text:
CBO Score Casts Even More Doubt On Senate Health Care Reform Bill
Once again, a bad CBO score is casting doubt on a Republican health care reform bill.
Doug Mataconis · Tuesday, June 27, 2017 · 23 comments
Late yesterday, the Congressional Budget Office released its score for the Better Care Reconciliation Act, the Senate's version of the "replace" part of the Republican plan to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act, and it seems likely to make an already difficult road to passage even harder for Mitch McConnell and the Senate GOP leadership team to navigate:
WASHINGTON — The Senate bill to repeal the Affordable Care Act was edging toward collapse on Monday after the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office said it would increase the number of people without health insurance by 22 million by 2026.
Two Republicans, Senators Susan Collins of Maine and Rand Paul of Kentucky, said Monday that they would vote against even debating the health care bill, joining Senator Dean Heller of Nevada, who made the same pledge on Friday. Senator Ron Johnson of Wisconsin hinted that he, too, would probably oppose taking up the bill on a procedural vote expected as early as Tuesday, meaning a collapse could be imminent.
"It's worse to pass a bad bill than pass no bill," Mr. Paul told reporters.
Ms. Collins wrote on Twitter on Monday evening that she wanted to work with her colleagues from both parties to fix flaws in the Affordable Care Act, but that the budget office's report showed that the "Senate bill won't do it."
The report left Senator Mitch McConnell of Kentucky, the majority leader, with the unenviable choices of changing senators' stated positions, withdrawing the bill from consideration while he renegotiates, or letting it go down to defeat — a remarkable conclusion to the Republicans' seven-year push to repeal President Barack Obama's signature domestic achievement.
But the budget office put Republicans in an untenable position. It found that next year, 15 million more people would be uninsured compared with current law. Premiums and out-of-pocket expenses could shoot skyward for some low-income people and for people nearing retirement, it said.
The legislation would decrease federal deficits by a total of $321 billion over a decade, the budget office said.
Mr. McConnell, the chief author of the bill, wanted the Senate to approve it before a planned recess for the Fourth of July, but that looks increasingly doubtful. Misgivings in the Republican conference extend beyond just a few of the most moderate and conservative members, and Mr. McConnell can lose only two Republicans.
At least some of Ms. Collins's concerns could be shared by Senators Lisa Murkowski of Alaska and Shelley Moore Capito of West Virginia, whose rural states would face effects similar to those in Maine.
"If you were on the fence, you were looking at this as a political vote, this C.B.O. score didn't help you," said Senator Lindsey Graham, Republican of South Carolina. "So I think it's going to be harder to get to 50, not easier."
He added, "I don't know, if you delayed it for six weeks, if anything changes."
Under the bill, the budget office said, subsidies to help people buy health insurance would be "substantially smaller than under current law." And deductibles would, in many cases, be higher. Starting in 2020, the budget office said, premiums and deductibles would be so onerous that "few low-income people would purchase any plan."
The budget office report was a major setback to Senate Republican leaders, but it was too early to declare the legislation dead, and turmoil in health insurance markets could still induce Congress to take action this year. Many people thought the House repeal bill was dead after Speaker Paul D. Ryan pulled it from the floor on March 24, but a slightly revised version was narrowly approved by the House six weeks later.
Senator John Thune of South Dakota, a member of the Republican leadership, suggested that leaders would press forward with the Senate bill. He said that an argument could be made for delaying it "if you thought you were going to get a better policy," but that that was not the case.
"This is the best we can do to try and satisfy all the different perspectives in our conference," Mr. Thune said, adding that he did not think the politics would improve by waiting. "It's time to fish or cut bait."
In addition to the impact on the private insurance market, the CBO also projected that the bill would result in some 4,000,000 people losing employer-provided health insurance due to increased costs:
Rour million people would lose employer-provided insurance coverage in 2018 if the Senate's plan to repeal ObamaCare became law, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) projected on Monday.
The nonpartisan budget analyst attributed the drop to the GOP's plan to repeal ObamaCare's two central mandates: the requirement to have health insurance and the requirement that most large employers provide it.
"Under current law, the prospect of paying the employer mandate penalty tips the scale for some businesses and causes them to decide to offer health insurance to their employees. Thus, eliminating that penalty would cause some employers to not offer health insurance," the CBO wrote.
"Similarly, the demand for insurance among employees is greater under current law because some employees want employment-based coverage so that they can avoid paying the individual mandate penalty. Eliminating that penalty would reduce such demand and would cause some employers to not offer coverage or some employees to not enroll in coverage they were offered."The number of people losing employer-provided coverage under the Senate's legislation is an increase from the bill passed by the House last month. The CBO in May assessed that 2 million people would lose employer-provided coverage in 2018 under the House legislation.
Effectively, that means that some 26,000,000 people are projected to lose coverage under the Senate bill if it is enacted into law in its current form. The report also finds that health insurance premiums will rise under the plan, at least in the short-term, and the end of Federal subsidies will mean that we'll see a return of the high deductible plans that many Americans have complained about since the Affordable Care Act went into effect. This will have the combined impact of pricing many low-income people out of the insurance market at the same time that it purports to cut Federal reimbursement to the states for Medicaid. The result of this will either be that the number of uninsured will most likely increase even more than the CBO is currently estimating. In other words, as FiveThirtyEight's Percy Bacon puts it, this CBO score is bad news for a Senate Republican leadership already facing a tough week ahead.
The Washington Post's Jennifer Rubin piles on:
Critics of the plan will have a field day pointing out the inequities. ("Premiums for a 64-year old with middle income go from $6,800 under ACA to $20,500 under BCRA.") Older and poorer people will get hit the worst, according to the CBO. "CBO and JCT expect that this legislation would increase the number of uninsured people substantially. The increase would be disproportionately larger among older people with lower income — particularly people between 50 and 64 years old with income of less than 200 percent of the federal poverty level." The notion that the bill doesn't cut Medicaid is given the back of the hand. ("Enrollment in Medicaid would be lower throughout the coming decade, with 15 million fewer Medicaid enrollees by 2026 than projected under current law in CBO's March 2016 baseline … Some of that decline would be among people who are currently eligible for Medicaid benefits, and some would be among people who CBO projects would, under current law, become eligible in the future as additional states adopted the ACA's option to expand eligibility.")
As we said, this is not a bill about providing cheaper, better health care to the masses. It's not about helping older or rural Americans. It's about taking hundreds of billions of dollars out of Medicaid and giving the money to rich people in the form of tax cuts. The CBO report makes clear what a total disgrace the bill really is.
All of this came on just the first day of what is clearly a crucial week for the Senate bill. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell has set an end of the week deadline for a final Senate vote on the bill, and even after the release of the CBO report he and the other members of the leadership team appeared to remain committed to that team. Standing in the way of that, though, are a number of Senators who have already said that they are opposed to the bill and would vote against it, a number that increased to six late yesterday when Senator Susan Collins of Maine announced that she was opposed to the bill. Collins joins conservative Senators Rand Paul, Ted Cruz, and Mike Lee in opposition, although they oppose the bill for reasons completely opposite those that Collins cites as the basis for her decision. Also opposed to the bill is Nevada Senator Dean Heller, who likely would not survive re-election in 2018 if he voted for the bill, and Wisconsin Senator Ron Johnson, who has been among those arguing that more time is needed for the Senate to consider the bill. Late yesterday, Johnson said he would vote to block the bill later this week if it is brought up for a vote. Additionally, several other Republican Senators remain non-committal on the bill, including a mix of conservative and more moderate Republicans ranging from Alaska's Lisa Murkowski to .Ohio Senator Rob Portman. If a roll call were taken this morning, in fact, it's unclear if the Senate bill would manage to get 40 votes in favor it, never mind the 50 that it would need to pass the Senate with Vice-President Pence's tie-breaking vote.
The next 48 to 72 hours will be crucial for the passage of this bill. If the Senate is even going to get to the point of debating the bill before they vote on it, they first need to get it to the floor. Since the bill is being presented under the Senate's budget reconciliation procedures, McConnell only needs fifty (plus one) votes to get there, but right now it's not even clear he can get there. As of this morning four Senators — Susan Collins, Rand Paul, Dean Heller, and Ron Johnson — have said they would vote against opening debate on the bill and a number of other Senators remain undecided on that issue. If he can't win this vote and at least begin debate on the bill today, then it's unlikely that McConnell will be able to get the vote before the end of the week that he's aiming for. Even if he gets that vote, though, he still has to find a way to deal with the fact that there are at least six Republican Senators, and perhaps more after the release of the CBO score, who have said they would vote against the bill in a final vote if it stayed in its current form, and that's not going to be easy given the fact that the objections to the bill from the right and the middle seem completely opposed to each other.
Stay tuned, it's going to be a rocky road in the Senate this week. In the meantime, here's the CBO report:
CBO Scoring of Senate Health Care Reform Bill by Doug Mataconis on Scribd
FILED UNDER: Congress, Health, Healthcare Policy, US Politics, Alaska, Barack Obama, Better Care Reconciliation Act, Congressional Budget Office, copyright law, Dean Heller, Doug Mataconis, Employment, John Thune, Kentucky, Legislation, Lindsey Graham, Lisa Murkowski, Maine, Medicaid, Mike Lee, Mitch McConnell, Nevada, ObamaCare, ObamaCare repeal, Ohio, poverty, Rand Paul, Rob Portman, Ron Johnson, South Carolina, South Dakota, Susan Collins, Tax Cuts, Ted Cruz, Twitter, Virginia, Washington Post, West Virginia, Wisconsin
Daryl's other brother Darryl says:
Tuesday, 27 June 2017 at 09:48
I think this is a terrific piece of legislation…if you are only concerned about cutting taxes on the rich.
McConnell added an insurance penalty in an attempt to keep healthy people in the market…the very thing that the individual mandate was in there for.
I think by adding that, this bill can no longer be just a reconciliation bill…which means it should require 60 votes.
Don't count 'em out yet. Remember, we got Donnie the master deal-maker at the helm!
al-Alameda says:
The 'conservative' opposition (Lee, Johnson, Cruz) is doing this for show, they will get on board when Mitch needs them to.
The 'moderates' (Collins, Murkowski, Portman, etc.)? Perhaps 2 of them will end up casting 'No' votes, with Pence breaking a tie. No one would be surprised if all the 'moderates' caved in.
I would be surprised if the bill does not pass before Congress breaks for the July 4th recess. Republicans don't want to go back to their districts and be forced to hear constituents complain about health care.
Just 'nutha ig'nint cracker says:
TRANSLATION: Other guys got bribes, where's mine?
"few low-income people would purchase any plan."
Feature not bug. Now, everyone repeat after me "well yes, but Obamacare…"
Not the IT Dept. says:
The difference between McConnell and Ryan is that McConnell understands how the system works and is prepared to do whatever it takes to make it happen. I'll believe the outcome when I see it, because he'll get into the corners and do a lot of dirty work there. Ryan always makes his big policy-wonk announcements and looks hurt and surprised when there isn't a standing ovation in response. Ryan's rep as a policy wonk is personally important to him; McConnell couldn't give a *bleep*.
@al-Alameda:
Republicans don't want to go back to their districts and be forced to hear constituents complain about health care.
Here's a prediction, whether they hold the vote or not, the # of townhalls held by GOP senators will be less than 10 if not less than 5.
Pete S says:
To me passage depends on whether Republicans believe their own nonsense about the CBO being essentially biased and incompetent. This bill seems to have been designed to cause maximum damage down the road. 15,000,000 people losing coverage NEXT YEAR could impact the mid-terms and there is nothing the Republicans care about more than keeping their own government jobs.
They are going to pass this piece of crap. They absolutely don't care that their constituents hate it, that it will kill voters they need to get re-elected, that it will drive up debt both of the personal and public varieties, and that it is clearly a chance to give the rich money at the expense of poor lives. It tests well in the echo chamber, pisses off "libruls", won't ever be pinned on them by their diehard constituents and helps make them and their masters richer so end of story.
The only way they could be more blatant in their FU to rural and middle America would be dancing around mooning everyone with "Die Poor People" written on their ass.
If McConnell gets away with this, it won't take long for them to come back for more, and more, and more. SS and Medicare will not be safe.
And OBTW…Mitch McConnell had triple bypass surgery on his free government healthcare.
Yank says:
The difference between McConnell and Ryan is that McConnell understands how the system works and is prepared to do whatever it takes to make it happen.
It is actually the opposite.
McConnell knows when to punt, it is the main reason why he is much more effective then Paul Ryan. He will make an honest attempt at repeal, but he isn't going to allow this issue to linger for much longer. If he doesn't have the votes, he is going to let it die on the senate floor and move on.
McConnell's goal isn't to kill the ACA, more so to get this issue of his desk and move on to tax reform.
michael reynolds says:
The GOP had two goals:
1) Cut taxes for rich people.
2) Erase the black president's name.
Repeal accomplishes both.
Unfortunately for Republicans there are all these sick people screwing up a perfectly lovely bit of legislation that neatly combines greed with racist spite. But I expect they'll pull it off. People will die, and people will suffer, but that damn ni–er's name will be off health care, and rich people will save a few bucks.
Can't understand why the usual Trumpies aren't here defending this atrocity.
gVOR08 says:
@Pete S:
there is nothing the Republicans care about more than keeping their own government jobs.
The Koch Bros announced they're shutting down contributions until congress "repeals and replaces" Obamacare and passes tax reform (sic). They need to pass the health care bill to clear the reconciliation tracks for tax cuts. No health care bill, no tax cuts. No tax cuts, no rain of money from the billionaires boys club. No rain of money, no reelection. You think the middle class and poor are getting porked on health care, wait 'til the GOPs get rolling on tax "reform".
Modulo Myself says:
I suspect that you can do whatever you want to a bunch of people who hate being told to exercise and eat vegetables, and think that getting sick is something one is responsible for.
The GOP is just Scientology–a bunch of Tom Cruise-crazy elites ripping off everyone beneath them in the cult.
@Daryl's other brother Darryl:
They see Obamacare as a new entitlement. Their goal is to kill it while it's young. If as part of this they effectively kill Medicaid they'll go after Medicare next, and eventually SS. I thought I'd have the twenty years or so of my retirement before they killed SS, but I'm starting to worry.
@gVOR08:
The GOP could try to spin making property ownership a requirement for voting as being a way to make the government more democratic and accountable, and they would have defenders wondering if it really did disenfranchise people when you took away their right to vote.
@michael reynolds: Because Breitbart isn't defending it? (I don't know if they are or not, just a WAG.)
Mikey says:
AP just reported they're not going to vote on this disaster until after the July 4th recess.
Davebo says:
According to Megan McGarble cutting over a trillion dollars in health care subsidies is just a tweak.
Mister Bluster says:
Trumpity Dumpity campaigned on a wall
Trumpity Dumpity his ratings did fall
Now all of Ryan's horses and all McConnell's men
Can't put Trumpity's Health Care bill or his Border Wall or his Muslim ban or his Tax Plan together again.
Trumpity Dumpity!
(Spoiler Alert: Note that when his head cracks open it is empity inside!)
bandit says:
@michael reynolds: You're just projecting that you're a racist asshole
You can always tell the person who brings race into every discussion wen none exists
I guess it's tough for you being a hateful POS all the time
Hal_10000 says:
This is like an SNL sketch:
GOP: So what if we renomburated the fibulator?
CBO: [calculates] Still 22 million uninsured.
GOP: OK, but what if were to remove every third verb in the bill?
CBO: Uh, still 22 million uninsured.
GOP: Now,look. We've put in a mandate for pineapple ice cream.
CBO: …
TBF: they've added a mandate, which should change the math significantly. And there are aspects of the bill that the CBO can't score very well. But I don't they're off that much. I suspect the GOP will eventually cave on Medicaid. The long this drags on, the closer we get to the formula:
AHCA == ACA + tax cut
Key Republicans Pushing To Have Obamacare Replacement In Place Before Voting On Repeal
McConnell Pulls The Plug On Senate Health Care Reform Bill
Trump Administration Won't Defend Obamacare, Says Mandate Is Unconstitutional
Federal Judge Strikes Down Affordable Care Act As Unconstitutional
Senate Once Again Fails On Health Care Reform


