Ordinance No. Page 9 D. Permanent and Temporary Structures. The City Manager, upon approval of City Council, may enter into an agreement for the sale or lease of public right-of-way in the City Plaza for the construction of a permanent structure at a site designated for a kiosk or as an addition to an existing store front, or for the temporary or seasonal use of Zone 1 by the owner or operator of abutting property. Said lease or sale shall only be entered into after careful consideration and assurance that the following conditions have or will be net. 1. Building Design a, Additions to buildings shall be harmonious in scale and design with permanent neighboring structures and with the City Plaza. b. Materials shall be suitable for the style and design of buildings in which they are used. c. Materials which are architecturally harmonious shall be used for all building walls and other exterior building components wholly or partly visible from public ways. d. Selection of materials shall be guided by the following: (1) Harmony with adjoining buildings; (2) Relationship to the brick and wood theme of City Plaza. (3) Materials shall be of durable quality. e. Building Components - such as windows, doors, eaves, and parapets - shall have good proportions and relationship to one another. f. Colors shall be selected for their harmony and/or ability to compliment the color scheme of the City Plaza. g. Mechanical equipment or other utility hardware on roof, ground or buildings shall be screened from public view with materials harmonious with the building, or shall be located so as not to be visible from any public ways. h. Exterior lighting shall be part of the architectural concept.


That is correct. There are 40 wire cables which are CS capable.
CS or M/S jumpering on the drives (if they are made properly).
state that the gray/slave black/master must observed when using master/slave jumpering, one of my hardware references  does say so.
in the middle on every drive.
It's left as an exercise for the reader to dissect a cable and settle the crossover/straight-through/termination questions. My eyes are too old for that kind of crap -- especially at this hour.
All one really needs to do is read the spec.


text:
Home » Blog » Watergate Hotel, Washington - 5 arrested
Watergate Hotel, Washington - 5 arrested
by: Squaducation date: 17 Jun
5 Arrested for Breaking into Watergate Hotel and Office Complex, Washington DC
- 17th June 1972 -
In May 1972 burglars broke in to headquarters of the Democratic Party. They stole top secret documents, photographed others and bugged the telephones. The wiretaps failed to work as well as they had hoped so another illegal entry was planned for June 17th.
Five men, three Cuban exiles, one Cuban American and the leader James McCord, a former CIA agent and security co-ordinator for Richard Nixon's re-election campaign committee, CREEP, entered the building with cameras and pen-size teargas guns. A security guard noticed that the locks had been taped over and caught them red-handed. The police found rooms across Virginia Avenue where they had been eavesdropping with sophisticated bugging equipment.
Although there was no immediate link to the White House detectives did find the White House telephone number of the re-election committee in one of the burglar's belongings. Gradually events took over and two Washington Post journalists, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, along with a US District court judge, John Sirica and members of the Senate investigating committee, started an investigation that led to the very top and the impeachment of a President on August 8th 1974. Woodward and Bernstein were to win a Pulitzer Prize for their account in the book, 'All The President's Men' that was also turned into a 1976 film starring Robert Redford as Woodward and Dustin Hoffman as Bernstein.
The story starts well before this however. In November 1968 Richard Nixon, aged 55, the former Vice-President, defeated Hubert Humphrey in one of the closest elections in US history. In June 1971 the New York Times, and then the Washington Post, published the 'Pentagon Papers' on the Vietnam War that came from the Department for Defense. On September 9th the White House 'Plumbers Unit', so-called because they stopped leaks in the White House administration, burgled a psychiatrist's office to find files on Daniel Ellsberg, the former defense analyst who had leaked the papers. Subterfuge and espionage, it seemed, was de rigueur.
Then the break in on June 17th 1972 to the headquarters of the Democratic Party and the capture of five seemingly random personnel. The campaign to re-elect Nixon was brutal and aggressive. Nixon wanted a much more comfortable win this time. The country was divided by the war in Vietnam and there was a lot at stake. As the weeks and months went on the story began to get closer and closer to the President himself. One of the key sources for the journalists was an anonymous one, known only as 'Deep Throat'. Eleven years after the death of Nixon, 'Deep Throat' was revealed as Associate Director of the FBI, Mark Felt. This was confirmed later by both Woodward and Bernstein.
On June 19th former Attorney General John Mitchell, head of CREEP denied any involvement in the burglary. By the end of September, it became apparent that Mitchell, when he was holding that office, had controlled a secret fund to finance intelligence gathering and more questions started being asked. In August Nixon himself made a speech denying any involvement and most people believed him. That same month though, a cheque for $25,000 was placed in the bank account of one of the burglars. It later transpired that hundreds of dollars was paid by the Nixon campaign into the accounts of these 5 burglars as hush money.
On 11th November Nixon was re-elected by one of the largest majorities – he gained 60% of the vote – against Senator George McGovern. The questions, though, simply would not go away. The following year, 1973, the district judge, John Sirica, read out a letter from the leader of the break-in group, James McCord, saying that the White House had conducted a cover up to conceal the links to the break in. Various Nixon aides resigned to take the sting out of the situation, but the story kept running.
On July 13th 1973 Alexander Butterfield revealed under testimony that Nixon had recorded all conversations in his office and on the telephone since 1971. Five days later Nixon reportedly disconnected this link and then the following week refused to hand over all the tapes of the conversations. By October the heat was turned up further with a special Senate committee and a special prosecutor demanding information. On 20th Nixon fired the special prosecutor, Archibald Cox, using his executive power. The attack dogs were getting closer to the truth. On December 7th the White House were unable to explain an eighteen and half minute gap in a subpoenaed tape that it had been given access to. It appeared that someone had wiped it. By April 1974 the White House released 1200 pages of edited transcripts to the House Judiciary Committee. The latter insisted that the full tapes be handed over.
By July the issue had reached the Supreme Court. They rejected Nixon's claim of executive powers but the tapes were still not handed over. Thus on July 27th the committee passed the first of three articles of impeachment on the grounds of obstructing justice. On August the 5th the tapes were released and it became obvious that the President was implicated in the burglary. Three days later Richard Nixon, the President of the United States, was gone. He was replaced by Gerald Ford, the Vice-President, who six weeks later pardoned Nixon of all charges relating to Watergate. Some of his aides were not so lucky and were sent to prison. Nixon never admitted to criminal wrong doing but did admit to errors of judgement.
The damage done was not just to Nixon and those jailed but also had a profound effect on the way the population now viewed its politicians – with cynicism and distrust. Ford's reputation cannot have been harmed too much as he only lost very narrowly to Jimmy Carter in the 1976 election losing the popular vote 50.1% to 48.0%. Nixon's name, however, will be forever remembered for dishonesty, treachery and criminality.
TWO WEEK FREE TRIAL
Watch our animated film to learn how you can trial our resources and over 270 films, for two whole weeks!
WATCH OUR FILM
Watch 50+ video for free
Look for this symbol. Clock here to see all our free video NOW
free to view
Tweets by 60SecHistories
11th Century 12th Century 13th Century 14th Century 15th Century 16th Century 17th Century 18th Century 19th Century 20th Century 21st Century American History Ancient Egypt Ancient Greece Anglo Saxon Art & Culture Assassination Battles Biography Case Study Classical Art Education Emperors Empires English Civil War Explorers Football French Revolution General Inventors Kings & Queens Medieval Music News Politics Pre-History Religion Roman Scientists Sculpture Sport This week in history Tudor Victorians Warfare World War 1 WW1 WW2

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Man fatally injured when knocked off top of viaduct
Posted Nov 29, 2019 12:53 PM
WAHOO, Neb. (AP) — Authorities say a man was fatally injured when he was knocked off the top of a viaduct in eastern Nebraska.
Saunders County Sheriff Kevin Stukenholtz said in a news release Friday that several vehicles were involved in pileup around 6:20 p.m. Thursday on the U.S. Highway 77 viaduct on the west side of Wahoo.
The release says one man had left his vehicle to check on another driver when a northbound semitrailer went out of control on the icy pavement and struck the viaduct.
The man who was knocked off it was taken to Saunders Medical Center in Wahoo and then to a Lincoln hospital, where he was pronounced dead.
His name hasn't been released.
The sheriff says no other injuries were reported by people in the other vehicles.
Continue Reading Panhandle Post
Two inmates get more time for assault on prison captain
LINCOLN, Neb. (AP) — Two inmates who assaulted a prison captain at the Nebraska State Penitentiary in Lincoln have been given more time behind bars.
The Lincoln Journal Star reports that 24-year-old Ary Soto was sentenced Monday and 29-year-old Evan Swenson was sentenced last week.
Prosecutors say the two inmates were armed Oct. 5, 2016, with padlocks attached to cotton belts that they could swing as weapons. They came up behind some investigators and then focused on the captain, battering his head and hands. He suffered a concussion, cuts and a fractured hand.
Court records say Soto pleaded no contest and was given 10 to 16 years. He's already serving time for second-degree murder in Douglas County. The records say Swenson also pleaded no contest and was given eight to 16 years. He's serving time for attempted murder in Buffalo County.
Copyright © 2020 Post Site - Powered byEagle Radio
v3.5.9 |FCC Public Files |EEO Public File


Ever stomp on the pedals just to have your rear wheel slide forward in the dropouts and throw your chain? There are lots of BMX-style tensioners out there, but few of them fit in our dropouts without some serious grinding. So, we decided to design a chain tensioner that will keep that rear wheel static in our dropouts... and most other kinds of rear-facing horizontal dropouts. Plus, ours will open up a bottle o' brew.
The body is investment cast in stainless steel for durability.
Features a thumbscrew and two axle holes for a wide range of fore/aft wheel positions.
Comes with an aluminum adapter to reduce the axle hole from 10mm to 6mm, so you can use it with quick-release axles, in addition to nutted axles.


This 3 sisters bracelet set is the perfect gift for sisters to show your bond.
silver filled, brass, 14k gold filled, rose gold filled, or sterling silver for your sister bracelets for 3 sisters.
Select choices from options when ordering your 3 sister jewelry set.
I can also make your 3 sister set a two tone finish. Simply mention your preference in notes to seller during checkout for your lil sis jewelry, mid sister jewelry, big sister jewelry bracelet set.
Also if you would like different finishes for each bangle, for example, little sister bracelet in sterling, middle sister bracelet in 14k gold filled, and big sister bracelet in rose gold filled, please mention that in notes to seller.
Please specify size in notes to seller during checkout for your sisters set. Choose from my regular sizes below by measuring one of your favorite bangles, or give me the circumference of the widest part of your hand where the bangle has to be pulled over; then I can size your bangles for you. All of my bangles are closed and can't be opened. Therefore, they have to fit over the hand.
This three sisters bracelet set created and hand crafted with great care and love for you and yours. All of my items including this three sisters bracelet set are special handmade creations that are based on original Frosted Willow designs & concepts. I hope you love your three sister bracelet set!


Event: Puget Sound Brews and News!
Join us on June 30th at Boston Harbor Marina, to enjoy some great local brews and discuss the latest news in local efforts towards research, restoration and conservation in Puget Sound! Hope to see you there!


