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Debt Rattle November 28 2020
November 28, 2020 Posted by Raúl Ilargi Meijer at 10:16 am Finance Tagged with: COVID, EpiVacCorona, evictions, Johns Hopkins, lockdowns, PCR, side effects, vaccines, voting machines, Wuhan 12 Responses »
Hieronymus Bosch The Conjurer 1502
• Lockdowns Destroy What Makes Us Human (Yost)
• Johns Hopkins Posted Then Deleted Article Questioning US COVID Death Rate (JTN)
• A Closer Look At US Deaths Due To COVID-19 (Gu)
• Landmark Legal Ruling Finds That Covid PCR Tests Are Not Fit For Purpose (RT)
• Chinese Academics Say Coronavirus Spread In India Months Before Wuhan (RT)
• Russia's 2nd COVID19 Vaccine 'EpiVacCorona' Set For Release In December (RT)
• Side Effects From COVID19 Vaccine Won't Be A 'Walk In The Park' (JTN)
• President Swamp (Jim Kunstler)
• Renowned Expert Concludes 2020 Election Results Were Fraudulent (CTH)
• Jill Stein Won Right to Examine Voting Machine Source Code (GP)
• Claims The UK Has 'Maxed Out' Its Credit Card Are Bad Economics (Gabor)
• 19 Million Americans Could Face Eviction When Limits Expire Dec. 31 (CBS)
• China To Impose Temp Anti-Dumping Measures On Australian Wine Imports (R.)
Hacking democracy
Along the lines of "if a tree falls in a forest", people are not alive without other people.
Nearly every culture and religion throughout human history has held that humans are both material and spiritual beings. However, living in the secular age as we do, the material aspect of our existence has supplanted the spiritual to such an extent that it is barely recognized to exist. Russell Kirk goes so far as to claim that the dividing line in contemporary politics hinges on this difference in understanding, stating that "on one side of that line are all those men and women who fancy that the temporal order is the only order, and that material needs are their only needs, and that they may do as they like with the human patrimony. On the other side of that line are all those people who recognize an enduring moral order in the universe, a constant human nature, and high duties toward the order spiritual and the order temporal."
A purely material outlook on human existence will of course lead to certain policy prescriptions, especially in the face of a pandemic. To deny the spiritual existence of man is to deny the possibility of life after death—only the void of annihilation awaits. From this perspective, it makes sense that one might conclude that earthly life must continue on at any cost—that no tradeoff is too high to put off the coming oblivion. In contrast, those who retain a more traditional conception of human nature, no matter the specific religion or creed to which they belong, can easily see an entire world of costs to lockdowns that those with a purely materialist perspective are not even capable of understanding. Humans are social beings. Our very existence and development as human persons rests upon this social nature.
Social contract thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau may fantasize about a solitary human existence, but all evidence from feral or isolated children indicates that without other humans a solitary individual would swiftly perish, not to mention fail to develop self-awareness or the ability to think and speak with language. Some personalist scholars, such as political theorist David Walsh, argue that our entire conception of self can only be formed in relation to other persons. In contrast to Descartes's famous line that "I think, therefore I am" a personalist would argue that we are not even capable of understanding the existence of "I" until we have first understood the existence of an "I" in others. Much like we can never truly see our own face, but only the faces of others, which in turn allows us to understand our own unseen face, we cannot become aware of ourselves until we find ourselves in the context of others, and through them recognize the mutual nature of our interior lives that makes us persons.
More on that Johns Hopkins paper.
Last week, Johns Hopkins University published a now-deleted article explaining a study examining the effects of the novel coronavirus on United States death totals using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Genevieve Briand, the assistant program director of the Applied Economics master's degree program at Johns Hopkins, determined, in the study, that there have been 1.7 million deaths in the U.S. between March 2020 and September 2020, 12% (or roughly 200,000) of which have been coronavirus-related. Briand posits that the only way to understand the significance of the U.S. coronavirus death rate is by comparing it to the number of total deaths in the country.
According to Briand, who compared the total deaths per age category from both before and after the onset of the global pandemic, the death rate of older people stayed the same before and after coronavirus. "The reason we have a higher number of reported COVID-19 deaths among older individuals than younger individuals is simply because every day in the U.S. older individuals die in higher numbers than younger individuals," wrote Briand. She also noted that between 50,000 and 70,000 deaths are seen both before and after the emergence of the virus, meaning that, according to her analysis, coronavirus has had no effect on the percentage of total deaths of older people, nor has it increased the total number of deaths in the category.
These results contradict the way most people see the impact of the coronavirus pandemic, which disproportionately affects the elderly population. Briand believes, after reviewing the numbers, that coronavirus deaths are being over-exaggerated. After seeing that in 2020, coronavirus-related deaths exceeded deaths from heart disease — the leading cause of death in the U.S. for many years prior — Briand began to suspect that the coronavirus death toll figure may be misleading. Briand found that "the total decrease in deaths by other causes almost exactly equals the increase in deaths by COVID-19," according to the original JHU newsletter.
"If [the COVID-19 death toll] was not misleading at all, what we should have observed is an increased number of heart attacks and increased COVID-19 numbers. But a decreased number of heart attacks and all the other death causes doesn't give us a choice but to point to some misclassification," said Briand.
And here's the original Newsletter that was deleted. Because it "could lead to misinformation"?!
According to new data, the U.S. currently ranks first in total COVID-19 cases, new cases per day and deaths. Genevieve Briand, assistant program director of the Applied Economics master's degree program at Hopkins, critically analyzed the effect of COVID-19 on U.S. deaths using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in her webinar titled "COVID-19 Deaths: A Look at U.S. Data." From mid-March to mid-September, U.S. total deaths have reached 1.7 million, of which 200,000, or 12% of total deaths, are COVID-19-related. Instead of looking directly at COVID-19 deaths, Briand focused on total deaths per age group and per cause of death in the U.S. and used this information to shed light on the effects of COVID-19.
She explained that the significance of COVID-19 on U.S. deaths can be fully understood only through comparison to the number of total deaths in the United States. After retrieving data on the CDC website, Briand compiled a graph representing percentages of total deaths per age category from early February to early September, which includes the period from before COVID-19 was detected in the U.S. to after infection rates soared. Surprisingly, the deaths of older people stayed the same before and after COVID-19. Since COVID-19 mainly affects the elderly, experts expected an increase in the percentage of deaths in older age groups. However, this increase is not seen from the CDC data. In fact, the percentages of deaths among all age groups remain relatively the same.
"The reason we have a higher number of reported COVID-19 deaths among older individuals than younger individuals is simply because every day in the U.S. older individuals die in higher numbers than younger individuals," Briand said. Briand also noted that 50,000 to 70,000 deaths are seen both before and after COVID-19, indicating that this number of deaths was normal long before COVID-19 emerged. Therefore, according to Briand, not only has COVID-19 had no effect on the percentage of deaths of older people, but it has also not increased the total number of deaths.
From yesterday's article.
Four German holidaymakers who were illegally quarantined in Portugal after one was judged to be positive for Covid-19 have won their case, in a verdict that condemns the widely-used PCR test as being up to 97-percent unreliable. Earlier this month, Portuguese judges upheld a decision from a lower court that found the forced quarantine of four holidaymakers to be unlawful. The case centred on the reliability (or lack thereof) of Covid-19 PCR tests. The verdict, delivered on November 11, followed an appeal against a writ of habeas corpus filed by four Germans against the Azores Regional Health Authority. This body had been appealing a ruling from a lower court which had found in favour of the tourists, who claimed that they were illegally confined to a hotel without their consent.
The tourists were ordered to stay in the hotel over the summer after one of them tested positive for coronavirus in a PCR test – the other three were labelled close contacts and therefore made to quarantine as well. The deliberation of the Lisbon Appeal Court is comprehensive and fascinating. It ruled that the Azores Regional Health Authority had violated both Portuguese and international law by confining the Germans to the hotel. The judges also said that only a doctor can "diagnose" someone with a disease, and were critical of the fact that they were apparently never assessed by one. They were also scathing about the reliability of the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test, the most commonly used check for Covid.
The conclusion of their 34-page ruling included the following: "In view of current scientific evidence, this test shows itself to be unable to determine beyond reasonable doubt that such positivity corresponds, in fact, to the infection of a person by the SARS-CoV-2 virus." In the eyes of this court, then, a positive test does not correspond to a Covid case. The two most important reasons for this, said the judges, are that, "the test's reliability depends on the number of cycles used'' and that "the test's reliability depends on the viral load present.'' In other words, there are simply too many unknowns surrounding PCR testing.
This is not the first challenge to the credibility of PCR tests. Many people will be aware that their results have a lot to do with the number of amplifications that are performed, or the 'cycle threshold.' This number in most American and European labs is 35–40 cycles, but experts have claimed that even 35 cycles is far too many, and that a more reasonable protocol would call for 25–30 cycles. (Each cycle exponentially increases the amount of viral DNA in the sample). [..] The Portuguese judges cited a study conducted by "some of the leading European and world specialists," which was published by Oxford Academic at the end of September. It showed that if someone tested positive for Covid at a cycle threshold of 35 or higher, the chances of that person actually being infected is less than three percent, and that "the probability of… receiving a false positive is 97% or higher."
Just as the WHO team is set to start investigating the origin. Good timing.
The coronavirus did not start in Wuhan, but instead emerged in India last summer, Chinese academics have boldly claimed, as tensions continue to flare between the two states and amid the ongoing search for the origins of Covid-19. Researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences claim the pandemic actually originated in India, explaining that a heatwave there from May to June 2019 spawned a water crisis, which in turn led to increased close contact between humans and wild animals such as monkeys. In a preprint paper with the Lancet medical journal – meaning it has yet to be formally peer reviewed – the Chinese researchers outline their explanation of the "zoonotic transmission" of the SARS-CoV-2 virus from monkeys to humans as they shared water resources.
The researchers also say that India's poor hygiene conditions and "less efficient" public medical system, as well as its "tropical climate" and "very young population", were all contributing factors in the virus's spread. They estimate that the first "human-to-human transmission" of Covid-19 in India was in July or August. Back in March, Chinese officials blamed the coronavirus outbreak on US soldiers visiting Wuhan, while last week China pointed the finger at Italy after a study from Milan suggested the virus had been circulating locally since last year. The identification of India as the possible source of the virus comes after New Delhi last week fortified its military capabilities in Eastern Ladakh, the region by the Chinese border, by building camps for tens of thousands of soldiers. In June, 20 Indian soldiers and an undisclosed number of Chinese were killed as the two sides engaged in a skirmish in the contested border area.
What's the technology behind this one?
"As for the immune response that it creates, there is a lot of hope for the vaccine, in contrast to the immunity formed as a result of infection.."
With Sputnik V set for launch after its phase-three trial is completed, another Russian Covid-19 vaccine, EpiVacCorona, will be made available to the public next month. It is hoped that mass inoculation can begin in the New Year. Developed by Siberia's Vector Center, results from testing are ready to be presented, and an international publication is being sought to publish them, according to the head of the research body's zoonotic infections and influenza department. "I think that in 2021 it will appear in almost all regions of Russia," Alexander Ryzhikov explained. "The earliest date of receipt of the vaccine in civil circulation is December 10. In the future, mass vaccination will begin in 2021."
