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With the Thanksgiving Holiday once again upon us TWIPA returns this week with a post focused on one of everyone's favorite topics, food. Foodways, or subsistence strategies, have long been a topic of interest and study of anthropologist and archaeologists. By quantifying the number and types of food remains, archaeologists can determine the percentage of different types of plants and animals harvested.
The State Museum of PA's Section of Archaeology receives a steady flow of artifact collections as a result of Cultural Resource Management project surveys and excavations. A recently submitted project involving highway improvements in Montgomery and Philadelphia Counties recorded four dozen, mostly 19th Century domestic sites. As a part of the project's phase II workplan, diet and consumer behavior were identified as potential research issues for two of the sites that were considered potentially significant.
typical project area view, with orange flags marking shovel test pit locations
In his report to PennDoT, Gary Coppock, working at the time for Archaeological & Historical Consultants, noted, "Archaeological remains can be analyzed for indications of the patterns of purchasing and consumption of goods by site occupants. Analysis of faunal remains may show the extent to which wild or domestic animals contributed to the diet, whether the animals were slaughtered at the site, and the economic and dietary value of meats consumed by site occupants (Coleman et al. 1984). Ceramic analyses can also contribute to the understanding of food consumption habits. A comparison of the relative frequency of flatware and hollowware forms, for example, has been used to infer the quality of meats used and in what form they were consumed (Kelso 1984)."
Excavation Unit profile from Woodhaven Road Extension Project
Stepping back in time, the evolution of foodways began with small populations of Paleoindian hunters and gatherers exploiting an ice age landscape. Although the quantity of foods was relatively low, human population was also low and they did not need to develop special tools or organize a labor force to support themselves. The Archaic Period represents a plentiful time and human populations quickly grew by efficiently using all available resources. People developed many new tools to maximize their collection of food from the environment. As human populations increased, they began to exhaust the foods of the temperate forest and were forced to cultivate plants.
Native American social organization began to change. Humans became more sedentary and eventually focused on farming to support increasing populations. Social structure changed to a tribal organization in order to better organize the labor force necessary for swidden agriculture of corn, beans and squash, often referred to as the Three Sisters. Both the nature and timing of the arrival of these domesticates into the Mid-Atlantic region continue to be intensively studied research topics in archaeology.
Each of the "Sisters" arrived in the Northeast at different points in time, with squash (Cucurbita pepo) being the earliest at between 5000 and 2500 years before present (Hart and Sidell 1997). Next, corn, or maize, (Zea maize) becomes common in archaeological settings post-dating roughly 1200 B.P., or about A.D. 700 (Klein 2003). And last to appear in the archaeological record is the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), at approximately A.D. 1300 (Hart and Scarry 1999). The application of C-14 and AMS techniques has proved to be indispensable tools for dating these and a wide variety of other botanical remains.
Requiring magnification, smaller evidence such as pollen, starch grains, and phytoliths can be used to identify plant species beyond the three typical domesticates. These types of analyses can not only help to identify dietary components of an archaeological site, but also aid more broadly in paleoenvironmental reconstruction.
Along with zooarchaeological analysis of faunal remains, proteins recovered from the residue on cookware can be analyzed to identify groups of animal species and in some instances specific species. All these techniques aid the archaeologist in creating a more detailed picture of the past, in this case concerning just exactly what ingredients were used in preparation of a meal.
We hope this brief overview of foodways and food remains analysis wets your appetite for an enjoyable Thanksgiving meal with family and friends.
Coleman, Ellis C., Kevin W. Cunningham, Jim O'Connor, Wade P. Catts, and Jay F. Custer
1984 Phase III Data Recovery Excavations of the William M. Hawthorn Site (7NC-E-46), New Churchman's Road, Christiana, New Castle County, Delaware. Delaware Department of Transportation Archaeological Series No. 28, Dover.
Coppock, Gary F.
2002 Phase I and II Archaeological Survey Report Woodhaven Road Extension Project (S.R. 0063 Sections A06 & A07) Montgomery and Philadelphia Counties, Pennsylvania - prepared for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Engineering District 6-0
Hart, John P. and C. Margaret Scarry
1999 The Age of Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) In the Northeastern United States. American Antiquity 64 (4) 653- 658
Hart, John P. and Nancy Asch Sidell
1997 Additional Evidence for Early Curcurbit Use in the Northern Eastern Woodlands East of the Allegheny Front. American Antiquity 62 (3): 523-537
Kelso, William M.
1984 Kingsmill Plantation, 1617-1800: Archaeology of Country Life in Colonial Virginia. Academic Press, New York.
Klein, Michael
2003 Of Time and Three Rivers: Comments on Early and Middle Woodland Archaeology in Pennsylvania. In Foragers and Farmers of the Early and Middle Woodland Periods in Pennsylvania, edited by Paul A. Raber and Verna L. Cowin, pp. 117-129. Recent Research in Pennsylvania Archaeology, No.3, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, PA
Workshops in Archaeology Review
If you are a frequent follower of This Week in Pennsylvania Archaeology, you would know that this past Saturday, the Section of Archaeology of the State Museum of Pennsylvania hosted its annual Workshops in Archaeology program. The theme of this year's program was the Archaeology of a Troubled Nation 1775-1865. This all day event was comprised of a series of PowerPoint lecture presentations. Based on the Evaluation Questionnaire, this year's program proved to be informative and entertaining for all whom attended.
Noel Strattan and Tom Held of the Bureau for Historic Preservation were on hand to guide people through the inner workings of the Cultural Resource Geographic Information System, or CRGIS web portal. Doug McLearen and Kira Heinrich, also of the BHP, were available to identify all manner of historic and prehistoric artifacts that might have been puzzling their discoverers.
The program was fortunate to also include Civil War reenactor John Heckman. John showcased the uniform and equipment of a common Pennsylvania soldier and fielded questions from the inquisitive.
Steve Nissley, an expert flint knapper, set up a lithic tool production workshop outside of the Auditorium. Steve's demonstration is always well received and much appreciated, as seen here by some of our younger participants.
The morning began with opening remarks delivered by the Director of the State Museum of Pennsylvania, David Dunn, followed by four PowerPoint lectures focused on 18th century aspects of the workshop's theme.
Wade Catts of John Milner & Associates relayed his experience using a type of remote sensing technology called ground penetrating radar, or GPR, to aid in the search for the remains of the Continental Powder Works and gun factory at French Creek, Chester County. The complex had played an active role in the American Revolution but was ultimately destroyed during the conflict. Wade explained how East Pikeland Township has taken an active role in preserving this unique piece of American history by securing a grant from the American Battlefield Protection Program.
Janet Johnson, Curator in The State Museum of Pennsylvania' Section of Archaeology spoke about the recent discovery, subsequent local and state coordination, and ongoing conservation efforts to stabilize a Revolutionary War relic known as a Cheval de Frise. A large number of these were placed in the Delaware River to thwart the advances of the British Navy during its attack on Philadelphia. Once this impressive 30 ft. long iron tipped "river spike" is preserved and exhibited, it will serve as an effective vehicle to connect people with the events of the American Revolution that took place in and around Philadelphia.
David Orr of Temple University discussed the work conducted work at Valley Forage National Historic Park. He explained how archaeological features recently discovered can transcend the well recited national historic mythologies of hardship and endurance of the winter of 1777-1778. Isolated trash pits, discrete cooking areas, and orderly arraignment of where the soldiers' huts once stood illustrated the less well known stories of industriousness, effective leadership and disciplined training. These findings are now contributing to a greater depth of understanding of this critical point in the formation of our new nation.
Steve Warfel, retired Senior Curator of Archaeology at the State Museum of Pennsylvania, presented details of Ephrata Cloister's use as a Revolutionary War hospital during 1777 – 1778. Through his extensive excavations of now extant dormitory and prayer buildings on the National Historic Landmark property, Steve has been able to tease apart military and medicinal artifacts of the hospital period from those more domestic in nature associated with religious community members. Thorough primary document research combined with a long term archaeology program have created a more accurate portrait of the past and corrected some secondary source romanticized histories of the Cloister.
