age, underlying disorders, maximum temperature, and, most importantly, duration of hyperthermia and promptness of cooling. Without prompt and effective treatment, mortality approaches 80%. About 20% of survivors have residual brain damage, regardless of intervention. In some patients, renal insufficiency persists. Temperature may be labile for weeks.
Treatment of Heatstroke
Aggressive cooling
Aggressive supportive care
Classic and exertional heatstroke are treated similarly. The importance of rapid recognition and effective, aggressive cooling cannot be overemphasized.
Cooling techniques
The main cooling techniques are
Cold water immersion
Cold water immersion results in the lowest morbidity and mortality rates and is the treatment of choice when available. Large cooling tanks are often used at outdoor activities such as football practices and endurance races. In more remote areas, patients may be immersed in a cool pond or stream. Immersion can be used in an emergency department if suitable equipment is available and the patient is stable enough (eg, no need for endotracheal intubation, absence of seizures). The rate of heat loss during cooling may be decreased by vasoconstriction and shivering; shivering can be decreased by giving a benzodiazepine (eg, diazepam 5 mg or lorazepam 2 to 4 mg IV, with additional doses as needed) or chlorpromazine 25 to 50 mg IV.
Evaporative cooling can also be effective but works best if the environment is dry and the patient has adequate peripheral circulation (requiring adequate cardiac output). When humidity is high or profound shock is present, cold water immersion should be used. Evaporative cooling can be accomplished by splashing or spraying tepid water over the patient while fanning. Evaporative cooling is more effective when using warm rather than cold water. Warm water maximizes skin-to-air vapor pressure gradient and minimizes vasoconstriction and shivering. Some specially designed body cooling units suspend patients naked on a net over a drainage table while finely misted water at 15° C is sprayed over the entire body from above and below. Fans are used to circulate air warmed to 45 to 48° C around the body. With this technique, most patients who have heatstroke can be cooled in < 60 minutes. In addition, ice or chemical cold packs can be applied to the neck, axillae, and groin or to hairless skin surfaces (ie, palms of hands, soles of feet, cheeks) that contain densely packed subcutaneous vessels to augment cooling, but are not adequate as the sole cooling method.
Necessary resuscitation should proceed while cooling is done. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation (sometimes with paralysis) may be needed to prevent aspiration in obtunded patients, who commonly develop vomiting and seizures. Supplemental oxygen is given because heatstroke increases metabolic demand. The patient is admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU), and IV hydration with 0.9% saline solution is begun as in heat exhaustion (see Heat Exhaustion: Treatment Treatment Heat exhaustion is a non–life-threatening clinical syndrome of weakness, malaise, nausea, syncope, and other nonspecific symptoms caused by heat exposure. Thermoregulation and central nervous... read more ). Theoretically, giving 1 to 2 L of IV 0.9% saline cooled to 4° C, as used in protocols to induce hypothermia after cardiac arrest, may also help decrease core temperature. Fluid deficits range from minimal (eg, 1 to 2 L) to severe dehydration. IV fluids should be given as boluses, assessing responses and the need for additional boluses by monitoring blood pressure, urine output, and central venous pressures. Excessive amounts of IV fluids, particularly if patients develop heatstroke-induced acute kidney injury Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Acute kidney injury is a rapid decrease in renal function over days to weeks, causing an accumulation of nitrogenous products in the blood (azotemia) with or without reduction in amount of urine... read more , can cause acute pulmonary edema.
Organ dysfunction and rhabdomyolysis Treatment Rhabdomyolysis is a clinical syndrome involving the breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue. Symptoms and signs include muscle weakness, myalgias, and reddish-brown urine, although this triad is... read more are treated. An injectable benzodiazepine (eg, lorazepam, diazepam) may be used aggressively to prevent agitation and to treat seizures (which increase heat production).
Platelets and fresh frozen plasma may be required for severe disseminated intravascular coagulation Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) involves abnormal, excessive generation of thrombin and fibrin in the circulating blood. During the process, increased platelet aggregation and coagulation... read more . If myoglobinuria is present, giving enough fluids to maintain urine output of ≥ 0.5 mL/kg/hour and giving IV sodium bicarbonate to alkalinize the urine can help prevent or minimize nephrotoxicity. IV calcium salts may be necessary to treat hyperkalemic cardiotoxicity. Vasoconstrictors used to treat hypotension may reduce cutaneous blood flow and decrease heat loss. When vasoconstrictors are used in an ICU, a pulmonary artery catheter may be used to monitor filling pressures. Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) may increase heat production. Hemodialysis may be required. Antipyretics (eg, acetaminophen) are of no value and may contribute to liver or kidney damage. Dantrolene is used to treat anesthetic-induced malignant hyperthermia but has no proven benefit for other causes of severe hyperthermia. Activated protein C shows promising results in animal models, but is unproven in humans.
Heatstroke differs from heat exhaustion by the failure of mechanisms to dissipate body heat, the presence of CNS dysfunction, and temperature > 40° C.
If the diagnosis of heatstroke is not obvious in febrile, obtunded patients, consider a wide variety of other disorders, such as infection, intoxication, thyroid storm, stroke, seizures (interictal), neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and serotonin syndrome.
Rapid recognition and effective, aggressive cooling is extremely important.
Use cool water immersion if feasible.
Evaporative cooling can also be effective, but requires a dry environment and adequate peripheral circulation; use tepid (not cold) water, and fanning.
Monitor patients closely (including their fluid status), and provide aggressive supportive treatment.
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Heart of England School is a secondary school and sixth form with academy status located in Balsall Common in the West Midlands. The Headteacher, who started at the start of the Academic year 2014, is Miss Hughes-Williams. She previously worked as a member of the school's senior leadership team.

Campus
It has 3 main blocks (Main block, Hampton block and Leveson block). The P.E. block, a part of main block, consists of a Dance Studio, a Gym, a Sports Hall and lessons also take place in the hall, tennis courts and field. The playing field abuts the Primary School field. Recent renovations have included a "Cyber Cafe" and "restaurant", improving the eating area for pupils. In September 2010 an extension to the Hampton Building was added to provide much needed specialist accommodation for Maths, Languages, Food Technology and Drama.