On November 17, EpiVacCorona began third-phase, post-registration trials. Batches of the formula were delivered to nine medical centers around the country, with 30,000 volunteers due to receive the jab. Another separate trial for over 60s is taking place simultaneously, which will involve 150 people. Once the vaccine is received, a second booster jab is necessary six to 10 months later, with the current plan to revaccinate patients again every three years. "As for the immune response that it creates, there is a lot of hope for the vaccine, in contrast to the immunity formed as a result of infection," Ryzhikov explained. "Immunity created as a result of infection and recovery has already been shown to be insufficient. After five to seven months, antibodies disappear."
Unlike many other potential Covid-19 vaccines, EpiVacCorona does not need to be stored at sub-zero temperatures. The vector vaccine can be stored between two and eight degrees, significantly reducing the logistical burden. In contrast, the formula proposed by American pharmaceutical giant Pfizer needs to be kept at -70 degrees Celsius.
Which vaccine though?
Doctors are suggesting that the CDC warn the public that the new coronavirus vaccines, which are expected to be approved by the FDA in the next few weeks, will have unpleasant effects on patients. Pfizer and Moderna each have acknowledged that their vaccines could induce side effects similar to the virus itself, with possible muscle pains, chills and headache. In a Monday meeting with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advisers, doctors said public health officials and drugmakers need to warn people about the rough side effects so they are prepared and not scared away from getting the second dose.
Both vaccines that are in the process of approval by the Federal Drug Administration require two doses, according to Dr. Sandra Fryhofer of the American Medical Association. Fryhofer says she's warned that her patients won't come back for the second dose if the side effects are bad enough. "We really need to make patients aware that this is not going to be a walk in the park," Fryhofer said during a virtual meeting with the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, an outside group of medical experts that advise the CDC. "They are going to know they had a vaccine. They are probably not going to feel wonderful. But they've got to come back for that second dose."
Participants in the September vaccine trials reported symptoms including a high fever, body aches and daylong exhaustion after receiving the vaccine. The side effects also raise the question about whether getting the vaccine outweighs the risk of getting the virus. A 50-year-old participant in the Moderna study said she suffered a bad migraine and loss of energy. "If this proves to work, people are going to have to toughen up," she said. "The first dose is no big deal. And then the second dose will definitely put you down for the day for sure. … You will need to take a day off after the second dose."
"The deadline for adjudicating the janky election is soon upon us, and upon the SCOTUS justices, so the country will know shortly whether it has become the Honduras of the north."
Donald Trump found out the hard way how illusory his powers as POTUS really were, conditioned against the inertia, malice, and bad faith resistance of the bureaucratic establishment, a.k.a. the Swamp. He also knows that the Swamp just worked the system it created to elect itself president as (it likes to think) a final act of revenge against the orange interloper who threatened to drain it and, alas, failed to. All hail President Swamp!Unless that doesn't pan out, and there's a fair chance it won't, since a 2020 election fraud case will eventually land in the Supreme Court where at least five justices might not be so inclined to let what remains of the Republic roll into a Woke sludge of lawlessness. Do you suppose Clarence Thomas & Co haven't been paying attention the past four years to the swampish doings in the other branches of government?
And that they are, just perhaps, good and goddam sick of it? Everything from RussiaGate and the manipulation of the FISA court through the attempted character assassination of Justice Kavanaugh, to the Eric Ciaramella "whistleblower" impeachment caper starring Rep. Adam Schiff, plus all the side dishes of Antifa / BLM street anarchy, Covid-19 lockdown tyranny, French Laundry hypocrisy, and the gaslighting of America by the news-and-social media, with a transsexual reading hour cherry-on-top?I hope the justices are pissed off a little bit at the hijacking of this country by a party that laughs at the law the way, for one example, DC District Judge Emmet G. Sullivan blew raspberries at the Department of Justice and the DC Circuit Court of Appeals when they both told him to drop the Flynn case.
The deadline for adjudicating the janky election is soon upon us, and upon the SCOTUS justices, so the country will know shortly whether it has become the Honduras of the north. In a just universe, the SCOTUS would invalidate the election results in several states and send the matter into the House of Representatives as the constitution stipulates. Heads would explode from sea to shining sea as heroes of the Resistance — Brennan, Comey, Weissmann, Strzok, and many more — realize they will not be getting their get-out-of-jail-free cards after all. Hunter B would retreat to the Chateau Marmont with his crack pipe for one last lost weekend. Nancy Pelosi would melt into a puddle of rage, prednisone, and hairspray in the capitol rotunda. And for Ol' White Joe Biden it would be just another day of fog and stillness.
"Dr. Keshavarz-Nia is not a stranger to the mainstream media. In fact The New York Times published a glowing report on Dr. Navid Keshavarz-Nia way back in September writing, "Navid Keshavarz-Nia, those who worked with him said, 'was always the smartest person in the room.'"
Dr. Navid Keshavarz-Nia, is an experienced cybercrimes investigator and digital security executive, who has worked with the CIA, NSA, FBI, and U.S. military counterintelligence. In addition to his work with U.S. intelligence agencies Dr. Keshavarz-Nia works on cyber security and fraud with financial giants like Deutsche Bank and Stripe. Within the documents filed by Sidney Powell in Georgia Wednesday, Dr. Keshavarz-Nia shares this bombshell assessment in his affidavit. Ms. Powell has some high-powered experts in support of her court filings.
It took her four years to get that right.
Let's hope this makes it to the Trump Campaign. On October 30, 2020 2016 Green Party Candidate Jill Stein FINALLY won her groundbreaking case that gave her campaign the right to examine voting machine source code in Wisconsin.It took Jill Stein four years to win this court case. After witnessing the historic level of fraud in this year's election it makes us all question the numbers in past elections. In 2016 Libertarian voters kept Donald Trump from adding New Hampshire, Minnesota and Maine to his electoral haul. Were those actual Libertarian votes in 2016 or were they switched from Trump to Gary Johnson to prevent him from winning those states? Dr. Jill Stein celebrated this win with a string of tweets on October 30th.
The Trump campaign should take notice. Confiscating the voting machines in Wisconsin, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Georgia, Arizona and Nevada may be crucial to exposing the fraud in this year's election.
https://twitter.com/DrJillStein/status/1322251491781058566
"Rather than making cuts, the government should be using this opportunity to borrow more in order to finance the country's recovery."
When fiscal fundamentalists announce the government has "maxed out its credit card", they belittle the experience of every poor family that has been forced to live on credit and pay higher interest as they borrow more. The truth is that the government can afford to take on debt. But acknowledging this reality would invalidate the fiscal fundamentalists' beloved rhetoric of "tough choices", which you will likely hear over the next few years from those attempting to make austerity palatable again. The fiscal centrists, meanwhile, know that Rishi Sunak has already effectively introduced austerity through a combination of public sector pay freezes, higher council taxes hidden in the small print and cuts to planned non-Covid spending in the future.
Centrists also worry – rightfully so – about where the money is going. When the crisis forced them to spend, the Conservative party gave Covid contracts to their friends and rewarded their voters, all the while pretending that there was no money available to feed children in poverty. While accepting that spending and taxing are political choices, centrists pray to the God of pragmatism. They believe the British public will not listen to politicians who forever throw money at social and economic problems, and that economic credibility is hard to earn and easy to lose. This is why they share the fundamentalists' view that in the long run "tough choices" must be made.
This "tough choices" narrative – raise taxes or cut spending to reduce the deficit and bring public debt down – is compelling for centrists not because it is correct, but because it chimes with the public's common sense, which has been shaped by decades of media coverage and political discourse venerating balanced budgets. The fiscal centrists, captive to their audience and unwilling to engage into the Herculean task of changing minds, can only ever promise to cut and tax better or slower than the Conservatives. The government is not a household, and it does not have a credit card that can be maxed out. Fiscal heretics know this, and reject the idea that we face a public debt crisis. There are numerous reasons why this narrative is flawed.
The government, unlike a household, has a central bank that can keep borrowing costs under control. The Bank of England, like other central banks across Europe, has this year bought more than 80% of all debt issued by the British government. It hasn't done so under political pressure, but because independent central banks have come to accept that large-scale purchases of government bonds are a legitimate and effective monetary policy instrument. And unlike households, governments can rely on the financial sector to buy their debt in times of crisis. Modern financial institutions view government debt as the ultimate risk-free asset, a safe haven to run to when economic shocks hit. For instance, on 26 November, one day after Sunak warned that "the economic emergency has just begun", investors were prepared to lend for 50 years to the UK government at an interest rate of less than 1%.
These two forces combined – the central bank and the City – explain why interest rates on public debt are at historical lows. Rather than making cuts, the government should be using this opportunity to borrow more in order to finance the country's recovery.
This is serious.
Millions of Americans are in danger of losing their homes when federal and local limits on evictions expire at the end of the year, a growing body of research shows. A report issued this month from the National Low Income Housing Coalition (NLIHC) and the University of Arizona estimates that 6.7 million households could be evicted in the coming months. That amounts to 19 million people potentially losing their homes, rivaling the dislocation that foreclosures caused after the subprime housing bust. Apart from being a humanitarian disaster, the crisis threatens to exacerbate the coronavirus pandemic, according to a forthcoming study in the Journal of Urban Health.
"Our concern is we're going to see a huge increase in evictions after the CDC moratorium is lifted," said Andrew Aurand, vice president of research at the NLIHC and a co-author of the report. The number of Americans struggling to pay rent has steadily risen since this summer, according to the Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey. In the latest survey, from early November, 11.6 million people indicated they wouldn't be able to pay the rent or mortgage next month. Meanwhile, some renters who are still paying rent are relying on "unsustainable" income to make ends meet. Among those who report trouble making rent, "More than half are borrowing from family and friends to meet their spending needs, one-third are using credit cards, and one-third are spending down savings," the NLIHC report found.
No, not political at all…
Australia has responded defiantly to China imposing anti-dumping tariffs on Australian wine, saying the "seriously concerning development" looks to be about diplomatic grievances and not any action by winemakers. China will impose temporary anti-dumping tariffs of 107.1% to 212.1% on wine imported from Australia from Nov. 28, the Chinese Ministry of Commerce said on Friday. Australia's trade minister Simon Birmingham said the tariffs were unjustifiable and it was a distressing time for hundreds of wine producers because it "will render unviable for many businesses, their wine trade with China". China takes 37 per cent of Australia's total wine exports, an industry worth AU$2.9 billion, the government said.
Last week China outlined a list of grievances about Australia's foreign investment, national security and human rights policy, saying Canberra needed to correct its actions to restore the bilateral relationship with its largest trading partner. "China's recent comments gives the perception that it's more about their grievances around those matters, rather than in fact around anything any industry has done wrong," Australia's agriculture minister David Littleproud told media on Friday. He added, "It just doesn't worry Australian exporters, it worries exporters from around the world."
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I wrote this as an update to a friend and I'm posting it here, since I can't write anything else. My father is gone.
My father was fighting from March, with the best medical help available assisting him. It got worse in June and he made it to my 50th on the 2nd, died on the 22nd. He was 81, his affairs were in order, had been with my mom for 60 years, had two loving sons, met his grandson and he needed to leave the pain. His cremation was beautiful and on Friday we have a memorial in Bergen, we are leaving in a few mins. It is as it should be, but it is very, very sad and heavy. I miss him immensely.