Following a break for lunch, the four lectures presented in the afternoon continued with 19th Century aspects of the Workshop's theme.
Walter Rybka, Senior Captain of the Flagship Niagara, walked the audience through an hour by hour timeline of the Battle of Lake Erie in 1813, a brief yet powerful conflict on Pennsylvania's Great Lake. He also outlined the history of a series of reconstructions made of the war vessel, including his time and experiences as Captain of the current ship. Today, the Niagara is a high caliber combination living history museum and sailing ambassador of the Commonwealth.
Mary Ann Levine of Franklin and Marshal College shared her findings from excavations at the Thaddeus Stevens and Lydia Hamilton Smith site, located in the historic district of Lancaster City, Pennsylvania. A curious modification to a cistern coupled with oral histories and documentation of Stevens as a prominent abolitionist suggest this site might have been a place of refuge along the Underground Railroad. The nature of the function of such sites makes their positive identification a rare occurrence.
John Roby of Indiana University of Pennsylvania offered his listeners the notion of how a nuanced social context has the potential to lead to a refined interpretation of archaeological remains. Ideas concerning social justice and resistance through conscientious consumerism were introduced through the example of the Free Sugar Movement of the mid – 19th Century. This social lens was then applied to the archaeology of a multi-generational maple sugar production farm owned by an African American family in Susquehanna County.
Ben Resnick from GAI Consultants discussed the accidental discovery, analysis and re-burial with military honors of a civil war soldier who had been killed during the first hours of the battle of Gettysburg. Using battle records he was able to lay out the proceedings of the morning in the area known as the 'railroad cut', where the remains had been found. Forensic archaeology then made it possible to surmise a plausible end to this brave soldier's life. Current research has narrowed the personal identification of this individual to one of about 30 candidates, and future research using DNA may be able to establish his identity. As for now he has been reburied with high honors as "Unknown Civil War Remains".
Following the final presentation, Judd Kratzer remarked on how each of the projects featured during the program had contributed to our greater understanding of the conflicts represented in the time period under discussion through archaeology field work and analysis of material culture. There was also a brief question and answer period to afford attendees the opportunity to pose specific comments or questions to the presenters.The day's events concluded with a casual wine and cheese reception in the Archaeology gallery.
We would be remiss if we did not mention and thank our dedicated group of volunteers who helped in all manner of ways, both in front of and behind the scenes. We would not be able bring this event together without your assistance. A special thanks to Judy Hawthorn who took pictures all day long of the event.
Already looking ahead to next year, the Workshops in Archaeology program is scheduled for Saturday November 8th, 2014. The theme will be the Paleo-Indian time period and Ice Age peoples' adaptations to a changing climate and environment.
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Labels: Workshops in Archaeology
This week in Pennsylvania Archaeology takes us to Union County located near the heart of central Pennsylvania. In 1813 Union County was formed from part of Northumberland County allowing for a living area of 317 square miles. The 2012 the census records reports a population of 45,000 people living there and Lewisburg is the county seat.
Two physiographic sections make up Union County. The eastern half is within the Susquehanna Lowlands while the western half is comprised of the hills and ridges of the Appalachian Mountains. Elevations range from a low of 938 feet in the valleys to a high of 1443 feet on the highest ridge tops. Both Sections form a large part of the Ridge and Valley Province of central Pennsylvania where the climate is temperate and largely pleasant year round.
The bedrock in Union County was formed from Ordovician, Devonian and Silurian sediments (365-500 million years old). The bulk of the county's bedrock however, is made up of the 405-430 million year old Silurian Period material. The remains of many fossilized plants and animal fauna have been found in the strata of these rocks which are among some of the finest preserved in the Commonwealth. The Faylor-Middle Creek Limestone Quarry at Winfield contains some of the best calcite, fluorite and strontianite crystal specimens that have been identified by Pennsylvania geologists (Geyer et al. 1976). Additionally, there are massive chert bearing deposits in the Penns Creek drainage that were exploited for stone tool material by different prehistoric Indian cultures (Bressler 1960).
The principal drainage of Union County is the Susquehanna's West Branch where its tributaries are east trending. Buffalo and Penns Creek are the main secondary water sources. The former enters the West Branch at Lewisburg and the latter continues on its southern course to enter Middle Creek south of Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania.
Three Indian paths ran through Union County. The Great Island Path skirted the northern part of the county and connected Great Island at Lock Haven with Shamokin at the Forks of the Susquehanna at Sunbury. An unnamed secondary path connected Great Island with the Penns Creek Path at Millheim, Pennsylvania on Penns Creek. Along the southern border of Union County ran the Penns Creek Path which also converged at the 18th century Shamokin Indiantown once located at the Forks of the Susquehanna at Sunbury.
A review of the Pennsylvania Archaeological Site Survey (P.A.S.S.) files identified 142 recorded archaeological sites. Of these, 37 are Historic and the remainder are Prehistoric. Most of the Historic sites are 19th century in age, however, the reported prehistoric sites are representative of all the recognized cultural periods in Pennsylvania, from Paleoindian through the Late Woodland. In terms of site type, the majority are Late Woodland (25%) and Late Archaic (22%) in that order of frequency. Transitional sites (16%) are followed by Middle Archaic sites (14%) then Early Woodland at (7%). Next are Middle Woodland (5%) and Paleoindian sites (5%) and ending with four Early Archaic Period sites at (4%). Not unexpected, the primary choice of lithic material for tool manufacture are local source cherts from the Keyser/Shriver formations that occur in eroded outcrop and cobble locations in much of Union County. As well, open pit quarries are reported from certain sections of the county.
The Bloomer Site (36Un82)
Excavation block profile (36Un82)
One of the principal cultural resource data recovery projects in Union County was undertaken and completed in 1992 for U.S. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Prisons (Wall 1995). The project, located on a Holocene/Pleistocene terrace on the West Branch Susquehanna River at Allenwood, Pennsylvania, is a stratified prehistoric site. The site, designated in the PASS files as 36Un82 is multi-component with Late Archaic, Transitional (alternatively called Terminal Archaic by the investigators of the report), Early Woodland and early Late Woodland (Clemson Island) period occupations.
Lamoka projectile points from the Bloomer Site (36Un82)
The deepest cultural level occurring at 36Un82 is 3Ab associated with the Lamoka phase of the Late Archaic Period (Ritchie 1965; Funk 1993). Four hearth features from a living floor date the Lamoka occupation(s) between 2950 BP and 3970 BP. The 2950 B.P. radiocarbon date seems too late in time for this occupation, therefore the remaining cluster of four dates which averaged out at 3820 B.P. indicate an approximate site occupation by Lamoka phase people around 3800 B.P.
Broadspears from the Bloomer Site (36Un82)
The Transitional Period Broadspear phase occupation(s) was identified immediately above the Lamoka levels of 2Bwb and occasionally co-mingled with younger Early Woodland Period Fishtail and Meadowwood phase points that had apparently made their way into the deeper Broadspear phase level from the Bwb. Three radiocarbon dates from hearth contexts suggest an occupation(s) range for this component between 2900 BP and 3640 B.P., but again, by eliminating the youngest of the three dates (the 2900 date) which appears to be an outlier, an averaged date of the actual Broadspear occupation would have been around 3610 B.P.
Fishtail projectile points from 36Un82
Triangle projectile points from 36Un82
It is unfortunate that there were no radiocarbon dates linking the site's cultural chronology in the next upper level designated as 2Ab. This was the site's uppermost intact level containing the Fishtail phase and Meadowood phase points. However, the outlier date noted for the Late Archaic date cluster seems closer to the Early Woodland and may in fact date that occupation at 36Un82. Typically, these occupations at other Susquehanna Valley sites date between 2500 B.P. and 2200 B.P. - not that far temporally removed from the aforementioned 2900 B.P. date.