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text:
Q: Particle filter reducing the covariance matrix of joint normal distribution too much I am working on developing a particle filter to improve the results of an Unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to satellite attitude determination. The UKF outputs a 12-dimensional joint normal distribution (the proposal distribution), from which I randomly sample N points (particles) (currently N=100). Then the particle filter uses the observation data to assign weights to the particles (more likely to produce the observations => more weight to the particle), and then I calculate the new vector of weighted means and the weighted unbiased sample covariance matrix using the formula given here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_mean_and_covariance#Weighted_samples
Then the vector of means and the covariance matrix are fed into the UKF (it treats them as if they came from a normal distribution) and it produces a new joint normal distribution output, and the cycle is repeated for each timestep.
The particle filter seems to be working very well and it's improving the results of the Kalman filter (the results are similar, but more smooth). However, thanks to the weights assigned during the particle filter step, the variances and covariances become very small, until they're approximated as 0 by the code and the whole thing crashes after a certain number of timesteps. (The variance/covariance becoming too small is also an inherent problem, as the filter can never be 100% exact.)
In a sense, this is to be expected, since the weights assigned by the particle filter often give more importance to the points closer to the mean (since ideally the mean is close to the observation data), which then contribute less to the variance/covariance. Is there a way to artificially keep the covariance matrix from becoming too small? Or is there something wrong with using the particle filter this way? Thoughts?

A: I am not fully aware of your system (and therefore do not understand why you would need random sampling here at all). However, as I understand it, one thing that seems not correct is assigning different weights to your randomly drawn samples. This is not necessary as the weighting is already implicitly considered by the fact that they were drawn from the normal distribution and therefore automatically more samples are placed around the mean. Your approach might not harm the computation of the mean but, if understood correctly, it most certainly harms the computation of the covariance.