The Spanish Association of Barbershop Singers is committed to encouraging barbershop singing through Spain, Portugal and the Canary Islands.
We truly appreciate the support and encouragement from barbershoppers from all over the world and we continue to encourage more people to embrace this unique artform of ours with our third Harmony College planned for October 2017 in Los Alcázares and singing workshops throughout Spain and Portugal.
Calp quedó impresionada en la primera convención que acogimos en 2014. Fue la primera vez que tuvimos la oportunidad de acercarnos al maravilloso mundo del estilo musical Barber ́s music. Estamos encantados de ser por unos días sus anfitriones y de ser epicentro de la Barber ́s music en Europa.
En nombre de la ciudad de Calp, agradezco la confianza que la Asociación ha depositado en nuestro municipio escogiéndola como sede de este Congreso y animo a todos a venir a visitarla y a disfrutar de todas las propuestas culturales y turísticas que pueden encontrar en ella.
I would just like to say, on behalf of the Major Oak Chorus, how much we all enjoyed SABS 2016. The organization and everything else about the event was superb. The friendly atmosphere and great afterglows were remarked upon in particular. Many of our number also stayed on after the competition for an extended holiday.
We came for the harmony and went home with full spirits and new friends from all over the world! Tip: one of the most fun conventions ever!
The White Rosettes had a fantastic time at SABS, which, as one of the smaller-scale conventions, felt particularly personal and exceptionally welcoming to us. We had lots of opportunities to sing (both on stage and in the bar afterwards!), and being able to relax on the beach during the day was a real treat. The hotel and concert venue were great and it was all really well organised. We have been to SABS twice now and it never fails to be a weekend to remember!
Cheshire Chord Company had a fabulous time at En Armonia in April 2015. The convention is always a well-organised and very friendly event with quartets and choruses coming from all over Europe to join the competition. The sun was shining for the duration of our stay, and in between rehearsals and our time competing we were able to take advantage of the lovely weather by the pool whilst catching up with friends and fellow barbershoppers.
We have visited En Armonia a number of times and always look forward to our visits there. Hopefully we'll be back again soon!
Thank you so much for another wonderful SABS convention. All the meticulous arrangements are so much appreciated by everyone from Amersham A Cappella. Our chorus has had such a fantastic time. I can't begin to tell you all the positive comments I've received from chorus members and supporters. Please pass on our appreciation to all of your team. Congratulations!


