The boys are all having a rest day with some of the parents and supporters today. Many are at the Atlantis on the Palm checking out the waterpark there. Tim Roberts and I have a tee time booked for a quiet round of golf later this afternoon but this leaves me a few moments just to try to work out why I Iove Dubai. And the start of this is that I do love being in Dubai and the UAE. The problem I have is I don't really know why….
I have been here three times now, always at the end of March and beginning of April. And so obviously the first thing that is great is the weather. For readers of this not from the UK, February/March in England can be pretty grim, cold days, flooded pitches, dark mornings… None of these things are nice, so to come here for 10 days to bright sunshine, 30 degrees and blue skies always lifts my mood.
I am a pretty simple creature really and good food also makes me happy. I always seem to eat well in Dubai and once again I fear the bathroom scales will be taking a battering when I get back this time. Another "false dawn" exercise programme must start when the summer begins….
Dubai has some beautiful architecture. I love modern buildings (I stop off in Slough sometimes to look at the architecture of the Slough Trading Estate but please don't tell anyone…..) and I love the focus on innovative design in Dubai and indeed Abu Dhabi. The Burj-al-Arab and Burj Khaleifa are two iconic buildings, only rivalled in my mind by the Taj Mahal. I love the twisted skyscraper at the Dubai Marina and love the thinking behind making a building like this. "We can do it so why not?" This culture of innovation, progress and looking ahead is very appealing to me. I find it energising to be in a place that seems like things are happening here. I love the mix of peoples, cultures and backgrounds in Dubai – to be honest I like it in the UK too – but here there is a real feeling of different people all buying into a common aim.
I woke up early on the first morning here, around 6am and there was a proper tape ball match going on that I could watch from the hotel window. This had two teams, 8 a side perhaps, and although the standard was best described as rustic, they were clearly playing a serious league match. At 6am, on a building site. I love that! One fielder was sitting on a chair at gully but there was some big hitting, two demon run outs and everyone seemed to be having fun. I watched for half an hour until at 7.30am until both teams lined up, shook hands and presumably went off to work.
One thing Dubai has got to sort out is their addiction to the car. I have been three times over three years but the traffic gets worse and worse, the congestion is becoming horrible and the standard of driving is poor (that is being complimentary) Dubai's government seems so progressive in many other areas so I hope that in next few years they can look to increase the number of electric/hybrid vehicles (all taxis perhaps?), reduce air pollution, introduce congestion charging. These things would make Dubai an even better place to visit. And would make our journeys on the roads slightly less traumatic.
I am in Dubai at the moment on cricket tour and so Biology posts may be a little thin on the ground until April 6th. But I hope the 106 blog posts already visible will give all my students plenty to be working on for the next ten days or so. Do play my Zondle revision games as well – it is good for learning, I promise….
If you are feeling jealous of my trip to Dubai, it took us over two and a half hours to get through immigration at Abu Dhabi airport this morning (that is a lot of queuing and rivalled JFK for the least pleasant airport experience of my life…) and then this afternoon at cricket training, it rained…..
After a season in which many school cricket matches were lost to the weather, it seemed strangely appropriate that the Berkshire cup final was played this afternoon on a beautiful sunny afternoon on Dutchmans 1. There are few better places to spend a few hours in late June and after a disappointing batting performance yesterday at Harrow, the Eton boys had the chance today to show that they could construct the partnerships necessary to post a winning total. We were fortunate to have two excellent umpires, a virgin strip on which to bat and in spite of losing the toss, the chance to bat first seemed to offer us a big advantage.
Spectators on the boundary might have felt this early advantage had been lost when the Eton team lost two wickets in the first three overs. Ed Doughty was caught off a leading edge playing round a low full toss and when Matt Pein, the player with the two highest individual scores of the season holed out to mid off with his second ball, a careful approach was needed in the next few overs to stop the early momentum Bradfield had built up. Sam Dawson was batting sensibly at one end until a straight ball from the impressive Brabham skittled through his defences. 23 for 3 was not the start we had wanted. Charlie Lyons was batting well, hitting the ball cleanly much of the time especially to mid on and midwicket, but an unfortunate mix up led to him being run out for the second time in two days. There then followed three impressive partnerships. Harry Thistlethwayte's batting has improved considerably in recent weeks and from the start of his innings today he looked focused and determined to bat for a long time. Freddie Christian had joined him and they batted well together up to the drinks break at 19 overs. Thistlethwayte was playing his square cut and late cut to any short balls he received and Christian can play exquisite shots when the ball is over pitched and he is given any width outside off stump. Christian's first 11 balls had been watchfully played for no runs but he was just starting to play his more customary attacking game at the drinks interval. I knew that this break in his concentration was going to pose Freddie a problem and it wasn't a surprise to see him fall soon after play resumed. By then though he had scored an important 20 runs at a run a ball including three fours and one six. His partnership of 44 runs with Thistlethwayte had almost doubled the score to 93 for 5 but in spite of the wicket, the momentum had turned and the Eton batsmen now started to look more comfortable at the crease.
Josh Britton in only his second start for T1 joined Thistlethwayte and between them they added 45 excellent runs in just 6.3 overs. Both boys were hitting boundaries when offered loose bowling by the Bradfield slower bowlers and Britton was disappointed to eventually be bowled playing round a straight ball. This brought Bertie Duncan to the crease at 138 for 6 and I knew that we didn't need to get many more runs to be in control of the game. Bertie has played the last two matches in T2 and has returned with increased confidence following two good innings. He played a superb pull shot early in his innings and his 25 runs off 23 balls were absolutely crucial in supporting Thistlethwayte as he approached his individual century. Harry Thistlethwayte's innings today was most impressive and it was a shame that with a couple of overs to go he was out for 92 off just 81 balls. He scored runs all round the wicket, milking the easy singles offered when the field spread but also punishing the poor balls and showing creativity and confidence in hitting the ball to unguarded areas behind the wicket. Thistlethwayte and Duncan had put on 53 runs off 44 balls, rotating the strike well, running singles aggressively with excellent calling and communication. A couple of cameos from Fred Corbett and Tom Lytle brought the innings to a close on a good total of 203 for 8 after 35 overs.
Chasing over two hundred is a formidable challenge for U14 players even on a beautiful wicket with some short boundaries. The Eton opening attack bowled with reasonable control even though there was minimal swing and when Christian beat the Bradfield opener Khanna for pace in his first over hitting the top of middle stump, Eton had made the positive start they had wished. Brabham had only returned from a family event in Australia late the previous evening but he followed up his impressive opening spell earlier in the afternoon with some confident batting. He survived a couple of chances when outside edges carried to the slips and keeper but it wasn't a surprise when he finally fell caught behind by Lytle off Christian who was now comfortably into his rhythm and bowling with some pace and venom even on a placid pitch. Bradfield put on their biggest partnership of the innings but were not imposing themselves and were getting further behind on the run rate. Eton's control increased when our two slower bowlers came on. Charlie Lyons has been a revelation with his bowling in recent weeks and his rather old-fashioned virtues of getting in close to the stumps and bowling with impressive control of length and line have made him a handful for many batsmen this season and the Bradfield boys found him impossible to get away. Lyons finished this innings with impressive figures of 6 overs, 3 maidens, 2 wickets for just 6 runs. Bertie Duncan executed an impressive run out with a strong accurate throw and at the other end Thistlethwayte was probing away. When he forced the left hander opener Patel to nick one to the keeper, it was clear that the result of this game was no longer in doubt. Thistlethwayte then bowled two of the middle order and when Christian came back on to mop up the tail, the only real question was whether he could take the 5 wickets needed for an invitation to the Centurions' dinner next week. In the end he fell one short but his bowling figures of 6-1-14-4 was a splendid effort and his best bowling display of the season so far.
I don't normally award a man of the match as cricket is much more of a team game than many realise. The strength of the current T1 side is certainly to be found in their spirit, concentration and energy they can put into performances. Yesterday I noticed Harry Livingstone running in from fine leg to back up the keeper and saw some great work from Fred Corbett in between overs running over to encourage bowlers when things were not going so well. These are contributions that can easily go unrecognised yet are absolutely crucial in a successful side. But yesterday was so clearly Thistlethwayte's match that it would be churlish not to give him the additional accolade of "man of the match" in this final. He scored 92 runs off 81 balls when we were struggling in the first innings and then followed up with three wickets in the second innings to close the game out. My final comment of this report must be to congratulate Charlie Lyons on his captaining of the side. There are difficult decisions to be made as captain but Charlie is getting more and more of these correct and his charismatic leadership of the team has been one of the highlights of the season.