Great price on this house that has been owned by one family for many years! Hardwood floors, sun-room with a new roof, 2 very large bedrooms upstairs with lots of closets. Downstairs has a kitchen, formal dining room and a huge living room. Some replacement windows on 2nd floor. Fully fenced backyard. Central A/C is a nice bonus. Convenient location!


text:
William Burridge
Crime: stealing sheep
Source: http://www.exclassics.com/newgate/ng161.htm
Executed at Tyburn, May 22, 1722, for Horse-stealing.
William Burridge was born in Northamptonshire, and served his apprenticeship to a carpenter; but being of a wild disposition, his friends determined on sending him to sea; accordingly they got him rated as a midshipman, and he sailed to the coast of Spain; but soon quitting the naval service, he returned to England, and commencing highwayman, committed many robberies on the road to Hampstead, on Finchley Common, and in the neighbourhood of Hammersmith. When he first began the practice of robbing, he formed a resolution to retire when he had acquired as much money as would support him: but this time never arrived; for finding his success by no means proportioned to his expectations, he became one of the gang under Jonathan Wild, of infamous memory; and was for a considerable time screened from justice by that celebrated master of thieves.
Burridge being confined in New Prison for a capital offence, broke out of that gaol; and he was repeatedly an evidence at the Old Bailey, by which means his associates suffered the rigour of the law. At length having offended Wild, the latter marked him down as one doomed to suffer at the next execution after the ensuing sessions at the Old Bailey; which was a common practice with Wild when he grew tired of his dependants, or thought they could be no longer serviceable to him. Alarmed by this circumstance, Burridge fled into Lincolnshire, where he stole a horse, and brought it to London, intending to sell it at Smithfield for present support; but the gentleman who lost the horse having sent a full description of it to London, Burridge was seen riding on it through the street, and watched to a livery-stable. Some persons going to take him, he produced a brace of pistols, threatening destruction to any me who came near him; by which he got off; but being immediately pursued, he was apprehended in May-Fair, and lodged in Newgate.
On his trial, a man and a woman swore that they saw him purchase the horse; but as there was a material difference in their stories, the court was of opinion that they had been hired to swear, and the judge gave directions for their being taken into custody for the perjury. The jury did not hesitate to find Burridge guilty; and after sentence was passed, his behaviour was extremely devout and he encouraged the devotion of others in like unhappy circumstances. He suffered in the 34th year of his age; having first warned the spectators to be obedient to their parents and masters, and to beware of the crime of debauching young women, which had first led him from the path of duty, and finally terminated in his ruin.


text:
AI Governance: A Critical Component of Corporate ESG Initiatives
Helping organizations navigate the often-challenging implementation of Responsible AI as part of ESG efforts
by Scott Zoldi
Chief Analytics Officer
What You Don't Know About the G in ESG and Why it Matters
I recently had the pleasure of addressing the global FICO community from the mainstage of FICO World 22. I spoke about governance, the 'G' in corporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) programs. Joining me onstage for the discussion was Cortnie Abercrombie, CEO of AI Truth and author of "What You Don't Know: AI's Unseen Influence on Your Life and How to Take Back Control." Below we recount some of the key discussion points from our dialogue, helping organizations navigate the often-challenging implementation process of corporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) programs.
Scott: There are lots of Board-level conversations about ESG, a topic of critical importance. From your perspective, why is governance critical when it comes to artificial intelligence? Why is AI governance a Board-level conversation?
Cortnie: Boards of Directors care about the strategy of the company, the direction it's taking and the risk. They build corporate policies to help govern everything and make sure that the organization stays on the right track. So, if you're building artificial intelligence capabilities or any kind of machine learning capabilities on anything less than quality or substandard as an initiative, then it's strategy snake oil. When you're talking about AI and machine learning, these technologies are being used to achieve a strategic advantage for the organization and you don't want that to be built on snake oil, right?
Scott: Absolutely not, no snake oil here! But it's a big challenge. When we talk about the term AI, what is actually behind the AI? How do we have proof of it working? And more importantly, how can we make sure that we monitor AI systems and understand how it's going to behave in production, before it harms people. That's really, critically important. Cortnie, what's your view on the most critical component of AI-related governance? It's a complex topic.
ESG Initiatives: Trust Needs to be Sustainable When it Comes to AI Systems
Cortnie: Trust. As a society right now, I don't think there are many entities in our lives that we trust. We don't trust politics, media, Big Tech or even our neighbors. How are you going to build tech that someone can trust in a trustless environment? You're going to have to find a way to show people the technologies, the positive impacts and answer the question, "Why I should trust this, and how it can be explained to me?"
Scott: When we survey our customers, trust is one of the topics that they put it at the very top of the list of what they respect, and they like about FICO. Trust is, not granted, it's earned, and it's continually earned. It's something that we take very seriously.
Cortnie: Incidentally, before I even trusted Scott, I used my initiative to check my FICO score online and looked to see if I agreed with it, because I am a "show me" kind of person and a very big skeptic. When I think of which organizations are doing really great things in terms of explainability and transparency, I love the FICO approach.
Scott: That is great, Cortnie. When we explore how to establish trust, transparency is key. For a consumer to have trust, they need to understand the decision, and also to have an understanding of how to improve an outcome, or why they have that outcome. So, transparency is one of the core tenets of success when people are correctly implementing AI governance.
Catch the rest of Scott and Cortnie's Talk on YouTube, where they steered their ESG governance conversation past transparency and on to self-driving cars, the importance of support for AI governance at the highest levels of an organization, model governance 'in the wild,' what happens when data scientists' egos run amok, using blockchain to codify model decisions, and more.
How FICO Can Help You With AI Governance To Meet Responsible AI and ESG Goals
Watch a video interview by "CXO Talk" with Scott Zoldi on AI governance and AI ethics principles and why data scientists and business leaders need to closely manage the AI systems that help drive corporate initiatives.
Explore our State of "Responsible AI:2021" report, which polled 100 C-level leaders on how they are ensuring AI is used ethically, responsibly, securely and in their customers' best interests.
Read our Artificial Intelligence Playbook, which offers a step-by-step guide for achieving responsible AI.
Follow me on LinkedIn and Twitter @ScottZoldi to see my latest thoughts on Responsible AI, AI governance, ESG, machine learning and data science.
Scott Zoldi
Scott Zoldi is chief analytics officer at FICO responsible for the analytic development of FICO's product and technology solutions. While at FICO, Scott has been responsible for authoring more than 120+ analytic patents, with 74 granted and 47 pending. Scott is actively involved in the development of new analytic products and Big Data analytics applications, many of which leverage new streaming analytic innovations such as adaptive analytics, collaborative profiling and self-calibrating analytics. Scott is most recently focused on the applications of streaming self-learning analytics for real-time detection of cyber security attacks. Scott serves on two boards of directors, Software San Diego and Cyber Center of Excellence. Scott received his Ph.D. in theoretical and computational physics from Duke University.
esg ethical AI responsible ai FICO World Artificial Intelligence ai governance
AI Governance: Why Should You Care?
FICO's New AI Playbook: How to Achieve Responsible AI
Beyond Responsible AI: 8 Steps to Auditable Artificial Intelligence


Doctor on Demand is a direct to consumer telemedicine (online doctor visit) service that offers instant and affordable online access to a board-certified doctor.
This No Middleman favorite saves time and stress by bringing your doctor straight to you, for online appointments in urgent care, behavioral health, preventative health and chronic care. These top-tier physicians can also prescribe you medication!
Doctor on Demand saves you time and stress for appointments that can easily be done online. They've bypassed the offline middlemen to connect people with great physicians at reasonable prices, and their telemedicine services are now provided across the US!


This astounding series uncovers some of the most amazing discoveries in science, history, ancient Biblical prophecies, and global events related to our modern time. Find out how the secrets of the past and the revelations from the lost pages of history can give meaning for your life today.
This interactive CD contains the entire Prophecy Unlocked evangelistic series in three different ways: read the complete presentations - listen to the recordings - print the presentation guides. Then begin online Bible studies. Plus more.
The CD is designed for use in a web browser on a PC or Mac computer. The MP3 audio files can also be played directly in an MP3 compatible CD player! Designed and priced for outreach and sharing!
A Multimedia Bible Prophecy Experience The extraordinary Prophecy Foundations sharing DVD is pack..
My Bible School CD My Bible School CD is a great resource with Bible Study Lesson on ..
Deep inside every person there seems to be this sense that beyond what we can see and touch there is..
Practical keys to living a vibrant victorious spiritual life. Utilising the latest cutting edge scie..


text:
Agustín Gamarra, född 27 augusti 1785, död (stupad) 18 november 1841, var en peruansk militär och politiker. Två gånger var han Perus president. Första gången 1829 till 1833 och andra gången 1838 till 1841, då han invaderade Bolivia och stupade i ett slag vid Ingavi, under  Peruansk-bolivianska kriget.

Källor
http://www.scribd.com/doc/4835810/BIOGRAFIA-DE-AGUSTIN-GAMARRA

Peruanska politiker under 1800-talet
Födda 1785
Avlidna 1841
Perus presidenter
Peruanska militärer
Fältmarskalkar
Personer som stupat i strid
Män

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Zh12589200. Camera adapter stereo microscope c-mount. 10*10*8cm. Item condition: Led lights lent. Relative brightness: X40-r. 24.9-34.9mm;34.5-43.5mm;38.9-48.5mm. Spotting scopes. Wf16x eyepiece. +/-2mm. Parallel trippers. About 14mm. Data hold / data clear function: Magnifying glasses for jewelers. 170 * 85 * 210mm. Stereo microscope biological.
Ry-01-5070. Trena de medir a laser. Newspaper. 20-60x/ 25-75x. 1 x monocular telescope, 1 x phone clip, 1 x lens cloth, 1 x tripodPrism: Magnife 3x. 30x52. 88*28*35mm. 25-75x70  gx0073. 2 led & 1 uvled. 58mm. 6mm len. Iron stand soldering. Easy to use and change lens. Glass lab. Level optical.