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One Good Side
Brendan Simms: Edvard Benes
The Life of Edvard Benes, 1884-1948: Czechoslovakia in Peace and War
by Zbynek Zeman and Antonin Klimek.
Oxford, 293 pp., £40, July 1997, 9780198205838Show More
"... Edvard Benes, as A.J.P. Taylor once remarked, enjoyed the doubtful distinction of having signed away his country twice, once to the Germans, and later to the Russians. His capitulation at Munich in 1938, the betrayal by Britain and France, the tribulations of the Nazi occupation and the final humiliation of the Soviet takeover in 1948 all helped to foster the image of a democratic, peace-loving Czechoslovakia ..."
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Still messing with our heads
Christopher Clark: Hitler in the Head
Hitler: A Life
by Peter Longerich.
Oxford, 1324 pp., £30, July 2019, 978 0 19 879609 1Show More
Hitler: Only the World Was Enough
by Brendan Simms.
Allen Lane, 668 pp., £30, September 2019, 978 1 84614 247 5Show More
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Jeremy Harding: Britain in Bosnia
Indictment at The Hague: The Milosevic Regime and the Crimes of the Balkan Wars
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Unfinest Hour: Britain and the Destruction of Bosnia
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1.) Hereby release, discharge, and indemnify Olympus Sports Coliseum, All Sports Physical Therapy, WFPS Properties, their officers, directors, agents, employees and volunteers, other participants, any sponsors, advertisers, and, if applicable, owner and lessors of premises ("releasees") on which the activity takes place from all liability, claims, demands, losses, or damaged caused or alleged to be caused in whole or in part by the negligence of the Releasees including all expenses and costs incur as a result of any claim.
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3.) Fully understand that the activities invoke risks and dangers of serious bodily injury including permanent disability, paralysis and death; these risks and dangers may be caused by my own or other's actions or inactions, and/or the condition in which the Activity takes place or the negligence of the Releasees named that I fully accept and assume all such risks and all responsibility of losses, costs, and damages that may incur as a result of my participation or that of the minor in the activity.
4.) Understand that at this event or related activities that I may be photographed, and that I agree to allow my photo, video, or film likeness to be used for any legitimate purpose by the event holders, producers, sponsors, organizers, and assigns.
I, the minor's parent and/or legal guardian, understand the nature of these activities and the minor's experience and capabilities and believe the minor to be qualified, in good health, and in proper physical condition to participate in such activities. I hereby release, discharge, and agree to indemnify and save and hold harmless each of the Releasee's from all liability claims, demands, losses, or damages on the minor's account caused or alleged to be caused in whole or in part by the negligence of the 'Releasees' or otherwise, including negligent rescue operation and further agree that if, despite the release, the minor, or anyone on the minor's behalf makes a claim against any of the Releasees named above. I will indemnify, save, and hold harmless each of the Releasees from any litigation expenses, attorney fees, loss liability, damages, or cost that may incur as the result of any such claim.
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Globalization and international trade made natural gates easier to cross for species. As a consequence, few species were able to travel long distance and settled in new habitats where they become invasive species.
More than 80% of industrialized goods in the world are transported by the oceans in container ships. In many cases, container ships is discharged in the destination port and go back empty. Whereas, the structure of this kind of ship does not allow them to travel empty and with stability. This is for a problem of stability that ballast exists. Since the 19th century, ballast with rocks was substitute with water. Before ships leave the port , water is loading in tank and at the destination port tanks are discharged.
Ballast water transport contribute to invasive species spreading. In order to fight against exotics species, waters ballast are treated with Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2). But there is a question : how to be sure that ballast water is effective and is not toxic for the marine environment ? In order to evaluate the environmental impact of the treatment, a study has been conducted. Three taxa has been chosen, among them, two crustacean, two algae and one rotifera : C. volutator, A. salina, E. costatum, D. teriolecta, B. plicatilis. The authors of the study consider three dimensions : Hydrogen Peroxyde concentration, the effect of the Peroxide Hydrogen on organism and Hydrogen Peroxide exposure time. In the experiment, they made the tree dimensions varied and they considered as the final aim, the mortality, the immobility and the inactivation of the organism. The results are used in a mechanistic model which is based on the description of Dynamic Energy Budget theory. The DEB theory consists of a simple set of rules that specifies how organisms acquire energy and building blocks from their environment to fuel their life cycle. It is used to rely the observed effects and the hydrogen peroxide concentration in the experiments. The DEB-tox model allows to determine ECx — Effect Concentration — : the concentration which induces a response of x% between the baseline and maximum after a specified exposure time ; and the HCx — Hazardous Concentration — : the concentration which is dangerous for x% of the population. Thanks to this values, it is possible to determine the PAF — Potentially Affected Population— with means the part of an ecosystem potentially affected by a drug concentration. The results show an interspecific response variability with means different interspecific H2O2 sensibility. Sensibility is a combination between time exposure and the concentration. The conclusion of the study is that the hydrogen peroxide is effective for treating ballast water.
Concentrations, effects and time exposure were studied there. The choice of the five species is a wise choice as a result of the representativeness of a wide selection of sensibility which allows to extrapolate this results to other species and then estimate the effect of hydrogen peroxide treatment on other species present in water ballast. Whereas the aim of the study was to assess environmental risks of hydrogen peroxide treatment, and the obtained results here cannot be used to conclude regarding as the environmental risks.
To assess more precisely the risk, it is important to consider the hydrogen peroxide degradation and its potential impact on marine ecosystem. The H2O2 is oxygenated water which would rapidly be decomposed : 2H2O2 => 2H2O + O2. In this case, the hydrogen peroxide would not impact the environment.
Furthermore, sub-lethal effects are sufficient to reduce the viability of the organisms and for that, lower concentration of H2O2 and lower time exposure are sufficient. The purpose is to neutralize exotic species with lower environmental and economic costs. Moreover, in order to reduce again the hydrogen peroxide used quantity, other studies show the efficiency of using UV, Ozone, and ultrasound for neutralizing species. The hydrogen peroxide treatment can also be used with alkaline water which allows to obtain the same result with lower concentration and time exposure.
An other option is to establish regulated areas for discharging and to filter and to purify ballast water before discharging in the environment.
Cited study: Smit, M. G., Ebbens, E., Jak, R.G., and Huijbregtst, M.A. (2008). Time and concentration dependency in the potentially affected fraction of species: The case of hydrogen peroxide treatment of ballast water. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 27(3), 746-753.


I know that Thanksgiving is in three days, and you will start getting inundated with requests from small children about what they want for Christmas. I thought that I should remind you how good I have been this year, so you will be ready when I send my list. From what I remember about Christmas when I was little, the whole "naughty and nice" thing was pretty much a gimmick to get kids to behave. However, based on some of my recent gifts, I think there may actually be some sort of behavior standards for adults.
I remember from Sunday School that Jesus said something about how thinking about committing a sin is as bad as doing it. But I also remember them telling us that Jesus isn't Santa Claus, so we couldn't just keep asking Him to do stuff for us. That means I don't have to be as good for you, right? I mean none of us are perfect (except that woman at work who keeps telling everyone else how to do their job because she knows how to do everything better than the rest of us).
In case you or one of your spies elves have been too busy to notice, I have summarized the year.
One final thing, Santa. You do grade on a curve, right?


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C-130 News
C-130 Deliveries
C-130 Hercules News
Gunship news
Dedicated crew chiefs say farewell to Tail No. #1303
Oct 19, 2020 - The 16th Aircraft Maintenance Unit said farewell to one of its AC-130W Stinger II gunships as it took its final flight from Cannon on Oct. 19, 2020, before permanently retiring from air operations. [Read more...]
4th SOS receives first AC-130J Ghostrider
Mar 13, 2019 - The 4th Special Operations Squadron at Hurlburt Field, is now home to Air Force Special Operations Command's newest aircraft – the Block 30 AC-130J Ghostrider gunship. [Read more...]
Heroic "Spooky 43" aircrew receives the Mackay Trophy
Dec 01, 2017 - On November 2, 2016, fourteen AC-130U Gunship crewmembers provided close-air-support to a U.S. Special Forces team and 43 Afghan soldiers near Kunduz, Afghanistan. The crew's persistent fire support, presence of mind and courage during two hours of intense combat ultimately saved 50 lives. [Read more...]
AFSOC general returns to thank Robins maintainers; provides gunship tour
Feb 16, 2017 - As promised by the Air Force Special Operations Command vice commander, Warner Robins Air Logistics Complex C-130 sustainment workers were treated to a February 9 tour inside an AC-130W gunship fully loaded with the latest modifications. [Read more...]
The Ghost over the highway: Reservists renew bond with Desert Storm AC-130A gunship
Jan 15, 2016 - More than 20 years after two Air Force Reserve Command leaders flew into combat together over the "Highway of Death" in Iraq, they were reunited with the aircraft that took them on the mission. [Read more...]
First AC-130U Spooky retires
Sep 24, 2015 - The first AC-130U Spooky gunship to retire from the active fleet flew from its home following a small ceremony September 21st. [Read more...]
AFSOC receives first AC-130J
Jul 29, 2015 - The first AC-130J Ghostrider landed July 29, making it Air Force Special Operations Command's first AC-130J. [Read more...]
Air commandos retire final AC-130H Spectre gunship
May 27, 2015 - Members of the 27th Special Operations Wing gathered to officially retire the final AC-130H Spectre Gunship, tail number #69-6569 "Excalibur," Tuesday. [Read more...]
"Wicked Wanda" flies final mission
Dec 29, 2014 - Often described as low, slow and discreetly lethal, "Wicked Wanda" flew her last flight on December 19, and is scheduled to officially retire in 2015. [Read more...]
First new AC-130J Gunship in production
Jul 23, 2012 - The first MC-130J Commando II that will be converted to become an AC-130J Gunship is being built at the Lockheed Martin. [Read more...]
More News: 1 2 Next >|


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Q: How do I pass a value to a custom UICollectionViewCell? I have a custom UICollectionViewCell that I am attempting to pass a value to from my view controller. I'm able to pass an image to the cell, but anything else comes up nil upon initialization.
Relevant code in the View Controller:
override func viewDidLoad() {

    self.collectionView!.registerClass(MyCustomCell.self, forCellWithReuseIdentifier: "Cell")

}

func collectionView(collectionView: UICollectionView, cellForItemAtIndexPath indexPath: NSIndexPath) -> UICollectionViewCell {

    let cell = collectionView.dequeueReusableCellWithReuseIdentifier("Cell", forIndexPath: indexPath) as! MyCustomCell

    cell.someValue = 5
    cell.imageView.image = UIImage(named: "placeholder.png")

    return cell

}

In the custom cell class:
var someValue: Int!
var imageView: UIImageView!

override init(frame: CGRect) {

    super.init(frame: frame)

    imageView = UIImageView(frame: CGRectMake(0, 0, frame.width, frame.height))
    contentView.addSubview(imageView)

    let someValueLabel = UILabel()
    someValueLabel.frame = CGRectMake(0, 75, 200, 30)
    someValueLabel.text = "Value is: \(someValue)"
    self.addSubview(someValueLabel)
}

The image is successfully passed from the UICollectionView and I am able to display it, but 'someValue' is always nil.
What am I doing wrong?