I may be a single, dissenting voice in the "controversy" in the Joss Buttler run out yesterday, certainly from reading some of the utter tosh in the newspapers this morning. Ashley Giles called the dismissal "unsavoury" along with a whole host of rentaquote ex-players (who all work in the media so have to add to the media storm) and I have just read the MailOnline's report that says that "the run out is legal but it is not something anyone would want to see a youngster repeat". Well speaking as someone who has coached "youngsters" (what a strange word) for over 20 years and who views the moral code of cricket as one of the bedrocks of the game, I would have no problem with any of my cricketers doing exactly the same.
What I find unsavoury is batsmen backing up way out of the crease before the bowler even approaches his delivery stride. I have a word for this – it's called cheating. When I am umpiring schoolboys I loudly tell the batsmen that he should know that I will always give him out with no hesitation if he is run out in this way. You see it all the time as an umpire, almost every game and almost always from the better batsmen, those who have played the so called "higher levels" of schoolboy cricket.
For what it's worth, I think the Sri Lankans deserve tremendous credit for giving him two warnings before running him out. The laws were altered a few years ago to give batsmen more of an advantage (I won't bore you with details) and so comparisons with the "Mankad" incident are totally erroneous and irrelevant. The idea is that this idea of warning should be removed from the spirit of cricket and of people are cheating, run them out and they might not do it again. Buttler is not guilty of dozily walking out of his crease in some kind of daze as some commentators are insinuating. He is making a totally calculated decision that it is worth the risk to try to gain an unfair advantage, a risk not allowed in the laws of the game, in the hope that he is unlikely to ever get taken up on it. Well now he has, and perhaps he will stop cheating when he is batting and other younger cricketers will follow…… Rant over.
In spite of the best intentions, I have found it hard to keep posting material on my blog during term time. In the holidays I have found it a really useful way of keeping in touch with students, particularly those doing public exams but obviously during term time, this is not quite so relevant. But now the period of exam leave for Year 11 is approaching, I will try to put a few more posts up relating specifically to those topics likely to be tested in IGCSE Biology paper 2. Students who want to revise using Zondle challenges should also keep an eye out for new revision resources.
The reason for the inactivity on the blog is mostly due to one of my passions – cricket. I coach my school's U14A team, a role in the school that is immensely rewarding both in a sporting and more importantly in a pastoral context. Cricket is a sport that can be damaging to fragile adolescent egos (as well as fragile middle-aged ones) and time spent helping young people cope with adversity and disappointment is sometimes the most valuable work of all.
I have worked out that in a typical summer term week I spend 20 hours on cricket. I work this out as 18 hours of coaching and umpiring, and 2 hours of emails, team planning and communicating with other coaches in my age group. 90% of this time is contact time with the players and this can be tiring as well as exciting and challenging. Of course sometimes the weather means that time is freed up for marking, planning and even perhaps blogging but luckily the sun shines more than one might imagine.
The match we had today featured a remarkable spell of bowling from the young off spinner in the team. We played a 20-20 match against one of the local grammar schools in Slough and one of my boys returned the remarkable figures of 3.5 overs, 1 maiden, 7 runs conceded for 9 wickets. These 9 wickets included two separate hat-tricks. I hope the memories he has made today will last long into his adulthood: it was a remarkable achievement.
The evening was spent taking my Year 10 tutor group out for dinner at a Moroccan restaurant in Windsor as a treat for their hard work so far this term. The boys had been promised belly dancing by one of their housemasters but sadly the restaurant was quiet (although the food was great) and so they might have returned a little disappointed. One of the great parts of my job is the ability to talk frequently to young people out of the classroom and tonight we had a good discussion about UKIP, the European elections, the valuation of Snapchat, Bitcoins and the viability of Chemistry teachers following the change of career shown in Breaking Bad.


One of the most important decisions after getting your Pug puppy is choosing the right name for your furry family member. The name should not only sound great and be easily understandable, but it should also convey the proper image. A dog's name says as much about the dog's owner, his tastes and style as it does about the dog itself. As this name will be used well over 40,000 times to relate to the dog for the rest of her life, take the necessary time in choosing a name. Here are some suggestions to guide you through this important choice.
As Pugs are cobby, compact dogs (their compactness, "Multum in parvo" is actually one of their main characteristics) a short, sweet, elegant or humorous name is what suits them best. Preferably choose a mono- or bisyllabic name (containing one of two syllables, such as Ca-pri or Pra-da).
The name should be short, but not harsh like a command. Avoid names that could be mistaken for a command such as 'Fay' ('stay) or 'Rum' (come).
However, hard consonants, such as 'k,' 'd,' and 't' at the beginning of the name are easier to hear than soft consonants such as 'f,' 's,' or 'm.' The same is true for vowels. Also, try to bring variation in the sounds of the first and second syllable. Names such as Capri, Carlo will be easier to recognize than Shana or Gigi.
Do not choose a name referring to a big, imposing breed to name your pug! The name should be compatible with the overall image your pet's breed conveys, with his temperament and personality and with his origins. Many Pug owners choose a Chinese name or the name of a famous Pug or renowned Pug owner.
Every family member deserves a name that is unique to him/her, and the same goes for your Pug puppy. Avoid names that are too similar to the names of other household members (human or animal!). This would only result in creating confusion for your dog, and the dog's namesake.
Finally, avoid choosing a name that may make you feel uncomfortable when calling your dog in public. A name that might sound sweet and cute in private, such as Sweetie or Honey may take on a complete different connotation when called in a dog park.
As the Pug is an ancient Chinese breed, Chinese dog names are a good source of inspiration to name your Pug puppy: they are short and made of sounds that your dog can easily remember.
Ayah, Basco, Dizzy (for Mr. Disraeli), Davy (Crockett), Diamond, Fatima, Gen Sengh, Goldengleam, Impy (for Emperor), Jacopo, Minka, Minoru, Mr. Chu, Olga, Oliver, Pedro, Rooney, Rufus, Trooper, Venus, Willie, Winston.
See also: Famous Pugs for the Famous Pugs and Royal Pug owners behind these names.
Benji, Elmer, Capri (in reference to the small, elegant island in Italy), Crash (because of the pushed-in face !), Froggy, Ginger, GinGin (in reference to the favorite drink of a famous Pug owner), Gucci, Jem, Kali, Maya, Memphis, Peanut, Piper, Prada, Puggsy, Royal Stuff, Trouble, Yoda, Zoe.


Configured everything as described, everything seems to work, shows the amount of gear when paying territories, writes the logs but, when you try to connect the phone via the password server fails with the following: Epic Fail invalid server code!
How can it be not true, if everything is correct?
Can the code on my server to interfere with the same code on another?
Please tell me your server code and I will check.


text:
A friend of mine called last night to tell me about a promising new relationship. I was happy for her until she told me that her new guy might not be over his ex.
I saw her entire new relationship laid out in front of me from the questionable beginnings through the distrust to self-doubt to the inevitable break up.
If I could see it, why couldn't she?
Another acquaintance is forever on the prowl for a healthy long-term relationship. Still, when we go out, she zeros in on Mr. Wrong bypassing possible good choices. Eventually she calls me to lament the lack of available men.
We all have friends like these. They are like broken records - forever stuck in the same groove never moving forward.
These scenarios raise two questions: why does this happen and what can we do to avoid the trap ourselves?
There are many possible reasons we get stuck such as habit, conditioning, low self-esteem, lack of motivation, or fear. However, a particularly powerful reason has to do with perspective.
Perspective is the lens through which we each see, filter, and interpret our world. Unfortunately, after a lifetime of ups and downs, along with our genetics, most of us have a distorted lens. That distortion magnifies the familiar which pulls us toward it causing us to create patterns of behavior. To top it all off, the distorted lens camouflages the new and different therefore shielding it from our view.
Whether or not we are aware of the distortion or our patterns, indentifying them can be difficult because they look normal to us. Therefore we go about life seeing the "same-old" and identifying it as something good and filled with potential.
With our distorted lens in place, can we ever get off the treadmill? I honestly think so. While it's true that some peoples' lives are destined to be lived out on a hamster wheel – going around and around without ever moving forward, the vast majority of us have the capacity to change.
