Dr. Jack C Richards is an applied linguist, writer, and teacher trainer. He is the co-author of Speak Now, a four-level speaking course that helps students to communicate with confidence. In this article, he looks at teaching conversational English.
Conversations are longer exchanges that may follow on from small talk and are the more meaningful type of interaction that results from small talk. They are a more serious type of exchange in which what is said and how it is expressed are both important. One of the most important aspects of conversation is managing discourse around topics. Whereas topics are only lightly touched on in small talk, conversation involves a joint interaction around topics and the introduction of new topics that are linked through each speaker's contributions.
Second language learners need a wide range of topics at their disposal in order to manage conversation as interaction, and developing topic fluency is a priority in my speaking classes. Initially, learners may depend on familiar topics to get by. However, they also need practice in introducing new topics into conversation to move beyond this stage.
Developing topics in conversation is a subtle process that requires skills in topic management.
A: Someone nearly ran into the back of my car on the freeway yesterday.
A: Yeah I was going down highway 201 when ….
B: That almost happened to me a couple of weeks ago. I was ….
Students need practice in sharing personal experience and exchanging recounts, as in the example above.
Agenda management and turn-taking are also important features of small talk and conversation. The former refers to the participants' right to choose the topic and the way the topics are developed, and to choose how long the conversation should continue. This includes strategies for opening, developing and closing conversation and for introducing and changing topics. This process is often jointly managed by the participants, depending on the social relationship between them (e.g. teacher-student; friend-friend; employer-employee).
Turn-taking involves providing opportunities for another person to take a turn in speaking and recognizing when another speaker is seeking to take a turn.
Awareness raising activities: students examine examples of conversation, either recorded (audio or video) or transcribed examples, and look for examples of how such things as openings, topic introduction, back channeling, etc. are realized, and for indicators of casual or formal speech.
Dialog completion: students are given transcripts of conversations with selected features removed (such as opening, closings, clarification requests) and asked to try to complete them. They then listen to or read the completed dialogs, compare, and then practice.
Planning tasks: students are given topics to include in a conversation and asked to write dialogs that include them and that also include personal recounts. They then compare and practice.
Improvisations: students are given skeleton dialogs or dialog frames (e.g. containing a sequence of topics or functions they should use in a conversation) and use them to improvise conversations.
Don't forget to read Jack's previous post on Teaching 'Small Talk'.
Categories: Adults / Young Adults, Skills | Tags: Applied Linguistics, Conversation, Conversational English, Fluency, Jack C Richards, Speak Now, Speaking, Topics | Permalink.
Dr. Jack C Richards is an applied linguist, writer, and teacher trainer. He is the co-author of Speak Now, a four-level speaking course that helps students to communicate with confidence. In this article, he looks at small talk in conversational English.
Small talk refers to communication that primarily serves the purpose of social interaction. Small talk consists of short exchanges that usually begin with a greeting, move to back and forth exchanges on non-controversial topics such as the weekend, the weather, work, school, etc., and then often conclude with a fixed expression such as See you later. Such interactions are at times almost formulaic and often do not result in a real conversation. They serve to create a positive atmosphere and to create a comfort zone between people who might be total strangers. While seemingly a trivial aspect of speaking, small talk plays a very important role in social interaction.
A. Look at what my dad gave me for my birthday.
A. He got it in Italy.
A. So where are you from?
Modelling and creating: students study examples of small talk exchanges and create similar exchanges on the same topic.
B: Oh hi, how's it going?
B: Are you, er, doing some shopping?
A: Yeah, just a few things really, you know.
A: Yeah, …actually I've been looking for a present, for Hiroko, but it's difficult to.. you know..
B: Yeah, umm, what kind of thing?
A: Yeah, tomorrow. So I've looked in Hamaya, like, at the makeup and stuff, but it's not very exciting.
B: Tomorrow? How about Amu Plaza, they've got Tower Records and some kind of new shops.
A: Yeah. OK, great, Tower Records might be good. I might give that a go. I've got to go over to the station, anyway. So, anyway, good to see you and thanks for the tip.
B: That's fine. Say happy birthday to Hiroko from me.
A: OK I will. Bye.
This exchange can be used to highlight some of the features of casual language, such as the use of ellipsis (e.g. doing some shopping?), phrases such as you know, idioms (give that a go), and bye as a closing routine. Like many interactions of this kind, the exchange opens with a friendly greeting, moves towards small talk, and then closes with an exchange of greetings. The teacher provides worksheets in which the students identify the different sections of the conversation and the discourse functions and practice writing their own dialogs using the same discourse features. They later enact role-plays to further practice the appropriate sequence in a small talk exchange.
Class mingles: each student has one or two topics on a card. The class mingle, students greet, introduce their topic, make small talk for one or two exchanges, close the conversation, and move on to a different student.
Question sheets: students have a worksheet with 10 different small talk questions. They move around the class and take turns asking and responding to their exchange in small talk format.
Don't forget to visit this blog on Thursday 16th January to read the second part in this blog series written by Jack C Richards: "Teaching Conversation".
Categories: Adults / Young Adults, Skills | Tags: Applied Linguistics, Conversation, Conversational English, Expressions, Fluency, Jack C Richards, Routines, Short exchanges, Small Talk, Speak Now, Speaking | Permalink.


text:
Alterian Legends
Fantasy Book Review
Chronicles Forum
In 2002 D.J. Goulding tired of the drama of previous message boards he frequented and the chat rooms of Yahoo! Chat were angering him. Geocities was less than desirable for his website and using his own home server was a headache. He looked at his spare change, which was all he had, collected it all and paid for hosting. A few weeks later on June 25th 2002 as the rest of his family was celebrating his nieces first birthday D.J. was registering his domain. Alterian Legends was born. He named the website after the story he had been working on most recently. Shortly after building the website and placing everything up he began work on content. His comp soon after crashed, taking all of his short stories with it as the years of acting as a home server finally caught up to him.
Loss of all his work caused him to quit. Only randomly checking on his message board, Chronicles, which was named after the Guardian Chronicles stories he had written years earlier. D.J. lost contact with the co-founders, with exception of J.E. Stokes who began working on Zygenda's Story. It was at this time that D.J. met J.J. and began working with him on his story telling technique. D.J. began pointing his chat room friends to his message board and small almost meaningless conversations began to take place there.
And Beyond
© 2022	Alterian Legends

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The ABC Bunny by Wanda Gág is a children's alphabet book, illustrated by the author in black and white, and hand lettered by her brother Howard. The music for the "ABC Song", included as a score in the book, was composed by the author's sister, Flavia.

The book, which was originally created for one of Wanda's nephew, was the last picture book to be awarded a Newbery Honor, in 1934, until 1972.

Plot
The rhythmic and rhyming text tells the story of Bunny, driven from Bunnyland to Elsewhere after an unfortunate accident with an apple. Every letter in the alphabet is represented in Bunny's journey: G for Gale, I for Insect and so on.

References

External links
Review

1933 children's books
American children's books
American picture books
Newbery Honor-winning works
Alphabet books
Books about rabbits and hares

