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zur - Enhance The Quality Of Your Facebook Marketing With Such Suggestions!
In case your enterprise isn't performing and also you'd like, attempt taking your advertising and marketing initiatives to Facebook! With minimal effort, hardly any cost and only a couple of minutes or so, you could have a quick and efficient way to arrive at thousands of new clients. Find out how in this article.
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The Assembly of Students Representatives, which unites 58 schools with Russian as the first language in Estonia, have appealed to the Minister of Education and Research, Tonis Lukas, to let a Belarusian student, Ivan Shilo, finish his studies in Estonia. The student was expelled from his school in Belarus due to political reasons.
Ivan Shilo is the deputy head of the pro-national youth organisation Mlady Front. He was expelled before one of his final exams for protesting against Russian being the main language in the country school system.
Estonia has given him the chance to continue his education in the school with Russian as a primary language.
According to the assembly representative, it is important for the Belarusian opposition and student activists to feel the support and solidarity from other countries.
Meantime, Estonian students have also faced consequences of their public activities.
One of Estonia's schools is still considering the expulsion of one of its students for taking part in riots after relocating of the World War II monument for Soviet soldiers.


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Home / News / Science Highlights / Multimodal Study of Ion-Conducting Membranes
Multimodal Study of Ion-Conducting Membranes
SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENT
Using multiple x-ray characterization tools at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), researchers showed how chemical and structural changes improve the performance of a novel ion-conducting polymer (ionomer) membrane from 3M Company.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT
The work provides insight into the factors impacting the proton conductivity of ionomers used for fuel cells and the production of hydrogen fuel.
Resonant x-ray scattering (RXS) and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) with elemental sensitivity unravel structural features and chemical factors affecting morphology and ion transport in proton-conducting membranes.
Membranes in the middle
In fuel cells (which generate clean power from hydrogen fuel) and electrolyzers (water-splitting devices that produce hydrogen fuel), positive and negative electrodes are separated by membranes composed of ion-conducting polymers (ionomers). These membranes prevent contact between the electrodes—thus avoiding catastrophic failure—while allowing selective passage of ions to complete the circuit.
Generally, such membranes are based on a class of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomers with remarkable proton conductivity and stability. Recently, however, companies such as 3M have been developing new ionomers with improved performance. In this work, researchers took a closer look at the structural and chemical properties of these materials at the nanometer scale. The resulting insights provide valuable guidance on design strategies for optimally performing ionomers.
Altered side-chain chemistry
The advantageous properties of PFSA membranes are attributed to a hydration-driven, phase-separated nanoscale domain structure. In the presence of water, the hydrophilic domains enclosed by the hydrophobic polymer backbone swell. The backbone imparts stability while the side chains, terminated by sulfonate (SO3–) "active sites" capable of hosting protons (H+), facilitate proton transfer across the membrane.
Because device efficiency can be improved through higher-temperature operation, researchers are interested in membranes that work in hotter, drier environments. One of 3M's new class of ionomers, perfluoro ionene chain extended (PFICE), has multiple active sites per side chain compared to PFSA's one, and performs well at both higher and lower relative humidity. To better understand why, a collaboration between researchers from 3M, Berkeley Lab's Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, and the ALS took a multimodal approach to exploring the interplay between chemistry, structure, and function in these new materials.
Tender x-ray spectroscopy and scattering
Schematic of the vacuum-compatible flow cell, designed for in situ measurements with x-rays in a transmission configuration. This cell encapsulated pieces of the membrane between two water-tight, 50 nm thick silicon nitride windows.
At ALS Beamline 5.3.1 (dedicated to research and development), the team used tender x-rays to perform x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant x-ray scattering (RXS) at the sulfur K-edge. Tender x-rays can penetrate the relatively thick membranes of industrial interest (20 to 50 microns), and XAS techniqes reveal distinct functional groups and hydration levels at the active sites. RXS allowed the researchers to zero in on characteristic length scales (correlation lengths) of the active sites, a measure of domain connectivity. The ALS's deep expertise in resonant scattering was thus crucial to the success of this work.
The researchers studied PFICE and PFSA membranes in air and water. A transferable flow cell enabled measurements of the same samples at multiple beamlines. Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) at Beamline 7.3.3 and resonant soft x-ray scattering (RSoXS) at Beamline 11.0.1.2 corroborated the findings. First-principles calculations, using methods developed at the Molecular Foundry and performed at NERSC, helped distinguish between distinct sulfur atoms in PFICE side chains.
Proton highways with improved connectivity
The results showed that PFICE had overall greater domain connectivity than PFSA in both dry and hydrated states: the chemical changes produced a well-connected proton-transport network with more direct pathways. Moreover, the active sites were more effective at releasing protons. And, under drier conditions, the PFICE held onto more water molecules in a more evenly distributed way.
In the immediate future, the researchers plan to perform operando electrochemical experiments using the flow cell, while also varying the relative humidity and temperature. Longer term, the enhanced coherence provided by the ALS Upgrade (ALS-U) and a new tender x-ray beamline will enable scattering studies capable of capturing the dynamics of ions and polymers and will play a significant role in improving our understanding of these materials.
Left: Comparison of proton conductivity for PFSA and PFICE, at low and high humidity. Right: The scattering curves for PFSA and PFICE, both hydrated and dry, provide correlation lengths for each case. The greater correlation lengths for PFICE indicate greater connectivity of its proton-conducting channels.
