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Gmail introduces new features to fight email overload
By Dan Grabham 29 May 2013
Keeps stuff like newsletters and voucher emails out of your main inbox
The new Gmail inbox features tabs at the top of the window
Google is introducing new features to Gmail aimed at cleaning up our terribly messy inboxes.
When enabled, new tabs at the top of the inbox window will filter out certain types of emails from your main inbox.
The tabs have categorised names such as Social, Promotions and Updates that enable you to access things like email updates from social networks, newsletters and other regular email types. These mails then don't appear in your main inbox – now housed in a "Primary" tab.
We've been trying out the new inbox for a few days now, and while clearly effective and intelligent in that typical Gmail way, it doesn't really help if, like us, you've already spent time filtering out various newsletters and other regular updates from your inbox. But if your inbox is a cluttered and dysfunctional mess, it will definitely help clear things up.
The Promotions tab separates out 'offer' emails
Now, we're all pre-programmed to hate change, but don't panic! You can easily customise the new system - choose the tabs you want from all five to none, drag-and-drop to move messages between tabs, tell Gmail that certain senders should always appear in a particular tab and star your key messages so that they appear in the Primary tab.
You can customise the tabs you want to see
If the new inbox isn't quite in fitting with your flow, you can simply go back to classic view, or switch to any other inbox type. And you can move emails between the different tabs by right-clicking or dragging-and-dropping.
The new system will roll out over the coming weeks on the web, and will also appear in the Gmail for Android 4.0+ and Gmail for iPhone and iPad apps. The apps will show the Primary tab by default, and you'll be able to switch over to the tabs easily - you can see that in the screenshot Google sent us here:
When you use the new inbox, you can choose to have your mail sorted into the categories you want. These are the pre-defined categories and the first three are enabled by default.
Primary: messages from friends and family as well as any messages that don't appear in other tabs.
Social: messages from social networks, media-sharing sites, online dating services, gaming platforms and other social websites.
Promotions: your deals, offers, and other promotional emails.
Updates: notifications including confirmations, receipts, bills, and statements.
Forums: messages from online groups, discussion boards, and mailing lists.
All Gmail users will get the new tabs eventually, but if you'd like to try it out sooner, keep an eye on the gear menu and select Configure inbox when it appears in your Settings options.
See more Web news


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Car News > Hyundai > Video Review: Hyundai i30N
Video Review: Hyundai i30N
The hot hatch segment has always been populated with the same regular faces, the Ford Focus ST, Honda Civic Type R, VW Golf GTi and Vauxhall Astra VXR. It's very rare though for a new contender to enter the class that really grabs the headlines, but Hyundai has managed it with this the i30N.
How do you get people excited about a performance-based car which hasn't got any real heritage? Well, you bring in a team of experts with a proven track record, and that's exactly what Hyundai did. In came a team led by an ex-BMW M division chief, someone who was pivotal in cars like the M3, then you hone the cars dynamics at the infamous Nurburgring.
There are two versions to choose, an i30N and i30N Performance, and both use the same turbocharged 2.0-litre four cylinder petrol engine with either 247 or 271bhp. In all honesty it's hard to justify the extra oomph from the Performance version, it actually feels just as quick as some of its rivals. They both have the same torque figure of 260lb ft and there's an overboost which increases this to 279lb ft for 18secs, which helps when it comes to overtaking.
Accelerate hard and you can tell from the sound track alone that it's no ordinary i30, and on the overrun it spits and crackles which, for some, adds to the drama of owning a hot hatch like this.
It's only available with a six speed manual gearbox, so there's no flappy paddles to worry about. Overall though, it feels a really well planted and a solid car to drive. The steering offers excellent levels of feedback, and it's precise which gives the driver confidence when pushing on at pace.
One of the reasons its worth going for the more powerful version, is the addition of an electronically limited slip differential, which controls the delivery of the power more effectively to the front wheels, meaning less torque steer when accelerating hard out of bends. It does mean though that you really have to push it harder to get the most out of it.
With the dampers set to comfort, it's not exactly what you'd call cosseting, but it sits between the firmness of the Ford Focus RS and the somewhat more compliant Civic Type R.
In the cabin
Anyone familiar with the i30 interior will have no problems navigating around the N. The only issue is that not a lot of effort has gone into giving it a sporty finish. Yes the sports seats are unique to the N, but there isn't anything that sets your pulses racing like you would if you were behind the wheel of a Civic Type R or a Golf GTi.
The seating position is excellent though and these thin A-pillars make forward visibility excellent. There's also plenty of adjustment on the steering wheel and seats, electric on the performance model.
All models come with an 8 inch touchscreen infotainment system which sits at the top of the centre console. It's pretty intuitive to use, even more so than systems in rivals, and it controls all the usual toys like sat nav, dab, apple carplay and android auto, as well as online connectivity for live traffic. You can even monitor the engine power, torque outpus an boost pressure, should you want to get a bit car geeky on the drive home.
If you like your hot hatch with a good level of practicality, then the i30N wont disappoint. There's more than enough head room for taller drivers, and with all models getting five doors, your rear passengers don't have the problem of squeezing through a tight space to get in the back. However when they are in the back, they may struggle for leg room though. The boot isn't the biggest in class, but the 60/40 split folding seats will tumble forward should you need to move large items in a hurry. The Performance models though do have a rear suspension strut running the width of the car, which will be a hinderence.
It seems that Hyundai has made themselves a hot hatch that can truly match up against the heavyweights from Europe. The handling is sharp and precise, the engine is excellent and it's affordable with good levels of equipment. On the downside, it's not quite as powerful as some of its rivals and the interior is a bit drab.
By James Ash
Content Marketing Executive at Motors.co.uk
Which new family cars are the safest? Read more
Four-year-old steals great-granddad's car to buy sweets Read more
Future Hyundai vehicles will alert emergency services of accident injuries Read more

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Brush salmon with Hellmann's® or Best Foods® Light Mayonnaise, then season with salt and pepper. On baking pan, arrange salmon.
Bake 10 minutes or until fish flakes with fork.
Also terrific with Hellmann's ® or Best Foods ® Canola Cholesterol Free Mayonnaise.


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Cascading dunes visible in a Martian crater
Space Briefs May 18, 2014
Rabe Crater is a 108 km-wide impact crater with an intricately shaped dune field. The dune material likely comprises locally eroded sediments that have been shaped by prevailing winds. The image resolution is about 15 m per pixel. Credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin
A breathtaking new mosaic from ESA's Mars Express shows a stunning swirling field of dark dunes cascading into sunken pits within a large impact crater.
The mosaic was created from two images and focuses on the 108 km-wide Rabe crater. The region is 320 km to the west of the large Hellas impact basin, about halfway between the planet's equator and south pole.
Rabe crater has an interesting topography: its flat floor has a number of smaller craters and large sunken pits within it. The bulk of the dune material sits atop the flat remnant of the original crater floor, but then some of it spills dramatically down into the pits below.
The dunes stand some 150-200 m tall and their swirling patterns indicate the prevailing direction of the winds that have whipped across the crater over time. The dunes are made of basaltic material, a common volcanic rock. In the region shown here, it was subsequently covered over by other layers of material, uncovered by erosion within the crater itself.
Zooming in on the western portion of the crater reveals distinct layers of dark material exposed in the crater walls. One possible interpretation is that the impact crater punched through the top surface to reveal these otherwise hidden layers. Over time, this material has been eroded and swept up by wind to form the dunes seen towards the centre of the crater.
Artist rendering of the Mars Express spacecraft. Credit: Alex Lutkus
Similar dark material can also be seen in several of the smaller craters surrounding Rabe, with streaks staining the surface in between, most notably in the left-hand side of the image above. It is possible that some of the dune material was lifted out of Rabe by strong winds and spread locally.
Other nearby craters look degraded, their once-distinct rims and internal features crumbling over time. This 'terrain softening' process is often associated with the presence of ice just below the surface: this can facilitate the slow and steady creep of material downslope, resulting in a smooth appearance.
Material deposited from the atmosphere, perhaps during sand storms, can also contribute to an apparent softening of features over time.
By contrast, one crater to the upper left of Rabe shown here retains a sharper appearance. A closer examination of this relatively deep crater reveals fresh-looking channels and grooves in the crater walls.
Grooves like these are often associated with erosion by liquid water but, regardless of their formation history, they can also expose underlying layers, such as the dark material common to this region. Furthermore, a dense patch of this material is seen concentrated in the deepest part of the crater floor.
Impact craters like Rabe offer a window into the past by exposing ancient rocks that would otherwise remain hidden from view. Meanwhile, the dunes show the important continuing role played by wind in shaping the Martian landscape.
Data from the nadir channel and one stereo channel of the High Resolution Stereo Camera on Mars Express have been combined to produce this anaglyph 3D image, which can be viewed using stereoscopic glasses with red–green or red–blue filters.
The image focuses on Rabe crater and its intricate dune field, material that has been shaped by prevailing winds. The image was created using data acquired with the High Resolution Stereo Camera on Mars Express on 7 December 2005 (orbit 2441) and 9 January 2014 (orbit 12736). Credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin
Issue #7 (May 2014)
Previous Students create winning design for NASA's first flight of Orion
Next First exomoon possibly found
Space Briefs
Brian Greene and the challenges of physics
Cassini at Saturn: A decade exploring the ringed system
Radio bursts discovered from beyond our galaxy
NGC 6357: A cosmic 'winter' wonderland
Launch of Expedition 37 to ISS


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Enfield Town Football Club is a football club based in Enfield, Greater London, England. Established in 2001 as a fan-led breakaway from Enfield, the club are currently members of the  and play at the Queen Elizabeth II Stadium. The club badge features the Enfield beast.

