Seasons Greetings from the Naked Scientists! We invite you to spend the next hour with us as we explore the Science of Christmas. We'll be looking at why crackers are, or aren't, all that funny, the chemistry of Christmas and what makes the ultimate roast dinner as well as whether wine really is the best medicine.
Christmas carolling is one of the traditions that really has stood the test of time. But how and why do we sing?
Christmas carolling is one of the traditions that really has stood the test of time. But why? It could be that singing and in particular choral singing, has some effects that other group activities don't... Jude Brereton teaches the science of singing at the University of York and began by telling Chris Smith how we sing.
Chris - There's one on each side, isn't it?
Jude - One on each side, absolutely.
Chris - They meet in the middle and they can move apart and move together.
Jude - They do and they do that very, very rapidly. So, if one of our singers were to sing let's say, a middle C on the piano, that's around 260 hertz, that's 260 vibrations per second.
Chris - So that would mean my vocal chords are opening and closing 260 times a second.
Chris - And that is interrupting the flow of air coming out of my trachea, the windpipe.
Chris - 260 times a second.
Chris - So, what does that then do to the sound as it comes up my throat then?
Jude - That makes actually just a very simple buzzing sound. So, I've got here an electrolarynx. This is a device you would need to use if you had to have your larynx removed and it just makes a buzzing sound.
Chris - Sounds rather rude.
Chris - It's literally the size of a stick of dynamite.
Chris - It's a little cylinder.
Jude - It is and that buzzing sound, that rude buzzing sound, that's the sound we would hear if we were to get our singers and chop their heads off. That's the sound we would hear just directly above the vocal folds.
Chris - You've got the Templar Scholars here and they're wearing a fashion accessory I haven't seen for about 20 years. They're all wired up. I've never seen a choir wearing electrical apparatus resembling chokers.
Jude - Yeah, I'm amazed.
Chris - What is this?
Jude - They've allowed me to put electrodes on their necks.
Chris - That's so we can strangle them if they don't sing well.
Jude - Yeah, we could probably do that. So, the electrodes we got there, there is a current going from electrode to the other. So, they've got a pair of electrodes - one on each side of the larynx.
Chris - There's a little belt like a choker thing and it's got these two disks. They're about 2 pence piece size sticking on the side of their neck.
Jude - Absolutely and it's attached with Velcro at the back, so you can take them off if you begin to feel too uncomfortable. But what it does allow us to do is to find out more about the actual vocal fold vibration itself. So Chris, if we ask the choir to just sing one verse of a Christmas carol, we'll have a little listen later to just their vocal folds.
Chris - Very much enjoyed the singing. What did we capture electrically from their larynx?
Jude - So electrically, we've just captured the raw signal of the vocal folds moving. We should be able to listen to that now.
Chris - Much better. What's actually going on there? What are we hearing?
Jude - So, we're literally just hearing how the vocal folds vibrate. So, that's the sound source that you put into the vocal tract and then you need the vocal tract to transform that sound into words and into different shapes of notes.
Chris - That sound obviously isn't the sound that comes out of my mouth. So, how do those puffs of air change as they come up and turn into A. a note and B. in my case now, speech?
Jude - The note itself is regulated by the vibration of the vocal folds. So we can tension and de-tension a vocal fold. So, if they're under more tension, if they're thinner and longer then they'll make a higher note.
Chris - Is that because they vibrate, they move up together in the part more quickly?
Jude - Absolutely. So, thinking about that middle C again, that was about 260 times per second. If you were to sing an octave above that then that would be 520 times per second, and then another octave above you going 1,040 times per second.
Chris - Are you aware of your vocal chords bouncing backwards and forwards up to 500 times a second, Victoria?
Victoria - It's amazing isn't it when you think about it.
Chris - Tell us a bit about your singing experience and does this sort of just happen naturally to you or have you actually had to have training and actually being aware of what's going on in your neck as you're producing lots of beautiful sounds?
Victoria - Well, if you imagine going into a primary school playground and seeing little kids running around, the sound that they are producing is enormously loud, enormously free sound which would challenge any operatic tenor in the best London circuits. But somehow, over our lives, as we get more stressed and more worried, all of these things shutdown. We try and make ourselves sound better and so sometimes, singing is just a case of getting back to what's natural.
Chris - And relaxing a bit. So, how do I make sounds into speech then?
Chris - It looks like something out of alien actually.
Jude - It does a little, doesn't it? It's actually a 3D printed vocal tract of a particular singer, singing a particular vowel.
Chris - So in other words, you've taken a scan of the innards of somebody and extracted the bit that corresponds the windpipe, vocal folds - in other words, vocal chords, the back of the throat and out to the mouth because it does end in the mouth.
Jude - Yup and we've even got lips on this model here. So, absolutely right. We did that, we had a singer in the MRI scanner and they sang a particular vowel. Now, this vowel I brought for you today is an "aahh" vowel. What I can do is I can attach this to the buzz of the electrolarynx we heard earlier.
Chris - So, you're just going to put some vibrations into it.
Chris - So squeezing the tube and changing the shape.
Jude - Squeezing the tube and changing the shape. So, if I squeeze the end of tube, I should get an "eeh" vowel because that's what your mouth is doing when you make an "eeh" vowel. It's squeezing the end of the tube.
Jude - Absolutely, towards the mouth. And if I squeeze the back of the tube then we should get an "ahh" vowel because that's what your mouth does when you do an "ahh" vowel. So, I've been practicing this. I hope it works.
Chris - I'm glad I've got a tongue, which makes life a lot easier than actually doing that. So, if Tori has a high voice and sings in a much higher set of notes than I do and presumably you do, is that just because I'm a different shape in terms of my larynx in my mouth to her and you?
Jude - So, female vocal folds are generally shorter than male vocal folds. So, they make a higher sounding pitch.
Chris - And Tori, the other benefits of singing of course, it isn't just about making the audience enjoy it, it's enjoyable for the people who do it as well.
Tori - Absolutely. When you're singing, as you said earlier, an awful lot of learning how to sing is getting in touch with your breath system and that might sound similar to some of you who've maybe had hypnotherapy or other stress and relaxation techniques in the past. You are encouraged to get in touch with your breath. So in fact, what singers are doing is finding a way to ground themselves, calm themselves down. Singing can be enormously beneficial for you from a very physical point of view.
How many chemicals do you think your body interacts with at Christmas? Loads! They're everywhere, in the Christmas jumpers you're wearing, the wrapping paper you've ripped to shreds and even in the preservative on your Christmas tree that stops the needles falling off. Mark Lorch is a biochemist from the University of Hull and he unwrapped the chemistry of Christmas for Chris Smith.
Chris - You mentioned that you were joining us earlier and you've been vigorously peeling an orange, but not for personal consumption I hope, not in the chemistry laboratory.
Mark - No, of course not. The thing about orange peel, and one of the reasons why it smells so nice, is there's a chemical in this peel called limonene. Limonene is incredibly flammable. So flammable in fact that you can turn a bit of orange peel into a flame thrower.
Chris - Flame for the Christmas table?
Mark - Yeah. If you've got candles around it, just follow normal safety.
Chris - So, we have one of my beautiful crystal candlesticks here and there is a candle sticking at the top of it and you have peeled the peel off of a very large orange and you bent the peel over. So, you're just going to squeeze the peel onto the candle flame.
Mark - Exactly and watch this.
Mark - Isn't that fabulous?
Chris - That was about a foot high.
Mark - That was a really good jet of flame there.
Chris - Is that a trick stunt orange or is this for real?
Mark - No, this is just a normal navel orange. Shall I get another so we can do it again?
Chris - But there was an absolutely huge fireball that came off like a fruit fireball that came off of this orange. And it was a bright whitey yellow flame - burnt very fast. Why is this happening and what's coming out of the peels?
Mark - So, the stuff in the peel is this chemical called - is an oil called limonene and it's what smells so lovely when you squeeze an orange or a lemon in fact or any citrus fruit. As I said, it's incredibly flammable so you can get these nice jet of flame.
Chris - What is it doing in the orange?
Mark - I believe it has insecticidal causes actually.
Chris - As well as taste and other properties.
Mark - It's smelling and tasting really nice. That's part of the reason why we put rind in things into cakes, etc to get that lovely aroma.
Chris - Because people used to dangle oranges in various places - on Christmas trees they used to put them in their wardrobes to ward off insects. It repels moths very well I'm told.
Mark - So, I believe.
Chris - So, as you squeeze the peel, you're literally putting jet to the stuff into the flame and off you go.
Mark - Exactly. And actually, there's another interesting thing about the limonene. It's the same compound in lemons and oranges, but they smell different. How did this something that's essentially the same smell different? Well it's because in the orange and the lemons, the compounds are mirror images of each other. Now, our body interacts with different mirror images of compounds in different ways.
Chris - So, what you're saying is, you've got a molecule that's like a left hand version and a molecule that's like a right hand version because you have two different gloves, one for each hand. They're both hands. They both look the same. Both got 5 digits but they're mirror images.
Chris - And the molecules smell different because they bind differently in our noses.
Mark - No. but actually, now you've mentioned it, sometimes if you taste caraway, you can almost get a vague hint of spearmint in there as well.
Chris - Well, there you go, fireballs for your Christmas table. What about making some baubles for my tree though?
Mark - Right. Traditionally Christmas baubles are mirrors for example, they were silvered. The silvering reaction is actually really quite a simple bit of chemistry and I'm going to try and make now, here at the table a Christmas bauble out of something you wouldn't normally hang on a Christmas, although they do hang on mine, round bottom flasks.
Chris - Beautiful piece of laboratory glassware. Do you really hang those on your Christmas tree because that is lovely?
Chris - Okay, so we're going to make the silver on the outside or the inside?
Mark - On the inside. So, we're going to put the silver on the inside of the bauble. I'm going to start off with a silver nitrate. So, this is a colourless liquid. Now, this is a totally colourless liquid, put that silver in there. Now, the next thing I have to add and this bits a bit stinky, I've got to add some ammonia.
Mark - It's liquid and a bit smelly and it goes brown.
Chris - It smells absolutely disgusting like we've gone into a gentlemen's toilet.
Mark - The solution has gone brown. That's silver oxide and that doesn't dissolve in this solution, so it goes - so, we lose it but as I add more ammonia, it then goes clear again.
Chris - So, we started off with a clear solution, you added the ammonia and it went to dark colour. Now, it's gone back to clear. So why has that gone clear?
Mark - That's because it now got something called diamine silver that dissolves in this bottle. Now, what I've got to add is a little bit of potassium hydroxide and this makes it alkaline. It goes dark again and that's ready now for the final step, which is just to add some sugar. So actually, this is dextrose I'm using here. Now, it goes dark slowly. You can see it's got a brown colour and that is actually sort of black colour. Now, that is a silver coming out in solutions. That's particles of silver and it will start to coat the inside of the bauble.
Chris - What's actually going on in there to make the silver come out and stick to the glass?
Mark - So, this is a reaction called toluene's reagent. We use it actually in chemistry labs for figuring out whether compounds have aldehydes, a particular type of chemical in it because this reaction only works with aldehydes. When we react the ammonium silver complex with an aldehyde which you get in these sugars, it causes the silver to come out of solution.
Chris - It's just convenient that it does that and sticks to the glass.
Mark - Yeah. So, we use it as an analytical tool in chemistry. It's also long been used to make silvered mirrors and silvered baubles.
Chris - Fantastic! What else have you got for us?
Mark - What's Christmas dinner without crackers?
Chris - And I did this time. So, what did I get?
Chris - I've got a notebook. It's a really good gift that.
Mark - That crack from the cracker and also party poppers, but there we go. That is a small explosion from a very, very unstable compound called silver fulminate. It's so unstable that if you make more than a few hundred milligrams of this stuff, it actually explodes under its own weight.
Chris - Goodness! So, how do they make it then?
Mark - Really quite easy to make, but you just don't ever make much of it. You get the same stuff in - you know, the bang snaps you throw at the ground, etc. It's incredibly unstable.
Chris - But what's actually happening in the party popper when I pull the string or in the cracker when you pull that piece of brown card and the two ends come away? What's happening?
Mark - So, you've got about 50 milligrams of silver fulminate in a cracker like this. So, tiny amount and it's painted on one side of the strip. On the other side, you have a bit of abrasive.
Chris - You're holding the snap a bit out of the cracker in your flame.
Mark - Yeah, in the candle flame. When it goes off - let's see if that works - it puts out the flame. Did you see that?
Chris - Yes, it has now gone out.
Mark - It has because the explosion is actually that vigorous that it essentially blows out the flame. Of course, the other reason for that is the explosion produces nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
Mark - ...Which doesn't burn. So, there you go.
Chris - So, there's your answer. If you set fire to your house doing your flame throw experiment, you can put it out by throwing in a huge box of crackers.
Mark - Yeah. I'm not sure that's going to work. If you have enough silver fulminate to put out the fire, it would also take down your house quite easily.
Chris - Well obviously, no Christmas table is complete without the cake.