It may not happen overnight. It may not be easy. But once motivated, I think we can adjust the lens by making more thoughtful and empowered choices. The very act of seeking out new experiences that enhance our lives slowly begins to reshape our lens and create new patterns and habits. Consider the following steps to begin creating new healthy patterns.
Find the pattern. Patterns take hold from constant unconscious reinforcement. How can you fix what you don't know is broken? Take a moment and be honest with yourself. Do you repeat complaints or arguments? Do you blame others for your own shortcomings? Do you find yourself repeatedly in the same circumstance, just with different people? If you do, these could be patterns. And guess what? Pattern awareness is the first step toward change.
Ask yourself new, empowering questions that lead to healthier ways of seeing the world. Instead of asking why bad things always happen to you, try asking yourself how you contribute to your current situation. Questions like, 'What can I do to change? In what way do I contribute to my current situation? What can I do to change my part? Is there something I can do to improve how I feel?" There are countless questions that you can ask that will propel change in your life. Also, don't force an answer. It will come. Our minds are like computers that figure out the right answers to questions we ask. Ask questions that empower and lead to new and fulfilling experiences.
Take charge. Take ownership of your own happiness. Don't wait for someone else to do it for you or you may be waiting a long time. The moment you decide to look at your life as a series of decisions that you control, you become more powerful.
Find reasons to change. Become results-oriented. Find reasons why you want to make changes. For example, "I want to lose weight because I want to live a healthy life." "I want to get along better with my mother because I feel terrible each time we argue." "I want save money because I feel more secure knowing I have money in the bank, rather than being overwhelmed by a pile of debt." Remind yourself of your reasons every day. Think about how good you will feel when you've made the change.
Nobody is perfect. We are all a work in progress All we can ask of ourselves is to give it our best effort. Sometimes it takes a while, but in the end it's always worth it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
SIGNING: N'Guessan Joins On Loan
Oldham Athletic are pleased to announce that Christian N'Guessan has joined the club on loan from Burnley FC until the end of the season.
The 21 year-old signed professional forms with the Clarets back in 2017 after being at Blackpool as a youth player.
An athletic midfielder, he has become an important part of Burnley's development setup and this will be his first loan spell in the Football League.
On his latest addition, Head Coach Dino Maamria said; "Christian is highly-rated and a complete centre midfielder.
"He's hardworking with a great attitude, has fantastic technical abilities and is a great addition to the team.
"I've been monitoring his progress for a while. He's been training with us for a couple of weeks now and has settled in really well."
Christian is available for selection at the weekend and will wear the number 23 shirt whilst at Latics.
GALLERY: Oldham Athletic vs. Carlisle United
A selection of images from the 1-1 draw at Boundary Park against Carlisle United in Sky Bet League Two.
It's A Golden Goal Rollover This Afternoon
The Golden Goal has rolled over, so make sure to buy your tickets for today's Golden Goal lottery, you could win £500!
Pick Up A Programme From This Afternoon's Game With Carlisle United
Make sure you pick up a copy of today's matchday programme ahead of the Sky Bet League Two fixture with Carlisle United for just £3.
Update On PTB Meeting
Oldham Athletic would like to provide a brief update on the meeting between club officials and Push The Boundary (PTB).


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Immigration History, Progressive Era
"America First:" The Ku Klux Klan Influence on Immigration Policy in the 1920s
June 20, 2019 Jill Weiss Simins
United States immigration laws reflect a long history of debate over who should be included and excluded in differing visions of American identity. In 1924, Congress passed the Johnson-Reed Act or the Immigration Act of 1924, "a measure which was a legislative expression of the xenophobia, particularly towards eastern and southern European immigrants, that swept America in the decade of the 1920s."[1] This legislation drastically limited immigration to the United States through a quota system that targeted specific groups for exclusion. While the annual quota for German immigrants was set at over 51,000 people, the quota for Syrian immigrants, for example, was 100 people.[2] Thus, U.S. policy officially distinguished between races and backgrounds of people included or excluded as future Americans. The Ku Klux Klan was crucial to the passage of this legislation, which had dire consequences for those seeking asylum in the U.S. over the following decades in which the quota system remained in place.
Fiery Cross, April 25, 1924, 1, Hoosier State Chronicles.
In the 1920s, the Klan spread across the United States and especially thrived in Indiana. Historian James Madison explains that the Klan was especially successful at recruiting Hoosiers. As many as one in four white Protestant men born in the state were Klan members by one estimate. And some of these men were in positions of political power. In considering past debates over immigration, it's worth re-examining the Klan's stance on the subject. Why? Because the Klan of the 1920s was an influential mainstream movement. And those Hoosiers who put on robes and lit up the night with their fiery crosses were representative of the feelings of much of the population of the state.[3]
The first Klan, which emerged after the Civil War was a Southern terrorist organization led by former Confederate soldiers aimed at suppressing African Americans with intimidation and violence. The Klan that reemerged in the 1920s purposefully evoked the imagery of the Reconstruction Era Klan to instill fear in its "enemies," but was much different. It was not a band of rogue vigilantes, but a nationwide organization composed of average white, Protestant Americans. It included farmers, bankers, railroad workers, suffragists, ministers, mayors, and governors. The second Klan also largely abandoned violence for civic action. They dressed their anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic, antisemitic message in patriotism and Christian righteousness. Wearing their white robes and masks, they held picnics and parades, attended church and funerals. For many white Protestant Americans, the Ku Klux Klan was a respectable pastime for the whole family. [4]
Fiery Cross, December 21, 1923, Hoosier State Chronicles.
Because the Klan published their newspaper, the Fiery Cross, for several years in Indianapolis, we know a lot about who joined, what exactly they believed and feared about immigration and race, and what they did to prevent people from certain countries from becoming Americans. The Fiery Cross served both as an official mouthpiece of the national organization and as a source for local Klan news. The Indiana State Library also has a large collection of Klan documents. In conversation, these sources paint a clear picture of Klan beliefs and influence on both Indiana and national policy.
Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Kloran, 1916, United Klans of America Collection, Rare Books and Manuscripts Division, Indiana State Library. Also accessible digitally at Archive.org.
In an early KKK handbook, called the Kloran, the national organization suggested ten questions that must be answered satisfactorily before "naturalizing" a new member. Most of them asked about the potential member's allegiance to the U.S. government and Christian principles with questions such as:
Do you esteem the United States of America and its institutions above any other government, civil, political or ecclesiastical, in the whole world?
The "ecclesiastical" reference in this question is to the Roman Catholic Church. The Klan claimed that Catholic immigrants to the U.S. served the Pope who headed a conspiracy to undermine American values. Thus they were not loyal American citizens. This anti-Catholic sentiment and rhetoric was especially strong in the Midwestern Klan, as seen in the pages of the Fiery Cross. However, not all of the membership questions veiled their hateful message. One question asked potential members bluntly:
Do you believe in and will you faithfully strive for the eternal maintenance of white supremacy?
In their minds, the white supremacy the Klan valued so dearly was presently under attack. Like the earlier Reconstruction Klan, the 1920s Klan viewed African Americans as members of an inferior race. In Indiana, members worried about the mixing of white and black races, especially as young Hoosiers gained access to cars, jazz clubs, and Hollywood movies. [5] In 1922, the Fiery Cross blamed jazz for "inflaming the animal passions of romance-seeking youth." And in 1924, the newspaper declared, "At this time the whole civilized structure is being threatened by the mixing of the white and black races." It continued:
It is God's purpose that the white man should preserve purity of blood and white supremacy in this country. Those who would have it otherwise or show leniency toward the mixing of white and colored races do not deserve the respect of anyone, much less of those who are trying to preserve American institutions, ideals and principles. A mongrel race and a mongrel civilization mean decay and ruin.
Fiery Cross, May 16, 1923, 3, Hoosier State Chronicles.
Thus, throughout Klan literature, any reference to Christian virtue or Protestant values, should be understood as being imbued with white supremacy. The Klan believed that God valued people of Anglo-Saxon, German, and Scandinavian decent more than people of other backgrounds. And they believed that it was their sacred duty to protect white domination of the U.S. For the Midwestern Klan, the main obstacle to this goal was not African Americans. Many Indiana towns had small numbers of Black residents, and there were plenty of institutionalized practices and laws in place by the 1920s to suppress African Americans. The Klan helped to keep these as standard practice. However, they saw immigrants, mainly Catholics but also Jews, as the main threat to a white, Protestant America. [6]
Fiery Cross, September 21, 1923, 1, Hoosier State Chronicles.