External links
Heart of England School
Solihull Council - Secondary Schools

Academies in Solihull
Secondary schools in Solihull

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Lutcher Memorial Church Building
Built in 1912, the Lutcher Memorial Church Building is one of most beautiful and architecturally significant structures in southeast Texas. The Greek Revival building is the worship space for the First Presbyterian Church, which was founded in Orange in 1878. Its most striking features are the tall dome, which stands at a height of 104 feet, and the numerous stained glass windows on the exterior walls as well as in the dome. The church was built thanks to one woman: Frances Ann Lutcher, who provided the funds for its construction and then donated it to First Presbyterian. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
Lutcher Memorial Church was built in 1912.
Frances Ann Robinson Lutcher was born in 1841 and married her husband, Henry J. Lutcher in 1858 in Williamsport Pennsylvania. Henry owned and operated sawmills in the booming Williamsport lumber industry. The couple had two daughters, Miriam (b. 1859) and Carrie (b. 1861). In 1877, Mr. Lutcher decided to move both his business and his family to Orange Texas, to take advantage of the lumbering opportunities the Gulf Coast provided. It was a fortuitous decision.
The family quickly adapted to Orange. The Lutchers were among the founding members of the First Presbyterian Church of Orange. Their daughters married into local families, Miriam to W.H. Stark and Carrie to E.W. Brown. Mr. Lutcher amassed an enormous amount of timberland, turning his company, the Lutcher & Moore Lumber Company, into a major industrial concern. Frances Ann, a fiery and independent woman, was active in both the community and assisting her husband. By his own admission she, "steered him clear of many a dangerous snag."
Frances Ann had many passions, including art, travel, and gardening. On a trip to the Chicago World's Fair in 1893, she purchased three award winning J.R. Lamb Studio stained glass windows which would be incorporated into the Lutcher Memorial Church. During the 1910s she was know for taking cross-country trips in her Pierce-Arrow automobile, well before the advent of highways. She also grew numerous varieties of plants, especially orchids, which she gave to troops passing through Orange on their way to the European battlefields of World War 1.
Beginning around 1900, Mr. Lutcher's health broke, and he began a long decline until he passed away in 1912. Frances Ann began constructing a new sanctuary for the First Presbyterian Church in 1908, eventually dedicating it to the memory of her husband. No expense was spared, as additional Lamb Studio windows were commissioned and one of the first air conditioning systems was included. The system drew so much power that a separate power plant building was included and a salary for an engineer to maintain the system. The building was formally dedicated on January 28th, 1912.
Frances Ann Lutcher continued her charitable works in Orange, building an opera house and hospital for the community as well. She also established and funded an endowment for the upkeep of the church building (which was also later added to by her grandsons Henry Lutcher Brown and E.W. Brown Jr.). Mrs. Lutcher passed away in 1924 while on a trip to New York City.
Interestingly, church records also claim that the first private radio station in the state was established in the building to broadcast services.
Anderson, Lisa. "Lutcher Memorial Church." National Park Service - National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form. September 9, 1982. https://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/NR/pdfs/82004517/82004517.pdf.
Rienstra, Ellen. Stiles, JoAnn. The Long Shadow: The Lutcher-Stark Lumber Dynasty. Austin, Texas. University of Texas Press, 2016.
Photo: Larry D. Moore, via Wikimedia Commons.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutcher_Memorial_Church_Building#/media/File:Lutcher_memorial_church_t...
http://firstpresorange.com/
902 W. Green Ave.
Architecture and Historical Buildings
Created by Ben M on August 14th 2017, 11:46:42 pm.
Last updated by Drew Whatley on January 31st 2018, 6:16:25 pm.
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In college we had to share a phone line. Whoever was stuck with the bill in their name just hated it. Tracking down who made what long distance phone call. It drove them crazy. Nobody in college buys a regular phone line anymore. It's all cell phones. Period. Everyone has a mobile phone. It's unthinkable to buy a common line.
It's going to be the same with cable TV. It has to. If I were going to college today I'd want a high speed internet connection and that's it.
There are so many streams of entertainment. YouTube, Netflix, Hulu, Amazon Prime, and more.
My kids watch Studio C on YouTube all the time. They don't know it originates as programming for BYU-TV. They've never even heard of that "channel". Frankly, they really don't even know what a "channel" is anymore. It's all about URLs and streams.
Year over year subscription rates are dropping for cable and satellite. It's freaking them out. Today I read my first article about "cord-nevers". Oh boy do they have it right. The whole industry is in for a shock.
While we watch carefully for the number of cord-cutters, nobody's tracking people like Sukhpreet Sangha, who has never signed up for conventional TV. "It just seemed to be not worth the cost when I could get enough of what I wanted in other ways," she says.
The 27-year-old is part of a generation that feels comfortable streaming all shows using services like Netflix. "I'm not sure I would call [traditional TV] passé, but I would call it unnecessary," she says.
Cord-nevers certainly play a part in the declining subscriber numbers. But it's impossible to know exactly how many Sanghas are out there and the potential effect they could have over the long term.
At the end of the article they write about their last hope, cheaper pricing. They still don't get it. Scheduled TV is gone. Sports will shore up the whole system a while longer, until the NBA, NFL and MLB are able to flip everyone over to to their own system.
In the meantime we can stream the revolution.
Read the rest of Cord-nevers could be bigger threat to TV than cord-cutters on the CBCNEWS website.


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Glory to Ukraine – Call To Action!
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"one liner: conversations on creating a new global pop culture with Stephan Said"
Episode: "Unstoppable"
Stephan performs a live concert with his band, The Clarion, Mark Plati, Doug Yowell, and Matt Katz-Bohen, and talks about the making of his new album Unstoppable (out June 2021), about the power of music in creating a global movement.


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Notes from the Field: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae Producing OXA-48-like Carbapenemases — United States, 2010–2015
Please note: An erratum has been published for this article. To view the erratum, please click here.
Meghan Lyman, MD1,2; Maroya Walters, PhD2; David Lonsway, MMSc2; Kamile Rasheed, PhD2; Brandi Limbago, PhD2; Alexander Kallen, MD2
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are bacteria that are often resistant to most classes of antibiotics and cause health care–associated infections with high mortality rates (1). Among CRE, strains that carry plasmid-encoded carbapenemase enzymes that inactivate carbapenem antibiotics are of greatest public health concern because of their potential for rapid global dissemination, as evidenced by the increasing distribution of CRE that produce the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase and the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase. Newly described resistance in Enterobacteriaceae, such as plasmid-mediated resistance to the last-line antimicrobial colistin, recently detected in China, and resistance to the newly approved antimicrobial, ceftazidime-avibactam, identified from a U.S. K. pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing isolate, highlight the continued urgency to delay spread of CRE (2,3). Monitoring the emergence of carbapenemases is crucial to limiting their spread; identification of patients carrying carbapenemase-producing CRE should result in the institution of transmission-based precautions and enhanced environmental cleaning to prevent transmission.* The OXA-48 carbapenemase was first identified in Enterobacteriaceae in Turkey in 2001 (2), and OXA-48-like variants have subsequently been reported around the world. The first U.S. reports of OXA-48-like carbapenemases were published in 2013 and included retrospectively identified isolates from 2009 (3) and two isolates collected in 2012 from patients in Virginia who had recently been hospitalized outside the United States (4). Although there are limited additional published reports from the United States (5), CDC continues to receive reprots of these organisms. This report describes patients identified as carrying CRE producing OXA-48-like carbapenemases in the United States during June 2010–August 2015.
CDC received reports of 52 CRE isolates producing OXA-48-like carbapenemases collected from 43 patients in 19 states during June 2010–August 2015 (Figure); seven of these isolates were identified retrospectively from six patients. Eight isolates from four patients were part of two different clusters in the United States during 2014. The number of patients from whom CRE isolates producing OXA-48-like carbapenemases were identified ranged from one in 2010 to 11 per year in 2013, 2014, and 2015. Thirty-five patients (81%) had OXA-48-like carbapenemase identified from K. pneumoniae isolates, seven (16%) from Escherichia coli isolates, one (2%) from an Enterobacter aerogenes isolate, and one (2%) from a Klebsiella ozaenae isolate; two of which were isolates of different species from a single patient. Isolates with both New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase and OXA-48-like carbapenemase genes were obtained from five patients (12%). The most common sources were urine (22 patients [51%]) and respiratory specimens (nine patients [21%]).
The median age among 35 (81%) patients for whom age was reported was 70 years (range = 29–91 years). Among 29 patients for whom a travel history was available, 19 (66%) had traveled internationally during the year before specimen collection, and 16 (55%) were hospitalized outside the United States for ≥1 night; these percentages increased to 76% and 64%, respectively, when cases associated with the two domestic clusters were excluded. India was the most frequently reported destination among patients with international travel (11 of 19 patients) and international hospitalization (nine of 16).
CRE producing OXA-48-like carbapenemases have demonstrated the ability to spread in other countries (6) and cause outbreaks in health care settings. Factors potentially contributing to the spread of these organisms include the high transfer efficiency of the plasmid containing OXA-48-like genes (6) and challenges in identifying these organisms. These challenges in identification occur because of the limited testing for CRE resistance mechanisms in U.S. clinical laboratories and the different susceptibility profiles of these organisms compared with other carbapenemase-producing CRE, making them difficult to differentiate from CRE that do not produce carbapenemases (organisms producing OXA-48-like carbapenemases might be susceptible to third generation cephalosporins). The modification of the CDC CRE surveillance definition in January 2015 to include organisms that are resistant to ertapenem or that possess a carbapenemase gene should improve sensitivity for detecting OXA-48-producing CRE (7).
Although clusters of CRE expressing OXA-48-like carbapenemases suggest transmission has occurred in the United States, the majority of identified patients were reported to have had exposure to health care outside the United States. This is consistent with recommendations in the CDC Health Advisory from February 2013 (8), which sought to prevent transmission of isolates producing non-K. pneumoniae carbapenemases by improving their detection in patients recently hospitalized outside the United States. Recommendations include determining the mechanism of resistance for any CRE isolated from such patients and considering CRE screening of these patients on admission.
1Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC; 2Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC.
Corresponding author: Meghan M. Lyman, mmlyman@cdc.gov, 404-639-4241.
Gupta N, Limbago BM, Patel JB, Kallen AJ. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: epidemiology and prevention. Clin Infect Dis 2011;53:60–7.
Liu Y, Wang Y, Walsh TR, et al. Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study. Lancet. Epub Nov 18, 2015.
Humphries RM, Yang S, Hemarajata P, et al. First report of ceftazidime-avibactam resistance in a KPC-3-expressing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015;59:6605–7.
Poirel L, Potron A, Nordmann P. OXA-48-like carbapenemases: the phantom menace. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012;67:1597–606.
Lascols C, Peirano G, Hackel M, Laupland KB, Pitout JD. Surveillance and molecular epidemiology of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates that produce carbapenemases: first report of OXA-48-like enzymes in North America. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013;57:130–6.
Mathers AJ, Hazen KC, Carroll J, et al. First clinical cases of OXA-48-producing carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in the United States: the "menace" arrives in the new world. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51:680–3.
Doi Y, O'Hara JA, Lando JF, et al. Co-production of NDM-1 and OXA-232 by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20:163–5.
Nordmann P, Poirel L. The difficult-to-control spread of carbapenemase producers among Enterobacteriaceae worldwide. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20:821–30.
CDC. FAQs about choosing and implementing a CRE definition. CDC Healthcare-associated infections. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/cre/definition.html.
CDC Health Alert Network. New carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae warrant additional action by healthcare providers. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2013. Available at http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00341.asp.
*	2012 CRE Toolkit – Guidance for Control of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/cre/cre-toolkit/index.html.
FIGURE. Number of reported patients with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae producing OXA-48-like carbapenemases (N = 43) — United States, June 2010–August 2015
Alternate Text: The figure above is a map of the United States showing the number of reported patients with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae producing OXA-48-like carbapenemases (N = 43) in the United States during June 2010-August 2015.
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My Saturday Availability is 7pm to 3am so get in touch.
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Q: Magnific Popup and Isotope I'm using an existing code, written not by me and I have a very limited experience in Java. The code creates a filtered gallery with 15 pics per page using isotope.pkgd.min. Each pic can be opened in a popup, magnific popup.
The problem: I have a filter item e.g. nature with 30-40 pics. The code creates two pages with 15 items per page. However also the popup shows only 15 items and not 30-40. What do I need to do, in order to show 30-40 items in popup but keep 15 items per page in the gallery? Many thanks in advance for your help
$(document).ready(function () {