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Medieval »
High and Late Medieval »
Literature at the Court of Richard II
Philippe de Mézières presents his treatise to Richard II, 1395. (British Library, Royal 20 B VI f. 2)
22 August 2018 / 0 Comments
Guest article by Steven Port
Key facts about literature at the court of Richard II
The reign of Richard II witnessed some significant changes
One considerable change was in the development of literature, particularly of that written in the English language.
Historians can't agree how much Richard II influenced the development of literature.
It is difficult to say how much personal interest in, or enjoyment of, literature that Richard II had.
Geoffrey Chaucer and John Gower both had connections to the court, but they were not sponsored 'court poets'.
The nature of the court allowed literature, and other arts, to flourish.
People you need to know
Charles V - king of France between 1364 until his death in 1380. As well as a warrior, he was considered a cultured and moral king.
Charles VI - king of France between 1380 and 1422, known first as 'the Beloved' and then as 'the Mad'. His daughter, Isabella, became Richard II's second wife.
Geoffrey Chaucer - often called the 'father of English literature', he was a poet, philosopher, and astronomer, as well as a civil servantA government official - someone who works for the government.A government official - someone who works for the government. A government official - someone who works for the government. A government official - someone who works for the government. .
Edward III - warrior king of England, who ruled from 1327 He was made king following a coupA sudden, and often violent, illegal seizure of power from a government.A sudden, and often violent, illegal seizure of power from a government.A sudden, and often violent, illegal seizure of power from a government.A sudden, and often violent, illegal seizure of power from a government.A sudden, and often violent, illegal seizure of power from a government. d'etat by his mother, Isabella of France and her lover Roger Mortimer, against Edward II. They attempted to rule in his name but, in 1330, Edward III had Mortimer captured and executed. His mother was allowed to live out her life in peace, but away from the court. until his death in 1377.
Jean Froissart - French-speaking poet and historian from the Low CountriesA region in western Europe which includes Belgium and the Netherlands.A region in western Europe which includes Belgium and the Netherlands.A region in western Europe which includes Belgium and the Netherlands.A region in western Europe which includes Belgium and the Netherlands.A region in western Europe which includes Belgium and the Netherlands., who is perhaps best known for his tales of chivalryA knightly code of correct social, religious and moral behaviour.A knightly code of correct social, religious and moral behaviour.A knightly code of correct social, religious and moral behaviour.A knightly code of correct social, religious and moral behaviour.A knightly code of correct social, religious and moral behaviour. and the first part of the Hundred Years' War.
John Gower - influential English poet, and friend of Chaucer.
Richard II - king of England from 1377 until he was deposed by his cousin in 1399. By many he was considered a much weaker, effeminateA man having characteristics typically regarded as feminine/belonging to a woman.A man having characteristics typically regarded as feminine/belonging to a woman. A man having characteristics typically regarded as feminine/belonging to a woman. A man having characteristics typically regarded as feminine/belonging to a woman. king than his predecessorA person who held a job or office before the current holder.A person who held a job or office before the current holder; or the thing that came before something else. A person who held a job or office before the current holder; or the thing that came before something else. A person who held a job or office before the current holder; or the thing that came before something else. A person who held a job or office before the current holder., Edward III.
The last two decades of the fourteenth century stand out in English history, distinguished by cultural, social and political shifts that have echoed through the centuries. The battles over the relationship between monarchyThe king/queen and royal family of a country, or a form of government with a king/queen at the head.The king/queen and royal family of a country, or a form of government with a king/queen at the head.The king/queen and royal family of a country, or a form of government with a king/queen at the head.The king/queen and royal family of a country, or a form of government with a king/queen at the head.The king/queen and royal family of a country, or a form of government with a king/queen at the head.The king/queen and royal family of a country, or a form of government with a king/queen at the head.The king/queen and royal family of a country, or a form of government with a king/queen at the head. and government were unlike any that had come before, and were to resurface in the seventeenth century with a similar but longer-lasting outcome. The Black DeathA disease that may have been spread by the fleas of infected rats, however new evidence suggests that once the disease had infected the lungs of the malnourished it was quickly spread by sneezing and coughing, so may well have been airborne. Symptoms included painful swelling of the lymph glands,…A disease that may have been spread by the fleas of infected rats, however new evidence suggests that once the disease had infected the lungs of the malnourished it was quickly spread by sneezing and coughing, so may well have been airborne. Symptoms included painful swelling of the lymph glands,…A disease that may have been spread by the fleas of infected rats, however new evidence suggests that once the disease had infected the lungs of the malnourished it was quickly spread by sneezing and coughing, so may well have been airborne. Symptoms included painful swelling of the lymph glands,…A disease that may have been spread by the fleas of infected rats, however new evidence suggests that once the disease had infected the lungs of the malnourished it was quickly spread by sneezing and coughing, so may well have been airborne. Symptoms included painful swelling of the lymph glands,…A disease that may have been spread by the fleas of infected rats, however new evidence suggests that once the disease had infected the lungs of the malnourished it was quickly spread by sneezing and coughing, so may well have been airborne. Symptoms included painful swelling of the lymph glands,…A disease that may have been spread by the fleas of infected rats, however new evidence suggests that once the disease had infected the lungs of the malnourished it was quickly spread by sneezing and coughing, so may well have been airborne. Symptoms included painful swelling of the lymph glands,… and the economic changes that had begun in the mid-fourteenth century, and the opportunities for social mobility they allowed, began to alter dramatically views of what 'society' meant. Yet perhaps the most widely-accepted and lauded change in this period came with the development of literary culture. The works of poets such as Geoffrey Chaucer, which are still studied in schools today, and the subtlety and varied stylistic approaches they demonstrate, mark a defining moment in the development of English creative endeavour and a revolution in the history of English as an artistic language.
Academic debates
Traditional approaches to the study of this period have attributed much of the new wave of poetry to the openness and encouragement of Richard II's court. Gervase Mathew paints a picture of a royal household revelling in a creative ambienceThe character and atmosphere of a place.The character and atmosphere of a place. , commissioning illuminated manuscriptsBooks, documents, or piece of musics written by hand rather than typed or printed. Later, pieces of work that have not yet been published.Books, documents, or piece of musics written by hand rather than typed or printed. Later, pieces of work that have not yet been published. , bold architectural projects, and boasting the 'greatest vernacularThe language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people of a country or region.The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people of a country or region. The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people of a country or region. The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people of a country or region. The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people of a country or region. The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people of a country or region. The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people of a country or region. literature in Europe'. Gervase Mathew, The Court of Richard II (London: John Murray, 1968), p. 53. However, more recent analyses have cast doubt on this image, at times dismissing it entirely, and instead identifying the rising middle classes and the manor houses of country gentryThe social rung below the nobility, but including those who were landed and entitled to a coat of arms, and who could sit in the House of Commons. It typically included the locally powerful, such as knights and other important people in towns and the counties.The social rung below the nobilityThe highest hereditary stratum of the aristocracy, sitting immediately below the monarch in terms of blood and title; or the quality of being noble (virtuous, honourable, etc.) in character., but including those who were landed and entitled to a coat of arms, and who could sit in the House of Commons. It typically included the locally powerful, such as knights and other important people in towns and the counties. as the sponsors of this literary movement. The challenge for the historian now lies in reassessing these conflicting analyses, both fashionable and derided, and searching for the possibility of balance between them. In doing so, it becomes clear that the concept of direct influence, through patronageThe support given by a patron.The support given by a patronA person who gives financial or other support to a client, person, organisation, or cause.. and commission is indeed less convincing than that of the court's promotion of literature through indirect means. Both concepts shall be addressed here.
It is important first to define what is meant by the idea of direct patronage in a court setting. Here, it will be taken as active financial support for an artist, enabling the him to focus freely on his art without needing to worry about earning a living. An additional possibility could be the gifting of annuitiesFixed sums of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life.Fixed sums of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life. or support in gaining employment in desirable positions.
Chaucer and Gower: 'court poets'?
The title page of Chaucer's Canterbury TalesA series of twenty-four stories and a general prologue, following pilgrims on their journey to Canterbury, written by Geoffrey Chaucer in Middle English between 1387 and 1400. It is widely considered one of the most important works of English literature., c. 1400.
Chaucer has been identified as a 'court poet' due to his regular involvement there and to the frequent references to the aristocracyA generic term for the highest social class.A generic term for the highest social class. and court in his works. It has also been suggested that he likely received some of the official positions he held as a result of appreciation of his literary output. Yet this is problematic when his works are considered directly. At the time it was commonplace for any commissioned work to be produced with an image of the artist presenting the finished article to the patronA person who gives financial or other support to a client, person, organisation, or cause. . None of Chaucer's manuscripts carry this image, a fact that makes it far more difficult to believe that his writing was 'made to order', particularly if the suggestion is that he was producing for a member of the court, which would require a great display of deferencePolite submission or respect.Polite submission or respect. . Similarly, at no point did he make any definitive statement as to who acted as inspiration for his writing, essentially ruling out the possibility of active noble patronage.
The issue of whether or not Chaucer's success in his official capacity was directly linked to his production of poetry is also far from clear cut. Chaucer had a long, varied, and successful career as a civil servant, including serving as MP for Kent in 1386, being appointed clerk of the king's works in 1389, and being given the honorary appointment of keeper of the king's park in Feckenham. By the time of the death of Edward III in 1377, Chaucer had already been awarded a position as a customs controller and was working closely with courtiers in diplomatic work, most likely fulfilling a secretarial role. This was the case long before the writing of Troilus and CriseydeAn epic poem by Geoffrey Chaucer, written in Middle English probably in the 1380s, detailing the tragic love story of Troilus and Criseyde during the Siege of Troy. Although not as well known as the Canterbury Tales, it is considered by some to be the better poem.An epic poem by Geoffrey Chaucer, written in Middle English probably in the 1380s, detailing the tragic love story of Troilus and Criseyde during the SiegeA military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building, cutting off essential supplies, with the aim of compelling those inside to surrender. of Troy. Although not as well known as the Canterbury Tales, it is considered by some to be the better poem. An epic poem by Geoffrey Chaucer, written in Middle English probably in the 1380s, detailing the tragic love story of Troilus and Criseyde during the SiegeA military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building, cutting off essential supplies, with the aim of compelling those inside to surrender. of Troy. Although not as well known as the Canterbury TalesA series of twenty-four stories and a general prologue, following pilgrims on their journey to Canterbury, written by Geoffrey Chaucer in Middle English between 1387 and 1400. It is widely considered one of the most important works of English literature. , it is considered by some to be the better poem. , or any of his other notable and popular pieces. While it is impossible to dismiss entirely the notion that appreciation for Chaucer's literature played a part in his receiving promotions and annuities, it would be far too simplistic to assert a definite link or to argue that the awarding of offices in any way influenced the style of his creative output.
A portrait of Chaucer taken from the early-fifteenth-century copy of the Canterbury Tales, the Ellesmere Manuscript.
At this point it is worth pausing to consider factors beyond court influence and patronage to explain Chaucer's remarkable literary productivity. External changes in English social, economic and cultural life undoubtedly played a significant role in encouraging writers, especially those who were exploring the new possibilities in vernacular literature. The late-fourteenth century saw a significant rise in the level of lay literacy, particularly in English as opposed to French and Latin, the traditional languages of those considered literate. The ability to read and write had increasingly become seen as vital to success as much in work outside the clerical realm as in it. As a result, more and more members of the gentry were allocating funds for schooling – largely, although not exclusively, for boys – and making provisions in wills for the establishment or maintenance of schools operated by churches, guildsGroups or associations of people within a similar profession (or with similar interests) who often had considerable collective power.Groups or associations of people within a similar profession (or with similar interests) who often had considerable collective power. or other local organisations, leading to a huge increase in the number of such operations in this period. As a single illustrative example, figures collected for the York dioceseA district under the pastoral care of a bishop in the Christian Church.A district under the pastoral care of a bishop in the Christian Church. suggest a possible four-fold increase in reading schools between the mid-fourteenth and the end of the fifteenth centuries. One side effect of this growth in literacy outside the clergyThe people ordained for religious duties, especially in the Christian Church.The people ordained for religious duties, especially in the Christian Church. and aristocracy was the appearance of a new market for published works of all kinds. Evidence for this greater demand can perhaps be found in the 1373 foundation of a scrivenersClerks or scribes (i.e. people who could read and write and used those skills in an official capacity, such as writing letters or legal documents).Clerks or scribes (i.e. people who could read and write and used those skills in an official capacity, such as writing letters or legal documents). ' guild in London, but is even clearer through examination of personal inventoriesComplete lists of items such as property and goods.Complete lists of items such as property and goods. and wills. Chaucer's works appeared as bequestsThe money or property that someone, after death, gives to someone else.The money or property that someone, after death, gives to someone else. not only in the wills of the gentry and nobilityThe highest hereditary stratum of the aristocracy, sitting immediately below the monarchA king, queen, or emperor in terms of blood and title; or the quality of being noble (virtuous, honourable, etc.) in character. – Troilus and Criseyde and the Canterbury TalesA series of twenty-four stories and a general prologue, following pilgrims on their journey to Canterbury, written by Geoffrey Chaucer in Middle English between 1387 and 1400. It is widely considered one of the most important works of English literature. are found in Sir Thomas Charlton's will, for example – but were also frequently bequeathed by merchants, as in the cases of Londoners John Bromley and William Holgrave who both left copies of the Canterbury Tales. A situation in which the market for creative literary work in English had grown to such an extent surely proved to be a factor in encouraging its production. In light of this fact, Chaucer's lack of a clearly defined patron for his work is far less surprising. If he initially composed his poetry for his own amusement and perhaps for the pleasure of public readings, here was an audience far broader and doubtless more gratifyingly large than any that could be found at court.
John Gower shooting the world, taken from a manuscript of Vox Clamantis'The voice of one crying out': a roughly 10,000-line late-fourteenth-century poem in Latin by John Gower detailing his reaction to the Peasants' Revolt., c. 1400.
John Gower, the other great 'court' poet operating at the time, provides another interesting case for the importance of court patronage. A man of independent meansBeing free from outside control, particularly not depending on anyone else for money or subsistence. Being free from outside control, particularly not depending on anyone else for money or subsistence.  , owning land in East Anglia and Kent, Gower was certainly not reliant on patronage for his living. That being said, his work does show far greater connection with the court than Chaucer's in its dedications and purpose. His Vox Clamantis'The voice of one crying out': a roughly 10,000-line late-fourteenth-century poem in Latin by John Gower detailing his reaction to the Peasants' Revolt. 'The voice of one crying out': a roughly 10,000-line late-fourteenth-century poem in Latin by John Gower detailing his reaction to the Peasants' Revolt. addresses the problems of the realm directly, as much a didacticIntending to teach, particularly to teach a moral.Intending to teach, particularly to teach a moral. Intending to teach, particularly to teach a moral. Intending to teach, particularly to teach a moral. piece of political polemicA strong verbal or written attack on someone or something.A  strong verbal or written attack on someone or something. A  strong verbal or written attack on someone or something. A  strong verbal or written attack on someone or something. as it is any kind of literary work, demonstrating a personal obsession with the ideas of moral kingship. Gower was a man clearly writing for his own reasons while still engaging with the court environment to which he had direct access. His Confessio AmantisThe Lover's Confession: A late-fourteenth-century Middle English work composed by John Gower, at the request of Richard II, which is often considered one of the great works of the period. It consists of a prologue and eight books, consolidated by the overarching story of an ageing lover making…The Lover's Confession: A late-fourteenth-century Middle English work composed by John Gower, at the request of Richard II, which is often considered one of the great works of the period. It consists of a prologue and eight books, consolidated by the overarching story of an ageing lover making…The Lover's Confession: A late-fourteenth-century Middle English work composed by John Gower, at the request of Richard II, which is often considered one of the great works of the period. It consists of a prologue and eight books, consolidated by the overarching story of an ageing lover making…The Lover's Confession: A late-fourteenth-century Middle English work composed by John Gower, at the request of Richard II, which is often considered one of the great works of the period. It consists of a prologue and eight books, consolidated by the overarching story of an ageing lover making… is a clear example of direct commission, being dedicated to Richard II and with the tale of its being requested on the king's barge during a night-time meeting on the Thames. The later alterations made to the Confessio are useful when considering to what extent this commission played in Gower's decision to write the piece. For the later edition, Gower completely removed the dedication to Richard and any suggestion that the work was a completion of an assigned task. This matched alterations he made to Vox Clamantis as well, where the earlier assertion that it was the king's council that was responsible for all of England's ills was changed to identify the king's own undisciplined behaviour and neglect of proper morality as the source of the national maladyA disease or ailment; or a serious problem.A disease or ailment; or a serious problem. A disease or ailment; or a serious problem. A disease or ailment; or a serious problem. . Had Gower been reliant on royal patronage when creating and revising his works, it would have been unthinkable that he should have made such damning changes in so unrepentant a manner. Such alterations would become more understandable after Henry IV took the throne, but these appeared far earlier, perhaps as early as 1393 on Bolingbroke's return to England, a full six years before Richard was usurpedTo have taken a (person's) position of power or importance illegally or by force.To have taken a (person's) position of power or importance illegally or by force. To have taken a (person's) position of power or importance illegally or by force. To have taken a (person's) position of power or importance illegally or by force. . It appears that at this time, Gower took on Bolingbroke's liveryAn identifiable uniform given to a person's servants, officials, or clients.An identifiable uniform given to a person's servants, officials, or clients. An identifiable uniform given to a person's servants, officials, or clients. An identifiable uniform given to a person's servants, officials, or clients. and therefore reworked his writing to gratify his new patron, and in this way the completed work can be seen as a product of 'the court', influenced not by patronage aimed at promotion of the arts, but as a piece of art born of personal expression in a distinct political and cultural environment.
It is in this sense that the court of Richard II had a clear effect on the development of English literary creativity and achievement, and one without which it is unlikely that the most notable works of the period would have been created in the way they were. Rather than acting as a direct source of financial patronage and commissions, the court environment, its atmosphere, concerns, and ambience, all created a milieuA  person's social environment.A  person's social environment. A  person's social environment. A  person's social environment. in which varied, experimental artistic endeavour was indirectly fostered. When examined with this in mind, criticisms of the traditional view of the RicardianRelating to either Richard I, Richard II, or Richard III.Relating to either Richard I, Richard II, or Richard III. Relating to either Richard I, Richard II, or Richard III. Relating to either Richard I, Richard II, or Richard III. court as the focal point of a creative flowering need to be reconsidered.
The role of Richard
Portrait of Richard II, created in the mid-1390s.
Richard's personal interest in literature and the contents of his library are aspects of this question that have attracted wide-ranging opinions. While Michael Bennett has supported a more traditional view, pointing to Richard's receipt of lavishly produced works as gifts, including a beautiful Book of Statutes from around 1389 and a Belleville breviaryAn illuminated breviary (a book containing all the necessary liturgical texts for an order or church official) composed in the 1320s.An illuminated breviary (a book containing all the necessary liturgical texts for an order or church official) composed in the 1320s. An illuminated breviary (a book containing all the necessary liturgical texts for an order or church official) composed in the 1320s. An illuminated breviary (a book containing all the necessary liturgical texts for an order or church official) composed in the 1320s. given as a wedding present by Charles VI of France, Nigel Saul has suggested that Richard was not such a great bibliophileSomeone who collects or who has a great love of books.Someone who collects or who has a great love of books. Someone who collects or who has a great love of books. Someone who collects or who has a great love of books. , making a direct comparison between the number of books in his collection – fewer than twenty – and the huge library of Charles V stored in the LouvreOriginally a late-twelfth or early-thirteenth-century fortress in Paris, it became the main residence of the French kings in 1546. After Louis XIV moved his main residence to Versailles, it became a place to store the royal collection and later home to the Royal Academy of Painting and…Originally a late-twelfth or early-thirteenth-century fortress in Paris, it became the main residence of the French kings in 1546. After Louis XIV moved his main residence to Versailles, it became a place to store the royal collection and later home to the Royal Academy of Painting and…Originally a late-twelfth or early-thirteenth-century fortress in Paris, it became the main residence of the French kings in 1546. After Louis XIV moved his main residence to Versailles, it became a place to store the royal collection and later home to the Royal Academy of Painting and…Originally a late-twelfth or early-thirteenth-century fortress in Paris, it became the main residence of the French kings in 1546. After Louis XIV moved his main residence to Versailles, it became a place to store the royal collection and later home to the Royal Academy of Painting and…. Charles V's collection ran to over 1,200 books, and included some of the first translations of Aristotle into French. Although the small size of the collection calls into question the extent to which Richard took an active interest in the production of literature, especially when contrasted with his engagement with the visual and architectural arts, its contents are intriguingly varied and can be used to illustrate an artistic atmosphere at court. Within the collection is the original presentation copy of the Confessio Amantis, some ArthurianRelating to, or characteristic of, King Arthur. Relating to, or characteristic of, King Arthur.  Relating to, or characteristic of, King Arthur.  Relating to, or characteristic of, King Arthur.  romances, and a collection of love poetry presented by Froissart, all of which would be expected regardless of Richard's personal level of interest in literature. However, the collection also contains a manuscript that may be the only piece with internal evidence of a direct royal commission. Now listed as MS Bodley 581. It is made up of tracts on kingship, something it shares with the Confessio, and also contains a piece on geomancyLiterally meaning 'earth divination', where divination (for example of the future) is done through markings on the ground or through the placement of rocks, sand, and soil. It can also be used to describe the careful placing of buildings or other objects to ensure their future success.Literally meaning 'earth divination', where divination (for example of the future) is done through markings on the ground or through the placement of rocks, sand, and soil. It can also be used to describe the careful placing of buildings or other objects to ensure their future success. Literally meaning 'earth divination', where divination (for example of the future) is done through markings on the ground or through the placement of rocks, sand, and soil. It can also be used to describe the careful placing of buildings or other objects to ensure their future success. Literally meaning 'earth divination', where divination (for example of the future) is done through markings on the ground or through the placement of rocks, sand, and soil. It can also be used to describe the careful placing of buildings or other objects to ensure their future success. and its applications. Another manuscript is a compilation of treaties, letters and an account of Edward I's 1296 campaign in Scotland. BL MS Cotton Nero D. VI. While such texts may not be easily defined as 'literature' in the sense of creative art, they point to Richard's interests and concerns, which were surely not unknown in the court itself. They also demonstrate Richard's interest in documentation and the written word, whether this extended to a fondness for fiction or not. In this context, John Gower's story of his boat ride with the king makes much sense. Whether true or not – and there is no real reason to question it – there would have been no reason to tell it had the image of the king engaging a poet on his barge not been a believable one. It thus indicates something of the monarchA king, queen, or emperorA king, queen, or emperorA king, queen, or emperorA king, queen, or emperorA king, queen, or emperorA king, queen, or emperor's attitude towards the creative arts, an attitude which may have been reflected in the character of the court.
The Frontispiece of Troilus and Criseyde (Corpus Christi College, Cambridge), showing Chaucer reading to the court.
The presentation of the Confessio in English rather than Latin or French is also extremely telling, as is the freedom with which Chaucer felt able to use the vernacular in his writing. An acceptance of English for artistic purposes within the court was surely impetusThe force or energy with which a body moves; or something that makes a process or activity happen or happen more quickly.The force or energy with which a body moves; or something that makes a process or activity happen or happen more quickly. The force or energy with which a body moves; or something that makes a process or activity happen or happen more quickly. The force or energy with which a body moves; or something that makes a process or activity happen or happen more quickly. enough for experimentation and the development of the new wave of poetry. Although it has been noted that Chaucer's manuscripts lack a standard presentation image, a copy of Troilus and Criseyde at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, is fronted by an image of the poet reading to a court audience. MS61 If this is to be seen as Chaucer himself and the manner in which works were shared, it indicates an openness toward, and an appreciation of, the new style of literature. Engaging in the creative process within this accepting environment may have been all the encouragement required for writers, with direct patronage largely unnecessary. If the court can be seen as a 'cultural constructA  shared understanding of some aspect of the world that exists because the people of a specific culture understand that thing to exist, and understand the meanings behind it. However, this understanding can vary between cultures. For example, 'gender' or 'marriage' have a set of cultural…A  shared understanding of some aspect of the world that exists because the people of a specific culture understand that thing to exist, and understand the meanings behind it. However, this understanding can vary between cultures. For example, 'gender' or 'marriage' have a set of cultural…A  shared understanding of some aspect of the world that exists because the people of a specific culture understand that thing to exist, and understand the meanings behind it. However, this understanding can vary between cultures. For example, 'gender' or 'marriage' have a set of cultural…A  shared understanding of some aspect of the world that exists because the people of a specific culture understand that thing to exist, and understand the meanings behind it. However, this understanding can vary between cultures. For example, 'gender' or 'marriage' have a set of cultural…' rather than a clearly defined institution, it would have been changeable, fluid and open to interaction with myriadCountless or very large number.Countless or very large number. Countless or very large number. Countless or very large number. ideas from many different sources. What better surroundings could be imagined for artistic inspiration and influences than these?
Richard's was a court unlike any that had come before in England: far less martialRelating to fighting or war.Relating to fighting or war. Relating to fighting or war. Relating to fighting or war. in its character, self-consciously more refined in the French style, dedicated to a 'cult of good manners'. Nigel Saul, Richard II (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 332. Here was an environment in which, without any sense of incongruityThe state of being not in harmony or keeping with the surroundings or other aspects of something.The state of being not in harmony or keeping with the surroundings or other aspects of something. The state of being not in harmony or keeping with the surroundings or other aspects of something. The state of being not in harmony or keeping with the surroundings or other aspects of something. , traditional Arthurian romances and religious tracts were joined by The Forme of Cury, a celebrated cookbook, and a translation into English of a scientific tract on urine, commissioned by Richard so that laymen might benefit from it. Writing in this air of the celebration of the new and the novel, combined with a greater looseness in composition allowed by working in English – a language which did not have the formalised and more rigid stylistics and structures to be found in an established literary language like French – poets such as Chaucer and Gower cannot have helped but be driven forward in the creation of something truly remarkable. Without such indirect influence, the great revolution in English literature and the treasures it gifted may never have seen the light of day.
Did Richard II actually like books?
How much did Richard II personally influence the development of literature?
How important were Chaucer and Gower to English literature?
Were Chaucer and Gower 'court poets'?
What was the influence of the gentry in promoting literature?
How has the English language developed as a result of literature in the fourteenth century?
The great works of literature from the fourteenth century are still readily available to read. Look through Chaucer and Gower to understand the way language and story-telling developed.
The poets of the late fourteenth century are said to have influenced English literature ever since. Consider later texts, from Shakespeare to Harry Potter, to see what links you can find.
The late fourteenth century was a time of artistic flowering across the disciplines. Study the wider cultural contexts, including developments in art and architecture, to get an deeper understanding of the period.
The best way to understand the literature of the age is to read it. There are many published collections of the works of Geoffrey Chaucer, John Gower, and others available on the market, from cheap Penguin editions to expensive academic versions.
Without doubt, the best book on Richard II is still Nigel Saul's Richard II. This is an essential read for anyone wanting to understand the king and his court.
William Marshal: the story of a remarkable man
The Norman Conquest: Cataclysm or Continuity?
The Battle of Hastings
A Templar knight, as well as being chaste and vowing to avoid luxury, slept for just four hours a night, attended up to seven masses a day, and fasted three times a week.