A: The init method is called much earlier than you think it is -- within the dequeue process -- when the cell object is constructed. Part of initialization process is to attach the UIViews designed in Storyboard. So that image works because the UIImageView is already in place as a container during the Storyboard (NIB) loading process, and you're just setting its internal image property later.
You have correctly set the value of someValue for all future use, during cell rendering and event handling. So, for example, if there's an @IBAction handler that runs after the cell is displayed and tapped on, it will indeed have access to someValue. That's where your test print should go. What are you ultimately using someValue for?
FOLLOWUP
So it's a simple error; you just need to set the text value in cellForRowAtIndexPath. You don't need a copy of model data in the cell (i.e. no need to have a someValue field in your cell), either. Just configure the UI dynamically from your (properly separated) model data:
instead of:
cell.someValue = 5

You just need, e.g.:
cell.someValueLabel.text = "\(indexPath.row)" // or where ever you're getting your underlying model data from

It's a misconception to use init for any of this. The only responsibility of init for table cells is to allocate memory. A cell is a completely dynamic, temporary object, and all of its properties that reflect Application data must be set in the cellForRowAtIndexPath method. The visual rendering of the cell waits for the cellForRowAtIndexPath method to finish, so there's no timing problem.

A: Init method is called when the UICollectionView is instantiated. You're logging "someValue" in the init method and it's too early. Image is rendered since you're working to the ImageView directly that has already been instantiated. Try to log imageView.image in the init method, it should be nil too (or maybe not nil because the cell is reused).
You should make your job in custom variables setters and getters, where you're sure that they're not nil.
var someValue: Int!{
    didSet {
        print("Passed value is: \(newValue)")
    }
}

A: You are setting the value of someValue after the cell has been initialized.
You are calling print("Passed value is: \(someValue)") during the initialization process.
Set a break point on the init method of your cell class.  You should see it pass through there before you assign the value 5 to that variable.


World IPv6 Day is celebrated on 8th June, to motivate Internet service providers, hardware makers, operating system vendors and web companies – to prepare their services for IPv6, to ensure a successful transition from IPv4 as IPv4 address space runs out.
Internet Protocol version 6 is a protocol to support more devices with unique internet addresses. The main reason for the push of IPv6 was to mitigate the problem of the depleted IPv4 resource.
We have faced the scarcity of IP resources even after using possible 4.3 bn combinations. With IPv6, there are now enough IP combinations for everyone in the world to have a billion IP addresses for every second of their life. The IPv6 launch has expanded the number of Internet addresses to 340 undecillion.
Even after so many efforts by various organizations, the deployment & use of IPv6 is not very promising. Today the World IPv6 penetration stands around 59.1 as per the sources form APNIC, Out of total BGP Routing table only 29.2% support IPv6 protocol.
Here is the Google IPv6 native users' comparison graph which states the difference between 2017 vs 2018 native users.
The history of IPv6 in India is very old, Sify, one of the oldest Internet Service Provider in India rolled out IPv6 in 2005. Since then it is running on dual-stack network supports with both IPv4 & IPv6. Many other big private networks started implementing IPv6.
NIXI, National Internet Exchange of India has implemented IPv6 in 2008.
Mumbai IX, founded on 15th August 2014 the largest Internet exchange in India is running on dual-stack since its inception.
>The Indian Government is also pushing very hard for IPv6. The Indian Education and Research Network, ERNET, Department of Electronics & IT of the government of India is providing dual-stack networks from 2006 onwards and has been part of many EU funded initiatives such as 6Choice, 6lowpan, Myfire, GEANT etc.
>ERNET's (Education and Research Network) own websites and those host of other organizations are all running on the dual stack. ERNET provides Consultancy and Turnkey project Implementation to organizations migrating to IPv6 along with fulfilling their Training needs.
>Department of Telecommunications, of the government of India, has run workshops on IPv6 on 13 February 2015 at Silvassa & on 11 February 2015, at DoT headquarters, New Delhi. They have also released roadmaps on IPv6 deployment. But not much of them realized on the ground.
> IRINN, the Regional Internet Registry is offering IPv6, for free to networks who have a requirement and can justify the same with usage and implementation plans.
World Rank in IPv6 penetration: 2nd Only after Belgium.
The very credibility of this success goes to Reliance Jio which have added more than 237 million in less than a nine month.
>Deficiency of address space – The no. of connected devices to the internet has grown exponentially. The size of address space 232 is quickly exhausted.
>IPv4 only Infrastructure – needs to upgrade on Both Networks & Customers ends. Most of the equipment used currently does not support IPv6.
>Lack of Knowledge – Many networks operators lack technical knowledge and prefer NATing over IPv6.
> Maintaining Status Quo – Networkers love of IPv4 is still evident. Due to which they are paying a huge amount for few resources. The black marketing of these resources is very common practice in India, where the many of the networks don't prefer IPv6.
>In IPv4 header has the variable length. This was acceptable when routing was done by software. But now routers are built with hardware, and processing the variable length headers in hardware is hard.
>Absence of the auto-configuration IP addresses mechanism.
We still have to go a long way. As India's IPv4 resource is about to end (34,685,952 IP's for the population of more than 1.2 Billion, which roughly calculates 29 IP's per thousand people). The faster we adopt IPv6, the better we can contribute to the Indian Internet Ecosystem.


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Home » Experts update guidance on preventing HAIs
Experts update guidance on preventing HAIs
Update to 2008 compendium about preventing HAIs further stresses need for best practices and continued vigilance
Jeff Ferenc
Infection prevention leaders analyze best practices and role of environmental services teams in improving patient safety
Engaged environmental services staff are key to infection prevention.
Photo by Andreypopov/Thinkstock
Despite some progress in the prevention of health care-associated infections (HAIs), the issue remains a priority that requires continuous vigilance and best practices exercised by all health care staff, especially those on the front lines.
Top infection control experts stressed those points and more during a recent media briefing to discuss the "Compendium of Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections in Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Updates." The compendium updates articles published in 2008.
Erik Dubberke, M.D., MSPH, professor of medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, and a lead author of "Strategies to Prevent Clostridium difficile Infections in Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Update" emphasized the need for a multidisciplinary response in fighting the bacteria.
"Health care is a team sport and this is especially true in the prevention of Clostridium difficile," Dubberke says. "It's essential to have the environmental services (ES) or housekeeping personnel involved as part of this multidisciplinary team."
Dubberke says there are a variety of methods that have been developed to examine the adequacy of cleaning such as the use of checklists and fluorescent markers and adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence assays. He says the most effective method is to keep ES staff engaged in the infection prevention process.
"Regardless of the method used, the most successful interventions have been those in which ES is in charge of the process of designing how they're going to clean the rooms and monitor the cleaning as well as being accountable for the results," he says.
The article "Strategies to Prevent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] Transmission and Infection in Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Update" stressed the importance of compliance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) or World Health Organization hand-hygiene recommendations to prevent the spread of MRSA.
Studies demonstrate that health care staff interacting with MRSA-colonized or infected patients often become contaminated with the organism, and surfaces and objects in the patient's environment quickly can become contaminated, too, the article states.
The development of detailed protocols for daily and terminal cleaning and disinfection of patient rooms is vital, the authors note. The study also emphasized the cleaning and disinfection of
high-touch surfaces such as bed rails, carts, bedside commodes, doorknobs and faucet handles.
David Calfee, M.D., MS, chief hospital epidemiologist, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York City, served as a lead author of the update.
Asked about the challenges involved in improving hand-hygiene compliance rates, Katherine Ellingson, epidemiologist, Oregon Health Authority, says that the chief barriers are inadequate access to hand-hygiene products, lack of time and poor role modeling.
Hospitals with the most success take a holistic approach that emphasizes convenient location of hand-washing products, measuring behavior, feedback on performance and administrative support, Ellingson says.
Despite strides in infection prevention over the past decade, opportunities exist for further progress, says Deborah Yokoe, M.D., MPH, hospital epidemiologist and medical director, Infection Control Department, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston.
The need for further gains is evident by CDC estimates that on any given day, one in 25 hospitalized patients will get an HAI, which translates to about 720,000 incidents per year, Yokoe says. The compendium serves as guidance for hospitals as they develop and prioritize HAI prevention strategies, she says.
Yokoe served as co-lead of the compendium update project with Lisa Maragakis, director of hospital epidemiology and infection control at Johns Hopkins Hospital and faculty member of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
The compendium is a collaborative effort led by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Infectious Diseases Society of America, American Hospital Association, Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, and the Joint Commission.
Report provides strategies to help prevent HAIs
Health care organizations team up to offer advice on hospital infection prevention
New E. coli strain reinforces need for effective ES, hand hygiene, experts say
Rigorous cleaning standards can help to prevent spread of new antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Despite progress, more work needed on infections
C. difficile rates decline slightly but fall short of 2013 target range for improvement