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Zack Snyder is heading to Netflix with a show about Norse mythology
Worth a Loki-look
Zack Snyder – director of Justice League – has a second Netflix project in the works. Once done with feature film Army of the Dead, Snyder is going to start work on something completely different: an anime series set "in the world of Norse mythology."
That's about all we know of the series itself for now, but what's more exciting is the potential of the team involved. Alongside Snyder will be showrunner Jay Oliva, who directed The Dark Knight Returns and worked with Snyder on the likes of 300, Man of Steel and Batman vs Superman.
Oliva also brings some animation experience to the table, as he's currently beavering away on Netflix anime show Trese and made Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole.
Netflix certainly seems to be pleased as punch to have Snyder committed to a full series. "Zack Snyder's innovation in visual storytelling has pushed the industry forward and established him as one of the most distinctive filmmakers of his generation," said the company's John Derderian, head of Anime. "We are beyond excited to partner with him and his exceptional team to bring the iconic characters and stories of Norse mythology to life in his inimitable style."
While you could argue Snyder's films certainly have an Anime-ish influence – Sucker Punch especially – this will be the first fully-fledged Anime project the director has worked on. Here's hoping it ends up earning a place on our list of the best TV shows on Netflix whenever it finally emerges. When will that be? Odin good time...
Image: Gage Skidmore
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Clear Breath
Jan 15, 2015 | 0
My hubby is impossible to buy gifts for, so as you can imagine Christmas is H-E-double hockey sticks for me. He gives me no clues, hints, ideas, NOTHING!!! Each year though I break my brain for an idea and I pull it off. What's my reward for this? My reward is his birthday the very next month. Yes..I start getting desperate around this time. I lick a few toads to get some sort of inspiration. None come, and I have alienated all the toads in the neighborhood. While my hubby sleeps I give him the evil eye, quietly asking him what he wants for his birthday, hoping he will talk in his sleep and give me an idea. He just snores. Maybe I will give him Breath Right strips as his present.
The Avenged (The Jacob Hayden Series Book 1)
Charles Prandy
Genre: Mystery, Thriller & Suspense
Alex Cross isn't the only detective in D.C.
A seventeen year-old kid is shot point blank in the chest in the streets of D.C. A sniper sits on top of a building and aims a Parker-Hale M85 rifle in Dupont Circle. A prominent D.C. Superior Court judge is involved in a shady business practice.
Jacob Hayden is a homicide detective with the D.C. Police Department. His life is as great as it's ever been. He's married to a beautiful woman and works in a career that he loves. All of that changes when he's assigned to the murder of Melvin Johnson, a seventeen year-old who was shot in the streets of D.C. Upon arrival, the murder scene looks like the typical drug deal gone wrong, however the clues tell a different story.
A calculating sniper sits on top of a building in D.C. His rifle is aimed towards Dupont Circle's park. Through his scope he sees people walk by. His finger rests on the trigger, just waiting for the right moment. When he's ready, he takes in a deep breath, steadies his aim, and squeezes the trigger.
Frank Peters is a nearly retired Superior Court judge with a hot temper. From the outside looking in, Frank Peters appears to be as clean cut as they come. However, when a business associate is murdered, everything about Frank Peters will come into question, which only brings out his rage. The last thing you want to do is be on Judge Peter's bad side.
Follow Jacob Hayden's investigations and see how the Sniper and the Judge are linked to an underground operation that ultimately changes Jacob Hayden's life forever.
Smart Blondes
Sonia Koso
Genre: Contemporary Fiction | Women's Fiction | Romance
Austin socialite Carrie Pryce has no clue her criminally charming husband is carrying on with another woman until she returns home unexpectedly, mistakes the sounds of passion for a home-invasion robbery and accidentally shoots him in the backside. Stunned, Carrie drives all night to her quirky hometown and collapses in a near-catatonic state.
A crew of ladies spanning three generations realize it's up to them to help Carrie get her life out of the ditch. Known as the "Presbyterian Mafia," these are not sweet grandmothers. They have a book club that never reads, a garden club that doesn't garden, and a bible study class that gossips about the Methodists. They're known around town for antics including catfights, car chases and Voodoo rituals. The women enlist Carrie's former childhood best friend Portia (now a lawyer) and her flamboyant cousin Eric (recently returned from New York) in their effort.
While dealing with the after-effects of her imprudent gunplay and managing a hair color disaster, Carrie meets Rhett Richards, an attractive oil field worker who can make women think un-Christian thoughts by the mere act of wearing a pair of tight wranglers. Carrie soon learns that hometowns can be the perfect places to bury old scandals and create new ones.
South Face
C. F. WALLER
In 1989 Karl Blaine and his wife Fiona traveled to Nepal to climb Mt. Everest with their college friend Zachary. Only Zachary came back alive.
Two decades later, in 2009,a French climbing expedition discovered Karl's frozen remains.Of the five man party who finds Karl, only the Sherpa guide makes it down alive.He brings with him a whooper of a ghost story no one can believe.
When a much older Zachary is notified of this discovery it sets off a dangerous chain of events that puts Zachary and Karl and Fiona's son Derrick on a collision course.
What did Karl have in his possession when he disappeared? What really happened in 89? Can what the Sherpa guide reported really be true? And one other question…Is Fiona Blaine still entombed at the top of the world?
Disclaimer: This book contains dangerous airports, bribery, frozen corpses, trophy wives, gold diggers, ethnic stereotyping, and hotel staff behaving badly.Also workplace infidelity, drug abuse, bad coffee and things that go bump in the night. Any resemblance to actual living persons is accidental, but if the shoe fits…
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Genre: Children's eBooks
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Elizabeth Purcell has been writing and performing original children's stories for more than 30 years. Her story rhymes delight beginning readers and help them to learn phonics effectively. Your children will read her stories over and over again — developing their reading skills in the process!
DIY HOUSEHOLD HACKS
Brian William
Genre: Crafts, Hobbies & Home
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PreviousCooking At The Cranberry Cottage
NextAnd Now A Word