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Greek Players Abroad
Greek Soccer: Domestic & International
Kyriakos Papadopoulos ‒ FC U Craiova 1948
By Euro2004,
June 14, 2010 in Greek Players Abroad
Greece's u-21 centre back, Kyriakos Papadopoulos has agreed terms with the Bundesliga runners-up Schalke. The 18 year old will join his fellow Greece u-21 international, Pliatsikas who is already there. Papadopoulos' manager will be the world class, Felix Magath, who is renowned for his defensive know-how and demanding fitness regimes will undoubtedly improve the kid. He hasn't signed yet, but according to all the websites he has agreed terms.
http://www.sportdog.gr/v3/article.aspx?id=136300
Euro2004 21 posts
Argy 22 posts
pash 25 posts
Nikitas 52 posts
Just scored the winning goal vs Leverkusen.. he was the best player on the field by far. Games like that show the ability that this guy has.. and there is no reason as to why he, manolas and sokratis
paokarag4
Kyriakos finally injury free for the first time this season and getting is first minutes of the season. He played the full 90 of the Polkal quarter final against fellow 2nd division side Paderborn. Ha
Greekaroos
Kyriakos Papadopoulos scored the opening goal for Hamburger SV in it's away match away to RB Leipzig which is currently 30 minutes into the German Bundedliga match with Hamburger SV leading 0-2.
thrylos
Rookie Members
All the best to him.
In Greece he would be riding pine because he is Greek
drakos13
great news if it goes through. The next generation when Otto gets thrown out is going to be exciting.......I hope he thrives there, Germany is gaining amongst the top european leagues too. Pliatsikas and Papadopoulos on Schalke... seems to be a Greek surge going to Germany which is great for the country...
Location:Belgium
Very good! All the best to him! :gr:
I agree. We're the only country in Europe that doesn't utilise it's talented youth. To think that players like Dimoutsos were playing in the 2nd division last season! :tdown:
In my opinion K.Papadopoulos is better than Avraam already, the only man that realised that was Ketsbaia (who would have made Olympiakos into a brilliant team in my opinion), everyone else associated with that club loves Avraam so it's time K.Papadopoulos left. Felix Magath is already reported to have said that he'll make the kid "top class" which is great.
i agree completley. Can i add Its totally bizarre how Dimoutsos is underrated beyond beleif....when he was 18 under peseiro during the Fall he was a starter at PAO. the kids 20-21 and hes been written off despite great U21 appearances, and playing in the 2nd division.....really, teams in the 1st division don't want this kid? He could comortably been starting or rotating at teams like Asteras, Xanthi and developing.
I really think the kid could be playing a lot more at PAO and even helping the team.
This is why i think the cup should be a youth tournament only. If not the Cup, make a "League Cup" which is only a showcase for the Greek youth. I doubt it will be too complicated to arrange.
I totally agree and i'd go even further as to say that Dimoutsos has the ability to become a full Greece international one day in my opinion. In many games for the u-21 he has been our best player, better than Ninis and he's completely over-looked. The kids agent needs to get his act together and earn the kid a trial or two abroad.
K.Papadopoulos was clearly heading the same way because as i said he is quite evidently better than Avraam and still doesn't get a game. In fact, Ketsbaia used him as a holding midfielder against Tottenham in pre-season and he was Olympiakos' best player. In a team that quite clearly lacked a holding midfielder this season why not give the kid 15 mins in that position to see if he can adapt? Instead they opted to use Didier Domi, a left back, in centre mid away at Aris. These are clearly signs that K.Papadopoulos wasn't respected at the club and he's done the right thing. He's now at one of Germany's biggest clubs being managed by a world class manager who specialises in defending.
Edited June 15, 2010 by Euro2004
K.Papadopoulos is a monster and the fact he doesn't play for OSFP adds to the Greek mentality.
To the Greek Cup comment, I've been talking about allowing only Greek players to play in the Cup. No foreign players allowed.
Interesting read the K.Papadopoulos was never offered a contract. I wonder of Olympiakos will: trade him away, (the right thing to do)
play hardball, (try and ruin him)
or let him walk in a year (waste of everyone's time)
its official, 4 year contract Papadopoulos is a Schalke player. Hope to see this German exodus continue throughout the summer....
http://www.contra.gr/Soccer/Germany/Bundes...e04/278465.html
played in Schalke's 2-1 away defeat at Hamburg. He played in holding midfield but i didn't see the whole game so can't comment on how he played. for the 10-15 mins i did see he seemed a little anonymous but just as i put it on the commentator said "great start for the Greek".
pao123
sat the bench today in schalke 2-1 loss to hannover 96
was the man of the match last night in schalke 2-0 champions league win
bravo kyriako
He was also in goal.com's champions league team of the week. They wrote:
Kyriakos Papadopoulos - Schalke 04
The central defensive question is one of many that has been unresolved for Schalke so far this season but the new signing Papadopoulos took a great step towards becoming a permanent fixture in it with his display against Benfica. His positioning was superb, but it was his impeccable tackling that stole the show during the 2-0 win. A Bundesliga win and now a Champions League one; have the Royal Blues turned a corner?
http://www.goal.com/en/news/1716/champions...nd-matchday-two
zenon
I watched Shalke last night because watching Panathinaikos was to painful. Papadopoulos was pure quality.
He deserves all the praise he gets. Ninis will be 30 and we will still be waiting for him to become a star.
http://www.givemefootball.com/premier-leag...bid-after-germa
Reports from Germany claim that K.Papadopoulos is being linked with a move to Liverpool. Tottenham, Arsenal and Chelsea are also tracking him but Liverpool are apparently preparing a bid
played 90 minute today in schalke 1-0 loss to hoffenheim...
played a full 90 in schalkes 5-2 away win vs inter...although goal.com gave him a 5.5 (which is a bogus rating) he did very well in my opinion. sat deep, won loose balls, distributed well...he played very simple, did not try to complicate play and was very direct..he played that holding role very well without making many mistakes...
he should be playing for our national team...by next year i want to see him gradually incorporated in our team..he is young and will be a great addition to this transitional team...if he works on his distribution, he can be top class.
I didn't see the game but I do know that they had some major defensive issues in the first half, did he contribute with mistakes?
I do know that generally speaking Schalke have major defensive frailties so it's unusual that he isn't used as a centre back. He certainly is a massive talent and could really develop into a world class player
I also didn't see the game but was wondering the same thing. Anyway it's nice to see a Greek this far in the champions league ...
Yeah as far as I'm aware the last time a Greek got this far was Akis Zikos who went to final with Monaco in 2004
According to the latest reports Inter Milan are interested in him. After Papastathopoulos' treatment at Milan i have my reservations about this. I'd rather he went to England. Nonetheless I believe they will focus alot more on defending than the German's do, so it would be a better move for him in my opinion than staying at Schalke
http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/football/8606...ahill-bid-fails
He's now being linked with a possible move to Arsenal if the Cahill deal falls through. Papadopoulos is def one for the future but he's not ready for Arsenal yet
Yeah that must be right. Anyway we had two Greeks on the pitch tonight, not just Papadopoulos, but Charisteas as well who came on at '77.
Yes and Papadopoulos played very well. Some good running on the box, great positional sense too. His ball distribution was very poor in the first half though and if he's to have a future as a holding midfielder that's a thing he must improve on. He has the attributes to be a world class defender though, it will be interesting to see where his future lies. He should be in the NT first team now though.
Goal.com gave him a 7/10 and the comment:
Showed no fear when running at the heart of Inter's defence, winning a dangerous free-kick after outfoxing Thiago Motta and Ranocchia. Also came close to scoring in the second half but couldn't keep his header down. Unlucky to be booked for a foul on Julio Cesar
(Charisteas didn't get a rating because he didn't have time to make an impact)
Edited April 13, 2011 by Euro2004
2 yr Argy changed the title to Kyriakos Papadopoulos ‒ Free agent
Sep 18 Dutch Eagle changed the title to Kyriakos Papadopoulos ‒ FC U Craiova 1948
4 yr Argy pinned and unpinned this topic