/*************** Gallery ******************/

var itemSelector = ".tm-gallery-item";
var responsiveIsotope = [ [480, 4], [720, 6] ];
var itemsPerPageDefault = 15;
var itemsPerPage = defineItemsPerPage();
var currentNumberPages = 1;
var currentPage = 1;
var currentFilter = '*';
var filterValue = "";
var pageAttribute = 'data-page';
var pagerClass = 'isotope-pager';
var $container = $('.tm-gallery-container').isotope({
    itemSelector: itemSelector
});

function adjustGalleryLayout(currentPopup) {
    if(currentPopup == 'gallery') {
        // layout Isotope after each image loads
        $container.imagesLoaded().progress( function() {
            $container.isotope('layout');
        });
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/************** Popup *****************/

$('#inline-popups').magnificPopup({
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        },
        open: function() {
            adjustGalleryLayout($.magnificPopup.instance.content.attr('id'));
        }
    },
    midClick: true, // allow opening popup on middle mouse click. Always set it to true if you don't provide alternative source.
    showCloseBtn: false
});

$('.tm-close-popup').on( "click", function() {
    $.magnificPopup.close();
});

var popupInstance = $.magnificPopup.instance;

$('.tm-btn-next').on("click", function(e) {
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    adjustGalleryLayout(popupInstance.content.attr('id'));
});

$('.tm-btn-contact').on("click", function(e) {
    popupInstance.goTo(4);
})

// update items based on current filters
function changeFilter(selector) { $container.isotope({ filter: selector });
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        delegate: 'a',
        type:'image',
        gallery:{
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        }
    })
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// grab all checked filters and goto page on fresh isotope output
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    changeFilter(filterValue);
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// determine page breaks based on window width and preset values
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            // find each child element with current filter values
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                // increment page if a new one is needed
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goToPage(1);

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    setPagination();
    goToPage(1);
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})

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});

});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
package org.apereo.cas.oidc.jwks.generator;

import org.apereo.cas.configuration.model.support.oidc.OidcProperties;
import org.apereo.cas.configuration.support.CasConfigurationJasyptCipherExecutor;
import org.apereo.cas.oidc.AbstractOidcTests;
import org.apereo.cas.util.RandomUtils;

import lombok.val;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
import org.jose4j.jwk.JsonWebKeySet;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Nested;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Tag;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.DisposableBean;
import org.springframework.core.io.FileSystemResource;
import org.springframework.test.context.TestPropertySource;

import java.io.File;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.util.Date;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;

/**
 * This is {@link OidcDefaultJsonWebKeystoreGeneratorServiceTests}.
 *
 * @author Misagh Moayyed
 * @since 5.3.0
 */
@Tag("OIDC")
@SuppressWarnings("JavaUtilDate")
public class OidcDefaultJsonWebKeystoreGeneratorServiceTests {
    static {
        System.setProperty(CasConfigurationJasyptCipherExecutor.JasyptEncryptionParameters.PASSWORD.getPropertyName(), "P@$$w0rd");
    }

    @TestPropertySource(properties = "cas.authn.oidc.jwks.file-system.jwks-file=classpath:/encrypted.jwks")
    @Nested
    @SuppressWarnings("ClassCanBeStatic")
    public class EncryptedKeystoreTests extends AbstractOidcTests {
        @Test
        public void verifyOperation() throws Exception {
            val resource = oidcJsonWebKeystoreGeneratorService.find();
            assertTrue(resource.isPresent());
            val jwks = new JsonWebKeySet(IOUtils.toString(resource.get().getInputStream(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
            assertFalse(jwks.getJsonWebKeys().isEmpty());
        }
    }

    @TestPropertySource(properties = "cas.authn.oidc.jwks.file-system.jwks-file=file:${#systemProperties['java.io.tmpdir']}/something.jwks")
    @Nested
    @SuppressWarnings("ClassCanBeStatic")
    public class DefaultTests extends AbstractOidcTests {
        private File keystore;

        @BeforeEach
        public void setup() {
            keystore = new File(FileUtils.getTempDirectoryPath(), "something.jwks");
            if (keystore.exists()) {
                assertTrue(keystore.delete());
            }
        }

        @Test
        public void verifyOperation() throws Exception {
            val resource = oidcJsonWebKeystoreGeneratorService.generate();
            assertTrue(resource.exists());
            assertTrue(keystore.setLastModified(new Date().getTime()));
            Thread.sleep(2000);
            oidcJsonWebKeystoreGeneratorService.store(
                OidcJsonWebKeystoreGeneratorService.toJsonWebKeyStore(resource));
            assertTrue(oidcJsonWebKeystoreGeneratorService.find().isPresent());
            ((DisposableBean) oidcJsonWebKeystoreGeneratorService).destroy();
        }