text:
Alexandre Berthoud, né le  à Lausanne (originaire de Châtel-Saint-Denis), est une personnalité politique suisse du canton de Vaud, membre du Parti libéral-radical.

Il siège au Conseil national depuis .

Biographie

Alexandre Berthoud naît le  à Lausanne. Il est originaire de Châtel-Saint-Denis, dans le canton de Fribourg.

En raison de la profession de son père, gendarme, il déménage tous les quatre ans pendant son enfance. Au terme de sa scolarité obligatoire, il fait un apprentissage à la Banque cantonale vaudoise (BCV) à partir de 1992.

Il est responsable de la Région Jura-Nord vaudois de la BCV, à Yverdon.

Il pratique la chasse et joue du tuba dans des fanfares, notamment à celle de Crissier pendant une longue période. Il a le grade d'appointé à l'armée.

Marié et père de deux enfants, il habite à Neyruz-sur-Moudon, localité de la commune de Montanaire, dans le Gros-de-Vaud, depuis 1999.

Parcours politique

Il est élu au Grand Conseil du canton de Vaud le 11 mars 2012. Il y préside la commission des finances de 2016 à 2021.

En , il s'annonce candidat à l'investiture de son parti pour l'élection au Conseil d'État. Le 23 septembre, le congrès du parti lui préfère Frédéric Borloz pour deux voix (227 contre 225).

Il est candidat au Conseil national en octobre 2015 (neuvième des non-élus de la liste de son parti) puis en octobre 2019 (quatrième des non-élus). Il accède quand même à la Chambre basse du Parlement le , grâce à l'élection d'Olivier Français au Conseil des États, puis à celles de Frédéric Borloz et d'Isabelle Moret (à laquelle il succède officiellement) au gouvernement vaudois et au désistement du premier candidat qui devait leur succéder. Il y est membre de la Commission des affaires juridiques (CAJ).

Positionnement politique
Il se dit « de droite avec des positions humanistes ».

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Profil Smartvote 2019

Naissance à Lausanne
Naissance en juin 1977
Personnalité politique vaudoise
Personnalité du Parti libéral-radical
Conseiller national suisse de la 51e législature
Député au Grand Conseil du canton de Vaud