text:
A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a train, designed for the transport of passengers (and, very occasionally, freight) within, close to, or between villages, towns and/or cities, on tracks running primarily on streets.
Tramways or street railways were common throughout the industrialized world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but they disappeared from many U.S. cities in the mid-20th century. In European cities they remained quite common. In recent years, they have made a comeback in many U.S. cities. Many newer light rail systems share features with trams, although a distinction may be drawn between the two, with the term "light rail" preferred if there is significant off-street running.
The terms "tram" and "tramway" were originally Scots and Northern English words for the type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran—probably derived from the North Sea Germanic word "trame" of unknown origin meaning the "beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge", also "a barrow" or container body.
Although "tram" and "tramway" have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans preferring "trolley", "trolley car" or "streetcar". The term "streetcar" is first recorded in 1860, and "trolley" is believed to derive from the "troller," a four-wheeled device that was dragged along dual overhead wires by a cable that connected the troller to the top of the car and collected electrical power from the overhead wires, sometimes simply strung, sometimes on a catenary. The trolley pole, which supplanted the troller early on, is fitted to the top of the car and is spring-loaded in order to keep the trolley wheel or skate, at the top of the pole, firmly in contact with the overhead wire. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller. [Trolleys or streetcars are generally powered through a single trolley wheel and pole, grounded through the wheels and rails. The motor circuit must be designed to allow electrical current to flow through the underframe.]
Modern trolleys often use a metal shoe with a carbon insert instead of a trolley wheel, or have a pantograph. Other streetcars are sometimes called trolleys, even though strictly this may be incorrect: for example, cable cars, or conduit cars that draw power from an underground supply.
Tourist buses made to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the U.S. (tourist trolley). Open, low-speed segmented vehicles on rubber tires, generally used to ferry tourists short distances, can be called trams, particularly in the U.S.; a famous example is the tram on the Universal Studios backlot tour.
Electric buses, which use twin trolley poles (one for live current, one for return) are called trolleybuses, trackless trolleys (particularly in the U.S.), or sometimes trolleys.
The very first tram (streetcar) was the on the Swansea and Mumbles Railway in south Wales, UK); it was horse-drawn at first, and later moved by steam and electric power. The Mumbles Railway Act was passed by the British Parliament in 1804, and the first passenger railway (which acted like streetcars did in the US some 30 years later) started operating in 1807.The first streetcars, also known as horsecars in North America, were built in the United States and developed from city stagecoach lines and omnibus lines that picked up and dropped off passengers on a regular route without the need to be pre-hired. These trams were an animal railway, usually using horses and sometimes mules to haul the cars, usually two as a team. Rarely other animals were put to use, including humans in emergencies. The first streetcar line—the New York and Harlem Railroad's Fourth Avenue Line—ran along the Bowery and Fourth Avenue in New York City, and began service in 1832. It was followed in 1835 by New Orleans, Louisiana, which is the oldest continuously operating street railway system in the world, according to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. [cite web|last = Bellis|first = Mary|title = History of Streetcars and Cable Cars|url = http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blstreetcars.htm|accessdate = 2007-01-10]
Girder rail
At first the rails protruded above street level, causing accidents and major trouble for pedestrians. They were supplanted in 1852 by grooved rails or girder rails, invented by Alphonse Loubat. The first tram in Paris, France, was inaugurated in 1853 for the World's Fair, where a test line was built along the Cours de la Reine, in the 8th arrondissement. The Toronto, Ontario, Canada streetcar system is one of the few in North America still operating in the classic style on street trackage shared with car traffic, where streetcars stop on demand at frequent stops like buses rather than having fixed stations. Known as Red Rockets due to their color, they have been operating since the mid-19th century - horsecar service started in 1861 and electric service in 1892.
One of the advantages over earlier forms of transit was the low rolling resistance of metal wheels on steel rails, allowing the animals to haul a greater load for a given effort. Problems included the fact that each animal could only work so many hours per day, had to be housed, groomed, fed and cared for day in and day out, and produced prodigious amounts of manure, which the streetcar company had to dispose of. Since a typical horse pulled a car for perhaps a dozen miles a day and worked for four or five hours, many systems needed ten or more horses for each horsecar. Electric trams largely replaced animal power in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. New York City closed its last horsecar line in 1917. The last regular mule drawn streetcar in the U.S., in Sulphur Rock, Arkansas, closed in 1926. During World War II some old horse cars were temporarily returned to service to help conserve fuel. A mule-powered line in Celaya, Mexico, operated until 1956. Horse-drawn trams still operate in Douglas, Isle of Man. There is also a small line on Main Street at DisneyWorld, outside Orlando, Florida. A small horse-drawn service operates every 40 minutes at Victor Harbor, South Australia, daily with 20-minute services during tourist seasons, between the mainland and Granite Island across a causeway. [http://www.horsedrawntram.com.au/]
in Paris.
The convenience and economy of electricity resulted in its rapid adoption once the technical problems of production and transmission of electricity were solved. The first prototype of the electric tram was developed by Russian engineer Fyodor Pirotsky, who modified a horse tram to be powered by electricity. The invention was tested in 1880 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The world's first electric tram line opened in Lichterfelde near Berlin, Germany, in 1881. It was built by Werner von Siemens (see Berlin Straßenbahn).
In Japan, the Kyoto Electric railroad was the first tram system, starting operation in 1865. By 1932, the network had grown to 82 railway companies in 65 cities, with a total network length of 1,479 km. By the 1960s the tram had generally died out in Japan.
Demise in the US
US Auto and tire manufacturers allegedly conspired to close down the US streetcar system in the Great American streetcar scandal.
Demise in the UK
Similar but more subtle pressures and events occurred in the UK.
Britain had the first European trams and until 1935 a large and comprehensive network of systems. For example, it was possible to go by tram across northwest England, from Liverpool to Bolton, using connecting systems. These were mostly closed by a mixture of the same forces as in the US, but with political overtones, since most of the UK systems were municipally owned. The oil and car industries did not like the fact that the municipal tram systems were powered by electricity generated from coal, and to a large extent made car ownership unnecessary.
The 1931 Royal Commission on traffic argued that trams held up cars. When it is realised that there were only one million cars then, what this meant was that trams with poorer people were holding up cars with richer people.
In the UK there was a big public reaction against tramway abandonment, much bigger than the present one against UK Post Office closures, and on a par with the reaction against the Beeching Rail closures in the 1960s, and with the same result. Tram (train) passengers largely did not transfer to the new (flexible and cheaper) buses, but bought cars- resulting in the congested cities in the UK today.
After the war continental countries had little choice but to rebuild their tramways as they could not import oil or rubber but had steel and electricity.
Revival in Europe after 2000
In the last decades, tram networks in countries including France, Spain and Portugal, have grown considerably. The Netherlands has plans to expand trams to two additional cities. [cite news |author=Edo Sturm |title=Steden willen weer terug naar de tram |url=http://www.trouw.nl/hetnieuws/economie/article915101.ece/Steden_willen_weer_terug_naar_de_tram |work=Trouw |location=Netherlands |date=2008-02-12 |accessdate=2008-08-13 |language=Dutch] Paris reintroduced trams in 2006, and many French cities have seen a similar revival. [ cite news |title=French rediscover love for streetcars |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2008/07/18/French_rediscover_love_for_streetcars/UPI-82771216410359/ |work=UPI |location=Paris |date=2008-07-18 |accessdate=2008-08-13] In Scotland, a system in Edinburgh is under construction. [cite news |author=Fay Winter |title=Tram plans on track for more routes following SNP U-turn |url=http://news.scotsman.com/scotland/Tram-plans-on-track-for.4366894.jp |work=Scotsman |date=2008-08-07 |accessdate=2008-08-13] The Czech capital Prague plans one new line and the extension of eight others between 2007 and 2016, with an official of the Prague Public Transport Company stating that "In Europe in the past 10 years, tram transportation is the preferred way of transit; we can say that tram transportation is going through its renaissance period". [cite news |author=Kimberly Ashton |title=Tram service to expand |url=http://www.praguepost.com/articles/2007/12/05/tram-service-to-expand.php |work=Prague Post |date=2007-12-05 |accessdate=2008-08-13 |language= |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= ] New technologies, such as electronic display signs at the tram stops and inside the vehicles, and low floors help to make the trams more attractive again.
Types of propulsion
Horse-drawn
In the 19th century Calcutta (now Kolkata) was developing fast as a British trading and business centre. Transport was mainly by palanquins carried on men's shoulders or phaetons pulled by horses. In 1867, the Calcutta Corporation, with financial assistance from the Government of Bengal, developed mass transport. The first tramcar travelled the streets of Calcutta on February 24, 1873, with horse-drawn coaches running on steel rails.
The first mechanical trams were powered by steam. Generally, there were two types of steam tram. The first and most common had a small steam locomotive (called a tram engine in the UK) at the head of a line of one or more carriages, similar to a small train. Systems with such steam trams included Christchurch, New Zealand; Sydney, Australia; and other city systems in New South Wales.
The other style of steam tram had the steam engine in the body of the tram, referred to as a tram engine. The most notable system to adopt such trams was in Paris. French-designed steam trams also operated in Rockhampton, in the Australian state of Queensland between 1909 and 1939. Stockholm, Sweden, had a steam tram line at the island of Södermalm between 1887 and 1901. A major drawback of this style of tram was the limited space for the engine, so that these trams were usually underpowered.
Cable-pulled
The next type of tram was the cable car, which sought to reduce labor costs and the hardship on animals. Cable cars are pulled along the track by a continuously moving cable running at a constant speed that individual cars grip and release to stop and start. The power to move the cable is provided at a site away from the actual operation. The first cable car line in the United States was tested in San Francisco, California, in 1873. The second city to operate cable trams was Dunedin in New Zealand, from 1881 to 1957.
Cable Cars operated on Highgate Hill in North London and Kennington to Brixton Hill In South London.
Cable cars suffered from high infrastructure costs, since an expensive system of cables, pulleys, stationary engines and vault structures between the rails had to be provided. They also require strength and skill to operate, to avoid obstructions and other cable cars. The cable had to be dropped at particular locations and the cars coast, for example when crossing another cable line. Breaks and frays in the cable, which occurred frequently, required the complete cessation of services over a cable route, while the cable was repaired. After the development of electrically-powered trams, the more costly cable car systems declined rapidly.
Cable cars were especially useful in hilly cities, partially explaining their survival in San Francisco, however, the most extensive cable system in the U.S. was in Chicago, a much flatter city. The largest cable system in the world, in the relativly flat city of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, had at its peak 592 trams running on 74 kilometres of track.
The San Francisco cable cars, though significantly reduced in number, continue to perform a regular transportation function, in addition to being a tourist attraction. Single lines also survive in Wellington, New Zealand (rebuilt in 1979 as a funicular but still called the "Wellington Cable Car") and Hong Kong.
Electric (trolley cars)
Multiple functioning experimental electric trams were exhibited at the 1884 World Cotton Centennial World's Fair in New Orleans, Louisiana, but they were deemed good enough to replace the Lamm fireless engines then propelling the St. Charles Avenue Streetcar in that city.