Plan view of Clemsons Island house structure
The uppermost deposit at 36Un82 designated as Bwb contained pit and postmold features representative of the Late Woodland Clemson Island phase. This and its Early Owasco counterpart are the dominant cultural expressions thus far recognized for the entire West Branch valley (Turnbaugh 1977). Features of the Clemson Island phase were prolific at site 36Un82 and largely consisted of hearths, refuse and storage pits containing cultural debris such as decorated grit tempered pottery, broad based triangular points and numerous cobble tools commonly associated with lithic reduction and food preparation activities. The majority of these features are likely linked to the remains of an adjacent longhouse. Associated radiocarbon dates place the occupation between 970 and 1070 B.P. The assumed date of occupation is the average of the two dates or 1020 B.P.
We hope that you have enjoyed this brief introduction to the archaeology of Union County and we encourage you to consult the Reference Section of this TWIPA submission for further information on Pennsylvania history and archaeology of the cultures that once lived here.
Mark your caledar!
The State Museum of Pennsylvania's Section of Archaeology will be hosting its Annual Workshops in Archaeology on Saturday November 16, 2013. This year's theme is the Archaeology of a Troubled Nation, 1775-1865. As always, lectures will be presented by professionals from throughout the region as well as artifact identification in the afternoon, so don't forget your "what's this". This year will also include John Heckman, a Civil War reenactor who will showcase the uniform and equipment of a common Pennsylvania soldier during the American Civil War. A reception in the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology will conclude the event. Click here to see the brochure which includes all the details.
Bressler, James P.
1960 The Penns Creek Archaic Workshops. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 30(1):25-29.
Funk, Robert E.
1993 Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State. Two volumes. Persimmon Press Monographs in Archaeology.
Geyer, Alan R., Robert C. Smith and John H. Barnes
1978 Mineral Collecting In Pennsylvania. Department of Environmental Resources Topographic and Geologic Survey. Harrisburg.
Ritchie, William A.
1965 The Archaeology of New York State. The Natural History Press, Garden City, New York.
Turnbaugh, William A.
1977 Man, Land and Time: The Cultural Prehistory and Demographic Patterns of North-Central Pennsylvania. Unigraphic Press, Evansville, Illinois.
Wall, Robert D.
1995 Phase III Archaeological Investigations 36UN82 Union County, Pennsylvania. ER#89-1630-119. Allenwood Pennsylvania Federal Correctional Complex Sanitary Water treatment Facility. Louis Berger & Associates, Inc. Report prepared for the U.S.Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons. Washington D.C.
Wallace, Paul A.W.
1965 Indian Paths of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Harrisburg.
This week in Pennsylvania Archaeology takes us to Tioga County situated at the northern border of Pennsylvania. Surrounded by Potter, Lycoming and Bradford counties and the New York state border, Tioga is noted for its many State and National parks and numerous lakes where residents and visitors alike enjoy its captivating natural beauty. Segments of the 50 mile long Pennsylvania Grand Canyon west of Wellsboro and the Pine Creek Rail Trail wind through Pine Creek gorge and connect with the Susquehanna's West Branch River valley at Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania.
Tioga County, formed from part of Lycoming County in 1804 takes it name from the Tioga River. It has a total land surface of 1137 square miles and Wellsboro is the county seat. Much of Tioga County remains rural and is the perfect setting for the State's annual Laurel Festival held each Spring. The main corridors, 6, 287 and 15, connect much of the countryside with the more urban towns such as Mansfield, and home to Mansfield University of Pennsylvania.
Pennsylvanian, Mississippian and Devonian rocks constitute the geological makeup of Tioga County and originally these rocks were a part of the vast sea sediments that formed some 290-405 million years ago. Tioga County is located in the Glaciated High Plateau, Glaciated Low Plateau and Deep Valleys Sections of the Appalachian Plateau Province. These physiographic land forms are characterized by eroded hills and generally narrow, steep sided valleys. The major streams are the Cowanesque and Tioga Rivers that form as major waterways of the Chemung and the Susquehanna's North Branch drainage.
According to Paul Wallace (1971) three major Indian paths cut through Tioga County. The Pine Creek Path which followed the gorge through the Pine Creek valley connected Quennashawakee Indiantown with the Forbidden Path at Genesee. The Tioga Path ran from French Margaret's Town at present day Williamsport to Painted Post where it connected with the Forbidden Path. A third path branched from the Tioga Path and joined with the Horseheads Path at present day Canton then east to Towanda Indian town on the North Branch at Towanda, Pennsylvania. These paths were most certainly important trailways throughout prehistory since they all followed less rugged terrain along north to south and south to north flowing waterways.
The Pennsylvania Archaeological Site Survey (P.A.S.S.) files list 163 prehistoric and historic period sites for Tioga County. Of these, the majority (99) have prehistoric components while the remaining (historic in age) constitute remnants of domestic dwellings/rural farmstead and a few commercial and industrial sites principally relating to a 19th and 20th century origin.
Survey data for settlement patterns is largely riverine/lowland with 103 of the 163 of the reported sites grouping into this category. The remaining 46 sites relate to an upland setting environment where small first and second order streams dominate the landscape. Along with this data the PASS files also show an expected trend for the prehistoric utilization of cherts/flints over jasper, rhyolite and quartz simply due to the availability of these glacially derived lithics from valley terrace and stream outwash deposits. Such lithic cobble sources would have been readily quarried from these locations throughout Tioga County.
The prehistoric record, as shown by the PASS data, indicates that an overwhelming number of Late Woodland, Transitional and Middle Archaic period sites outnumber sites from the other periods. This is especially puzzling given the pervasive nature of Late Archaic Period sites versus Middle Archaic Period sites reported for other parts of northern Pennsylvania and southern New York State.
Archaeological excavation of Owasco house pattern
Planview of Owasco house pattern
There has been a number of cultural resource surveys conducted in Tioga County, Pennsylvania, however, for this report, only one will be summarized here. Data recovery activities at the Mansfield Bridge Site 36TI116, by Louis Berger Group, Inc., was undertaken as the result of a proposed relocation and alignment of State Route (SR) 6015 at Canoe Camp located south of Mansfield. The study resulted in the discovery and recovery of new information pertaining to the prehistory of the Tioga River valley from the Middle Archaic period through the beginning of the Late Woodland period.
The deepest human occupation level at Mansfield Bridge site contained remnants of a small camp used by Middle Archaic people. Within this level, archaeologists discovered bifurcate points, debris from manufacturing and re-sharpening these points and hammerstones made from river cobbles. Scattered amongst this debris lay poorly preserved bone fragments , likely the skeletal remains from game animals. Several small charcoal stained hearths that were also discovered yielded a radiocarbon age between 7610-8150 BP.
Above the Middle Archaic level at the Mansfield Bridge Site archaeologists discovered a cultural occupation sealed in alluvium that dated to the Late Archaic Period at 5100-5400 BP. There, the projectile point forms were identified as Brewerton side-notched, a common point type found in this region of the Northeast. The small size of the hearths, the presence of other objects such as uniface tools, waste flakes and a cluster of cobble tools suggested a site use as a lithic workshop revisited during brief hunting and gathering excursions into the Tioga River valley.
Following the Late Archaic visitations, the site was utilized as a short term camp by Transitional Period groups as was indicated by the presence of rhyolite and jasper bifaces and chipping debris of Susquehanna and Perkiomen Broad spearpoint types and hammerstones. A radiocarbon date of ca, 3500 BP., was obtained from a small hearth associated with these tools.
An alluvium deposit capped these earlier non-ceramic bearing occupations at the Mansfield Bridge Site. A Late Woodland Owasco phase component with a postmold pattern of a small square-shaped house 25 by 20 feet in size and pit features surrounding it were identified during the data recovery project. The occupation was radiocarbon dated to 1000 AD. Chert triangular points, diagnostic cordmarked pottery and fragments of smoking pipes link the occupation to the earlier part of the Owasco Carpenter Brook phase (Ritchie 1965). Other sites of this phase in New York and the Susquehanna valley of Pennsylvania have been radiocarbon dated between 1000-1100 AD.
Example of the Mansfield Bridge Site (36Ti116) stratigraphy
Excavation Unit 24 profile with cultural levels
We hope you have enjoyed this archaeology tour through of Tioga County and please join is next week when we will journey to Union County.