        @Test
        public void verifyRegeneration() throws Exception {
            val resource1 = oidcJsonWebKeystoreGeneratorService.generate();
            assertTrue(resource1.exists());
            val resource2 = oidcJsonWebKeystoreGeneratorService.generate();
            assertTrue(resource2.exists());
        }

        @Test
        public void verifyCurve256() throws Exception {
            val properties = new OidcProperties();
            properties.getJwks().getCore().setJwksType("ec");
            properties.getJwks().getCore().setJwksKeySize(256);
            verifyGeneration(properties);
        }

        @Test
        public void verifyCurve384() throws Exception {
            val properties = new OidcProperties();
            properties.getJwks().getCore().setJwksType("ec");
            properties.getJwks().getCore().setJwksKeySize(384);
            verifyGeneration(properties);
        }

        @Test
        public void verifyCurve521() throws Exception {
            val properties = new OidcProperties();
            properties.getJwks().getCore().setJwksType("ec");
            properties.getJwks().getCore().setJwksKeySize(521);
            verifyGeneration(properties);
        }

        private void verifyGeneration(final OidcProperties properties) throws Exception {
            val file = Files.createTempFile(RandomUtils.randomAlphabetic(6), ".jwks").toFile();
            properties.getJwks().getFileSystem().setJwksFile(file.getAbsolutePath());
            val service = new OidcDefaultJsonWebKeystoreGeneratorService(properties, applicationContext);
            service.generate(new FileSystemResource(file));
            assertTrue(file.exists());
            service.destroy();
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Discussion in 'PC Games/Softwares' started by ad-team, Dec 6, 2016.
Among the Sleep - horror first person in which you take on the role of two-year child. Left in his crib at night, the baby begins to notice strange things happening in the house. Once on the verge between the fictional and the real, he will have to go through the mystical events and face the surreal creatures.
Game Version - 2.0.1. Sound localization version - 1.1. Reduced size repack.


The Edition WOHNEN volume presents the work of building caretakers and analyses their value not only in the running and administration of buildings, but also as a key contribution to living qualities in housing developments. Caretaking is more than simply the replacement of items and the upkeep of the original state of a building; it also involves an important social component. Accompanied by access to the film portrait Der Hauswart: Warum unsere Städte nicht auseinanderfallen (The Caretaker: Why our cities do not fall apart).
Verlag Birkhäuser, Basel, Broschur, 128 Seiten, zahlreiche Abbildungen, deutsch, 2015.


text:
Remains of the Day: Scribd Offering Unlimited Audiobooks Over the Summer
Andy Orin
From now until the end of September, Scribd is offering unlimited access to over 5,000 audiobooks to subscribers. Sounds like a good way to pass the time while the summer heat keeps us languid.
A Scribd subscription costs $8.99 and normally comes with three books and one audio book per month, so the unlimited book buffet until September 30th is a nice perk. There's also a free two week trial; it's a nice promotion if you find yourself with a lot of free time and eager ears this summer. [Scribd]
In other news, Netflix has a new tool for making a movie playlist called Flixtape. It's a fun idea with half-baked execution; you can only add six titles, and you can't include individual episodes from shows. A mixtape with your favorite episodes would be a fun to share! But this is more like finding a cardboard box full of discarded VHS tapes on the sidewalk. [TechCrunch]
BitTorrent Now is now available on iOS and Apple TV, right now. Their new video platform is quickly populating with content as publishers like The Onion sign on, and next week they're set to launch their own news channel, BitTorrent News. [9to5Mac]
CBS News has a new Apple TV app that features live video from CBSN, their online news channel, and support for Siri. You don't even need a cable subscription to watch their live news coverage, as its ad-supported. [CBS]
Vevo has updated their mobile apps with some more functions and features. Users can now create shareable profiles, and they recruiting industry insiders to create curated playlists around music and videos you might like. [The Verge]
Update: The free Scribd trial is 14 days, not 30 days as originally published.


Shake off your morning Blues with Coffee Chicken's Rise-N-Grind medium roast blend. Rise-N-Grind will bring you to life, is full bodied, and features beans from Guatemala and Antigua. Empower your day from the start.


Now sadly no more, Ireland's Whipping Boy completed their third album in 1998 but it gets its release two years later with hardly a whiff of publicity. A great shame because just like their highly-acclaimed second effort, 'Heartworm', this eponymous LP is excellent. Coming across like a bitter and more intense version of U2 their attacks on the music industry (a cheese grater on the cover?) and the creatures within it would sound bitchy and pretentious without the solid foundations of their musical abilities to rely on. 'Bad Books', 'Mutton' and 'Puppets' showcase a band at the peak of their powers with Fergal McKee's growling vocals delivering barbed retorts at all and sundry whilst guitars rage melodically hitting memorable, rousing choruses with incredible accuracy on each occasion. This is an album of many fine moments though and is perfect material for those who thought that The Chameleons and The Comsat Angels offered more than U2 and Echo And The Bunnymen.


Availability: This item is In Stock and usually ships out within 24 Hours.
Shipping: FREE if shipped within the continental USA.
These six pockets have a thick shield at the top that features a simple printed design. These dark brown pockets have the classic open webbed pocket design underneath this shield. The flexible webbed pockets appear to taper down to the thick tassel at the base of the pocket. This is a classic looking set of shielded pockets that will give your table pockets a notably protected appearance. Not compatible with Brunswick tables.


text:
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Right Before Your Eyes
Dove Approved for Ages 12+
Ethan Rengepis (Adam Ratcliffe) is a recovering alcoholic on a train ride to fulfill his life's mission, to reunite with his young autistic son, Lucas. After a stop, a distinguished looking man sits down across from Ethan, and they strike up a conversation. The gentleman introduces himself as [...]
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text:
An elderly pug has declared it a Bones Day Era and the internet is happy
By Kat Lonsdorf,
It's been an unpredictable year and a half, to say the least. And many of us will take any sign to let us know if we should seize the day...
(SOUNDBITE OF VIDEO)
JONATHAN GRAZIANO: Oh, my gosh. Oh, my gosh. There were bones. There were bones today.
CORNISH: ...Or hide under the covers.
GRAZIANO: No. Noodle - oh, it gets me every time. OK, so it's a no-bones morning. No-bones morning - I don't think...
That's Jonathan Graziano, owner of a 13-year-old pug named Noodle, a TikTok sensation whose millions of followers turn to him for daily guidance.
CORNISH: Yep, you heard that right. An elderly pug is predicting how our days will go - the internet at its finest.
MCCAMMON: Graziano told NPR's Here And Now how Noodle became the soothsayer of the internet. Basically, he sits Noodle up in bed...
GRAZIANO: And I'll remove my hands, and it's kind of up to him to either hold himself up, hold himself steady or to just surrender himself to gravity and just fall back down onto his bed.
MCCAMMON: And they made a game of it and ultimately put it on social media, of course.
GRAZIANO: Hi, everyone, and welcome back to yet another round of No Bones, the game where we find out if my 13-year-old pug woke up with bones, and we also kind of find out how our day is going to go. It's kind of like reading tea leaves.
CORNISH: If it's a bones day, Noodle stands.
GRAZIANO: You know, it's a carpe diem kind of thing.
CORNISH: But if it's a no-bones day and Noodle just kind of flops back to bed...
GRAZIANO: A no-bones day is a day for self-care and is a day to be kind to yourself.
UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #1: (Singing) There once was a pug that could foresee if our day ahead was merry or bleak.
MCCAMMON: Fans have made songs.
UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #2: (Singing) If it's a no-bones day, I just stay in bed. Noodle said it's fine if I don't get dressed. His legs are made of Jell-O.
CORNISH: There's fan art and videos. One follower says their professor canceled an exam on a no-bones day.
MCCAMMON: A Capitol Hill staffer on TikTok claims Noodle was mentioned at a Pentagon briefing.
UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #3: A lieutenant colonel at the Navy Pentagon legitimately just started this briefing with, I don't know if it's a bones or no-bones day, so let's just get started.
CORNISH: Graziano says he's blown away by how much attention Noodle has gotten.
GRAZIANO: I think people were really craving the opportunity for kindness, or they were looking for something simple to be happy about that you don't have to think too much about.
CORNISH: And just in case you were wondering about today...
GRAZIANO: Oh, my God. Oh, my God. It's a bones day, you guys. I can't believe...
MCCAMMON: After several bones days in a row, Graziano says we've now entered a bones day era.
GRAZIANO: Noodle surprises us all, and we must make something of our day. So make sure to treat yourself today. Go - oh, my gosh...
MCCAMMON: A bones day era, everyone. Carpe diem.
UNIDENTIFIED SINGERS: (Singing) Mr. Noodle, do you have bones? Oh, please have bones. I need to know if it's safe to leave home. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
Kat Lonsdorf
See stories by Kat Lonsdorf
See stories by Courtney Dorning