Chris - So, what can you do with Christmas cakes?
Mark - Well, there's a bit of chemistry that of course goes all the time when you're baking. There's loads of chemistry that goes on in baking and cooking. One of the simplest ones to show is a quick demo with sodium bicarbonate and you've probably have tried this sort of thing at school when making volcanoes. The bicarbonate in your cakes is there so when it heats up, it liberates carbon dioxide, which is what the bubbles are when you bake.
Chris - Until the bicarbonate breaks down and make some carbon dioxide. That literally inflates the cake.
Mark - Exactly, yes, blows up your cake but a lot slower than the fulminate, yeah. You can do the same thing if you just add vinegar to bicarb.
Chris - So, we've got a spoon full of bicarb in a glass jar here on the table and it goes from white wine vinegar and it's popping up.
Mark - Exactly, yeah. You could use any vinegar you like.
Chris - So, you could use heat but you're using vinegar. What's going on?
Mark - So again, the bicarbonate - the same sort of thing is going on in your cakes except in this case, the acid is reacting with the bicarbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas as well.
Chris - Mark, it's been a huge pleasure. Thank you very much. I noticed I'm holding our homemade bauble and it's fantastic! It has completely silvered and covered the inside of the flask. It does look really rather good. Can I have this for my Christmas tree?
Mark - You may of course. They're quite heavy, but yeah. Stick a bit of thread through the clip on the top there and hang that on your Christmas tree.
Chris - Proper chemist's Christmas tree. I have a reaction vessel to hang on my tree.
22:18 - Why are Christmas cracker jokes funny?
No Christmas is complete without some terrible cracker jokes but why do we find them so funny?
Why are Christmas cracker jokes funny?
Let's get serious about those cracker jokes. Crackers go back to the mid-19th century when London confectioner Tom Smith started by adding love messages to the wrappers for his bon bons bon sweets. As the years wore on, mini fireworks, mottos, trinkets and finally cheesy jokes were added to the mix. At the risk of examining an inherent human trait that's probably better left alone, if we're going to look at the science of why Christmas jokes are entertaining, we have to look at the psychology of laughter. Elena Hoicka from the University of Sheffield told Chris Smith how children come to understand puns and why cracker jokes are (or aren't) funny.
Elena - Babies actually start laughing as early 3 to 4 months, but not necessarily at jokes. So, they might laugh spontaneously or someone tickles them. But even in the first year, babies do start to understand things that are funny. So, in one study, they found that if mothers did things like put a sock in their mouth, babies around 10 months would start to laugh at this.
Chris - Why is putting a sock in your mouth funny?
Elena - Yeah. Basically, I think what a lot of cognitive psychologists would agree is that humour involves something that's unexpected, out of the ordinary. And so, putting the sock in your mouth, that's kind of strange. So, you might laugh at that because it seems kind of strange and you can take joy from that. Even though jokes get more complicated, this kind of unexpectedness is usually at the heart of most jokes.
Chris - If I were to look inside my brain when I'm laughing or something, when I'm being tickled by something whether it's one of those rubbish jokes I told earlier or actually something genuinely funny, what actually is happening in my brain to make me titter.
Elena - So, what happens is there's activation in the dopamine area of your brain and when I say 'dopamine', this is an area that can make you feel good. Other areas in your brain can activate too depending on the kind of joke. So, if it's a kind of joke where it might be about understanding human interactions then areas of the brain to do with things like understanding how people think, social cognition, those brain areas will activate as well.
Chris - But there are different types of things that are funny, aren't they?
Chris - There is the literally putting the sock in your mouth and laughing at that because it's a bit unusual. But then there are clever plays on words, which they're not visual but they're crafty plays on words and they're funny in their own way, aren't they? Is it then that laughter is like a final common pathway and there are different ways to activate that?
Elena - So, I think kind of coming back to this idea that something is funny if it's unexpected, it really captures both of those types of jokes.
Chris - So, like a funny cracker joke would actually be funny because it's unexpected.
Elena - Exactly. So often, the punch line of a cracker joke, it just sounds kind of weird when you first hear it. When you think of the second meaning, then it starts to make sense. And so, you hear something unexpected and then you kind of solve that problem, and so, it makes you feel good and it's enjoyable and you find it funny.
Chris - What about, going back to your research on age, How kids learn from an early age to find things funny or develop humour? Does everyone develop the same sense of humour? Does it matter whether you're living on one side of the world speaking one language or living on this other world speaking English? Do you find the same sorts of things funny?
Elena - I suspect initially, babies will find the same types of things funny such as blowing raspberries or hearing strange sounds. But parents play a really big role in development of their children's humour. So even in the first year, parents will go clown around, they'll make silly faces, and at 3 months, babies don't really get it. They don't seem to laugh or smile in response to the parent's behaviours, but by 6 months, they do. So, it seems like they're starting to learn what's funny.
In my own research, we found that even by 18 to 24 months, parents, when they tell a joke, they essentially explain it. So, I think they might be a bit afraid that the kids don't get it or they might learn the information and think it's true. So, if they say something like ducks say moo, will often then follow that up with, ducks don't say moo. What do ducks really say and really make sure their kids understand it was a joke, why it was a joke, and so on.
So, in terms of different types of jokes in different parts of the world, the styles of jokes might be similar, you have word play all over the world for instance, but the content might be different. So, depending on your cultural values, you might find different things funny. So, maybe a capitalist society would find some notion communism funny and a communist society would find some notion of capitalism funny. And that's really going to be about your culture although the format of the joke might be similar.
Chris - Can we try it if I give you some kids? Do you want to have a go and see if some of your predictions are right because I've got some kids on tap? Actually, I'm going to lend you my children. So, what would you like to start with, a younger one or an older one?
Elena - We could start with a younger one and see how it goes.
Chris - Well, this is Tim. He's 6. What would you expect his humour capacity to be?
Elena - Certainly, from 2 years up until about 7, children really appreciate the nonsense humour. So, they might not understand puns as puns, but they might find a pun funny just because it sounds kind of crazy and weird. So, with the kind of Christmas cracker jokes, you might find them funny, but maybe for a different reason to why and adult would find it funny.
Chris - Okay, so let's give it a go.
Elena - So, what's the loudest things Santa eats?
Tim - I don't know.
Chris - So, he's actually laughing. Why is that funny?
Tim - Because it is.
Chris - So, he can't explain. Did he laugh because we laughed?
Elena - That's possible and research finds that as kids get older, they're usually better explaining the jokes and certainly, children research finds will laugh if other people laugh, but he have also just found it funny that Santa would eat a Christmas cracker because it's not edible and it's paper and it's kind of strange.
Chris - Well, let's go up the scale a bit. So Amelia is 8. What would you expect her to be able to grapple with joke-wise?
Elena - I think in this particular case, she might just kind of be about the brink of understanding that there's maybe two meanings going on here.
Chris - Okay, so let's stress test her. What have you got for her?
Elena - Why did the man get fired from the orange juice factory?
Amelia - I don't know.
Elena - Because he couldn't concentrate.
Chris - That let her kind of cold. So, we're all laughing, but do you have any idea why that's funny Amelia?
Elena - Can I try another one? Let's try another one. What do you call a cow that plays the guitar?
Chris - Well, that got a sort of vague titter. So, why do you think that's funny, Amelia?
Amelia - Well, cows go moo and if it's playing a guitar, it sounds like the musician sounds like moo-sician and it's funny because it's a cow.
Chris - So, it's funny because it's a cow being a musician, but there's a play on the fact that the cow goes moo. So, she obviously got the joke.
Elena - Yeah, that's a fantastic explanation as well. So, you could really hear from her explanation, she understood the two meanings to that word. Moo-sician is kind of made-up world.
Chris - I thought she explained it because I'm still grappling with myself.
Elena - And it shows that she can hold two ideas in her head at the same time, this is related to operational thinking. So, it's kind of a stage and development when it's not just in terms of humour but also, where you understand that maybe a tall skinny glass of juice actually contains the same amount as this short fat glass of juice.
Chris - But some jokes are also very cultural context dependent. If I say to you, why does a Frenchman only have one egg for breakfast?
Chris - Because one's an oeuf.
Chris - It depends on you having that knowledge that an egg means - but it's the same sort of mechanism. It sounds like the word that you want.
Elena - Yeah, so for that one to work, if people don't oeuf is egg in French then if you didn't know that, you wouldn't quite get the joke. If you understand that then actually, that's a nice bilingual pun just on there.
Chris - Well, I'm glad we brought up because it gave me an opportunity to deploy that rather rubbish joke. Lastly I want to ask you about, obviously, it is Christmas and in a minute, we're going to be tasting some extremely fine wines. What about the business of when you get drunk, you find everything incredibly funny? Is that just because you find everything funny for some reason because disinhibiting bits of your brain or is it actually doing something else to you? I mean, obviously you're working on child psychology. Alcohol and child probably won't have to do with it.
Elena - We don't know how to put those two together.
Chris - But why do you think that might happen?
Elena - Okay. So, one possibility is that you are disinhibited. You might just be jolly or you might laugh more when other people are. Another possibility could be that maybe it's kind of changing how you're interpreting unexpected things. And so, instead of being grumpy about it or being concerned, you might enjoy it more.
Chris - Elena, thank you very much. Before you go, we made Mark pull a cracker. Would you like to please pull a joke out of that? come on, give us a parting joke.
Elena - What is father Christmas's favourite band?
Chris - I don't know.
Even for experienced cooks, Christmas dinner is a challenge. But how good (or bad) a meal tastes isn't all down to what's on your plate.
Ophelia - Taste interacts with a lot of your olfactory system.
Ophelia - Your nose. Volatile components rise up and reach the piriform cortex, which is the olfactory receptors. This retronasal smell gets bound with the taste you're experiencing.
Chris - I see. So, I put something in my mouth, yes, I get the sensation on my tongue around my mouth, but there are other chemicals coming out of the food that go up the back of my throat - for want of a better phrase - and they're activating my smell system. But I don't regard them as a smell. I am regarding them as a taste. But actually, it's the whole thing mixed together.
Ophelia - Yeah. We call this oral referrals. So, the sensation is not experienced at the place where you actually receive the stimulation.
Chris - How can one exploit this in order to maximise the enjoyment of food?
Ophelia - So, because smell is involved in flavour experience then you can understand why some of the expectations that you will have come from your sense of smell. So, when you enter a room and you have this delicious smells floating around then it's already the same component you will experience when you actually taste the food. So, the pleasure of anticipation is already at stake. So, keep the doors of the kitchen open.
Chris - We were hearing just now from Elena about how children learn to integrate information to make jokes funny because they can hold several things in their mind at once. Do you think the same applies then to flavours that when you're experiencing a flavour that actually, because a flavour doesn't just come and go. Actually, it evolves in your mouth and you experience different things at different times. Do you think that actually is why adults are better at enjoying certain flavour experiences than things would be because they've got to hold those experiences in their mind all at once?
Ophelia - So, there's probably less multisensory integration going on in the flavour system of children, but what is going on also when you're young is that you really want to keep track of what you're eating. Most children will want to have the vegetables not touching the meat. What is going on is a sort of clever way of learning to connect what you experience in the mouth and the shape and the colour of things so that later, you can actually know how to mix them. But before that, you will keep them separate.
Chris - What about other sorts of stimuli? What about sound as well though? If I place a music in a restaurant or if I eat an airline meal, do I experience the food differently on an airplane with all that noise going or the Indian restaurant playing that very Indian music? Do I get a better flavour experience?
Ophelia - So, this is part of a fascinating series of research projects we've been conducting and the fact that sounds actually affects your flavour experiences.
Chris - So, it does.
Ophelia - Yeah, absolutely. In an aircraft, the sounds that you hear will actually lower your taste perception. Many people will order tomato juice in a plane, I do.
Chris - With vodka added.
Chris - This is this very meaty flavour compound, isn't it?
Ophelia - Yeah. All the other tastes have sort of become dull because of the background sound, but umami resists.
Chris - Then if I fly business class and I get my noise cancelling headphones on, is that going to mean the food taste better even though it might not be any different?
Ophelia - The food will taste better because of these beautiful noise cancelling headphones.
Chris - So, that's true.
Ophelia - Yeah, but you will have also heavier cutlery.
Chris - And that makes it different?
Ophelia - Absolutely, to the perception of creaminess. So, you just have a way in which - because it feels heavier on your hands then you will think, ahh! It's because the stuff on the spoon is actually more dense.