The Archaeology of New York State. Natural History Press, Garden City, New York.
Wall, Robert D., Rick Vernay, Delland Gould and Hope E Luhman
2003 Hunters to Horticulturists: The Archaeology of the Mansfield Bridge Site. SR 6015, Section D52 Tioga County, Pennsylvania. Report submitted to the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Engineering District 3-0, Montoursville, Pennsylvania.
1971 Indian Paths of Pennsylvania. Second Printing. The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg.
This Week In Pennsylvania Archaeology takes us to Susquehanna County located in the hilly region of northern Pennsylvania. Susquehanna County was established in 1810 from lands claimed by Luzerne. Named after the Susquehanna River, it has a total area of 832 square miles and it is this drainage that winds its way south, where it eventually drains to Chesapeake Bay at Port Deposit, Maryland. Secondary drainages flow to the north and south and include Tunkhannock, Meshoppen, Wyalusing, along with many of the Susquehanna's smaller tributaries. They join the main North Branch channel at different locations in the county.
Susquehanna County is within the Glaciated Plateau Section of the Appalachian Plateaus Province. The physical landforms are characterized by gentle to moderately rolling hilly uplands, ridges with narrow valleys typical for the general configuration of the Glaciated Plateau in east-central Pennsylvania. Geologically, Susquehanna County is made up of sandstone and shale deposits of the Devonian period (365 – 405 million years old). Fossilized animal remains include brachiopods and crinoids from long ago. The ridges all around the county are capped with weather resistant sandstone and softer rocks such as siltstone and shale. During the Pleistocene period Susquehanna County was covered by a series of thick ice mantles. Along the main and secondary valleys are the residual sediments from glacial activity consisting of glacial cobbles, sand and pebble deposits. These residual deposits, which are quite abundant in the county, have been mapped by the Pennsylvania Geological Survey and have been commercially mined for road base material.
The only Indian path that ran through Susquehanna County was the "Lackawanna Path". Prior to, during, and after the 18th century, this path joined with others to form an elaborate complex of trails connecting different parts of the Pennsylvania landscape (Wallace 1971). Although there are no reported Indian towns along these routes, they connected Indian towns at each end, namely Lackawanna and Capoose Meadows near Scranton to Tuscarora Town at present day Lanesboro on the the Great Bend of the Susquehanna, near the New York State border. Of note here, is the observation that a segment of Interstate 81 follows the general route of this ancient Indian path between these two locations.
view of the bridge replacement project area at
Hallstead, Susquehanna County
A review of the Pennsylvania Archaeological Site Survey (P.A.S.S.) identifies 143 prehistoric and historic period sites in Susquehanna County, which accounts for a site density of one site for every 5.83 square miles. The majority of these sites fall into one or more of the seven prehistoric periods, with the Transitional accounting for most. Trending in highest site frequency to least, Transitional Period sites are followed by Late Woodland, Late Archaic, and Middle Woodland Period sites. Middle and Early Archaic sites are rare. In terms of site setting, the most recorded are situated along valley floors adjacent to large perennial water sources such as rivers and second order streams. Thirty three of the prehistoric sites occupy upland settings where the water systems are smaller, often consisting of low volume seeps and springs. Lithics used in the manufacture of projectile points and cutting tools are principally made from cobble cherts, granites and indurated sandstone/siltstones from the eroded glacial deposits within the valley. Reported Historic Period sites are largely comprised of rural farmsteads, house sites, remnants of related out building structures and bridges.
plan view of features within upper levels of the Keystone Farm Site (36Sq17)
In 1999 the Federal Highway Administration/PennDot and archaeological consultants conducted a geo-archaeological and Phase I/II and III archaeological study at Hallstead, Susquehanna County. This investigation was in preparation for a proposed bridge relocation on the "Great Bend" of the Susquehanna River. These investigations identified a deeply stratified multi-component site containing prehistoric occupations with various projectile points, scrapers, utilized flakes, pottery and fire cracked rock. Many of these objects date from the Middle Archaic Period through the Late Woodland Period. The Pennsylvania Archaeological Site Survey file lists the site as 36SQ17.
profile of excavation block at the Keystone Farm Site (36Sq17)
Some of the pit and post mold features in the upper strata at 36SQ17 containing fragments of Owasco pottery and triangular projectile points were radiocarbon dated between 1060 BP. and 940 BP, which suggests a site occupation around 1000 B.P. Preserved botanical remains included wood charcoal, nut shells, seeds and other unidentified (as to Genus and species) carbonized plant parts. Additionally, at the 2.63 meter depth and slightly deeper, two radiocarbon dates spanned a time between 4780 B.P. and 7630 B.P. Both dates fall within the range defining the Late Archaic and Middle Archaic Periods in the Northeast. There Vestal, and Brewerton points were recovered.
line drawings of projectile points recovered from the Keystone Farm Site (36Sq17)
The older date may relate to a Neville phase occupation although that has not been confirmed with diagnostic artifacts. The deepest cultural level identified at the Keystone Farm Site, (36Sq17), was found at four meters below ground surface. Discovered within the sandy alluvium stratum, designated as "6BC," were segments of a living floor that had been utilized by LeCroy phase people, around 8000 BP. In this deepest level at 36SQ17 one diagnostic biface, a Titicut point (LeCroy variant), was recovered with chert debitage and utilized flakes. Further analysis determined that the pattern of these artifacts suggests some sort of lithic workshop activity, possibly focused on late stage tool production or re-sharpening.
density map of debitage and tools from stratum "6BC" at the Keystone Farm Site (36Sq17)
We hope you have enjoyed this brief introduction to Susquehanna County archaeology. Also, we encourage you to consider joining us at our annual Workshops in Archaeology program on November 16th to learn more about the archaeological heritage of Susquehanna County. Dr. John Roby of Indiana University of Pennsylvania' s Department of Anthropology will present The Dennis Farm: Maple Sugar, Production and Politics in the 19th Century. This homestead has continuously belonged to the original African-American landowners' family for over 200 years. Purchased with monies received for service during the Revolutionary War, preservation of this family homestead provides a unique opportunity to examine property held continuously by one family over multiple generations. The link for the registration form for the Workshops is in the upper right corner of this blog page; please remember the deadline for early registration is November 8th!
Cultural Heritage Research Services, Inc.
2008 Archaeological Investigations S.R. 0011, Section 573, Great Bend Bridge Project, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania. E.R.# 00-6202-115. Report prepared for U.S. Department of Transportation - manuscript of file at the Section of Archaeology, The State Museum of Pennsylvania
Wallace, Paul A. W.
1971 Indian Paths of Pennsylvania. Publication of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.


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Congratulations to the NRC 2021 Scholarship Award Winners: First-Place Winner: Albert Hotzel, Second-Place Winner:, Madison Lopez, Third-Place Winner: Margaret Konczak
NRC ANNOUNCES 2021 SCHOLARSHIP AWARD WINNERS
The National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association (NRC) announced today the three recipients of its 2021 Scholarship Awards for undergraduate students:
First-Place Winner: Albert Hotzel, Kansas State University, $12,000, sponsored by Stella-Jones Corporation.
Second-Place Winner:, Madison Lopez, Saint Joseph's University, $6,000, sponsored by: Railroad Construction Co.
Third-Place Winner: Margaret Konczak, St. Ambrose University, $3,000, sponsored by: Progress Rail.
The NRC has awarded nearly $250,000 in tuition assistance for undergraduates since the awards were started in 2013.
The association awards the scholarships each year to provide higher-education tuition assistance for children or grandchildren of employees of NRC member companies. Applicants must be enrolled as full-time students at an accredited two-year college offering an associate degree or an accredited four-year college or university offering a bachelor's degree.
"The NRC and our Scholarship Committee were overwhelmed by the quantity and quality of the applications this year," says Zach Hansen, assistant vice president-sales, with Rocla Concrete Tie, Inc. and chairman of the NRC Scholarship Committee. "Congratulations to our three winners – to Albert, Madison and Margaret – for their outstanding applications and exemplary undergraduate performance."