D. C. Stephenson, the recently appointed Grand Dragon of the Indiana Ku Klux Klan, clearly laid out the organization's stance on immigration in a September 1923 speech to Hoosier coal miners. The Fiery Cross printed Stephenson's address in its entirety under the headline "Immigration is Periling America." First, he distinguished between "old" and "new" immigrants. The old immigrants were the Anglo-Saxon, German, and Scandinavian "progenitors of the Republic of America" who brought their strong work ethic and "social, moral, and civic ideals" to the new land. Omitting any mention of native peoples or the contributions of the many other immigrant groups who helped found the United States, Stephenson continued to provide the history of an imagined past created solely by and for white people.
William Arthur Swift, "Ku Klux Klan Gathering of Muncie Klan No. 4," photograph, 1922, W. A. Swift Photographs Collection, Ball State University Libraries, https://dmr.bsu.edu/digital/collection/swift/id/700
Second, Stephenson plainly identified the enemy of white Protestant America as the "new" immigrants who were arriving in "greater in numbers" than the "old" immigrants. These "new" immigrants were "from the races of southern and eastern Europe."
Third, he cited the various ways that the "new immigrant has been shown to be much inferior to the older type and to the native American stock." By "native American," Stephenson meant white European people who immigrated in previous generations, not the native Indian peoples who originally called North America home. Using examples based in the (later discredited) pseudo-science of eugenics, Stephenson furthered his argument about the inherent inferiority of the "new" immigrants.[7] Eugenicists assumed that some traits like mental illness or poverty could be prevented by limiting reproduction of people demonstrating such traits in order to breed a better race of humans.[8]
For Klan leaders, however, the language of eugenics gave them "scientific facts" to present as evidence for the need for blocking immigration. In his speech, Stephenson presented reports from eugenicists claiming that the "new" immigrants were less intelligent and more prone to mental disorders and criminal tendencies. Stephenson cited a report by influential eugenicist Harry H. Laughlin, who was essential in shaping both eugenics legislation and immigration restriction. [9] Stephenson used Laughlin's "elaborate statistics" throughout his speech, claiming:
In reference to feeblemindedness, insanity, crime, epilepsy, tuberculosis and deformity, the older immigrant stocks are vastly sounder than the recent.
The countries which ran lowest in crime are those which have contributed most to the elementary foundation of the population of the United States – such as Great Britain, Scandinavia, Ireland, Germany and the Netherlands . . . Those immigrant groups that run high in crime are from the countries of southern and eastern Europe'
The conclusion he intended his listeners to draw from such reports was that these people must be excluded from the country. Stephenson stated:
My friends, the significance of authoritative statements like these can hardly be overestimated. Unrestricted immigration would appear to result in a gradual contraction of our native American stock.
Fourth, Stephenson claimed that English, German, and Scandinavian "old immigrants" spread out across the country, establishing farming communities. On the other hand, the "new" immigrants settled only in already congested cities and refused to assimilate. And finally, Stephenson claimed, in these cities, the immigrant was to blame for a decreased standard of living and reduction in wages. He continued:
There is no assimilation to American standards and ideals, in the case of the great majority of the newer immigrants. Masses of human beings of inferior races, ignorant of all the ideals which Americans hold dear, are poured into our factories as so much raw material – and they are not 'digested.' The new immigrant comes here as a foreigner and he remains a foreigner – a citizen of a lower class, who, just as the negro, is a constant menace to the standards of civilization which Americans hold dear.
The solution was clear. The powerful Klan, with its millions of members, demanded in 1923 that "the next Congress must adopt a permanent immigration law." Stephenson concluded his speech to the Indiana coal miners:
So the unchecked importation now of hordes of southern Europeans will bring its inevitable harvest in fearfully deteriorating the character of the American nation of the future. The immigration policy which we adopt today will not produce its vital effects at once; these will come a generation or two later, and the American citizenship, American standards of living and American qualities of manhood and womanhood of that time will be largely dependent upon the character of the racial stock that today we permit to become the percentage of the nation.
William Arthur Swift, "Ku Klux Klan Women's Auxiliary Rally in New Castle, Indiana," photograph, 1923, W. A. Swift Photographs Collection, Ball State University Archives and Special Collections, https://dmr.bsu.edu/digital/collection/swift/id/622.
Hoosier Klan members were on board with this message, despite the fact that Indiana's own immigration history proved the racist claims false at every turn. For example, Jews like John Jacob Hays, an Indiana agent for the U.S. government, were among the first of European descent to settle in the Northwest Territory. Jewish Hoosier Samuel Judah settled in Vincennes in 1818 began the first of his five terms in the state legislature in 1827.[10] Black Hoosiers were also among the first to clear and farm Indiana land in communities across the state, building thriving communities like Roberts Settlement by the 1830s.[11] Catholic immigrants to Indiana like Saint Theodora Guerin in 1840 braved the wilderness and prejudice to establish schools and orphanages.[12] And at the same time the Fiery Cross claimed that immigrants were responsible for draining the economy, Terre Haute newspapers praised the Syrian immigrants to their community on the Wabash River for stimulating the local economy.[13] The examples of immigrant contributions to the Hoosier state are endless. But despite the local lessons to be learned, many Hoosiers held on to their prejudices. And the Indiana Klan gave them an outlet.
William Arthur Swift, "Ku Klux Klan Initiation and Cross Burning," photograph, 1922, W. A. Swift Photographic Collection, Ball State University and Special Collections, https://dmr.bsu.edu/digital/collection/swift/id/724
How do we know that the average Hoosier who joined the Klan, actually supported this message of white supremacy? One way Indiana Klan members made their support public and highly visible was through large and elaborate parades. In September 1923, the Fiery Cross reported that between 1,200 and 1,500 Klansmen marched in a "huge parade" through the main streets of Terre Haute. They were led by the Terre Haute No. 7 Klan band. Signs on floats read "Uphold the Constitution" and "America First." Local police helped handle traffic and a traction company provided "special cars" to transport Klansmen and women to "the Klan grounds, north of the city." Here there were speakers and new member initiation ceremonies for "several hundred candidates." While these new Hoosier Klan members took their oaths of allegiance, "a fiery cross was lighted."
In July 1923, the Fiery Cross reported on a huge Ku Klux Klan gathering in Kokomo. The city hosted "a throng in excess of any ever before entertained by an Indiana city, not excepting Indianapolis on Speedway day," with Klan members coming from surrounding states as well. At this meeting Klan leaders announced "the establishment of a stated organization for the Hoosiers" and "charters granted to each and ever county in Indiana" for local Klan "klaverns." The Fiery Cross continued:
Americanism has engulfed the Hoosier state and the growth of the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana has been as a tidal wave.
In October 1923, the Fiery Cross claimed 10,000 people turned out for a Klan parade in Bloomington organized by the Monroe County Klan and the Women of the Ku Klux Klan. In November, Klan members held a similar event in Fort Wayne. And the Fiery Cross estimated that 100,000 would attend the night parade of Klansmen in May 1924 in Indianapolis, marching from the State Fairgrounds, to Monument Circle, led by Klan bands and drum corp.
Fiery Cross, June 27, 1924, 5, Hoosier State Chronicles.
The Klan grew their membership in other ways too. Donning robes and masks, they marched into churches and made donations to grateful ministers. They held picnics and social events. They showed Klan propaganda movies.[14] Klan bands recorded albums and Indianapolis even had a KKK record store, the American Record Shop. Members advocated for prohibition of alcohol and supported prayer in school, issues that especially interested women. Thus, the number of women's Klan groups increased across the state as well.
Not all Klan members hid behind costumes. Many felt comfortable taking off their hoods in pictures or running an ad for their business in the Fiery Cross. While some business owners advertised in order to avoid boycott, others proudly proclaimed that their business was "100 per cent American" or incorporated the letters "KKK" into the ad.
Fiery Cross, December 21, 1923, 5, Hoosier State Chronicles
Fiery Cross, February 23, 1923, 5, Hoosier State Chronicles.
Some mainstream newspapers, such as the Indianapolis Times, were harsh critics of the Klan. But others ran ads for Klan gatherings or speakers on "the principles of 100 per cent Americanism." Some mainstream newspapers may have even ran more subtle versions of the "100 Per Cent" ads for businesses sympathetic to the Klan that ran regularly in the Fiery Cross.