Chris - So, when people say, look, drinking tea just doesn't taste right or wine does not taste right out of a plastic cup and put it in the glass or put it in the mug and it tastes totally different, same tea, that's purely a subjective biasing by the vessel you're drinking out of.
Ophelia - Because we're looking at the complex enjoyment of the food, it will actually change people's overall perception. They will think that it's a more enjoyable experience and then they will refer it back to the wine and think it was a better wine.
Chris - Okay, answer me this. What can we do about Brussels sprouts, universally loathed by some, loved by others? How do we turn them to everyone's favourite vegetable? Is it possible to play the same trick with Brussels?
Ophelia - Yeah, some people might not like Brussels sprouts because they have more bitter receptors in the tongue. So, for this part of the population, which we call supertasters, maybe there's nothing to be done. But for other people, you might try changing the colour of the plate. With a blue plate, it will taste saltier and with a red plate, you will bring the kind of sweeter flavours on the Brussels sprout.
Chris - If I want to max-out on people's enjoyment of my Christmas dinner, give us some tips then. What should we actually be doing to give people the best Christmas experience with their dinner?
Ophelia - Well, probably taking a cooking class before will help.
Chris - That would help, that's true.
Ophelia - The kind of research I've been involved in is looking at ways to improve your flavour experience without touching the food itself. So, think about the visual appearance of the food. So, if you add some colours, it will make you expect something more intense and it will make it taste more intense.
Chris - Does that actually get borne out if you give people a more colourful meal than a more bland looking meal, but it's the same stuff that tastes the same. Do they say, "Wow! That tastes great!" versus this that tastes bland?
Ophelia - The colour intensity can improve the perceived intensity of flavour, absolutely. Up to the point that if you give people just a little bit of red dye, lots of people will start saying, "It tasted raspberry" although there is nothing but colour in it.
Chris - Is it true someone did an experiment where they got a glass of white wine and they stained it to look like red wine and they took some identical wine without the stain in it and said to people would sample these two and people thought they were drinking red wine and white wine, but in fact, they were the same thing?
Ophelia - Yeah. So, an experiment which has been conducted by a winologist.
Ophelia - Yeah and Frederic Brochet. They were trying to show how important vision is in generating expectations. Of course, what is tricky here with wine is that it's a very social thing. So, people didn't want to look like fools and they probably reported kind of red fruit flavours because they didn't want to say something else. So, it's something that we know as a huge influence but there's something very complex going on with these wine examples.
Something you might be looking at also is the candles you will light. Scented candles make a difference to how much people will enjoy the food but also, how strongly they will remember the meal. Probably, the perfect meal is the most memorable one.
Chris - Indeed because you want people to come back. So, what can I do then to make people want to come back?
Ophelia - Give them good food, good company, good jokes. But also, if you give them a smell that connects to their previous happy memories of Christmas like scented candles with pine tree or cinnamon. They are likely to connect this episode with their previous happy memories of Christmas and it will improve their experience.
Chris - Do restaurateurs do that? Do they, by dishing up the peppermint at the end of the meal or something equivalent, is that their way of sending you home with a signature smell that reminds you of the wonderful occasion you've just enjoyed so you are likely to go back.
Ophelia - Absolutely. We have this example of Heston Blumenthal at the fat duck where it actually gives you a smell when you go out of the restaurant, which is the smell of a sweet shop, which connects you childhood memories and makes this final touch when you go - it extends the memory of the wonderful meal you had.
40:03 - Is wine really the best medicine?
There are a lot of mixed messages about the risks and rewards of drinking wine. So, what's true and what's not?
Roger - It's very clear that moderate drinking can be beneficial in terms of reducing heart disease.
Chris - Good. That's a relief.
Roger - For a man, that means 2 to 3 units of alcohol per day is sufficient to have a protective effect. As soon as you go over 4 or 5 units per day for a man, you start to have harmful effects. So, the fact that the stories about benefits of wine and adverse effects of wine, it's all about what level of drinking people are undertaking. What's also clear from my research is certain types of wine have greater benefits than others. So, if you're in this window of moderation and you have a wine that's rich in tannins, then they can have an additional protective effect on your heart and therefore, be beneficial to a greater degree than other alcohols including white wine.
Chris - So, there is some chemical evidence and some chemical rationale for why wine should be good for me. It's not just that when you're relaxing with your friends, you're in convivial surroundings and enjoying your drink just happens to be going along with that. But it's the surroundings and the lifestyle that's better for you than the wine itself.
Roger - There are enough studies to show that moderate drinking has a beneficial effect. However, that lifestyle factor is also important. Alcohol drunk with food is less harmful and therefore more beneficial than alcohol drunk without food.
Chris - What about then if I had grape juice because wine at the end of the day is fermented grape juice, isn't it? If I compare grape juice with wine that it turns into, does grape juice have these benefits or is it exclusively the preserve of wine?
Roger - Grape juice is a very high sugar drink. So, excessive consumption of grape juice can also be harmful for you in the same way as excessive alcohol consumption can be harmful. What makes the difference between wine and grape juice is when you make wine, you ferment the juice with the pips and skins and with the red wine, you extract all the colour from the skin and the tannins from the pips. It's these tannins that confer these extra beneficial effect over compared to other alcoholic drinks.
Chris - What are they doing?
Roger - What we know from a number of experimental studies is they protect the blood vessels in a way that you're less likely to develop the lesions that lead to heart disease. So, those protective effects of grape pip tannins can only therefore be achieved with a tannic wine. So, modern style wines, which are often made without that long period of extraction to get all the tannins out of the pips, are actually not very different from a white wine in terms of the likely beneficial effect.
Chris - So, white wine doesn't really have a beneficial effect. Red wine might have a beneficial effect and red wine with lots of tannin in it and lots of what's in the skins, that should have the best effect.
Roger - That's correct, yes.
Chris - But does that go hand in hand with flavour though because obviously, the one thing people are drinking when they have a new glass of wine, they're not thinking first and foremost about their health. They're thinking, "Does this taste nice?"
Roger - To some extent and that's because we've developed this habit of drinking wine without food. As soon as you have a tannic wine and combine it with food then a lot of those tannins disappear in the background because they're masked by the foods you're eating while drinking the wine.
Chris - Tannins are in tea as well so can I just get the same benefit from having a cup of tea?
Roger - The tannins in tea are slightly different from the tannins in wine. The tannins in tea are smaller molecules and actually, more astringent than your grape pip tannins. And so, there's not really good comparison between tea and wine in terms of the likelihood of beneficial effects.
Chris - Shall we have a go and just try some because I know you've got some bottles there and I'm getting thirsty frankly. What are you going to serve up first?
Roger - What I've got here first is a pinot noir wine. Now pinot noir wines are actually tentatively made in a very light style because people are looking for the fruit flavours with the pinot noir. Actually, when you look at this wine, there's not much colour to it either.
Chris - It looks like Ribena really. It's very thin, isn't it?
Roger - Exactly. This to me is very much a white wine pretending to be a red wine.
Chris - But this was not very expensive. This was about 7 quid in the supermarket. So, it doesn't smell too bad. A bit thin.
Roger - Actually, it feels very light in style. There's no tannins at all. There's a sort of fruity after taste, which is a mixture of cherry flavours and black fruit flavours. But really, it's not much in terms of the wine structure.
Chris - Right, so that one you're saying would be less good for our health.
Roger - There's really little advantage of a wine like this compared to the sort of modest health benefits you get with a white wine or indeed drinking small amounts of beer. So actually, those type of drinks actually equate to exactly the same effect.
Chris - Okay. So, this one, this is the big daddy of the tannins.
Roger - This is the big daddy of the tannin-rich wines. This is a sagrantino di montefalco wine from Umbria in Italy. Sagrantino grapes yield the most tannin-rich wines you can find in the world.
Chris - Well, it's got a very big flavour. It's very broad. It's actually quite sharp. It's not smooth. It's a bit sharp, but it's got a lovely flavour.
Roger - What you notice very strongly is the aftertaste of tannins in these wines.
Chris - It's quite bitter afterwards isn't it?
Roger - That's right but that bitterness would disappear if you had some food with it. You wouldn't notice it. But it's these tannin-rich wines that are the most protective when it comes to - if you think that red wine is good for you, moderation is important but then have a tannin-rich wine.
Chris - We've talked a lot about how the wine contain these tannins and how they correlate with good health but biochemically, when I drink this and it goes into my bloodstream, what actually is it doing to protect my heart and brain?
Roger - All of your blood vessels have a lining which is called the endothelium. It's a single cell layer and it produces a gas called nitric oxide and a vasodilator called prostacyclin.
Chris - This opens blood vessels up.
Roger - This opens up your blood vessels and it stops your platelets being sticky. So, by preventing your platelets from being sticky, your blood is less likely to clot.
Chris - But Roger, how much of this would I need to drink in order to get those beneficial effects at a clinically relevant level, in other words, a level that will affect my health outcome? Would I have to drink so much of this wine that effectively, I'll have to be an alcoholic with a liver problem before I actually protect my heart?
Roger - This type of wine will typically have about 5 grams per litre of total polyphenols and these are all the natural chemicals that come out of the skin and the pips that give you the tannins. Now, the grape tannins would have about 2 grams per litre. Now, that means that if you drink a third of the bottle,l you'll be consuming somewhere in the order of 700 milligrams of flavanols. We know from other experimental work the sweet spot that 700 milligrams of flavanols, you're really in the sweet spot of protecting your blood vessel from heart disease.
Chris - Well, let's polish off our Christmas dinner with a look at some chocolate because you can't have Christmas without chocolate. This also has a lot of claims made about the health benefits, doesn't it? Are they grounded in good scientific fact?
Roger - There is a health claim for dark chocolate. The health claim is that if you consume 200 milligrams of coco flavanols per day then that will maintain the health of your blood vessels in exactly the same way we're talking about grape pip tannins protecting your blood vessels. Unfortunately, most dark chocolate doesn't contain 200 milligrams per flavanols in a suitable amount to eat without you getting overweight.
Roger - Coco levels or the percent coco solids is incredibly misleading because it has no bearing on flavanol content.
Chris - What do they put in instead then if it's not coco with flavonoids? What are they putting in?
Roger - There's two elements to chocolate. There's the coco mass and the way the coco mass is manufactured, if you ferment it for a long time and it gets really hot, you destroy the flavanols in the chocolate. The other thing is, you can take a coco mass and then dilute it with coco butter and you can still call the coco butter percent coco solids. So, you can look at a bar like the one I have here that's marked 85% organic and you're thinking, "Hey, that's a great buy. It must be good for me." But it's got coco mass and then coco butter as the coco solids.
Chris - Can we actually tell if we taste some? Can you spot the difference?
Roger - I think you're going to tell as we move up the scale. So, I'm going to start you off with this 85% and not very good and it's smooth because of the coco butter and a low flavanol coco mass.
Chris - What's the last one?
Roger - Well, the last one, this is an experimental chocolate. This is truly the healthiest of healthy chocolates. This is a 3% flavanol chocolate.
Chris - Is this natural or was this made to have extra?
Roger - This is made to preserve in the manufacturing process all the flavanols that are there in the coco to start with.
Chris - Now that's nice.
Roger - That's nice because now, we're back at 80%. So actually, this has got less coco solids than any of the other chocolates.
Chris - But it has a funny aftertaste.
Roger - The aftertaste is the coco flavanols.
Chris - I'm not sure I'm so keen on these coco flavanols. I think I prefer wine.
Roger - It's a bit like the aftertaste of the tannic wine though. You have to agree with similarity.
Chris - Answer me this, if I've overdone it with the wine, will any of these things help to offset my hangover or is there anything I can do to prevent a hangover?
Roger - Obviously, to avoid hangover is not to drink too much.
Chris - A bit late for that.
Roger - An old fashion way to try and get over hangover was the hair of the dog.
Chris - Yeah, so having another drink. Does that work?
Roger - It doesn't work well and it's the first step towards alcohol dependency. It works because actually, most alcoholic drinks, these what are called congeners and other substances which your body has more difficulty in metabolising. And typically, in many alcoholic drinks, there's a bit of methanol. It's produced as part of the fermentation process or the wine making process. What the hair of the dog does is actually stops the metabolism of methanol because ethanol, which is the alcohol that people are liking to drink, is preventing it being broken down into formic acid and formic acid is a neurotoxin. So, the hair of the dog works by allowing you to get rid of the methanol in other ways, without it being broken down to this harmful neurotoxin.
Chris - So, the best bet then is actually just to rehydrate and don't drink too much in the first place.
Roger - Absolutely. I mean, that's the safest way to do it.