text:
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GROW Bendigo
BIIF
BBEA
GROW Bendigo is a collective impact initiative with business, government, community organisations and individuals working together to address disadvantage in areas of high unemployment.
GROW Bendigo is based upon evidence that suggests the most effective way to improve outcomes for persistently disadvantaged communities is to reduce unemployment rates within those areas and, by doing so, strengthen the social and local economic fabric of the region.
GROW Bendigo is about creating new jobs, by asking organisations to support social/local procurement, and impact investment through electing to buy goods and services that contribute economically and socially to our local community and injecting capital into businesses and non-for-profit enterprises to target communities.
In 2014, the first GROW initiative was developed in response to the G21 Addressing Disadvantage Taskforce Report in which it was acknowledged that innovative, collaborative and evidence-based approaches were needed to tackle the problem of entrenched poverty and disadvantage in the Geelong region.
After four years, GROW G-21 (Geelong) has signed on more than 100 local businesses and organisations which has created 80 jobs and led to a shift towards local spending valued at $22 million.
The success of the GROW program in Geelong has led to State Government funding to implement the initiative across the major regions in Victoria.
The GROW program is underway in La Trobe Valley (2017) and recently launched in Ballarat, Shepparton and Bendigo. The program has been funded until 2021.
Be.Bendigo has been selected to oversee the implementation and running of the GROW Program for the Greater Bendigo region.
How will GROW Bendigo achieve this?
The GROW Bendigo compact aims to increase employment opportunities for disadvantaged job-seekers by using the following principles:
To support local businesses to thrive and prosper in Bendigo and, in turn, keep money spent in our region.
To support socially driven purchasers and social enterprise suppliers coming together – building on business relationships that generate benefits to communities across Bendigo.
Employment pathways
Traineeships, apprenticeships, work placements and work experience help train people for real and accessible employment opportunities. This means that job seekers are equipped with the skills they require to meet job needs.
Employ from target areas
Focusing on equitable access to employment and helping to create strong, skilled and inclusive communities.
Business adopting GROW principles
By adopting our principles, buying local and buying social will reinforce the ongoing prosperity of local business and ensure the creation of employment opportunities.
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Web Design Bendigo BY Raak


A premium guestroom experience with generous proportions, the Executive Twin exudes a timeless elegance combined with a warm residential feel. Elegant, furnishings, deluxe amenities and a distinctive sitting area for the ultimate feeling of space and comfort. Enjoy the extra privileges with access to fitness center. Guests also enjoy access to Grand Restaurant where complimentary breakfast can be enjoyed.
Spacious, bright and outward facing, the executive suites measuring 105m2 in area come with two separate bedrooms with separate sitting areas and totally refurbished. The room comes with a king size bed with a large sitting area for relaxation and entertainment, a modern, fully equipped bathroom with bathtub and rainforest shower combo and with an independent entrance. It also has a home automation system which automatically regulates the temperature of the room based on the guest presence or absence from the room. They also provide an intelligent temperature management system that automatically adjusts the temperature depending on whether anyone is in the room or not.
Free tea and coffee making facilities.
Copyright © 2019 design by PSALMTECH. All Right Reserved.