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A mold strain thought to be suitable for dry-aging process was isolated. The information about the scientific aspects of molds related to dry-aging beef is scarce. We, therefore, conducted aging trials to determine the characteristics of the isolated mold strain associated with dry-aging process. Specifically, during the dry-aging of beef with the mold strain, the changes in the free amino acid content, hardness, productive loss, drip and cooking loss were analyzed. These characteristics were compared with those obtained while dry-aging in the absence of a mold.
The isolated mold strain was identified as Mucor flavus. The free amino acid content in the mold-aging beef decreased or remained constant during the aging process. However, that in the trimming sections of the beef dramatically increased in the presence of mold. In addition, hardness of mold-aging beef gradually decreased during the aging process and finally decreased significantly.
Amino acids such as GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), proline, and aspartic acid were produced by our mold strain, M. flavus during its growth on beef meat, and the mold conferred savory odors to the dry-aged beef.
Dry-aging, an aging method, is believed to improve meat quality in terms of certain characteristics. Recently, the increased interest in dry-aged beef has emerged not only in Western countries but also in Asian countries such as South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong . In Okinawa, new businesses related to the dry-aging of beef have been opened.
In Okinawa, the growth rate of gross agricultural production between 2011and 2016 was the highest in Japan. In particular, the beef industry increased by 8.5 billion yen (62.5%) over these 5 years. All of cattle born or reared in Okinawa are sold at a high price, and their meat is not easily obtained as materials for dry-aged beef. In fact, almost all dry-aged products sold by the companies in Okinawa rely on the use of imported beef. In general, imported beef can be bought at a lower price than Japanese beef. Japanese beef, particularly the type of beef called "Wagyu," has high marbling, whereas imported beef mainly comprises lean meat with little marbling. Imported beef, therefore, has more potential in terms of improving meat quality following dry-aging.
The primary factors that determine the quality of dry-aged products include the length of aging, storage temperature, relative humidity, and air flow [4, 12]. Another important factor is the choice of intentionally incorporating certain microorganism in the process or not; if yes, then determining the type of microorganisms to be used and their culturing are also important. Owing to such factors, each company in Japan has their own method of dry-aging products.
In major cities such as New York, most of the popular dry-aged beef steak products are believed to be aged with mold. These steaks are served at high prices in top-end steakhouses and exclusive restaurants . For example, "mellow and intense" and "earthy and nutty" are the types of phrases commonly used to describe the flavor characteristics of dry-aged beef , and these result from the type of mold used.
In general, the beef's natural enzymes break down the proteins and connective tissue in the muscle, which leads to more tender beef [2, 3]. Moreover, reportedly, certain molds produce enzymes that enable them to penetrate into the meat, wherein they release proteases and collagenolytic enzymes that break down muscle and connective tissues . There is a possibility that proteases and collagenolytic enzymes increase free amino acids. In fact, Sugioka et al.  reported that meat from Japanese brown cattle have high levels of some free amino acids, which increase stably during the aging process. Therefore, we hypothesized that mold-treated, dry-aged beef would exhibit increased free amino acid content and decreased meat hardness. The main mold genera associated with the dry-aging of beef are Mucor, Thamnidium, and Rhizopus .
We succeeded in isolating an excellent mold strain with robust growth on meat at low temperatures such as 2 °C. This strain released an odor similar to that of nuts and fried potato and was later identified as M. flavus. In this study, we analyzed the hardness and free amino acid content of beef while it was dry-aging with this mold, and we compared its characteristics with those of the meat aged in the absence of any mold.
The meat used for the experiments were beef lumps imported from Australia. Type of Australian cow beef was crossbreed thought to be mainly in the family lineage of black cattle, which was raised in pastures. Two types of aging method were applied in each aging experiment: dry aging with mold and dry aging without mold. Six chunks of meat (approximately 6 kg of lump cut from six different animals) from the same type were grouped into the dry-aging with mold or dry-aging without mold group (further referred to as mold-aged and normal-aged, respectively), with three chunks of meat in each group. Each chunk of meat was cut and divided into five pieces for experiments involving 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of aging.
A mold isolate was incubated in petri dishes with potato dextrose agar (PDA; Becton Dickinson, USA) at 15 °C for 1–3 weeks in dark condition. Microscopic slides were prepared from the portions of the colonies grown on the PDA plates by mounting them in lactophenol (with/without cotton blue). Microscopic examinations were performed with a SMZ800 stereomicroscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) and a BX51 microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) with Nomarski interference contrast at magnifications of up to × 1500. All micrographs were captured with a digital camera (DS-Fi2-L3; Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
The genomic DNA of our mold strain was extracted by physical disruption using beads (Nippon Gene Co., Ltd.). The primers used included ITS5 and ITS4  for the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, which include ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2. Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were performed with PrimeSTAR HS DNA polymerase (Takara Bio, Japan). The sequencing primers ITS5, ITS3, and ITS4  were used for the amplification of ITS. The sequences were assembled with ChromasPro 1.7 (Technelysium Pty, Ltd., South Brisbane QLD, Australia). Multiple alignments were performed with CLUSTALW , and the final alignments were manually adjusted. Ambiguous positions and alignment gaps were excluded from the analysis. The neighbor-joining  phylogenetic tree with the Kimura two-parameter model  was constructed using the TechnoSuruga Lab Microbial Identification database (TechnoSuruga Laboratory, Shizuoka, Japan). A bootstrap test with 1000 iterations was used to assess the reliability of the branches . The positions with gaps and the regions of uncertain nucleotide alignment were excluded from the phylogenetic analyses.
DNA extraction, PCR amplification, DNA sequencing, and molecular phylogenetic analyzes were all performed by TechnoSuruga Laboratory Co., Ltd. (Shizuoka, Japan).
Aging environment was established in a refrigerator (Showa Denko K.K., Tokyo, Japan) in Okinawa Industrial Technology Center at a temperature of 2 °C. Accordingly, dry boxes were placed in the refrigerator. Further, three pieces of meat were placed in the boxes for each week under maintained conditions of approximately 80% relative humidity. For the mold-aging experiments, our mold strain was cultured on PDA plates (Merck Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) for a week and then allowed to contact each piece of meat, and these were later used for the experiments involving 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks of aging.
Moisture loss is the weight of water lost from meat and is determined by measuring the difference in meat weight between before and after it has been subjected to aging. Trim loss is weight of the trimming part of meat that is discolored and dehydrated.
We first collected ≤ 1 cm-deep samples from the surface of the edible part of the beef samples at 2, 3, and 4 weeks of dry aging, after they had been trimmed. The sampling at 0 and 1 weeks was performed at a depth of > 1 cm from the surface of the meat that had not been trimmed. Sampling surface was performed on approximately 2 mm depths from the surface of the meats from both the groups on a weekly basis. These were cut and homogenized. Extract solutions were obtained from these homogenized samples after protein was removed with acetonitrile and perchlorate and fat was removed with hexane. Sample solutions for LC/MS were prepared after extract solutions had been filtered. Sample solutions were injected onto an Intrada Amino Acid column (3 × 100 mm, Imtakt Corp., Kyoto, Japan) at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. The separation was performed with a two-pump gradient. Solvent A was acetonitrile/tetrahydrofuran/25 mM ammonium formate/formic acid (9/75/16/0.3, v/v/v/v). Solvent B was acetonitrile/100 mM ammonium formate (20/80, v/v). The gradient program was as follows: 0, A 100%; 2.75, A 100%; 7.75, A 83%; and 7.76 min, A 0%. Analyses were monitored in the positive-ion mode using an ESI source at 350 °C and MRM.
Amino acids were sorted according to their features into four groups. Glycine, alanine, threonine, serine, and proline were classified as sweet-tasting amino acids. Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, and asparagine were classified as umami-tasting amino acids. Methionine, lysine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, valine, histidine, arginine, and cystine were classified as savory-tasting amino acids. Finally, carnosine, anserine, taurine, ornithine, and GABA were classified as functional amino acids.
Samples for these measurements were cut to a size of approximately 2.5 cm (length) × 2.5 cm (width) × 1 cm (height) at a depth of over 1 cm from the surface of the meat and were frozen until subsequent analyses. Prior to analyses, these frozen samples were kept at a normal temperature for 2.5 h and weighed before their drip was removed. The weight of these samples was measured again after their drip had been removed. The weight difference was calculated and was denoted as a ratio relative to the initial weight. The percentage of drip loss was calculated in this way. In terms of cooking loss, samples that had already undergone drip loss measurement were put into a plastic bag and incubated at 70 °C in a water bath for 1 h. After they had been cooled and their drip had been removed, the weight of these samples was measured. The weight difference between before and after incubation was determined as a ratio relative to the weight before incubation .
Breaking stress and strain of breaking point of each meat sample were measured using a rheometer RE-3305S (Yamaden Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and a breaking strength analyzer BAS-33005-16 (Yamaden Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Samples for these measurements were those that had already undergone both drip and cooking loss measurements as described above. With regard to the measurement of breaking stress, this was performed on a sample of approximately 1 cm in height using a rheometer with a plunger No. 5 stick-type at a speed of 1 mm/s. Approximately seven runs were performed for each measurement and the average was calculated.
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for the statistical analysis of productive loss using the JMP 13 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Tukey's test was used to identify the differences between each week of the same aging process for each experiment. P-values < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
A BLAST search showed that the ITS sequence of our mold strain had the highest sequence homology (88.2–99.5% similarity) with that of M. flavus in the DNA database (GenBank/DDBJ/EMBL). A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed with the ITS sequences of our mold strain and the closely related strains according to the database. Using phylogenetic analysis, the ITS sequence of our mold strain was found to form a cluster with the M. flavus complex  (Fig. 1). Morphological observation of the mold culture colonies on PDA showed yellow to white colonies with a floccose appearance at 15 °C (Fig. 2a). Sporangiophores with multispored sporangia had erectly formed from the vegetative mycelium (Fig. 2b and c). These morphological characteristics matched those previously reported for M. flavus . Based on its ITS sequence and morphology, our mold strain was identified as M. flavus.