SAN FRANCISCO (March 26, 2019) — The Dui Hua Foundation welcomes the release from Meizhou Prison of American citizen Wang Jianmin, aka James Wong, on February 20 2019. Mr. Wang and his family arrived in the United States on March 24, 2019. They have been reunited with their two children who have been living with a relative in New Jersey.
Mr. Wang, now 65 years old, was a magazine publisher in Hong Kong who specialized in magazines on sensitive political topics related to China's leadership. Most of the magazines, including Multiple Face and New Way Monthly, were sold in Hong Kong but a small number were sent into the Mainland.
Although Mr. Wang is an American citizen, he entered China on his Hong Kong documents. Because his American citizenship was not recognized by China, he did not benefit from American consular protections. No American officials were allowed to attend his trial, and none were allowed to visit him in prison.
He was detained in Shenzhen on May 30, 2014 and subsequently sentenced by the Nanshan District People's Court on July 26, 2016 for the crimes of illegal business activity, bribery, and bid-rigging. He was given a prison sentence of five years and three months. After spending many months in a Shenzhen detention center, Mr. Wang was transferred to Meizhou Prison in northeastern Guangdong Province.
Mr. Wang was due for release on August 29, 2019. He was granted a six-month eleven-day sentence reduction on January 29, 2019, by the Meizhou Intermediate People's Court, and was released from prison twenty-two days later.
Dui Hua intervened with the Chinese authorities on Mr. Wang's behalf on twenty occasions over the last three years.
Information about Mr. Wang's sentence reduction, release and date of return to the U.S. was updated on April 4, 2019.