Electric trams (trolley cars) were first successfully tested in service in Richmond, Virginia, in 1888, in the Richmond Union Passenger Railway built by Frank J. Sprague. There were earlier commercial installations of electric streetcars, including one in Berlin as early as 1881 by Werner von Siemens and the company that still bears his name, and in Saint Petersburg, Russia, invented and tested by Fyodor Pirotsky in 1880. Another was by John Joseph Wright, brother of the famous mining entrepreneur Whitaker Wright, in Toronto in 1883. The earlier installations proved difficult or unreliable. Siemens' line, for example, provided power through a live rail and a return rail, like a model train, limiting the voltage that could be used, and providing elecric shocks to people and animals crossing the tracks. [cite web|last = Wood|first = E. Thomas|title = Nashville now and then: From here to there|url = http://www.nashvillepost.com/news/2007/4/27/nashville_now_and_then_from_here_to_there|accessdate = 2007-08-07] Siemens later designed his own method of current collection, from an overhead wire, called the bow collector. Once this had been developed his cars became equal to, if not better than, any of Sprague's cars. The first electric interurban line, connecting St Catharines and Thorold, Ontario, opened in 1887, and was considered quite successful at the time. While this line proved quite versatile as one of the earliest fully functional electric streetcar installations, it required horse-drawn support while climbing the Niagara Escarpment and for two months of the winter when hydroelectricity was not available. It continued in service in its original form into the 1950s.
The largest tram network in the world is in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and has 499 trams running on 249 kilometres of track with 1770 tram stops. [ [http://www.yarratrams.com.au/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-47//74_read-117/ Yarra Trams Tram, tramTRACKER, light rail, Route, Network, City Circle, Love your trams - Facts & Figures ] ]
control, first demonstrated in Chicago in 1897, allowing multiple cars to be coupled together and operated by a single motorman. This gave birth to the modern subway train.
Two rare but significant alternatives were conduit current collection, which was widely used in London, Washington, D.C. and New York, and the surface contact collection method, used in Wolverhampton (the Lorain system), Hastings (the Dolter stud system) in the UK, and currently in Bordeaux, France (the ground-level power supply system).
Attempts to use batteries as a source of electricity were made from the 1880s and 1890s, with unsuccessful trials conducted in among other places Bendigo and Adelaide in Australia, and for about 14 years as The Hague "accutram" of HTM in the Netherlands.
A Welsh example of a tram was usually known as the Mumbles Train, or more formally as the Swansea and Mumbles Railway. Built as the Oystermouth Railway in 1804, on March 25, 1807 it became the first passenger-carrying railway in the world. Converted to an overhead wire system it operated electric cars from March 2, 1929 until its closure on January 5, 1960. These were the largest tram cars built for use in Britain and seated 106 passengers.
Another early tram system operated from 1886 until 1930 in Appleton, Wisconsin, and is notable for being powered by the world's first hydroelectric power station, which began operating on September 30, 1882 as the Appleton Edison Electric Company.
There is one particular hazard associated with trams powered from a trolley off an overhead line. Since the tram relies on contact with the rails for the current return path, a problem arises if the tram is derailed or (more usually) if it halts on a section of track that has been particularly heavily sanded by a previous tram, and the tram loses electrical contact with the rails. In this event, the underframe of the tram, by virtue of a circuit path through ancillary loads (such as saloon lighting), is live at the full supply voltage, typically 600 volts. In British terminology such a tram was said to be 'grounded'—not to be confused with the US English use of the term, which means the exact opposite. Any person stepping off the tram completed the earth return circuit and could receive a nasty electric shock. In such an event the driver was required to jump off the tram (avoiding simultaneous contact with the tram and the ground) and pull down the trolley before allowing passengers off the tram. Unless derailed, the tram could usually be recovered by running water down the running rails from a point higher than the tram. The water providing a conducting bridge between the tram and the rails.
Other power sources
In some places, other forms of power were used to power the tram. Hastings and some other tramways, for example Stockholms Spårvägar in Sweden, used petrol trams and Lytham St Annes used gas trams. Paris operated trams that were powered by compressed air using the Mekarski system. In New York City some minor lines used storage batteries.
ub types
The latest generation of light rail vehicles is of partial or fully low-floor design, with the floor 300 to 360 mm (12–14 inches) above top of rail, a capability not found in older vehicles. This allows them to load passengers, including in wheelchairs, directly from low-rise platforms that are not much more than raised sidewalks. This satisfies requirements to provide access to disabled passengers without using expensive wheelchair lifts, while at the same time making boarding faster and easier for other passengers.
Various companies have developed particular low floor designs, varying from part low floor, e.g. Citytram [http://www.trampower.co.uk] , to 100% low floor, where a corridor between the drive wheels links each end of the tram. Passengers appreciate the ease of boarding and alighting from low floor trams but for the operator the restrictions of seating layout imposed by 100% designs limits the ability to provide seats, and to vary the configuration for different city needs. There is also some evidence that passengers do not like sitting in low floor areas, especially when trams run in mixed traffic with larger vehicles looming above.
Articulated
Articulated trams have several sections connected by flexible joints and a round platform. Like articulated buses, they have increased passenger capacity. These trams can be up to 40 metres long, while a regular tram has to be much shorter. With this type, a Jacobs bogie supports the articulation between the two or more carbody sections. An articulated tram may be low floor variety or high (regular) floor variety.
Tram-train
Tram-train operation uses vehicles such as the Flexity Link and Regio-Citadis, which are suited for use on urban tram lines and also meet the necessary indication, power, and strength requirements for operation on main-line railways. This allows passengers to travel from suburban areas into city-centre destinations without having to change from a train to a tram.
It has been primarily developed in Germanic countries, in particular Germany and Switzerland. Karlsruhe is a notable pioneer of the tram-train.
Cargo trams
Goods have been carried on rail vehicles through the streets, particularly near docks and steelworks, since the 19th century (most evident in Weymouth), and some Belgian "vicinale" routes were used to haul timber. At the turn of the 21st century, a new interest has arisen in using urban tramway systems to transport goods. The motivation now is to reduce air pollution, traffic congestion and damage to road surfaces in city centres. Dresden has a regular "CarGoTram" service, run by the world's longest tram trainsets (convert|59.4|m), carrying car parts across the city centre to its Volkswagen factory. Vienna and Zürich use trams as mobile recycling depots. Kislovodsk had a freight-only tram system comprising one line which was used exclusively to deliver bottled Narzan mineral water to the railway station.
In the spring of 2007, Amsterdam piloted a cargo tram operation, aiming to reduce particulate pollution by 20% by halving the number of lorries—currently 5,000—unloading in the inner city during the permitted timeframe from 07:00 till 10:30. The pilot, operated by City Cargo Amsterdam, involved two cargo trams, operating from a distribution centre and delivering to a 'hub' where electric trucks delivered to the final destination.
The trial was successful, releasing an intended investment of 100 million euro in a fleet of 52 cargo trams distributing from four peripheral 'cross docks' to 15 inner-city hubs by 2012. These specially-built vehicles would be 30 metres long with 12 axles and a payload of 30 tonnes. On weekdays, trams are planned to make 4 deliveries per hour between 7 a.m. and 11 a.m. and two per hour between 11 a.m. and 11 p.m. With each unloading operation taking on average 10 minutes, this means that each site would be active for 40 minutes out of each hour during the morning rush hour.
(References: "Samenwest" 5 December 2006, NOS3 television news 7 March 2007, "Amsterdams Stadblad 4 June 2008)
Pros and cons of tram systems
All transit services involve a tradeoff between speed and frequency of stops. Services that stop frequently have a lower overall speed, and are therefore less attractive for longer trips. Metros, light rail, monorail, and bus rapid transit are all forms of rapid transit — which generally signifies high speed and widely-spaced stops. Trams are a form of local transit, making frequent stops. Thus, the most meaningful comparison of advantages and disadvantages is with other forms of local transit, primarily the local bus.
* Multiple entrances allow trams to load faster than suburban coaches, which tend to have a single entrance. This, combined with swifter acceleration and braking, lets trams maintain higher overall speeds than buses, if congestion allows.
* Trams can trackshare with mainline railways, thus able to ecconomically service smaller towns that would be otherwise to expensive to build tram line to. See Karlsruhe Germany; Tam/Train.
* Trams can adapt to the number of passengers by adding additional cars during rush hour (as well as removing excess cars during off-peak hours). No additional driver is then required for the trip in comparison to buses.
* In general, trams provide a higher capacity service than buses.
* Unlike buses, but like trolleybuses, (electric) trams give off no exhaust emissions at point of use. Compared to motorbuses the noise of trams is generally perceived to be less disturbing.
* Rights-of-way for trams are narrower than for buses. This saves valuable space in cities with high population densities and/or narrow streets.
* Because they are rail-bound, trams command more respect from other road users than buses do, when operating on-road. In heavy traffic conditions, rogue drivers are less likely to hold up trams, for example by blocking intersections or parking on the road. This often leads to fewer delays. As a rule, especially in European cities and Melbourne, trams always have priority.
* Emergency services can use tramways to navigate heavy traffic
* Passenger comfort is normally superior to buses because of controlled acceleration and braking and curve easement. Rail transport such as used by trams provides a smoother ride than road use by buses.
* In most countries, trams don't suffer from the image problem that plagues buses. On the contrary — most people associate trams with a positive image. Unlike buses, trams tend to be popular with a wider spectrum of the public, including people of high income who often shun buses. This high level of customer acceptance means higher patronage and greater public support for investment in new tram infrastructure.
* Because the tracks are visible, it is easy for potential riders to know where the routes are.
* The capital cost is higher than for buses, hence the usual preference for the latter in smaller cities
* When operated in mixed traffic, trams are more likely to be delayed by disruptions in their lane. Buses, by contrast, can easily manoeuvre around obstacles. Opinions differ about whether deference that drivers show to trams — a cultural issue that varies by country — is sufficient to counteract this disadvantage.
* Tram tracks can be dangerous for cyclists, as bikes, particularly those with narrow tyres, may get their wheels caught in the track grooves. It is also possible to close the grooves of the tracks on critical sections by rubber profiles that are pressed down by the wheelflanges of the passing tram, but cannot be lowered by the weight of a cyclist. However, if not well-maintained, these lose their effectiveness over time. Crossing tracks without trouble requires a sufficient angle of crossing, reducing a cyclists' ability to avoid road hazards where tracks run along the road, especially in wet weather. This and problems with parked cars are lessened by building tracks and platforms in the middle of the road.
* Tram infrastructure occupies urban space above ground and requires modifications to traffic flow.
* Steel wheel trams are noisier than rubber-wheeled trolleybuses when cornering if there are no additional measures taken (e.g. greasing wheelflanges, which is standard in new-built systems).
* Tram drivers can control the switches ahead of them. This caused a major derailment in Geneva, Switzerland. In modern tram systems this problem has been resolved by use of switches that inhibit relocation when a tram is detected passing and/or more sophisticated means of command transmission.
*Light rail vehicles are often heavier per passenger carried than heavy rail and monorail cars.