Before his team took on the Saints Saturday in New Orleans, Patriots president Jonathan Kraft said that there needs to be a "rethinking" of how the NFL deals with, handles and dishes out player punishment.
Kraft said that NFL discipline should be "rethought for the modern era" of the game, i.e. Roger Goodell has abused and misused his power so badly recently that the structure needs to be retooled completely. Of course, the NFLPA conceded that power to the commissioner in the last CBA. It's taken some time to see the true nature of the beast come to light, but it's now out of control beyond anything the league could've imagined a few years ago. And Kraft isn't alone in his standing.
San Francisco 49ers CEO Jed York echoed Kraft's message by retweeing a link posted by ESPN's Adam Schefter, which was a story written by Mike Reiss on the subject. It seems York, whom Peter King of Sports Illustrated deems one of the "leaders of tomorrow" (along with Kraft) for the NFL is on board with his thought process.
There probably needs to be a rethinking so that the league office and the Commissioner aren't put in a spotlight in a way that detracts from the league's image and the game," he continued, "even if the league office is doing the right thing, or the wrong thing, or whatever you think. It probably needs to be rethought for the modern era that we're in and the different things that are coming up that I don't think people anticipated and how the public wants to see them treated.
There have been plenty of reports that owners such as Baltimore's Steve Biscotti, Indianapolis' Jim Irsay and Jerry Jones down in Dallas have been imploring Goodell to not budge an inch on Brady's suspension. It seems if Jed York had enough clout in the upper-tier of the club, he'd be trying to convince the old guard to back off on their bloodlust.