The NRC is a U.S. trade association that advances the mutual interests of railway contractors and suppliers who construct, maintain and supply freight railroads and rail-transit and passenger lines. Founded in 1978, the NRC connects members with other railway industry professionals and government officials and policy makers. The NRC collaborates with its members, government, and industry leaders to create a positive business climate and to make railway construction and maintenance safer and more efficient.
"The NRC, aside from being the voice and representation of the railroad contracting industry, provides many great benefits to its members. One such benefit is our annual tuition assistance or Scholarship program. Since 2013, the NRC has offered this program to eligible children and grandchildren of NRC member companies. This past year, we were able to provide assistance to (6) students totaling $33,000. It is an honor to be a part of this and is truly gratifying to be able to invest in the futures of these promising students and to consistently hear how much they appreciate it."
Joe Daloisio
Track Division Manager
Railroad Construction Co.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Here is an example of where files are placed on my system. Most everything is prefixed with /opt/local. Notice that mysql is subdired to support more then one version.
I'm fairly unfamiliar with cmake.
Are there env vars to help cmake find files?
I would like to avoid patching and use designed methods for building if possible.
Permalink Submitted by pixilla on Wed, 11/10/2010 - 17:34.
Added CXXFLAGS -I/opt/local/include/mysql5 and now mysql.h is found.
Permalink Submitted by mimo on Wed, 11/10/2010 - 19:46.
They should be defined in syslog.h - is it included when you look at the top of dbiwrapped.h?


text:
Adelocera imfoveatus is een keversoort uit de familie kniptorren (Elateridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1992 door Vats & Kashyap.

imfoveatus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The WHO (World Health Organization) shows in its monitoring report, July 2017, an alarming picture of the current and especially the future situation of global water supply: At the moment approximately two billion people lack access to clean drinking water. It is estimated that up to 2025 based on climate change, the increasing industrial and agricultural use, the population growth and the urbanization, 50% of the world population will be living in water stressed areas. This will lead to more conflicts, epidemics and flows of refugees.
The atmosphere contains more than six times more water in form of vapor than all rivers of the earth lead together. Thus, the atmosphere is one of the hugest freshwater reservoirs of the planet. It is also the fastest regenerating reservoir. Within only ten days its content is completely renewed. Thus it is a renewable source that can be taped sustainably. This water source is freely available all over the globe and can be used to provide drinking water.
The plot shows the water cycle driven by sun between earth, sea, land and atmosphere. Depending on different sources these numbers vary strongly. Regardless, the number of surface streams and the content of the atmosphere is estimated the same.
From the immense water reservoir of the atmosphere relatively little amounts of water are extracted, a droplet on a hot stone. The water is not removed from the natural water cycle completely. It only makes a detour through the human organism and is then released to the atmosphere again. This means there is only an additional element in the closed water cycle chain similar to a dammed river.
Is there enough water in the air in arid areas?
Warm air can bear much more water than cold air. E.g. desert air of 40°C and 30 % relative humidity contains more water than the air in a cool evening of 20°C and 80 % relative humidity in central Europe. In Switzerland nobody would describe the ambient air as being dry; nevertheless with an annual average of 6.8 g/m3 (Brugg, AG) it contains less water than e.g. the air of Marrakech in the desert state of Morocco with an annual average of 9.7 g/m³.
An atmospheric water generator makes the atmosphere accessible for drinking water use. AquAero set the goal to develop a technology especially for arid areas that is able to extract large amounts of water from the air for a minimum of energy. Thus, the water shall be available at affordable cost.
For mobile use the atmospheric water generator can be shaped in the size of a standard container and be transported by truck. Also, a version for stationary use to provide for a community is planned. Depending on the size and the climate conditions an atmospheric water generator can produce 100, 1'000 or even 10'000 liters of water per day.
The question is justified if the water is toxic in case the air is contaminated. When metal organic framework gets in touch with contaminated air micro and macro particles (fine dust and soot) are not adsorbed as the pores are too small. Thus the water results pure.
The product of the atmospheric water generator is pure distilled water if there is no further treatment. If it is for drinking water purpose it must be asked if this is not harmful for the human body. As the water is mixed in the digestion with nutritive substances it loses it distilled character and finally arrives in the cell mineralized. Of course this presupposes a balanced nutrition. If this is not given a mineralization of the water is planned.


I don't know about you, but as it gets colder out, my feet tend to get dry and crackly. Even when I moisturize regularly, the dry weather wins out. The only thing that really helps is a good exfoliation.
And now after using it, my feet are happy. No more dry, peely skin. I followed up the scrub with my cocoa butter body lotion, and my feet are so silky smooth right now.
Besides brewing the tea, this scrub takes less than a minute to make.
To use: wash feet, then rub feet with a generous amount of scrub. Rinse off with warm water. Follow up with a great moisturizer.
If you wanted to make the scrub even more relaxing, you could add a few drops of essential oils. Peppermint or citrus oils would go nicely with the camomile. Lavender is a great relaxing scent. Eucalyptus would smell great. Adding oils is totally optional because the chamomile smells great on its own. But it doesn't hurt to add the benefits of essential oils to most beauty products.
Another great thing about this scrub is that it feels so gentle. It does the job without being a rough exfoliant. You know how some scrubs feel like they're scratching your skin? This scrub is much gentler while still being effective.
Now all winter I will get to enjoy my soft feet without any of the guilt of using harmful ingredients. Baking soda, epsom salts, and camomile tea make a great combination that really couldn't be any easier.
Try this scrub out at home and let me know how it goes for you!


text:
Trump administration passes up Colorado, will move U.S. Space Command to Alabama
The decision immediately prompted accusations from Gov. Jared Polis, a Democrat, and Colorado Springs Mayor John Suthers, a Republican, that the move was politically motivated and influenced by President Donald Trump
12:21 PM MST on Jan 13, 2021
MONTGOMERY, Ala. — The U.S. Air Force is expected to announce Huntsville, Alabama, as the location for the U.S. Space Command headquarters, a blow to Colorado leaders who have been angling for years for the state to be Space Command's permanent home.
The decision immediately prompted accusations from Gov. Jared Polis, a Democrat, and Colorado Springs Mayor John Suthers, a Republican, that the move was politically motivated and influenced by President Donald Trump.
Even U.S. Rep. Doug Lamborn, a Colorado Springs Republican and fierce defender of Trump, called the decision horrendous and wrote a letter to President-elect Joe Biden asking him to reconsider.
Space Command is currently temporarily headquartered at Peterson Air Force Base in Colorado Springs.
Alabama Gov. Kay Ivey said that Huntsville's Redstone Region is set to house the headquarters for the newest U.S. military branch. The governor said she was informed of the decision Wednesday morning. An official announcement was set for Wednesday afternoon.
"Our state has long provided exceptional support for our military and their families as well as a rich and storied history when it comes to space exploration," Ivey said in a statement.
Pikes Peak rises above downtown Colorado Springs. Access to the mountains makes Colorado a desirable place to live. (Mark Reis, Special to The Colorado Sun)
Polis was pushing hard to secure Space Command for the state. So were Lamborn and former U.S. Sen. Cory Gardner, a Republican who lost his reelection bid in November.
Gardner was a close ally of President Donald Trump and often boasted of his ability to influence the president's decision-making on issues such as the relocation of the Bureau of Land Management's headquarters to Grand Junction. Space Command was one of Gardner's biggest focuses during his final days in office and he said he lobbied Trump, Vice President Mike Pence and military officials to permanently locate the Space Command headquarters in Colorado Springs.
Lamborn called said decision to relocate Space Command headquarters to Alabama poses a safety risk.
"There's no way around it: relocating SPACECOM will materially damage our national security," he said in a written statement.
Polis, in a written statement of his own, accused the Trump administration of making a political choice in sidestepping Colorado. He called the decision "misguided" and "fiscally irresponsible."