*The opening of new tram and light rail systems has sometimes been accompanied by a marked increase in car accidents, as a result of drivers' unfamiliarity with the physics and geometry of trolleys. [Charles S. McCaleb, "Rails, Roads & Runways: The 20-Year Saga of Santa Clara County's Transportation Agency," (San Jose: Santa Clara County Transportation Agency, 1994), 67. Besides recounting statistics and anecdotes, this source also reprints a "San Jose Mercury News" cartoon of one such accident, in which a bemused tow truck driver quips, "Dang! Rod Diridon was right! The trolley does reduce the number of vehicles on the road!"] Though such increases may be temporary, long-term conflicts between motorists and light rail operations can be alleviated by segregating their respective rights-of-way and installing appropriate signage and warning systems. ["Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 69: Light Rail Service: Pedestrian and Vehicular Safety", Transportation Research Board http://trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=2536]
*Rail transport can expose neighbouring populations to moderate levels of low-frequency noise. However, transportation planners use noise mitigation strategies to minimize these effects. ["Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 23: Wheel/Rail Noise Control Manual", Transportation Research Board, http://trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=2593 ] Most of all, the potential for decreased private motor vehicle operations along the trolley's service line due to the service provision could result in lower ambient noise levels than without.
* In the event of a breakdown or accident, or even roadworks and maintenance, a whole section of the tram network can be blocked. Buses and trolleybuses can get past minor blockages quite easily, although trolleybuses are restricted by how far they can go from the wires. Conventional buses can divert around major blockages as well, as can most modern trolleybuses that are fitted with auxiliary engines or traction batteries. The tram blockage problem can be mitigated by providing regular crossovers so a tram can run on the opposite line to pass a blockage, although this can be more difficult when running on road sections shared with other road users. On extensive networks diversionary routes may be available depending on the location of the blockage. Breakdown related problems can be reduced by minimising the situations where a tram would be stuck on route, as well as making it as simple as possible for another tram to rescue a failed one.
1920 Toronto streetcar.]
* Alstom FRA
* Ansaldobreda ITA
* Belkommunmash BLR
* TRAMKAR BUL
* CAF ESP
* Crotram CRO
* Dick, Kerr & Co. ENG
* Electrometal Timisoara ROU
* Ganz HUN
* Đuro Đaković (factory) CRO (produced trams, 1957–1993)
* English Electric Company ENG
* Firema Trasporti SpA ITA
* Inekon CZE
* Konstal POL
* PESA Bydgoszcz POL
* RMT Protram POL
* FPS "Cegielski" POL
* RVR (Rīgas Vagonu Rupnīca) (ex—"Fenikss") LVA
* Siemens GER
* Stadler SUI
* Škoda CZE
* ČKD Tatra CZE
* TRAM Power Ltd—Citytram ENG
* Ust-Katav Vagon-Building Plant RUS
* U.R.A.C. Bucharest ROU
* Uraltransmash RUS
* Saint Petersburg Tramway-Mechanical Plant RUS
* Yuzhmash UKR
* ZET Zagreb CRO (produced trams, 1922–195x)
* Bombardier Transportation CAN
** Hawker Siddeley Canada 1962–2001
** Urban Transportation Development Corporation 1973–1990s
* Canadian Car and Foundry CAN
* J. G. Brill and Company USA
* American Car Company USA
* Ottawa Car Company CAN
* St. Louis Car Company USA
* Russell Car Company USA
* Gomaco Trolley Company
* Commonwealth Engineering AUS
* ALNA Sharyo JPN
* Kawasaki Heavy Industries JPN
* Kinki Sharyo JPN
* Niigata Transys Company JPN
* Nippon Sharyo JPN
* Tokyu Car Corporation JPN
* Hong Kong Tramways HKG
* Premier Manufacturer IND
* Bharat Earth Movers Ltd. IND
* Jessop India Ltd. IND
* TDI
In literature
One of the earliest literary references to trams occurs on the second page of Henry James's novel "The Europeans":
:"From time to time a strange vehicle drew near to the place where they stood—such a vehicle as the lady at the window, in spite of a considerable acquaintance with human inventions, had never seen before: a huge, low, omnibus, painted in brilliant colours, and decorated apparently with jingling bells, attached to a species of groove in the pavement, through which it was dragged, with a great deal of rumbling, bouncing, and scratching, by a couple of remarkably small horses."Published in 1878, the novel is set in the 1840s, though horse trams were not introduced in Boston till the 1850s. Note how the tram's efficiency surprises the European visitor; how two "remarkably small" horses sufficed to draw the "huge" tramcar.
Joseph Conrad described Amsterdam's trams in chapter 14 of "The Mirror of the Sea" (1906): "From afar at the end of Tsar Peter Straat, issued in the frosty air the tinkle of bells of the horse tramcars, appearing and disappearing in the opening between the buildings, like little toy carriages harnessed with toy horses and played with by people that appeared no bigger than children."
Danzig trams figure extensively in the early stages of Günter Grass's "Die Blechtrommel" (The Tin Drum). In the last chapter the novel's hero Oskar Matzerath and his friend Gottfried von Vittlar steal a tram late at night from outside Unterrath depot on the northern edge of Düsseldorf.
It is a surreal journey. Von Vittlar drives the tram through the night, south to Flingern and Haniel and then east to the suburb of Gerresheim. Meanwhile, inside, Matzerath tries to rescue the half-blind Victor Weluhn (who had escaped from the siege of the Polish post office in Danzig at the beginning of the book and of the war) from his two green-hatted would-be executioners. Mazerath deposits his briefcase, which contains Sister Dorotea's severed ring finger in a preserving jar, on the dashboard "where professional motorman put their lunchboxes". They leave the tram at the terminus, and the executioners tie Weluhn to a tree in von Vittlar's mother's garden and prepare to machine-gun him. But Matzerath drums, Weluhn sings, and together they conjure up the Polish cavalry, who spirit both victim and executioners away. Matzerath asks von Vittlar to take his briefcase in the tram to the police HQ in the Fürstenwall, which he does.
The latter part of this route is today served by tram route 703 terminating at Gerresheim Stadtbahn station ("by the glassworks" as Grass notes, referring to the famous glass factory).
[Reference: The chapter "Die letzte Straßenbahn oder Anbetung eines Weckglases" (The last tram or Adoration of a Preserving Jar). See page 584 of the 1959 Büchergilde Gutenberg German edition and page 571 of the 1961 Secker & Warburg edition, translated into English by Ralph Manheim]
In his 1967 spy thriller "An Expensive Place to Die", Len Deighton misidentifies the Flemish coast tram: "The red glow of Ostend is nearer now and yellow trains rattle alongside the motor road and over the bridge by the Royal Yacht Club [http://www.ryco.be] ..." [Chapter 38, page 198 of the Companion Book Club edition.]
* The Rev W. Awdry wrote about GER Class C53 called Toby the Tram Engine, which starred his "The Railway Series" with his faithful coach, Henrietta.
* "A Streetcar Named Desire" (play)
* A Streetcar Named Desire (film)
* The children's TV show "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood featured a trolley.
* The central plot of the film "Who Framed Roger Rabbit" involves the Judge Doom, the villain, dismantling the streetcars of Los Angeles.
* "The Trolley Song" in the film "Meet Me in St. Louis" received an Academy Award.
* The 1944 World Series was also known as the "Streetcar Series".
* "Malcolm" (film), an Australian film about a tram enthusiast who uses his inventions to pull off a bank heist.
* Luis Bunuel filmed "La Ilusión viaja en tranvía" (English: "Illusion Travels by Stretcar") in Mexico in 1954.
* In Akira Kurosawa's film "Dodesukaden" a mentally ill boy pretends to be a tram conductor.
* The predominance of trams (trolleys) gave rise to the disparaging term trolley dodger for residents of the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. That term, shortened to "Dodger" became the nickname for the Brooklyn Dodgers (now the Los Angeles Dodgers).
* Jens Lekman has a song titled "Tram #7 to Heaven".
* The band Beirut has a song titled "Fountains and Tramways" on the album "Pompeii".
* "The Elephant Will Never Forget", an 11-minute film made in 1953 by British Transport Films to celebrate the London tram network at the time of the last few days of its operation.
* A W-class tram was used at the opening ceremony of the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne.
In scale modeling
Models of trams are popular in HO scale (1:87) and O scale (1:48) in the US and generally 1:43 in Europe and Asia. They are typically powered and will accept plastic figures inside. Common manufacturers are Roco and Lima, with many custom models being made as well. The German firm [http://www.hoedl-linie8.de/ Hödl] and the Austrian [http://www.halling.at/ Halling] specialize in 1:87 scale.
In the US, Bachmann Industries is a mass supplier of HO trams and kits. Bowser [http://bowser-trains.com/hoother/trolleys/trolleys.htm] has produced white metal models for over 50 years. There are many boutique vendors offering limited run epoxy and wood models. At the high end are highly detailed brass models which are usually imported from Japan or Korea and can cost in excess of $500. Many of these run on 16.5 mm gauge track, which is incorrect for the representation of standard (4ft 8½ins) gauge, as it represents 4ft 1½ins in 4 mm (1:76.2) scale. This scale/gauge hybrid is called OO scale.
O scale trams are also very popular among tram modelers because the increased size allows for more detail and easier crafting of overhead wiring. In the US these models are usually purchased in epoxy or wood kits and some as brass models. The Saint Petersburg Tram Company [http://www.sptc.spb.ru] produces highly detailed polyeurathane non-powered O Scale models from around the world.
In the US, one of the best resources for model tram enthusiasts is the [http://www.eastpenn.org] East Penn Traction Club of Philadelphia.
It is thought that the first example of a working model tramcar in the UK built by an amateur for fun was in 1929, when Frank E. Wilson created a replica of London County Council Tramways E class car 444 in 1:16 scale, which he demonstrated at an early Model Engineer Exhibition. Another of his models was London E/1 1800, which was the only tramway exhibit in the Faraday Memorial Exhibition of 1931. Together with likeminded friends, Frank Wilson went on to found the Tramway & Light Railway Society [http://www.tramwayinfo.com/tlrs] in 1938, establishing tramway modelling as a hobby.
* Trams in Europe
* Trams in Germany
* Trams in Australia
* Trams in Melbourne
* [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Tramway 'Tramway'] (article in the 1911 Britannica)
* [http://www.tramwayinfo.com/tramways/Articles/Compair.htm Compressed Air Trams] at Tramway & Light Railway Society (UK)
* [http://www.apta.com/research/info/online/weyrich.cfm#wia What is a streetcar?] at American Public Transit Association
* [http://sporvognsrejser.dk/ Tram Travels] (tram enthusiast website providing large number of links and photos)
tram — tram … Dictionnaire des rimes
tram — [ tram ] n. m. • 1829; abrév. de tramway ♦ Tramway. Des trams. « Ils prirent donc le tram de Sérianne, dans la baladeuse » (Aragon) . ⊗ HOM. Trame. ● tram nom masculin Familier. Tramway. ● tram (homonymes) nom masculin trame nom féminin trame … Encyclopédie Universelle
Tram — Tram, n. [Prov. E. tram a coal wagon, the shaft of a cart or carriage, a beam or bar; probably of Scand, origin; cf. OSw. tr[*a]m, trum, a beam, OD. drom, Prov. & OHG. tram.] 1. A four wheeled truck running on rails, and used in a mine, as for… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Tram — steht für: die/das Tram, zu engl. tramway, Regionalbezeichnung für Straßenbahn der/die Tram, im Zimmermannswesen der Balken TRAM ist: die Abkürzung des spanischen Nahverkehrsystems Transporte Metropolitano de la Plana Siehe auch: Wiktionary … Deutsch Wikipedia
tram — s.m.inv. AU veicolo a trazione elettrica circolante su rotaie, usato nelle città come mezzo di trasporto pubblico: prendere il tram, salire sul tram, scendere dal tram Sinonimi: tranvai. {{line}} {{/line}} DATA: 1878. ETIMO: dall ingl. tram,… … Dizionario italiano
tram — tram1 [tram] n. [Fr trame < L trama, the woof] a double, twisted silk thread used as the weft in fine silks and velvets tram2 [tram] n. [E dial., shaft, wooden frame for carrying, rail, coal wagon, prob. < LowG traam, a beam] 1. an open… … English World dictionary
tram — 1. (entrée créée par le supplément) (tram ) s. m. Nom, en Cochinchine, d un grand arbre dont l écorce, détachée en larges écailles, sert à former la toiture des cases des indigènes, L. DELAPORTE, Rev. des Deux Mondes, 15 sept. 1877, p. 431. tram… … Dictionnaire de la Langue Française d'Émile Littré
tram — s.m. [dall ingl. tram, di origine incerta]. (trasp.) [veicolo per il trasporto di passeggeri che si muove su rotaie, in passato utilizzando la trazione animale e oggi motori elettrici: prendere il t. ] ▶◀ (disus.) tranvai. ‖ autobus, bus. ⇑ mezzo … Enciclopedia Italiana
Tram — Tram, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Trammed}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Tramming}.] To convey or transport on a tramway or on a tram car. [Webster 1913 Suppl.] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Tram — puede ser: El metro de Alicante: TRAM Metropolitano de Alicante. Transporte en Vía Reservada de Castellón: TRAM. La moneda de Armenia: Dram (moneda). Esta página de desambiguación cataloga artículos relacionados con el mismo título. Si llegaste… … Wikipedia Español
tram — [træm] n also tram|car [ˈtræmka: US ka:r] especially BrE [Date: 1800 1900; Origin: tram handle of a wheelbarrow (16 19 centuries), probably from Low German traam long piece of wood ] a vehicle for passengers, which travels along metal tracks in… … Dictionary of contemporary English