text:
Those UCLA Bruins keep finding more drama and ways to win in the closing seconds.
Darren Collison scored the go-ahead basket on a one-handed lay-in with 9½ seconds remaining, Josh Shipp contested Donald Sloan's final drive and top-seeded UCLA held on for a 53-49 victory over Texas A&M in the second round of the NCAA Tournament last night in Anaheim, Calif.
The Bruins (33-3) won their 12th in a row and will face Western Kentucky or San Diego next week in Phoenix.
Urged on by 17,600 pro-UCLA fans that made it seem like a home game, the Bruins rallied from a 10-point deficit in the second half.
Kevin Love had 19 points and 11 rebounds - his 21st double-double - and UCLA overcame the combined 3-of-14 shooting of Shipp and Russell Westbrook.
Sloan led the Aggies (25-11) with 12 points, and Josh Carter added 10. A&M was trying to get back to the final 16 for the second straight year.
South Regional
? Stanford 82, Marquette 81 (OT): Stanford Coach Trent Johnson missed an amazing ending.
In an emotional response to Johnson's first-half ejection, the Cardinal rallied for an overtime victory over Marquette in the NCAA's South Regional last night in Anaheim, advancing to the round of 16 for the first time since 2001.
"We stay together no matter what," point guard Mitch Johnson said.
The Cardinal, who trailed by as many as 11 points in the first half, advanced to Houston, where they will face Miami or Texas.
Brook Lopez made a baseline leaner with 1.3 seconds left to win it for the third-seeded Cardinal (28-7). Lopez, one of Stanford's twin 7-footers, finished with 30 points, one shy of a career high. The bucket came on Mitch Johnson's career-high 16th assist.
Trent Johnson, the Pac-10 Coach of the Year, was ejected with 3:36 remaining in the first half for walking on the court to argue a foul call.
His ejection seemed to fire up the Cardinal, who trailed 36-30 at halftime.
"We knew that we had to win that game from that point on," said Robin Lopez, Brook Lopez's twin brother. "We weren't going out like that."
Brook Lopez scored eight of Stanford's 11 points in overtime as the Cardinal took advantage of a big size difference. The Golden Eagles were hampered after their best big man, Ousmane Barro, fouled out with 1:44 left in regulation.
"When Ousmane went down with the fouls, there's no question it changed for us a little bit," Marquette Coach Tom Crean said.
Brook Lopez was an effective counter to Marquette sharpshooter Jerel McNeal, who scored a career-high 30 points and hit three 3-pointers in overtime.
But McNeal missed at the worst time for the sixth-seeded Golden Eagles (25-10). With about 15 seconds left, he misfired on a 15-footer, and the Cardinal rebounded and called timeout.
"We were shooting jump shots in overtime, and they were shooting layups," McNeal said.
McNeal's miss set the stage for Brook Lopez's winning bucket, which came over the 6-foot-8 Dwight Burke. The ball rolled around the rim before falling through.
"I was pretty much watching from behind the backboard the whole time, and the ground," Brook Lopez said. "So I guess I got a nice bounce or something."
When Marquette's long inbounds pass was batted away, the Cardinal mobbed each other at midcourt, capping a riveting game.
"They got the final shot," McNeal said. "Layup. Game over."
Regulation ended with drama at both ends of the floor.
Stanford trailed 69-68 with 1:44 to play when Barro fouled out, sending Brook Lopez to the line.
After Lopez hit both free throws, McNeal drove for a bucket to make put the Golden Eagles up 71-70 with 1:10 to play.
With 8 seconds to play, Mitch Johnson missed a layup and Robin Lopez was fouled in the lane. Lopez missed the first shot and swished the second to tie it at 71.
McNeal launched an off-balance 3-pointer with about 5 seconds left, and Marquette came up with the loose ball. But Brook Lopez blocked Lazar Hayward's fallaway shot and the game went to overtime.
? Michigan State 65, Pittsburgh 54: All this talk about brawn and brute force gets old. Drew Neitzel and Kalin Lucas let everyone know these Michigan State guys can dribble and shoot it, too.
The Spartans guards went on a late ballhandling and scoring spree to help Michigan State pull away from Pittsburgh in the South Regional last night in Devner.
Lucas and Neitzel combined for 21 of the final 25 points for the fifth-seeded Spartans to help them win a battle of the bullies - a rough-and-tumble game between two Rust Belt teams who brought their show to the Rocky Mountains.
Neitzel led the Spartans with 21 points, and Lucas finished with 19.
Levance Fields had 19 points for fourth-seeded Pitt (27-10), which had won six straight.
Leading by one, Neitzel scored eight straight points - including an amazing shake-and-bake move to get shooting room in front of Ronald Ramon - to give Michigan State (27-8) a five-point lead with 4 minutes left.
A bit later, Lucas drove to the basket for a layup, then the two combined when Neitzel picked up a loose ball and fed it ahead to Lucas for an uncontested layup - one of the very few easy scores in this hotly contested game - for a 59-50 lead.
On the next possession, as if to prove these guys really do make their living playing defense, the guards combined on the final blow. Neitzel reached in to redirect Fields - who found himself slamming directly into Lucas. The ref called a charge, and, cruelly and almost appropriately, Fields found himself on the ground writhing in pain.
Copyright 2008 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.