remain ingrained in the hearts of the people of Arizona. On this day, Jared Lee Loughner, a 22-year-old, attempted to kill Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords and he opened fire in a supermarket parking lot in Tucson, shooting and severely injuring 14 people, including Giffords, his target, and killing six people. While the incident sparked outrage and condemnation from different parts of the country, there have been numerous other cases where young American citizens carry out mass shootings. According to Siegel (2012), such incidences have prompted criminologists to devote their careers to understanding both the good and bad side of human nature in order to find out the motives that trigger people like Loughner to commit atrocities like the one in Tucson and why they behave the way they do. Where exactly should blame be apportioned -- societal or individual factors?
For Marx, of course, economics and class conflicts were the base of society, and social change proceeded through revolutions, such as the French, American and English Revolutions against feudalism in the 17th and 18th Centuries. In the future, capitalism would be overthrown by a socialist revolution, starting with the most advanced industrial economies in the West (Greene, p. 200). Comte argued that sociology should be concerned with the "laws of social evolution," though, and that science and technology had undermined traditional religion and the feudal social order. Society evolved in three distinct stages, theological, metaphysical and positive, with positivism representing urban, industrial society (Greene, p. 204).
ecosystem, which is a biological environment made up of various organisms, whether living or not, physical constituents which life forms interact with, for example, soil, water, and sunlight. Environmental homeostasis is achieved with the presence of various insects and critters in the ecosystem. This paper will delve into the role wasps' play as biological pest control, nesting habits, and various methods to control the population.
The eye takes in and processes a world of information all at once. We do not even fully recognize all of the inputs that the brain processes. In fact, the brain is still more sophisticated than the world's most powerful computer. These facts have deep implications for art and art appreciation since the "impression" of the art is important in the sense that it attempts to recreate a reality. For an artist to try to recreate reality they must pay particular attention to light and color. However, all of this assumes an artist wants to "recreate" something natural and the feeling that accompanies it during the first impression. This is not always the case.
Infanticide is the act or practice of killing newborns or infants. It has been committed or performed in every continent and in every level of culture from the poorest hunters and gatherers to the richest and most advanced classes of people and from the time of our ancestors to modern age (Milner 1998). The act or practice has been so rampant that there is enough evidence on record to show that it has been more the rule than an exception and this evidence reflects that parents themselves kill their infants under distressing and stressful situations. The practice or act was so frequent in England in the 19th century that both the medical and the private communities had to think of ways to control the crime (Milner) described by medical practitioners as savage in a contradiction to human progress.
Genetic engineering and cloning have played important roles in agriculture for many generations. Bananas and seedless grapes, for example, are, quite literally, living genetic clones (Krock, 2001). Prior to the last decade of the 20th Century, human cloning was purely a subject of science fiction, but by the dawn of the 21st Century, researchers had already cloned several mammals successfully.
Antibiotics were first developed during World War II, and have saved many millions of human lives since then that would have been lost to streptococci infections and diseases. Penicillin alone was solely responsible for dramatically decreasing mortality rates of soldiers wounded on the battlefields of World War II compared to corresponding rates of World War I casualties.
The first human occupation of the Americas occurred in Berengia during the last glaciation of the region. Later, it was more widely accepted that the primary center of population expansion was in Alaska, subsequently spreading into the Canadian Arctic and Greenland. The physical environment of the populated regions influenced the developing cultures of each group, affected by access to resources, barriers to trade routes, and weather and land conditions. As a result of environmental impact, religion, technological adaptations, economy and food source acquirement varied among the cultural populations, and is still seen in ethnic societies of the Arctic region today, evidence of the cultural sustainability of such adapted groups.
Miracles exist. But perhaps they are only miracles to our eyes, because they seem to defy known laws of biology or physics. My thesis is that miracles are everywhere, from the tiniest single-celled organism up to the milky way, but that all miracles -- those we understand and those we don't -- follow natural laws. The universe itself could not exist without consistent and natural laws.
Psycholinguistics gives a comprehensive and viable understanding of human language development. The most famous psycholinguist theorist, Noam Chomsky, has argued convincingly that human children develop language abilities according to a predetermined universal deep structure or grammar. The psycholinguistic approach provides invaluable tools for teaching children to read, write, and speak.
The development of language in the human child is certainly one the most astounding and impressive human accomplishments. A child must learn over ten new words each day, from the time they start speaking, in order to reach the average six-year-old vocabulary of 14,000 words (McConnell). Language allows humans to think and reason, and communicate with each other. It is an absolutely essential skill, not only in the complete development of the individual, but for the survival of the human species as a whole.
Galton's prediction of what would happen if person took a standardized college exam twice. There are three references used for this paper.
Galton created theories on what determined a person's mental capabilities.
By examining the man, an idea can be formed of what his predictions would be concerning retaking a standardized college exam.
The man, his theories and those who were influenced by him will be explored to warrant this prediction.
Galton believed intelligence is inherited and people are predisposed to only achieving so much on test. Therefore, he would predict a person taking a standardize college entrance exam twice would have similar scores on each test. He would feel that no matter how many times the test was administered, the chance of having any significant improvement on the test would be doubtful due to the person's genetics.
The idea of evolution is an inevitable process that any "living" being undergoes in order to adapt and survive in one's environment. Charles Darwin's "survival of the fittest" theory in evolution becomes a major thematic display within the world of science fiction. By analyzing Steven Johnson's "The Myth of the Ant Queen," one can increase one's comprehension regarding science fiction writing and the aspect of evolution.
popularized social and cultural trends are merging, intentionally or not, toward laying the foundation for generating a new narrative about what it means to learn across a lifespan in an environment conducive to healthy living. It seeks to examine the coalescing of what is called lifelong learning side-by-side with the theories and practices related to the evolution of ecological thinking and environmental awareness. The idea that life can be as meaningful at its end as it is in the beginning seems to be counter to normative philosophies that instead isolate and compartmentalize schooling and work. Yet when examined together, it becomes clear that both lifelong learning and ecological thinking are simpatico and thus supportive of the greater acceptance of the other.
Secular humanists would answer the question of the origin of man by referring to the scientific field of biology, which is centered on the ideas put forth by Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution. Human beings do not have a special role or purpose in the world, they simply originated through an evolutionary process that took place over millions of years. The question of identity is less sure in atheism than Christianity. According to the Theory of Evolution, humankind has slowly evolved over many generations from primordial primate species into modern humanity, as it exists today. This is far less satisfactory than the identity of man as being created by God in the Garden of Eden.
Caucasus is a word from Greek kaukasos (Mt.Caucasus) which gives the region its name, therefore Caucasus refers to the mountains of East Europe and the people that are native to this region, it is one of the main ethnic divisions of the human race so called white or European race. Mountains cross the region running all through East and West. The Northern Caucasian range forms the natural border with Russian while southern, forms the natural border of Turkey and Iran. The five Caucasian ethnic groups are categorized into three namely; Caucasian, Indo-European, and Altaic (Malik & Kenan, 2006).
The Kalmuck who are part of Altaic people are considered to be ugly while Circassia and Georgian who are Caucasian category of people are widely known for their beauty.
Kasparov was able to defeat Deep Blue primarily because of the nature of intelligence, which computers are actually limited in. Computers can reproduce logic and logical thinking -- they can analyze, consider future events, probability, and the like, but true intelligence is based on learning as one goes. It combines with different aspects of wisdom to induce prudence. For example, if a man and a machine were both standing outside and water started falling from the sky, basic intelligence would tell both that it was raining. Wisdom is required to act on that information, and stand beneath a building to avoid getting wet. Computers are limited in their ability to "think" on the go, which is why Kasparov was able to beat Deep Blue.
The Keller/PSI approach to academic and professional training has been documented to improve student performance as measured by course completion rates and subject matter retention among students. On the other hand, there are considerable practical and technical problems implementing the Keller/PSI approach within traditional educational institutions. Meanwhile, there is little if any empirical evidence suggesting precisely how the Keller/PSI model benefits learning outside of the focus on the reduced deadline orientation that is the hallmark of that teaching methodology.
Substantial evidence exists to suggest that the success of the Keller/PSI approach is actually attributable to other changes typically attributable to Keller/PSI, such as the broadening of the range of media of instruction, despite the fact that those changes are natural consequences of the Keller/PSI design rather than deliberately conceived components of the approach. The empirical evidence of the increased success of CAPSI programs further bolsters that argument.
10)?" Indicating that there is no intellectual discourse on the subject, and, because they have already indicated that they perceive creationists as backward, asocial, and people essentially not capable of intellectual discourse on the subject; this book is done. However, and to the mystery of anyone who reads as far as the first ten pages of the book, the book lingers for more than 200 pages.
To wit, in Socrates' day, there were no official government prosecutors (commonly referred to in modern America as "District Attorneys"); in effect, any citizen could bring an indictment against any other citizen, and call for a trial. And that's basically what happened to Socrates.
Research into the value of critical thinking probably came about when Freud became influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of the behavior of early human societies. Later theorists in the field of psychology, such as Hyman Spotnitz, a modern psychoanylist, and William Graham Sumner, expanded Freud's theory to include the ability of the human mind to think critically, or to bend one's mind (forgetting the bad and remembering chosen events) to form one's impression of life. Melanie Klein theorized that a child's perception of what is occuring around them determines whether they develop into depressive or schizoid-depressive personalities, or whether, with proper guidance, they develop normally. (Klein, 1966) it is important that research continue in the field of psychology to determine what techniques of critical thinking may aid the disturbed patient.
Freud, Anna (1966-1980). The Writings of Anna Freud: 8 Volumes. New York: IUP.
Natural selection is the very efficient and predictable means of evolution by which a species adapts to its environment, that results in evolutionary change as individuals with particular characteristics have a greater survival or reproductive rate than others in a population, and these genetic characteristics are then passed on to their offspring (Natural pp). In other words, natural selection is a consistent difference in survival and reproduction between different genotypes in what is referred to as reproductive success (Natural pp).
Although Charles Darwin's book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection caused much ado when it was published in 1859, science now accepts that evolution is indeed a fact, and that natural selection effectively explains how adaptive evolution takes place (Natural pp).
Smith went deep into debt and as creditors chased him, he was unable to enjoy any of the fruits of his labor. Forced to sell off his fossil collection, Smith eventually retreated into Northern England and lived as a pariah. Before he did, he also entered into an unwise marriage with a mentally disturbed woman. Smith was also imprisoned for his debt.
Weber made appoint of recognizing that, even something so seemingly objective and abstract as the law, was, in reality, a substantive tool in the hands of judges and politicians. Judges are not "automata of paragraphs' (Weber) because they are of necessity implicated in the values they are compelled to adjudicate. Substantive judgments and discretionary, extra-juristic evaluations are smuggled in under the camouflage of formal legal rationality." (Baehr 2002) the law, as it was printed on the page, was objective - it always said the same thing. However, it was the various judges, each of whom brought to the bench a unique collection of experiences, who necessarily interpreted those words in different ways. All of this was thus, a completely natural and "scientific" process. Each part of the machine performed as it was supposed to - it just depended on how you assembled the machine.
aestheticism movement found, in Oscar Wilde, its most eloquent and staunch supporter; consequently, his only novel, the Picture of Dorian Gray, is a monument to the notion that art is the pure manifestation of beauty and reveals Wilde's particular reverence for classical western society's artistic achievements.
Britain initiated the battle for control over African and Asian territories; other European powers as well as the United States and Japan soon followed suit to keep up with their competitor. Nations like France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United States wanted to end Britain's dominance of the world marketplace.
physical geography. There is one reference used for this paper.
Physical geography is used in a variety of aspects throughout the world today. It is important to answer some questions about physical geography in order to better understand it.
The major themes and ideas in physical geography before 1950 were "Uniformatarianism, Evolution-Charles Darwin's Origin of Species, Exploration and Survey, and Conservation (http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/contents.html)." After 1950, "Quantitative Revolution and the study of Human/Land Relationships (http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/contents.html)" were the two main influences on physical geography.
Physical geography differs from human geography in that it deals with the physical elements such as water, air, rocks, weather, climate, etc. Human geography deals with aspects of human life such as population, religion, politics, agriculture, etc.
Physical geography is the study of "spatial patterns of weather and climate, soils, vegetation, animals, water in all its forms, and landforms (http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/contents.html)."
He proposed this technique as the solution to the problem of why some people do better than others in certain tasks, He likewise suggested cataloguing the differences in the size of the functional areas among individuals and correlating these with different talents and skills (Krotz 2001). Van Essen believed that his technique would ultimately lead to what makes people human or unique. Brain mapping charts and determines specific areas, such as areas devoted to hearing, emotions and memory.
The 1892 Committee of Ten of the NEA stressed that high schools were sadly only for the elite, but in the succeeding century, there was a marked increase of national wealth, improved living standard and a greater demand for better trained labor force. This led to reorganization of secondary education into one that would cater to the population's growing industrial democracy and the cardinal principles of secondary education were introduced in 1918. These principles stressed guidance, a wide range of subjects, adaptation of contents and methods to students' abilities and interests, and flexibility of organization and administration. High schools began focusing on stress health, citizenship, vocation education and preparation, ethics and the proper use of leisure, in addition to academic instruction. This was what "comprehensive" means.
When evolution occures, it is localized in rare and rapid events that are proven by the fossil record, as well as a thorough study of natural history (Gould and Eldredge, 1972).
The trick is not to focus on any of this, but to focus on preparation and then on the real thing.
Do you think you're afraid to talk in front of other people? Guess what? The average person says 15,000 words per day. Unless you're in solitary confinement, those words are spoken to other people, sometimes two, three or more at the same time. You speak to family, friends, fellow students, and co-workers. You're already a public speaker, and you can help yourself gain more control over the situation by remembering this.
People accepted science, and so they also accepted the idea that humans were not unique, but were descendents of animals, and products of the natural world. Thus, some people felt the theories of evolution actually eliminated meaning and purpose from the universe, and that man's contribution to the universe was slight at best. It was clear man enjoyed superior intellect to other life forms on Earth, but in the universe, that might not be true, and so humanity's place in the universe seemed to mean less than it did before, which was distressing to many people. People still had faith and beliefs, but scientific reasoning brought much of this into question, and many felt humanity was losing ground to science and scientific thought. It was a time of great change and innovation, and humanity became less important and yet vital at the same time.
The purpose of this set of questions is to see whether they would engage in similar action even if they know that the other individual will not reciprocate given the reverse of their circumstances. All individuals will answer blindly, and we will anonomously collect all of the information.
Both the "Theory of Universal Integralism" and "The General System Theory" were regarded as meta-theories because they were both drawn from other theories. Consider the theory of Universal Integralism, for instance. As mentioned above, Wilber's contributions were derived from various books and articles. He combined the best of empirical science and rational philosophy, visionary religion, and mysticism. He even integrated the three cultures of science, morality, and art. Wilber conferred great severity on evolution, as we all know, was a theory that was originally formulated by Charles Darwin.
From around 1910 to 1971, members of the Stolen Generation became the casualties of one of the most egregious protection policies. After policies of segregation had failed to exterminate the Indigenous peoples in their manufactured ghettos, government officials attempted to assimilate Indigenous children into white society through instituting them in white facilities such as orphanages. Around 100,000, native Australians were taken from their families by government welfare officers in order to be "civiliz[ed] by assimilation into white society" (McCarthy 2000, n.p.). Time tells the story of one child whose captors attempted to straighten his hair in an attempt to make him look white, and Rudd speaks about Nanna Fejo, the 80-year-old Aboriginal woman whose cultural life of dancing and participating in Aboriginal ceremonies was taken from her when she was stolen from her parents in the 1920s (McCarthy 2000, n.p. Rudd 2008, n.p.).
He was willing to risk his livelihood, career, and reputation in the community in the name of science. As a biology teacher he knew that he was ultimately doing the right thing. I find this to be an admirable act and shows a strong belief in the American system of democracy as much as belief in science. Because of John Scopes and the ACLU, the Supreme Court reversed the Butler Act.
Moreover, the global neglect of women (in terms of science) is reflected in the fact that women have been excluded as experimental subjects in drug research, Rosser continues. Certainly pregnant women have been excluded from experiments with pesticides and radioactive materials, but beyond that Rosser explains that "…these drugs and materials are then used without ever having been tested on women" (1991, p. 143). And yet notwithstanding their exclusion from testing, women's research has led to a vast resource of knowledge vis-a-vis the natural environment.