History
The club was founded on 23 June 2001 by the Enfield Supporters' Trust after Trust members considered that the regime in charge of Enfield no longer had the interests of the club at heart and lacked sufficient will to bring about the return of the club to its home town, having left Southbury Road in 1999. This followed the chairman of Enfield withdrawing from an outline agreement with the Supporters' Trust which would have seen the Trust take over the running of a debt-free club and receiving £100,000 from money from the sale of Southbury Road which was held in an escrow account by Enfield Council. The balance of over £600,000 would have been paid to the chairman.

The newly formed club were admitted to the Essex Senior League for the 2001–02 season, three divisions below the Isthmian League Premier Division where Enfield continued to play. The club's first season saw them finish second in the league and win the League Cup, the Capital Counties Feeder Leagues Trophy, and the Middlesex Senior Charity Cup. The following season they won the Essex Senior League, but were not promoted due to ground grading issues. Despite only finishing fourth in the 2003–04 season, in May 2004 the Isthmian League invited the club to join Division Two, but later rescinded the offer. They won the Essex Senior League for a second time in 2004–05, and were promoted to Division One East of the Southern League, which Enfield were also members of. They finished third in their first season in the Southern League, qualifying for the play-offs, where they were beaten 3–1 after extra time in the semi-finals by Wivenhoe Town.

In the summer of 2006 the club were transferred to Division One North of the Isthmian League. The 2006–07 season saw them finish third again, but they lost 4–2 to AFC Sudbury in the play-off semi-finals. At the end of the season Enfield were liquidated and Enfield Town chairman Paul Millington released a statement suggesting that the two clubs should merge and "return the name of Enfield to the top of the non-league world". However, the Enfield players, officials and supporters rejected the offer and formed a brand new club named Enfield 1893. Enfield Town qualified for the play-offs again in 2009–10 after finishing fourth. However, after beating Wingate & Finchley 3–2 in the semi-finals, they lost 3–1 in the final to Concord Rangers. In 2011–12 they were runners-up in the division and went on to win the play-offs with a 1–0 win over Needham Market in the final, earning promotion to the Premier Division.

At the start of the 2012–13 season the club won the Supporters Direct Cup, defeating Wrexham 3–1. They retained it the following season, beating YB SK Beveren of Belgium 8–2. In 2016–17 they finished fourth in the Isthmian League Premier Division before losing 4–2 to Dulwich Hamlet in the play-off semi-finals. The 2018–19 season saw the club win the Isthmian League's League Cup, beating AFC Hornchurch 2–0 in the final.

Ground

The club originally played at Brimsdown Rovers' Goldsdown Road ground, and were later joined by Enfield 1893. In October 2008, Enfield Council announced a deal with the club allowing the club to relocate to the Queen Elizabeth Stadium, close to Enfield's old Southbury Road ground. At the end of the 2009–10 season the club was awarded a grant of £81,504 by the Football Stadium Improvement Fund towards the first phase of works on the new ground.

They left Goldsdown Road at the end of the 2010–11 season, taking with them much of the ground's infrastructure, which resulted in Enfield 1893, who had won the Essex Senior League, not being able to take promotion to the Isthmian League as the ground no longer met the league's standards. After spending the first few months of the 2011–12 season groundsharing at the Cheshunt Stadium in Cheshunt, they moved into the Queen Elizabeth II Stadium in November 2011, with the first match being a victory against Harefield United in the Middlesex Senior Cup on 9 November. The ground was officially opened with a friendly match against Tottenham Hotspur on 16 November, a game which saw the club's record attendance of 969.

Club officials

Managerial history

Other teams

Reserves
The club set up a reserve side in time for the 2006–07 season and joined the Eastern Division of the Capital League. The club's U21 team play in the Isthmian League's U21 North Division.

Women's team

The club also have a women's team, who play in the FA Women's National League.

Honours
Isthmian League
League Cup winners 2018–19
Essex Senior League
Champions 2002–03, 2004–05
League Cup winners 2001–02, 2003–04
Cherry Red Books Trophy
Winners 2001–02
Middlesex Charity Cup
Winners 2001–02, 2007–08
Supporters Direct Cup
 Winners 2006–07 (joint), 2011–12, 2012–13
George Ruffell Memorial Shield
Winners 2009–10

Records
Best FA Cup performance: Fourth qualifying round, 2015–16
Best FA Trophy performance: Third qualifying round, 2012–13
Best FA Vase performance: Third round, 2003–04, 2004–05
Record attendance: 969 vs Tottenham Hotspur, friendly match, November 2011
Biggest victory: 7–0 vs Ilford, 29 April 2003
Most appearances: Rudi Hall
Most goals: Liam Hope, 108 (2009–2015)

See also
Enfield Town F.C. players
List of fan-owned sports teams

References

External links
Official website

Football clubs in England
Football clubs in London
Enfield, London
Association football clubs established in 2001
2001 establishments in England
Sport in the London Borough of Enfield
Fan-owned football clubs in England
Essex Senior Football League
Southern Football League clubs
Isthmian League

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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"True Love's Kiss" is a song from the Disney film Enchanted (2007), written and composed by Stephen Schwartz and Alan Menken, and performed by Amy Adams and James Marsden.

Production
"True Love's Kiss" is written as an homage to, and parody of, the "I Want" songs of early Disney princess films from the 1930s–1950s. Menken deemed it "the pivotal assignment ... because there were so many preconceptions with that number". It was a challenge to make it a satisfactory spoof of the songs from princess films, and it was hard to create a piece of music that satisfied Lima, Schwartz, and him. In creating this "Walt era reference", the songwriting duo thought about how the early princess movies were "musicalized"; Schwartz "tried to channel the classic Walt Disney sensibility and then just push it a little bit further in terms of choices of words or certain lyrics". The songwriters and director Kevin Lima originally struggled with how to create the "classic Walt" sound required for the send-up of Cinderella-era music – each person had a differing vision, and the music genre could not be settled on. Eventually, Lima was flown to Menken's New York studio where they worked on the song until the final piece of music was chosen.

The eight-minute animated sequence sees the innocent girl Giselle sing about her desire for true love's kiss; a prayer that is answered by Prince Edward. The tune is "reminiscent of "I'm Wishing/One Song" and "Someday My Prince Will Come". The song is intended to be a parody of the trope of the three oldest Disney princess movies: Snow White, Cinderella and Sleeping Beauty, where the two protagonists meet, sing a song, then get married the following day.

At the very end of Carrie Underwood's "Ever Ever After" (the song sung during the credits), a line from the song is sampled.

Context
The song takes place during the animated portion at the very beginning of the film, where Giselle and Edward sing separately about love, bump into each other (after she is attacked by a troll), then sing about love together.

The point of the song is to show that for both characters "the goal of True Love's Kiss [is] a bit more important than actually being with a person they love."

Critical reception
The Telegraph deemed it "pure parody – a sly dig at Disney's musty conventions", and added that the "wistful" number "belongs in a 19th-century operetta". Catholic News called it "an intentionally gooey duet", while SplashMagazine thought the song would earn a Best Original Song nomination at the Oscars. FilmTracks liked Amy Adam's performance, but disliked the song's lack of memorability. MovieMusicUK described the "opening ditty" as "a sweeping prototypical Disney affair", and JewishJournal deemed it a "sweet opening".

References

Songs about kissing
2007 songs
Male–female vocal duets
Choral compositions
Songs from Enchanted (film)
Songs with music by Alan Menken
Songs written by Stephen Schwartz (composer)
Song recordings produced by Alan Menken


© Emerald Publishing Limited 2017. This is an author produced version of a paper subsequently published in International Journal of Operations & Production Management. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.