text:
INFLUENCE OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT ON CONSUMER BRAND PREFERENCE OF SELLECTED BEVERAGE BRANDS IN NIGERIA
By Project Gist Admin On Aug 15, 2019
In a bid to produce and market their goods and services in the most successful manner, most business organizations resort to the use of celebrity advertising to realize their goals and objectives. This research work under took an indepth study on the use of celebrity endorsement for effective celebrity brand advertisement. The research was prompted by the need for firms to produce quality products, select celebrities that are most apprpropriate for their brands' endorsement and also the need for them to monitor celebrities' activities, especially considering huge amount used in enrtering into contract with the company. The selected beverage firms studied were 7Up bottling company and NBC ltd in southeast geo-political zone of Nigeria. Today most consumers are exposed to alternative products and firms strive to employ the most effective methods, strategies and programmes to ensure consumers remain loyal to their brands. In order to achieve this, the use of celebrity endorsement has become a winning formular, especially for beverage firms. Ccelebrities posess certain attributes that are transferred to the brands via endorsement .The question now is, are these qualities actually transferred through the process of endorsement, or are they just formalities without having any positive influence on their targeted consumers. This led us to formulatie objectives and hypotheses, which include, to determine the extent of perception of consumers of beverages on the use of celebrity advertising for brand endorsement; to a certain the significant relationship between the celebrity advertising and brand preference of beverage industry in Southeast; determine the extent to which celebrity endorsement influences consumers preference of firms's brands; determine the extent to which celebrity advertising facilitate brand switch, and finally to ascertain the match of celebrity personality on the endorsed brands of the beverages in south-East Nigeria. The researcher adopted discriptive research, while primary data was collected from the respondents through the use of questionnaire, and the secondary data, was through related text books, internet material, journals, etc. Two population sizes were used, with sample size of 400 and 94 for consumers and management respectively as derived from Taro Yamane and proportionate sample sizes. The reliability test was measured using cronbach Alpha coefficient method, while T .test, PPMC and chi square were used in testing the hypotheses. Tables, simple percentages and charts were used to present and analyzed data. The result revealed that; the perception of consumers of beverages on the use of celebrity advertising for brand endorsement in south-East Nigeria was significant (F = 19.376, P< 0.05), secondly, celebrity endorsement had significant (F= 0.800, p < 0.05) relationship on consumers of a firm's brand in southeast, thirdly, celebrity endorsement had a significant (R= 0.901, P< 0.05) influence on consumers preference of firms brand, fourthly, celebrity endorsement significantly (x= 286.16,P < 0.05) facilitated brand switch by consumers of beverages, and finally, beverage firms in southeast significantly (x= 286.16,P<0.05) choose celebrities that matched the endorsed brands. The researcher concludes that in order to influence consumes through celebrity endorsement, firms should ensure their products' are of good quality, to gain consumers trust , monitor celebrities's activities and also feature celebrities that match their endorsed brands, these ways, huge amount that is spend on hiring celebrities will not be a waste. The research was on beverage firms and therefore recommends that further study be made in beauty industry, which always feature mismatch adverts in their celebrity selection. Also digress to agriculture by featuring young and beautiful celebrity to feature in our agric sector.
1.1 Background of the Study The contemporary society is characterized with globalization and competition, because most consumers are exposed to alternative product and these propel business organizations to employ the most effective methods, strategies and programmes in producing and marketing their products and services. In a bid to produce and market these products successfully to attract customers' attention, advertising campaign managers have to differentiate themselves from others to achieve this objective. The challenge of the marketer is to find the hook that will hold consumers attention. Fortunately, the use of celebrity endorsement has been found as a veritable tool and an effective strategy. Every day, consumers are exposed to thousands of images and voices on television, radio, magazine, newspapers, websites and billboards and every brand attempt to steal atleast, a person's unsuspecting time to inform him of the amazing attribute of their brands. Nwosu (2006) also observed that contemporary society is characterize with great quantities of not just products, but brands of uncountable numbers, not just from the domestic market, but also from the globalizing market of the world. All these occur in a world with dwindling disposable income, unprecedented increase in consumer expectation, consumer movements, government tight regulation and increase in monetization of virtually all facets of human endeavor. In the face of all these, consumers are becoming more discerning than ever, and firms not only communicate to the target market, but do it in most persuasive manner to achieve the desired goal, which is a positive change in both attitude and behavior of the target audience. In this conventional time, people tend to ignore all commercials and advertisements while flipping through magazines, newspapers, or viewing television, but even then, the glamour of a celebrity seldom goes unnoticed. The use of celebrity endorsement for advertisement and its subsequent influence of a company's brand are of great significance.Companies hire celebrities from particular fields to feature in their advertisement campaigns because these endorsers are seen as being dynamic with both attractive and likeable qualities and companies use their activities to transfer these qualities to their products, by matching the images of the products with the celebrities images, which tend to persuade consumers to fixed their choices from numerous and competing brands. Huge sum of money are invested on celebrities by companies to enable them align themselves with these endorsers whose qualities are transferred into these brands for huge profit. Furthermore, because of their fame, celebrities not only serve to create and maintain attention, but also help achieve high recall rate for these brands. No wonder, Aristotle said, "Beauty is a greater recommendation than any form of introduction" Every brand has an image and the consumer try to consume brands that have maximum fit with their personality image. The celebrity endorser fit in between these two interactions where he tries to bring the image of the product closer to the expectation of the consumer by transferring some of the cultural meanings residing in his image to the product with the purpose of entrusting these products that worked for him over to his fans. Celebrity endorsement is powerful, and this strenght is offered by the Instant awareness, knowledge about the brand and easy recall of the beauty and elegance of the celebrity endorser via the endorsement. Also Values and image of the brand is defined, highlighted and refreshed by the celebrity which add new edge and dimension, credibility, trust, association, aspiration and connectivity to brand belief, efficiency and new appearance that will result in at least, trial usage. 1.4 Statement of the Problem Celebrity endorsement is a tool for consumer exposure in the areas of information, education, and persuasion for the patronage of a firm's products and services. Undoubtedly, the expectation of every meaningful business organization is to thrive successfully in a competitive business environment.This can only be achieved via gaining market acceptance and brand preference. Consumers always approach the market place with well defined and established sets of taste and preferences (Hoyer and Brown, 1990). This makes it difficult to position products in already flooded market. Gone are the days that producers will always say,"consumers, beware" We are in the era that consumers say,"producers beware'This is because there are so many alternative and competing brands crying out to be heard and noticed and it is only dynamic marketers who understand costomers' supremacy can make headway in this competition and succeed. Today, consumers are educated and well informed about their needs, and firms employ the best strategies to ensure consumers prefer and remain loyal to their brands. Consumers can be manipulated by positioning what they want to see, feel or hear, at the right time, in the right place and at the best manner so as to create a positive impact in the minds of consumers. Brands with celebrity endorsement can only receive attension when such brand is perceived as having a good quality by consumers.This brings us to the first problem of this work which is inability of firms to produce quality products to boast their brand. Most marketers do not seem to care about consumers' wellbeing when producing their products; they seem to be operating in the era of production concept, when, whatever is produced is shifted to the market for consumers, their confident is that since well celebrated celebrity will endorse the product, it must be given attension, but they seem to forget that consumers are educated and also know that these celebrites are paid huge amount of money to advertise thsee products. Although celebrities are full of cultural meanings and aura, and they also transfer this aura to the product via endorsement, it is only when a quality product is produced that this great influence can be achieved. The second problem this research seeks to solve is the problem of celebrity 'over shadowing.' Most celebrity advertising experience this because of lack of 'fit' between the celebrity, endorsed brand and the target consumers. Celebrity over shadowing occurs when the attention of the advertisement shifts from the brand to the celebrity. Many celebrity endorsements fail because marketers identify celebrities they like in an emotive and unresearched manner, and then create advertisments to force-fit the celebrities into the creative concept. Hawkins et al (2001), insist that using a celebrity unrelated to the product shift the attention of the customers to the celebrity, rather than the brand and this affect the intended message negatively. Examples can be seen in Osuofia's mismatch adverts in some of the products he endorsed, which include; harpic toilet cleaner, Antigal antiseptic soap, Emjay tomato paste etc.In Nigera, we are gender sentitive and when a wrong gender is used, especially for advert, it shifts the attention from the brand to the celebrity and also reduces the image of the endorser, the brand and the firm. The final problem this research seeked to solve is inadequate monitoring of the celebrities' activities to know either when the celebrities are being over used or when there is a scandal on any of these celebrities also, whether they are actually using the products they are endorsing. Over use of a particular celebrity causes celebrity trap. And this a situation where celebrity becomes an addiction for the marketing team and the task to find substitute become more difficult, leading to surfeit of celebrity. Again, if a celebrity has a scandal, the integrity of such celebrity is at risk because such scandal can be transferred to the brand, making it difficult to get consumers' attention on such brand.Some celebrities endorse one brand and use another. Adequate monitoring has to be mounted on these celebrities, because a celebrity's use of a competitor's brand means the competitor's brand has a better quality, and that's a bridge of contrct which can cause brand switching of customers to the competitors' brands. It is against these backdrops that the influence which celebrity endorsement has on brand preference became the focus for this research works. 