text:
/* Interface header file for PPM-related functions in libnetpbm */

#ifndef _PPM_H_
#define _PPM_H_

#include "pgm.h"

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
#if 0
} /* to fake out automatic code indenters */
#endif

typedef gray pixval;

/* These are just for use in this header file */
#define PPM_MAX(a,b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
#define PPM_MIN(a,b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))

#define PPM_OVERALLMAXVAL PGM_OVERALLMAXVAL
#define PPM_MAXMAXVAL PGM_MAXMAXVAL
typedef struct {
    pixval r, g, b;
} pixel;
#define PPM_GETR(p) ((p).r)
#define PPM_GETG(p) ((p).g)
#define PPM_GETB(p) ((p).b)

/************* added definitions *****************/
#define PPM_PUTR(p,red) ((p).r = (red))
#define PPM_PUTG(p,grn) ((p).g = (grn))
#define PPM_PUTB(p,blu) ((p).b = (blu))
/**************************************************/

#define PPM_ASSIGN(p,red,grn,blu) \
  do { (p).r = (red); (p).g = (grn); (p).b = (blu); } while (0)
#define PPM_EQUAL(p,q) \
  ( (p).r == (q).r && (p).g == (q).g && (p).b == (q).b )

/* Magic constants. */

#define PPM_MAGIC1 'P'
#define PPM_MAGIC2 '3'
#define RPPM_MAGIC2 '6'
#define PPM_FORMAT (PPM_MAGIC1 * 256 + PPM_MAGIC2)
#define RPPM_FORMAT (PPM_MAGIC1 * 256 + RPPM_MAGIC2)
#define PPM_TYPE PPM_FORMAT

#include "ppmcmap.h"

/* Macro for turning a format number into a type number. */

#define PPM_FORMAT_TYPE(f) \
  ((f) == PPM_FORMAT || (f) == RPPM_FORMAT ? PPM_TYPE : PGM_FORMAT_TYPE(f))

/* Declarations of routines. */

void ppm_init(int * argcP, char* argv[]);

#define ppm_allocarray(cols, rows) \
  ((pixel**) pm_allocarray(cols, rows, sizeof(pixel)))

pixel *
ppm_allocrow(unsigned int const cols);

#define ppm_freearray(pixels, rows) pm_freearray((char**) pixels, rows)

#define ppm_freerow(pixelrow) free(pixelrow);

pixel**
ppm_readppm(FILE *   const fileP,
            int *    const colsP,
            int *    const rowsP,
            pixval * const maxvalP);

void
ppm_readppminit(FILE *   const fileP,
                int *    const colsP,
                int *    const rowsP,
                pixval * const maxvalP,
                int *    const formatP);

void
ppm_readppmrow(FILE*  const fileP,
               pixel* const pixelrow,
               int    const cols,
               pixval const maxval,
               int    const format);

void
ppm_writeppm(FILE *  const fileP,
             pixel** const pixels,
             int     const cols,
             int     const rows,
             pixval  const maxval,
             int     const forceplain);

void
ppm_writeppminit(FILE*  const fileP,
                 int    const cols,
                 int    const rows,
                 pixval const maxval,
                 int    const forceplain);

void
ppm_writeppmrow(FILE *  const fileP,
                pixel * const pixelrow,
                int     const cols,
                pixval  const maxval,
                int     const forceplain);

void
ppm_check(FILE *               const fileP,
          enum pm_check_type   const check_type,
          int                  const format,
          int                  const cols,
          int                  const rows,
          pixval               const maxval,
          enum pm_check_code * const retval_p);

void
ppm_nextimage(FILE * const fileP,
              int *  const eofP);

pixel
ppm_parsecolor(const char * const colorname,
               pixval       const maxval);

pixel
ppm_parsecolor2(const char * const colorname,
                pixval       const maxval,
                int          const closeOk);

char*
ppm_colorname(const pixel* const colorP,
              pixval       const maxval,
              int          const hexok);

void
ppm_readcolordict(const char *      const fileName,
                  int               const mustOpen,
                  unsigned int *    const nColorsP,
                  const char ***    const colornamesP,
                  pixel **          const colorsP,
                  colorhash_table * const chtP);

void
ppm_readcolornamefile(const char *      const fileName,
                      int               const mustOpen,
                      colorhash_table * const chtP,
                      const char ***    const colornamesP);

void
ppm_freecolornames(const char ** const colornames);

#define PPM_ISGRAY(pixel) \
    (PPM_GETR(pixel) == PPM_GETG(pixel) && PPM_GETR(pixel) == PPM_GETB(pixel))

/* Color scaling macro -- to make writing ppmtowhatever easier. */

#define PPM_DEPTH(newp,p,oldmaxval,newmaxval) \
    PPM_ASSIGN( (newp), \
	( (int) PPM_GETR(p) * (newmaxval) + (oldmaxval) / 2 ) / (oldmaxval), \
	( (int) PPM_GETG(p) * (newmaxval) + (oldmaxval) / 2 ) / (oldmaxval), \
	( (int) PPM_GETB(p) * (newmaxval) + (oldmaxval) / 2 ) / (oldmaxval) )

#define PPM_SQR(x) (x)*(x)

static __inline__ unsigned int
PPM_DISTANCE(pixel const p1,
             pixel const p2) {
    return (
        PPM_SQR(PPM_GETR(p1)-PPM_GETR(p2)) +
        PPM_SQR(PPM_GETG(p1)-PPM_GETG(p2)) +
        PPM_SQR(PPM_GETB(p1)-PPM_GETB(p2)) );
}
#undef PPM_SQR

/* Note that because a sample can be at most 1 << 16 - 1, PPM_DISTANCE
   is less than UINT_MAX.  That means you can use UINT_MAX as an infinite
   distance in some applications.
*/

/* Luminance, Chrominance macros. */

/* The following are weights of the red, green, and blue components
   respectively in the luminance of a color.  Actually, it's "luma,"
   not luminance, the difference being that luminance would be a linear
   combination of intensities, whereas luma is a linear combination of
   gamma-adjusted intensities, as you would find in a Netpbm image.

   These are from ITU-R BT.601.5.  That means they probably aren't technically
   right for use with PPM images, because the PPM spec says ITU-R BT.709.
   The two are similar, though.
*/
#define PPM_LUMINR (0.2989)
#define PPM_LUMING (0.5866)
#define PPM_LUMINB (0.1145)

#define PPM_LUMIN(p) ( PPM_LUMINR * PPM_GETR(p) \
                       + PPM_LUMING * PPM_GETG(p) \
                       + PPM_LUMINB * PPM_GETB(p) )
#define PPM_CHROM_B(p) ( -0.16874 * PPM_GETR(p) \
                         - 0.33126 * PPM_GETG(p) \
                         + 0.5 * PPM_GETB(p) )
#define PPM_CHROM_R(p) ( 0.5 * PPM_GETR(p) \
                         - 0.41869 * PPM_GETG(p) \
                         - 0.08131 * PPM_GETB(p) )

pixel
ppm_color_from_ycbcr(unsigned int const y,
                     int          const cb,
                     int          const cr);

/* Hue/Saturation/Value calculations */

struct hsv {
    double h;  /* hue (degrees)  0..360 */
    double s;  /* saturation (0-1) */
    double v;  /* value (0-1) */
};

pixel
ppm_color_from_hsv(struct hsv const hsv,
                   pixval     const maxval);

struct hsv
ppm_hsv_from_color(pixel  const color,
                   pixval const maxval);

static __inline pixval
ppm_colorvalue(pixel const p) {
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  The color value (V is HSV) as a pixval
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
    return PPM_MAX(PPM_GETR(p), PPM_MAX(PPM_GETG(p), PPM_GETB(p)));
}

static __inline pixval
ppm_saturation(pixel const p,
               pixval const maxval) {
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  The saturation, as a pixval (i.e. if saturation is 50% and maxval
  is 100, this is 50).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
    pixval const maxIntensity =
        PPM_MAX(PPM_GETR(p), PPM_MAX(PPM_GETG(p), PPM_GETB(p)));
    pixval const minIntensity =
        PPM_MIN(PPM_GETR(p), PPM_MIN(PPM_GETG(p), PPM_GETB(p)));
    pixval const range = maxIntensity - minIntensity;

    return (pixval)((unsigned long)range * maxval / maxIntensity);
}

typedef enum {
    /* A color from the set of universally understood colors developed
       by Brent Berlin and Paul Kay
    */
    BKCOLOR_BLACK = 0,
    BKCOLOR_GRAY,
    BKCOLOR_WHITE,
    BKCOLOR_RED,
    BKCOLOR_ORANGE,
    BKCOLOR_YELLOW,
    BKCOLOR_GREEN,
    BKCOLOR_BLUE,
    BKCOLOR_VIOLET,
    BKCOLOR_PURPLE,
    BKCOLOR_BROWN
} bk_color;

#define BKCOLOR_COUNT (BKCOLOR_BROWN+1)

bk_color
ppm_bk_color_from_color(pixel  const color,
                        pixval const maxval);

pixel
ppm_color_from_bk_color(bk_color const bkColor,
                        pixval   const maxval);

bk_color
ppm_bk_color_from_name(const char * const name);

const char *
ppm_name_from_bk_color(bk_color const bkColor);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif

#undef PPM_MIN
#undef PPM_MAX

#endif /*_PPM_H_*/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
By aredd33 - December 4th, 2021, 3:58 pm
- December 4th, 2021, 3:58 pm #636952
I don't really really know anything about him either. Would be a pretty interesting hire.
Seems like a really low floor and a pretty high ceiling hire to me.
By ballcoach15 - December 5th, 2021, 9:39 am
- December 5th, 2021, 9:39 am #636980
Clemson DC to Oklahoma as HC according to ESPN.
By JK37 - December 5th, 2021, 12:30 pm
- December 5th, 2021, 12:30 pm #636988
And the hits just keep on coming for the Tigers.
By ballcoach15 - December 5th, 2021, 7:07 pm
Cider Jim wrote: ↑December 4th, 2021, 2:41 pm
aredd33 wrote: ↑December 2nd, 2021, 7:19 pm Bronco is out at UVA.
There was an article in the local paper today that said UVa should take a page out of VT's playbook and hire Penn State's other co-DC as the Hoos' next head coach. In case you don't know who that is, does the name Anthony Poindexter ring a bell?
According to the article, UVa's AD has already contacted Poindexter to see if he is interested in returning to his alma mater as their new head coach. Thoughts?
My radar screen says Poindexter will be new Virginia Head Coach.
By Purple Haize - December 5th, 2021, 7:45 pm
ballcoach15 wrote: ↑December 5th, 2021, 7:07 pm
Eventually , you will achieve Broken Clock Status
By olldflame - December 5th, 2021, 9:02 pm
Purple Haize wrote: ↑December 5th, 2021, 7:45 pm
I'd go with Blind Squirrel. I don't see him making it to twice a day.
ballcoach15, Purple Haize liked this
Manny Diaz gets canned and Mario Cristobal is expected to take over Miami...Lane Kiffen already got that raise he was after.
aredd33 wrote: ↑December 6th, 2021, 1:10 pm Manny Diaz gets canned and Mario Cristobal is expected to take over Miami...Lane Kiffen already got that raise he was after.
Diaz was a BAD hire from Day 1 at Miami. I recall someone mentioning him as a possible candidate for the Liberty job, before Coach Freeze was hired.
Who mentioned that?
I cannot remember.
Good for him. Great story of success and "Local Boy Makes Good"
https://jerryratcliffe.com/sources-hiri ... -imminent/
flamehunter, ballcoach15, socal_flame liked this
By Sly Fox - December 6th, 2021, 8:59 pm
The city of Lynchburg has produced quite a few quality football coaches over the years.
Location: Montgomery, Texas
Sources now say Poindexter will remain at Penn State. UVA now looking at Clemson OC Tony Elliott. I hope he turns Boo hoos down. Going from Clemson to UVA is a demotion, regardless of pay or job title.
Looks like a done deal for Elliott to Boo hoos. I give him 3 years and he'll be gone. This is a guy who is rumored to have to turned down Tennessee, Auburn and South Carolina last year.
I look for Brandon Streeter to be new OC at Clemson.
By alabama24 - December 9th, 2021, 12:51 pm
ballcoach15 wrote: ↑December 8th, 2021, 9:02 pm This is a guy who is rumored to have to turned down Tennessee, Auburn and South Carolina last year.
Less pressure, less pay.
Joined: March 9th, 2007, 7:00 pm
Location: Caudell Reading Room
Looks as if this may be a bad week for Clemson. Losing both coordinators and the AD. (to Miami)
By alabama24 - December 9th, 2021, 9:07 pm
(Cue Lee Corso): Not So Fast My Friend!
By Cider Jim - December 10th, 2021, 3:43 am
- December 10th, 2021, 3:43 am #637234
Wondering if Ballcoach's sources will tell him that the Michigan OC is next in line for the UVa job.
By Purple Haize - December 10th, 2021, 4:06 am
Cider Jim wrote: ↑December 10th, 2021, 3:43 am Wondering if Ballcoach's sources will tell him that the Michigan OC is next in line for the UVa job.
He's proven his sources are worthless
By ballcoach15 - December 10th, 2021, 7:30 am
My sources have had a bad week, but with Poindexter, I didn't need or have sources, initially. I thought he'd get job.
By olldflame - December 10th, 2021, 8:48 am
ballcoach15 wrote: ↑December 10th, 2021, 7:30 am My sources have had a bad Decade, but with Poindexter, I didn't need or have sources, initially. I thought he'd get job.
FIFY
ballcoach15, thepostman liked this
ballcoach15 wrote: ↑December 10th, 2021, 7:30 am My sources have had a bad week, but with Poindexter, I didn't need or have sources, initially. I thought he'd get job.
Still waiting for you to man up on the other thread. But just like any prediction from your sources it's "doubtful". Truly sad but not unexpected on your part
Reference the Virginia job, I was told this morning that UVA is insisting that the new coach retain "some of Mendenhall's assistant coaches". That's the reason Poindexter and Elliott did not accept the job.
A Head Coach has to be given complete freedom to assemble his own staff.
OPSEC is part of sports, the same as in military and law enforcement. It's always best not to reveal sources, because that's the best way for sources to get cut off. But, I will say that most of my sources are in Southeastern Conference states.
By thepostman - December 10th, 2021, 9:43 am
ballcoach15 wrote: ↑December 10th, 2021, 9:24 am OPSEC is part of sports, the same as in military and law enforcement. It's always best not to reveal sources, because that's the best way for sources to get cut off. But, I will say that most of my sources are in Southeastern Conference states.
No it isn't remotely the same thing. As a military man yourself, could you even type that with a straight face?
Joined: July 25th, 2006, 12:14 am
- By jmclaughlin
Sly, our next game is Thursday the 20th at Ken[…]
Those who vote for a living now outnumber those wh[…]


text:
package org.elasticsearch.test.rest.yaml;

import org.elasticsearch.test.ESTestCase;

import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;

import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.equalTo;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.notNullValue;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.greaterThan;

public class ESClientYamlSuiteTestCaseTests extends ESTestCase {

    public void testLoadAllYamlSuites() throws Exception {
        Map<String, Set<Path>> yamlSuites = ESClientYamlSuiteTestCase.loadSuites("");
        assertEquals(2, yamlSuites.size());
    }

    public void testLoadSingleYamlSuite() throws Exception {
        Map<String, Set<Path>> yamlSuites = ESClientYamlSuiteTestCase.loadSuites("suite1/10_basic");
        assertSingleFile(yamlSuites, "suite1", "10_basic.yml");

        // extension .yaml is optional
        yamlSuites = ESClientYamlSuiteTestCase.loadSuites("suite1/10_basic");
        assertSingleFile(yamlSuites, "suite1", "10_basic.yml");
    }

    public void testLoadMultipleYamlSuites() throws Exception {
        // single directory
        Map<String, Set<Path>> yamlSuites = ESClientYamlSuiteTestCase.loadSuites("suite1");
        assertThat(yamlSuites, notNullValue());
        assertThat(yamlSuites.size(), equalTo(1));
        assertThat(yamlSuites.containsKey("suite1"), equalTo(true));
        assertThat(yamlSuites.get("suite1").size(), greaterThan(1));

        // multiple directories
        yamlSuites = ESClientYamlSuiteTestCase.loadSuites("suite1", "suite2");
        assertThat(yamlSuites, notNullValue());
        assertThat(yamlSuites.size(), equalTo(2));
        assertThat(yamlSuites.containsKey("suite1"), equalTo(true));
        assertEquals(2, yamlSuites.get("suite1").size());
        assertThat(yamlSuites.containsKey("suite2"), equalTo(true));
        assertEquals(2, yamlSuites.get("suite2").size());

        // multiple paths, which can be both directories or yaml test suites (with optional file extension)
        yamlSuites = ESClientYamlSuiteTestCase.loadSuites("suite2/10_basic", "suite1");
        assertThat(yamlSuites, notNullValue());
        assertThat(yamlSuites.size(), equalTo(2));
        assertThat(yamlSuites.containsKey("suite2"), equalTo(true));
        assertThat(yamlSuites.get("suite2").size(), equalTo(1));
        assertSingleFile(yamlSuites.get("suite2"), "suite2", "10_basic.yml");
        assertThat(yamlSuites.containsKey("suite1"), equalTo(true));
        assertThat(yamlSuites.get("suite1").size(), greaterThan(1));

        // files can be loaded from classpath and from file system too
        Path dir = createTempDir();
        Path file = dir.resolve("test_loading.yml");
        Files.createFile(file);
    }

    private static void assertSingleFile(Map<String, Set<Path>> yamlSuites, String dirName, String fileName) {
        assertThat(yamlSuites, notNullValue());
        assertThat(yamlSuites.size(), equalTo(1));
        assertThat(yamlSuites.containsKey(dirName), equalTo(true));
        assertSingleFile(yamlSuites.get(dirName), dirName, fileName);
    }

    private static void assertSingleFile(Set<Path> files, String dirName, String fileName) {
        assertThat(files.size(), equalTo(1));
        Path file = files.iterator().next();
        assertThat(file.getFileName().toString(), equalTo(fileName));
        assertThat(file.toAbsolutePath().getParent().getFileName().toString(), equalTo(dirName));
    }
}


We are happy to report that we have secured a new online meal payment company with lower fees to our parents and students using the online meal payment system. We are no longer using the e~Funds system. Our new company is K-12 Payment Center.
K-12 payment center functions in a real time environment with Meals Plus. Please allow approximately 30 minutes for your K12 payment to sync with Huntington Beach Union High School District. Once synced, you will be able to view your student's account balance and transaction history and funds will be available for your student to use. If you have recently signed up for K12 Payments, you may not be able to see your new postings or old balances from e~Funds. Please give it a few days for processing.
Please make sure your student or child utilizes the funds in their account as refunds will not be issued.
HBUHSD is pleased to announce that parents who set up a prepayment account for meals, can now enable a Low Meal Balance setting for their childs meals. To activate this setting, please go to an an option under "Manage Profile" on the parent page to setup alerts. You can also activate recurring payments.
Huntington Beach UHSD school cafeterias, under tough federal nutrition standards for school meals work hard to ensure that meals are healthy and well-balanced and provide students all the nutrition they need to succeed at school. Now is a great time to encourage your kids to choose school lunch!
We're always working to offer our students healthier and tastier choices. We consistently in our current and past years, met the recommended nutrient levels in our meals.
School meals are a great value and a huge convenience for busy families too! Breakfast is only $2.00 and includes a breakfast entrée, fruit or juice or vegetable and milk. For lunch, student's can select from a variety of entrées, fruit, juice, vegetables and milk all for only $3.50 - $4.00. We also offer as a convenience to parents and students, an on-line payment system where an account is set up and no cash is needed to purchase a breakfast or lunch. This eliminates the morning rush to prepare a lunch or find money to buy lunch that day.
To find out more about our healthy school meals, go to our website at www.hbuhsd.edu.


We help you get into your choice of enlistments with ASVAB Test Prep.
Tutor Delphia's expert tutors will teach you all the tips, tricks, and problem solving skills you need to pass the ASVAB! Contact us to learn how we can help.
Contact Us and start meeting with a asvab tutor this week!