Greencastle Herald, September 21 [left] and November 17, 1923 [right], Hoosier State Chronicles.
These efforts to build membership, influence, and solidarity were successful in Indiana and across much of the country. By 1924, the Klan was a powerful force. They gave white Protestants an organization dedicated to defending the perceived threat to their political and cultural dominance. The more enthusiastic Klansmen used intimidation techniques such as burning crosses on front lawns or stopping cars to search for illegal alcohol.[15] However, they mainly focused their intimidation into written and verbal attacks on immigrants using stereotyping, dehumanizing language, and eugenic pseudo-science. Cloaking their hateful message in patriotism and virtue made it palatable to many.
Cartoon from Denver Post reprinted in Fiery Cross, May 9, 1924, 1, Hoosier State Chronicles.
The Klan's championing of white supremacist principles had real world consequences. To many Indiana politicians, the people had spoken. The Indiana Republican Party was the most sympathetic, but there were Democratic supporters as well. Most politicians were complicit in their failure to denounce the Klan for fear of losing votes, as opposed to any direct participation in the organization. But the Klan did influence Indiana elections. Stephenson openly revealed that the Klan would distribute sample ballots to members with candidates who were favorable to the organization clearly marked.[16] Several candidates won seats directly because the Klan proclaimed their support. Others sympathetic to the Klan won offices perhaps because the Klan had disseminated so much propaganda that voters did not know what to believe. As the Klan accused opposing candidates of various indiscretions, voters may have become confused and apathetic.[17] Regardless of how it was gained, directly or indirectly, their influence prevailed for some time. In fact, Stephenson released the names of several politicians who were Klansmen themselves, including John L. Duvall, the Mayor of Indianapolis, and Ed Jackson, the Governor of the State of Indiana.
Indiana's congressmen who neither joined nor denounced the Klan still furthered the organization's "America first" agenda. For example, as governor, Samuel Ralston proved to be a fairly progressive-minded democrat, advocating for women's suffrage, child labor laws, and workman's compensation. When he was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1922, he tried to avoid talking about the Klan altogether. Like most moderate Hoosier politicians Ralston was not a Klan member, but he also he never publicly denounced the organization.[18] However, when the Senate voted on the Immigration Act of 1924, Ralston voted in favor of restriction as did his counterpart James Watson.[19] All of Indiana's representatives had also voted in favor of the bill.[20] President Calvin Coolidge signed the bill into law May 24, 1924. The President told Congress, "America must be kept American."[21]
The Immigration Act of 1924 and its quota system remained in effect until 1952. The legislation had dire consequences in the 1930s for the hundreds of thousands of Jews fleeing Nazi persecution who applied to the United States for immigration visas. Jews were specifically targeted in the legislation as undesirable candidates for refuge and only a handful were admitted. As newspapers reported on the escalating violence and injustices perpetrated by the Nazis, some Americans called for a loosening of the restrictions. However, while the Klan may have disappeared by the 1930s, the nativist and xenophobic attitude of many Americans remained the same as it had been when they wore masks and robes. Fortune magazine took a large poll in 1938 and found that only 5% of Americans wanted to allow "political refugees to come into the United States."[22] Even a bill requesting a temporary easing of the quotas to rescue child refugees of Nazi terror failed in the Senate. The persecuted Jews of Europe would not find refuge in the United States. Many of those denied entry were murdered in the Holocaust.[23]
With each new shift in demographics throughout American history, certain groups have feared losses of power or wealth. However, those groups who rally around nativism and hate, as powerful as they might grow for a time, lose out to the more powerful vision of America as a leader in justice and democracy. Eventually, eugenics was discounted and its practice outlawed, the quota system overturned, and the Klan was made a laughing stock. Even so, the Klan's vision of white supremacy and exclusion still simmers beneath the surface of American politics. Vigilant Hoosiers are needed to make sure that never again will we "fear difference and demand a conformity that contradict[s] . . . the state's best traditions."[24] According to UCLA's Re-Imagining Migration project, we live in an age of mass migration and immigration. When we understand that migration is "a shared condition of our past, present, and future" we can "develop the knowledge, empathy and mindsets that sustain inclusive and welcoming communities."
Update: The Midwest History Association keynote by James Madison cited below is now available to watch: https://www.c-span.org/video/?460982-1/ku-klux-klan-1920s-midwest
[1] United States House of Representatives, "Historical Highlights: The Immigration Act of 1924," History, Art & Archives, https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1901-1950/The-Immigration-Act-of-1924/.
[2] American Social History Project at City University of New York and the Center for History and New Media at George Mason University "Who Was Shut Out? Immigration Quotas, 1925-1927," History Matters, http://historymatters.gmu.edu/expansion.html.
[3] James Madison, "Flappers and Klansmen Challenge Traditions: The 1920s," in Hoosiers (Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press and Indiana Historical Society Press, 2014), 234-253; James Madison, "Who's an American? The Rise and Fall of the Klan in the Midwest," Plenary Address, Fifth Annual Midwestern History Conference, Grand Valley State University, May 31, 2019. In his 2019 address, Madison clearly stated that the 1920s Klan was a mainstream movement at the center, not margins, of the nation's history.
[7]PBS, "Eugenics Movement Reaches Its Height," A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dh23eu.html.
[8] Indiana Historical Bureau, "1907 Indiana Eugenics Law," State Historical Marker Text and Notes, https://www.in.gov/history/markers/524.htm. The pseudo-science of eugenics led to mass sterilization in Indiana and elsewhere before it was determined to be a violation of human rights by state and federal courts [
[9] University of Missouri, "Harry Laughlin: Workhorse of the American Eugenics Movement," Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade: 1870-1940, University of Missouri Special Collections and Rare Books, https://library.missouri.edu/exhibits/eugenics/laughlin.htm; Andrea Den Hoed, "The Forgotten Lessons of the American Eugenics Movement," New Yorker, April 27, 2016, https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-forgotten-lessons-of-the-american-eugenics-movement.
Laughlin's influence was lasting. He later praised Hitler for understanding that the "central mission of all politics is race hygiene." The Reichstag modeled their eugenics laws after Laughlin's model and the American eugenicist continued to give support for the Third Reich throughout his life.
[10] American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, "Indiana Jewish History," Jewish Virtual Library, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/indiana-jewish-history.
[11] Stephen A. Vincent, "History," Roberts Settlement, http://www.robertssettlement.org/history.html.
[12] Indiana Historical Bureau, "Saint Theodora Guerin," Indiana State Historical Marker Text and Notes, https://www.in.gov/history/markers/4330.htm.
[13] Indiana Historical Bureau, "Little Syria on the Wabash," Indiana State Historical Marker Text and Notes, https://www.in.gov/history/markers/4404.htm.
[14] Madison, Plenary Address, 2019.
[15] Madison, Hoosiers, 247.
[16] Jill Weiss Simins, "Complicity in Neutrality? Samuel Ralston Denies Klan Affiliation, Hoosier State Chronicles Blog, July 17, 2018, https://blog.history.in.gov/samuel-ralston-denies-klan-affiliation/
[16] Jill Weiss Simins, "History Unfolded Part 7: Child Refugees, Hoosier Resistance," Hoosier State Chronicles Blog, January 25, 2019, https://blog.newspapers.library.in.gov/tag/immigration-quotas/.
[18] Simins, "Complicity in Neutrality? 2018.
[19] Senate Vote #126 in 1924 (68th Congress) "To Agree to Report of Conference Committee on H.R. 7995 . . . A Bill to Limit the Immigration of Aliens into the United States, https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/68-1/s126.
[20] House Vote #90 in 1924 (68th Congress) "To Agree to the Report of Conference Committee on H.R. 7995, to Limit the Immigration of Aliens into the United States," https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/68-1/h90.
[21] University of Virginia, "Harding, Coolidge, and Immigration," July 6, 2016, Miller Center, https://millercenter.org/issues-policy/us-domestic-policy/harding-coolidge-and-immigration.
[22] Jill Weiss Simins, "History Unfolded Part 7: Child Refugees, Hoosier Resistance," Hoosier State Chronicles Blog, January 25, 2019, https://blog.newspapers.library.in.gov/tag/we-remember/.