Wesley Chapel, Fla, November 1st, 2018 – Lane Mendelsohn, President of Vantagepoint ai, the software company that developed the first artificial intelligence (AI) trading software in the world available to retail investors and traders was invited to be interviewed on Proactive Investors.
 Proactive Investors is a leading multi-media news organization which operates five financial websites in four languages, providing breaking news, comment and analysis on hundreds of listed companies across the globe daily.
Many companies are just now beginning to adopt artificial intelligence, but the Mendelsohn's were one of the very first, adopting it back in the 70's. They hold two patents on their 86% accurate, predictive technology so no one has been able to mimic the same proprietary software, nor will they ever be able to. Not only was Vantagepoint one of the first to break into the AI space, but it also has longevity on its side.
Since the software was first released in 1991, they have continued to refine it and add more features and functionalities to make it even more effective in terms of accuracy. "Our focus is the technology. We're going to continue to develop and refine and improve the technology so that it continues to give our customers and traders an edge in the markets." said Vantagepoint President, Lane Mendelsohn.
The AI capabilities of Vantagepoint are far beyond what the human mind could ever accomplish on its own. It sifts through thousands and thousands of stocks each night, in a matter of seconds. It delivers the results to traders on a silver platter, providing them answers to the top 3 most important factors of a successful trade; timing, direction and which stocks to pursue or avoid.
Christine Corrado: I'm Christine Corrado, here in the Proactive Investors New York studio. Joining me in the studio today is Lane Mendelsohn from VantagePoint AI. Lane, it's great to have you here today.
Christine Corrado: So tell me a little bit about VantagePoint AI.
Lane Mendelsohn: Our company was founded by my father back in 1979. And if you can imagine, back in 1979, there weren't a lot of people using computers. So a lot of people were trading the markets, charting the numbers by hand. And my father saw an opportunity to combine technology with the financial markets. Those were his two passions. And very successfully developed the very first trading software in the world that did historical back testing and simulations on a personal computer. Previously that was only done on mainframes. And then in the late 1980's, he started to see a real shift in the markets where he saw that the world was becoming very global. So if you're trading commodities markets or you're trading US stocks, you really have to look at the big picture and the global picture, and that posed a big problem because when you're sitting there charting all these markets by hand, that's just something that a human couldn't possibly do. And that's what led him down the path and eventually to artificial intelligence.
Christine Corrado: So a lot of companies these days are adopting artificial intelligence now, but it seems as if you had adopted it back then in 70's and 80's, how did you know about artificial intelligence? Why were you such early adopters?
Lane Mendelsohn: Well, my father went to Carnegie Mellon. So he was exposed to artificial intelligence back in the 1960's when he was a student at Carnegie Mellon. So he was aware that it existed, but at the time, he didn't really have an application for it. Flash forward, now it's the late 1980's. He's starting to see all the global market shifts that were occurring, and he was desirous of looking at US markets, overseas markets, commodities, currencies, interest rates. So many different markets, massive quantities of data, and he thought, how could I possibly amalgamate all this data, make sense of it, and turn that into something that's actionable where I could benefit and monetize it in the markets.
And that's where he said ha, artificial intelligence because it can ingest massive quantities of data and sift through it, sort through it, and make sense of it, whereas you and I as humans, we couldn't possibly do that. So he started applying artificial intelligence late 1980's, and we released VantagePoint, our flagship product in 1991.
Christine Corrado: Yeah, tell me more about VantagePoint products, and how traders can take advantage of them.
Lane Mendelsohn: So VantagePoint came out in 1991, and over the years we've continued to refine it and add more features and functionalities to make it even more effective, both in terms of its accuracy. We're now at 86% accuracy, but also in terms of its usability and the different features and functionalities that customers and traders have requested.
There are two patents on the technology. And what it's doing is it's first using artificial intelligence to … let's say Apple for example. It's trying to determine what are the 30 most impactful markets that drive impact and influence Apple? We know Apple's a global company. You could probably think about other technology stocks that probably affect the price of Apple. Maybe even transportation stocks. You can think of others that intuitively make sense to analyze. But what you wouldn't realize is there are so many other markets that you'd never think to analyze because you don't see the correlation between those other markets and Apple. So we're going way beyond correlations, and we're using artificial intelligence to mine data using machine learning to find commodities and interest rates and currency prices and international markets that tend to affect Apple. And we're using that information to then forecast the price of Apple and where that stock is likely to go over the next one to three days with a very high degree of accuracy.
And that is the other patent that we have is the ability to actually take a lagging indicator like traditional technical indicators, moving averages, stochastics, trend lines. And instead of looking backwards, truly forecast and look forward at what's likely to happen.
Christine Corrado: And how is this different from other software programs that traders use?
So VantagePoint is taking all of that data and using that to make its forecast. And instead of looking at that single stock in isolation, we're looking at the big picture and then using leading indicators, and again, artificial intelligence to predict what's likely to happen with a high degree of accuracy. And this is the information you just don't get anywhere else. And that's why we've seen a tremendous increase in profitability and success rates with our customers versus when they were using traditional technical analysis previous.
Christine Corrado: Yeah. Can you give me an example of one of those use cases?
They normally come to us, and say, "Look. I'm losing money or I'm breaking even or I'm making money, but I feel like I can be making more money." They want to get to that next level. And so what we do is we do a consultation, find out. When you lose money in the market, what are you doing? Why is that happening? Where are the areas that you think you can improve upon? And the answers are almost always the same. They say, "Timing. I don't know when a trend is going to begin or end. Direction. I don't know which direction it's going to go in. And the third thing is I don't know which stocks I should be in and which stocks I shouldn't be in." And if you knew the answer to those three questions, you'd be a successful trader.
So VantagePoint provides those answers because it will forecast with an 86% accuracy when a trend is likely to begin or end, which direction that trend is likely to go in, and using our proprietary intelliscan feature, it sifts through thousands and thousands of stocks each night in a matter of seconds because it's all done in the cloud. And it will deliver to you literally on a silver platter, these are the stocks to focus on and the rest you can just forget about because they're not worth looking at this time.
Christine Corrado: And how many customers do you have at the moment?
Lane Mendelsohn: We have about 30,000 customers worldwide. We have customers in about 160 countries now, and we're really proud of that because we've been able to help so many people to become more financially free, more confident. Just have more clarity when it comes to making those trading decisions. It can be stressful when you're not sure what to do or when to do it. So by giving people that confidence and the information that they wouldn't be able to get elsewhere, that's what leads to success. And we're in the business of empowering traders and helping them be more successful. And I'm very proud that we've been so successful at doing that for close to 40 years now.
Christine Corrado: And obviously you're a private company. Any plans at all to take the company public?
confidence, and the results just skyrocket. And it's so fun to see that just after a couple of days.
Christine Corrado: Great, Lane. Well, thank you so much for coming to the studio today. We'll look forward to covering how you continue to evolve that technology.
Lane Mendelsohn: All right. Great. Thanks, Christine.