1.5 Objectives of the Study The broad objective of this study is to determine the influence of celebrity endorsement on consumer's brand preference of sellected beverage brands in southeast, Nigeria. The specific objectives however include; 1. To determine the extent of perception of beverage consumers on the use of celebrity for product endorsement in south east, Nigeria. 2. To ascertain the significant relationship between celebrity advertising and brand preference in the beverage industry in southeast, Nigeria. 3. To determine the extent to which celebrity endorsement influences consumers' preference towards a company's brand in southeast, Nigeria. 4. To determine the extnt to which celebrity advertising facilitates brand switch by beverages consumers in south east Nigeria. 5. To ascertain the match of celebrity personalities on the endorsed brands of beverage 1.4. Research Questions To achieve objectives of this study, answers to the following questions will be sought for: (1) To what extent do consumers of beverages in south east, Nigeria have same perception of the use of celebrity endorsement for a company's product? (2) What is the relationship between celebrity advertising and brand preference in beverage industry in south east, Nigerian? (3) To what extent does celebrity endorsement influence consumers' preference towards a company's brand in south east, Nigeria? (4) To what extent can celebrity endorsement facilitate brand switch in Nigeria beverage industry? (5) To what extent is celebrity personality, a match to the endorsed brand in south east Nigeria beverage industry? 1.5. Research Hypotheses The following hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.5 level of significance. (1) Celebrity endorsement does not significantly have same impact on consumers' perception towards a company's brand in south east Nigeria beverage industry. (2) Celebrity endorsement does not have any significant relationship between celebrity advertising and the endorsed brand in south east Nigeria beverage industry. (3) Celebrity endorsement does not have a significant influence on consumers' preference towards a company's product in south east Nigeria beverage industry. (4) Celebrity endorsement does not significantly facilitate brand switch in south east Nigeria beverage industry. (5) There is no significant relationship between the match of celebrity personality and the endorsed brand in south east Nigeria beverage industry. 1.6. Scope of the study The scope of this study is beverage industry in south east Nigeria, and the firms studied were 7 Up Bottling Company, makers of 7Up soft drink, Pepsi, Miranda, etc and Nigeria bottling Company ltd, makers of coca cola soft drink, Fanta, etc. The theoretical scope is the various influences celebrity endorsement has on consumers' brand preference. 1.7. Significance of the Study It is imperative to carry out this study as to have a detailed understanding of the influence of celebrity endorsement on the behavior of consumers in terms of the way they prefer and choose their brands. The finding of this study will be of immense benefit to the following; the companies and their stakeholders, advertising agencies; consumers of beverage products; the government, researchers and students. The findings of this study will provide Seven-Up Bottling Company and NBC plc better ideas on how best to explore advertising techniques in positioning and repositioning their products in the minds of their customers. By this, they will be able to develop effective advert programs and also digress towards other elements, including production of quality products, selection of the most appropriate celebrity for their products, knowing when to hire celebrity, and being sensitive to know when to terminate such contract. The advertising agencies will benefit from this study because; it will give them ample opportunities to understand consumer behavior (consumer buying process and determinants of consumer behavior) and with the acquired knowledge, they will be able to match the appropriate brand with the appropriate celebrity, and also know the right appeal that influences consumers' attitude towards the advertised brands. To the consumers, the study will provide them with the best criteria of selecting brands, among numerous alternatives. It will also provide guide to consumers, as well as enable them to be more meticulous, especially while going through the adoption process of anticipating, acquisition, actualization and accommodation. This ways, consumers become more familiar with their ideal products and probably build their brand preference based on awareness and assurance of the brand's quality. To the researchers and students in marketing, and other related disciplines, this study will stand as a good research topic and material, if they intend to expand their frontier of knowledge. More interestingly, the findings will contribute to the existing literature in relation to the influence of celebrity endorsement and brand preference criteria by consumers. It will also bridge the existing gap in the previous findings. And in our dynamic world, this study becomes a platform for academic pursuit of excellence. 1. 8. Limitations of the Study For a study of this nature, the researcher would have wished to collect as much data as possible, to cover the entire nation, but constraints in collecting larger data and other constraints were met but the researcher was able to manage these constraints, and came up with something wonderful. 1.9. Definition of Terms For the purpose of this study, the researcher uses operational definitions, which are the definition of terms in line with the researched topic. These operational words include; Advertising – Advertising is the message which is communicated through the media, paid for by an identified sponsor and directed to a target audience with the aim of imparting vital information about a company's product and services. Advertising Agencies – Advertising agencies are professional firms that plan, create and place advertisements into the media houses, on behave of its clients. Consumer Behavior – consumer behavior are the behaviors consumers/buyers display in searching for, buying, using, evaluating and disposing of products, services and idea, which they expect, will satisfy their needs and wants. Persuasion – Persuasion is any instant, in which there is an active attempt to change a person's mind. Perception – Perception simply refers to how one sees or views a company and its offerings. Brand – Brand is a name, term, sign, symbol or design or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors. Celebrity Advertising – Celebrity advertising is the use of a public figure's likeness for the purpose of selling a product or service. Celebrity – Celebrities are people who enjoy specific public recognition by large number of certain group of people. Brand Image – Brand image refers to the schematic memory of brand. It contains the target market's interpretation of the product's attributes, benefits, usage situation, users, and manufacturer/marketer's characteristics. Brand Equity – Brand equity is the value customers assign to a brand, above and beyond the functional characteristics of the product. Brand Preference – Brand preference is the selective demand for a company's brand rather than its product. The degree to which consumer prefers one brand to another. Advertising Frequency – Advertising frequency is the number of times, within which a specified time period, an average person or household is exposed to advertisement. Celebrity Trap – Celebrity trap happens when the celebrity becomes an addiction for the marketing team and the task to find substitute becomes difficult, leading to surfeit of celebrity. Celebrity Credibility – Celebrity credibility refers to the skepticism by the consumers regarding celebrity, especially when there is anything negative about the celebrity association with the brand in news. Source Credibility – A credible source in communication is one that is believed or perceived to, Possess the necessary ability for what it is being said, is trust worthy, objective and honest, is likeable and attractive. Celebrity Fit – Celebrity fit is when a celebrity personality matches the product he is endorsing. Overshadowing – Overshadowing is when the attention of the consumer shift from the brand to the celebrity endorsing the brand. 1.10. Profile of Selected Beverage Firms Profile of Seven-up Bottling Company The seven-up bottling company Plc is one of the largest independent manufacturers and distributors of all the well known and widely consumed brand of soft drinks in Nigeria. Their brands include, Pepsi, seven-up, Miranda, team, mountain dew, which are produced and marketed in their manufacturing plants. Their products are also marketed through their two hundred distribution centers that are spread all over Nigeria. They have three thousand, five hundred employees. A Lebanese, Mohammed El-Khali, who came to Nigeria for the first time in 1926, founded the company. Mohammed is the father of the company's current chairman, Faysal El-Khali. The company metamophosized from a very successful transport business, in a bid to diversify the largest transport company in the entire West Africa On October 1st 1960, Nigeria experienced the birth of soft drink giant, as the first bottle of seven-up rolled out from the factory located at Ijora. As at today, the company has its headquarters in Beirut and operationally base in three African countries which include: Nigeria, Tanzania and Ghana. Mission and Vision of Seven-up Bottling in Nigeria (a) Vision To be the most admired and innovative company in Nigeria (b) Mission Inspire and refreshes a youthful life-style core value Commitment and Ownership: Our people will describe the company as "our company", reflecting the entrepreneurial spirit and sense of ownership, caring and rewarding, as the people in the company experience a feeling of brotherliness and freshness in their relationship with one another in building the organization. Teamwork: each of the employees recognizes the value of the skills, ability and cooperation between relevant persons and units, towards denelering seamless and superior values. Integrity: Our people are reputed for uprightness and high ethical standards. Trust: The management has confidence that employees will act in the best interest of the company. Employees also believe that management will not harm them, but will do everything positive to protect and further their interest. Profile of Nigeria Bottling Company Ltd The Nigerian Bottling Company Ltd was incorporate in November, 1951, as a subsidiary of A.G Leventis group with the franchise to bottle and sell Coca-Cola products in Nigeria. Production began in 1953 at a bottling facility in Ebutte Meta, and