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Open and Close Mobile Menu
Latitude Festival 18 — 21 July 2019 Henham Park, Suffolk
We are doing all we can to keep you safe and sound at Latitude Festival and we review and improve our security operation continually through the festival season. Remember we do not allow bags larger than A4 into the arena and allow plenty of time to pass through our security checks. To find out more click here.
BBC Music Introducing Stage
The Stage is curated and hosted by BBC Music Introducing.
BBC Music Introducing have nurtured the careers of artists such as Ed Sheeran, Florence and the Machine and George Ezra, all of whom have graced the stages of Latitude in previous years. Since its launch in June 2007, over 500,000 tracks have uploaded to the BBC Music Introducing website and it now spans across BBC Radio 1, 1Xtra, BBC Radio 2, Radio 3, BBC Radio 6 Music, The Asian Network and across all of the local BBC Radio network.
BBC Radio 2's Dermot O'Leary Live from Latitude Festival
BBC Radio 2's Dermot O'Leary will be broadcasting LIVE from Latitude Festival on Saturday 20th July, 8am – 10am at the BBC Music Introducing Stage in Lavish Lounge.
There will be live music from Ben Folds and Yula's Pop Chorus plus special guests Richard Curtis, Jason Manford, Simon Armitage, Konnie Huq and Helen Sharman.
Want to be in with a chance to be in the audience?
To be in with a chance of being in the audience for this very special live broadcast you will need to collect a wristband from the BBC Music Introducing Stage at the Latitude on Friday 19th July between 12pm and 3pm. You must also have a full weekend ticket to attend the festival.
Please ensure you have read the following Terms & Conditions:
There are a limited number of wristbands available which will be issued on a first come, first served basis
A wristband alone doesn't allow access into the festival site; you must already have a full weekend ticket and valid wristband
You must be available to meet at 7am on Saturday 20 July at the Main Arena Entrance under the 'Welcome' arch where you will be escorted to the BBC Music Introducing stage for the live broadcast.
Visit the BBC website for further information.
Latitude 2019 Line-Up
Explore all of the cultural wonders on offer across the arts stage. From laughing out loud in the Comedy Arena to watching groundbreaking performances in the Theatre Arena.
As winners of the Best Family Festival Award 2018, Latitude Festival is about having festival fun for all of the family to enjoy.
The Hothouse
The Hothouse is a spectacular restaurant housed inside an adapted polytunnel, decorated as a French brocante, offering a menu that's sourced from six local food producers.
We've teamed up once again with Street Feast, the organisers of London's greatest street food markets, to curate our biggest food line-up yet.
Theatre Of Food
Theatre of Food is a fully immersive stage offering cooking sessions and inspiring food demos and, of course, the chance to sample the goods yourself.
Enjoy wonderful ways to relax and unwind at Latitude, including yoga workshops, art installations, and swimming in our fabulous lake.
BBC SOUNDS Carlsberg Somersby Cider Co-op Barclaycard Pepsi Max Tanqueray No Ten Ketel One Vodka Bulleit Wines of Germany Wines of Argentina Pukka Duracell Next Google Assistant Big Green Coach
Sustainability Charter
For any website advertising or sponsorship enquiries please email: [email protected]
Subject to licence, bill subject to change. © Festival Republic 2019. All rights reserved.
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William Connellan () was an Irish harper. He was born in Cloonamahon, County Sligo.

Connellan was a harper, who may or may not have composed the tune Caoineach Luimnigh (the lament for Limerick). He was well known in Scotland, where he travelled extensively. There his version of Luimnigh became Lochabar No More. He is also credited with Love's A Tormenting Pain,  and probably Killiecrankie. His brother was the composer Thomas Connellan.

Arthur O'Neill (1734-1818) refers to William in his memoirs:

 I heard much of his brother William Connellan, who was a famous harper and a fine composer. He died in the county of Waterford.

References

 The Harpers Connellan:Irish Music of the late 17th century - The life and times of the Sligo harpers William and Thomas Connellan, Kathleen Loughnane, 2009, ISMN 979 0 9002013 3 1.

Irish harpists
Irish composers
Musicians from County Sligo
17th-century Irish people