1924 Immigration Actanti-Catholicanti-CatholicismAnti-ImmigrationantisemitismImmigration historyImmigration Legislationimmigration quotasIndiana and ImmigrationIndiana KlanJohnson-Reed ActKKKKu Klux Klannationalismnativismrising nationalismwhite supremacyxenophobia
Fair Use and Copyright Research for Newspaper Digitization: What You Need to Know
September 21, 2018 Justin Clark
This article is based on a talk I gave at the Digital Public Library of America's DPLA Fest conference on September 21, 2018.
Disclaimer: I am not a lawyer and this is not professional legal advice. This article is for educational purposes only. Please consult counsel concerning any potential digitization projects your institution is interested in pursuing.
Good afternoon. Thank you very much for attending this session. I'm Justin Clark, Project Manager of Hoosier State Chronicles, our state-wide historic digital newspaper program at the Indiana State Library. We are a part of the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP), a joint venture between the Library of Congress and the National Endowment for the Humanities. To date, we've digitized nearly a million pages of historic Indiana newspapers, of which over 300,000 have gone into NDNP's Chronicling America database of nearly 14 million digitized newspaper pages from across the county.
When digitizing historic newspapers for NDNP, one of the most important things to consider is whether the paper is under copyright. You could have picked the perfect title, had it approved by your institution, and completed all of the arduous work of collation, but if you don't check its copyright status, your work could all be for naught. This is why a basic understanding of fair use, the public domain, copyright, and conducting copyright research is essential to any newspaper digitization project. This talk will provide a general overview of what fair use is, how it relates to newspaper titles, and how you can complete the necessary research to ensure your desired title for digitization is acceptable. Doing this work gives you not only an expanded scope of potential titles for digitization, but it also provides peace of mind that you won't hear from any lawyers in the future, besides your institution's counsel, of course.
Now, before we begin our stroll through copyright, I must say this. I AM NOT A LAWYER . . . nor have I played one on TV. This talk is only an educational overview of what I've learned about copyright research for digitizing newspapers. Other materials such as photographs, 3D objects, and written documents may not follow the same procedures or guidelines. It is imperative that you consult your institution's legal counsel before making any concrete decisions to digitize anything. This saves you a visit from an irate lawyer who is upset that you've digitized materials that are still in copyright. And this little disclaimer saves ME a visit from an irate lawyer who got the call from the other one about copyrighted materials. In short, the only lawyer you want visiting your office should come from your institution. Now, with that out of the way, let's start with fair use.
What Is Fair Use?
The Fair Use Logo, Wikipedia.
In the United States, copyright holders possess considerable legal rights for the protection of their intellectual property. This is a great thing – copyright holders can use their hard work to ensure an income and that scammers will keep their greedy hands off of work that doesn't belong to them. But there are exceptions. One such exception to US copyright law plays a vital role in our emerging digital landscape: fair use. Fair use, according to the U.S. Copyright Office, "is a legal doctrine that promotes freedom of expression by permitting the unlicensed use of copyright-protected works in certain circumstances." Essentially, fair use allows someone to use a copyrighted work for a completely different purpose than the copyright holder originally intended, which usually falls in the categories of "criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research." These protections fall under Section 107 of the Copyright Act.
To determine whether or not a use of a copyrighted work is fair use, four general guidelines are followed. The first is the "purpose and character of the use." Most of the time, if a person is using a copyrighted work for non-profit and/or educational purposes, it generally falls under fair use. This is especially the case if the use is "transformative" meaning that it "add[s] something new, with a further purpose or different character, and do[es] not substitute for the original use of the work." In NDNP's case, taking a newspaper which was originally created for immediate public consumption at a profit and transforming it into a digital historical artifact at no cost to the researcher usually falls under fair use. This guideline is not ironclad; sometimes, a copyright holder will object to their work being used in this way. Nevertheless, this guideline is generally applicable to NDNP and newspaper digitization as a whole.
Second, the "nature of the copyrighted work" is considered when determining fair use. This guideline is a little harder to pin down, but it basically means whether or not your use of a copyrighted work is too close to the original to be considered fair use. Specifically, "using a more creative or imaginative work (such as a novel, movie, or song) is less likely to support a claim of a fair use than using a factual work (such as a technical article or news item)." For our purposes, taking informational works such as newspapers and digitizing them for researchers changes the nature of the work, from a paid periodical into a free primary source document. In most cases, this would count as a fair use.
Third, the "amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole" plays a role in deciding fair use. In other words, if a person just blatantly copied the entirety of a copyrighted work and then sold it for their own benefit, it would not be fair use. However, for material that falls under the public domain (more on that below), recreating the entirety of the work is more than fine and falls under fair use. NDNP projects often have syndicated columns and cartoons that are copyrighted but the newspaper as a whole is not copyrighted. In those instances, the amount of non-copyrighted work outweighs the copyrighted work and the digitization of a newspaper is then considered fair use. We will unpack this more in the copyright research section.
Finally, fair use is determined by the "effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work." Put simply, does the use of a copyrighted work ruin its value in the marketplace? In the case of digitizing newspapers, a newspaper's value stemmed from its original sale date, which was years or decades before. If a newspaper title is already in the public domain, its original market value is already gone and can be used by others in a myriad of ways. For NDNP projects, turning a newspaper into a primary source historical document does not destroy the market value of the original paper nor does it harm copyrighted works therein (syndicated columns and cartoons). Potential researchers are using the digitized newspapers for scholarly purposes, not for the resale of copyrighted material. As with the other three guidelines, the "market value" guideline is generally met.
This overview of fair use is not exhaustive. Definitely review material on fair use from the U.S. Copyright Office and the Copyright Alliance for more information.
What is "Public Domain"?
Public Domain Logo
Alongside fair use, a clear conception of public domain is essential for working on NDNP-related projects. Works in the public domain, according to the Stanford University Library, are:
. . . creative materials that are not protected by intellectual property laws such as copyright, trademark, or patent laws. The public owns these works, not an individual author or artist. Anyone can use a public domain work without obtaining permission, but no one can ever own it.
A work enters into the public domain via three avenues: it can't be copyrighted (i.e., titles, names, facts, ideas, government works), the creator of the work places it in the public domain, or its copyright term has expired. With NDNP, the last of these three is the most important.
Have you ever wondered why the vast majority of NDNP's content, and most digitized newspaper content, ends around 1923? It's for a very simple reason: all works published in the United States before 1923 are in the public domain. No copyright research is necessary for this material; it's free and clear for you to use. However, NDNP announced in 2016 that it has expanded its date range for newspaper titles, from 1836-1922 to 1690-1963. Thus, post-1923 works are in the public domain if a copyright claim was never filed from 1923 through 1977 or if the copyright was never renewed from 1923 through 1963. All NDNP projects that follow these public domain guidelines will easily determine if their potential title is ready for digitization.
To learn more about public domain, visit these online resources from the Stanford University and Cornell University libraries.
Conducting Copyright Research
Now that you know how fair use and the public domain work, you can begin the necessary research to determine the copyright status of a newspaper title. Here in Indiana, we wanted to know the copyright status of one of Indianapolis's premier papers of the 20th Century: the Indianapolis Times. The Times ran from 1888 (when it was titled the Sun) until 1965, a pretty impressive run for a daily metropolitan newspaper. From 1922 until its end, the Times was owned and operated by Scripps-Howard, a major publishing corporation based out of Cincinnati, Ohio. Knowing that such an influential publishing company owned the Times from 1922 until 1965 put an increased responsibility on us to make sure that the paper was either in the public domain and/or that its digitization would be considered fair use.
Indianapolis Times, October 11, 1965, Indiana State Library Newspaper Microfilm Collection.
To figure this out, we examined its copyright as a complete title as well as the copyright of individual articles and/or syndicated content, to get a sense of how much material within the newspaper was copyrighted. Three resources allow you to complete this research: the Catalog of Copyright Entries (1906-1977) (published by the Library of Congress), the Public Catalog of Copyright Entries (1978-present) (online; published by the Library of Congress), and the Indianapolis Times newspaper microfilm collection (courtesy of the Indiana State Library).
Catalog of Copyright Entries, Internet Archive.