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Shin-Yokohama Ramen Museum
The Shin-Yokohama Ramen Museum in Yokohama was founded in 1994 as the world's first food-themed amusement park. The first floor is devoted to numerous exhibits with a large number of ramen-related displays such as ramen-making utensils, over 300 ramen bowls, ramen shop matchbooks, chopstick wrappers, curtains and aprons, among others. Here, the history of instant ramen is chronicled in fine detail, while the invention of cup ramen is also celebrated. The walls are decorated with instant ramen packets, and overhead TV monitors broadcast a continuous stream of ramen commercials from the past 25 years. In addition, there are two life-size dioramas showing the operation of an instant ramen factory and banks of interactive video panels for visitors to enjoys. Younger visitors are also entertained with Ramen-themed video games.
Located on two underground levels is a theme park recreating the downtown area of Tokyo in 1958, a time when the popularity of ramen was rapidly increasing. Nine ramen restaurants can be found there, each featuring a distinctive ramen dish from a different region of Japan. Each restaurant offers its signature dish in smaller portions so visitors can enjoy multiple types of ramen, while take-out packages of noodles are also available. In addition, there is a souvenir shop full of ramen-themed gifts on the ground floor for visitors to take home.
From Yokohama Station, take the Yokohama City Subway Line for 15 minutes to Shin-Yokohama Station. From Tokyo Station, ride the JR Tokaido Line to Yokohama Station before transferring to the Yokohama City Subway Line. The museum is a few minutes on foot from Shin-Yokohama Station.
Hours: 11:00 to 22:00 (open from 10:30 on Sundays and holidays, longer hours on some days)
Admission: Adults 310 yen for adults, 100 yen for children (food and drink sold separately)
Address: 2-14-21 Shin-Yokohama, Kohoku Ward, Yokohama,Kanagawa prefecture
Airport: Haneda Airport
Few irregular maintenance days
The Sakamoto Ryoma Memorial Museum
21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art
Cup Noodles Museum
Nihon Minka-en
Ninja Museum of Igaryu


Families can visit a host of iconic venues across the country for the second Engineering Open House Day, on 29 July 2016. The Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) has again joined forces with some of the UK's most celebrated engineering and technology organisations to provide a rare opportunity for families to go behind the scenes.
The day is open to all parents and children, not just IET members. By having the opportunity to visit participating venues, families can witness first-hand the creativity and excitement behind engineering careers. It is designed to be an educational, fun day to highlight the important roles that engineers play in everyday life and to encourage parents to support their children in choosing careers in engineering and technology.


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Code Section Group
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Code Text
Probate Code - PROB
DIVISION 7. ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATES OF DECEDENTS [7000 - 12591]
( Division 7 enacted by Stats. 1990, Ch. 79. )
PART 8. ACCOUNTS [10900 - 11052]
( Part 8 enacted by Stats. 1990, Ch. 79. )
CHAPTER 2. When Account Required [10950 - 10954]
( Chapter 2 enacted by Stats. 1990, Ch. 79. )
(a) On its own motion or on petition of an interested person, the court may order an account at any time.
(b) The court shall order an account on petition of an interested person made more than one year after the last account was filed or, if no previous account has been filed, made more than one year after issuance of letters to the personal representative.
(c) The court order shall specify the time within which the personal representative must file an account.
(Enacted by Stats. 1990, Ch. 79.)
The personal representative shall file a final account and petition for an order for final distribution of the estate when the estate is in a condition to be closed.
A personal representative who resigns or is removed from office or whose authority is otherwise terminated shall, unless the court extends the time, file an account not later than 60 days after termination of authority. If the personal representative fails to so file the account, the court may compel the account pursuant to Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 11050).
(1) "Incapacitated" means lack of capacity to serve as personal representative.
(2) "Legal representative" means the personal representative of a deceased personal representative or the conservator of the estate of an incapacitated personal representative.
(b) If a personal representative dies or becomes incapacitated and a legal representative is appointed for the deceased or incapacitated personal representative, the legal representative shall not later than 60 days after appointment, unless the court extends the time, file an account of the administration of the deceased or incapacitated personal representative.
(c) If a personal representative dies or becomes incapacitated and no legal representative is appointed for the deceased or incapacitated personal representative, or if the personal representative absconds, the court may compel the attorney for the deceased, incapacitated, or absconding personal representative or attorney of record in the estate proceeding to file an account of the administration of the deceased, incapacitated, or absconding personal representative.
(d) The legal representative or attorney shall exercise reasonable diligence in preparing an account under this section. Verification of the account may be made on information and belief. The court shall settle the account as in other cases. The court shall allow reasonable compensation to the legal representative or the attorney for preparing the account. The amount allowed is a charge against the estate that was being administered by the deceased, incapacitated, or absconding personal representative. Legal services for which compensation shall be allowed to the attorney under this subdivision include those services rendered by any paralegal performing the services under the direction and supervision of an attorney. The petition or application for compensation shall set forth the hours spent and services performed by the paralegal.
(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of this part, the personal representative is not required to file an account if any of the following conditions is satisfied as to each person entitled to distribution from the estate:
(1) The person has executed and filed a written waiver of account or a written acknowledgment that the person's interest has been satisfied.
(2) Adequate provision has been made for satisfaction in full of the person's interest. This paragraph does not apply to a residuary devisee or a devisee whose interest in the estate is subject to abatement, payment of expenses, or accrual of interest or income.
(b) A waiver or acknowledgment under subdivision (a) shall be executed as follows:
(1) If the person entitled to distribution is an adult and competent, by that person.
(2) If the person entitled to distribution is a minor, by a person authorized to receive money or property belonging to the minor. If the waiver or acknowledgment is executed by a guardian of the estate of the minor, the waiver or acknowledgment may be executed without the need to obtain approval of the court in which the guardianship proceeding is pending.
(3) If the person entitled to distribution is a conservatee, by the conservator of the estate of the conservatee. The waiver or acknowledgment may be executed without the need to obtain approval of the court in which the conservatorship proceeding is pending.
(4) If the person entitled to distribution is a trust, by the trustee, but only if the named trustee's written acceptance of the trust is filed with the court. In the case of a trust that is subject to the continuing jurisdiction of the court pursuant to Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 17300) of Part 5 of Division 9, the waiver or acknowledgment may be executed without the need to obtain approval of the court.
(5) If the person entitled to distribution is an estate, by the personal representative of the estate. The waiver or acknowledgment may be executed without the need to obtain approval of the court in which the estate is being administered.
(6) If the person entitled to distribution is incapacitated, unborn, unascertained, or is a person whose identity or address is unknown, or is a designated class of persons who are not ascertained or are not in being, and there is a guardian ad litem appointed to represent the person entitled to distribution, by the guardian ad litem.
(7) If the person entitled to distribution has designated an attorney in fact who has the power under the power of attorney to execute the waiver or acknowledgment, by either of the following:
(A) The person entitled to distribution if an adult and competent.
(B) The attorney in fact.
(c) Notwithstanding subdivision (a):
(1) The personal representative shall file a final report of administration at the time the final account would otherwise have been required. The final report shall include the amount of compensation paid or payable to the personal representative and to the attorney for the personal representative and shall set forth the basis for determining the amounts.
(2) A creditor whose interest has not been satisfied may petition under Section 10950 for an account.
(Amended by Stats. 1990, Ch. 710, Sec. 39. Operative July 1, 1991, by Sec. 48 of Ch. 710.)
PROBProbate Code - PROB


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class="abc_entertai-template-default single single-abc_entertai postid-2011706 wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-6.0.3 vc_responsive"
As Robert Pattinson gets ready to don the cape and cowl, poll looks at fans' favorite Batmans, Catwomans, and Jokers
BY ABC News Radio | June 18, 2019
Home ›	News ›	ABC News ›	Entertainment News
Warner Bros. and © DC Comics
(LOS ANGELES) — Like most things related to fandom, Warner Bros.' announcement that Twilight veteran Robert Pattinson would be taking on the role of the Caped Crusader in 2021's The Batman was met with much online reaction.
Now, a new Hollywood Reporter/Morning Consult survey picked more than 2,200 Bat-fans' brains to find out which recent cinematic versions of Batman characters are their favorites.
Christian Bale, who starred in Christopher Nolan's Dark Knight trilogy, was declared the fans' favorite Bat by 39% of those polled; Michael Keaton was a close second, preferred by 38%.
George Clooney — who admitted to "killing" the Batman franchise for a while via 1997's Batman and Robin — came in third, with 19%. Ben Affleck scored 18%, and Batman Forever's Val Kilmer was last at 17%.
While Halle Berry's Catwoman was panned, her take on the villainess was deemed the favorite of 42% of those polled. Batman Returns' Michelle Pfeiffer was a close second with 41%; Anne Hathaway from The Dark Knight Rises ranked last, preferred by just 26%.
Heath Ledger's Oscar-winning portrayal of The Joker was deemed fans' fave portrayal of the Clown Prince of Crime by 60%, though Jack Nicholson's take from the 1989 movie was a close second at 58%.
Jared Leto's tattooed, grill-sporting Joker from Suicide Squad was the favorite of just 18% of those polled..
And 68% of those polled expect Joaquin Phoenix to be "excellent" or "good" in his standalone film Joker, which opens October 4.
For his part, Mark Hamill, a fan favorite for voicing The Joker on Batman: The Animated Series, tells ABC Radio that he's enjoyed every actor's take on Batman's greatest enemy.
"It's like the Hamlet of villains," he says. "It will be constantly revisited by actors forever and ever."
'Game of Thrones' leads the pack with a record 32 nominations for the 71st Emmy Awards
Netflix edits out suicide scene from season one of '13 Reasons Why'
Emmy nominations to be announced this morning; 'Game of Thrones', 'Veep' expected to make the shortlist
'The Bachelorette' recap: Hannah finally shows Luke the door