The African lion has declined to <35,000 individuals occupying 25% of its historic range. The situation is most critical for the geographically isolated populations in West Africa, where the species is considered regionally endangered. Elevating their conservation significance, recent molecular studies establish the genetic distinctiveness of West and Central African lions from other extant African populations. Interventions to save West African lions are urgently required. However formulating effective conservation strategies has been hampered by a lack of data on the species' current distribution, status, and potential management deficiencies of protected areas (PAs) harboring lions. Our study synthesized available expert opinion and field data to close this knowledge gap, and formulate recommendations for the conservation of West African lions. We undertook lion surveys in 13 large (>500 km2) PAs and compiled evidence of lion presence/absence for a further eight PAs. All PAs were situated within Lion Conservation Units, geographical units designated as priority lion areas by wildlife experts at a regional lion conservation workshop in 2005. Lions were confirmed in only 4 PAs, and our results suggest that only 406 (273–605) lions remain in West Africa, representing <250 mature individuals. Confirmed lion range is estimated at 49,000 km2, or 1.1% of historical range in West Africa. PAs retaining lions were larger than PAs without lions and had significantly higher management budgets. We encourage revision of lion taxonomy, to recognize the genetic distinctiveness of West African lions and highlight their potentially unique conservation value. Further, we call for listing of the lion as critically endangered in West Africa, under criterion C2a(ii) for populations with <250 mature individuals. Finally, considering the relative poverty of lion range states in West Africa, we call for urgent mobilization of investment from the international community to assist range states to increase management effectiveness of PAs retaining lions.
Copyright: © 2014 Henschel et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: Field survey efforts were funded by Panthera (www.panthera.org), with additional funds from National Geographic's Big Cat Initiative (grant B1_12; http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/big-cats/). LC furthermore acknowledges the support of the Oxford Martin School, and DWM the Recanati-Kaplan Foundation and Robertson Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
The lion (Panthera leo) was the most successful large carnivore during the late Pleistocene, when the species' range extended from South Africa, across Eurasia, and into the southern United States . Today, the lion's range is restricted to Africa and one population of the Asiatic sub-species, P. l. persica, in India . While the endangered Asiatic population is currently considered stable, lion populations in Africa are in decline and the African sub-species, P. l. leo, is considered vulnerable . Recent analyses established that the African lion has lost at least 75% of its original habitat, with fewer than 35,000 wild African lions remaining . The main drivers of lion declines are large-scale habitat conversion, prey base depletion through unsustainable hunting, and the retaliatory killing of lions due to perceived or real human-lion conflict . The situation is most critical in West Africa, where lions have been considered regionally endangered since 2004 , and where <500 individuals may persist .
West African lions represent a population with unique genetic and conservation value. Recent molecular and morphological data covering the species' entire historical range suggests that lions in Central, West and North Africa (the latter now extinct) are distinct from lions in Eastern and Southern Africa and share a common ancestor with lions in Asia –. These results establish that the principal subdivision of modern lions is within Africa , and question the current dichotomous division into an African and an Asian sub-species; a division which is still widely supported, including by the IUCN Red List . Moreover, they demonstrate that lions in West Africa contain mtDNA haplotypes not found in other lion populations, elevating the conservation significance of the few remaining West African populations , .
Conservation interventions to save these populations are now urgently required. However, formulating interventions is limited by few field data on the species' current distribution, abundance, and predominant drivers of declines in West Africa. While lions have been the object of extensive research effort in parts of Eastern and Southern Africa, they have been largely ignored in West Africa. Of 463 articles on African lions in the ISI Web of Science™ (Thompson Scientific) in 2005, not one focused specifically on lions in West Africa. To address this deficit, we first collated available data and expert opinions on lion distribution and status in West Africa. We then undertook field surveys in 13 large (>500 km2) protected areas (PAs) where lions were reported during this process, to determine lion presence/absence and estimate lion population size. For a further eight large PAs suspected to harbor lions, we compiled field survey data from the literature and via interviews. Using standardized evaluation toolkits for protected area management effectiveness , we compared current management performance of PAs known or suspected to harbor lions and those from which lions have likely been extirpated. With these data, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of the tenuous status of the West African lion, and make recommendations for the taxa's conservation.
We restrict our analysis to West Africa, as defined by the United Nations geoscheme (http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm), including all countries from Senegal to Nigeria (Fig. 1). The same classification was used for the listing of the lion as regionally endangered in West Africa . Historically, lions occurred in all biomes in West Africa, with the exception of the coastal Upper and Lower Guinean Forests and the interior of the Saharan Desert (Fig. 1). The collapse of lion range in West Africa is poorly documented, but appears to be linked to large-scale habitat loss outside PAs through conversion to agriculture . Consequently, lion range in this region is largely restricted to PAs , . While several West African countries have large PAs, average PA performance in West Africa ranked poorest in a cross-continental comparison: large mammal populations in eleven West African PAs declined by an average of 85% between 1970–2005, compared to an average 59% decline across the continent . Population collapse within these PAs appears to be driven by commercial bushmeat exploitation, supplying local markets in West Africa –, and has contributed to bringing several iconic large mammal species to the brink of extinction in their West African range , .
Figure 1. Lion Conservation Units  and surveyed protected areas (PAs) in West Africa.
Number symbols in the map correspond to PA identification numbers in Table 1 and Tables S3/S4, with numbers printed in bold representing PAs with METT assessments.
In 2005, the IUCN and the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) organized a lion conservation workshop for wildlife authorities from all lion range countries within West and Central Africa . The workshop consisted of a technical session to map current lion range and status, followed by a strategic planning session to develop lion conservation strategies . The technical session was modeled after the Range Wide Priority Setting process developed by WCS for jaguars . Experts were guided to produce maps of current lion range and delimit areas harboring known or suspected populations called Lion Conservation Units (LCUs) . LCU delimitation relied on credible evidence of lion presence within the preceding 10 years , and for each LCU participants assigned lion population trends and approximate lion population size. Although the data presented at the 2005 workshop now date from 1995 onwards, at the onset of our field surveys in 2006 (see below), it represented the most comprehensive and reliable dataset on lion distribution in West Africa.
Between October 2006 and May 2012, we conducted field surveys in PAs within designated LCUs, to 1) confirm lion presence for PAs where evidence of lion occurrence was lacking, and 2) establish lion population estimates for PAs where lions occurred. Although designated LCUs included both protected and non-protected areas, lions are largely absent outside PAs in West Africa , . Accordingly, we restricted fieldwork to PAs (IUCN PA categories I–VI) within LCUs (henceforth: LCU PAs), including two PAs awaiting formal designation (Table 1). A primary determinant of lion extinction risk within a given PA is its size, and we therefore restricted our survey effort to large (>500 km2) LCU PAs, based on findings on critical PA size for lions from prior studies , . In LCUs with multiple PAs, we concentrated survey efforts in the largest PAs with the highest protection status (according to IUCN PA categories).
Table 1. Summary of recent survey activities in LCU PAs, permitting the assessment of lion population status.
We also compiled data on lion presence from recent field surveys led by other institutions, from internal reports and interviews with participants. We included only surveys that targeted large mammals, with survey methods and effort appropriate to detect lions. Finally, we incorporated data from interviews of PA staff on lion presence/absence for several LCU PAs that have not been recently surveyed. We did not consider reports of lion presence without physical evidence and records >10 years old.
Survey methods commonly used for African savannah mammals, such as aerial surveys or line transects, typically yield few observations of large terrestrial carnivores . Consequently, prior efforts to establish large carnivore occurrence and/or abundance over large spatial scales relied on interviews , remote cameras , or track surveys . We predominantly employed track surveys, owing to their comparatively high detection efficiency, and low effort and cost . All surveys teams included experienced observers, and we ascribed field sign to species based on pugmark characteristics . Occasionally teams found equivocal tracks, mainly regionally rare species such as African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) and cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). In such cases we documented pugmarks photographically, and presented photos to a panel of experts for species verification. We omitted a small number of records from analysis if they could not be assigned to species unequivocally. In PAs with an intact network of dirt tracks, we conducted vehicle-based track surveys, with two observers seated on the bull-bar of a vehicle driven at a maximum speed of 10–20 km h−1 . In PAs without penetrable roads, we conducted track searches on foot along roughly predefined survey circuits, following game trails, dry riverbeds, abandoned dirt tracks or other linear features commonly used as travel routes by lions and other large carnivores. These circuits incorporated habitat features that could be expected to attract larger herbivores, such as water reservoirs, floodplains, saltlicks and marshes, or other sites with high herbivore abundance indicated by PA staff. In Mole NP and Gbele Resource Reserve in Ghana, camera traps were the primary survey method. At those PAs, we deployed DeerCam DC-300 (Non Typical, Wisconsin, USA) camera units at ∼1 km intervals, targeting, as with foot surveys, features expected to maximize lion capture probability . In Mole NP, we concentrated trapping effort in the central and southeastern portions known to contain higher prey densities and key dry-season water sources. In Comoé National Park (NP) in Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa's largest NP at >10,000 km2, we conducted an aerial survey prior to our ground survey, to identify areas with important concentrations of potential lion prey. We restricted the ensuing foot survey to those areas.
If lions were found in a given PA, we used systematic track counts  or call-ups  to estimate lion population size, depending on local conditions. Neither method has ever been locally calibrated in West Africa. However, we preferred track counts due to the generally consistent relationship between lion track densities and actual lion densities observed across a wide range of different climatic and habitat-related conditions in Eastern and Southern Africa . One important caveat of this method is that the relationship between track densities and actual densities varies with substrate type, and we therefore recorded substrate type every 500 meters along spoor transects, to enable us to select the appropriate relationship from Funston et al . In two PAs with lion presence where the poor state of the road network precluded the use of vehicle-based track counts, we conducted call-ups to estimate lion population size. The call-up method requires calibration experiments to assess local response distance and response rate of lions to broadcasts . Because lion observations were extremely rare during our surveys, we obtained only one response distance estimate in dense Sudano-Sahelian woodland; one male lion encountered opportunistically 2.5 km from a call-up station, was observed again at the station 26 minutes after the onset of the broadcast, fifty minutes after the initial observation. As the male was traveling in the opposite direction when first seen, we consider this a conservative estimate for a maximum response distance in dense woodland, and used this value here. To derive tentative estimates of lion population density based on our call-up results, we used the range of published figures on lion response rates , . Study design and data analysis of our systematic track counts followed Funston et al. , while our protocol for call-ups followed Ferreira and Funston . All field surveys were carried out in close collaboration with the respective national wildlife authorities, and involved senior PA research staff. Our survey work was therefore considered an integral part of preexisting PA monitoring activities, and wildlife authorities waived requirements for formal research clearance and PA entry fees. All field methods used were completely noninvasive and did not require the handling or sampling of live animals, and our survey work did therefore not require approval from an ethics committee.
Prior studies highlighted the strong impact of PA characteristics (e.g. PA size), human population density at PA edges, and PA management variables (e.g. PA management budgets) on lion persistence and population status inside PAs , , . Therefore, we investigated correlations between lion persistence and a number of continuous PA variables, including annual budget, staff number, area, surrounding human population density and IUCN management category, using univariate analyses (Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Mann Whitney U tests) where sample size allowed. We tested for univariate correlations between the PA variables using univariate linear regression or spearman's rank. We estimated human population density within a 5 km buffer around each PA based on human population data from the AfriPop Project (www.afripop.org), using PA outlines obtained from the World Database of Protected Areas (http://protectedplanet.net/). We extracted continuous management variables from WWF/World Bank Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT) assessments carried out in the region. The METT is one of the most widely used assessment tools for Protected Area Management Effectiveness (PAME) , and is designed to be completed by PA managers, staff and stakeholders. Besides provisioning of continuous PA management variables such as budgets and staff numbers, the methodology encompasses a rapid assessment based on a scorecard questionnaire of 30 questions, with an ordinal four-point scale (0–3, with 3 representing the best management scenario). The complete METT questionnaire template is provided in Supporting Information S1, and Table S1 summarizes the 13 METT scored questions included in our analysis; we selected management aspects likely to influence the ability of a PA to enforce regulations and reduce hunting pressure, to provide insight into the managers' perception of current PA performance). A comprehensive list of all PA management variables used in our analyses, variable provenance, and corresponding sample sizes can be found in Table S2. All statistical analyses were performed in R .
Wildlife experts attending the 2005 workshop identified 17 LCUs in West Africa (Fig. 1), totaling 254,430 km2, or 5.8% of historic lion range in West Africa. We identified 21 large (>500 km2) PAs within those LCUs (Fig. 1, Table 1), with a total area of ∼95,000 km2, or 37% of total LCU extent. We surveyed thirteen of those PAs for lions, while the remaining PAs were surveyed by other researchers focusing on lions (n = 2), Western chimpanzees Pan troglodytes ssp. verus (n = 2), and general faunal inventories (n = 4) (Table 1). Of the 21 LCU PAs surveyed, lions were confirmed in only four (Table 1; Fig. 2). In two additional PAs, both in Guinea, lions had not been observed for >10 years; however, credible reports of vocalizations suggest they may still be present. Among the four PAs in which lion persistence was confirmed, three contain <50 individuals, and the only large population is in the W-Arly-Pendjari (WAP), with an estimated 356 (range: 246–466) lions (Table 1). The total number of lions remaining in West Africa is estimated at 406 (range: 250–587) individuals, while the confirmed lion range (the total size of PAs where lions were confirmed, including potential sites in Guinea) is estimated at 49,000 km2, or 1.1% of historic lion range in West Africa.
Figure 2. Lion status in West African protected areas within lion range.
We identified METT assessments for 12 of the 21 LCU PAs (Table S2). Details of individual assessments can be found in Table S4. Due to the small sample sizes, we have not attempted multivariate analyses, and have presented statistical correlations only where continuous data (on PA budgets, staffing, area and human population density), as opposed to ordinal scores, were available.
Protected area budget (measured as total budget (US$) and budget/area (US$/km2)) was positively associated with lion persistence (Fig. 3), and PAs with lions were, on average, more than twice as large as those without, although the latter difference was not statistically significant, possibly due to the small sample (Table 2). Total PA budget significantly increased with area (spearman's rank coefficient = 0.65 p = 0.02).
Figure 3. Boxplot illustrating median operating budgets (US$/km2) for PAs grouped by current lion population status.
Hinges represent the 1st and 3rd quartiles, and whiskers represent the range of the data. Black points represent outliers.
Table 2. PA management characteristics by lion presence and absence (continuous data).
METT scores indicate that the majority of PAs are experiencing severe management deficiencies over most facets of PA management (Fig. 4). Scores for only two PAs, WAP (where lions are present) and Mole (where lions are absent), suggest that they were being managed adequately (Fig. 4).