text:
La Real Sociedad Colombina Onubense es una asociación creada para actualizar la memoria del Descubrimiento de América y su importante relación con algunas localidades de la Provincia de Huelva (España). Se autodefine como Sociedad meramente cultural y apolítica. La actual presidencia está a cargo de D. José María Segovia, tiene como presidente honorífico al descendiente directo de Cristóbal Colón y Duque de Veragua Cristóbal Colón de Carvajal.

Historia
Con la vuelta de la Monarquía en el año 1887, en la persona de Alfonso XII, Antonio Cánovas del Castillo pretende recuperar el prestigio internacional de España, afianzando la Monarquía y proyectándola al exterior, por lo que plantéa la
Celebración del IV Centenario del Descubrimiento de América, sirviéndose para ello de la prensa escrita. En Huelva, hubo un importante auge de asociaciones de todo tipo y un cambio de mentalidad popular como consecuencia del crecimiento económico y el fuerte desarrollo de la prensa escrita en la provincia. Esto propició un creciente interés por la recuperación histórica de la participación activa de los Lugares colombinos en la preparación y desarrollo del Descubrimiento de América, que hasta ese momento había sido totalmente olvidada. La prensa de Huelva publicó múltiples artículos, pero fue la disputa entre los periódicos "El Correo de Huelva" y "La Provincia", la que motivó que, el 1 de abril de 1880, el director de El Correo (Braulio Santamaría) decidiera impulsar la creación de la inicialmente denominada "Sociedad Colombina Onubense", convirtiéndose en el socio-fundador de la misma.

Fue fundada el 21 de marzo de 1880, a raíz de las cercanas Celebración del IV Centenario del Descubrimiento de América, cuando un grupo de intelectuales provinciales decidieron su creación como forma de promover el hecho colombino y su relación con una tierra que había visto partir y regresar la expedición comandada por Cristóbal Colón en 1492. Así, sus objetivos principales eran poner en valor lugares como el Monasterio de La Rábida, Palos de la Frontera, Moguer, Huelva… y reclamar internacionalmente el lugar que según ellos merecía la provincia. La primera sesión se celebró el 21 de marzo en el salón de actos de la Diputación Provincial de Huelva aunque tomando como sede espiritual el cercano Monasterio de La Rábida de Palos de la Frontera. Su preámbulo hacía referencia al objetivo de "conmemorar el aniversario de la salida de Colón al descubrimiento del Nuevo Mundo". Para pertenecer a ella, los nuevos socios debían seguir los pensamientos impulsados por la sociedad y pagar una cuota de 5 pesetas. Antonio Fernández García fue su primer presidente, el Duque de Veragua el presidente Honorífico, Horacio Bel Román y José Iñiguez Hernández-Pinzón vicepresidentes.

Sus primeras actividades estuvieron encaminadas a la celebración del IV Centenario que tuvo su momento culminante durante los meses de agosto a septiembre del año 1892. Los actos desarrolladas en Huelva fueron grandes, y asistió a ella todo el Gobierno de la nación y S.M. la Reina doña María Cristina. El Almirante Luis Hernández-Pinzón Álvarez, descendiente de los Pinzón, fue socio fundador y presidente, y participó activamente en la organización de los actos conmemorativos, logrando que asistieran buques de muy diversos países. La Sociedad Colombina le homenajeó con el develado de una placa en homenaje póstumo, entre las actividades celebradas en el IV Centenario.

A lo largo de más de un siglo de existencia ha sido reconocida en diversas ocasiones. Así, el rey Alfonso XII le concedió el título de "Real", título reconocido por sus sucesores Alfonso XII y Juan Carlos I y ha venido celebrando anualmente importantes actos de carácter colombino e iberoamericano. Asimismo son Socios de Honor, la mayoría de los jefes de Estado de Iberoamérica. Además está en posesión de numerosas condecoraciones de países americanos y de cruces e insignias españolas, como la Cruz Al Mérito Naval de la Armada Española, la Medalla de Oro de la Provincia de Huelva y la Cruz al Mérito de la Guardia Civil.

En la actualidad sigue siendo la representante de la Provincia de Huelva en sus relaciones con las naciones iberoamericanas y sus embajadas, universidades, centros de investigación y estudios históricos, academias y oficinas de turismo. Además mantiene correspondencia con todos los centros diplomáticos y universitarios, así como con los particulares que se interesan por este tema. También colabora en campañas benéficas y de solidaridad en favor de los países americanos. La Sociedad tiene delegados en varios países iberoamericanos y organiza ciclos de Conferencias de temas náuticos, de Historia del Descubrimiento y sobre el periodo de desarrollo americano.