Visit Corboda which has recently been declared a world heritage site, and Granada, a final bastion of Moorish rule in Spain. This 4 day/3 night extension is one of several options to extend the basic Great Spanish Train Journey. This tour offers students the opportunity to experience Andalusian culture.
This tour addition is aimed at Spanish language secondary school students, and will help improve language skills, and assist students to gain a better appreciation and understanding of other cultures, increase personal confidence and assist with team bonding.
Check out after breakfast, then travel by private coach to Cordoba in Andalucia. A guided walking tour will reveal why this ancient city has been declared a World Heritage Site. Dinner is included this evening.
Check out of your accommodation after breakfast and continue to Granada. Enjoy a half day guided tour of this last bastion of eight centuries of Moorish rule in Spain. Dinner included this evening.
After breakfast spend the day marveling at the greatest achievements of Moorish architecture on show in Granada. Visit the Alhambra Palace and the gardens of the Palacio de Generalife. Dinner included.
Following breakfast you will have time for any last minute sightseeing in Granada, before returning to Madrid for overnight accommodation.


Ballard's Quality Team has an immediate opening for an intermediate Supplier Quality Engineer who will be responsible for handling the advanced quality planning activities, problem investigation and corrective action activities with suppliers. The Supplier Quality Engineer (SQE) will also participate in the selection, auditing and review of new and existing suppliers, while tracking supplier performance and developing plans to address quality concerns. The SQE will work with the Operations Team, Product Development Engineers and the Purchasing team to understand the quality controls that are needed to ensure the integrity of Ballard's supply chain, including the development of appropriate incoming inspection control plans.
The SQE will help develop appropriate measurement methods to be used by both Ballard and Ballard's suppliers, and will analyze the results of tests and inspections of incoming material, and help determine the disposition of non-conforming material. When nonconforming material is received, the SQE works with the supplier to effectively contain the problem both at Ballard and at the supplier, while ensuring that the supplier develops, implements and validates effective permanent corrective actions to prevent re-occurrence of the deficiency.
The SQE will assist product development in the determination of the most cost effective design solutions by working co-operatively with candidate suppliers for parts under development.
Ensures the consistent application of inspections and tests. Reviews and analyzes the results of the inspection tests and helps to determine the outcome of products that are not accepted. Coordinates with the materials reviewing group (materials review board, quality, purchasing, engineering, etc.) to determine the disposition of non-conforming material.
Initiates the request for corrective actions and follows up on the resolution of problems to solve supplier quality issues and eliminate or minimize incoming inspections.
Supervises and participates in the development and the initiation of the techniques for inspection, testing and evaluation of incoming materials. Evaluates techniques and recommends changes. Works with production, quality, materials and other departments to define the procedures and quality standards.
Verifies and ensures the availability of adequate suppliers for new products or processes.
Supervises and participates in the development, implementation and evaluation of studies of quality systems which identify the characteristics of suppliers. Audits suppliers in their facilities to support the raw material acquisition process, evaluating their quality systems and processes. Responds to technical questions related to quality, long term feasibility or supplier quality certifications.
Reviews and prepares reports that summarize and clarify the results of studies for use internally and by suppliers. Works with suppliers to find appropriate solutions for problems that are identified.
Applies statistical techniques to analyze supplier performance within the company or in the supplier's facilities.
Participates in the development of suppliers by means of training, consulting and providing suggestions to improve their performance.
Assists with the development and maintenance of manual and computerized databases of purchased items to provide information and trends related to quality, costs and competitive services.
Helps develop and implement the management of special programs to recognize and assure the use of suppliers who maintain established quality, reliability and price standards. Reports internally when significant changes occur in performance indicators so that corrective actions can be taken.
Knowledge of APQP concepts including PPAP, DFMEA and PFMEA are preferred.
Ballard values diversity in the workplace and is committed to Employment Equity. We encourage applications from all qualified candidates.
Ballard Power Systems Inc. is a developer and manufacturer of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell products for markets such as heavy-duty motive (consisting of bus and tram applications), portable power, material handling as well as engineering services.
Computer Society Jobs is Just One of the Benefits.
Discover what else IEEECS has to offer!
The job you are trying to reach from was originally posted at Computer Society Jobs.