In the Age of Digital, Is Film Dead?
The practicality and technological flexibility of digital photography has made it the dominant format today. There's much to be debated when asking "Is film dead?" In my opinion it could best be summarized by saying, "Film is not dead, it's just not a necessity." Though some film purists would disagree.
The popularity of photography has no doubt increased since the introduction of mobile phone photography beginning in 2000. Probably the last time photography was made so easily accessible to the average person was the release of the Kodak Brownie in the year 1900. At a price of $1.00, the Brownie's affordable cost and simple controls supported its marketing campaign of "You push the button, we do the rest." The Brownie made photography appealing and attainable to the average person in a way that it had never been before.
Much of the industries young notably talented filmmakers and photographers started their careers after using film was no longer the norm. Because of this, many passionate photographers have never actually shot film. While it would be incorrect to say that if you've never shot film you aren't a real photographer, I highly suggest to give it a try. With the information below you'll see just how easily affordable it is.
There really is no special trick here. The fact is there is incredibly affordable 35mm cameras in working condition out there just waiting for you to find.
Find a platform for browsing and buying used camera gear, and keep an eye on inventory daily. Do this for about a week. You will quickly get familiar with the going rates of used gear and know when to act.
Here in New York I mostly keep an eye on used stock of 35mm cameras at Adorama and B&H Photo. Both have their own systems of rating the cosmetic condition and functionality of the cameras. Typically one might pay around $50 - $100 for a beat up but functioning common model 35mm camera body.
I can only guess how they grade and price used cameras. But one morning I found the following listing for a Canon FTb QL 35mm camera with 50mm f/1.8 for a whopping $30.
" Body: Appears to have been used heavily, showing multiple dings, scrapes/scratches, cracks and heavy brassing but functions correctly.
Lens: Barrel appears to have been used heavily, showing multiple dings, scrapes/scratches, heavy brassing. Lens glass may have fungus, excessive dust, and/or scratches that can affect picture quality."
I placed a call to hold the item and took a walk. When I arrived and actually saw the item the camera is was in more than acceptable condition, with the lens being even cleaner than the other 50mm f/1.8 I already own. Internally it was nearly immaculate.
The battery for the meter was dead and of course I needed some film. So here was the final breakdown.
I can't know how shooting your first roll will affect you. All I can tell you is it's inspiring, challenging, and a hell of a good time. There's no excuse as to why I let 11 years pass between rolls, and you don't have one either.
Note: The following roll consists of shots from many FD lenses which I already owned. From 28mm up to a 200mm with a doubler.
Here is the entire roll of 36 exposures unedited in sequential order, followed by a few surviving images of my last roll of film. Coincidentally I also took them here in New York, during my very first visit to the city.


text:
DriveClub PlayStation Plus Edition may never arrive
By Sam Loveridge February 23, 2015 1:14 pm GMT
The free DriveClub PlayStation Plus Edition may never be released, Sony has revealed.
Sony has admitted you might never see the free PlayStation Plus Edition of the PS4 exclusive racer, DriveClub.
Speaking during an interview with the Metro, Sony Computer Entertainment Europe President and CEO Jim Ryan admitted the company couldn't "guarantee" that the free version of the game would ever be made available.
"That's still being looked at," said Ryan. "I can't say anything at this stage."
DriveClub was released in October 2014 and was plagued with technical, server-based issues. The problems were so bad that the game's free PlayStation Plus Edition was first delayed, and then "postponed until further notice".
In November, Sony maintained the PS Plus Edition was still on the cards, but obviously there's been some changes since then.
"In the context of Driveclub, which as you say did not work correctly at launch, I gotta tell you that everybody [Sony's London-based European HQ] and in the development community was absolutely distraught that that was the case," Ryan added, speaking of the game's post-launch struggles.
"Now, should the game have worked at launch? Of course. Should people pay £50 for something and expect it to work? Of course."
When DriveClub was released the servers for the game failed, meaning gamers were unable to get online and experience the online features that helped made the game so appealing.
"QAing this stuff… a lot of it is load placed on servers, simply due to concurrency. It's hard. Again, that's not to excuse publishing something that's not fit for purpose", Ryan said.
"One would hope, and certainly we've learnt an awful lot from the DriveClub experience, that those mistakes, once made should not be repeated."
By Sam Loveridge


text:
Peter Hudson  är en fransk/brittisk skådespelare och regissör. Han arbetar inom film, tv och vanlig teater.

Under 2009 var han bland annat med i en uppsättning av The Dumb Waiter skriven av Harold Pinter, skrev och regisserade Le feu dans le miroir och var med i filmen Bus Palladium.

Mellan 1993 och 1998 var han med 12 avsnitt av TV-serien Highlander, där han spelade James Horton en fiende till Duncan MacLeod, seriens huvudperson.

Filmografi – i urval

Filmer
 I Want to Go Home (1989) - Le Spectre
 En kyss för mycket (1992) - Hotel Band – Sax
 The Hour of the Pig (1993) - Sheriff's Officer
 The Statement (2003) - Professor Valentin
 Sky Fighters  (2005) - Général Buchanan
 Twice Upon a Time (2006) - Médecin BATAR
 Hitman (2007) - Mr. Price
 Bus Palladium (2009)

TV-serier
 Napoleon och Joséphine (1987) TV-miniserie - D'Enghien (okänt antal avsnitt)
 Counterstrike (1992) – Burroughs
 Cousin William ( 1992-1993) - Larry (95 avsnitt)
 Highlander (1993 - 1998) - James Horton  (12 avsnitt)
 Les zinzins de l'espace (Space Goofs (International: English title)) (1997-1998) - Etno Polino (52 avsnitt)
 Grand Star (2007-2008) - Liam Ragg (24 avsnitt)

Referenser

Externa länkar

 Peter Hudson på tvguide.com

Franska skådespelare under 1900-talet
Brittiska skådespelare under 1900-talet
Män
Levande personer
Franska skådespelare under 2000-talet
Brittiska skådespelare under 2000-talet


Torti i Kolaci-Sweet and savory kitchen.: Praznicna Veligdenska pogaca so brusnica.//Festive Easter bread with cranberries.
Praznicna Veligdenska pogaca so brusnica.//Festive Easter bread with cranberries.
Praznicna veligdenska pogaca so brusnica,moj densen post so recept za ovaa mnogu vkusna mirisna i meka pogaca.Se mislev pomala da ja napravam,no imam okolu mene povece degustatori na moji jadenja,pa zatoa napraviv bas golema pogaca so brusnica i kora od portokal.
Mnogu vkusna testenina za praznik,i sekogas koga ce posakate vakvo nesto vkusno da si napravite ne dvoumete se.
Vo pogolem sad za mesenje se stava brasno,se stava i kvasec vo sredina da se rastopi so malku toplo mleko.Se dodava secer i sol,i ostava da kisne 15 min.
Potoa se mesi testo so dodavanje na maslo,jajca,100g secer,rendana kora od portokal.Se zamesuva sredno tvrdo testo,a gotovo e koga ce pocne da se odlepuva od race i sadot vo koj se mesi.
Na kraj se dodava i brusnica,mozete da ja isitnite so noz ili kako jas celi plodovi stavav.Pokrijte so kujnska krpa i ostavete da kisne 1 cas na toplo mesto.
Koga e gotovo,i udvostrucen volumen se vadi na nabrasneta povrsina lesno mesi i kratko.Se sece na tri topki.
Se ostavat topkite da se odmorat 10 min za da moze poubavo i poleseno da se oformi pogaca.
Se zema malku maslo se stava na rabotna povrsina i se pravat 3 valjci od topki.Se plete pletenka i se smestuva vo kalap-tava ,namastena so 2 lazici maslo, sto na sredina ima ispaknat otvor.Specijalna tava za ovie vrsti na testenini.Jas koristev pomala tava so eden metalen kalap (i toj treba da e namazan so maslo) i maku e povisoka pogaca.
No ne zaostanuva so vkus i kvalitet.Se premackuva gotova pogaca so maslo i zutka,i se narosuva so vanilin secer odozgor i so kafeav secer.
Se ostava na toplo da stasa uste 30 min.
Se zagreva rerna na 250C.a koga ce ja stavite pogaca namalete na 230C i pecete 45 min.Na pocetok na povisoka temperatura,dodeka se zacrveni.Potoa namelete na 120C ,pokrijte ja pogaca so hartija da ne izgori i pecete celosno vreme da e 45 min.
Zatoa sto mojata e podebela testenina i treba povece vreme da se ispece.
Sovrsena vkusna i meka pogaca za Veligden.
Ako vi se dopadne recept napravete go,i so prijateli podelete recept za i tie da ja ukrasat svojata praznicna trpeza,so ovaa pogaca.
Od ovaa kolicina na testo mozete da napravite dve pomali pogaci,ili kombinacija so mali vencinja,so praznicen izgled.
Festive Easter bread with cranberries.
Festive Easter bread with cranberries my post for the recipe of a very tasty, soft and fragrant cake.
Somehow, I do less bread, but to me there are lots of tasters, my dishes.I made a very big pie, cranberry and bark orange..
And here is the recipe for you to make yourself this bread when love something delicious.
In a larger mixing bowl place the flour, and yeast in the recess, to melt, with a little warm milk.
Add sugar and salt thereof, leave it for 15 min rain.
Then knead the dough by adding oil, eggs and 100g of sugar, grated peel orange.
Knead the dough of medium hardness, that is certainly when you start separating from his hands, and the vessel into which the mixture.
Finally, add the cranberries you and that is a bit of truth, I have put the whole fruit in testo.Cover kitchen towel and let it rain for 1 hour in a warm place.
When the volume doubled, shake the floury surface.knead easy and short.
Cut dough into three balls.Leave to rest for 10 minutes to I could be better and easier to form a cake.
On your desktop Put oil and make 3 reels of balls.
Plet Braids and place the mold-pan, greased with 2 tablespoons oil.i the middle has.open Specijal pan for this kind of test.
I used a smaller mold with a metal slot. (And it Spreads oil) because pogaca little visa.Ali and very tasty cake.
Coat the finished scone with a little oil, and winter.i sprinkle with vanilla sugar and top with brown sugar.
Leave in a warm that stature, still 30min.
Preheat oven to 250C, and when he put reduce to 230C and bake for 45 min.
At the beginning bake at a high temperature, while reddened.Then recuce at 120C, cover dough paper that does not burn, bake for 45 min.
Because my expeller is great and she needs more time to bake.
Perfect tasty and soft for the Easter table.
If you like the recipe, you create and share with friends.
To others made cake and have it on his desk.
Tip: From this test device, two cakes smaller size.


Preview: The Soccer match between G.A. Eagles vs Jong PSV will take place on 19.04.2019 in Eerste Netherlands. The tipster lasvegas makes the betting prediction a win for G.A. Eagles with an Asian Handicap of -0.75 in the Full Time and stakes 26 at the odds 1.88 from SboBET. From this Asian Handicap Soccer prediction the tipster lasvegas can make a possible profit of 22.88.