Productive loss is the sum of moisture and trim losses. For both dry-aging processes (i.e., in the presence/absence of our mold strain), moisture loss occurred immediately after the initiation of dry aging, whereas trim loss occurred approximately 10 days after the initiation. In normal-aged and mold-aged beef, the moisture and trim losses increased every week (p < 0.001), but with no increase observed between weeks 3 and 4 for mold-aged beef (Fig. 3). Moreover, the overall productive loss after 4 weeks of aging was significantly lower for mold-aging compared with that for normal-aging (p < 0.01) in despite of no significant difference from 1 to 3 weeks of aging between both aging methods. The values of productive loss in normal-aged and mold-aged beef are 0, 7.0, 21.3, 26.4, 31.7 and 0, 7.2, 20.8, 28.6, 27.2 from 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of aging.
Internal meat samples showed that the levels of umami-tasting amino acids decreased with both aging methods (Fig. 4 and Table 1). The level of functional amino acids did not increase but remained constant throughout both dry-aging methods. The level of sweet-tasting amino acids remained constant during the normal-aging process but decreased between weeks 2 and 3 of the mold-aging process. As for the savory-tasting amino acids, no significant changes were observed for either aging method. Additionally, aspartic acid, cystine, glycine, and GABA were not detected in any of the internal meat samples.
Surface meat sampling showed that the level of sweet-, savory-, and umami-tasting amino acids (proline, histidine, aspartic acid, and GABA, respectively) and functional amino acids dramatically increased during the mold-aging process (p < 0.0001), whereas it did not increase during the normal-aging process (Figs. 5 and 6, Tables 2 and 3). Proline or GABA was not detected on the surface meat of the normal-aged beef (Fig. 6 and Table 3), whereas cystine was not detected in the surface meat from either dry-aging method.
In normal-aged beef, drip loss decreased [1.9, 1.8, 1.1, 0.9, and 0.7 (weeks 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4), p = 0.021] and cooking loss showed a decreasing tendency [31.4, 30.5, 28.9, 27.9, and 28.2 (weeks 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4), p = 0.089] during the aging process. In mold-aged beef, drip loss [3.4, 4.3, 1.3, 0.7, and 0.8 (weeks 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4), p = 0.001] and cooking loss [32.3, 33.6, 30.1, 27.2, and 28.3 (weeks 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4), p = 0.013] decreased significantly during the aging process (Fig. 7).
Breaking stress in the normal-aged beef during the aging process did not significantly decrease over time [1.51E + 06, 1.49E + 06, 1.46E + 06, 1.28E + 06, and 1.01E + 06 (weeks 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4), p = 0.24], whereas for mold-aged beef, it did significantly decrease [1.61E + 06, 1.47E + 06, 1.50E + 06, 1.24E + 06, and 1.03E + 06 (weeks 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4), p = 0.008] (Fig. 8). The strain of the breaking point had the same decreasing tendency in both groups but was only significant for the mold-aged beef [normal-aging: 75.9, 76.7, 73.0, 69.0, and 63.1 (weeks 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4), p = 0.1693; mold-aging: 81.1, 77.1, 69.6, 63.2, and 57.2 (weeks 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4), p = 0.0003]. The breaking stress values were similar at the endpoints of the two aging methods.
Our mold strain was found to belong to the Mucor genus, which is used for preparing various food products, including sausage, salami, cheese, tofu, and vegetables, worldwide . Therefore, Mucor is a relatively safe mold genus, and its fermentation effects are expected to improve the quality of meat in terms of certain aspects.
In the present study, during mold-aging process, the mold mycelium was observed to sparsely spread on the meat during the first week and to completely cover it after 2 weeks, producing light gray-colored meat and the mold grew stably even after that (Fig. 9). While it grew, productive loss did not increase between the weeks 3 and 4 of aging and did not exceed 30%, a significantly lower level than that in normal-aged beef. This was an interesting finding, and the mold strain possibly prevented moisture evaporation from the meat and trim once it had completely covered the meat surface. Substantial yield losses and increased processing times that are associated with the dry aging process require to increase prices for the sale and distribution of dry-aged product . Decreasing productive loss of dry-aged beef is very important because it directly influence the retail segment of the beef industry. Under the circumstances, there is a possibility that covering the meat by the mold increases retail yield and it may be the key of dry aging process.
The amino acid content of the interior meat samples did not stably increase during either aging process. Instead, umami-tasting amino acid levels were observed to decrease because glutamine which accounts for a large percentage of umami-tasting amino acid, levels decreased sharply during the aging process. Savell reported that many of the compounds responsible for flavor are concentrated by the dry-aging process . Namely, the distinguishing effect of the dry-aging process on beef is that it concentrates the flavor [4, 12, 17]. Contrary to expectation, the present result didn't show that free amino acids concentrate during the aging process as reported above. It, however, is difficult to conclude the changes in each amino acid based on only the dry-aging process considering the different lengths of time between slaughter and the initiation of dry-aging for the different pieces of meat; this would greatly influence the concentration of each amino acid present.
It is particularly interesting that the amino acids increased on the meat surface during the mold-aging process but not during the normal-aging process. GABA, one of the functional amino acids, that is famous for its sedative and other effects  significantly increased after 2 weeks of mold-aging, when the mold completely covered the surface meat. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no previous reports of GABA content in beef meat. It is, therefore, highly possible that our mold strain itself produced GABA, proline, and aspartic acid during growth.
The hardness of mold-aging beef gradually decreased during the aging process and had significantly decreased after 4 weeks of aging. Proteases and collagenolytic enzymes produced by certain molds have previously been shown to break down the muscle and connective tissues of meat . In contrast, the hardness of normal-aging beef did not significantly decrease. However, a definitive conclusion that only mold-aged beef became more tender cannot be drawn from the study findings. No significant decrease was observed during the normal-aging process due to the large error margins in the data. It is possible that normal-aged beef becomes softer as the natural enzymes in beef have been reported to break down proteins and connective tissue in the muscle, leading to more tender beef [2, 3]. Notably, the breaking stress values were similar at the endpoints of the two aging methods in our study.
The present study showed that our isolated mold strain mainly had an effect on the free amino acid content and beef hardness. During the aging process, the mold was observed to also produce savory odors, which are important factors in increasing meat flavor and its appeal. Therefore, further studies are needed to determine the chemical compounds conferring this odor to mold-aged beef.
Amino acids such as GABA, proline, and aspartic acid were produced by our isolated mold strain, M. flavus during its growth on beef meat, and the mold conferred savory odors to the dry-aged beef.
I would really like to thank Mr. Toyokawa, Supervisory researcher, Okinawa industrial technology center, who used to be my coworker and is talented person has the great ability of the whole field of food science, for giving me valuable advice and supporting my work. And I also have to thank Ms. Mochizuki, Supervisory researcher, Okinawa industrial technology center, for involving with the start of this project and providing me a good environment in which I really enjoyed researching meats related to dry-aged beef.
We appreciate the technical supports offered by Ms. Sakima. Without her persistent help this paper would not have been possible.
I would like to thank Mr. Kiyuna, Ph D, TechnoSuruga Laboratory Co.,Ltd.
for identification of the mold.
We are very grateful to Mr. Higa, Managing Director, and Mr. Gushiken, factory manager, Uehara Meat Co., Ltd., for providing meat and helping in preparations for the aging experiments. We express our sincere thanks to Dr. Kobayashi, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan, Inc., Maebashi Institute of Animal Science, and Mr. Goka, Toyama Prefectural Agricultural, Forestry and Fisheries Research Center, Livestock Research Institute for advice on the mechanism of the dry-aging process of beef, particularly about the process of producing free amino acids. We also gratefully acknowledge the help by Mr. Tamaki, President, and Mr. Uezu, Executive Managing Director, Okinawa Aging Company, for helpful discussions.
Funded by Science and Technology Promotion Division of Okinawa prefectural government.
TH was concerned all things about this research and drafted and wrote this manuscript, NA supported everything about analysis and stastical work. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Abdou AM, Higashiguchi S, Horie K, Kim K, Hatta H, Yokogoshi H. Relaxation immunity enhancement effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) administration in humans. BioFactors. 2006; 26(3):201-208.
Baird B. Dry aging enhances palatability of beef, beef safety and quality. 2008. https://www.beefresearch.org/CMDocs/BeefResearch/PE_Issues_Update/Dry_aging_enhances_palatability_of_beef.pdf. Accessed March April 2008.
Campbell RE, Hunt MC, Levis P, Chambers Iv E. Dry-aging effects on palatability of beef longissimus muscle. J Food Sci. 2001; 66:196-199.
Dashmaa D, Tripathi VK, Cho S, Kim Y, Hwang I. Dry aging of beef; review. J Anim Sci Technol. 2016; 58:20.
Felsenstein J. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution. 1985; 39:783-791.
Julie D. Thompson, Desmond G. Higgins, Toby J. Gibson. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994;22(22):4673–4680.
Kimura M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol. 1980; 16:111-120.
Laster MA. Tenderness, Flavor, and yield assessments of dry aged beef. M.S. Thesis. 2007 College Station: Texas AM University. .
Muramoto T, Maeno K, Okada Y, Tezuka S, Kamata T. Relationship between shear force and tenderness of Japanese shorthorn beef. Tohoku J Anim Sci Technol. 2014; 64(1):7-12.
Neil P. Dry aging beef. Int J Gastoronomy Food Sci. 2012; 1:78-80.
Saitou N, Nei M. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol. 1987; 4:406-425.
Savell JW. Dry-aging of beef, exective summery. National Cattlemen's beef association. 2008.
Stephanie M-S, Patrice N, Emmanuel C, Jean-Luc J. Mucor: a Janus-faced fungal genus with human health impact and industrial applications. Fungal Biol Rev. 2017; 31:12-32.
Sugioka K, Tasaki T, Sakai H, Ieiri S, Araki T. Study of free amino acid in aging of beef. Proceedings of the annual meeting 2015 Okayama of Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry. 2015; p. 2F26P18.
Walther G, Pawłowska J, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Wrzosek M, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Dolatabadi S, Chakrabarti A, de Hoog GS. DNA barcoding in Mucorales: an inventory of biodiversity. Persoonia. 2013; 30:11-47.
Schipper MAA. On Mucor mucedo, Mucor flavus and related species. Stud Mycol. 1975; 10:1-33.
Warren KE, Kastner CL. A comparison of dry aged and vacuum-aged beef striploins. J Muscle Foods. 1992; 3:151-157.
White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: PCR protocols, a guide to methods and applications; 1990. p. 315–22.