Gregory Su, Isvar Cordova, Cheng Wang, and Ahmet Kusoglu.
Contacts: Ahmet Kusoglu and Cheng Wang
Researchers: G.M. Su, I.A. Cordova, J. Feng, and C. Wang (ALS); M.A. Yandrasits and M. Lindell (3M Corporation); and A. Kusoglu (Berkeley Lab).
Funding: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Fuel Cell Technologies Office, Fuel Cell Performance and Durability (FC-PAD) consortium. Operation of the ALS is supported by DOE Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences Program.
Publication: G.M. Su, I.A. Cordova, M.A. Yandrasits, M. Lindell, J. Feng, C. Wang, and A. Kusoglu, "Chemical and Morphological Origins of Improved Ion Conductivity in Perfluoro Ionene Chain Extended Ionomers," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141, 13547 (2019), doi:10.1021/jacs.9b05322.
ALS SCIENCE HIGHLIGHT #407
Tagged with: ALSNews Vol. 410, Beamline 11.0.1, Beamline 5.3.1, Beamline 7.3.3, Chemical Sciences, Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Molecular Foundry, NERSC, resonant x-ray scattering (RXS), Scattering/Diffraction, Spectroscopy, x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS)
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1989 Aston Martin AMR1 Group C
Chassis no. AMR1/04
Please note that this lot is offered on a Bill of Sale.
Offered by its first private owner
One of only four AMR1s in existence; one of two Lightweights
Likely the most correct example; retains its original carbon-fiber chassis
Driven by David Leslie, Brian Redman, and Michael Roe at Spa, Donington, Nürburgring, and Brand's Hatch
Competitive in modern historic racing
Fastest lap by two seconds at the 2013 Monterey Group C race, at the hands of Brian Redman
In mid-1987, Aston Martin was already planning its next Group C racer, the AMR1. The car was funded by automotive magnate Peter Livanos and would be designed by Canadian Max Boxstrom, of Dymag Wheels, whilst Ecurie Ecosse would back it, under the direction of Hugh McCaig, Ray Mallock, and Richard Williams.
The AMR1 was all new from the ground up. It had to be on the cutting edge to battle the might of fully developed racers from Jaguar, Porsche, and Mercedes-Benz. To this effect, Boxstrom set about designing a car that would take maximum advantage of current ground-effects technology. The car had a massive aero tunnel running from midship to the rear. The engine was even angled three degrees upwards at the rear to improve the tunnel effect, while a large rear wing provided adjustable downforce. The chassis tub was built of Kevlar and carbon fiber, and the radiator was mounted in the rear. The tub was very modern for its day, as it was essentially a narrow driver's compartment beneath the outer skin, which allowed for forward ground effect channels at the nose. Boxstrom's suspension followed the Formula One practice of having almost no travel. The massive downforce that was created by the design was to, quite literally, press the car to the surface of the track.
A stock Aston Martin V-8 block would be developed to power the sports prototype, but its two valve heads were replaced by four-valve versions that were designed by Reeves Callaway, of Old Lyme, Connecticut. Callaway Engineering worked with a range of 5.0- and 6.0-litre engines, but the smaller engine was eventually dropped by Aston in favor of the 6.0-liter Le Mans configuration. This engine developed a highly reliable 700 horsepower at more than 7,000 rpm, and the narrowed transmission, fitted between the engine and final drive, was unique to the Aston as well. A 100-liter fuel cell was fitted with a reserve of 6.5 liters, providing an extended range.
After chassis 01 and 03 had been intensively developed and tested, and even participated in some races, such as Dijon and Le Mans, this car, chassis number AMR1/04, which is designated as a Lightweight as it is just 920 kilograms, was built-up in mid-1989.
In July, Brian Redman and David Leslie drove this AMR1 at the Brands Hatch 480 KM to an outstanding 4th overall finish. August saw this car at Nürburgring, where it snatched an 8th overall at the last corner and was again driven by Leslie and Redman. At the Donington 480 KM, it finished 6th overall; while at the Spa Group C race, chassis 04 was running in 8th place when a connecting rod let go on lap 44, resulting in its first DNF. After eight results in 10 starts, the AMR1 team ranked 6th overall in the 1989 World Championship.
Although serious development of the new AMR2 took place over the winter of 1989 and 1990, various setbacks began to undermine the program's continuity. A rift between the organizers, the A.C.O. of the 24 Hours of Le Mans race, and the F.I.S.A. sanctioning body created doubt concerning the continuation of the event. Ford had initially offered to develop and supply a much-needed new engine for the AMR1/2 program, but then reversed their decision. After such a promising beginning, the AMR1 and AMR2 operation unfortunately ended in March 1990.
The present owner, an ex-chairman of the AMOC/USA East, purchased AMR1/04 directly from the factory, making him the first private owner. Since the early 2000s, he has raced this car, with mechanical support from Group C specialists Hudson Historics, in numerous sprints and endurance events and at circuits such as Watkins Glen, Lime Rock, Road Atlanta, Monterey, Sebring, and Daytona. In 2003, after an invitation from Lord March, AMR1/04 participated in the Goodwood Festival of Speed; this was an occasion that was pictured in many AMOC and international publications. After a thorough freshening, original driver Brian Redman set the fastest race lap, by two seconds, in the 2013 Monterey Historics Group C competition. That same year, the AMR1 was also featured as part of the "Best of Britain" exhibit at the Simeone Foundation Automotive Museum. The January/February 2014 issue of Vintage Motorsport featured AMR1/04 on its cover and in a Salon feature, under the apt title of "Beastly Beauty."
As one of only four AMR1s in existence, chassis AMR1/04 is likely the most original example remaining, and it has garnered the most impressive racing results. It is still suitable for further historic racing events and concours displays by its next favored caretaker.
Please note that this car has been invited to participate in the HSR Classic 24 at Daytona (9-12 Nov. 2017). The new owner can elect to either race or run in the parade. Additionally, an extensive collection of spare parts and memorabilia is included with the car (FOB). A complete list is available upon request. Please refer to an RM Sotheby's representative for further details.
Please contact our exclusive automotive transportation partner, Reliable Carriers, for a shipping quote or any other information on the transport of this vehicle.
Aston Martin: Seven decades in motorsport


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Egypt Tries To Halt Christie's Sale Of 3,000-Year-Old King Tutankhamun Statue
BTH Staff | @brit_heritage Jun 13, 2019 Print
Egypt Tries To Halt Christie's Sale Of 3,000-Year-Old King Tutankhamun StatueImage: Christie's
The Egyptian embassy in London is seeking UNESCO's help in halting the sale of a 3,000-year-old sculpture of King Tutankhamun, which is due to be auctioned in Christie's next month
On 4 July, Christie's auction rooms in London are set to sell a sculpture of iconic pharaoh King Tutankhamun which is expected to fetch over £4 million ($5.1 million). However, not everyone is excited about the sale, with the Egyptian embassy calling on the auction house to halt the sale.
Read more: 700-year-old skull found under a church
An Egyptian brown quartzite head of the god Amen with the features of pharaoh King Tutankhamun, New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty, reign of Tutankhamun, ca. 1333–1323 B.C.E. Est. above £4 million. Courtesy Christie's.
Egypt's foreign ministry underlined the importance of obtaining ownership certificates before the sale of such items.
Read more: Have secret D-Day plans come up for auction
In a statement sent to Artsy, Christie's defended the rigor of its research and due diligence with respect to the sculpture of King Tut, saying:
Ancient objects by their nature cannot be traced over millennia. It is hugely important to establish recent ownership and legal right to sell which we have clearly done. We would not offer for sale any object where there was concern over ownership or export. The work has been widely exhibited and published and we have alerted the Egyptian Embassy so they are aware of the sale. There is a long-standing and legitimate market for works of art of the ancient world, in which Christie's has participated for generations. Christie's strictly adheres to bilateral treaties and international laws with respect to cultural property and patrimony.
The sculpture of the iconic pharaoh, which is made of brown quartzite and measures just over 11. It was acquired by collectors from the Resandro collection in 1985, from Munich-based dealer Heinz Herzer.


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It is believed that megafauna initially came into existence in response to glacial conditions.
The extinction of megafauna around the world was probably due to environmental and ecological factors. It was almost completed by the end of the last ice age. It is believed that megafauna initially came into existence in response to glacial conditions and became extinct with the onset of warmer climates.
In temperate Eurasia and North America, megafauna extinction concluded simultaneously with the replacement of the vast periglacial tundra by an immense area of forest. Glacial species, such as mammoths and woolly rhinocerous, were replaced by animals better adapted to forests, such as elk, deer and pigs. Reindeers (caribou) retreated north, while horses moved south to the central Asian steppe. This all happened about 10 000 years ago, despite the fact that humans colonised North America less than 15 000 years ago and non-tropical Eurasia nearly 1 million years ago.
Tropical and subtropical areas have experienced less radical climatic change. The most dramatic of these changes was the transformation of a vast area of north Africa into the world's largest desert. Significantly, Africa escaped major faunal extinction as did tropical and sub-tropical Asia. The Asian elephant survives until the present day, while the Asian rhinoceros survives even on the relatively small island of Java, Indonesia.
At the end of the last ice age, Australia's climate changed from cold-dry to warm-dry. As a result, surface water became scarce. Most inland lakes became completely dry or dry in the warmer seasons. Most large, predominantly browsing animals lost their habitat and retreated to a narrow band in eastern Australia, where there was permanent water and better vegetation. The diprotodon, one of Australia's megafauna, may have survived on the Liverpool Plains of New South Wales until about 7000 years ago. If people have been in Australia for up to 60 000 years, then megafauna must have co-existed with humans for at least 30 000 years. Regularly hunted modern kangaroos survived not only 10 000 years of Aboriginal hunting, but also an onslaught of commercial shooters.
Worldwide, there is no evidence of Indigenous peoples systematically hunting nor over-killing megafauna. The largest regularly hunted animal was bison in North America and Eurasia, yet it survived for about 10,000 years until the early 20th century. For social, spiritual and economic reasons, First Nations peoples harvested game in a sustainable manner.
Words to know:
MEGAFAUNA - large animals such as elephant, mammoth, rhinocerous and diprotodon.
GLACIAL - characterised by extensive masses of ice.
TUNDRA - cold, desert, treeless plains of artic lowlands in Eurasia and North America.
STEPPE - grasslands of temperate dry climate, such as in central Asia.
BROWSERS - animals that feed predominantly on leaves.
Search Megafauna
Boidae Crocodylidae Diprotodonidae Diprotodontidae Dromornithidae Ektopodontidae incertae sedis Macropodidae Madtsoiidae Ophthalmosauridae Ornithorhynchidae Peramelidae Phascolarctidae Pseudocheiridae Steropodontidae Thylacinidae Thylacoleonidae Trionychidae Yaralidae
Anseriformes Crocodylia Dasyuromorphia Diprotodontia Ornithischia Peramelemorphia Pterosauria Squamata Testudines
What is a herbivore?
A herbivore is an animal that gets its energy from eating plants, and only plants.
How was the great barrier reef formed?
What is geological time scale?
Leading a healthier, more sustainable lifestyle and saving money in the process is easy with these helpful factsheets.
Cut down on waste
What is a marsupial?
A marsupial is born in a very incomplete state.
What is a predator?
Japanese Antarctica expedition and the Shirase sword
A Samurai Sword in the Museum's collection symbolises a spirit of scientific co-operation and friendship between nations. Find out how Australia, Japan and Antarctic exploration are linked through the history of this sword.
Shirase sword
Historic expedition
What is an invertebrate?
The short answer is that Invertebrates are animals without a backbone.
What is a carnivore?
A carnivore is an animal that feeds on other animals.
What is natural selection?
Darwin's grand idea of evolution by natural selection is relatively simple but often misunderstood.
Finding dead birds
The Australian Museum welcomes donations by the public of birds found dead. This is a major source of specimen acquisition by the Museum.
What is a parasite?
A parasite is an organism that lives on or in another organism, the host, and gets its food from or at the expense of its host.


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new-article 111646895357185 https://lifestyle.livemint.com story https://lifestyle.livemint.com News /news/talking-point/a-randonneur-recounts-111646895357185.html
Home > News> Talking Point > A randonneur recounts
A randonneur recounts
More people are taking up endurance cycling for health and recreational reasons. We meet Preeti Chaudhary, the first woman 'super randonneur' from Delhi-NCR
/news/talking-point/a-randonneur-recounts-111646895357185.html 111646895357185 story
By Pradip Kumar Saha
LAST PUBLISHED 04.03.2017 | 12:52 AM IST
NEW DELHI :
Last October, Preeti Chaudhary and a group of riders started on a 600km endurance bicycle ride from New Delhi's Green Park neighbourhood, heading for Rajpura on the Ambala-Ludhiana route before turning back. It was more about "controlling the mind" than anything else, says Chaudhary, a resident of Noida, adjoining Delhi. "We rode for 39 hours continuously with only one 2-hour sleeping break near the Karnal Haveli (eatery). On our way back, we left in the early hours of the morning... I was tired, sleep deprived and probably hallucinating. I have no memories of the ride and no idea how I completed it either."
Chaudhary is the first woman "super randonneur" from Delhi and the National Capital Region (NCR)—one of just 20 women from across the country. Till the 2013-14 season, the only 10 women in the super randonneur category hailed from the south and west. Now, more women across the country are taking it up. In the current season, around five women in Delhi-NCR and two women from Vadodara have completed the four brevets, or courses.
Randonneuring is a form of long-distance and non-competitive endurance cycling in which riders attempt brevets of 200km or more. To become a super randonneur, one has to successfully finish brevets of 200km, 300km, 400km and 600km in one season (November-October). The rides are time-bound. For instance, the qualifying time for the 200km course is 13 hours, 30 minutes and for 600km, it's 40 hours.
Chaudhary, who became a super randonneur last year, cycles for about 200km every week. "I am happiest when I am cycling. It is my go-to for all problems in life," says Chaudhary, a freelance HR professional who started recreational cycling as recently as in 2015. The two bikes she relies on for most of her rides are a Merida Scultura 300 and a Lapierre. "I started riding out of boredom. I had just returned from a work assignment in Bangladesh and the next assignment hadn't come in yet. To kill time, I took up cycling," she explains during a practice session at the Okhla Bird Sanctuary in Noida.
The 31-year-old is one of a growing tribe of endurance bicyclists in the country, says Deepender Sehajpal, the founder of Noida Randonneurs, a not-for-profit run by endurance cyclists. Sehajpal himself is a three-time super randonneur and was a successful participant in the 1,200km Paris-Brest-Paris Brevet in 2015.
The Noida Randonneurs, which was founded in November, has so far organized eight rides, with close to 100 participants. Sehajpal says the group will have more than 250 people completing brevets by the end of the season. The club is one of the 34 registered with India Randonneurs, the India chapter of Audax Club Parisien Randonneurs, France, the global body that has been conducting brevets since the 19th century.
"There are more than 100 cycling groups just in the NCR area today," says Aman Puri, founder of the Noida Cycling Club, which organizes weekend rides. Puri started the club in 2011 when he was only 18, with just four members. Today, it has more than 4,800 members on a closed Facebook group. "There are about 10 fresh queries every week," says Puri. "Every weekend, two new people join us. We have close to 30-40 cyclists participating in every weekend ride."
One reason for the growing popularity of endurance cycling is that it's less taxing on the knees than other endurance sports such as marathon running. "Cycling doesn't impact your knees like running does and, hence, it is easier to ride for longer distances than run," says Sehajpal, who has participated in brevets along the Western Ghats and in the northern plains. "And for that very reason, it is easier to take up endurance cycling," adds Sehajpal, who has also done the Tour of Nilgiris and the Desert 500 in Rajasthan.
Studies have also shown that cycling, like several other sports, helps lower stress. A study by Stanford University's Calming Technology Lab concluded in 2015 that cyclists are 40% less likely to be stressed during and after their commutes compared to those who drive or take public transport. Researchers collected data from 20,000 commutes by 1,000 commuters on Spire, the breath and activity tracker, and found that those who cycled arrived at work in a calmer and more relaxed state of mind.
There have also been many efforts to popularize cycling in the country in the recent past. In November , Uttar Pradesh chief minister and Samajwadi Party leader Akhilesh Yadav inaugurated what has been described as Asia's first and longest cycle highway. The 207km stretch, which was constructed at a cost of nearly Rs134 crore, connects the cities of Agra and Etawah, passing through 92 villages.
In Delhi, the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation has started a Public Bicycle Sharing scheme to provide last-mile connectivity to passengers. Metro riders can rent bicycles for Rs10 an hour from Metro stations.
An important issue, however, is the safety of riders on traffic-heavy Indian roads. Unlike some cycle-friendly European countries, India doesn't have dedicated cycling lanes, so bicyclists have to make their way through honking and speeding cars, trucks and buses. It is for this reason that sommelier and cycling enthusiast Magandeep Singh stays away from brevets. He says he is more into triathlons and is currently training to participate in the Ironman Triathlon.
"The thought of doing brevets on Indian roads is disconcerting because of the chaotic nature and the general lack of traffic sense of the population," Singh rues, but admits he may have to give it a try soon. "I will have to do a 180km ride for the IRONMAN, so I am thinking of doing a 200km brevet," he says.
"People in our country are not used to seeing (sports) cyclists on roads. Motorists don't realize that they need to leave the left lane for cyclists,"adds Chaudhary. So, investing in protective cycling gear becomes critical. A helmet, a pair of cycling gloves, eyewear, reflective vests, padded cycling shorts or tights are essentials for long-distance cycling.
Being a female rider adds to the risks. Chaudhary says she is afraid to reveal her identity to random people on the road and never rides alone. "People start stalking you, so it's important to ride in company," she says.
As we talk, Chaudhary does a few more rounds of the bird sanctuary. She also has a Royal Enfield Classic 350 and a Toyota Etios car but the bicycle is her favourite companion. "I hardly ride the Bullet these days and the longest I have driven my car is till the Delhi airport and back," she says.
As we call it a day and she loads her cycle into the car, ready to leave, the car gives up. Even pushing it back and forth several times doesn't help.
"I don't know what is wrong. The battery must have died," says Chaudhary, tossing her arms in the air in desperation. An expletive crosses her lips. "This is why I prefer riding a bicycle."
Cycling | Preeti Chaudhary | Randonneur | Fitness | Health | mint-india-wire


# My gut feel is that The Negative Way to Growth? by Nouriel Roubin [lowering rates should boost demand and hence inflation if run into supply constraints] is "more correct" than Doctrines Overturned by John Cochrane [given long run stability, low rates must be associated with low inflation, so perhaps central banks should be raising rates to get inflation away from zero]. Not saying Cochrane's made any sort of mistake in analysing the model, but I suspect the model is not a good map to the real world.
# Krugman learns something about reality from introspection in How negative can rates go?: we don't have to take the convenience values of cash or bank deposits into account once interest rates hit zero because at this point the marginal holder of cash or bank deposits is using them as a store of value rather than for their liquidity.
# I wanted to read this, I really did: The Paradox of Oil: The Cheaper it is, the More it Costs. But in the introduction it said: "it becomes clear that oil is a commodity that defies reductive analysis and which cannot be understood unless one looks through a multi-dimensional, interdisciplinary lens", and I gave up. To understand anything we need to reduce its description to its important features ("reductive analysis") - it's the only way to do it (other than simulating the real world over and over again to see how the full complex system behaves, i.e. conduct experiments, but this is often not possible). Obviously different people (especially from different disciplines) can disagree about which are the important features to consider. But this wishy-washy "we must think holistically and multi-dimensionally" pish is just an excuse for a non-rigorous verbal model (which is equally reductionist, but just not very good) to obscure more than it reveals.
# Climate change economics too often simply calculates the "social cost of carbon" and proclaims this to be the appropriate rate for a carbon tax. The impacts on incentives for replacement zero carbon infrastructure are rarely considered. So Adam Ozimek's thoughts in Dirty Energy Taxes And Clean Energy Innovation are important. However, I think the economies of scale and learning by doing points that he makes at the end are likely important enough to mean that his main point is not crucial though.
# Dr Jim Cuthbert on behalf of the Reid Foundation has the same concerns as me about the lack of tax hypothecation between whole UK and rUK/England following implementation of Smith proposals on further devolution to Scotland.


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Powered by Japanese quartz, this Armani Exchange watch will guarantee that you're always on time. It would make a stunning gift idea, or why not spoil yourself instead?


text:
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The Canadian Press - Mar 22, 2019 / 8:02 am | Story: 252181
Rev. Dr William Barber II accompanied by Rev. Dr. Liz Theoharis and Rev. Jesse Jackson speaks to the crowd outside of the U.S. Capitol during a Poor People's Campaign rally at The National Mall in Washington.
The Poor People's Campaign is launching a national bus tour of poverty-stricken areas to bring attention to what they call the "real crises" or "interlocking injustices" afflicting the country including systematic racism, poverty, voter suppression and ecological devastation.
"The war on poverty is not over. It was assassinated. It was defunded. It was rolled back, and it is time for us, now, to build it again," Rev. William Barber II said in a phone interview.
The National Emergency Truth and Poverty Tour will kick-off Saturday in Charleston, South Carolina, and more than 30 states will participate in the bus tours.
Last year, The Poor People's Campaign organized rallies nationwide where protesters called for 40 days of non-violent action to refocus the national conversation around what they called fundamental issues. The bus tour is a continuation of their mission to bring a "moral revival" by building what Barber called a "multiracial, multigenerational coalition."
Part of the work is putting a face to the facts and driving the narrative which is why starting in the South is important, the North Carolina minister said.
"Too often in the South, the deliberate work of the southern strategy was to divide poor working-class white people, poor working-class black people, poor working-class brown people to try and keep them from forming a powerful political coalition and a voting coalition together," Barber said.
Campaign co-chair Rev. Liz Theoharis said while the group is not partisan, they are political. In June, the Poor People's Campaign plans to take their actions to Congress for a moral conference and lead a march on Washington after the 2020 primaries.
"We're nationalizing state movements," Theoharis said. "So much of this is about building the power of people at a local state level."
Saturday's launch comes 50 years after the 1969 Charleston hospital strike where more than 400 African-American hospital workers protested against poor working conditions and low wages. Some of those hospital strikers will be speaking Saturday morning in Charleston about their experiences along with the leaders of the national campaign.
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text:
Q: Convert a single column into multiple columns based on delimiter in R I have the following dataframe:
ID Parts
-- -----
1  A:B::
2  X2:::
3  ::J4:
4  A:C:D:G4:X6

And I would like the convert the Parts column into multiple columns by the : delimiter. so it should look like:
ID A  B  X2  J4  C  D  G4  X6 ........
-- -  -  --  --  -  -  --  --
1  A  B  na  na  na na na  na
2  na na X2  na  na na na  na
3  na na na  J4  na na na  na
4  A  na na  na  C  D  G4  X6

where there I would not know the number of potential columns in advance.
I have met my match on this one - strsplit() by delim I can do but only with fixed number of entities in the Parts column

A: You can use a combination of tidyr::seperate, tidyr::pivot_wider, and tidyr::pivot_longer. First you can still use strsplit to determine the number of columns to split Parts into not the number of unique values (How it works):
library(dplyr)
library(tidyr)
library(stringr)

n_col <- max(stringr::str_count(df$Parts, ":")) + 1

df %>%
  tidyr::separate(Parts, into = paste0("col", 1:n_col), sep = ":") %>%
  dplyr::mutate(across(everything(), ~dplyr::na_if(., ""))) %>%
  tidyr::pivot_longer(-ID) %>%
  dplyr::select(-name) %>%
  tidyr::drop_na() %>%
  tidyr::pivot_wider(id_cols = ID,
                     names_from = value)

     ID A     B     X2    J4    C     D     G4    X6
  <int> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
1     1 A     B     NA    NA    NA    NA    NA    NA
2     2 NA    NA    X2    NA    NA    NA    NA    NA
3     3 NA    NA    NA    J4    NA    NA    NA    NA
4     4 A     NA    NA    NA    C     D     G4    X6

How it works
You do not need to know the number of unique values with this code -- the pivots take care of that. What you do need to know is how many new columns Parts will be split into with seperate. That's easy to do by counting the number of delimiters and adding one with str_count. This way you have the appropriate number of columns to seperate Parts into by your delimiter.
This is because pivot_longer will create a two column dataframe with repeated ID and a column with the delimited values of Parts -- an ID, Parts pairing. Then when you use pivot_wider the columns are automatically created for each unique value of Parts and the value is retained within the column. This function automatically fills with NA where an ID and Parts combination is not found.
Try running this pipe by pipe to better understand if need be.

Data
lines <- "
ID Parts
1  A:B::
2  X2:::
3  ::J4:
4  A:C:D:G4:X6
"

df <- read.table(text = lines, header = T)

A: Could the seperate function from tidyr be what you are looking for?
https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/reference/separate.html
It might require some fancy regex implementation, but could potentially work.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Student Employment Office at Cabrillo College post open positions online. View a complete list of current openings here.
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text:
Q: Monkey patching Flask-mail's send function I am wondering if this is even the best approach, but the Flask-Mail extension accepts some SMTP server configs, and calls the send function of the Mail class anytime an email is to be sent.
I am using an SMTP provider, and have written my own send function, that leverages the Message object of the Flask-Mail extension, and now I would like to patch the mail object to use this custom function.
I've tried the following:
from flask_mail import Mail
#override the send email to use
#the elastic email
Mail.send = _custom_send
app = Flask(__name__)
mail = Mail()
mail.init_app(app)

And
app = Flask(__name__)
mail = Mail()
mail.send = types.MethodType(_custom_send, mail)
mail.init_app(app)

However, the existing send function of the Mail class is still being called.
Any ideas?

A: Regarding your first sentence

I am wondering if this is even the best approach

Why don't you just subclass the original Mail class and redefine .send?
class MyMail(Mail):
    def send(self, ...):
      ....


text:
This page looks at a variety of ZIP code 63954 Missouri housing market data taken from the most recent 2020 American Community Survey census data. Housing units are structures such as a single family home, apartment community, mobile home park, public housing, etc. where a person or family live and live separately from other residents of the building. Figure 1 shows the total number of housing units for each city. 63954 depicts it has a Housing Units of 389 which is less than most other zip codes in the metro area.
Figure 2 illustrates the housing density in the ZIP code 63954 housing market as measured by housing units per square land mile (includes single family homes, apartments, etc.) ZIP code 63954 depicts it has a Housing Density of 3.8 which is the smallest in terms of housing density of all the other zip codes in the local area. The zip code with the highest housing density in the area is 63945 which depicts a density of 15.4 (approximately 4.0 times bigger). Comparing housing density to the United States average of 38.9, ZIP code 63954 is approximately a tenth the size. Also, benchmarked against the state of Missouri, housing density of 40.6, ZIP code 63954 is approximately a tenth the size.
In Figure 4, ZIP code 63954 area change in the number of housing units and is a forward gauge (along with population change) for any potential housing shortage. ZIP code 63954 shows it has a Housing Unit Change of -32.1% which is the smallest in order of change in the housing units of all the other zip codes in the metro area. The zip code with the highest change in the housing units in the area is 63961 which depicts a housing units of 8.5% ( about the same size). Comparing change in the housing units to the United States average of 5.7%, ZIP code 63954 is substantially bigger. Also, benchmarked against the state of Missouri, change in the housing units of 2.9%, ZIP code 63954 is considerably bigger.
Figure 5 shows the percentage of rental property based on that they are occupied by renters as a percent of the total number of households in the community (including homes, apartments, etc.) ZIP code 63954 depicts it has a Renter Percent of 30.1% which is the third most of all other zip codes in the greater region. Figure 6 illustrates the total number of housing units that are occupied by owners. it has a Owner Percent of 69.9% which is less than most other zip codes in the metro area.
Looking at the housing data provided in Figure 7, the average ZIP code 63954 home price is illustrated for this community and a useful analysis of affordable housing. 63954 shows it has a Median Home Value of $47,900 which is the second smallest when sorted by median home price of all the other zip codes in the local area. The zip code with the highest median home price in the area is 63945 which shows a home price of $140,600 (approximately 2.9 times bigger). Figure 8 provides aggregate comparative data for the ZIP code 63954 Missouri metro area in terms of the median housing rental rate, apartment rent, etc. ZIP code 63954 shows it has a Median Gross Rent of $528 which is less than most other zip codes in the area. The zip code with the highest rental rates in the area is 72456 which shows a rental rates of $680 (28.8% larger). Comparing rental rates to the United States average of $1,062, ZIP code 63954 is approximately half the size. Also, versus the state of Missouri, rental rates of $830, ZIP code 63954 is approximately three-fourths the size.
Figure 9 provides the frequency distribution of home prices for the area and is useful for understanding affordable housing fund. ZIP code 63954 has the percentage of home price worth less than $50,000 in the mid range of other zip codes in the metro area at 25% of the total. Second, it has the second smallest as measured by home price worth less than $50,000 of all the other zip codes in the metro area as measured by home price worth between $50,000 to $100,000 at 10% of the total.
Median owner costs for the real estate market are shown in Figure 10 and include the costs associated with any mortgage, utility expenses, insurance, and other miscellaneous costs. ZIP code 63954 shows it has a Median Owner Cost of $425 which is less than most other zip codes in the greater region. Figure 11 shows the median amount of cost as a percent of total household income for people who own homes in the ZIP code 63954 metro area. it has a Owner Cost as % of HH Income of 18% which is the second most cost as a percent of household income of all the zip codes in the greater ZIP code 63954 region. The next chart, Figure 12, provides a comparison chart of the median home cost as a percent of a median worker take home earnings and is thus a valuable measure of affordable housing. ZIP code 63954 shows it has a Median Home Value as Percent of Median Earnings of 215% which is the second smallest when ranked by median home value as a percent of median worker earnings of all the other zip codes in the metro area.
Figure 14 depicts the median cost of housing for owners with also have a mortgages (versus those who do not have a mortgage because mortgage cost is included.) ZIP code 63954 shows it has a Median Owner Costs-With Mortgage of $770 which is the second smallest in terms of median housing cost of all the other zip codes in the surrounding region. Figure 15 is a chart that shows the median housing costs for owners who do not have mortgages (and therefore the cost of home ownership does not include mortgage cost.) it has a Median Owner Costs-Without Mortgage of $331 which is the third most median housing cost of all other zip codes in the greater ZIP code 63954 region.
Figure 16 shows the distribution in total housing cost for owners of property (so not renters.) This cost includes mortgages, lines of credit interest, utilities, taxes, insurance, etc. ZIP code 63954 has one of the largest proportions of owner cost less than $300 at 32% of the total and is ranked #2. The only larger zip code being 72456 with 34%. Second, it has the second smallest as measured by owner cost less than $300 of all the other zip codes in the area when sorted by owner cost between $300 and $500 at 8% of the total. Third, it has less than most other zip codes in the metro area in order of owner cost between $500 and $700 at 10% of the total. Also, it has the second smallest in order of owner cost less than $300 of all the other zip codes in the local area when ranked by owner cost between $700 and $1,000 at 1% of the total.
Next shown in Figure 17 is the housing cost as a percent of household income for people who own their homes and have a mortgages (thus the cost of financing the home is included.) ZIP code 63954 depicts it has a % of Income Owner Costs-With Mortgage of 18% which is in the middle range of other zip codes in the metro area. The zip code with the highest cost as a percent of household income in the area is 63955 which shows a cost as a percent of household income of 51% (approximately 2.8 times bigger). Housing cost as a percent of household income for owners who do not have a mortgage is shown in Figure 18. This analysis can be useful for understanding the affordable housing for home ownership excluding any financing cost in the area shown. ZIP code 63954 depicts it has a % of Income Owner Costs-No Mortgage of 18% which is ranked #1 of all zip codes in the greater ZIP code 63954 region.
Figure 19 looks at the cost of rent for rental property using the percent of total household income which is a valuable measure of financial health for the area. (The higher the proportion of rent payments to total household income is a sign of greater financial stress. Also, rent can be covered by rent assistance and rent assistance programs in the form of rent assistance.) ZIP code 63954 has the percentage of rent as a percent of income is less than 10 pct the second smallest when ranked by rent as a percent of income is less than 10 pct of all the other zip codes in the local area at 6% of the total. Second, it has less than most other zip codes in the local area in terms of rent as a percent of income is between 10pct to 20pct at 2% of the total. Third, it has the largest proportion of rent as a percent of income is between 20pct to 30pct at 44% of the total and is ranked #1. Also, it has in the mid range of other zip codes in the metro area as measured by rent as a percent of income is between 40pct to 50pct at 19% of the total.
Figure 20 shows the total housing cost for both home owners and apartment community renters in the area. ZIP code 63954 has one of the largest proportions of housing cost less than $300 at 37% of the total and is ranked #2. The only larger zip code being 63955 with 43%.
Figure 21 shows median amount of real estate taxes paid for home owners in the region. it has a Median Real Estate Taxes Paid of $403 which is less than most other zip codes in the local area. The zip code with the highest median real estate taxes paid in the area is 63945 which depicts a taxes paid of $759 (about twice as large). Comparing median real estate taxes paid to the United States average of $2,471, ZIP code 63954 is approximately a sixth the size. Also, versus the state of Missouri, median real estate taxes paid of $1,526, ZIP code 63954 is approximately a quarter the size.
Figure 23 shows the rental rate distribution for this area. ZIP code 63954 Missouri has one of the largest proportions of rent less than 300 dollars at 22% of the total and is ranked #3. Only #2 63953 (22%), and #1 72422 (27%) are larger.
Figure 28 shows the household size for families living in the area and it has a Family size of 3.2 which is the third most family members per housing unit of all other zip codes in the greater ZIP code 63954 region. The zip code with the highest family members per housing unit in the area is 63953 which shows a family members per housing unit of 3.9 (21.8% larger). Comparing family members per housing unit to the United States average of 3.3, ZIP code 63954 is only about 3.1% smaller. Also, in comparison with the state of Missouri, family members per housing unit of 3.1, ZIP code 63954 is only about 2.8% larger.
Figure 29 show the median number of rooms in a typical home for each location in this area. it has a Median Number of Rooms of 4.6 which is the second smallest when sorted by average number of rooms in a house of all the other zip codes in the local area. The zip code with the highest average number of rooms in a house in the area is 63945 which depicts an average number of rooms in a house of 6.6 (43.5% larger). Figure 30 shows, for the average house in each location, the median year that a house was built. This can be useful for understanding the relative age of one neighborhood versus another for a real estate investor. it has a Median Year Built of 1971 which is the second smallest when ranked by year built of all the other zip codes in the surrounding region. The zip code with the highest year built in the area is 63945 which shows a year built of 1987 ( about the same size).
Figure 31 looks at the distribution of housing units by the median age that the homes were built. has the smallest proportion of homes built between 2010 to 2013 at 3% of the total. Second, it has one of the largest proportions of homes built between 2000 to 2009 at 21% of the total and is ranked #2. The only larger zip code being 63961 with 25%. Third, it has less than most other zip codes in the greater region in terms of homes built between 1980 to 1989 at 17% of the total. Also, it has one of the largest proportions of homes built between 1970 to 1979 at 24% of the total and is ranked #2. The only larger zip code being 72456 with 25%. In addition, it has the largest proportion of homes built between 1950 to 1959 at 13% of the total and is ranked #1. Furthermore, it has less than most other zip codes in the local area when sorted by homes built between 1940 to 1949 at 4% of the total.
Figure 32 shows the difference in the number of housing units based on whether they are occupied by owners versus occupied by renters. has the percentage of owner housing units in the mid range of other zip codes in the greater region at 88 of the total.
Figure 33 shows the difference in the number of housing units based on whether they are occupied by owners or renters. it has the largest proportion of one unit detached at 1% of the total and is ranked #1. Second, it has the largest proportion of 2 units at 5% of the total and is ranked #1. Third, it has the largest proportion of 5 to 9 units at 2% of the total and is ranked #1. Also, it has one of the largest proportions of 50 or more units at 32% of the total and is ranked #2. The only larger zip code being 63955 with 55%.
Figure 34 shows the median value of homes broken down by the median year that the homes were built. it has one of the largest proportions of value of homes built 2010 to 2013 at $45,000 of the total and is ranked #2. The only larger zip code being 72422 with $356,300. Second, it has one of the largest proportions of value of homes built 1990 to 1999 at $13,100 of the total and is ranked #3. Only #2 72422 ($77,900), and #1 63945 ($213,400) are larger. Third, it has in the center range of other zip codes in the surrounding region in order of value of homes built 1980 to 1989 at $44,000 of the total. Also, it has in the mid range of other zip codes in the local area when ranked by value of homes built 1970 to 1979 at $47,100 of the total. In addition, it has one of the largest proportions of value of homes built 1960 to 1969 at $106,300 of the total and is ranked #2. The only larger zip code being 63961 with $127,300. Furthermore, it has the largest proportion of value of homes built 1950 to 1959 at $214,600 of the total and is ranked #1.
The next two charts show both the average household size of homeowners versus the average household size of renters. Starting with Figure 36 we see the household size of homeowners for ZIP code 63954 residents. it has a Owner-Household Size of 2.7 which is the second most homeowner household size of all the zip codes in the greater ZIP code 63954 region. The zip code with the highest homeowner household size in the area is 63945 which depicts a homeowner household size of 2.8 (only about 4.1% larger).
Figure 37 shows the household size for renters. ZIP code 63954 shows it has a Renter-Household Size of 2.3 which is less than most other zip codes in the greater region. The zip code with the highest renter household size in the area is 63953 which shows a renter household sizes of 3.6 (58.3% larger). Figure 38 shows the year that people who own homes moved into this region. it has one of the largest proportions of owners moved in 2017 or later at 20% of the total and is ranked #2. The only larger zip code being 63945 with 31%. Second, it has the second smallest when ranked by owners moved in 2017 or later of all the other zip codes in the metro area in order of owners moved in 2015 to 2016 at 7% of the total. Third, it has the second smallest in terms of owners moved in 2017 or later of all the other zip codes in the area when ranked by owners moved in 2010 to 2014 at 18% of the total. Also, it has the largest proportion of owners moved in 2000 to 2009 at 30% of the total and is ranked #1. Figure 39 shows the year that people who rent moved into the area. ZIP code 63954 has the percentage of renters moved in 2017 or later in the mid range of other zip codes in the surrounding region at 15% of the total. Second, it has one of the largest proportions of renters moved in 2015 to 2016 at 66% of the total and is ranked #2. The only larger zip code being 63961 with 70%. Third, it has less than most other zip codes in the local area as measured by renters moved in 2010 to 2014 at 8% of the total.
Figure 40 compares the median year that home owners moved into their home. it has a Owner Median Year Moved In of 1996 which is the smallest as measured by median year that a home owner moved in of all the other zip codes in the metropolitan area. Figure 41 compares the median year that renters moved into their home. ZIP code 63954 shows it has a Renter Median Year Moved In of 2013 which is the third most median year that a renter moved in of all other zip codes in the greater ZIP code 63954 region.
Figure 42 shows the frequency distribution of various types of energy sources used for homes in the community. has the percentage of home using bottled, tank, or lp gas less than most other zip codes in the local area at 42% of the total. Second, it has one of the largest proportions of homes using coal or coke at 7% of the total and is ranked #3. Only #2 63945 (9%), and #1 63955 (40%) are larger.
The next two charts show the number of people living in group quarters and includes temporary as well permanent housing which may be run by the ZIP code 63954 housing department, Missouri department, or other housing authority or public housing agency. beginning with Figure 43 which shows the total number of people. ZIP code 63954 depicts it has a Total In Group Quarters of 19 which is the largest of all zip codes in the greater ZIP code 63954 region.
Zip code 63954, Missouri Housing Data
Figure 1: 63954, MO Area Total Housing Units
Figure 2: 63954, MO Housing Density (Houses per Sq. Mile)
Figure 5: Rental Homes in 63954, MO
Figure 6: Owned Homes in 63954, MO
Figure 7: 63954, MO Median Home Prices
Figure 8: 63954, MO Median Monthly Rent Amounts
Figure 9: 63954, MO Home Price Distribution
Figure 10: 63954, MO Median Monthly Owner Cost
Figure 14: 63954, MO Median Monthly Owner Cost with Mortgage
Figure 15: 63954, MO Median Monthly Owner Cost without Mortgage
Figure 16: Distribution of Monthly Owner Costs in 63954, MO
Figure 19: 63954, MO Rent as a percent of Household Income
Figure 20: Monthly Housing Cost for Owners or Renters in 63954, MO
Figure 21: 63954, MO Median Annual Real Estate Taxes Paid
Figure 22: 63954, MO Utilities Included with amenities or Excluded in Rent
Figure 23: 63954, MO Monthly Median Rent Rates
Figure 24: 63954, MO Monthly Median Rent Rates by Size of Rental in Bedrooms
Figure 25: 63954, MO Detailed Mortgage Status
Figure 26: 63954, MO Houses With vs. Without a Mortgage
Figure 27: Average Household Size in 63954, MO
Figure 28: Average Family Size in 63954, MO
Figure 30: 63954, MO Median Year House Built
Figure 31: 63954, MO Year that House Built Distribution
Figure 32: Number of Owners vs. Renters in 63954, MO and Area
Figure 33: 63954, MO Area Housing Types
Figure 34: 63954, MO Median Home Value By Year Structure Built
Figure 35: Occupied and Vacant Housing units in 63954, MO
Figure 37: 63954, MO Renter Household Size
Figure 42: 63954, MO Fuel Used to Heat Home
Figure 44: 63954, MO Population in Group Quarters
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