Presidentes
 Antonio Fernández García
 Luis Hernández-Pinzón Álvarez
 Luis Bayo Hernández-Pinzón
 José María Segovia Azcárate
 José Marchena Colombo

Véase también
 Descubrimiento de América
 Lugares colombinos
 Moguer
 Palos de la Frontera
 Voto colombino

Bibliografía
 Muñoz Bort, Domingo. Artículo en el libro "Historia del Real Club Recreativo de Huelva. Cien años de fútbol en Huelva 1889-1989.". Diario Huelva Información. Huelva (1987).
 Página web de la Real Sociedad Colombina de Huelva.
 Díaz Domínguez, Mari Paz. Moguer en los inicios de la Real Sociedad Colombina Onubense, Col. "Montemayor", Archivo Histórico Municipal; Fundación Municipal Cultura, Moguer, 2008.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial

Cultura de la provincia de Huelva
Asociaciones culturales de Andalucía
Descubrimiento de América
España en 1880
Organizaciones fundadas en 1880
Reinado de Alfonso XII
Historia de la provincia de Huelva


*Tip: spray a small amount of cooking spray on the shredding blade before shredding to keep the cheese from sticking too much.
Heat a large skillet with a few sprays of cooking spray over medium-high heat. Sauté the pepper, onion and mushrooms until tender crisp, about 4-5 minutes.
Spread ½ Tbsp. butter onto one side of each tortilla.
Heat a skillet to medium and place a tortilla, butter side down, in the skillet. Sprinkle ¼ cup cheese and a ¼ cup mushroom mixture on top. Place the 2nd tortilla, butter side up, on top.
Cook for 2-3 minutes per side, or until golden brown. Repeat with the remaining quesadillas.
Slice each quesadilla into four slices and serve with guacamole or sour cream.
Tip: allow the quesadillas to cool slightly and use a pizza cutter to quickly cut into four slices.


A trumpet has been sounded and GOD is igniting business leaders who can get things done in heaven and on earth.
Joshua and Caleb are described in Scripture as men who had a different spirit.
They were two of the 12 spies sent into the PROMISED LAND to determine if it could be taken, as God had promised it to them. The other ten gave a bad report that instilled fear in the people, which ultimately caused a rebellion. This resulted in an entire generation dying in the desert.
Joshua and Caleb were the only two who were led by the SPIRIT of GOD, versus the spirit of fear. They were the only ones to enter the PROMISED LAND from their generation.


text:
He was schooled by Newcastle United legend in between serving Stoke City so handsomely
Popular BBC commentator select a Stoke City favourite from each of the last six decades
How about that then... Andy Griffin celebrates his wonder strike against Coventry (Image: Steve Bould)
Nigel Johnson is now into his seventh different decade with BBC Radio Stoke and to mark the landmark we asked him to select his favourite Stoke City star from each of the previous six decades - today it's the 2000s and his choice is former captain ANDY GRIFFIN...
"Andy Griffin hailed from Wigan, but became a true Stokie during four spells at the club and still lives in the area to this day.
Lou Macari gave him his Stoke debut as a 17 year-old in October 1996 during a 3-1 win against Portsmouth when he came on as a second-half substitute.
He eased out the Northern Ireland international Nigel Worthington from the left back spot and in the future he could play comfortably at left or right back at the very highest level.
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He was an attacking full back, but also had sound defensive qualities, in particular a very hard tackle and, a little like Mike Pejic, he didn't take prisoners.
Starting as a teenager, he soon began to attract attention from other clubs and one in particular, Newcastle United, and their manager at the time was Kenny Dalglish.
So in January 1998 it was no surprise that he made the move to St James's Park for a fee of £1.5m
Unfortunately, when he moved to the North East he was beset by injuries, but did manage to overcome some in the early days and got into the 1999 FA Cup Final team which lost to Arsenal.
When Bobby Robson became manager at Newcastle, he took him under his wing and gave him much encouragement and his career suddenly began to settle.
One of his greatest memories there must have been playing in the Champions League against Juventus when he scored.
Injuries flared again and at the end of the 2003/04 season he moved on to Portsmouth and he remained on the south coast until the 2005/06 season.
The black man with a white face - broadcasting legend pays tribute to Stoke City hero
I was nearly crying at Liverpool during emotional tribute to Stoke City hero
In September of 2006 Stoke fans were over the moon because he rejoined them on loan and during his time in this particular spell at Stoke, I remember one goal in particular.
It came on a really foggy night at the Brit against Coventry when he let go with an absolute screamer from 30-odd yards which ripped into the back of the net.
He turned round with his arms in the air and looked as surprised as anyone.
In June 2007, everybody was taken by surprise because he decided to sign for Derby on a three-year deal and he seemed lost to Stoke.
But his Derby dream didn't last long and Tony Pulis had a chat with him, persuading him to return once more to his adopted home.
Andy took over as captain and so was the club captain when Stoke won that long-awaited promotion into the Premier League.
Great competitor... former Stoke skipper Andy Griffin goes toe to toe against West Brom
I found Andy a total professional who led by example, no doubt about that.
He was a role model to the younger players in the Academy and also to his fellow pros because he gave 100 per cent every game and expected the same from everybody else.
I always remember one interview after a game when he replied to one question by saying something along the lines: "I am a very fortunate person. I'm paid a lot of money for doing a job I love."
That, to me, summed up Andy Griffin.
He appreciated what he'd got, wasn't flamboyant and kept his feet firmly on the ground.
What a stink! George didn't sniff at chance to join Stoke City from Wolves
He had a great left foot but was also handy with the gloves at Stoke City
Whenever he gave you an opinion, he told you how it was and, if it was a poor performance, that's what he'd admit to and to a degree he would explain why.
And with regard to himself, he was extremely modest and just wasn't interested in soaking up any praise.
Of late, he has been a summariser on BBC Radio Stoke and I think his contributions there have been first class.
His knowledge of the game shines through and his assessments are always accurate and I'm sure the young students he's coached at Newcastle under Lyme College would agree.
Andy is very perceptive and his fondness for Stoke runs deep.
A team including 11 Andy Griffins would certainly take some restraining."
Tony Pulis
Lou Macari
Stoke City FCAston Villa fans tell Stoke City what to expect from 'special' transferThe Potters completed their fourth signing of the January transfer window
Revealed: What Steven Gerrard told Jaden Philogene-Bidace ahead of Stoke City transfer
Stoke City FCLatest Stoke City news as Jaden Philogene-Bidace talks about Steven Gerrard influencing his loan move from Aston Villa
Robbie Williams' 'little sister' relationship with Princess Beatrice after meeting on John Caudwell's yacht
Robbie WilliamsAnd he even has a cute name for the Royal
Hundreds of new Covid sub-variant cases found in England
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Heart attack dad told by 999 to 'have glass of water and go to hospital'
NHSSon Harry had called 999 and described the symptoms
Hanley's best and worst car parks as reviewed by you
Traffic & TravelIt comes as Stoke-on-Trent City Council is building two new car parks in Hanley
Recap: Body of missing woman found on A53
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According to some reliable sources, Google is working on a plan to launch a standalone application for IOS which would be functioning as a full fledge Google Assistant. A while ago, Google had shown the intent to introduce Google Assistant on all the devices powered by Android.
According to the company officials, this proposal is still a work in progress and would be a reality soon. But the willingness to introduce one of their emerging products with huge potential for success to an entirely new playground as far as Google as a brand is concerned is looking like more of a strategic move.
Although it can just be a rumor, yet this move, if proves successful, can potentially turn the tables in favor of Google. The timing of the release of this game changer is also fascinating. The sources also say that Google is going to launch this feature in the upcoming Google I/O 2017. This proves to be an exciting continuation of Google's aggressive policy with the Assistant tool to give a really tough time to its competitors, as the Google Assistant SDK in the form of Developers Preview has just got released last month.
At this point, some may argue that Google has already launched the functionality of Google Assistant into iOS through the app named Google Allo. You can have the features of Google Assistant at your disposal through this app as you can look for a place or browse the information you want while chatting with your friends.
But not much iOS users got in love with this introduction as compared to the popularity of the Google Assistant working on the Android platform. The main reason for this lackluster performance of Google Allo on iOS is the tough competition from Apple Siri. The Siri app has the advantage to work on its tailor made iOS platform. So it delivers much better than Allo on iOS.
Another reason might be that the experience offered by Google Allo on iOS is far inferior to the fully matured Google Assistant being executed on a latest Android version like Marshmallow or Nougat. So this potential launch from the California-based organization can be a huge leap in terms of future prospects of all these AI based assisting applications.
The market of AI based features in no longer constrained with the type or brand of device. You might remember the Android lock screen feature was a major breakthrough of its time and helped much in gaining popularity of Android-based phones. But the introduction of Cortana from Microsoft for its Windows phones has proven better leaps and bounds.
To counter that exuberant approach from Windows owners, Google integrated Amazon Alexa into its shopping app. On the contrary, these software development giants are no longer considering boundaries of hardware platforms to get their features recognized and make them an instant hit.
If you analyze and compare both Siri and Assistant independently, working on their favored platforms, you must find many features owned by Assistant missing from Siri. Also, Google Assistant is essentially backed up by years of open source application development legacy, which cannot be countered just though a deep rooted Siri into iOS. So it is quite evident that Google Assistant can give a genuine fight to Siri and has the potential to throw it out of the ring in the all-important AI bout.
So just wait and see if this story transits into a reality as all eyes would be on Google I/O. With an illustrious release of chatbot at the last years I/O, this would definitely be a much more impactful launch.