over the years, production capacity has grown and it presently has thirteen bottling facilities and over eighty distribution warehouses, located across the country. Since production started, NBC Ltd has remained the largest bottler of non alcoholic beverages in the country, in terms of sales volume, with about 1.8 billion bottles sold per year, making it the second largest market in Africa. Today, it is a part of the coca cola Hellenic Bottling Company, one of the NBC Company's largest anchor bottler, worldwide. Coca-cola Hellenic operates in twenty-eight countries and serves more than five hundred and sixty million consumers and with 2.1 billion unit cases sales in 2009. NBC Company is driven by over six hundred employees, a culture of passion for excellence, sophisticated technology and the best distribution network in the country. With thirteen high performing bottling plants, over eight deports, and over two-hundred thousand sales outlets nation-wide. The company supply some of the most ubiquitous and best known brands, including, coca-cola, fanta, sprite, Schweppes, Eva water and 5-alive. Evolution of Beverage Industry. The industry began in mid 1900"s with leading companies like Pepsi Co. and Coca- Cola controlling the beverage business sector with sweetened soft drinks and carbonated soda water. American audiences attached excitement and convenience to these popular drinks, and a variety of soft drink brands began to originate, such as Dr.Pepper, Sprite, etc. The beverage industry has undergone rapid expansion over the last decade. The only obstacle for these beverage companies was the high number of calories and sugar levels their drinks contained; a drawback for health-conscious consumers. A soft drink (also called pop, soda, coke, soda pop, fizzy drink, or carbonated beverage), is a non-alcoholic beverage that typically contains carbonated water, a sweetening agent, and a flavouring agent. The sweetening agent may be sugar, high-fructose corn syrup, or a sugar substitute (in the case of diet drinks). A soft drink may also contain caffeine or juice and products such as energy drinks, Kool-Aid, and pure juice are not considered to be soft drinks. Other beverages not considered to be soft drinks are hot chocolate, hot, tea, coffee, milk, milkshakes, and schooled. Small amounts of alcohol may be present in a soft drink, but the alcohol content must be less than 0.5% of the total volume, if the drink is to be considered non-alcoholic. Widely sold soft drink flavours are cola, lemon-lime, root beer, orange, grape, vanilla, ginger ale, fruit punch, sparkling lemonade, squash, and water. Soft drinks may be served chilled or at room temperature they are rarely heated. The first marketed soft drinks (non-carbonated) in the, Western world appeared in the17th century. They were made from water and lemon juice sweetened with honey. Carbonated drinks made without any alcohol are called Soft Drinks. They are also known as Coke/Soda/Pop etc. Hot chocolate, teas, coffee etc are usually excluded from this classification. They are sold in a variety of sizes and manner. In the U.S., they are often sold in two-litre bottles, one litre plastic bottles, 24 and 20 US fluidounce bottles and in 12 US fluid ounce cans. Packaging is also available in many different quantities In Nigeria, 1.5 litre bottles, 35 CL and 50 CL bottles and cans are sold. At times, the fizzy soft drinks are served as fountain drinks in which carbonation is added to a concentrate immediately prior to serving. In Europe, plastic and glass bottles of sizes2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, 0.35, 0.33 litres, aluminium cans of 0.33, 0.35, and 0.25 litres are popular. Almost all soft drinks are made of refined sugars. Hence, they are often criticized for causing obesity and other health related problems. A link to problems of sleep, bones, and teeth has been proven by many studies. Market Structure: The soft drink industry is a global marketing phenomenon; in essence, it is simply a blended water drink with sweeteners, flavours and additives. The success in advertising and marketing this product lays in convincing billions of consumers to drink these, instead of straight water or other less expensing alternatives. The brand recognition of this industry is extraordinarily high. In 2002, world sales exceeded US$193 billion, in contrast with fruit sales which were just US $69 billion which made the global consumption to be currently in excess of 327 billion litres. Pepsi and Coca-Cola, between them, hold the dominant share of the world market. Cadbury Schweppes follows a close third. Coca-Cola has approximately half of the world market share and sells 4 out of the top 5 soft drink brands in the world. Coca-Cola sales for 2006 reached US $24.1 billion. It has profit margins of 20% and a 2 market capitalization of US $130 billion. Pepsi sales stood at US $36 billion but this also includes snacks and other foods. Some analysts view the definition of soft drinks incomplete and wish to add ready to drinks also, to this industry. If they are added as well, these would add another 1.3 billion servings to 50 billion servings for these drinks. World Market: Global sales of soft drinks exceed 327 billion litres and are valued at more than US$393 billion annually. North America, Europe and Japan are the most mature markets for global soft drinks. Coco Cola and PepsiCo Inc have significant control over the global soft drinks market and both have similar business organizations and processes worldwide. The industry includes other than the soft drink manufactures themselves, the bottlers and various raw material suppliers. Suppliers of cans, plastic and glass bottles are included in this category. Globally, the soft drinks majors continue to face challenges. One key global trend is a move away to healthier drinks, which may put some pressure on yearly growth in sales of soft drinks. The push to diet beverages have been well covered by the major producers – with sales of diet Coke and diet Pepsi still strong. A recent trend is the rise in popularity of sports drinks. Bottled water has also experienced very strong growth. Finally the quality of water used in the manufacture of soft drinks poses serious issues for the industry. Major players are working on the issue as water scarcity becomes a global issue. Industry Players: The Coca-Cola Company .Coca Cola is the number one brand globally and has been for over 40 years and is sold in virtually every country of the world. The successful expansion that began in World War II has continued unabated up to this date. Now, the company has more than 400 brands in its portfolio. PepsiCo Inc. Pepsi-Cola was created in 1898 in New Bern, North Carolina, by druggist Caleb D.Brad ham. PepsiCo Inc. holds about one-third of the U.S. market and is the second largest soft drink major in the world. It owns Frito-Lay snacks and other businesses. Pepsi soft drinks include brands such as Pepsi, Diet Pepsi, Slice, Mountain Dew and Mug Root Beer. Beverage is a liquid specifically prepared for human consumption, the production, marketing and distribution of non alcoholic and generally carbonated flavored and sweetened water based beverage, illustrate its importance as a remedy for various ailments, especially digestion. This history of beverage also illustrates the importance of business innovations such as product development, franchising and mass marketing, as well as the evolution of customer tastes and cultural trends. Many, long believed that natural mineral waters held medical qualities and flavored them as alternative to often polluted common drinking water. By 1772, British chemist, Joseph priestly invented a means to synthetically carbonate water, and commercially manufacturing of artificial mineral water began with Jacob Schweppes's business in Geneva, in the 1780's and in London in the 1790's. The first known US manufacturer of soda water, as it was known, was Yale university chemist, Benjamin Silliman, in 1807, though Joseph Hawkins of Baltimore Secured its patent for the equipment to produce the drink, two year later. In Nigeria, beverage form part of the society's culture. Most people hardly eat without taking beverage. This has been recorded as one of the reasons for the high growth of beverage industry. According to Ola, (2001), beverage industries are among the fastest growing sectors in Nigeria manufacturing sector. They contribute about 28% of manufacturing value added (MVA) and also provide direct employment for over 3000 persons. With significant consumption of beverage, there remain tremendous growths in the industry. There are now about fifteen breweries producing more than forty brands of beverages in Nigeria. In addition, there are five brands of stout, seven brands of malt drink and over ten brands of mineral drinks (Uduji and Nnabuko, 2008). In 2001, an estimated five billion letters of beverage were consumed in the country, (Risa, 2006). In the 80's, Nigeria beverage industries experienced severe difficulty in production because of restrictions on the importation of barley malt, then, Nigeria resorted to locally substitution of barley malt, which improved the capacity utilization rate in 2000, (Elesho,2001). Since then, there has been a tremendous increase in the industry, as it has shown a strong growth over the last ten years, owning to the stable economic climate, changing demography, and greater number of people migrating to urban areas etc. These contributed to the thriving demand for the country's product. The products are fast becoming an essential part of the national diet, particularly, in the urban areas. Nigeria rank second in the business monitor international recently launched for sub-Sahara African, behind South Africa. With the income rise and people's affordability of the product, with more and more industries springing up, and drastic change in consumers taste, there is need to harness the most effective and efficient ways of communicating the availability of these company's products to the customers. REFERENCES Adrika, E., Ebue, B., and Nnolim A, (2009), Principles and Practice of Marketing, Enugu: John Jacob's Classic Publishers Ltd. Edoga, and Ani, (2000), Marketing Management and Practice, Enugu: Je-Rohi Publishers. Edogan, B. (1999) "Celebrity Endorsement: A Literature Review" Journal of Marketing Management, 15(3): 291-314. Hawkins, Best and Coney (2001), Consumer Behavior, Building Marketing Strategy, New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Ikime, O. (2007), A History of Nigerian Breweries Plc, London: Mta Reproduction. Kotler, P. and Amstrong, G. (2010) Principles of Marketing, New Jersey: Person Education Inc. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2012), Marketing Management, New Jersey: Person Education Inc. Nnabuko, J. (1998), Marketing Management, Enugu: Precision Publishers. Nwaizugbo, C. (2004), Principles of Marketing, Enugu: John Jacob's Classic Publishers Ltd. Nwosu, I, and Nkamnebe, A. (2006), Triple-P Advertising: Principles, processes, practice, Aba: Afri-Towers Ltd. Onah, J. and Thomas, M. (2004), Marketing Management: Strategies and Cases, Enugu: Institute for Development Studies. Onah, J; Ndolo I. and Allison, P. (2006), Marketing and Management Practice in Nigeria, Enugu: African Marketing Development Foundation. Perrault, W., and McCarthy, E. (2002), Basic Marketing: A Global Management Approach, New York: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Uduji, J. (2012), Advertising Management, Enugu; His Glory Publications.
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