The Catalog of Copyright Entries (1906-1977) is available at Internet Archive (www.archive.org) in a readable, PDF format. It comes with Optimal Character Recognition (OCR), so it is text-and-word searchable. To begin, view the 1923 Catalog of Copyright Entries, Part 2, which provides the copyright and copyright renewal for all periodicals published in the United States that year. For all the following years, look for the volume devoted to periodicals. In the search field, type the name of your title. If nothing comes up, search the catalog's index for the title. If nothing is there, check the title within the book in the new copyright section as well as the renewal section. If nothing comes up, your newspaper title filed neither a new copyright nor a copyright renewal and it is in the public domain. Consult all remaining years of the catalog (in the periodical section) for any new copyright notices or copyright renewals. If you do find that your title was published with a copyright notice and a renewal from 1923-1963, it is not in the public domain and will remain under copyright for 95 years after the publication date. However, if the title was published from 1923-1963 with an initial copyright notice but was not renewed during that time, it is in the public domain and you are free to digitize.
Catalog of Copyright Entries, Library of Congress/Internet Archive. This is an example of the periodicals section of the catalog.
If you need to check anything after 1977, use the online Public Catalog of Copyright Entries, which covers 1978 to the present. This search is much easier than combing through the scanned versions at the Internet Archives. All you have to do is type in your title in the search bar; if you get no results, no copyright renewals were filed and you're good to move forward. If there are copyright renewals, the title will remain under copyright for 95 years after its initial publication date.
Online Catalog of Copyright Entries, Library of Congress.
For our research, we started with 1922, the year that Scripps-Howard Newspapers purchased the Times and the final year it could have been in the public domain (this research was done in 2017, before the public domain covered 1923). According to listings in the Catalog of Copyright Entries and the Public Catalog of Copyright Entries, Scripps-Howard Newspapers never filed the Times for copyright between 1922-1965 or for subsequent renewals from 1965-present. Therefore, the Times as a complete newspaper is within the public domain and eligible for digitization.
Online Catalog of Copyright Entries, Library of Congress. A search for "Indianapolis Times" yields no results, which means that its copyright was never renewed after 1978.
But your search doesn't end there! The copyright of individual articles and syndicated content also needs to be established. Library of Congress policy for NDNP has generally been that individually-copyrighted content within the "context" of an entire newspaper in the public domain is not a problem, so long as it doesn't account for over 50% of the entire work. This rule is a recommendation and not an absolute policy. It is still up to you as an NDNP awardee, your institution, and your legal counsel to establish the proper procedures for such content.
Start with the scanned Catalog of Copyright Entries at the Internet Archive. However, instead of viewing the volumes devoted to complete periodicals, look at the volumes usually devoted to books or pamphets. These volumes include copyright information on individual pieces published in periodicals. Then search the online Catalog of Copyright Entries. Remember to check for both an original copyright notice and a copyright renewal. As with the newspaper title as a whole, if the article was published with a copyright notice and a renewal from 1923-1963, it is not in the public domain and will remain under copyright for 95 years after the publication date. Additionally, articles published from 1923-1963 with an initial copyright notice but no renewal are in the public domain and you are free to digitize.
Catalog of Copyright Entries, Library of Congress/Internet Archive. This is an example of the book and/or pamphlet section of the catalog, where copyright information on contributions to periodicals is located.
With our research of the Times, one type of syndicated content that showed up right away within copyright research was the Sunday supplemental, with PARADE magazine being an applicable example in the Times. From 1963-1965, PARADE was published with Sunday issues of the Times; it was copyrighted when it originally ran (and included in the Catalog of Copyright Entries) and was subsequently renewed (and included in the Public Catalog of Copyright Entries). As such, we decided not to include this supplemental in our NDNP deliverables. Regarding individual articles, we found 32 copyright listings in the Catalog of Copyright Entries from 1922-1965; only the initial copyright was listed and no renewals were found. These were then cross-referenced in the online Public Catalog of Copyright Entries to check for post-1978 renewals; none were found. These articles accounted for less than 10% of the entire field of research, way less than the more than 50% threshold for fair use. (So long as you consult your institution and its legal counsel.)
An example of PARADE magazine's copyright notice from 1964. Supplementals like this are not in the public domain.
Now that you've thoroughly gone through the Catalogs, it's also good policy to review the title's microfilm. Here's what we did. We chose three reels from each decade of the Times from 1923 to 1965 and scoured them for copyrighted content. We concluded that the vast majority of material on these reels fell within the public domain, in keeping the Times's policy on copyright. As for what was copyrighted, it was mostly advertisements for still-existing products (Columbia Records, Bayer Aspirin), syndicated cartoons (individual cartoons scattered throughout the paper as well as one full page an issue), serialized fiction, and syndicated columns. These materials contained a copyright symbol and text, indicating its status. We concluded that these entries constituted a small minority of the newspaper content and largely will not affect the proprietary interests of the copyright holders (seeing as the content in question was digitized from second-generation microfilm, which itself come from first-generation preservation microfilm based photographed pages; the loss in resolution and quality should not urge copyright holders to pursue legal action). You can do more or less with your title's microfilm than we have, but this should be enough to establish a broad consensus on your title's copyright status.
A Bayer Aspirin ad from 1925. This was a copyrighted aspect of the Indianapolis Times that we reviewed when combing the microfilm collection.
Once you've done all of these procedures, it is best to draft a full report of your research and findings to your NDNP advisory board, as well as your institution's legal counsel. Make sure to be as detailed as possible – this ensures they fully understand what you've done and saves you the trouble of having to answer a bunch of follow-up questions. For our research on the Times, I and my project director drafted our report and then sent it to the aforementioned parties. From there, we received approval to digitize the Times.
An example of syndicated and copyright cartoons from the Indianapolis Times.
An example of copyrighted serialized fiction in the Indianapolis Times.
One more tip for your research: make sure to keep detailed notes of everything you do. You will be going through a lot of newspapers, so it will help you keep things straight. It also provides a paper trail that your institution's leadership and legal counsel can consult if necessary. I suggest using Google Sheets and Docs to complete this research. It will be in the Cloud and can be easily shared with anyone who would like to see it. If Google is not your fancy, use Microsoft Office and back up your work to the Cloud or another hard drive. You don't want to work diligently for months to have all of it lost because of computer issues.
Examples of how I documented all my work. You will be going through a lot of newspapers, so it will help you keep things straight. It also provides a paper trail that your institution's leadership and legal counsel can consult if necessary.
Digitizing newspapers has been one the most rewarding things I've worked on in the public history and cultural heritage space. Seeing a title like the Indianapolis Times digitized and made available for researchers to use, for free, has been a real privilege. But all of this could not have happened without doing the long and often-tedious work of copyright research. Researching a title's copyright ensures that it is free and clear for you to digitize—and a lawyer from King Features or PARADE magazine won't come knocking on your door. Yet, copyright research can also be very rewarding. It gives you a big-picture view of the title you're considering for digitization. You'll see who its original audience may have been, the kinds of stories they covered, and how it fits in the context of your state's, and the country's, history. This, among many other things, makes copyright research worth it. Thank you.
CopyrightCopyright ResearchDigitized NewspapersFair UseIndiana NewspapersIndianapolis TimesNewspaper digitizationPublic Domain
Students, Teachers, and Citizen Historians! Help Us Find Out What Hoosiers Knew About the Holocaust
January 25, 2018 Jill Weiss Simins
WHAT: History Unfolded Research Sprint
WHEN: Thursday, February 1, anytime between 9 a.m. and noon
WHERE: Indiana State Library
315 West Ohio Street
Indianapolis, IN 46202 (Map) (Parking)
QUESTIONS: jweiss@history.IN.gov
Please join us next Thursday, February 1 ( anytime between 9 a.m. and noon) in the Indiana State Library for a History Unfolded "Research Sprint." Our coordinated research over just a few hours has the potential to impact a nationally significant project.
History Unfolded is a project of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC. It asks students, teachers, and citizen historians throughout the United States what was possible for Americans to have known about the Holocaust as it was happening and how Americans responded.
For the "Research Sprint" we'll be using Newspapers.com to find articles in the Indianapolis News and the Indianapolis Star (which were the most widely read newspapers at the time) reporting on 34 different Holocaust-era events that took place in the United States and Europe. We will then submit our findings to the History Unfolded database, providing resources and raising questions for scholars that will inform the USHMM's initiatives. Basically, it's up to us to contribute information on what the average Hoosier would have read about the events leading up to the Holocaust.
This event is open to citizen historians, teachers, and students of all levels. Indiana Historical Bureau staff will be there to help you:
Create a History Unfolded log-in.
Choose and briefly learn about an event that interests you.