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Recommended Reading for Middle Class Americans
NCPSSM2017-07-10T16:26:33-04:00March 8th, 2011|Uncategorized|
Thanks to Richard Eskow with Campaign for America's Future for this wonderful piece on Huffington Post.
"Clueless." "Stupid." "Middle-class welfare." Sometimes a guy who likes facts and figures gets slapped in the face by reality, and apparently today's my day. Several recent stories showed me how some of these "austerity economics" advocates in Washington really feel about the middle class. I guess I always knew it intellectually, but these stories made me feel it on a visceral level. They let me know exactly what these politicians and pundits feel toward me,my family, and the people I grew up with:Contempt.We're not talking about lofty and imperious disdain, either. This isn't the old-school,"look down your monocle with a lofty air" genteel antipathy once practiced by the gentlemen at the club. We're talking about complete and utter contempt, a repugnance so white-hot it feels like it could melt your face off.Debts of a SalesmanHow else are we to interpret remarks like these from John Boehner, the Speaker of the House of Representatives? "People in Washington assume that Americans understand how big the problem is," Boehner said of Social Security, "but most Americans don't have a clue." Boehner added, ""I think the president shrank from his responsibility to lead. He knows the numbers as well as we do."The Wall Street Journal account of Boehner's remarks goes on to quote Democratic Rep. Rob Andrews who, according the the Journal, said "tackling big problems would be tougher if the two sides criticized each other." Rep. Andrews: "It's impossible if the process begins with the parties attacking each other."Then allow me, Rep. Andrews: Boehner's remarks are profoundly insulting to the American people. Don't worry about his attacks on the President, who can presumably take care of himself. It's the rest of us I'm worried about.The Speaker said: "I think it's incumbent on us, if we are serious about dealing with the big challenges, that we go out and help Americans understand how big the problem is that faces us … Once they understand how big the problem is, I think people will be more receptive to what the possible solutions may be."The Speaker's already on record with his recommended "deficit solution": cuts to Social Security that could, according to the Speaker, help pay for America's war. The Journal article reiterated that Boehner is "determined to offer a budget this spring that curbs Social Security and Medicare."The most generous interpretation of Boehner's remarks to the Wall Street Journal would be to assume that the Speaker is profoundly ignorant of the funding process for Social Security. But why can't we believe that the Speaker is merely misguided, as comforting as that would be? Because he and his party pushed a tax cut through for the wealthiest Americans last year that would have paid for any expected Social Security shortfall for the next 75 years! Specifically, as Daniel Marans pointed out, "the cost of extending the Bush tax cuts for the top 2% of Americans is equivalent to the cost of filling Social Security's 75-year shortfall. Both equal 0.7% of the GDP."In other words, the Speaker doesn't care about the deficit. Whatever "big challenges" we face financially are largely the making of his party's policies on taxation, military spending, and — lest we forget — deregulation, which led to the trillion-dollar Wall Street crash and the BP oil spill. Fellow conservative David Frum has the Speaker pegged when he describes Boehner's remarks this way – "Boehner: I can sell voters on benefit cuts."That's exactly right. What Boehner's really saying is "I can make these rubes buy anything." Have you ever met a really slick and utterly amoral salesman? There's an uber-hustler personality that's common to all salesmen of this type, whether he's a Wall Street banker or a car salesman in Idaho. One of the most common characteristics of the super-salesman personality is a sense of utter superiority to your sales prospect — your mark. Boehner's really saying "I can sell you on giving up your future for my rich clients, and I'll make you love me for it."And yes, we know that Boehner comes from humble beginnings. A lot of super-salesmen do. With this kind of personality, that background creates even more contempt. I rose above your little world, they say to themselves, but you never will. And as for those of us from middle-class or lower class backgrounds who think there are more important things in life than dedicating yourself to the pursuit of money and power … for John Boehner and his kind, we're the biggest suckers of them all.Middle-Class Welfare QueensRobert Samuelson just doubled down on an amateurish insult to the American middle class by repeating his assertion that "Social Security is welfare." He gets the economics of the issue completely wrong, but the real contempt comes through with his insistence that "We don't call Social Security 'welfare' because it's a pejorative term, and politicians don't want to offend."No. We don't call Social Security "welfare" because that word, like all words, has a commonly accepted definition and Social Security doesn't meet it. Whether you're using the conversational definition ("aid in the form of necessities for those in need") or the legal one ("government benefits distributed to impoverished persons to enable them to maintain a minimum standard of well-being"), the word doesn't describe Social Security. Social Security doesn't target the "impoverished" or "those in need" by design. Here's the word Mr. Samuelson would have found had he done some research:Insurance. Social Security is a social insurance program, not a welfare program. And like any insurance program, it's designed to pay benefits when an insured event happens: A car accident. A plane flight you had to cancel at the last minute. Your retirement. Insurance programs aren't "means tested." If you've paid your premium and the insured event takes place, you receive the benefit. And Samuelson's argument that you should get back exactly what you put in is shown to be ludicrous when the proper word is used. I haven't "gotten back what I paid in" on my car insurance. And I could die without ever collecting Social Security benefits. I'm not being ripped off, I'm being protected.Since he couldn't be bothered to look up the definition of the word, Samuelson just made up his own: "Here is how I define a welfare program," he writes. "First, it taxes one group to support another group, meaning it's pay-as-you-go and not a contributory scheme where people's own savings pay their later benefits. And second, Congress can constantly alter benefits …" Leaving aside the misleading statement that Social Security "taxes one group to pay another," what else could be considered "welfare" under the making-sh*t-up" Samuelson definition? Let's see … Military paychecks. The President's salary. The Senate dining room. The coffee they serve when junior Cabinet members meet with members of the press.Yes, Samuelson's argument is that absurd, and the pejorative overtones of the word "absurd" are deliberate.Robert Samuelson's essentially calling the American middle class, whose pension plan was funded through a government-managed trust fund, "welfare queens."Contempt.Stupid. Greedy. Teat-Sucking."You've got a country that is stupid, a government that is stupid," said the always-quotable Alan Simpson today. What's so stupid about us? Here's Simpson's explanation: "… (W)e're always talking about the couple at the kitchen table–well, here it is: For every buck we spend, we borrow forty cents. If that isn't stupid–we've got a country that is stupid, a government that is stupid, to borrow forty cents, not from your good old uncle Henry, but from the world."We've already dissected the lame analogy that says our country's spending is like a family's budget. It isn't – not even a little. But what really expresses Simpson's contempt for the American public is this: The set of personal suggestions he put together with Erskine Bowles (after the Deficit Commission they co-chaired collapsed into deadlock and failure) actually proposes lowering the maximum income tax rate for for wealthy individuals and corporations. Like Boehner, Simpson thinks he's found a bunch of suckers he can hoodwink in the American middle class.For the record, Simpson's first name really is "Alan" and not "Abe," although he shares the Simpsons character's tendency to go off on foul-mouthed, insulting rants (in what's an arguably ageist characterization). It was Abe – sorry, I mean Alan Simpson who sneered at the entire population of the United States by saying government programs were like "a cow with 310 million tits." (That makes every one of us a "teat sucker.") It was Simpson who insulted a representative for women – and a lot of other women, too – after she wrote about his comment. It was Simpson who called elderly Americans "greedy geezers." It was Simpson who screamed at a female reporter in the 1990's (she screamed back) and went off on an activist in a now-famous profanity-ridden video tantrum.And it's Simpson who has now insulted younger Americans – the ones who would be most hurt by his draconian anti-Social Security proposals – with another logorrheic rant, this one against young Americans who, he says, are "walking on their pants with the cap on backwards listening to the enema man (presumably meaning Eminem) and Snoopy Snoopy Poop Dogg."
It's not funny anymore – not that it ever was. The typical DC elite's response – "Oh, Alan's being Alan again" – doesn't cut it. This is vile, contemptible, hate-filled behavior with creepy scatological overtones. The crowd that loathes bloggers for the rude language of anonymous commenters embraces Simpson on a daily basis. Who in either party has said of Alan Simpson, "I can't work with somebody so unpleasant, so close-minded, so rude, so uncooperative, and who clearly holds the public in such vile disregard?"I'll make the answer easy for you: Nobody. Such is the arrogance of the Beltway insider, and such is alienation of Washington reality from the hard work and anguish of the American middle class. A Washington culture that prides itself on "bipartisan" civility – that is, politeness to fellow members of the elite – finds Simpson's abuse of the American public perfectly acceptable.Like I was saying: Contempt.______________________(Dean Baker has an excellent piece on Samuelson that makes many of the same points, plus quite a few others, and which reinforces this point: "Social Security is a pension that is run through the government.")Richard (RJ) Eskow, a consultant and writer (and former insurance/finance executive), is a Senior Fellow with the Campaign for America's Future. This post was produced as part of the Strengthen Social Security campaign. Richard also blogs at A Night Light.He can be reached at "rjeskow@ourfuture.org."Website: Eskow and Associates