Two more images from my adventures along the banks of the Trent below Trent Severn Waterway control dam 1.
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The Philips DreamStation is the next generation of positive airway pressure (PAP) device from Philips Healthcare. Connecting patients and care teams, DreamStation devices empower users to embrace their care with confidence, and enable care teams to practice efficient and effective patient management. My role on the project was as a full time industrial designer working with lead designer, creative director researchers and the Philips Respironics engineering teams.


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text:
The list of cities was sorted by Longitude - ascending
Wikipedia - Jeju City, S. Korea
Wikipedia - Jeju Province
Wikipedia - South Korea
Current Weather Details
Map Quest
Jeju City: City Webcam
Jeju International Airport
Google: Jeju City
S Korea - Environment
Air Quality Index (AQI)
Pollution in Jeju, S Korea
World's Air Pollution
Air Quality Real-time Map
air pollution flow
Jeju, South Korea
Founded: Population: 408,364 Time Zone: + 9
Latitude: 33.512 N Longitude: 126.53 E Altitude: 219 ft
Average High: 75.08 Average Low: 53.56 Annual Precipitation: 57.40
Jeju City is located on the north side of Cheju Island, is located in the Korean Strait, south of the South Korean mainland. In 1946, Cheju Island became a Special Self-Governing Province and today is known as Jeju Province, short Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. Jeju City is the capital of Jeju Province.[1]
With its mild climate, Jeju is a popular vacation spot for Koreans and many Japanese. Jeju City city is a well-known resort, with prestigious hotels and public casino facilities. The economy is primarily gear to the tourists trade, but the city is surrounded by orange and mandarin farms.[2]
Cheju Island, or Jeju Island, is also known as the "Island of the Gods". The island has a surface area of 1,846 square kilometers (712.744 mi2) and was formed by volcanic activity starting during the Cretaceous period and lasted until the early Tertiary period. Mount Hallasan is a shield volcano and is the tallest mountain in South Korea. Mount Hallasan is dormant and rises 1,950 meters (6397.637 feet) above sea level. The island is covered in by volcanic rock and volcanic soil and the weather is mild and warm throughout the year. Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007.[3]
◊ History of: Jeju, South Korea
◊ History of South Korea
◊ Weather data for Jeju, South Korea
◊ Historic Weather Events for South Korea
History of Jeju, South Korea.
? – 1404: Jeju Island was ruled by the kingdom of Tamna from ancient times until it was absorbed by the Korean Joseon Dynasty.[19]
1271: General Kim Tong-jeong escaped with what remained of his Sambyeolcho force from Jindo and built the Hangpadu Fortress at Kwiil-chon. They hold out for two years before being total annihilated.
1948: Jeju Uprising.
2007, June: The Korean government selected Gangjeong, a village on the southern coast of the island, as the site of a $970 million Jeju-do Naval Base.
1864: Gojong ascends the throne with his father, Daewongun, as Regent.
1866: French campaign into Korean territory.
1871: United States Asiatic Squadron has first military encounter with Korea in the Sinmi Yangyo.
1876: Korea's ports are formally opened under the Treaty of Ganghwa.
1884: Kim Okgyun leads the Gapsin Jeongbyeon. In 3 days, Chinese forces are able to overwhelm the Progressives and their Japanese supporters.
1894: Donghak Rebellion prompts the first Sino-Japanese War and Gabo Reforms. The Gabo Reforms addressed such social reforms as discrimination based on the class system, slavery, underage marriage were all banned and widows were granted the right to remarry. Even though the Gabo Reforms officially abolished slavery in reality it continued until 1930. Estimates are that 30% to 50% of the Korean population were slaves during the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910).[17]
1895: China recognizes Korean independence in the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Queen Min was murdered by Japanese assassins.
1896: 11 February. King Gojong flees to the Russian legation in Seoul.
1897: 20 February. King Gojong returns to the palace after 1 year of refuge at the Russian legation.
1902, January 30: Japan signs the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. The alliance was renewed and extended in scope in 1905 and 1911, before its demise in 1921. It was officially terminated in 1923.
1914 - 1920 The First World War. [More Information]
Allied (Entente) Powers
France, British Empire, Russia (1914-17), Italy (1915-18), United States (1917-18), Romania (1916-18), Japan, Serbia, Belgium, Greece (1917-18) and others.
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria (1915-18).
1914, October 17 - November 7: The Siege of Tsingtao.
1917, April 6: The US declares war on Germany.
1918, March 3: Russia and Germany sign an armistice at Brest-Litovsk.
1918, November 11: Armistice Day. At the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month, Germany signs an armistice with the Allies. The war is officially over. More than 8.5 million have been killed and over twice as many wounded from across the globe. New technology has been created, America has risen to prominence as an economic power and new countries are forming in Europe and the Middle East.
1907: June. The Hague Secret Emissary Affair.
1907: July 18. Gojong was forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Sunjong.
1909: October. Ito Hirobumi (the first Resident-General) is assassinated by Korean independence leader An Jung-geun.
1910: August. The Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910 started the annexation of the Korean Empire by Japan.
1916: The final wave of Uibyeong rebels is defeated by Japanese forces.
1919: March 1st Movement. Spurred by the sudden and mysterious death of Gojong. Declaration of Korean Independence. Nation-wide peaceful demonstrations are crushed by Japanese military and police forces after two months. Governor-General Hasegawa resigns.
1919: The establishment of The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai.
1919: Saito Makoto appointed as third Governor-General of Korea. The period of "cultural policy" begins.
1920: Battle of Cheongsanri, Korean independence Army victory.
1926, 10 June: Manse Independence Movement.
1932: Korean independence activist Lee Bong Chang fails in his attempt to assassinate Emperor Hirohito in Tokyo.
1932: Korean independence activist Yun Bong Gil bombs Japanese Military gathering in Shanghai.
1931, September 18: Japan invades Manchuria.
1935: The Soviet Union declares that the fascist states of Germany and Japan are the enemies.
1935, October 3: The Second Italo-Abyssinian War. Italian armed forces from Eritrea invaded Ethiopia without a declaration of war. In response Ethiopia declares war on Italy. On October 7, the League of Nations declared Italy to be the aggressor, and started the slow process of imposing limited sanctions on Italy.
1938: Beginning of the Soshi-kamei policy.
1939 - 1945 World War II. [More Information]
Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria) versus Allies (U.S., Britain, France, USSR, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia).
1939: Germany invades Poland.
1941, December 7: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor.
1945, April 12: President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies at Warm Springs, Georgia.
1945, May 8: Victory in Europe, V-E Day.
1945, September 2: Victory over Japan, V-J Day Japanese sign surrender terms aboard battleship Missouri (BB-63).
1945: The Empire of Japan surrenders to the Allies. According to the terms of Potsdam Declaration, Korea becomes independent.
1945; The United Nations develops a plan for a trusteeship administration of the Korean Peninsula. The Soviet Union administering the peninsula north of the 38th parallel and the United States administering the south.
1945: After the surrender of Japan, the Korean peninsula is divided between Soviet and American occupation forces at the 38th parallel.
1945: South Korea created a franchise to raise money and funds to recover.
1945, 6 September: Establishment of Peoples Republic of Korea with Yuh Woon-Hyung, but 1946 February, US Army breaks it and Yuh Woon Hyung is murdered.
People's Republic of Korea (PRK) was a short-lived provisional government that was organized with the aim to take over control of Korea shortly after the Surrender of the Empire of Japan at the end of World War II. It operated as the government in late August and early September 1945 until the United States Army Military Government in Korea was established by the United States of America. After that it operated unofficially, and in opposition to the United States Military Government, until it was forcibly dissolved in January 1946.
1946: US-USSR Joint-Commission on the formation of a Korean Government reaches an impasse. The Joint-commission is dissolved as the Cold War begins.
1948, 10 May: UN sponsored elections are held in South Korea.
1948, 15 August: Establishment of the Republic of Korea with Syngman Rhee as President.
1948, 25 August: Establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea with Kim Il-sung as Premier.
1949: The murder of Kim Gu. Kim Gu was a Korean Nationalist who believed in, and fought for, a unified Korea. He strongly objected to the formation of a separate South Korean state. He was shot in his home by a South Korean Army lieutenant.
1949, March 23: President Harry S. Truman approves the withdrawal of all US Forces in South Korea except for 500 military advisors.[7]
1950 25 June: The Korean War begins.
1950, August: UN Forces are driven back to South-east corner of the Korean Peninsula (The Pusan Perimeter).
1950, September 15: UN Troops, commanded by General Douglas MacArthur, make an Amphibious Landing at Inchon.[8]
1950, October 19: UN Troop capture Pyongyang city, the capital of North Korean.[9]
1950, October 25: Two hundred thousand Chinese troops of the People's Volunteer Army enter North Korea. Chairman Mao Zedong appointed Zhou Enlai as the overall commander and coordinator of the war effort, with Peng Dehuai as field commander. [10]
1950, October 25: The Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) 13th Army Group launched the First Phase Offensive, attacking the advancing U.N. forces near the Sino-Korean border. Twelve days later, Stalin allowed the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover, and provides more aid to China.[11]
1950, November 27: The Chinese 9th Army launched multiple attacks and ambushes along the road between the Chosin Reservoir and Koto-ri. At Yudam-ni, the 5th, 7th and 11th Marines were surrounded. The UN forces breakout on December 6 and conduct a fighting withdrawal to the port city of Hungnam. Approximately 105,000 soldiers, 98,000 civilians, 17,500 vehicles, and 350,000 tons of supplies are evacuated from Hungnam.[12]
1953: The Korean War is halted by the Korean Armistice Agreement that has remained in force until now.
1960: A student uprising begins the April Revolution which overthrows the autocratic First Republic of South Korea. Syngman Rhee resigns and goes into exile.
1961, 16 May: Military forces, headed by General Park Chung Hee, overthrow the Second Republic of South Korea in what is known as the Military Coup d'état of 16 May.
1961, 12 November: Summit conference for normalization of Kor-Japanese relations.
1962: start of the first Five-year plans of South Korea.
1964: South Korea joined Vietnam War.
1965, June 22: Signing of Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea. Earned both much controversy and procurement of budgets for later economic developments.
1967: Start of the second Five-year plans of South Korea.
1968, 21 January: An unsuccessful attempt of North Korean commandos to assassinate president Park Chung Hee- the Blue House Raid.
1968, 1 April: Establishment of the Pohang Iron and Steel Company.
1968, 5 December: Proclamation of the National Education Charter.
1970, 22 April: Start of the government-operated New Community Movement.
1970: Gyeongbu Expressway (Seoul - Busan) is completed and opened to traffic.
1972: Start of the third Five-year plans of South Korea.
1972, 12 August: The first Red Cross talks between North and South Korea are held.
1972: President Park Chung Hee declares Emergency Martial Law and changes Constitution in August, which may allow him to become the permanent ruler. This is similar to Gojong of the Korean Empire stating his country's governmental system as 'autocratic' in the constitution- for greater leadership and less opposition.
1974, 15 August: Assassination of first lady Yuk Young-soo by self-proclaimed North Korean Mun Segwang.
1976, 18 August: The Axe Murder Incident in Panmunjom, Joint Security Area. Triggers former North Korean leader Kim il-sung's first official apology to the South.
1976, 12 October: Discontinuation of rice imports, accomplishment of total self-sufficiency in rice by the 'Unification Rice'.
1977: start of the fourth Five-year plans of South Korea.
1977: 22 December. Celebration of achievement of 10 billion dollars gained by exports.
1978, 26 October: Detection of 3rd underground tunnel. Made by North Korea to attack South Korea.
1978, 10 December: Achievement of 1,117 US dollars as GNP.
1979: American president Jimmy Carter visits Korea. Threatens Park by stating he would reduce the US forces in Korea if he does not stop the ongoing Nuclear Weapons Development project.
1979, 26 October: President Park Chung Hee is assassinated by chief of KCIA, Kim Jaegyu(Assassination of Park Chung Hee).
1979: Coup d'état of December Twelfth, Chun Doo Hwan gets military power.
1980: The Gwangju Uprising. Martial Law is declared throughout the nation. The city of Gwangju becomes a battleground between dissenters and the Armed Forces (18-27 May). Some reports claim over 100 casualties.
1987: A student uprising begins the June Democracy Movement, which overthrows the autocratic Fifth Republic of South Korea. The ruling party of Fifth Republic, Democratic Justice Party, declares democratic elections.
1988: 24th Olympic Games held in Seoul.
1990, 11 September: South Korea and the USSR establish diplomatic relations.
1991, 17 September: North Korea (DPRK) and South Korea join the United Nations (UN).
1992, 24 August: South Korea and the People's Republic of China (PRC) establish diplomatic relations.
1993: Test of Rodong-1, a single stage, mobile liquid propellant medium range ballistic missile by the DPRK.
1994: Kim Jong Il takes control of North Korea upon the death of his father Kim Il-Sung. Start of the Arduous March (famine), in North Korea.
1998: Taepodong-1, a two-stage intermediate-range ballistic missile is developed and tested by the DPRK. End of the Arduous March famine in North Korea. It is possible that up to 3.5 million people did not survive the 'march'.
1999: The DPRK promises to freeze long-range missile tests.
2000: President Kim Dae-jung becomes the first South Korean to win the Nobel Peace Prize.[13]
2002: The 2002 FIFA World Cup jointly held by Korea & Japan. The Korean National Team makes it to the semi-finals for the first time in Korean history. The DPRK pledges to extend moratorium on missile tests beyond 2003.
2004: The DPRK reaffirms moratorium.
2005: The DPRK fires short-range missile into the Sea of Japan (East Sea).
2006: Test of Taepodong-2 by DPRK, a successor of Taepodong-1.There is a nuclear test in the DPRK. US officials assert it might have been a misfire.
2007: The second summit between DPRK and ROK leaders is held, with Roh Moo-hyun representing the south and Kim Jong Il the north. The DPRK fires short-range missile into the Sea of Japan.
2008: A South Korean tourist, a women in about her 50s, is shot down by a DPRK soldier for 'going into military territory' at 4 am, in Keumgang Mountain Tourist Region. This causes immediate uproar and all tourism into North Korea is suspended after the incident.
2009: North Korea launches a rocket (Unha), supposedly for space exploration. This move affects relationships with Japan, the United States and South Korea. The DPRK conducts another nuclear test.
2010: North Korea launches missile and attacks Korean Pohang class corvette, ROKS Cheonan. 46 Korean soldiers die because of the attack. At November, North Korean army rains artillery fire on Yeon-Pyeong-Do island. The DPRK conducts, yet again, another nuclear test.
2011, 17 December: Kim Jong Il dies, Kim Jong un takes over as the Supreme Leader of North Korea. The National Intelligence Service discovers Communist spies who have been working underground for the DPRK for almost 10 years. One of the members was a former Democratic Party representative. Their mission was to influence the party named above and extract military secret information.
2012, 13 April: The Kim Regime of the DPRK tested a rocket, officially called "Unha-3", an expendable launch system developed from the Soviet Scud rockets. The rocket was to send a satellite, called "Kwangmyongsong-3", into orbit. The rocket failed to launch the satellite and fell into the Yellow Sea. The mission ultimately ended in complete failure.
2012, 12 December: DPRK has successful launch of Kwangmyongsong-3 Unit 2 it was launched from the Sohae Satellite Launching Ground. A South Korean military official cited 3 stage success. DPRK confirmed.
2012, 19 December: Park Geun-hye daughter of Park Chung-hee, is elected as first female and the 11th president of South Korea.
For more information about The History of South Korea, visit the following sites:
Wikipedia: History of Korea
Wikipedia: Division of Korea
Wikipedia: History of South Korea
Wikipedia: History of North Korea
Wikipedia: Timeline of Korean history
Ohio-State: History of Korean
About.Com: The Joseon Dynasty in Korea
Wikipedia: Korean Martyrs
Wikipedia: Catholic Persecution of 1801
Encyclopedia.com: Korea, Martyrs of, Ss.
Wikipedia: Korea under Japanese rule
South Korea - Social Structure and Values
Jeju, South Korea, Weather Information
Monthly average highs and low temperatures and the average amount of precipitation for Jeju, South Korea.
Data from Climate-Data.org > Asia > South Korea > Jeju-do > Jeju.
Month Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual
Avg. High 46 ° 47.3 ° 53.8 ° 62.6 ° 69.1 ° 75.2 ° 82.4 ° 84.6 ° 78.3 ° 70.2 ° 60.4 ° 51.1 ° 75.08 °
Avg. Low 36.12 ° 36.7 ° 41.2 ° 48.9 ° 65.3 ° 64.4 ° 73 ° 74.3 ° 67.1 ° 56.8 ° 47.8 ° 40.1 ° 53.56 °
Mean 41.06 ° 42 ° 47.5 ° 55.75 ° 62.7 ° 69.8 ° 77.7 ° 79.45 ° 72.7 ° 63.5 ° 54.1 ° 45.6 ° 59.32 °
Avg. Prec. 2.4 in 2.64 in 3.07 in 4.61 in 4.33 in 7.60 in 8.7 in 9.37 in 7.67 in 2.51 in 2.72 in 1.77 in 57.40 in
Climate Classification:
The climate in Jeju, South Korea, is classified as humid subtropical climate (Cfa) by the Köppen-Geiger system.
Humid subtropical climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled). No dry months in the summer. [Ref]
Global Warming Not Out of Ordinary
Selected Earth Science Web Sites
The Homeowners Guide
U. S. Geological Survey (USGS)
Earthquake Monitoring Program
Air quality and pollution city ranking
Global Health Observatory (GHO) data
Geophysical Institute - UAK
Aurora Forecast - UAK
Earthquakes Forecast - UAK
Volcanic-activity Forecast - UAK
Climate Change Knowledge Portal (CCKP)
South Korea Notable Severe Weather Events
I am still doing research on the weather history of South Korea
^ Wikipedia — Jeju City [Online] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeju_City
• Wikipedia — Jeju Province [Online] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeju_Province
• Jeju (Cheju) Island Travel Information [Online] http://www.lifeinkorea.com/travel2/Cheju/
^ Wikipedia — Jeju Province [Online] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeju_Province
• Wikipedia — Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes [Online] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeju_Volcanic_Island_and_Lava_Tubes
• Wikipedia — Hallasan [Online] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallasan
^ Wikipedia — Timeline of Korean history [Online] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Korean_history
^ Time for Kids - Timeline of South Korean history [Online] http://www.timeforkids.com/destination/south-korea/history-timeline
^ Bill Gilbert Ship of Miracles (Triumph Books - Chicago, © 2000); ISBN 1-57243-366-3, p 35
^ Wikipedia — Korean War - UN forces cross partition line (September - October 1950) [Online] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War
#UN_forces_cross_partition_line_.28September_.E2.80.93_October_1950.29
^ Wikipedia — Korean War - China intervenes (October - December 1950) [Online] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War
#China_intervenes_.28October_.E2.80.93_December_1950.29
• Wikipedia — Battle of Chosin Reservoir [Online] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chosin_Reservoir
a b c d Wikipedia — Korean literati purges [Online] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_literati_purges
^ Wikipedia — Korean Martyrs [Online] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Martyrs
• Paul Yun Ji-chung (1759-1791) [Online] http://www.koreanmartyrs.or.kr/sbss124_en_view.php?num=1
^ Wikipedia — Paris Foreign Missions Society - 1839 persecutions [Online] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society#1839_persecutions
• Wikipedia — Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert, M.E.P [Online] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent-Joseph-Marius_Imbert
^ Wikipedia — Gabo Reform [Online] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabo_Reform
• Wikipedia — Joseon – Social and population structure [Online] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty#Social_and_population_structure
• Wikipedia — Slavery – Asia [Online] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery#Asia
^ Wikipedia — Jeju Province [Online] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeju_Province
^ Wikipedia — Tamna [Online] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamna
[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamna]
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