Find two relevant articles on the event, one in the Indianapolis Star and one in the Indianapolis News using Newspapers.com.
Submit your topic to History Unfolded
Tweet if you can @HolocaustMuseum and @HS_Chronicles #HistoryUnfolded
Repeat!
Follow Hoosier State Chronicles on Twitter to see examples of the articles we've already found. Or check out our more in-depth History Unfolded series on the HSC blog to see how we are using these newspapers to analyze what Hoosiers knew about the Holocaust and how they responded.
You can even make your History Unfolded profile now and get started! Hope to see you on February 1.


Christmas Eve's Eve marked our first Christmas of the weekend. We started the day off early with a family photo shoot for my mom. It had been about 5 or 6 years since my siblings and mom and Jon and I had had pictures together. It's also the first time in over three years all the family has been together! Three new members have joined the family since so it was time! We were planning this as my mom's Christmas present.
Then I took Livi to the clinic again because of her 4:30am coughing fit. We found out her mild infection that the doctor thought would go away became raging in one ear and invaded the other.
After naps we went to Jon's mom's house for a delicious and our only Christmas dinner with all the fixings! Gramma/Jon's mom makes a rice salad that is more of a desert and a favorite of everyone except Livi. Sofie had her first taste today and loved it! Her eyes got all big, she smiled and signed repeatedly for more! So cute. Sofie ate her weights worth of food and we all left the table amply stuffed. We got to open our presents then! A much loved gift card to my favorite clothing store for me and fancy leather gloves for Jon, along with some money for the family! The girls got spoiled as usual with books, clothes, a huge canister filled with play-doh, molds and tools, and play food for their kitchen set! This is perfect timing because just the same day we saw Sofie showing us her first pretend play skills using a bowl and spoon from the kitchen set! Both girls got pillow pets from their uncle Jeremy but the surprise favorite gift for Sofie was sunglasses! Her face lit up and she wasn't interested in unwrapping anything else after those!
Christmas morning was exciting! The girls climbed in to bed with us and waited "patiently" until we were ready to go check out the tree with them….
Livi was showing Sofie how the mix table worked!
Little photographer in the making!
Left is turkey, right is pizza.
The dance party. Sean fell.
It was really fun having everyone together. My family hasn't been all together in over 3 years! Although there are some underlining issues between some siblings from stuff that happened 3 years ago, everyone was laughing, talking, and seeming to have fun! Counseling has been our friend 🙂 I know it did my mom's heart good to be a part of that too, finally!
Boxing day Livi and I ventured in to the malls. I won't do that again. I only bought two shirts because I was too overwhelmed with all the people! We went to visit my Grandma for lunch then went to a movie. We got home and took down the tree. I know it was early but I was worried it was contributing to Livi's ear infection some how. I also really wanted to get my living room and their toys back to organized order 🙂 It was a busy day but a lovely big girls day out! Now to prepare for Mexico!!!
!Espero se diverten much en Mexico!


Dr. Gian Francesco Giudice is a theoretical particle physicist and has been a member of the Theoretical Physics Division at CERN since 1993. Born in 1961, he graduated from the University of Padua and obtained his PhD in theoretical physics from ISAS in Trieste. His career has always been closely related to collider research: before coming to CERN he worked at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, near Chicago, as well as at the University of Texas, in the group of Prof. S. Weinberg, during the construction phase of the SSC. He has contributed to our present understanding of particle physics and cosmology with more than a hundred articles published in refereed scientific journals.


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Corry Wiens
Corry Wiens is an award-winning director and editor based out of Chicago, IL. His storytelling has taken him all over the globe, working with major non-profits and leading brands. He is driven to tell unique, authentic, and gripping stories with powerful impact.
In every step of the filmmaking process, he constantly asks himself "is it making me feel something?" This question has served as a guide through his filmmaking career, pushing him to continue to tinker and work on each piece until the answer is a resounding "yes!"
Corry studied film in Los Angeles, and has developed his craft over the last 12 years to make an impact in the world. When he's not on set or in the edit suite, he spends his time with his wife, Lauren, and their three children.
*Not all of the director's work examples were produced by Gear Seven*
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There may not be an elevator, but at least the st
Always a great day when we see a box from @asterao
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The Tank was designed from the ground up to be one
Feel that rumble? The TANK is on its way. Warning
From the frozen mountains of Seattle to the orange
Big news is coming soon. Emphasis on the BIG. . .
A look in the Gear Seven edit suite. Here we are a
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Well, to make a long story short, Robert Kraft is Jewish!
Since Robert Kraft's mother is Jewish, and in Judaism one's religion is based on one's mother's religion, then that makes him also Jewish. His father is Jewish too.
Robert Kraft (who's full birth name is Robert K. Kraft) was born on June 5, 1941 in Brookline, Massachusetts.
He is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of The Kraft Group, a diversified holding company with assets in paper and packaging, sports and entertainment, real estate development and a private equity portfolio. His sports holdings include the National Football League's New England Patriots and Major League Soccer's New England Revolution, and Gillette Stadium.
Want to talk about Robert Kraft?


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REGOLAMENTO DI CONTABILITA FONDAZIONE FERRARA ARTE FONDAZIONE FERRARA ARTE REGOLAMENTO DI CONTABILITÀ INDICE ART. 1 SCOPO ED AMBITO DI APPLICAZIONE ART. 2 PROGRAMMAZIONE E CONTROLLO DELL ATTIVITA ART.


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Four Lessons for Startups from the Silicon Valley TV Series
By David Adeleke 8th October 2015
Note: Spoiler Alert! There are gigantic spoilers in this post.
I watch a lot of TV shows and movies. And what keeps me faithful to a TV series in particular is how much knowledge I can gain from it.
Silicon Valley, is one of the most interesting TV shows I've seen in a long while. I just blitzed through seasons one and two, and was very impressed with how much knowledge I gained, aside the laughter and satire. The show pokes fun at the Silicon Valley life. Here are four major lessons I learned from it:
Be careful who you share your ideas with
This lesson goes along with another: if you must share your idea, be careful which part of it you share.
Richard Hendricks, one of the show's main characters, was a programmer working on a music app called Pied Piper. He showed his algorithm to two of his colleagues at Hooli who didn't like him. You can guess what happened next, his colleagues took his algorithm and reverse-engineered it. Another problem was, they worked at a big company that had the resources to fund the development of the idea while Richard had no resources.
However, an investor Richard pitched to was able to offer him $200,000 for a 5% equity. With this money, he advanced with his idea but he was already off to a rocky start.
High valuations aren't always a good thing
At the end of the show's first season, Richard and his team pitched their idea at TechCrunch Disrupt and won. This win gave some much needed exposure to Pied Piper, which had now pivoted into a middle-out compression infrastructure. Investors started swarming in like bees. It's important to note here that Raviga's managing partner who initially invested in Pied Piper died at the start of the second season. Massive offers came from many other investors but Richard decided to go with his first investor's company, Raviga Capital Management. The offer was for $20 million at a $100 million valuation.
While it was attractive, it could also be a death trap. It meant that the Series B funding could not be anything less than $20 million. A down-round would scare investors and kill the company.
"Accepting the initial offer would be setting yourself up for grand failure," said Monica, Raviga's representative and Richard's friend. This could kill them off in the long run. So, after listening to good advice, Richard opted for $10 million at a $50 million valuation.
But you see, Richard's first mistake [highlighted in the first point] came back to bite him in the behind. Hooli slammed a copyright infringement lawsuit at Pied Piper. Frivolous as it was, it also spelt impending doom for Pied Pier. Which leads to my next point.
Corporate sharks don't give a hoot about morality
Hooli's lawsuit against Pied Piper was frivolous alright. But it also meant investors started backing off Pied Piper. This hurt Richard and his team and they had to look for alternate means of funding. Unfortunately, their alternative means was Russ Hernaman, "the man who put radio on the internet."
This decision would eventually cost Richard full ownership of his company as he was ousted as the CEO at the end of season two.
Life is a sum of all our decisions
This is the final lesson I learned, it is also the most important for me. Richard's foolish decision to show his algorithm to people who didn't like or care about him in the very first episode set several events in motion. A few of the events worked out for his good, lots didn't. Whichever way, it's important for us to note that life gives us what we put in. Our choices, in business and all other areas, puts us where we are.
Photo Credit: vivoandando via Compfight cc
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