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Coffee-Break Tutorials: Juicy Screenshake (DnD)
Posted by Mark Alexander on 17 September 2020
A very important part of making a game that is easily overlooked is adding "juice" to the gameplay. When we talk about "juice" we are talking about multiple elements in the game that are non-essential to the gameplay but that add an extra bit of spice to the way the game looks, sounds and feels to the player. Now, there are multiple ways to do this and a great number of them are outlined in this fantastic video by Martin Jonasson & Petri Purho, however in today's Coffee-Break Tutorial we'll be concentrating on just one thing that can add a lot of "juice" to your game... Screenshake!
NOTE: This tutorial is for people that use DnD™. If you prefer to use GML to make your games, we have a companion article for you here.
For this tutorial we'll be using a version of the Space Rocks project which has been updated for GameMaker Studio 2.3 and above (note that means that this project will not work in 2.2.5 or older!). You can get the YYZ of the project from the link below:
Space Rocks DnD Project
Once you have downloaded it, open GameMaker Studio and select "Import", then browse to the downloaded YYZ and select it.
Set Up The Camera View
Our screenshake effect will use a camera and move it around by a certain amount we will define to create the shaking. However, the Space Rocks demo doesn't use cameras, which means we'll first need to set that up. So, open rm_game and go to its Properties window and expand the Viewports and Cameras section:
You will need to check the box labelled Enable Viewports, then expand the section Viewport 0, make the view visible and set the width and height values for both the Camera and the Port to 500, as shown in the image below:
We don't need to do anything else, as we won't be using any of the other camera features in this example.
Note that these settings will have no visible effect on what the player sees right now, and if you run the game it should look and play exactly as before. All we're doing is setting up a viewport and camera to be the exact same as the default viewport and camera that GameMaker uses for the room when no custom cameras are active.
The Screenshake Object Create Event
You now need to make a new object that will be used to control the screenshake. We could use obj_game, but for the sake of clarity we'll be using a dedicated object for the effect. So, go ahead and create a new object now and call it obj_screenshake.
In this object we need to set up some variables, so add a Create Event and in it add the following DnD™:
Here's a brief outline of what these variables are for:
shake - This will control whether the screen should shake or not
shake_timer - This will control how long the screen shakes for
shake_magnitude - This is how hard the screen will shake
shake_fade - This is for how fast or slow the shake effect will fade out after it is finished
With that, we're done defining variables and can move on to generating the actual effect...
The Screenshake Object Step Event
Our screenshake object now needs a Step Event, which is where we'll be doing all the shaking! Go ahead and add that event now, then add the following actions:
So, what's going on here? Well, when the shakevariable is set to true we add or subtract the magnitude value to the camera position and count down the shake_timer variable. Once the timer reaches zero we then fade out the shake effect until the magnitude is zero, at which point we reset the camera to (0, 0) and switch off the effect by setting shake to false.
Shake That Screen!
That's everything set up, but we can't actually test it yet as we need to do two last things. The first is to create a script function to tell the screenshake object what to do. For that, you will need to create a new Script asset and call it something like Effects. In this script we are going to define a function screenshake() and this script function simply applies the values required to the screenshake object, causing the screen to shake on-demand.
The second thing we need to do is actually call this function somewhere. For that, you'll need to open obj_asteroid and add a Destroy Event. In this event we'll apply different amounts of screenshake depending on the size of the asteroid being destroyed using a Switchaction. So add the following into the Destroy Event to do just that:
You can now open the room rm_gameand add an instance of obj_screenshaketo it. If you run the game, when you shoot and destroy the asteroids, you'll now have a juicy screenshake effect to make the impacts really hit home!
You now have the basic knowledge of how screenshake works - create a camera, then offset the x/y position by an amount for a certain length of time. It's a simple effect, but one that can add a lot of extra "oomph" into a game as long as it's used judiciously.
Note that in this test project you can also add it to other places, like when the player dies, so play around with it. You can also apply this to your own projects fairly easily - for example, if your game camera follows the player, then you would simply need to offset the camera based on the initial player position minus half the width/height of the camera and plus the screenshake magnitude.
That's it for this Coffee-break Tutorial, and we hope it's been useful to you!
Happy GameMaking!


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Scenarios for IU's 2020-21 academic year communicated from McRobbie
The area of the Sample Gates, and nearby Kirkwood, are deserted Sunday night after Indiana University announced that classes will be taught online for the remainder of the semester, and all events for the rest of the school year are canceled, Sunday, March 14, 2020 in Bloomington, Ind. Earlier in the evening the CDC recommended no events having more than 50 people in attendance in the United States for the next 8 weeks. (Photo by Jeremy Hogan/The Bloomingtonian)
Here is the text of an e-mail sent to members of the Indiana University community by President Michael McRobbie.
Text follows:
To all members of the IU community,
I write to update you on Indiana University's response to the COVID-19 global pandemic as we arrive at the end of April and, in particular, our planning for resuming normal or partial operations as we continue to work together to overcome this grave and unprecedented public health crisis. As I have shared in my previous messages to you, the IU community has demonstrated remarkable courage, compassion, patience and strength in working together to keep our communities safe and healthy, while also ensuring our students can continue their academic progress during these extraordinary times. Our faculty and staff have risen to the massive and unprecedented challenge of moving all teaching for our more than 100,000 students across our state from a largely traditional mode of instruction to all virtual classes. We now have more than four weeks of fully virtual education behind us, with just one week left in the spring semester. And I simply cannot say enough about IU's resilient students, who are the lifeblood of our campuses. They are going through a period of great uncertainty in their lives, yet they continue to positively and patiently adapt under difficult circumstances. This crisis has reflected the very best of IU. But we know that what makes our university truly special are our beautiful campuses filled with enthusiastic, energetic students, buzzing with teaching, learning and creative activities, and open to our alumni and friends. As such, a question nearly everyone is asking is: When can we restart something like our previous in-person teaching, research and other activities, such as athletics? I want to address this central question in the most honest and forthright way possible, but first let me share a few general words about the approach IU has employed and adhered to throughout the current crisis. IU's methodical, deliberate approach to mitigating COVID-19 By now you are well aware of the speed and urgency with which IU reacted to one of the gravest public health challenges our state, nation and world have faced in a century. We made the dramatic move to virtual instruction, closed most residence halls and on-campus housing, extended spring break, and canceled and postponed events as soon as it was absolutely necessary to do so, recognizing that the risks of not acting far outweighed the inconveniences and challenges caused by these actions. We were one of the first universities in the country to announce we were moving summer classes online. And we quickly took action to ensure the continuation of our research activities in compliance with state and federal orders and guidelines concerning the pandemic. "Essential research activities" continued on campus, and those activities that can be conducted entirely remotely continued without restriction. Despite the speed with which these and other actions were taken, ours has, in fact, been a very careful and methodical approach to mitigating this crisis. This has meant deliberately basing all of our decisions on the most current and accurate data and guidance that are being provided daily by our state and federal government authorities and our nation's leading health experts, recognizing that this information and guidance often changes daily and unpredictably. Our overriding consideration with every important and difficult decision we have made has been — and will continue to be — protecting the health and safety of each and every one of the students, faculty and staff who comprise the IU community. And we will continue to fully embrace our responsibility to ensure the health of the communities we serve across our state. Nevertheless, we are absolutely determined to move forward — intelligently, prudently and rationally — toward our ultimate goal to get back to in-person delivery of our core teaching and research missions. Potential scenarios for reopening We are very confident that IU will ultimately return to a full, in-person university experience. This is our overarching goal for every campus, and like everyone else I want that return to happen sooner rather than later! But the seriousness and uncertainty of the pandemic demands caution. As Indiana Gov. Eric Holcomb recently said, this is not a race to be first, but rather to be the surest and safest. We cannot be cavalier about the health and safety of any member of our community, and we cannot be confident that the future will play out as we would wish. It would not be realistic or even responsible to promise a full resumption of in-person activity in the fall, as the best medical and public health evidence and projections tell us that the novel coronavirus will remain active to some degree, and that the potential for COVID-19 reoccurrence will remain with us until a vaccine is widely deployed. Thus, it is essential that we plan for multiple return scenarios in the coming academic year, including, but not limited to, an in-person experience. To this end, we are planning for five such scenarios for the 2020-21 academic year. Scenario 1 is a return to in-person teaching and research in the fall. This, of course, is the scenario all of us would most prefer, but it is also highly unlikely. As experts have warned, it is likely we will need to continue social distancing and many other preventive measures to detect and protect against the spread of COVID-19 until a vaccine is widely deployed. This will mean that even a return to in-person teaching and research would require careful consideration of, among other measures, reconfiguring large lecture classes; re-engineering courses and performances that bring people into close physical contact; and modifying laboratory and studio practices to ensure proper distancing, numbers of people in gatherings and cleaning. Scenario 2 is a "hybrid" reopening in the fall involving both in-person and virtual teaching and research. At this point, this is the scenario we believe is the most likely, though this could change rapidly with some new positive or negative development. The balance between in-person and virtual teaching would emerge from the impact of continuing public health directives. This scenario has several variations, each of which would require a high level of flexibility to accommodate rapid change in the course of the pandemic, as well as the need to accommodate students and faculty who are unable to attend class in-person — whether due to illness, self-isolation, special vulnerability to COVID-19 or travel restrictions. Flexibility could take many forms. It could involve classes offered both in-person and virtually. It could also involve prioritizing some classes for in-person or for virtual instruction, based on their size, content or other characteristics; creating modular classes that are designed to include both in-person and virtual elements, or that can switch from one mode to another very quickly; rethinking the weekly schedule, to spread out larger classes, for example, to allow for smaller sections; or, most likely, some combination of these and other measures. We are also looking at three additional scenarios that would correspond to the pandemic remaining so serious that the fall semester has to be held virtually but we can resume hybrid operations in the spring; the need to return to virtual operations in the spring after having begun hybrid operations in the fall; and what would be the most difficult of all, virtual operations for the whole academic year. These are, of course, scenarios that we hope we can avoid. We might also see a mixture of scenarios across our campuses depending on the regional impact of the pandemic. We must also recognize that students' expectations of the quality of virtual instruction will be much higher next fall or spring than they were this spring. Everyone understood this semester that we moved very quickly to virtual instruction, which meant that the great majority of classes offered after spring break were neither intended nor designed for virtual delivery. These classes have required great patience and forbearance by our students and all concerned. Restarting university operations So how will we decide how to return to in-person education of the kind outlined in Scenario 2? To put it more broadly, how will we "restart" university operations? Ultimately, until a vaccine arrives, it will likely involve the deployment of some combination of: Continued social distancing. Fast and comprehensive virus testing and, perhaps, antibody testing. Therapeutics. Temperature monitoring and surveillance. Contact tracing. As previously announced, we have formed a Restart Committee, chaired by IU Executive Vice President and IU School of Medicine Dean Jay Hess, to advise us on these measures. The committee, which also includes the deans of the IU schools of public health and other IU Health, public health and medical experts, is tasked with recommending when and under what conditions can IU restart its educational, research and other activities. The recommendations of the Restart Committee will then be used to begin a phased resumption of university operations, in which we assess the success and lessons learned from each new phase of restarted operations to build confidence for the next. Thus, subject to the governor's decisions about the future of Indiana's lockdown and to the recommendations of the Restart Committee, it is our aim — as one of the first of these "confidence-building measures" — to fully restart all university research activities as soon as is practicable. To this end, we have also created a Laboratory Research Restart Committee, co-chaired by Vice President for Research Fred Cate and James Wimbush, vice president for diversity, equity and multicultural affairs and dean of the Graduate School, to implement the recommendations of the Restart Committee in the context of the critically important laboratory and related research that had to be suspended last month. Additionally, I have directed each IU campus to establish committees, tailored to the campus's needs, to plan in detail and implement where necessary components of the potential scenarios for reopening. These committees will give careful consideration to how any new operational frameworks will impact health and safety practices, student enrollment (including our residential, nonresidential and international students), course offerings, staffing levels, cost structure and research activities. Hundreds of administrators, faculty and staff are now involved in the vital work of all of these committees. The success of these and other efforts will be very important in developing our plans to move to further phases. The timing will be determined, in part, by the governor's decisions, which we should know soon. But we would hope to begin our phased restart in May, though I stress again that we can give no guarantee of this at this stage. A final word We are still far from sure what form the next academic year will take, but it will almost certainly look and feel different. COVID-19 will be with us this fall in some way, and perhaps longer, until a cure is uncovered. To this end, I do not want to sugarcoat the situation with trite phrases or hollow optimism. Even under the best of circumstances, academic and research life at IU will not be the same for some time, and we will feel the repercussions of this pandemic for many years. We have already had to make several difficult decisions, and we will have many more to make in the coming weeks and months. However, our investments over many decades in basic infrastructure, key efficiencies, inter-campus collaboration, innovation and fiscal responsibility have put IU in a good position to weather this storm. It will not be easy. But one thing is clear: It will take all of us — working together with wisdom, fierce determination, flexibility and resolve — to surmount the current crisis. With my deepest appreciation for your ongoing commitment to the health and well-being of the IU community and the many communities on all of our campuses, Michael A. McRobbie President
Letter carrier's fears documented in online posts before fatal shooting; 21-year-old arrested