Figure 4. METT (Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool) scores for evaluated protected areas (PAs) in West Africa.
(A) PAs where lions are confirmed present or are potentially still present (A); (B) PAs where lions were considered absent. The letter W represents scores for W-Arly-Pendjari while M indicates those for Mole NP (see text). Management scores range from 0–3, with 3 representing the best management scenario. For example, in the case of 'Current Budget' 0 = No PA budget; 1 = inadequate budget which creates serious management constraints; 2 = acceptable budget, but could be further improved to fully achieve effective management; 3 = sufficient budget which fully meets the needs of the PA. See Table S1 for full descriptions of scores.
The lion has undergone a catastrophic collapse in West Africa. Our results suggest that lions have lost almost 99% of their historic range, and that only ca. 400 individual lions persist across the region. Most of these lions (ca. 350 individuals, or 88% of the total population) persist in a single population in WAP, and there is strong evidence for ongoing declines in the region's other three populations. In Nigeria, numbers dropped from an estimated 44 lions in 2009 to 34 in 2011 . In Senegal's Niokolo-Koba NP, continuing calamitous declines in prey populations (Fig. 5B) are almost certainly causing concomitant declines in lions. These trends suggest that WAP already or will soon contain >90% of West African lions. Given that 40–60% of a lion population typically consists of immature individuals , , and that our track counts in WAP included large cubs and sub-adults, it is very likely there are <250 adults remaining in the entire West African region. Accordingly, our results warrant listing of the lion as critically endangered in West Africa under criterion C2a(ii), which applies for declining populations with <250 mature individuals, where >90% of individuals persist in one subpopulation .
Figure 5. Populations trends for principal lion prey species in West African protected areas.
(A) Pendjari NP (which forms part of W-Arly-Pendjari); (B) Niokolo-Koba NP; (C) Mole NP. Data sources: Galat et al. , Sinsin et al. , Wildlife Division of Ghana , Bouché , Renaud et al. .
Our surveys covered all large (>500 km2), formally designated PAs within LCUs in West Africa. While lion range in this region is largely restricted to PAs , , we cannot exclude the possibility that some lions roam outside the surveyed PAs. However, the 21 LCU PAs covered in this study represent the best remaining lion habitat in West Africa . We deem survey effort adequate (see Table S3) to draw inference on the occurrence of resident lions across sites, and we are confident that no resident lion populations were overlooked by our efforts. Further survey work may be required in Haut Niger NP and Kankan FR in Guinea to assess the possible presence of lions. However, given the lack of physical evidence for over a decade and the poor management scores of those two PAs (see Table S4 and below), we believe any remaining populations would be relict and close to extinction. While continued survey and monitoring work is warranted, the highest conservation priority for lions in the region should be strengthening protection of the known remaining populations.
Lions are more likely to disappear from small PAs than from larger ones. Critical PA size for lions based on data from East Africa is 291 km2, using an average lion density of 16.2 adults 100 km−2 . In comparison, average density across our four sites with lions was 1.0 lions 100 km−2, >15 times lower than in East Africa. Assuming the same lower limit for a viable lion population size in West Africa, critical PA size would exceed 4,000 km2 at current lion densities and even that may be inadequate. Newmark  revealed that extinction rates in Ghanaian PAs were estimated to be 13–77 times higher than in equivalent-sized PAs in Tanzania, suggesting that larger size alone a may provide insufficient protection against the intense hunting pressure impacting West African PAs. In addition to the lower carrying capacity of West African savannas for large herbivores , higher extinction risks for West African mammals is driven by intense bushmeat hunting pressure within and adjacent to PAs , , facilitated by ineffective PA management (Fig. 4) . Our findings highlight the urgent need for very large (>4,000 km2) and well protected PAs to assure the survival of lions and other threatened large mammals in West Africa. Three of four extant lion populations in West Africa occur in PAs close to or larger than 4,000 km2 (Table 1), representing the best prospects for saving the taxon.
WAP currently harbors the only population >50 animals, and is the most viable. However, lion population density is extremely low in the eastern half of WAP, i.e. the tri-national W NP (Henschel et al. in prep). An aerial survey covering W immediately following our lion survey in 2012, recorded >50,000 head of cattle inside the national park, underlining the weak management effectiveness in W NP . In contrast, the western half, Arly-Pendjari, supports higher lion densities, stable or increasing prey populations (Fig. 5A), and incursions by livestock into the PA are rare .The stark contrast in management effectiveness between the eastern and western halves of WAP may be due to the disparity in management budget allocations; of the US$197/km2 available for the WAP in aggregate, 90/km2 are spent in W, compared to 323/km2 in Arly-Pendjari (Henschel et al. in prep). A significantly higher operational budget is required in W to attain conservation outcomes comparable to Arly-Pendjari.
Lion populations in Niokolo-Koba and Kainji Lake NPs are small and appear to be declining. While no data on management effectiveness and lion prey populations exist for Kainji Lake NP, management effectiveness scores are low in Niokolo-Koba NP, potentially due to inadequate funding (Table S4), and prey populations have collapsed to extremely low levels over the past 20 years (Fig. 5B). Both PAs hold great potential due to their large size, and are surrounded by suitable lion habitat and moderate human population densities (Table S3) . Furthermore, Kainji Lake NP is potentially still connected to WAP, through suitable lion habitat in Benin . Besides lions, Niokolo-Koba also harbors the last important population of the critically endangered Western giant eland (Tragelaphus derbianus ssp. derbianus) , and the only confirmed population of the critically endangered West African sub-population of African wild dogs (Table S3) . Both PAs will require immediate financial and technical assistance to avert the local extirpation of lions and other critically endangered taxa.
At 2,244 km2 Nigeria's Yankari Game Reserve is smaller than our putative minimum and its lion population is very small and declining (Table 1). Yankari is completely surrounded by intensive cultivation , and the second-highest human population density of all 21 LCU PAs surveyed (Table S3). As a consequence, Yankari's lions and indeed all large-medium mammals are likely to be effectively isolated from neighboring populations in Nigeria (Kainji Lake NP, ca 650 km distant) and Cameroon (Benoué Complex, ca 260 km distant). Drastic interventions, such as fencing the reserve, may be the only solution to safeguard this population . Fencing Yankari could prevent inevitable encroachment by people and livestock, reduce human-lion conflicts at the PA boundary and perhaps reduce penetration of the PA by poachers.
Of 12 PAs with management assessments, six had no budget for management activities, and where budgets existed they were much lower than required to conserve lion populations effectively . PAs with confirmed or probable lion presence had larger budgets than those with lions absent, and WAP had both the largest lion population and the highest annual budget, at US$197/km2 (Table S4). WAP furthermore consistently received among the highest scores for management effectiveness of all PAs harboring lions (Fig. 4B). For PAs where data on population trends of principal lion prey species were available, WAP (represented through Pendjari NP, where annual wildlife counts are conducted) was also the only site where wildlife numbers were stable or increasing (Fig. 5). As a further indication of conservation success in WAP, this site harbors by far the largest remaining elephant population in West Africa , and one of the last remaining populations of the critically endangered Northwest African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus ssp. hecki) . Even so, WAP's budget is an order of magnitude below the estimated >US$2000/km2 budget required to maintain lions in unfenced PAs , suggesting that WAPs success may not be sustainable and will require increased funding in future.
Staff numbers for LCU PAs were generally low, varying between 0–4 staff per 100 km2. Many PAs reported that staff salaries were paid directly by national government and not through the individual PA management budget. Where staff are paid by central government, yet few or no funds are available for active management of PAs, the reported staff numbers likely overestimate conservation effort: nine of the 12 PAs assessed using METT reported having either no law enforcement activity at all (four PAs), or major deficiencies in staff capacity/resources to effect patrols (five PAs). Assessors for Comoé NP, which has 54 patrol staff, commented that "Staffing is very low for the size of the park; only 2 of 5 sectors of the park are operational, with 1 vehicle, limited staff, no equipment and lack of training". In Haut Niger, which has 15 patrol staff, assessors noted that in practice, agents do no or very few patrols due to a lack of resources and motivation; as a result poaching and illegal logging is widespread. Brugière  notes that existing PAs in Guinea are essentially paper-parks, i.e. they have no staff, management plan or operating budget. Consequently, even in the largest formally gazetted PA in Guinea, the Kankan Faunal Reserve, where lions are potentially still present, ca 20,000 people live within the PA, poaching pressure is high, and antelope population densities are extremely low .
WAP represents the last stronghold for lions in West Africa. Conservation interventions in WAP are heavily subsidized by large international funding bodies, such as the European Union and the World Bank. However, overall investment in conservation activities is extremely low in West Africa, compared to Central, Eastern and Southern Africa . Considering that all eleven former or current lion range countries in West Africa are among the 50 poorest countries in the world, and that six are classified as least developed countries (data from World Bank; http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx), lion range states in West Africa will be unable to mobilize the resources required to secure their remaining lion populations. That will rely on the provision of substantial financial and technical assistance to range states, principally by the international community, to increase management effectiveness of PAs with lions. For any such investments, it will be imperative that a) conservation initiatives assure sound governance over the funds , and b) adequate funding levels are sustained in the long-term to achieve desired outcomes; a review of best practices can be found in Blom et al. .
It is imperative to address very widespread poaching of lion prey species and illegal killing of lions by pastoralists within and around PAs , , . We believe urgent priority must be given to a dual strategy that focuses on 1. increasing the numbers, expertise, and operating budgets of enforcement personnel in PAs with lions, to curb the killing of lion prey and illegal incursions into PAs by pastoralists, and 2. reducing human-lion conflict in affected communities bordering PAs, by combining improved husbandry practices with community sensitization, to reduce livestock losses to predators and ameliorate local negative perceptions of large carnivores . Investment should also be directed toward developing and enhancing photographic tourism in politically stable countries such as Benin and Senegal. This will help to create and maintain economic incentives for lion conservation, and develop enduring revenue streams for PA management not wholly reliant on donor funding.
The situation for the lion in West Africa is dire. We recommend urgent revision of lion taxonomy by the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group . Recognition of a West-Central African sub-species is supported by recent findings establishing the principal division of extant lions within Africa, and would correctly recognize the genetic uniqueness of West African populations , . Irrespective of taxonomic status, we recommend listing the lion as critically endangered in West Africa.
Considering the relative poverty of lion range states in West Africa, we call for the mobilization of substantial and urgent investment by the international community to assist these countries in improving management effectiveness of PAs containing lions. Lions persist in some of the largest and most intact protected landscapes in West Africa, where they co-occur with some of the last remaining populations of critically endangered mammals including Northwest African cheetahs, Western giant elands and African wild dogs. Further deterioration of those last wilderness areas in West Africa will likely cause the loss of genetically distinct populations of charismatic megafauna and further preclude already tenuous, potential future revenue streams from photographic tourism for West African nations. Without immediate action, we believe the opportunity to save both will be lost.
The METT tracking tool – a template of the METT questionnaire.
METT (Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool) questions used to evaluate management performance of LCU PAs.
PA management variables used in this study, with sample sizes (number of PAs).
PA attributes for the 21 PAs in this study and details on the field surveys, regarding survey methods and effort, and findings regarding the presence of lions and other species of conservation concern.
PA METT data and scores for the 12 PAs with METT data in this study (PAs labeled using PA number: see S4 for corresponding PA names).
We thank the respective wildlife authorities for assisting efforts to conduct lion surveys in the protected areas covered in the present study. Specific thanks go to M. Sidibé and I. Ndao in Senegal, A. Gonto, D. Azani and I. Herbinger from the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation in Côte d'Ivoire, M. Sam in Ghana, A. Tehou, M. Kiki and C. Sewade in Benin, P. Bouché in Burkina Faso, H. GARBA in Niger, as well as G. Nyanganji from WCS in Nigeria. We thank L. Petracca (Panthera) for help with GIS analyses, F. Leverington for the identification of additional PA management data, and C. Breitenmoser, one anonymous reviewer and the editor for helpful comments on the manuscript.
A template of the METT questionnaire (Supporting Information S1), a list of METT questions used in this study (Table S1), a complete list of PA management variables used in this study (Table S2), a list of attributes for the 21 PAs surveyed in this study (Table S3) and a summary of management data and scores for the 12 PAs with METT data (Table S4) are available online. The authors are solely responsible for the content and functionality of these materials. Queries (other than absence of the material) should be directed to the corresponding author.
Conceived and designed the experiments: PH CB LTBH. Performed the experiments: PH CB YS. Analyzed the data: PH LC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BC AD. Wrote the paper: PH LC LTBH CB DM.
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31. Ferreira SM, Funston PJ (2010) Estimating lion population variables: prey and disease effects in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Wildlife Research 37: 194–206.
32. Woodroffe R (2000) Predators and people: using human densities to interpret declines of large carnivores. Animal Conservation 3: 165–173.
33. Packer C, Loveridge A, Canney S, Caro T, Garnett ST, et al. (2013) Conserving large carnivores: dollars and fence. Ecology Letters 16: 635–641.
34. Leverington F, Costa KL, Courrau J, Pavese H, Nolte C, et al.. (2010) Management effectiveness evaluation in protected areas: a global study. Second edition. St Lucia, Queensland, Australia: University of Queensland, IUCN- WCPA, TNC, WWF.
35. R Core Team (2013) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. Available: http://www.R-project.org/.
37. Stander P (1991) Demography of lions in the Etosha national park, Namibia. Madoqua 18: 1–9.
38. Schaller GB (1972) The Serengeti lion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
40. Newmark WD (2008) Isolation of African protected areas. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6: 321–328.
41. East R (1984) Rainfall, soil nutrient status and biomass of large African savanna mammals. African Journal of Ecology 22: 245–270.
42. Bouché P (2012) Inventaire aérien de l'écosystème W-Arly-Pendjari, Mai–Juin 2012. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: CITES-MIKE, WAP/UNOPS, Benin, Burkina Faso, Niger.
43. IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008) Tragelaphus derbianus ssp. derbianus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Available: www.iucnredlist.org.
44. Woodroffe R, Sillero-Zubiri C (2012) Lycaon pictus (West Africa subpopulation). In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. Available: www.iucnredlist.org.
45. Inah EI, Orimoyegun SO (2005) Herbaceous cover and soil properties in wildlife habitats in Bauchi and Gombe States, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 27: 125–136.
46. Brugière D (2012) Identifying priority areas for the conservation of antelopes in the Republic of Guinea, West Africa, using the complementarity approach. Oryx 46: 253–259.
47. Dufour S (2008) Programme de gestion communautaire et participative de la faune sauvage dans la Réserve de Faune de Kankan, République de Guinée. Conakry, Guinea: Rapport de mission. Sylvatrop.
48. Brockington D, Scholfield K (2010) Expenditure by conservation nongovernmental organizations in sub-Saharan Africa. Conservation Letters 3: 106–113.
49. Smith R, Muir R, Walpole M, Balmford A, Leader-Williams N (2003) Governance and the loss of biodiversity. Nature 426: 67–70.
50. Blom B, Sunderland T, Murdiyarso D (2010) Getting REDD to work locally: lessons learned from integrated conservation and development projects. Environmental Science & Policy 13: 164–172.
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54. Granier N, Martinez L (2004) Etude des Chimpanzés de l'Aire Protégée «Bafing-Falémé»: Enquêtes auprès des Populations Locales et Dénombrement par comptage de Nids. Bamako, Mali: EU Delegation, Republic of Mali.
55. PFNH (2009) Rapport d'activités Mai–Juillet 2009. Conakry, Guinea: Projet d'Etude des Grands Félins et de leur Environnement Naturel et Humain.
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58. CENAGREF (2013) Plan d'action pour la conservation du lion au Bénin. Cotonou, République du Bénin: CENAGREF.
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62. Bouché P (2006) Mole wildlife survey. Accra, Ghana: Northern Savannah Biodiversity Conservation Project/IUCN.
Is the Subject Area "Lions" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Nigeria" applicable to this article?


Speaking to state authorities at the government palace Friday, the pope spoke of many reasons for hope, from the dynamism of the young to Peru's environmental awareness and cultural diversity.
"Yet over this hope a shadow is growing, a threat looms," Francis intoned.
"This 'lung,' as it has been called, is one of the world's regions of great biodiversity, as it is home to a vast variety of species," he said.
"The State is obliged to promote the conservation of biological diversity, and protected natural areas," it reads.
"The degradation of the environment, sad to say, cannot be separated from the moral degradation of our communities. We cannot think of these as two separate realities," he said.
Care for the physical environment is related to care for human ecology, Francis said, insisting that the two cannot be separated.
Pope Francis has made the environment one of the leitmotivs of his pontificate, and was the first pope in history to devote an entire encyclical letter to the topic of the care of creation.


text:
De Fallschirmjäger der Wehrmacht was een van de meest prestigieuze elite-eenheden van het Duitse leger in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. De Fallschirmjäger waren gespecialiseerd in verrassingsaanvallen ver achter de vijandelijke linies. Deze aanvallen werden altijd uitgevoerd vanuit de lucht met behulp van parachutes en zweefvliegtuigen. De Fallschirmjäger vielen organisatorisch gezien onder de Luftwaffe en droegen daarom blauwe luchtmachtuniformen. De vijf divisies Fallschirmjäger hadden een totale sterkte van 35.000 man. Het concept van de Fallschirmjäger heeft een grote invloed gehad op de techniek van oorlog voeren in het algemeen.

Uitrusting
De Fallschirmjäger beschikten over lichtgewicht wapens, zoals de Beretta Modello 38 9 mm mitrailleur, de FG42 en het Browning FN P-35 9 mm pistool, die speciaal ontworpen waren om te dragen bij parachutesprongen. Vanwege de hoge prijs waren deze wapens alleen voor de Fallschirmjäger beschikbaar.

Inzet
De Fallschirmjäger kwamen vooral veel in actie bij de zogeheten Blitzkrieg-invasies. Ze sprongen ver achter de vijandelijke linies af en namen belangrijke strategische doelen in, waarna het voor de andere infanteriedivisies makkelijker was om het gebied te veroveren. Ze kwamen voor het eerst in actie in Polen in 1939 en speelden in mei 1940 een grote rol bij de verovering van Nederland, België en Frankrijk. Door de aard van het Nederlandse landschap waren de landingen in Nederland echter veelal onsuccesvol en ging veel materieel verloren. In 1941 werden ze tevens ingezet bij de verovering van het eiland Kreta en sporadisch bij de invasie van Rusland.

Na het mislukken van de luchtlandingsacties op Kreta werden de Fallschirmjäger wegens de hoge verliezen, risico's en kosten die met de inzet van luchtlandingstroepen gepaard ging niet meer grootschalig ingezet. In het verdere verloop van de oorlog nam het aantal invasies van het Duitse leger af waardoor de Fallschirmjäger eigenlijk een beetje overbodig werden. Ze bleven veelal buiten actie en vochten, wat grotere inzetten betreft, alleen nog maar in 1944 bij het verdedigen van het Franse stadje Carentan en in Italië in de Slag om Monte Cassino. Tijdens de geallieerde stormloop door België naar Nederland, werd het eerste parachutistenleger onder Kurt Student ingezet om een gat in het front tussen Antwerpen en Maastricht te dichten, maar dit leger beschikte over slechts 4.000 getrainde para's.

Verwording
Later in de oorlog, vooral tijdens de Slag om de Ardennen en kort daarna, werd de term Fallschirmjäger ook gebruikt om uit Luftwaffe-grondpersoneel bij elkaar geraapte eenheden aan te duiden. Van de oorspronkelijke gedachte van elitetroepen was niets meer over. Omdat de Duitsers steeds moeilijker aan vervanging van manschappen en materieel konden komen werden 'Fallschirmjägerregimenten' opgericht. In werkelijkheid waren dit geen Fallschirmjägerregimenten, omdat ze in het geheel niet over vliegtuigen of ander zwaar materieel beschikten; slechts over allerlei handvuurwapens en granaten. Een dergelijke groep 'Fallschirmjäger' vocht onder andere in de Slag om Broekhuizen in november 1944.

Duitse militaire eenheid in de Tweede Wereldoorlog


text:
Q: What's the deal with the gyroscope? In this article ("The problem with physics", Tony Rothman, ABC science) the author says in the 5$^\textrm{th}$ paragraph:

For example, one needs only first-semester equations to describe reasonably well the behaviour of a gyroscope; engineers can then go off and build gyrocompasses that guide aircraft or missiles to their destinations. But if you merely ask: "At what, exactly, is the gyroscope pointed?" you are plunged headlong into one of physics' deepest questions, one that led Einstein to develop his general theory of relativity — and that, even today, has no definitive answer. I know of no undergraduate textbook that acknowledges the question."

What is the issue he is referring to?

A: I don't know Tony Rothman so I don't know exactly what I had in mind, but I expect he's referring to Mach's principle.
When he says:

I know of no undergraduate textbook that acknowledges the question

there is a very good reason for this. Physics is concerned with the construction of predictive mathematical models of the real world and Mach's principle plays no part on this. It may or may not be true that thinking about Mach's principle helped Einstein to formulate General Relativity, but GR is not a formulation of Mach's principle and the extent to which GR includes Mach's principle depends on who you ask and what exactly you mean by "Mach's principle" anyway. See Is Mach's Principle Wrong? for more on this.

A:   Gyroscope is a widely used device, in many fields are widely used, today let me introduce gyroscope in the balance of the application of the car to explain the working principle of the gyroscope.
   The gyroscope is an angular motion detection device which uses the moment of momentum of a high-speed rotating body to sense the shell relative to the inertial space around one or two axes orthogonal to the rotation axis.Angular motion detection devices based on other principles perform the same function, also called gyroscopes.

The history of gyroscopes Gyro instrument was first used in navigation, but with the development of science and technology, it has been widely used in aviation and aerospace industry.Gyro instrument can not only be used as an indicator instrument, but more importantly, it can be used as a sensitive element in the automatic control system, which can be used as a signal sensor.According to the need, gyro instruments can provide accurate azimuth, level, position, speed and acceleration signals, so that the pilot or with automatic navigator to control aircraft, ships or space shuttle and other vehicles according to a certain course of flight, and in the guidance of missiles, satellite carriers or space exploration rockets and other vehicles,Then the attitude control and orbit control of the vehicle are completed directly by using these signals.As a stabilizer, gyro instrument can make the train running on the monorail, can reduce the ship in the wind and waves swing, can make the camera installed on the plane or satellite relative ground stability, and so on.As a precision test instrument, gyro instruments can provide accurate azimuth datum for surface facilities, mine tunnels, underground railways, oil drilling and missile silos.It can be seen that the scope of application of gyro instruments is quite extensive, and it plays an important role in the construction of modern national defense and national economy.
The application of gyroscope in balancing vehicle
If  you are interested in Gyroscope and wants to learn more, you can conta us.
https://www.ericcogyro.com/application/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Jquery iterating through JSON array I created a function that listens to inputs and prints out a message when input fields are updated. Previously my code looked like this:
HTML

@name

@date_today

NOTE: @ is used in GWT as a shorthand for <input type="text">, so it's basically the same thing. It also works as input.value() if used in js script.
Js function:
var $meta = $('#meta');
var _meta = $('.meta input');
var message = "form updated";

var createNarrative = function (section, element, txt) {
    section.change(function() {
        element.show().html(txt)
    });
}

createNarrative(_meta, $meta, message);

Now I need to update the function so that all the function arguments will be moved to JSON file.
 var json = [
            {
                "section": "$('#meta')",
                "input": "$('.meta input, .meta select')",
                "output": "Form Updated"
            }
        ]

function(data){
        $.each(index, object){
            var section = object.section;
            var input = object.input;
            var output = object.output;
        }

        input.change(function() {
            section.show().html(output)
        });
    };
}

However, this function responses with error. As I'm working in GWT, debugging is a bit difficullt. I can't figure out why it's not working.


A man who used to rent at 11b ashcraig court for 10 years constantly drops rice and bread in our cul-de-sac almost everyday to feed birds.It's annoying and will attract nice and rats! It also is not a good look for the street as it presents poorly. I do not feel like he should be able to do this !
Tuakau Road Pukekohe 2120 The footpath is in a dangerous condition - the trees planted on the verge are lifting and cracking the footpath. There have been several falls and near missed.


Let us know where you are and what you have been doing since you graduated as a Paterno Fellow. Stop back whenever you have something to add. We'll periodically publish news items about our Alumni, so be sure to visit the News Updates page often. Please provide your contact information so we can continue to reach you with our news about the program.
You may also send your updates or questions to PaternoFellows@psu.edu.
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text:
Gilbert Hospital Files for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy
Staff - Tuesday, February 18th, 2014
Gilbert (Ariz.) Hospital has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy due to several lingering financial problems, according to an Arizona Republic report.
An attorney with the hospital told The Republic that "a loss of financing, management changes, competition from other Gilbert hospitals and construction near the hospital" forced the physician-owned Gilbert Hospital to file for bankruptcy.
In its bankruptcy court filing, Gilbert Hospital officials said assets totaled less than $50,000, while liabilities were between $1 million and $10 million.
Timothy Johns, MD, an emergency medicine physician, is the founder and part owner of Gilbert Hospital, as well as two other troubled hospitals in the area: Florence (Ariz.) Hospital at Anthem, which filed for bankruptcy last March, and Peoria (Ariz.) Regional Medical Center, which has been stuck in the construction phase for at least two years.
According to the report, Dr. Johns wanted to create a network of physician-owned hospitals focused on emergency room care. Gilbert Hospital, which has 21 private ER beds, 16 inpatient beds and three intensive care unit rooms, had $20 million in cash in 2011. However, hospital investors have since sued Dr. Johns, saying that "financial mismanagement" and the transferring of funds from Gilbert Hospital to PRMC has led to massive losses.
More Articles on Hospital Bankruptcy:
Saint Francis Hospital Chooses Westchester Medical Center as Buyer
Casa Grande Regional Files for Bankruptcy, Signs Deal With Banner
Natchez Regional Medical Center Files for Bankruptcy Again


text:
Q: Найти максимум. Не выводится решение ответа У меня есть код который должен после ведение с клавиатуры чисел должен находить максимум, но почему-то этого не происходит и я не могу понять в чем причина.

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a:
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b:
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U:
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onClick="Calculate(this.form)">
</form>

A: Попробуйте так

      <title>решение 7</title>

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               <input type="text" size=30 name="a">

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text:
Mercy and Compassion
Some of the Prophet's Manners & Characteristics
Under category : Some of the Prophet's Manners & Characteristics
7875 2008/04/22 2022/01/21
Article translated to : Français Deutsch
abu masood al-ansari, with whom allah is pleased, said:
'a man came to the prophet, may allah exalt his mention, and said: "o messenger of allah! by allah! i do not pray fajr prayer because so and so lengthens the prayer." he said: 'i have never seen the messenger of allah, may allah exalt his mention, deliver a speech in such an angry state. he said:
'o people! verily there are among you those who chase people away! if you lead people in prayer, shorten the prayer. there are old and weak people and those with special needs behind you in prayer.' (bukhari #670)
osama bin zaid, with whom allah is pleased, said:
'we were sitting with the messenger of allah, may allah exalt his mention. one of his daughters sent a person calling him to visit her and see her son, who was on his deathbed. the messenger of allah, may allah exalt his mention, told the person to tell her: 'truly to allah belongs what he took, and he has given everything a set time. command her to be patient and to seek the reward of allah, the exalted.' his daughter, with whom allah is pleased, sent the same person back again saying: 'o prophet of allah! your daughter took an oath that you should come.' the messenger of allah, may allah exalt his mention, got up, and sa'd bin ubaadah and mu'adth bin jabal accompanied him. the messenger of allah, may allah exalt his mention, sat with the child while he was on his deathbed. the child's eyes froze in their places like stones. upon seeing that, the messenger of allah, may allah exalt his mention, wept. sa'd said to him, 'what is this 'o prophet of allah?' he said: 'this is a mercy that allah, the exalted, places in the hearts of his slaves. truly, allah is merciful to those who are merciful towards others.' (bukhari #6942)
Articles in the same category
Kindness and Compassion
Doing Things for the Sake of Allah
Aggrandizing the limits and boundaries of Allah
Bashfulness and Modesty
Politeness and Good Manners
Good Appearance
Pleasant Facial Expression
Excelling in Acts of Worship
Love for Reformation and Reconciliation
Generosity and Hospitality
Forbearance and Kindness


text:
Flemish Bond
Sara De Bondt
Sara De Bondt for the Architectural Association, 2008
Ugliness
Sometimes when I return to London on the train and look out of the window I think to myself how ugly the city is. I have been living here for six years now and yet I still don't understand why this thought pops into my head. Where does it come from, what is it based on?
Last year I went to see an exhibition on Alvar Aalto. In it there was a photograph of one of the most amazing buildings I have ever seen, his Muuratsalo Experimental Summer House (1952–53). Its walls are constructed using bricks laid in loads of different patterns. I have been looking at bricks ever since.
Building a beginning
The first thing my parents did when they moved into the house I grew up in was to have all of the brickwork repointed. The mortar between bricks had turned into crumbling sand so that you could just push individual bricks through to the cavity behind. When Zak asked me to think of an inquiry for this exhibition, I started with architecture's details, just as I would first begin the design of a book by looking at typefaces.
Flemish in London
I discovered a beautiful thing; that about 50 per cent of the brick buildings on my walk from home to the studio are made using a technique called 'Flemish Bond' – a way of bricklaying in which individual bricks are laid alternately width and lengthwise, so that you get a .—.—.—.—.— pattern. Flemish refugees imported it into England in the fifteenth century. This bond has always been seen as the most decorative, but it also has a functional logic to it – by alternating between brick width and length a double-thick wall is created, providing better support and insulation.
Someone once pointed out a black crosshatch brick pattern in Cheshire to me. The pattern signified that the Duke of Westminster owns or once owned the specific building. This type are also called 'Grey Diamonds'. I spotted one this weekend in London.
Bond not De Bondt
A bond is a way of laying bricks. There are a number of different types, the most common being English Bond, Flemish Bond, Herringbone Bond, Running Bond, English Cross Bond, Stack Bond and Common Bond.
'Colour in the Town' by Amédée Ozenfant
'Stone is rare in London, but you have splendid bricks, a whole range of deep reds, of oranges and yellows, even of browns, greens and blacks. English bricks have a texture which modulates light exquisitely on days when it is sufficiently strong; brick is a treat to the eye when the sun shines and is strong enough to show the delicate variations of tints; but great masses of brickwork are horribly depressing during the gloomy days which are frequent in Great Britain.' (William Braham, Modern Color/Modern Architecture, Ashgate Publishing, p.117.)


text:
Michigan Democrats cross over to vote Santorum: 'I hate him and I voted for him'
It may be the strangest vote of the day: die-hard Democrats in Michigan crossing over to vote for Rick Santorum in the Republican primary. "I hate him and I voted for him," said Jenn May, a voter in Flint, Michigan, told CNN's Erin Burnett OutFront. Why? "Santorum getting the Republican bid is basically a guarantee that Obama will be reelected," May said.
Avlon: 3 things you don't know about Arizona, Michigan
By John Avlon
It's the biggest one-day delegate haul to date; 59 delegates may not sound like a lot on the road to 1,144, but Tuesday's contests represent the most delegates at stake since the GOP nomination fight began in Iowa. This distinction will be held for precisely one week, until Super Tuesday on March 6 when 10 states, with 437 delegates up for grabs, vote.
Three dynamics that could drive the vote:
$86 billion on 'reconstruction' in Afghanistan. Was it worth it?
The U.S. military presence in Afghanistan–nearly 100,000 troops–does not come cheap, carrying a staggering pricetag for American taxpayers of two billion dollars a week.
The investment in Afghanistan, Erin Burnett reports, includes an estimated $86 billion spent on "reconstruction" and $51 billion on training Afghan security forces.
By this summer, the U.S. will draw down its military force to 68,000 troops. But experts contacted by Erin Burnett OutFront say an "advisory" force of at least 25,000 Americans would be required to "protect" the investment in Afghanistan's security.
Keeping an "advisory" force of that size in Afghanistan for an indefinite period of time, Burnett reports, would still cost taxpayers somewhere between 20 and 30 billion a year.
Tonight on OutFront at 7 p.m. and 11 p.m. ET, a debate on America's continued investment in Afghanistan.
Filed under: Economy • National Security
Iran's 'stonewalling' raises nuclear concerns as gas prices continue to rise
Gas prices rose for the 20th straight day.
Analysts attribute the surge at the pump to rising oil prices, stemming from fears of shortages resulting from tensions in the Middle East over Iran's nuclear program.
An 11-page document from the International Atomic Energy Agency released Friday reveals the IAEA has doubts about what the Iranian government is telling the world about its nuclear efforts.
We read the study, and while it does not say Iran is making a bomb, it does say that it's rapidly expanding its nuclear activity, tripling its uranium enrichment since late last year.
Filed under: National Security