"Colorado's proud military heritage, unparalleled aerospace ecosystem, and unmatched quality of life for our service members and their families make us the epicenter of national security space and the only permanent home for U.S. Space Command," the statement said. "Reports that the in-depth military process found Colorado Springs to be the best location for military readiness and cost and recommended Colorado to the president only to be overruled for politically motivated reasons are deeply concerning."
Gov. Jared Polis speaks to reporters at a news conference on Tuesday, Oct. 13, 2020. (Jesse Paul, The Colorado Sun)
The governor added: "This move threatens jobs, could cause serious economic damage, and upend the lives of hundreds of military and civilian families that were counting on U.S Space Command staying at home in Colorado Springs as well as harm military readiness. It would negatively impact the mission which Colorado Springs has been flawlessly executing, ensuring our national security in the space domain."
Polis said he will work with Colorado's congressional delegation in an effort to scrutinize the decision.
"We pledge to work with our federal delegation to restore integrity to the process as it unfolds," the governor said in his statement. "The work of so many partners in Colorado Springs and across the state has been critical to the shared effort to keep U.S. Space Command in Colorado, and we are grateful for their partnership."
Suthers, the Colorado Springs mayor, said his "concern is that politics played a significant role in this result."
"It would be wholly appropriate, and we would request, that Congress and the Biden administration direct the U.S. Air Force to provide full details regarding the recommendations it made and make public the role President Trump played in this decision," Suthers said.
Huntsville's nickname, Rocket City, is thanks largely to Wernher von Braun and his team of fellow German-born rocketeers who settled there in the 1950s. The city has long been home to the Army's Redstone Arsenal and NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.
"The bottom line is simple, the Redstone Region is the most natural choice to become home to such an important mission for our country," Ivey said.
Ivey's office said Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Installations Bob Moriarity called Ivey to inform her of Secretary Barbara Barrett's decision about where the headquarters would be.
Other locations that were considered included Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexico; Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska; Peterson Air Force Base in Colorado; and Port San Antonio in Texas.
The Colorado Sun — jesse@coloradosun.com Desk: 720-432-2229
Colorado SpringsCory GardnerDoug LambornJared Polis
The state's argument that Pendley, the BLM's "acting director," did not have the authority to approve anything mirrors a federal case in Montana that overturned three resource-management plans.


This hall is a lovely large venue on the main street of East Harlsey, 2 miles from the A19 and 7 miles from Northallerton. Built in 1938, the building has a large Main Hall with stage, the smaller Hambleton Rooml, two committee rooms and the Mowbray Lounge Bar which serves as a lounge area with a well stocked bar for which the VH has a full licence manned by our volunteers (this used to be a snooker room).
At the front is an attractive covered verandah and grass lawn, while at the rear are the children's play area improved in 2017, a small football area and more grassed space.
The hall can be hired for many different purposes - small or large meetings, family parties, social gatherings, quizes, plays and music events and an annual pantomime. A more recent development has been hirings for Wedding receptions where the couple can plan their whole day to their own design. Click here to see photographs of some of these events.
Get directions to East Harlsey Village HallOpens Google Maps in a new window.
The hall can be open between 0900 and 0200. Contact the Caretaker for access.
There is a large outside grass area to the rear suitable for games, summer parties, Bouncy Castle or a marquee.


I have been enjoying a few days of post-Christmas quiet and working away on some projects. I didn't want to venture out into the cold and brave the boxing week shoppers to pick up photos, so I decided to work digitally with our recent Christmas pics. I love working with the new, upgraded Storybook Creator 4.0 - there are so many quicker, faster ways to get the results you want, and what a selection of artwork we have to choose from!
I decided to submit one of the digital layouts I completed to the December Challenge over at Scrap it With a Song. The challenge was to use your favorite Christmas carol as the inspiration for a layout. I chose "Santa Claus is Comin' to Town" as the theme for this layout showing Sam and Grayson visiting Santa this year at Bass Pro Shops.
I have always loved that Christmas song...especially the quintessential Bing Crosby & Andrew's Sisters version. I remember my mom and dad playing that album every Christmas when I was growing up and I still love that big band sound. The song also has an extra sentimental reason for me now...it's one of the first Christmas songs that Sam has learned to sing, and he does a great rendition despite his severe speech delay. I loved hearing him break into it every time he sees a photo or TV show about Santa!
Scrap it With a Song is also having a Design Team call, and after seeing what fun my Calgary Crops colleague Carla has had with this group, I decided to be brave and enter my name for consideration. It's one of my scrappy resolutions for 2013 to "get out there" and submit layouts for publishing and to apply for design teams, so here goes! Yikes!
I'll be sharing more of my digital projects as well as my scrappy resolutions in the coming days...see you soon!
PS...to parents in the Calgary area - I really recommend going to visit Santa at Bass Pro Shops when he returns next year! It was way less busy than some of the other major malls around Calgary, Santa was wonderful and there was so much fun stuff for the kids to do! We loved it!
What a gorgeous layout. I love using my digital scrapbooking. Thanks for joining us at Scrap it with a Song. Good luck on the DT.
Fabulous page Noreen! I love the design. All the photos and snowflakes are wonderful. Thanks for playing along at Scrap it with a Song!
love how great digi scrapping looks. Love how the page looks stitched together and the song lyrics are just right.
This is a beautiful layout! Thanks for joining us at Scrap it With a Song!
Fantastic layout Nor! Love the stitching! Thanks for playing along at Scrap it with a Song!!


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text:
Home > News > Cities > Hyderabad
Traffic cops breaking law at Secunderabad: Street vendors
Meghna Nath
Hans News Service | 13 Jan 2021 7:23 PM GMT
Police deny committing excesses and claim their behaviour within bounds of duty
Secunderabad: Street vendors have alleged harassment by the traffic police at Secunderabad railway station, which has been denied by the police officials. Leaders representing vendors hold that the way the police are dealing with the issue amounts to violation of the Street Vendors Act 2014.
There are about 70-80 street vendors who are facing hardship to run their business at Secunderabad---from Ganesh temple to the railway station. The Mahankali traffic police are not allowing them to conduct business after 4 pm in violation of the Act, allege street vendors.
According to them, for the past three months the traffic police have been asking them to run the stalls from 1 to 4 pm every day. If they continue sales later, the police are resorting to harassment and imposing fine.
"In spite of having identity cards, which is recognition that we are selling in a particular area, for the past three months the traffic police have been harassing us. They are not allowing us to run stalls after 4 pm. Three hours is not sufficient for us to run our business, as arranging/removing our products takes at least half hour. We are able to sell hardly for one hour," said Mohammad Riyaz, a street vendor, who sells footwear near the railway station.
"The police and officials are part of town standing committee and are having equal responsibility to implement the Act. But it is distressing to note that the Mahakali traffic police are harassing vendors by evicting and imposing penalty. This action of the police constitutes violation of the Act. It is a blatant violation of Articles 19 and 21 and violation of human rights of the poor who are earning their livelihood by street vending/hawking," said Venkat Mohan, president, Telangana Street Vendors and Hawkers' Union.
The police denied committing excesses and claimed that their behaviour was within bounds of duty. "This area is always packed with people and has not yet been declared under any zone. Even though vendors are allowed to carry on business, as evening is peak hour--when there is traffic congestion--we have asked the vendors to shut stalls after 4 pm," said G Ramesh, ACP, Mahankali Traffic Police.


TEX presented feedback from industry that has fundamentally led to the commencement of decoupling the term Smart Wired from its origins and licensing it back to industry. For years the term Smart Wired belonged to the Copper Development Corporation. There is agreement in principle between the CDC and industry that Smart Wired will be owned by Industry. This means that the industry will have the ability to use the term Smart Wired to generically describe the use of structured cabling and a number of other technologies including smart grids in residential and multi-dwelling units. This will dramatically change the acceptance of the concept of residential smart infrastructures in the eyes of builders, developers and home owners. TEX have been involved with the key working group responsible for development of an industry code of practice and associated handbook that will provide the Australian market with clear direction on what a Smart Wired home really is.