One of the toughest searches we do is for exceptional designers. Creating a compelling user experience has increasingly separated the winners from the losers in various industries.
The above link is, for the most part, a neat chart that maps out the roles, talent hot spots and more. We're finding more of the roles are blurred, combining multiple disciplines.
As for salaries, these aggregated data points are frankly, not valid—increasingly there's a greater separation between the average players and those in the top of their field. We're seeing 1-2 year people in the $80K range if they are highly creative, have a strong portfolio and come out of a top school. Premiums are paid for consumer and mobile—as par for the course in the current market.


Quiring, Courtney, et al. "Follitropin Beta." Davis's Drug Guide, 16th ed., F.A. Davis Company, 2019. Anesthesia Central, anesth.unboundmedicine.com/anesthesia/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/51335/all/follitropin_beta.
Quiring C, Sanoski CA, Vallerand AH. Follitropin beta. Davis's Drug Guide. 16th ed. F.A. Davis Company; 2019. https://anesth.unboundmedicine.com/anesthesia/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/51335/all/follitropin_beta. Accessed April 20, 2019.
Quiring C, Sanoski CA, Vallerand AH. Follitropin Beta [Internet]. In: Davis's Drug Guide. F.A. Davis Company; 2019. [cited 2019 April 20]. Available from: https://anesth.unboundmedicine.com/anesthesia/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/51335/all/follitropin_beta.


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For past projects, please visit: Brook Andrew Wordpress Blog
INDIGENOUS STORIES
Seminar dates: 23 – 24 July
Talk date: 24 - July 2021; 10:30 - 12:30
Art Museum of Sao Paulo
Conversasion with Brook Andrew and Moara Brasil
"Representation and identities of indigenous peoples"
Link here
Image: Into the Fire 2019 (detail), oil pastel, acrylic paint, paper, glue, wood and pencil.
Article by Andrew Stephens published on The Sydney Morning Herald.
"'Should we cover it up?' Brook Andrew dares us to confront a troubled past.
The artist's latest show builds on layers of history and human thought."
publication of "Encounters with Legacy Images: Decolonising and Re-imagining Photographic Evidence from the Colonial Archive" by Brook Andrew & Jessica Neathon, on the journal "History of Photography, Volume 42, 2018 - Issue 3: Indigenous Photographies".
"By way of a dialogue between the two authors – an artist and an art historian – this article reflects on the artistic method of repurposing the colonial archive, in particular the vast collection of photographs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Important contexts for this work include the international practice, established in the 1990s amongst artists, communities, and museums, of addressing
hidden histories of war and genocide in the public sphere."
Publication of "Representation, remembrance and the memorial", an article written by Brook Andrew, Jessica Neath, Corina Marino, Jock Gilbert, Christine Phillips and Carroll Go-Sam, on "Landscape Architecture Australia", Issue 161, February 2019. Link here
"The RR.Memorial Forum, held in June this year, explored the future of memorials in Australia to the Frontier Wars.
A series of Indigenous-led design charrettes revealed the possibilities and challenges involved in creating places of healing…"
Image:Habitat II, 2017
red gum and Sapele timber, glass, steel and oil pastel
214 × 140 × 140cm
Brook Andrew: Room B for Adelaide Festival 2019
Exhibition dates: 15 February – 5 April 2019
Festival dates: 1 – 17 March 2019
Samstag Museum
Brook Andrew appointed Artistic Director of 22nd Biennale of Sydney (2020)
Appointed 20 June 2018
"The Biennale of Sydney plays an indispensable role in Australia's engagement with the world, and a meaningful role in the life of the nation...Brook Andrew's commitment to alternative narratives and new understandings of historical legacies will further strengthen the Biennale's commitment to the rich, diverse communities it serves, nationally and globally."
Advance Arts Award 2018
Brook Andrew was awarded the Advance Award in 2018. The Advance Awards celebrate international Australians who exhibit remarkable talent, exceptional vision and ambition. The Awards are the only of their kind to recognise the contributions of the one million Australians living abroad, and those who have returned home. Read more here
Image: Screencapture from the online essay
What's Left Behind – A Visual Essay #LIVESOFOBJECTS
Allega Lab
To view and interact with the essay, click here.
"The spherical shape references ancient European and Indigenous depictions of time travel and healing. Israeli physicist Amos Ori designed a time machine in this shape and similarly the form comes from a story that speaks of Aboriginal magic trees that form circle shapes in their branches and are in fact time-travelling objects." Read more here.
1 July 2018 – June 2019
Melbourne Recital Centre


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O ganso-de-bico-curto ou ganso-de-pés-rosados  (Anser brachyrhynchus) é uma ave da família Anatidae que nidifica no Árctico, nomeadamente na Islândia e em Svalbard, e inverna na Europa central, principalmente nos Países Baixos e no Reino Unido. Em Portugal a sua ocorrência é excepcional.

A espécie é monotípica (não tem subespécies).

Ligações externas

Anser
Aves de Portugal
Aves descritas em 1833

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia