text:
Neely Young: Of Walls and Legacies
Neely Young,
Robert Frost wrote, "Something there is that doesn't love a wall." This is from his famous poem "Mending Wall," which examines the barriers people build between themselves and others.
A governor might say, "Something there is that doesn't love a legacy." To establish his legacy, Gov. Sonny Perdue established the Commission for a New Georgia with the goal of making Georgia the best-run state in the nation. The commission, headed by Lonice Barrett, is made up of some 100 volunteer professionals from the business community, including newspaper executive Dink Nesmith and co-chairs Waffle House owner Joe Rogers, Jr. and Macon businessman Bob Hatcher.
According to Governing magazine, Georgia has always been a well run state. In 1995 the publication's annual "Grading the States" report card, gave Georgia a B, noting how well we manage employee performance. By comparison, Virginia received an A-minus for excelling in long term planning while Alabama received a C-minus for being weak in almost every category judged.
Perdue's goal for the Commission for a New Georgia is to bring our state to a grade of A-plus in all categories. Here's a rundown of progress to date.
Brad Douglas leads the state's Department of Administrative Services, which handles purchasing and negotiation of contracts for services. His division has teamed up with consulting partner A.T. Kearney to award or renegotiate contracts for software, computers, industrial paint and gases, office and educational furniture, temporary IT labor and express mail delivery services. Douglas estimates savings to the state of $48 million between now and the end of 2009. Additional programs and waves of strategic efforts will allow the state to reach its goal of $135 million in savings by 2009.
Gena Abraham, Georgia's property czar, has implemented a new state construction manual by creating an online inventory of the state's 19,040 buildings called the BLLIP (Building, Land, and Lease Inventory of Property); this has never been done before. Her division has generated an additional $20 million through the sale of surplus property and also created the One Stop Shop, a collaborative effort among several agencies that will generate a total savings of $8.4 million through the year 2012.
Joe Doyle, director of customer service and administrator for the Office of Consumer Affairs, has implemented a program to make doing business with Georgia faster, easier and friendlier. Until now, customer service has been one of our state's weak points. Georgia is the only state in the nation to have this customer service initiative, Doyle says.
The governor's selection of former bankers Jim Lentz as chief operating officer and Tommy Hills as chief financial officer for the state has paid big dividends. They are responsible for the daily operation of all state agencies – and they leave politics out of it. Their goal is to run the state as a business. Political favors are not a part of hiring, and they make sure the state is color blind as far as who is allowed to do business with our government.
When these two men first came to the state they found a bureaucracy operation with separate components that didn't communicate with one another. Now all departments hold joint meetings with Lentz and Hills. These work sessions have brought about a cultural shift in government that will pay big dividends in the future.
Volunteers from the business community who helped with this effort include Carl Swearingen, Jim Copeland, Jim Balloun, Jim Carson and Larry Gellerstedt.
But all this won't make headlines because of Gov. Perdue's inability to get his story out to the general public. He and his staff have a contentious relationship with Georgia's fourth estate that includes a running feud with The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. This feud carries over to other state newspapers and other media outlets. This is sad, because most of these outlets – including daily and weekly newspapers outside Atlanta – would be all for him and his efforts to improve government.
As a result of the wall Perdue has built between himself and the media, very few members of the public will hear of the marvelous culture change in state government. In the future, this is a wall Perdue could easily breach – to his benefit.
Saving tax dollars and presiding over the best run state in the country bode well for any governor. Robert Frost would be proud.
Neely Young is editor in chief and publisher of Georgia Trend. Contact him via e-mail at publisher@georgiatrend.com.
Categories: Neely Young


text:
// [[[[INFO>
// Copyright 2015 Epicycle (http://epicycle.org, https://github.com/open-epicycle)
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
//
// For more information check https://github.com/open-epicycle/Epicycle.Commons-cs
// ]]]]

using NUnit.Framework;

namespace Epicycle.Commons
{
    [TestFixture]
    public sealed class HysteresisTest : AssertionHelper
    {
        [Test]
        public void Hysteresis_is_uninitialized_after_construction()
        {
            var hysteresis = new Hysteresis(range: 7, phaseCount: 5);

            Expect(hysteresis.IsInitialized, Is.False);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.Null);
        }

        [Test]
        public void Hysteresis_is_initialized_to_specified_phase_after_initialization()
        {
            var phase = 3;

            var hysteresis = new Hysteresis(range: 7, phaseCount: 5);
            hysteresis.Initialize(phase);

            Expect(hysteresis.IsInitialized, Is.True);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(phase));
        }

        [Test]
        public void Update_of_small_magnitude_doesnt_affect_phase([Values(0, 1)] int phase)
        {
            var hysteresis = new Hysteresis(range: 1, phaseCount: 2);

            hysteresis.Initialize(phase);
            hysteresis.Update(1 - phase, magnitude: 0.6);

            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(phase));
        }

        [Test]
        public void Update_of_large_magnitude_affects_phase([Values(0, 1)] int phase)
        {
            var hysteresis = new Hysteresis(range: 1, phaseCount: 2);

            hysteresis.Initialize(phase);
            hysteresis.Update(1 - phase, magnitude: 0.7);

            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(1 - phase));
        }

        [Test]
        public void Two_small_magnitude_updates_accumulate_to_a_phase_transition([Values(0, 1)] int phase)
        {
            var hysteresis = new Hysteresis(range: 1, phaseCount: 2);

            hysteresis.Initialize(phase);

            hysteresis.Update(1 - phase, magnitude: 0.4);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(phase));

            hysteresis.Update(1 - phase, magnitude: 0.3);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(1 - phase));
        }

        [Test]
        public void Two_opposite_updates_leave_new_phase_when_second_update_magnitude_is_small([Values(0, 1)] int phase)
        {
            var hysteresis = new Hysteresis(range: 1, phaseCount: 2);

            hysteresis.Initialize(phase);
            hysteresis.Update(1 - phase, magnitude: 0.7);
            hysteresis.Update(phase, magnitude: 0.3);

            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(1 - phase));
        }

        [Test]
        public void Two_opposite_updates_return_old_phase_when_second_update_magnitude_is_large([Values(0, 1)] int phase)
        {
            var hysteresis = new Hysteresis(range: 1, phaseCount: 2);

            hysteresis.Initialize(phase);
            hysteresis.Update(1 - phase, magnitude: 0.7);
            hysteresis.Update(phase, magnitude: 0.4);

            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(phase));
        }

        [Test]
        public void Weak_reverse_update_after_two_strong_direct_updates_doesnt_revert_phase([Values(0, 1)] int phase)
        {
            var hysteresis = new Hysteresis(range: 1, phaseCount: 2);

            hysteresis.Initialize(phase);
            hysteresis.Update(1 - phase, magnitude: 0.7);
            hysteresis.Update(1 - phase, magnitude: 0.3);
            hysteresis.Update(phase, magnitude: 0.6);

            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(1 - phase));
        }

        [Test]
        public void Strong_reverse_update_after_two_strong_direct_updates_reverts_phase([Values(0, 1)] int phase)
        {
            var hysteresis = new Hysteresis(range: 1, phaseCount: 2);

            hysteresis.Initialize(phase: 0);
            hysteresis.Update(1 - phase, magnitude: 0.7);
            hysteresis.Update(1 - phase, magnitude: 0.7);
            hysteresis.Update(phase, magnitude: 0.7);

            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(phase));
        }

        [Test]
        public void Strong_update_towards_middle_phase_doesnt_overshoot_to_far_phase([Values(0, 2)] int phase)
        {
            var hysteresis = new Hysteresis(range: 1, phaseCount: 3);

            hysteresis.Initialize(phase);

            hysteresis.Update(phase: 1, magnitude: 1);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(1));
        }

        [Test]
        public void Updating_towards_the_present_state_draws_to_equilibrium_enough_to_prevent_subsequent_phase_transition([Values(0, 2)] int phase)
        {
            var hysteresis = new Hysteresis(range: 1, phaseCount: 3);

            hysteresis.Initialize(phase);

            hysteresis.Update(phase: 1, magnitude: 0.6);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(1));

            hysteresis.Update(2 - phase, magnitude: 0.2);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(1));

            hysteresis.Update(phase: 1, magnitude: 0.1);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(1));

            hysteresis.Update(2 - phase, magnitude: 0.1);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(1));
        }

        [Test]
        public void Updating_towards_the_present_state_draws_to_equilibrium_not_enough_to_prevent_subsequent_phase_transition([Values(0, 2)] int phase)
        {
            var hysteresis = new Hysteresis(range: 1, phaseCount: 3);

            hysteresis.Initialize(phase);

            hysteresis.Update(phase: 1, magnitude: 0.6);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(1));

            hysteresis.Update(2 - phase, magnitude: 0.2);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(1));

            hysteresis.Update(phase: 1, magnitude: 0.1);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(1));

            hysteresis.Update(2 - phase, magnitude: 0.2);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(2 - phase));
        }

        [Test]
        public void Updating_towards_the_present_state_sets_state_to_equilibrium_which_is_enough_to_prevent_subsequent_phase_transition([Values(0, 2)] int phase)
        {
            var hysteresis = new Hysteresis(range: 1, phaseCount: 3);

            hysteresis.Initialize(phase);

            hysteresis.Update(phase: 1, magnitude: 0.6);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(1));

            hysteresis.Update(2 - phase, magnitude: 0.2);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(1));

            hysteresis.Update(phase: 1, magnitude: 0.3);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(1));

            hysteresis.Update(2 - phase, magnitude: 0.2);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(1));
        }

        [Test]
        public void Updating_towards_the_present_state_sets_state_to_equilibrium_which_is_not_enough_to_prevent_subsequent_phase_transition([Values(0, 2)] int phase)
        {
            var hysteresis = new Hysteresis(range: 1, phaseCount: 3);

            hysteresis.Initialize(phase);

            hysteresis.Update(phase: 1, magnitude: 0.6);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(1));

            hysteresis.Update(2 - phase, magnitude: 0.2);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(1));

            hysteresis.Update(phase: 1, magnitude: 0.3);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(1));

            hysteresis.Update(2 - phase, magnitude: 0.3);
            Expect(hysteresis.Phase, Is.EqualTo(2 - phase));
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
REVIEW ➤ M240i auto Convertible : BMW's juicy deuce
It's no secret that we Brits love a convertible, be it the brutal Audi R8 V10 Spyder, an indulgent Rolls Royce Dawn or the world's best-selling convertible for the past 25 years, the feisty Mazda MX-5. True lovers of topless motoring know there are many reasons for having one on your driveway and, bragging rights aside, most come down to the full-on sensory overload it affords.
The sense of motion heightened by the passing rush of scenery and the fragrance of fresh, open air as dappled shade flickers across your oversized Western Front sunnies. The arresting dissonance of a well-tuned engine, a gasping turbo or two and a canorous finale via a handsome set of rear steel pipes.
My affection for the BMW 2 Series is well documented. Together with the larger 4 Series, they alone have re-ignited my affection towards the German car-maker. My philosophy for driving a convertible in the UK is simple: if it isn't raining, get the roof down. If it is raining, get the roof down and drive a little faster so you don't get wet.
Recently and for one chilly day only I slid behind the wheel of the hottest 2 Series convertible currently available – the BMW M240i.
What's in a name? The M240i is the same car we used to know at the M235i. It's got an all-new engine, so the new '40i' badge merely aligns the car nicely with its larger BMW 440i sibling and similarly re-engined M140i warm hatch.
The recently updated BMW 2-Series has a little more glass and a lower window line than you might expect and there's a mish-mash of lines flowing around the sides and across the bonnet, none of which is overly aggressive, but nor are they hugely expressive.
The double kidney grille is a touch wider and the front air intakes larger and I think the M240i Convertible's front and rear styling hits the sweet spot without being too dull or too dramatic. The whole effect is almost Audi-like in its subtlety.
Interior layout
There's generous space for two adults in the front, with good head and leg room, a decent glovebox, deep door pockets and a central cubby to stow your belongings.
As with most four-seat convertibles, things become a little trickier if you want to use the rear seats. Access is a reasonable 'step-through' once the front seats are moved forward, but once there, anyone over six feet tall is likely to complain about the shortage of knee, leg and roof-up head room for anything but the shortest journeys. Average-height adults should find the rear accommodations reasonable.
The 2 Series Convertible's boot capacity is 335 litres with the roof up (280-litres when down), which is slightly more than the Audi A3 Cabriolet's boot. However, access is not as practical and makes loading wider items of luggage inside just that little more difficult.
M240i standard & optional equipment
BMW has thrown both toy and tech kit bags at the M240i Convertible, which takes the kit spec from the penultimate M Sport trimlevel and adds additional M Performance body styling which includes lowered front apron with larger air intakes to cool the brakes, side skirts and a rear diffuser and twin tailpipes. There's a set of exclusive 18" light alloy wheels in M Double-spoke design.
Of course, it also receives the M Sport suspension with individual M240i set up, variable sport steering and chunky M Sport brakes.
BMW's modular engine, drivetrain and performance
All BMW's engines, with the exception of the ones it fits to proper M cars like the M3, M5, etc., are of modular design. The M240i Convertible still uses a turbocharged 3.0-litre in-line six, but now it's a new unit from BMW's range of modular engines. In simple terms, the engineers 'bolt together' modules of half-litre cylinders and strap on a turbo or two until they have the right motor for the job. It's not that simple, of course, but essentially that's what happens.
That's why smaller BMW's and MINI's have 1.5-litre 3-cylinder engines (three modules), mid-sized Beemers have 2.0-litre 4-cylinder (four modules) units and on performance cars such as this week's M240i, we have 3.0-litre 6-cylinder (six-module) engine. Genius!
The engine powering the BMW M240i is the top athlete in the convertible segment. With its 340hp and 500Nm of torque, it unites impressive acceleration with incredible agility and usability within the torque range. Via the eight-speed automatic gearbox, acceleration from a standing start to 62mph is an impressive 4.7 seconds (manual 4.9s), peaking at a limited 155mph.
BMW's eight-speed automatic gearbox is excellent. Its shifts are rapid and smooth and it kicks down a gear exactly when you want it to.
Fuel consumption on the combined cycle is 34.4mpg and CO2 emissions are rated at 189g/km.
Strengthened chassis
The BMW M240i Convertible is heavier than the coupé, but is still dollops of fun to drive. Its added weight comes partly from the additional folding roof mechanism, but mostly from the necessarily beefier chassis.
As with any convertible – from the Rolls Royce Ghost, Bentley GT or the more humble Audi A3, its structural integrity is severely compromised once the roof of the car is removed. Automotive engineers must re-engineer the car's chassis to offset the lost strength and rigidity that a fixed roof brings. It does, however, bring added kerb weight which by default, impacts on body control, handling and overall performance.
Ride and handling
The M240i Convertible is a safe and predictable car in terms of handling, although you do feel the car's additional weight over the coupé. It steers with precision and feels more agile than an Audi A3 cabriolet. In fact, with its sportier steering and suspension setup, this car is sheer, unadulterated fun and feels keen to turn in and is more composed through bends than the Audi.
The car rides comfortably on our irregular roads too. Even with the standard 18-inch alloy wheels, the convertible is surprisingly supple on poor surfaces. The stonking (not a technical term) 3.0-litre petrol engine is super-smooth and makes a wonderful noise at full chat, but fades to a discreet hum when cruising.
The electric power steering system is one of the best of its type – the rack is quick and accurate, though mid-corner bumps can sometimes make it feel a tad unsettled if you're really pushing on.
With the roof down, wind protection is good for those in the front seats, but those in the rear may find things a little more blustery. With the roof-up, the cabin is exceptionally well insulated against wind and road noise.
Style is a very important factor in the compact convertible sector and the BMW 2 Series rag-top is among the most desirable models currently available. The regular BMW 2 Series convertible – with its variable trim, engine and transmission options – is an exceptional open-top cruiser. A selection of mid-life updates last year made it a stronger rival than ever for the Audi A3 Cabriolet.
However, the BMW M240i Convertible raises that lofty bar even higher and – with the added poke from the 3.0-litre engine – adds additional character to transform the car into a truly great driving machine. There's bags of grip on offer, plenty of feedback from the chassis and a reasonably comfortable ride that makes it an impressive all-rounder.
Without the M2 in the range, the M240i certainly would feel complete as a performance choice. It's potent and, with most of its torque available low in the rev range, it's also hugely entertaining. If you're after more fun and liveability from your everyday BMW 2 Series convertible, but couldn't live with the feral M2 (or wait out its current 13-month queue), then the M240i is the one for you.
It would be for me.
➤ Check out our current special offers on the BMW M240i Convertible here, then call our award-winning Customer Service Team on 0800 043 2050.
By Wayne Gorrett (@WaynesWorldAuto), News & Road Test Editor.
Business, Personal
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


How do I motivate the different personalities in my team?
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How should I offer feedback to improve performance?
Please feel free to call Dr. Vesna personally on 0411 479 256 or email her with any questions or for additional information, and she will be happy to assist you further.
© IIDM and Qt, 2000 – 2014. All Rights Reserved. The content in the above video/s and all information (verbal and otherwise) contained herein are subject to copyright laws. No part may be reproduced, transmitted, adapted or otherwise copied in any form or by any means, or used for commercial or business purposes, without prior written permission from the copyright owners.


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ArimartinezXxpetiteasianxXXploreMyBodySENSUALJEWELL .FellyTentationGayEvanLiluuuSweetCHRYSTELL1 .Brandonhotsextesztlily888ANDREI85TsMistresSelena .JuliaDiamondXXXMEGAHOTMITKOTShotBigcockAthleticDanny .LeonaThorpeYaLandyrubyrose22Brandonhotsex .hotxxcoopleTShotBigcockAlwaysJuicyTwowomenwith .hotxxcoopleNewYoungYukieBlueeyesofsteelVeraWolf .CoupleHornyy4uDaphnePieCuteTraisyFelly .MILFJuggsAthleticDannyNATAZHAtsLucySmith .SensualBrunetteeDariaxSabrinaAuroraAsherBlueeyesofsteel .SaramontielAFRODITAAXANDREI85LianaSunnn .


Handy little Telix icon for Windows.
payment for continued use of this icon is expected or required.
for your Telix program item.
exceeds what you paid for the program.
the files listed below accompany any copies of the icon file.


One of the key selling points of the AMF format is that you can use it to transmit typed objects. Previous versions of AmfPHP had a plugin, AmfphpCustomClassConverter, whose responsibility was to manage these typed objects. It did its job reasonably well, but had some limitations which have been adressed in its successor.
If you use AmfPHP to transfer large amounts of typed data, you should see some significant performance increases. This is especially for Baguette AMF users. One tester was sending 600 kbytes of nested objects, and was having performance issues: Some of his requests would take 15 seconds to process. He went from 15 seconds to 5 seconds per request when installing Baguette AMF, then down to 1 second per request with this update.
This only works for AMF(not JSON), and should have a significant impact if you're sending large quantities of data, even more so if the data contains nested typed objects. The technicalities are beyond the scope of this article, but might be discussed elsewhere.
Vo conversion is optional. As typing is not enforced in PHP, it makes sense to do without it completely and just use anonymous objects with « _explicitType » marked to whatever type you want to send back to your client. Hence by default the Vo Converter's default behavior when it doesn't find a class with a certain type is just to give you an anonymous object.
This is fine for production, but when developing, it would be nice to be informed when a class is missing. So a new feature is the « enforceConversion » flag. If set to true, an exception is thrown when a VO class is not found. This exception contains information about what was sought, and the various possible paths where it could be found, so be sure to remove it for production.
It is now possible to use namespaces in your Value Objects.
Here is a snippet to show how you would configure the Vo Converter. the first entry in the array is the path to the folder, and the second is for the root namespace, 'NVo'. So a « \NVo\MyVO » class in « NamespaceVo/MyVO.php » can be sent with a client(explicit) type « MyVO ».
//add the folder with the namespace. 1st comes the pass, 2nd comes the namespace root.
Note that this is the same system as for service folders.
Nobody knew what the custom class converter did without looking it up. It's now called Vo Converter.
The back office tells you what version of AmfPHP you're running and whether you're up to date. A mini RSS reader is also tucked away so that you can get AmfPHP news.
You can choose to make calls from the Service Browser either in JSON or AMF.
The service browser now truncates data when it's too much to display. This avoids you killing your browser when you've loaded big data in the service browser.
The AmfPHPErrorHandler has been enhanced so that it does not throw exception for which reporting has been disabled.
Yes we're still working on the styling of the back office. So here's yet another look, tell us what you think!
A guide to migrating your config can be found here.
Thanks Tommie for all the testing and feedback.
The packaged version is available here, so please try it.
The code is here, if you feel like making a contribution.
The heart picture was taken here.


text:
ABOUT ORIGINS
PROFILED TRIPS
KENYA OVERVIEW
BIG TUSKERS AND ORPHANS
FAMILY SAFARIS
PRIVATE CONSERVANCIES
AFRICA'S BEST BIRDING
CRADLE OF MANKIND
TANZANIA OVERVIEW
SERENGETI MIGRATION
SOUTHERN WILDERNESS
THE SPICE ISLANDS
UGANDA/RWANDA
CHIMPS & OTHER PRIMATES
MOUNTAINS OF THE MOON
SOURCE OF THE NILE
ETHIOPIA OVERVIEW
COPTIC HERITAGE
CULTURAL IMMERSIONS
ENDEMIC SPECIES
HOTTEST PLACE ON EARTH
THE INTERIOR OVERVIEW
ZAKOUMA – CHAD
VOODOO – BENIN
DZANGA BAI – (RCA)
SAHARA – CHAD
SUDD MIGRATION – (SS)
VISIT THE OMO VALLEY – ONE OF THE MOST UNIQUE PLACES ON EARTH – WITH ORIGINS SAFARIS
by mjsnairobdev | Jun 27, 2018 | Blog | 0 comments
Ethiopia is like nowhere else on the planet, a beautiful country blessed with a peerless history, fabulous wildlife and some of Africa's most soulful people. Ethiopia has all the essential elements that call travellers back here time after time – wildlife you just don't find elsewhere, epic landscapes of rare beauty, an endlessly fascinating historical tale that provides depth and context to any journey through the country. But there is something else at large in Ethiopia, a spiritual dimension that infuses every aspect of travel here and brings ancient stories and landscapes to life in a way that you will never have encountered anywhere else on the continent.
Kara woman overlooking the Omo River at Korcho village.
History of the Omo Valley
In 1980, UNESCO declared the Lower Omo Valley a World Heritage Site in acknowledgment of its uniqueness: Nowhere else on the planet do so many genetically and linguistically diverse people live as traditionally and in such a small space. It has been a crossroads for humans migrating in many directions over many millennia. Improbably in an era of cloud-based businesses and Internet revolutions, 200,000 Omo pastoralists, cultivators, and hunters still pursue preindustrial lifestyles in a region that until now has been judged by outsiders too scrubby and remote for exploitation. Possessing few items from the modern world besides plastic jerry cans for carrying water, the men, women, and children here ritually adorn themselves to express status and tribal identity, sculpting their hair with animal fat and clay, scarifying limbs and torsos, wearing jewellery of beads, bone, and metal, and painting their entire bodies with white minerals, black charcoal, and red and yellow ochre. The unlikely survival of these customs and of still-authentic rituals such as bull jumping and gladiatorial stick fighting attracts a few hardy missionaries, anthropologists, and, increasingly, photographers and curious travellers.
The significance of the Omo tribes is more profound than their visual appeal. Amid layers of cracked mud and volcanic tuff along the Lower Omo's banks, paleontologists have discovered precious remnants of our shared heritage: the oldest known remains of anatomically modern humans, who hunted and gathered here an astonishing 195,000 years ago. DNA analysis suggests that every person now living is related to a single woman from the Omo Valley; some who travelled away and some who remained. Those relatives who remained behind branched into fourteen genetically distinct founder populations from which all African ethnic groups descend. If Ethiopia is humanity's womb, the Omo River is its umbilical cord.
Peoples with Proud Traditions
Nowhere in the world is as well endowed with traditional and tribal cultures than Ethiopia. Our cultural expeditions take you into this remote region of the African continent, where you will be immersed in an array of tribal lifestyles. Many are like living museums and it is often hard to draw the line between participant and observer.
Kara woman preparing coffee.
Spanning the border of Ethiopia and Kenya (in a remote enclave of the Great Rift Valley) lies the Omo Delta – a forgotten corner of Africa. Here travellers can glimpse the continent as the early explorers found it: an Africa peopled by exotic tribes proud of their traditional lifestyles and ancient customs. Central to these pastoralist cultures are their herds of cattle and goats: people dress in clothes made from animal skins; blood mixed with milk is a staple drink; and a man's wealth is judged by the size of his herds. Body scarification, female circumcision, infanticide and tribal conflicts are just some of the cruel realities of life.
Keloids left by the whipping are a proud sign for life.
The first and predominant reason that the Omo Valley is like nowhere else on earth is due to the multiplicity and strength of the indigenous cultures that exist here. Not many other places (if any) have so many different groups of people still following the traditional lives of their ancestors with such earnest and in such close proximity.
The men form a ring around the women.
The tribes that live in the Omo Valley are among the most fascinating tribes on the continent and around the world. Venturing into these communities and staying among them is akin to receiving a privileged initiation into a forgotten world. In the Omo Valley it feels like time has stood still.
Goats are the "small change" for daily village use.
The people of the Omo Valley region are extremely sophisticated in their skills, rituals and lifestyles – they have to be; for in this harsh, arid and scorching environment survival isn't easy. A highlight of any trip here is witnessing one of the many festivals that are an integral part of their traditional culture.
Kara women dancing around the village fire.
When it comes to human cultures, Ethiopia has an embarrassment of riches. There are the Suri, Mursi, Kara, Hamar and Dassanech; whose ancient customs and traditions have remained almost entirely intact. A highlight of any trip here is witnessing one of the many festivals that are an integral part of the traditional culture, from age-old ceremonies marking rites of passage to Christian celebrations of singular passion, the impact upon those who witness such events can provide travel memories to last a lifetime. And the longer you spend here, the deeper the respect for the people you have.
Tribes of the Omo River
Renowned the world over for its decorated tribes, the Omo Valley is a stop on many a tourist route in Ethiopia. But visits to the area can cross ethical boundaries, and few tourists are allowed the pleasure of a genuine experience with local people.
Ethiopia's Omo Valley is one of the wildest and most ethnically diverse places on Earth. Sadly, development and the ravages of modernization are threatening these unique peoples, and as such the Omo Valley tribes is a 'capture it while you can' destination. This harsh and inhospitable place has over ten distinctly different tribes existing within a 38 mile / 60 km radius each with its own unique language, clothing, hairstyles and bodily ornamentation.
The Suri tribe, who due to their remoteness, are one of the least visited of the Omo Valley's tribes. They are pastoralists, placing much value on their cattle, which they protect vigorously against theft from neighbouring tribes. The Suri tribe, however, also steal livestock from their enemies, and in recent times there has been more pressure on their grazing lands due to input of people from adjacent Sudan who have been displaced by civil war, resulting in not-infrequent fighting in the area.
The Suri people do not make wood-carvings, statues etc., and instead are renowned for their incredibly ornate decoration of themselves, which they achieve through painting, scarification and adornment. The paintings are dynamic artworks varying greatly in design, and are truly fascinating to photograph! Virtually no area of the body is left out, and nakedness is a standard and acceptable part of daily life for the Suri, who regard Westerners concept of clothing with fascination!
Possibly more famously, Suri women, like Mursi tribe women, wear lip plates. In her early twenties, an unmarried woman's lower lip will be pierced and then progressively stretched over the period of a year. A clay disc, which has its edge indented like a pulley wheel, is squeezed into the hole in the lip. As the lip stretches, a succession of ever-larger discs are forced in until the lip, now a loop, is so long it can sometimes be pulled right over the owner's head! The size of the lip plate determines the bride price with a large one bringing in fifty head of cattle. The Suri women make the lip plates from clay, colouring them with ochre and charcoal and baking them in a fire.
Another famous component of Suri tribal life is stick-fighting, known as Donga. At a fight, each male contestant is armed with a hardwood pole about six feet long and with a weight of just less than two pounds. The men paint their bodies with a mixture of chalk and water before the fight. In the attacking position, this pole is gripped at its base with both hands, the left above the right in order to give maximum swing and leverage. Each player beats his opponent with his stick as many times as possible with the intention of knocking him down, and eliminating him from the game. Players are usually unmarried men.
The winner is carried away on a platform of poles to a group of girls waiting at the side of the arena who decide among themselves which of them will ask for his hand in marriage. Taking part in a stick fight is considered to be more important than winning it.
The Hamar tribe is one of the most well-known Omo Valley tribes in Southern Ethiopia. They inhabit the territory east of the Omo River and have villages in both Turmi and Dimeka. They are especially well known for their unique rituals, including a cattle-leaping ceremony that the young men have to undergo in order to reach adulthood and to marry.
The Hamar "burkule" neck ring symbol of a " first wife".
They are a highly 'superstitious' people and are known for one of the most bizarre rituals on Earth. This is when the women allow themselves to be whipped by the male members of their family as a symbol of their love! The scars of such encounters are conspicuously evident on the bodies of all Hamar tribe women.
These Hamar tribe women take great pride in their appearance and wear traditional dresses consisting of a brown goatskin skirt adorned with dense vertical rows of red and yellow beads. Their hair is characteristically fixed in dense ringlets with butterfat mixed with red ochre. They also wear many bracelets and necklaces fashioned of beads or metal, depending on their age, wealth and marital status. The men wear woven cloth wrapped around their waists, and many elders wear delicately coloured clay head caps that are fashioned into their hair and adorned with an ostrich feather.
The young Hamar tribe men are famous for their "Evangadi dance" and "Bull jumping" ceremony (it is as part of this ceremony that the afore-mentioned whipping occurs). This ritual entails young men who wish to marry jumping over a line of bulls, thereby proving their worth to their intended bride's family. It also signifies their advent into adulthood.
"Bulla" or Bull jumping, the right of passage for Hamar men.
The Kara tribe lives along the east bank of the Omo River and practice flood retreat cultivation, their main crops being maize, sorghum and beans. Unlike the other Omo valley tribes, they keep only a small number of cattle due to the prevalence of tsetse flies. Like many of the Ethiopian tribes in the Omo, they paint their bodies and faces with white chalk to prepare for any ceremonies. The chalk is mixed with yellow rock, red iron ore and charcoal to make its requisite colour. Facemasks are worn at times and they have clay hair buns adorned with feathers.
Te Kara (Karo) are the smallest of the Omo tribes.
Scarification is also an important part in the Kara tribe people's lives. This includes the complete scarification of a man's chest with which to indicate that he has killed an enemy or dangerous animal (Amongst the Kara tribe, killing one's enemies isn't viewed as an act of murder, but as an act of honour!).
Kara elders.
This scarification process involves lightly slicing the skin with knives or razor blades and then rubbing ash into the open wounds to produce a permanently raised effect. The Kara tribe women have decoratively-scarred abdomens, which are considered sensual and very desirable.
The Mursi Tribe is famous for the clay lip plates that the women insert in their lower lips; the Mursi tribe is probably one of the last Omo Valley tribes in Africa amongst whom it is still the norm for women to wear these large pottery or wooden discs or plates.
Mursi women are expected to wear their lip plates whenever strangers are around.
Similar to the Suir tribe, the lip plate (dhebi a tugoin) has become the chief visible distinguishing characteristic of the fascinating Mursi tribe people. The Mursi tribe as we know them today are the product of a large-scale migratory movement of cattle herding peoples in the general direction of the Ethiopian highlands. The Mursi tribe people attribute overwhelming cultural importance to cattle. Almost every significant social relationship – particularly marriage – is marked and authenticated by exchanging cattle. The "Bride wealth" (ideally consisting of 38 head of cattle) is handed over by the groom's family to the bride's father, who must meet the demands of a wide range of relatives from different clans. This ensures that cattle are continually redistributed around the community, thereby helping to provide for the long-term economic security of individuals as well as their families.
The Dassanech are the most southerly tribe living in Ethiopia's Omo valley. The lands of the Dassanech are semi-arid and they live where the Omo delta enters Lake Turkana. Their name means People of the Delta.
Cattle are central to the lives of the Dassanech, just as they are for the other tribes of the Omo valley. As well as meat, milk, leather for clothing, houses and mattresses, they provide status in the tribe, and the bride-wealth that allows a man to marry. The Dassanech tribe is not strictly defined by ethnicity. Over time the tribe has absorbed a wide range of different peoples and it's now divided in to eight main clans. Each clan has its own identity and customs, its own responsibilities towards the rest of the tribe and is linked to a particular territory.
The largest clan is the Galbur, or Water and Crocodile clan. The Dassanech believe its members have the power over both water and crocodiles and are responsible for treating diseases throughout the tribe. The Turat clan is responsible for dealing with burns from fire. They have power to ward off snakes and cure many diseases, and also have the ability to keep their enemies away from their animals. Another important clan is Turnyerim, which has powers over drought. They pray for rains during dry periods and they can also cure snakebites by spitting on the wound. Other clans claim to have healing power over eye infections, scorpion bites, muscular problems, and so on. Members of the same clan are forbidden from marrying or indeed dancing with each other.
Men wear capes of Leopard, Cheetah and Serval cat, and headresses of Ostrich feathers.
Dassanech women wear clothes made from leather. The men wear sarong–like garments. Both men and women of the tribe adorn themselves with beads and bracelets. Men can often be seen carrying a small stool or headrest, which is pretty ubiquitous in this southern region. The extensive scarification of the Dassanech men means that they have killed an enemy in battle.
A Dassenech warrior who has clearly killed many.
One of the most important ceremonial events is the Dimmi. The Dimmi ritual is a tradition associated with the blessing of the first born daughters. Dimmi is performed when the girl reaches the age of 8-10. Each clan has their own special site where they perform the ritual. Girls of the same age and clan are blessed together. Before the ritual begins, temporary huts are built. Goats and cattle will be brought to slaughter at the ceremony. The girls' fathers are expected to be well decorated. The blessing is made by a group of elders known as 'buls'. The main purpose of the blessing is to ensure the girls fertility in their future life. Following the ceremony the father becomes an elder.
The Omo Delta of southwest Ethiopia is one of the least accessible and least developed parts of East Africa. To a Western mind, the life of the people of the Omo Valley and Kenya's northern frontier district appears unimaginably primitive. It is certainly hard, and at times harsh, but you will witness fabulously rich and diverse cultures, content in their existence, clear about their values and in tune with the environment.
There is so much individual beauty found within and between the different cultures, as reflected by their spectacular bodily adornment. However the reality of photographing the tribes of Ethiopia is so much more than simply capturing images of the wildly varied peoples of the valley. It is about connecting with the people – with the tribes – whose traditions are being tested by a fast-changing world, while simultaneously experiencing ancient and beautiful cultures that may not be here in the near future.
Join Origins Safaris on the most amazing cultural expedition of your life. You will see customs, cultures and lifestyles totally unaffected by the western world and you will feel nothing but sheer privilege at being able to travel amongst them. To travel to Ethiopia's remote Omo River Valley is to wade into a morass of moral ambiguities. You will be on a safari where people—not wildlife—are the attraction. You will observe traditions that seem exotic, and at times shocking.
About Origins Safaris
Origins Safaris specialises in cultural expeditions, wildlife safaris and self-discovery projects beyond the beaten track in eastern and central Africa. At Origins Safaris we are passionate about wildlife, cultural heritage, adventure and exploration. We customize each and every safari to your personal requirements and expectations, ensuring an exclusive, unique and authentic experience every time.
Origins Safaris is a family business, founded in 1963 by Don and Margaret Turner. It is managed today by two subsequent generations of the family, and predominantly by Don's son, Steve. We are so much more than just a travel broker – our years of experience, professionalism and reliability means that we go the all important extra mile, to make sure your dream safari is safe, memorable, educational and most of all great fun. We are renowned for our meticulous safari planning from start to finish, and the highest standards of natural history.
A visitor with some Kara women.
Origins Safaris provide that crucial "sound advice and impeccable service" so seldom found by other companies. We have 50+ years of authentic African safari experience and the know-how to make your trip run as smoothly as possible.
Let Origins Safaris help you to experience this extraordinary untouched African wilderness. Contact us on https://originsafaris.com/cultural-immersions/ for more information.
Origins Safaris – Authentic African Experiences Since 1963
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The Sahara & Zakouma - Chad
March…2019 (4 places left)
Chad has is a country full of adventure and an experience that visitors never forget – Chad is 'Africa for the hardcore'. Travel here is tough – many of the roads are broken due to years of conflict and lack of maintenance. There are few comfortable hotels and added to that, the summer heat is mind-melting.
So why bother, you may ask? Well, we could list the sublime oases lost in the northern deserts, tell you about the stampeding herds of wildlife in the national parks or the deep blue lure of a boat trip on Lake Chad. But let's be honest about it, these things alone aren't why people come to Chad. Chad offers an opportunity to break emphatically with a comfortable Western world and come to a place that promises experiences, good and bad, that you'll be recalling forever.
The Ennedi desert is an adventure through remote and breathtaking landscapes that sums up our ethos, and takes you to places that few western travellers have ever been. This part of the Sahara offers a vast collection of sandstone mountains sculpted by the wind and sand over millennia into stunning rock formations and arches. Here, you can enter the land of the Tubu; one of Africa's most traditional and least known people, who live amongst a myriad of petroglyphs and rock paintings from generations before. A video for you to watch is on this link: Watch Video
Nearby the Zakouma National Park is a park of extremes and abundance – we encounter flocks of tens of millions of red-billed quelea flying to roost, and is the last stronghold of a thriving population of Kordofan Giraffe, Roan Antelope, Tiang and a host of other somewhat unusual antelope species being hunted by a healthy Lion population. Herewith a link to a video on Zakouma: Watch Video
This is on my bucket list. Please send me details of a safari that includes this component
Click here for more Information about Chad
Lowland Gorillas & Forest Elephants, RCA
3 March 2019 – Space Available (With Zakouma extension)
21 April 2019 – Space Available
22 March 2020 – Space Available (With Zakouma extension)
The Central African Republic (CAR) is a country with staggering rare natural beauty and some of the world's most amazing wildlife. It's one of the best places in Africa for encounters with forest elephant and lowland gorillas, and the best places in the world, some say, to see butterflies. It's also one of the most impoverished and least developed countries on the continent.
Dzanga Bai is a Garden of Eden in the dense Central African Rainforests. It is a clearing in the middle of nowhere, with a tree platform, where large herds of Forest Elephant (especially bulls in musth ready to fight and looking for fertile females) and other species, such as Sitatunga, Bongo, Red Forest Buffalo and even Lowland Gorilla come to drink, feed, search for salt and socialize. It is quite an amazing spectacle for even the most seasoned African traveller.
Click here for more Information about The Central African Republic
Cultural & Tribal Group Trip, Ethiopia
5th – 24th July 2019
Nowhere in the world is as well-endowed with traditional and tribal cultures as Ethiopia. Our typical cultural expedition takes you into this remote region of the African continent where you will be immersed into an array of tribal lifestyles and biblical-like living museums. You will also enjoy 'street level culture' with a fascinating blend of cafes, bars, sidewalk musicians, small galleries and bistros; where it is hard to draw the line between participant and observer, or between creativity and its creators. This trip will include the following incredible attractions: the picturesque and historic town of Lalibela (The Coptic Christian's "New Jerusalem"), the colourful town of Harer (Africa's most holy Islamic city), the night-life of Addis, the Dassanech Dimi Ceremony, the Suri Stick Fighters, Hamar bull jumping, The Mursi & the cradle of mankind, the Nyangatom, and the Kara – masters of paint.
After several years of "no foreigner access" to the amazing Donga stick sighting of the Suri in Ethiopia, I am thrilled to say that this door has now re-opened, and all of our trips to the Suri this last season (June to August) have all been lucky enough to experience this awesome spectacle. A quick video clip: Watch Video
So, why not join Origins on the most amazing cultural expedition of your life, to see people and lifestyles totally unaffected by the western world. You will feel nothing but sheer privilege at being able to travel amongst them. HOWEVER, if you are inconvenienced by spartan accommodation or are apprehensive in unfamiliar situations, then this expedition is not for you!Top of Form
Click here for more Information about Ethiopia
Gerewol Ceremony, Chad
4th – 23rd September 2019
This is possibly Africa's most spectacular tribal festival. Every year, after the rainy season, the nomadic Bororo (Fulani) people, with roots lost in prehistoric times, meet in secret areas of the Sahel, straddling Niger, Chad and Cameroon, to celebrate. The men devote their time to show off and display their best physical features and celebrate. This is a crucial time to exchange news, make friends, and have love affairs. Click on the link for a quick video clip: Watch Video
Tigrai by Helicopter, Ethiopia
2nd – 28th October 2019
During October 2017, Origins Safaris will be positioning Phil Mathews with his EC130 B4 Eurocopter in the Tigrai region of Northern Ethiopia, providing an exclusive opportunity to guests travelling in the region over the optimum season. Our exceptional itinerary highlights the spectacular scenery, endemic wildlife and lesser known historical sites that remain exclusive to travel by helicopter. These will not only include the historic and picturesque town of Lalibela, the spectacular Tekezze Gorge, the Mountain churches of Tigrai, the inaccessible regions of the Danakil Depression, but also full overnight stops on the top of The Simien Mountains, and the caldera of Erta Ale Volcano, to totally immerse yourself in such a spectacular region. Herewith a video of a helicopter ride in Ethiopia: Watch Video
This is on my bucket list. Please send me details of a safari that includes this component.
About Benin
The birthplace of voodoo and a pivotal platform of the slave trade for nearly three centuries, Benin is steeped in a rich and complex history still very much in evidence across the country. A visit to this small, club-shaped nation would therefore not be complete without exploring the Afro-Brazilian heritage of Ouidah, Abomey and Porto Novo, learning about spirits and fetishes. But Benin will also wow visitors with its natural beauty, from the palm-fringed beach idyll of the Atlantic coast to the rugged scenery of the north. The Parc National de la Pendjari is one of the best wildlife parks in West Africa. Lions, cheetahs, leopards, elephants and hundreds of other species thrive here.
In fact, Benin is wonderfully tourist friendly compared to most of its neighbours. There are good roads, a wide range of accommodation options and ecotourism initiatives that offer travellers the chance to delve deeper into Beninese life. Now is an ideal time to go because the country sits on the cusp of discovery.
Benin has varied resources of wildlife comprising flora and fauna, which are primarily protected in its two contiguous protected areas of the Pendjari National Park and W National Park. The former is known for many species of avifauna and the latter park is rich in mammals and predators.
About The Central African Republic
The Central African Republic is a landlocked nation within the interior of the African continent that consists of flat or rolling plateau savanna. In the south west, where the Sangha River flows close to the Republic of Congo, exists a truly unique and special expanse of rainforest. This is the world of the Dzanga-Ndoki National Park – this protected area has gained international importance and it contains the last unlogged forest and intact fauna in the country.
The Central African Republic is home to many different species from the beautiful blue headed doves to the sleek and slender serval. In the savannah regions you can find lions, cheetahs, leopards, baboons, antelope, buffalo, and other species of insects, amphibians and reptiles. In the dense Congo jungle you can find the smaller forest elephants, gorillas, chimpanzees, leopards, and other primates. Located in the rivers you cannot forget the crocodiles, hippos and large variety of fish species. A special population of "Bili" apes is also established within the Congo region; this particular type of chimp is larger than their cousins and they also build their nests on the ground instead of in the trees. The Black Rhino also inhabits the area, one of the last niches this rare species can be found.
About Chad
Chad has always been someplace where travellers wave goodbye to their comfort zone and say hello to adventure. Put simply, Chad is a country and an experience that visitors never forget. If Ghana and Gambia are ' Africa for beginners', Chad is 'Africa for the hardcore'. At the moment terrorism and violence has put the dampeners on even the most ambitious travel adventures here.
Even when at peace, travel here is tough. Many of the roads are broken due to years of conflict and lack of maintenance. There are few comfortable hotels and added to that, the summer heat is mind-melting and travel costs can be astronomical.
So why ever bother, you may ask? Well, we could list the sublime oases lost in the northern deserts, tell you about the stampeding herds of wildlife in the national parks or the deep blue lure of a boat trip on Lake Chad. But let's be honest about it, these things alone aren't why people come to Chad. Chad offers an opportunity to break emphatically with a comfortable Western world and come to a place that promises experiences, good and bad, that you'll be recalling forever.
Chad is best described as having broad, arid plains in the center, desert in the north, mountains in the northwest and lowlands in the south. Chad's animal and plant life correspond to the three climatic zones. Chad is home to an abundance of different animals. There are 134 species of mammals -17 of which are becoming endangered – and 588 species of birds in residence. While Chad is primarily composed of deserts in the north, to the South there are fertile grasslands which provide a suitable habitat for grazing animals such as buffalo, rhinoceroses, giraffes and antelopes to dwell in. The birds that live in Chad range from the flightless ostriches to the wetland dwelling herons.
About The Democratic Republic of Congo
Of all the countries of Africa, the Democratic Republic of Congo is the closest to "Tarzan's Africa". You can very easily imagine him swinging on a vine right in front of you as you travel through this country, visited more by adventurers than tourists. No one goes there to rest and sit in a chair for a couple of weeks. Congo is an experience and asks for active people who (with respect for nature and local culture) like to learn, observe and have no objection against social contact.
Located in central Africa, the Democratic Republic of Congo covers more than 2.3 million square km. More than half of the country is covered by dense rainforests. It is two thirds the size of Europe with only 450 km of paved road – an area of vast jungles and dark corners, scattered outposts and tribal strong-holds, equatorial rainforests and active volcanoes – truly one of the most untamed countries on the surface of the earth.
The rainforests of the Democratic Republic of Congo contain great biodiversity, including many rare and endemic species, such as both species of chimpanzee: the common chimpanzee and the bonobo (also known as the Pygmy Chimpanzee), mountain gorillas, okapi and white rhino. Five of the country's national parks are listed as World Heritage Sites: the Garumba, Kahuzi-Biega, Salonga and Virunga National Parks, and the Okapi Wildlife Reserve. The civil war and resultant poor economic conditions have endangered much of this biodiversity. All five sites are listed by UNESCO as 'World Heritage In Danger'.
About The Republic of Congo
A land of steamy jungles hiding half the world's lowland gorillas, masses of forest elephants, and hooting, swinging troops of chimpanzees; the Congo (not to be confused with the Democratic Republic of Congo across the Congo River) is on the cusp of becoming one of the finest ecotourism destinations in Africa. Parc National Nouabalé-Ndoki and Parc National d'Odzala are two of the most pristine forest reserves on the continent and between them they are arguably the highlight of the whole of Central Africa.
The Republic of Congo (Brazzaville) is a surprising Central African gem with seemingly endless pristine tropical forest and fingers of moist savannah covering its interior. Nearly 150 distinct ethnic groups exist in the Congo and the region's Ba'Aka people are among the most well known representatives of an ancient hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Their lives and well-being are linked intimately with the forest. A mosaic of rivers, forests, savannahs, swamps and flooded forests, the Congo Basin is teeming with life. There are approximately 10, 000 species of tropical plants and 30 percent are unique to the region.
About South Sudan
Although South Sudan is one of the lesser-known nations in the world, the very fact that South Sudan is so undiscovered is what makes it likely to attract the first intrepid visitors here. Tourism in South Sudan is a very new field, however the rewards for those adventurous spirits who are up to the challenge, are immeasurable. South Sudan is a diverse country boasting a wealth of tribal groups and is an anthropologist's dream. Wildlife buffs can get excited over the vast numbers of large mammals that appear to have survived the decades of war relatively unharmed, trekkers may take on the challenge of the Imatong Mountains on the bountiful border of Uganda, whilst other travellers may dream of following the White Nile across the length of the world's newest country and its unique splendour.
The White Eared Kob migration in Southern Sudan is one of the biggest animal migrations in the world and has been described as more spectacular than other migrations on the African continent and that its scale may exceed that of Tanzania's Serengeti. Boma National Park provide a habitat for large populations of kob and topis (two types of antelope), buffalo, elephants, giraffes, Hartebeests (another antelope), and lions. Southern Sudan's forest reserves also provided habitat for bongo (also an antelope), giant forest hogs, red river hogs, forest elephants, chimpanzees, and forest monkeys.
About Kenya
"Jambo na Karibuni" ("Hello & Welcome"). This friendly Swahili greeting will be your introduction to all the new friends and acquaintances you make on safari in Kenya. As you plan for the safari ahead we suggest you run through the information that follows so that you get the very most out of your safari. Kenya is rightfully described as "All of Africa in One Country", and it is exactly that. It is a fact that Kenya enjoys some of the world's greatest environmental diversity resulting in unparalleled species and sub-species varieties.
Kenya is simply the best wildlife viewing destination in Africa. People from all over the world are drawn here by its essence: the chance to immerse yourself in the spectacle of the big game: the predators and the prey ritually entwined in a cycle of life and death. Kenya straddles the Equator with geography ranging from snow capped Mt. Kenya, the second highest mountain in Africa, to lush tropical rainforest and golden sands at sea level. Kenya is a land of contrasts and extremes: a country with an extraordinary variety of landscapes and locations, all of them striking in their own particular way. It has earned the epithet 'the cradle of mankind' for the discovery of archaeological evidence of the earliest origins of mankind. Kenya not only boasts every known landform but also a wealth of animal and bird life which owes its very existence to the contrasts in the country's terrain. You do not have to be an ornithologist to enjoy its one thousand species of birds or a zoologist to be amazed by its variety of animals – birds range from the beautiful to the bizarre and the wildlife from the weird to the wonderful…
We are among the last generations to have the opportunity to experience the vanishing cultures of East Africa. Kenya is the tribal home to 40 different ethnic groups, many still living exactly as their ancestors did thousands of years ago. You can immerse yourself in the ways and culture of some of Africa's proudest and most striking tribes.
Kenya has 480 kilometres of Indian Ocean coastline and a coral fringe reef, which is home to a colourful plethora of marine life. You can explore its balmy waters by dhow, yacht or powerboat; dive, snorkel and swim in the clear azure waters over fabulous coral beds; hunt for Marlin, Tuna and Sailfish or explore the mangrove swamps and creeks where the cycle begins. The coast is home to a striking mix of people and cultures with beautiful ancient architecture contrasting with the modern day bustle of the 21st century.
About Tanzania
Tanzania is a true wilderness. Over a quarter of this magnificent country is dedicated to incredibly wild and beautiful national parks and reserves – it is East Africa at its best. Tanzania is a land of superlatives: the deepest, the highest, the largest, and the oldest. Tarangire, Manyara, Ngorongoro, Serengeti and Loliondo – which make up the famed "Northern Circuit" – tempt you with a million-strong Wildebeest migration, a huge volcanic caldera, a flamingo-rimmed lake, rhino, buffalo, black-maned tree-climbing lions and elephant bathing in rivers. Experience the Ngorongoro Crater, a unique ecosystem isolated from the rolling savannahs that surround it.
Tanzania is dominated by Kilimanjaro; one of the world's most massive extinct volcano's and Africa's highest mountain. It soars some 15,000 feet above the surrounding arid plains, and 2.5 square miles of its surface ascends to over 18,500 feet.
Tanzania is home to 35 species of antelope and over 1.5 million wildebeest – over 80% of the total population in Africa…. Famous parks such as the Serengeti and the Ngorongoro Conservation Area offer some of the best safari opportunities in Africa. The Serengeti plains alone support over 3 million animals whilst the Ngorongoro Crater hosts the greatest concentration of large mammals in Africa on the floor of an extinct volcano; a natural refuge for big game. Whilst these two parks are the best known, there are many others that offer more diverse opportunities for the more adventurous. Parks such as the Ruaha and Selous Reserve are huge and relatively untouched. The incredible wilderness of the Miombo woodlands in Southern Tanzania offers dramatically changing scenery and wildlife. And the exotic lure of the islands; Pemba & Zanzibar, are incredible 'getaway' destinations.
Lying between Lake Natron and Lake Eyasi the Olduvai Gorge is one of East Africa's most amazing archaeological hotspots, where Drs. Louis and Mary Leakey discovered Homo Habilis (Handy Man); a 1.8 million year old fossil, whose bones were discovered in the wall of the Gorge. Early hominid footprints, estimated to be 3.5 million years old, were discovered at Laetoli by Dr Mary Leakey here in 1979.
Chad is best described as having broad, arid plains in the center, desert in the north, mountains in the northwest and lowlands in the south. Chad's animal and plant life correspond to the three climatic zones. Chad is home to an abundance of different animals. There are 134 species of mammals -17 of which are becoming endangered – and 588 species of birds in residence. One of Chad's most prominent mammals is the Red River Hog, or Bush Pig, along with the African Bush Elephant, the Cape Hyrax, and a type of old-world monkey called the Mantled Guereza. While Chad is primarily composed of deserts in the north, to the South there are fertile grasslands which provide a suitable habitat for grazing animals such as buffalo, rhinoceroses, giraffes and antelopes to dwell in. The birds that live in Chad range from the flightless ostriches to the wetland dwelling herons.
Uganda – "The Pearl of Africa" – is one of East Africa's better kept secrets. It has long been a favourite haunt for back-packers. Uganda has it all: remote wilderness areas, breathtaking scenery, extraordinary cultural diversity and incredible wildlife. Uganda is one of East Africa's better kept secrets. It has long been a favourite haunt for back-packers. In the past its tourism strengths have often been ignored in favour of its sexier neighbours… in fact Uganda has it all: remote wilderness areas, breathtaking scenery, extraordinary cultural diversity and incredible wildlife.
It is a lush, green country straddling the equator. The country's dominating feature is water: the vast blue of Lake Victoria, the ever-flowing river Nile, Lakes Edward, George and Albert, and the expansive network of wetlands and marsh. Dramatic mountains punctuate the landscape: the snow- capped Rwenzori Mountains (Ptolemy's famous 'Mountains of the Moon'), the volcanic ranges of the southwest, and the massive Mount Elgon in the East of the country.
Uganda is a shameless cross-dresser – here lush tropical rainforest and 'jungle' snatch your attention away from miles of arid savannah on par with its more famous rivals the Mara & Serengeti. Tourism musts include: Murchison Falls, the Mountains of the Moon and Africa's greatest river; The Nile – all form part of the mystique that drew explorers, pioneers and settlers from across the world to compete for this beautiful country in the famous 'Scramble for Africa' in the 19th century.
Uganda is where the East African savannah meets the West African jungle. Where else but in this impossibly lush country can one observe lions prowling the open plains in the morning and track chimpanzees through the rainforest undergrowth the same afternoon, then the next day navigate tropical channels teeming with hippos and crocodiles before setting off into the misty mountains to stare deep into the eyes of a mountain gorilla? Certainly, Uganda is the only safari destination whose range of forest primates is as impressive as its selection of plains antelopes. And this verdant biodiversity is further attested to by Uganda's status as by far the smallest of the four African countries whose bird checklist tops the 1,000 mark.
Rwanda is a mountainous country with a moist, temperate year-round climate. Its conical mountains and shrouded equatorial jungles have helped it earn the well-deserved nickname as the "Land of a Thousand Hills". Rwanda is the most densely populated country in Africa and the country carries the burden of recent history following an infamous civil war. Mention Rwanda to anyone with a small geopolitical conscience and that person will no doubt recall images of the horrific genocide that brutalized this tiny country in 1994. But since then a miraculous transformation has been wrought and today the country is one of tribal unity, political stability and a promising future. Visitors to Rwanda are now openly amazed at how far the country has come and how willing its people are to talk about and regret the terrible happenings of the past.
Rwanda has a number of unique delights to offer travellers: Parc National des Volcans in the Virunga volcanoes is home to the Mountain Gorillas to which Dian Fossey dedicated her life. Nyungwe Forest National Park is one of the world's most majestic and pristine mountain rainforests. It is believed to be one of Africa's oldest and largest forests remaining in Central Africa. Home to chimpanzees and 12 other primates species (including a 400-strong troop of Ruwenzori Black and White Colobus Monkeys as well as a rich variety of orchids. Akagera National Park is central Africa's largest protected wetland and the last remaining refuge for savannah-adapted species in Rwanda. The rolling highlands, vast plains and swamp fringed lakes of this north-eastern territory contain a rich biodiversity and are home to a number of rare species, such as the shoebill stork. With more than 12,000 large mammals and 482 bird species, this breath-taking landscape is every nature lover's wildest dream. Finally Lake Kivu is one of a string of huge fresh water lakes which lie along Africa's Great Rift Valley. Lake Kivu is Rwanda's largest lake, and the sixth largest lake in Africa that is home to a large variety of birds.
Nowhere in the world is as well-endowed with traditional and tribal cultures as Ethiopia. Our typical cultural expedition takes you into this remote region of the African continent where you will be immersed into an array of tribal lifestyles and biblical-like living museums. You will also enjoy 'street level culture' with a fascinating blend of cafes, bars, sidewalk musicians, small galleries and bistros; where it is hard to draw the line between participant and observer, or between creativity and its creators. So, why not join Origins on the most amazing cultural expedition of your life, to see people and lifestyles totally unaffected by the western world. You will feel nothing but sheer privilege at being able to travel amongst them. HOWEVER, if you are inconvenienced by spartan accommodation or are apprehensive in unfamiliar situations, then this expedition is not for you!
A journey through Ethiopia's historic route is a trip back in time. From the reign of King Solomon, Ethiopia (then known as Abyssinia) was the epicenter of religious mystique and the supposed resting place for the Arc of the Covenant. Rumours and mystery are interwoven with history and heritage: the Knights Templar, the so-called Crusaders, came here in search of their Holy Grail.
Although Ethiopia's rich cultural history may be the primary focus – the sheer breathtaking beauty of this country's scenery overwhelms your senses and embeds itself in your mind's eye. Every journey is a visual feast. The spectacular highlands are a haven for endemic and endangered species such as the Simien Wolf, the Walia Ibex, the Gelada Baboon and the Lammergeyer Vulture.
Your journey becomes a quest to absorb and understand the myths and religious crusades that have dominated this land: from the incredible rock-hewn underground churches of Lalibela ('A prayer in Stone') and the numerous festivals that happen throughout the year, to the dizzying heights of the Simien Mountain Range (described by one writer as 'the chess pieces of the Gods') or the spectacular Danakil Depression – the hottest place on earth. The Ethiopian experience is multi-dimensional and intense.
Kenyan Guides
The Turner's have a long and established history with Africa. Steve's upbringing in the wildernesses of East Africa fostered a very special and dedicated interest and extensive knowledge in not only natural history, but also the communities who live within these rich environments. He has travelled widely throughout the region with and without guests searching for similar experiences – including a massive 25,000 kms photographic expedition taking some 6 months across north, west and central Africa. His passion for culture, wildlife and nature has taken him and his guests throughout the African continent, and as far afield as Australia, Asia, The Amazon, The Arctic and Antarctica. He is one of the few Gold certified guides in East Africa.
SELEMPO EDWIN LESOINE
'Known as Selempo' for short, (pronounced – "Sell–em-po"), Edwin is a Maasai, and is one of Kenya's top ornithological guides with massive experience and knowledge of bird species in the more remote areas of East Africa; he currently leads birding safaris in Kenya and Rwanda. Additionally Edwin is an all round guide with great knowledge on the smaller creatures that are often ignored in the shadow of big game, reptiles, amphibians, dragonflies, butterflies and wild flowers. Multi-talented, mild and a fascinating guide and raconteur, Selempo is one of the few Gold members of the Kenya Professional Guides Association (KPSGA). As a member of the board of directors, he regularly sits on the examination committee to set and invigilate.
STANLEY KARITHI
Stanley is Kikuyu by tribe and grew up on his family farm in Nakuru in the Great Rift Valley. He is one of our top guides: a fully qualified, silver member of the Kenya Professional Safari Guides Association. Stanley enjoys the diversity of cultures and influences that his job exposes him to – he strongly believes that he learns something new with every trip he guides from the clients in his group. He is an extremely sought after and popular guide – a true 'people person'. He enjoys meeting visitors and sharing stories of his upbringing, culture and typical family life in Kenya also sharing traditional songs in Swahili.
ZACHARY METHU MBUTHIA
Zachary Methu Mbuthia is from North Kinangop and is a Kenya Professional Safari Guides Association (KPSGA) silver member. Zachary joined Origins Safaris in 2005 as an expert in ornithology and an accomplished all-round driver-guide. Due to Zachary's love and passion for nature, he has proved to be a wonderful guide in all the other areas of guiding, which include wildlife, culture and history of Kenya.
PETER LIECH ADEDE
A love for Africa and its wildlife is in Peter's blood. Peter is an accomplished naturalist with broad knowledge of birds, mammals' and plants. He also has a larger than life personality and transforms each game drive into fun, vibrant, informative and life changing experience. He is one of the few Kenyan guides leading anthropological trips to the Northern Kenya – where the Giants trod, for the last of the dying cultural experience, and exploration of origins of mankind sites that yielded hominoids like the 1.5 million years Homo Erectus skull. He is a member of the Kenya Professional Safari Guides Association and holds a Silver medal.
FELIX WAMBUGU
Felix is Kikuyu by tribe and specialises in leading professional photography clients throughout Kenya. He is a member of the Kenya Professional Safari Guides Association and has achieved Silver Level accreditation. Felix is an excellent guide, he has good people skills, a sense of humour and a deep knowledge of the bush, the wildlife, the culture and the different eco-systems.
JOSHUA SONKOYO
Joshua is Maasai by tribeand is now qualified as a bronze level guide with the Kenya Professional Safari Guide Association. Joshua is currently studying for his Silver level exam. Joshua's upbringing gives him deep insight into the Maasai tribe, which he delights in sharing with clients on safari. His knowledge and familiarity with wildlife throughout Kenya and particularly in the Mara makes him an extremely accomplished safari guide.
HENRY MIWANI
Henry is Maasai by tribe and joined Origins Safaris in 2003. He enjoys the variety of clients that he now accompanies on trips. He also enjoys giving Maasai Cultural talks to his clients. He is a member of Kenya Professional Safari Guides Association (KPSGA) and has achieved the Silver Level certification.
Big Game Safari – Kenya
Any Time of Year
Kenya is rightfully described as "All of Africa in One Country" and it is exactly that – it is a fact that Kenya enjoys some of the world's greatest environmental diversity resulting in unparalleled species and sub-species varieties.
Kenya is simply the best wildlife destination in Africa. People from all over the world are drawn here by its essence – the chance to immerse yourself in the spectacle of big game; the predators and prey ritually entwined in a cycle of life and death. Kenya is known for its safaris, diverse climate & geography, expansive wildlife reserves and national parks.
On your luxury Big Game Safari to Kenya you will be visiting some of the most contrasting examples of our Kenyan parks in order to see the extensive range of wildlife and scenery, with stop-overs in Nairobi at either end of your safari, where you will be able to visit the Sheldrick Wildlife Trust Elephant Orphanage.
You will visit the following:
Meru National Park – a wild, beautiful, lesser-known and more private park, beloved of the late George Adamson and his wife Joy.
Samburu National Reserve – a rugged, remote park with some of the most colourful game viewing and 6 species rarely seen elsewhere – Grevy's Zebra, Reticulated Giraffe, Somali Ostrich, Gerenuk, Guenther's Dik Dik and Beisa Oryx.
Ol Pejeta – an award-winning catalyst and model for community conservation and home to a remarkable variety of wildlife including White & Black Rhino.
Maasai Mara National Reserve – a park of wonderful volcanic scenery, rolling grasslands and plenty of game especially during the Great Migration; an amazing spectacle of nearly 2 million zebra & wildebeest move through the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem searching for grass and water.
Join us on an exclusive trip of a lifetime with Big Game Safaris.
Click here for more Information about Kenya
Migration Safari - Tanzania
July – October 2019
Tanzania is a true wilderness – over a quarter of this magnificent country is dedicated to incredibly wild and beautiful national parks and reserves. It is East Africa at its best. Tanzania is also a land of superlatives: it has the deepest, the highest, the largest and the oldest.
Tarangire, Manyara, Ngorongoro, Serengeti and Loliondo, which make up the famed "Northern Circuit", tempt you with a million-strong Wildebeest migration, a huge volcanic caldera, a flamingo rimmed lake, rhino, buffalo, black-maned tree-climbing Lions and elephant bathing in rivers. Experience the Ngorongroro Crater with its unique ecosystem isolated from the rolling savannahs that surround it.
You will also visit Arusha on your you will also visit Arusha on your luxury Migration Safari, which is the gateway to the safari circuit; a small bustling town that exudes a great sense of anticipation and excitement, which sprawls beneath the massive bulk of Mount Meru filled with craft shops selling local artisans' work.
Our exclusive Migration Safari will let you experience the integral and complete wonders of Tanzania.
Click here for more Information about Tanzania
The Sudd Migration, Gambella
27 March 2019 – Space Available.
The Sudd wetlands of southern Sudan and western Ethiopia, nourished by tributaries of the White Nile, are home to an astounding number of white-eared kob – hundreds of thousands of animals – Africa's second-largest mammal migration. Join us on some of the pioneering expeditions into these road-less and inaccessible swamps.
Click here for more Information about Sudan
The Wonders of Voodoo, Benin
29 Dec 2018 – Fully Booked.
5 Jan 2019 – Fully Booked.
19 Jan 2019 – Space Available.
"If you want to plumb the secrets of Voodoo you'll have to wait for the end of the world". These are the words of a Voodoo song. Voodoo is one of the least understood religions of the world. There are fifty million believers just in West Africa alone, but few westerners understand many of its beliefs, which go back thousands of years.
Click here for more Information about Benin
The Cradle of Mankind, Kenya
Space available on "overland group departure", 5-15 Feb 2019.
Private independent departures by helicopter, fixed wing and 4×4 are available throughout the year, pending guide availability.
At Kenya's UNESCO World Heritage sites in the dramatic dusty north of Kenya on the shores of Lake Turkana and the Chalbi desert you can explore "where we all originated from". Where fossils, millions of years old, literally litter the ground – for this the birthplace of our ancestors. Or immerse yourself in the traditional cultures of the tribes who make this dramatic landscape their home.
The Heart of Africa – Zakouma, Chad
9 March 2019 – Space Available (With Dzanga Bai extension)
16 March 2019 – Fully booked (although space on Kob Migration extension)
28 March 2020 – Space Available (With Dzanga Bai extension)
Zakouma is a park of extremes and abundance, we encounter flocks of millions of red-billed quelea flying to roost, tens of thousands of waterbirds on dwindling pans, and thousands of black-crowned cranes flying into the sunset. The big game is plentiful too. The park is the last stronghold of a thriving population of Kordofan giraffe. Roan antelope, tiang and a host of other somewhat unusual antelope species are common, and the parks healthy Lion population, live alongside large herds of Central African Savannah Buffalo. The uniqueness of a safari in Zakouma, is that you are in an untouched part of Africa that few other westerners have experienced
Black Pharaohs, Khartoum
Space available:
Overland, ex Khartoum October 5, 2019.
By Helicopter, ex Khartoum November 18, 2019.
Sudan is simply the original, mysterious and unique destination, still unknown to the most, this is the area where the African and Arabic culture meet. Its ancient history is very much connected to the Egyptian one, where the Nile Rivers meet and then cross the Sahara Desert and along its valley lay interesting archaeological sites of the Egyptian and Meroitic civilizations, most of them are World Heritage protected by Unesco. This is the Land of Kush, home to the Black Pharaohs who's kings and queens built "more pyramids than Egypt" (220 vs 11). The astonishing landscape of the three deserts, associated to the beauty of the Nile Cataracts, the hidden Nubian villages and the welcoming people make of this place an innovative, unexpected destination for the modern day explorer.
Tribes of South Sudan
Although South Sudan is one of the lesser-known nations in the world, the very fact that it is so undiscovered is what makes it likely to attract the first intrepid visitors here. Tourism is a very new field, and of course there is still conflict in some regions of the country, however the rewards for those adventurous spirits who are up to the challenge, are immeasurable as it is a diverse country boasting a wealth of tribal groups.
Conservation Safaris to the Pendjari, Benin
Pendjari National Park in Benin and it's surrounding larger wilderness eco-system is one of the largest remaining wildlife strongholds in West Africa. The park, which spans 4,800 km2, is becoming a safe haven for iconic species thanks to improved law enforcement and stability in the region. Pendjari's expansive landscape contains important wetlands which are critical for many local species including West Africa's largest population of elephant, cheetah, buffalo, and various antelope species. The park is home to more than 460 avian species and the critically endangered West African lion, of which fewer than 400 adults remain, and 100 live in Pendjari. Historically the park has faced major threats, including poaching, demographic pressure on surrounding land, and exponential resource use. But the Benin Government wanted to change this trajectory and chart a different path for this critically important landscape, with the aim of providing better protection for the people and wildlife who live there. By partnering with The African Parks Network, the National Geographic Society, the Wyss Foundation, and the Wildcat Foundation a lifeline has thrown to this little-known but globally important protected area
Marine Safaris in East Africa and the Red Sea
Join us for a group trip in The Red Sea from 29 March to 4 April 2019 and anytime from October to April for our week long Swahili Coast programme.
Our Marine Safaris span across the eastern coast of Africa and the Red Sea, travelling by private live aboard boats to areas that our specialist marine guides know and love. These safaris, conservation quests, vacations and educational experiences take you to unique, lesser known ocean destinations with incredible ecosystems. You shall explore beaches, seagrass beds, mangroves and coral reefs, and you will come face to face with sea turtles, dugong, whales, whale sharks, hammerhead sharks and manta rays. Whether swimming, scuba diving, fishing, sailing, stand up paddle boarding or witnessing marine conservation under a palm tree, the team will immerse you in the ocean's lore, helping you to appreciate its significance in this ever-precarious world. You will leave with a love and respect for the sea, its creatures and all its natural wonders.


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Somerset gastropub wins Good Hotel Guide gong
The Lord Poulett Arms in Hinton St George, Somerset, has been named Gastropub of the Year in the latest edition of The Good Hotel Guide.
Gaucho Grill to float
Gaucho Grill, the renowned steak chain with the most extensive list of Argentinian wine in the UK, is to return to the stock exchange with a valuation of 100 million.
Bordeaux harvest: day 1
Each day we'll be providing updates from the harvest as it progresses across the world's most famous wine region.
[i]Holby City[/i] rapped by Portman Group
TV medical drama Holby City has been blasted by responsible drinking organisation The Portman Group, which claims the show depicted a "highly irresponsible portrayal of excessive and rapid drinking".
Schools to teach alcohol awareness course
Kids to gain half a GCSE in safe drinking course
Almost 60% willing to change drinking habits
According to a new survey, 18-24 year olds and people living in Northern England are the most likely groups in the UK to change or consider changing their drinking habits
Burgundy campaign hits London's roads
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Harpers shortlisted for top UK magazine award
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Drambuie reverses fortunes
Drambuie, the Scottish liqueur producer, has announced a 50% rise in profits to 4 million.
Penfolds winemakers feature in new ad campaign
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Drier times ahead for drought stricken Australia
Australia's grape growers look likely to face rising temperatures rises and a further reduction in rainfall according to a new climate study.
Wine and berry pills to help fight cancer
UK: British scientists to develop red wine and berry pills by 2010
Gordon Ramsay goes for a grand slam
UK: Ramsay aims for the culinary grand slam: Michelin star restaurants in the major capitals of the world
US winemakers challenged by imports
US: European imports gain a share of the super and ultra premium segments
Fall in alcohol advertising compliance
Alcohol advertising compliance this year has fallen slightly this year but more than 95% of all ads still comply with industry standards.
All alcohol types can trigger cancer
It makes no difference whether a woman drinks wine - red or white - beer or spirits - it is the alcohol itself and the quantity consumed that is likely to trigger the onset of cancer.
Foster's Chairman Retires
UK: Fosters's boss Frank Swan is retiring at the end of next month.
Smoking ban boosts business at All Bar One
In force now for 11 weeks, the English smoking ban is - as expected - good for business, reports Mitchells & Butlers.
Froggatt to step down in November
Tony Froggatt, CEO of Scottish and Newcastle, has announced his departure, after five years in the top job.
Sainsbury's rules at Retail Industry Awards
UK: Sainsbury's enjoyed a fantastic night of success at the Retail Industry Awards ceremony held on September 27 at London's Grosvenor House Hotel picking up the overall Supermarket of the Year prize as well as being named Off-Licence of the Year.