Please join us for a public talk titled "What is 'Healthy' Water? Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Water Security" from 5:00 to 6:30 pm on Wednesday, January 29, 2014 at the UBC Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies. More information is available here.


text:
Q: PyDev imports from package in site-packages rather than package in development (absolute-imports) I am working on a module (mypackage) using Eclipse/PyDev and Python 2.7. I have other packages and modules that need to use it. In order to make sure the other packages and modules are always using a working version of mypackage, I decided to deploy mypackage to site-packages using distutils (same computer), which I will only update if the development version of mypackage in PyDev has been debugged after making changes.
In order to get mypackage to work when deployed to site-packages, I had to write it using absolute imports. The problem with that is that now when I try to run the modules within the develoment version of mypackage from Eclipse for debugging, it is importing other modules in mypackage from site-packages rather than from the development version in Eclipse.
Is there a way to get around this? I would hate to have to rewrite my code with absolute-imports every time I want to update mypackage in site-packages, and then change it back if I want to make changes and debug my code in Eclipse.

A: Adding the project directory /${PROJECT_DIR_NAME} to the project's PYTHONPATH seems to have done the trick.
Before, I only had /${PROJECT_DIR_NAME}/mypackage in the project's PYTHONPATH. So I suspect that, when using absolute imports, Eclipse was unable to find /${PROJECT_DIR_NAME}/mypackage/mypackage/mymodule and would then proceed to search in site-packages.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I've already shared my love for Birchbox in a previous post (here), but I don't think that adequately expressed how great I think this subscription service truly is. I can not explain the absolute excitement I feel when I get the email that my box has shipped and the sheer giddiness I get when I check the mail and find that it has finally arrived. Just the fact that I get to try out so many new (and awesome) products and learn about brands I would have not otherwise heard of is enough, but there's also the informative and fun emails, blog posts, and YouTube videos to enjoy. Birchbox is truly one of the most well rounded subscriptions services out there. And now there are two more reasons to love them.
Birchbox has just launched Birchbox Man, a $20 a month subscription that will deliver high end grooming and lifestyle goods direct to your door! What an awesome gift that would be for the discerning men in your life!
Whether your look is downtown chic or uptown fabulous, Birchbox—the company helping women discover the best new beauty and lifestyle products—will partner with The CW's hit drama series Gossip Girl (Mondays 8/7c) this May to curate a special edition Birchbox filled with Gossip Girl–inspired glamour.
The Gossip Girl Birchbox will contain chic beauty products inspired by Manhattan's poshest social set, chosen in consultation with the series' department head for makeup, Amy Tagliamonti, and department head for hair, Jennifer Johnson. New subscribers to Birchbox will receive the Gossip Girl box as their first monthly delivery in May—just in time for the season finale of Gossip Girl airing Monday, May 14, at 8:00 p.m. ET/PT on The CW. Fans can also watch Gossip Girl via The CW's new app for iPhone, iPad and Android devices. For more information on the special edition Gossip Girl Birchbox, or to join Birchbox's growing number of subscribers, visit www.birchbox.com/gossipgirl.
Gossip Girl airs Mondays at 8/7c on The CW. The series—from Fake Empire, Alloy Entertainment in association with Warner Bros. Television and CBS Television Studios—was developed by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage, who serve as executive producers with Leslie Morgenstein, Bob Levy and Joshua Safran.
About Birchbox Launched in 2010, Birchbox is the discovery commerce platform redefining the retail process by offering consumers a personalized way to discover, sample, shop and learn about the best beauty and lifestyle products and brands available. Birchbox members have first-touch experiences with products each month and access to educational content to help them get the most out of their products. Top brands like Kiehl's, Benefit, Deborah Lippmann and Stila have partnered with Birchbox.
I'll admit that Gossip Girl is one of my guilty pleasures. I DVR it every week and watch it while the hubby is at work (so I don't have to suffer his ridicule for watching it). I love it! The fashion, the style, the life in the city; I'm hooked. So I'm totally stoked about this collaboration and Birchbox set the bar awfully high after partnering with Teen Vogue for the March 2012 box (I received a full size Essie Luxe Effects nail polish AND a Tarte LipSurgence pencil in addition to several other goodies).
If you haven't signed up for Birchbox, now's definitely the time to do it!
Zoe, thanks so much for commenting! It's a shame you don't get Birchbox in Canada; I absolutely love it! I guess it's equivalent there is Glymm Box, right? Do you have any experience with that? From what I've seen of it, it seems pretty cool too!


The washable Philips Norelco Speed-XL 8240 Rechargeable Shaver boasts cutting technology for a fast and close shave. Its three Speed-XL shaving tracks provide optimum cutting performance for accurate results, while SmartTouch contour-following technology delivers increased comfort. Its antibacterial coating makes cleaning easy. The Speed-XL comes with a lithium-ion battery that provides 50 minutes of power per charge for a convenient and comfortable shaving experience.


In 2018, we have seen some of the fiercest wildfires in the history of the country. And smoke from the fires reached as far away as Ohio and beyond. The increase of warmer, drier summers has contributed to an increase of fires that are harder to contain. This summer, California had 1,000 fires in just one week in July—more than three times the average.
Days with "smoke waves" can be extremely hazardous or even deadly—especially for people with asthma. Even days with moderate levels of smoke can impair the freedom to go outside if you have asthma.
And as in many other parts of the country, vulnerable communities have felt the impact of high rates of asthma. For example, Washington State's American Indian/Alaska Native population has a high prevalence of asthma, the majority of whom live in urban and suburban areas. According to the Washington Department of Health, one-quarter of American Indians/Alaska Natives in the state who are at or below 200 percent of poverty level have asthma.
It's also a state that's been hit hard by wildfires burning inside and outside the state. In 2018, fires burned over 107,000 acres on public lands on the state. There were some days this summer in which Seattle had some of the worst air quality in the world. And places like the Yakima Valley—a key agricultural region in central Washington—can have a "double whammy" of smoke from both local and regional wildfires.
In the short term, providing quality indoor air, particularly for vulnerable populations, can be an important first line of defense. Similar to the CAPP program in Philadelphia, home visits and education can be a powerful tool. In terms of outdoor air quality, it might involve continued collaboration on a local, state and national level to integrate public health, environmental policy, and wildfire management. For example, the fact that (according to the National Park Service) as many as nine out of ten wildfires are human-caused means that "upstream" solutions to better air quality through education and enforcement are possible.
These partnerships based on sound science are crucial because smoke waves don't follow local borders. A wildfire in one place can affect asthma sufferers hundreds of miles away. Caring for the most vulnerable members affected with asthma takes targeted, holistic interventions. This approach can offer the best clinical outcomes—especially as these air-quality risks in places like Washington have the possibility to increase.
Want to Learn More about Asthma?
Read about the first part of our series on asthma, focusing on an effective asthma management program in Philadelphia that goes into patient's homes to fix common asthma triggers.


text:
Die Tamburello-Kurve war bis zu ihrem Umbau eine Hochgeschwindigkeitskurve der Formel-1-Rennstrecke Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in Imola. In dieser Linkskurve wurden Geschwindigkeiten über 300 km/h erreicht. Auf dieser Streckenvariante wurde zwischen 1981 und 2006 jährlich der Große Preis von San Marino ausgetragen.

Am 1. Mai 1994, beim Großen Preis von San Marino, verunglückte der dreimalige Formel-1-Weltmeister Ayrton Senna in der Tamburello-Kurve durch einen bis heute nicht vollständig geklärten Unfall tödlich. Bereits fünf Jahre zuvor, beim Grand Prix 1989, hatte Gerhard Berger in dieser Kurve einen schweren Unfall, bei dem sein Ferrari in Flammen aufging; 1987 verunglückte Nelson Piquet dort während der Trainingseinheiten schwer. Nach Sennas Tod wurde die schnelle Kurve modifiziert. Seitdem ist die Tamburello eine langsame S-förmige Schikane (links-rechts-links). Die Anlage einer ausreichend großen Sicherheitszone war ebenso wie eine Änderung des Verlaufs zur Außenseite hin nicht möglich, da der Fluss Santerno dort verläuft.

Einzelnachweise

Sportstätte in der Emilia-Romagna
Rennstreckenabschnitt
Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari

es:Tamburello

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


My name is Dave and this is my page. This page contains my interests and hobbies.
I live in Omaha, Nebraska and an a Sophomore at UNO (University of Nebraska at Omaha). I have an internship at HDR Architecture in the Computer Department. I do network operations, programming, etc. You name it, I probably do it or know how to do it.
Computer systems, etc that I know.
For those of you that know me, I love laughing. I laugh all the time. Usually at stupid things. When I am down, I always put in one of my comedy cd's or find something funny on TV. Laughter is the best medicine!
Denis Leary - "No Cure for Cancer"
Denis Leary - "Lock 'n Load"
Chris Rock - "Roll with the New"
Larry the Cable Guy - "Salutations and Flatulations"
George Carlin - "Parental Advisory Explicit Lyrics"
Bob and Doug McKenzie - "Great White North"
I enjoy listening to these cd's. I doesn't matter how many times I listen to them, they are still funny.
I have put up a website for my family. It contains a list of my family's e-mail addresses. It also contains a family chat room, provided by Xoom.com. You can reach the site by clicking here.
I drive a dark red '94 Mustang LX and I love it, my mustang page contains cool mustang links and pictures of my mustang. Click here to go to it.