The meeting began at 7pm, with Joseph opening in prayer. The first order of business was a report from Melanie, who spent the past week calling realtors and realty companies to ask them to submit a proposal to represent the church. We briefly talked about some of the submissions we had already received, and discussed the decision-making process. Based on a unanimous consensus, as well as a recommendation from the elders and senior staff, a hierarchical ranking system was decided on, with each member individually ranking each submission, then coming together as a team to see if we have any consensus.
Based on Sunday's sermon, and extended discussions, the team committed to a corporate fast which will enable us to grow more in-tune with what God's will is for the congregation. Additionally, we agreed to pray on Tuesday at noon, while also fasting from whatever we are each individually convicted to give up. Our hope is that this will continue to ingrain in us that this is God's project, not ours, and that we are seeking HIS will in everything we do.
Additional discussion was devoted to the purpose of the Steering Team outside of looking for a new building. We are all excited about what God has in store for SMBC, and each of us feels uniquely called to lead in some capacity. We hope that as we draw closer to God, that He will continue to show us His plan for where SMBC should be, physically, mentally, and spiritually.
We are all excited about the future of the church, and hope the entire congregation will join with us in praying on Tuesdays at noon, as well as fasting in some manner over the next few days, weeks, and months.
Fasting and praying along with you guys.
Is searching for property the only objective of this group? What about other areas, processes, systems, and programs at SMBC?


Enzymatic and Structural Characterisation of Amphinase, a Novel Cytotoxic Ribonuclease from Rana pipiens Oocytes.
Singh, U.P., Ardelt, W., Saxena, S.K., Holloway, D.E., Vidunas, E., Lee, H.S., Saxena, A., Shogen, K., Acharya, K.R.
Besides Onconase (ONC) and its V11/N20/R103-variant, oocytes of the Northern Leopard frog (Rana pipiens) contain another homologue of ribonuclease A, which we named Amphinase (Amph). Four variants (Amph-1-4) were isolated and sequenced, each 114 amino acid residues in length and N-glycosylated at two positions. Sequence identities (a) among the variants and (b) versus ONC are 86.8-99.1% and 38.2-40.0%, respectively. When compared with other amphibian ribonucleases, a typical pattern of cysteine residues is evident but the N-terminal pyroglutamate residue is replaced by a six-residue extension. Amph variants have relatively weak ribonucleolytic activity that is insensitive to human ribonuclease inhibitor protein (RI). Values of k(cat)/K(M) with hypersensitive fluorogenic substrates are 10(4) and 10(2)-fold lower than the maximum values exhibited by ribonuclease A and ONC, respectively, and there is little cytosine/uracil or adenine/guanine discrimination at the B(1) or B(2) subsites, respectively. Amph variants have cytotoxic activity toward A-253 carcinoma cells that requires intact ribonucleolytic activity. The glycan component has little or no influence over single-stranded RNA cleavage, RI evasion or cytotoxicity. The crystal structures of natural and recombinant Amph-2 (determined at 1.8 and 1.9 A resolution, respectively) reveal that the N terminus is unlikely to play a catalytic role (but an unusual alpha2-beta1 loop may do so) and the B(2) subsite is rudimentary. At the active site, structural features that may contribute to the enzyme's low ribonucleolytic activity are the fixture of Lys14 in an obstructive position, the accompanying ejection of Lys42, and a lack of constraints on the conformations of Lys42 and His107.


These jackets are for hard working men. They are for men who work hard in the gym. They're for men who work hard on the playing field. They're for men who work hard on the job site or in the bush. With a sharp design and the right details to give an authentic retro vibe, these jackets will work with you, not against you. They'll keep you warm when you're just too cool, but they won't cover up the fact that you mean business. Whichever one of our hot brands you choose, you're going to be satisfied with the look, the feel and the functionality of these jackets. Whether you're the preppy college athlete type or you've got a rougher, more urban image, you're going to love the way you come across. Our jackets are cut to fit men with athletic builds, so you won't have to worry about them looking baggy or oversized. They won't bind around your chest or arms, either. You've got the moves, and they will move with you. Choose a denim jacket for work or for play, or you can pick your sport with our great selection of track jackets. Whether you're in training as a boxer, race car driver, football player, body builder or wrestler, we've got a jacket with the right look for you. You're a champion, so why not look like one?


text:
Home state inner image Dr Jitendra leads high-level Indian delegation to UAE international summit
Dr Jitendra leads high-level Indian delegation to UAE international summit
Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh talking to the media before leaving for Abu Dhabi on a visit to United Arab Emirates (UAE), on Sunday.
NEW DELHI, Dec 4: Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) Science & Technology; Minister of State (Independent Charge) Earth Sciences; MoS PMO, Personnel, Public Grievances, Pensions, Atomic Energy and Space, Dr Jitendra Singh will lead the high-level Indian Government delegation to United Arab Emirates (UAE) at the "Abu Dhabi Space Debate", a 2-day international summit beginning tomorrow.
Dr Jitendra Singh will address the Opening Ceremony on India's behalf along with the Israeli President Isaac Herzog.
Dr Jitendra Singh will also attend the Ministerial Plenary on the 'Role of Foreign Policy in Enabling Space Diplomacy and International Cooperation' along with the Minister Foreign Affairs of the UAE, Foreign Minister of Bahrain and Minister of Advanced Technologies of Israel.
The Minister is also scheduled to hold delegation level talks with Sarah Al Amiri, UAE Minister for Advanced Technology and Chairperson of UAE Space Agency to discuss ways and means for further strengthening bilateral space cooperation.
In a statement issued before departure to Abu Dhabi, Dr Jitendra Singh said, India and UAE joint space cooperation is on the verge of taking a big leap in the Arabian Peninsula, as the two sides have prioritised increased bilateral space cooperation. He said, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and UAE Space Agency (UAESA) signed an MoU regarding cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes in 2016. The Minister also informed that UAE's first nanosatellite – 'Nayif-1' meant for collecting environmental space data was launched by PSLV from Siriharikota.
Dr Jitendra Singh said, Space Reforms of Prime Minister Narendra Modi have opened many new vistas and only last month, India made a new beginning in India's Space journey by launching India's first ever private Rocket. He said, the reforms have also unleashed the innovative potentials of start-ups and within a short span of time, from a couple of Space Start-ups three -four years back, today we have 105 start-ups working in cutting-edge areas of space debris management., nano-satellite, launch vehicle, ground systems, research etc.
Dr Jitendra Singh is also likely to pitch for joint start-up ventures between India and United Arab Emirates in advanced and emerging space technologies during the delegation level talks with Sarah Al Amiri, UAE Minister of State for Advanced Technology and Chairperson of UAE Space Agency. Given the immense potential both countries have in the Space sector, cooperation in this sector would be a new dimension of strengthening bilateral relations.
Dr Jitendra Singh underlined that under the leadership of Prime Minister Modi and UAE President His Highness Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed, centuries old close bilateral relationship has gained intense momentum as the relationship was elevated to the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in 2017. Both countries signed the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement earlier this year and they aspire to take the bilateral trade from the existing US$ 72 billion to US$ 100 billion in the next five years.
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Adestra shortlisted for UK Customer Satisfaction Awards 2015
by Adestra
It gives us great pleasure to announce that Adestra has been shortlisted for the UK Customer Satisfaction Awards for the third consecutive year.
Henry Hyder-Smith, CEO at Adestra, commented:
"We're so proud to see our obsession with customer success recognised in this way. And for three consecutive years no less! Right from the start, we were founded on the principle of being a Software AND a Service, and we've infused that into everything we do. It's so great to see that our valued customers trust our dedication to help them reach their objectives."
About the UK Customer Satisfaction Awards
The UK Customer Satisfaction Awards is the only customer service awards run by the professional body for customer service. The awards recognise organisations and individuals that have implemented successful customer service strategies.
Adestra
Adestra have been empowering their clients to maximize marketing ROI through email-driven technology for over 14 years. Our flexible account structure, obsession with customer success, and award-winning service have gained the trust of global and growing brands alike.
We were founded on the principle that marketing success takes more than technology, and that's why customer service is at the heart of our business. But don't just take our word for it: Adestra are winners of the 2017 UK Institute of Customer Service Customer Focus award. We're not just Software as a Service, we're Software AND a Service®.