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Gorgeous And Successful Leighton Meester (13 Photos)
Leighton Marissa Meester born April 9, 1986 (age 31), in Fort Worth, Texas, United States. She is well known American actress, singer, songwriter and model. Meester attended the Professional Children's School and also began working as a model with Wilhelmina, booking a Ralph Lauren campaign shot by Bruce Weber and working with then photographer (now filmmaker) Sofia Coppola. She also booked commercials for Tamagotchi and Clearasil, and modelled for Limited Too alongside Amanda Seyfried. Meester made her television acting debut as a murder victim's friend on an episode of Law & Order.
In 2007, Leighton Meester was cast in The CW's teen drama series Gossip Girl as Blair Waldorf. The series is based on the book series of the same name by Cecily von Ziegesar, and follows the lives of New York's privileged Upper East Side young adults. Her performance was the most critically acclaimed of the show, with Blair being cited as the series' breakout character, and also garnering much media recognition due to her wardrobe.
In 2011, she played the role of Rebecca, an obsessive bipolar girl, in the thriller film The Roommate. She has also appeared in the films Killer Movie (2008), Country Strong (2010), Monte Carlo (2011), The Oranges (2011), and The Judge (2014). Meester made her Broadway debut in Of Mice and Men (2014).
In addition to acting, Meester has also ventured into music. In 2009, she featured on Cobra Starship's Good Girls Go Bad which charted on the Billboard Hot 100, and released her first single Somebody to Love under Universal Republic.
November 2013, she became engaged to actor Adam Brody, whom she met while co-starring in the film The Oranges in 2010. The couple were married in a private ceremony on February 15, 2014. They welcomed their first child, daughter Arlo Day Brody, on August 4, 2015 in Whittier, California.
Beautiful And Sexy Scarlett Johansson (100+ Photos)
Hottest & Sexiest Emma Watson Photos
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Hot & Sexy Anna Kendrick (60+ Photos)
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I am not sure if this channel has been shared before and while I've only seen a handful of their videos, they seem to be complete walthrough runs of the levels. He seems to be going in order of release date, quite a behemoth task.
According to the About page, this user has a profile on trle.net: Ejecta.
From the small mound in the SE corner take a standing jump W to grab the edge of the ledge attached to the S wall, hoist up and take a running jump W to pull a jumpswitch and raise a cage in the N side of the room. Climb again the same ledge and this time take a running jump N to the top of the cage, turn right, jump to grab the ladder in the corner, shimmy right and climb back up to the previous room.
Having noticed that my dear friend M. Nicolas Lepy very recently dumped another one on us, I had a peek in this here walkthrough forum in order to check whether a walkthrough was already in the works, and of course it was (still is). Too bad, I thought—until I realised that this new level is a fairly sizeable one.
Ah well, I then thought, unless M. Lepy goes back to gracing us with levels less sprawling, I'll have to find a different subject for my sophomore walkthrough anyway. Something short and made with a reasonable degree of competence, yet irritating all the same. Suggestions?
Lara in a Box comes to mind, as it fits at least two of your qualifiers. The opportunities for Mulfisms are limitless.
I'm currently doing Temple of Duality, which also fits two of your qualifiers (but not the same ones).
All three conditions are required to be met, I'm afraid.
Incidentally, what's a "purley switch" (that doesn't work)?
I suspect it's the typo version of "pulley switch," or a chain that can be pulled, as the cognoscenti among us would call it.
If I'd been quicker on the draw, as Mulf usually is, I would have said that purley switches open the purley gates, naturally.
ASPIDETR EASTER TIME 2018 - YU TU ISLAND needs a refreshed walkthrough after the update.
Hi, yes, hello, that's me! What a coincidence that I was looking through this thread for something and I saw this!
Yes, it's true that I'm doing the levels in chronological order, and yes, it's also true that it's gonna take me a while to get through them all. I'm enjoying it though.
In the button/boulder puzzle at the start, Lara actually does not catch fire randomly. The whole puzzle is actually a giant timed run, obscurely indicated by the boulders in the NE room where you can also find some flares (one drops in each minute) - once you entered the room and the music plays, you have exactly five minutes to finish the button puzzle. After solving the puzzle and picking up the pillar, Lara won't catch fire anymore so you can freely explore the hall and find the switch at the top without worrying about the time.
Thanks for the insight. I'll add this information to the walkthrough.


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Powell: Solid economy but tame inflation allows low rates
Federal Reserve Board Chair Jerome Powell addresses a round table discussion during a visit to Silver Lane Elementary School, in East Hartford, Conn., Monday, Nov. 25, 2019. Powell and Federal Reserve Bank of Boston President Eric Rosengren toured a working-class neighborhood in East Hartford and met with residents to get a closer look at their challenges. (AP Photo/Steven Senne)
Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell on Monday sketched an optimistic view of the economy but signaled that continued low inflation means higher interest rates won't likely be necessary anytime soon.
Powell said that even with unemployment near a 50-year low of 3.6%, there's still "plenty of room" for wages to rise and for more Americans to join the workforce. He noted that annual inflation remains below the Fed's 2% target level.
The Fed chairman made his remarks in a speech to the Greater Providence (Rhode Island) Chamber of Commerce.
The central bank has cut its benchmark short-term rate three times this year to a range of just 1.5% to 1.75%. Powell signaled last month that the Fed will now likely remain on hold unless the economy noticeably worsens.
Powell said the three rate cuts have helped spur more home purchases, which have contributed to the economy's ongoing expansion, now in its 11th year, the longest on record.
That long-running growth is benefiting many less-advantaged workers who had mostly seen meager hiring and wage gains in the first half of the recovery, Powell said. Continuing to spread such opportunities is a key reason to sustain growth, he added.
"Recent years' data paint a hopeful picture of more people in their prime years in the workforce and wages rising for low- and middle-income workers," Powell said. "But … this is just a start: There is still plenty of room for building on these gains. The Fed can play a role in this effort."
Powell's buoyant outlook followed a visit earlier Monday to a workforce development program in East Hartford, Connecticut, where he heard from residents who had completed training programs and gotten higher-paying jobs.
Still, the Fed Chair highlighted a challenge for the central bank: Inflation has been stuck below the Fed's 2% target for most of the past seven years. While most people prefer limited price increases, the Fed worries that persistently low inflation can become ingrained and force the Fed to keep interest rates low permanently, limiting its ability to combat future downturns.
"That is why it is essential that we at the Fed use our tools to make sure that we do not permit an unhealthy downward drift in inflation expectations and inflation," Powell said.
Powell also acknowledged that what the Fed calls the "neutral" interest rate, which neither stimulates nor inhibits growth, has fallen for the past seven years.
That "provided another reason why a somewhat lower setting of our policy interest rate might be appropriate," Powell said.
Rhode Island's Gov. Gina Raimondo, head of the Democratic governors' association, told Powell at the Chamber of Commerce dinner, "I think you're doing an extraordinary job," especially under difficult circumstances.
"Of course, everybody has an opinion about what you should be doing," she said, a reference to President Donald Trump's repeated attacks on Powell.
AP Writer Matt O'Brien contributed to this report from Providence, Rhode Island.
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When Lynn Dorgan of North Cape, P.E.I. captured video of her husband collecting Irish moss with his horse last week she thought her Facebook friends might like it, never expecting nearly 23,000 views.
When Lynn Dorgan of North Cape, P.E.I., captured video of her husband collecting Irish moss with his horse last week she thought her Facebook friends might like it, never expecting nearly 23,000 views.
The video shows Micky Dorgan and his horse Rex raking the stormy North Cape shoreline for Irish moss.
"It's kind of a common thing for us, right? We see it every day," said Lynn.
Irish moss harvesting has been a way of life for many people along the shores of P.E.I., including Micky, who has been at it for more than 50 years.
The seaweed is a source of carrageenan, used in food processing as a thickening agent.
In recent years, the bottom has fallen out of the market. Experts cite a number of possible reasons for the industry's crash including coastal erosion and the practice of raking off the sea bottom rather than the shore.
But Micky keeps at it. He says that's mainly because Rex likes to work.
"He's a good horse, a real good horse. Good for the job. In a storm, you don't mind being on his back," said Micky.
As for the video's appeal, Micky said, "My son-in-law told me about it and I didn't believe none of it. So then I came home and asked [Lynn] and she said, 'Ya, it's true.'"