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Alamo Scouts Historical Foundation, Inc.
The 138 Ops
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Home > Publications > Movie Reviews > Anthropoid – Movie Review
Anthropoid – Movie Review
A Movie Review
of Anthropoid (2017)
By Lance Zedric
"What the hell is an Anthropoid?" I asked myself when considering whether to review a movie by the same name. My science teachers never taught me about such a thing, or if they did, I wasn't paying attention. Fortunately, the film's promotional posters featured the profile of an SS officer on a blood-red background. That, I could understand.
Reinhard Heydrich, the chief architect of the Final Solution (systematic genocide of all Jews in Europe), and number three goon in Hitler's Third Reich, was one of the all-time bad Nazis and needed a good killing. Known by the loving sobriquet, The Butcher of Prague, for his brutal occupation of Czechoslovakia, that's just what he got—courtesy of the brave men of Operation Anthropoid.
In late 1941, two British-trained Czech agents (played by Cillian Murphy and Jamie Dornan), parachuted into occupied Czechoslovakia and established contact with the Czech underground with orders from their government-in-exile in London, to assassinate Heydrich (Detlef Bothe). Since the Gestapo (German Secret Police) had already decimated the resistance, its leader balked because he knew the Germans would open a huge can of reprisal if anyone knocked off their golden boy, who commanded all German forces in the country and held the absurd title of "Protector of Bohemia and Moravia," which was effectively a euphemism for "Occupier of what used to be called Czechoslovakia before Germans conquered it."
Murphy and Dornan enlist the help of two women (convenient love interests) who assist them in planning the attack in downtown Prague, the capital city. Like in many/most war films, the fictitious romantic sub-plot in "Anthropoid" drives the story and broadens the commercial appeal, but does not weigh it down. Although the assassination is ultimately successful (Heydrich dies on June 4, 1942, a week after the somewhat botched attempt), the Germans lock down the city and, with the help of a Czech traitor, trap the assassins hiding in a church awaiting evacuation to England.
Unfortunately, it didn't end well for anyone in either the historical or Hollywood version of the event. In retaliation for the assassination, the Germans killed over 5,000 civilians and further tightened the screws during their occupation. Had Heydrich not been killed, perhaps he would have killed millions more innocent people throughout Europe and elsewhere, but that will never be known.
Critically, "Anthropoid" was an ambitious cinematic attempt that hit the mark (pun)—and didn't. The first half of the movie was slow (but interesting), and most World War II/espionage genre-philes (my word) could draw something from its well given they didn't dip too deep. The recreation of war-time Prague was aesthetically pleasing, as was the portrayal of an event from a foreign perspective. Although the acting was solid throughout, the dialogue was pedestrian—i.e., the mostly British and Irish actors sometimes "walked all over" their on-again, off-again Czech accents with too heavy a "Queen's brogue" if you will.
Despite the occasional artistic blip and an anti-climactic ending, "Anthropoid" reawakened interest in an event that had been in a (forgive the metaphor) flaccid, 75-year resolution phase. Also, the film might have generated more "buzz" with a less "insectile-sounding" title and more work in the editing room.
In true-life, SS-Obergruppenfuhrer Reinhard Heydrich, was one of the most evil, ruthless, and ambitious figures of World War II, but Operation Anthropoid brought him down. The story–even presented in mediocre form–needed to be told–as a cautionary tale warning despots and dreamers alike, that people like Heydrich are ultimately destroyed. By definition, an "anthropoid" is "human-like" in form, but in the case of Heydrich, even that's a stretch. 7 out of 10 stars.
To read past reviews, go to my website at www.Lancebooks.com and click "Movie Reviews"
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HomeRebel NewsIron Monkey to Release New Album "9-13" This October
Iron Monkey to Release New Album "9-13" This October
Cult UK doom/sludge outfit Iron Monkey return with 9-13, their first new full-length in almost two decades. After disbanding in 1999 due to the death of their original singer J.P. Morrow, the group has reformed for phase two of their mission. Recorded in their hometown of Nottingham in Spring 2017 A.D. with producer Johnny A. Carter, 9-13 is nine songs and 48 minutes of total nihilism. Now older, more cynical, and more isolationist, Iron Monkey are back to usurp the scene, then crush its skull. Without question, their most focused, aggressive, and direct material to date, 9-13 is an all-out assault of violent hatred and nightmarish negativity. Recommended listening for fans of pain, suffering, and misanthropy. Watch the new video for OmegaMangler.
"9-13" is set for release October 20th on CD, LP, and digital formats via Relapse Records.
Iron Monkey 9-13 Track Listing:
Crown Of Electrodes
Omegamangler
Toadcrucifier – R.I.P.P.E.R.
Mortarhex
The Rope
Doomsday Impulse Multiplier
Moreland St. Hammervortex
Iron Monkey was beaten to life in the year of your Lord, 1994, at the location of Nottingham, England. The original members were named: J.P.. Morrow, J. Rushby, S. Watson, D. Dalziel, and J. Greaves. Influences were primarily Eyehategod, Buzzov*en, Floor, Grief, and various hardcore punks and heavy metals.
Iron Monkey shit out six disgusting tracks of raw sludge-core that were released on the Union Mill label then later on Earache Records. During this period, S. Watson was thrown out and replaced by God's lonely man, Dean Berry. 1998 saw the release of the album Our Problem, also on Earache Records, a masterpiece of negative rock that instigated peace on earth and goodwill to all men.
This was succeeded by a split release on Man's Ruin Records with Church Of Misery from Japan. J. Rushby soon abdicated and the band found a replacement in the manner of S. O'hara of Acrimony. Iron Monkey was destroyed sometime in 1999. Vocal terror J. P. Morrow died of a heart attack in June of 2002. Rest in noise.
"The band reformed for no reason in the winter of 2016 with original members J. Rushby and S. Watson, with the addition of current Chaos UK drummer Brigga, forming the shape of an inverted black triangle of vitriol and phase two of operations. Iron Monkey do not care about your scene, bands, or opinions…Electrocution,Doom,Omega Omega Omega." – J. Rushby, 2017.
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Chytrid fungi construct actin-rich pseudopods, implicating actin regulators WASP and SCAR in an ancient mode of cell motility
Everett Hall 1
Luciane Silva 1
1. University of Kansas Medical Center
Fritz-Laylin, L. K., Lord, S. J., & Mullins, R. D. (2016). Chytrid fungi construct actin-rich pseudopods, implicating actin regulators WASP and SCAR in an ancient mode of cell motility. doi:10.1101/051821
The manuscript titled "Chytrid fungi construct actin-rich pseudopods, implicating actin regulators WASP and SCAR in an ancient mode of cell motility" aims to investigate a specific mode of pseudopod-driven cell motility, coined α-motility, and to establish nucleation promoting factors WASP and SCAR/WAVE as its evolutionary signature. While SCAR's role in pseudopod formation is firmly established, conflicting studies render WASP's involvement more questionable. A survey of nucleation factors in eukaryotes suggests that pseudopod formation only occurs in organisms with both WASP and SCAR. Therefore, the authors hypothesize that the two factors are required for α-motility. To test this hypothesis, two approaches are used.
First, the authors characterize WASP and SCAR patterning during pseudopod formation in differentiated HL-60 cells, and find that both nucleation factors move together at the leading edge. They also show that WASP-KD results in a large reduction (~50%) in pseudopod formation and the appearance of an immotile cell population with abnormal protrusions. Next, they successfully predicted α-motility in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a free-swimming, parasitic chytrid fungus that retains WASP and SCAR, but had not been known to exhibit pseudopod formation. In addition, they show that Bd pseudopods contain actin and that that inhibiting the Arp2/3 complex, an important component of actin-driven extensions, reduced pseudopod formation.
While the different approaches laid out in this manuscript provide a strong argument for the occurrence of α-motility only in organisms conserving WASP and SCAR, there is room for further refinement. Additional experiments and clarifications would allow further insight into the interplay between WASP and SCAR during α-motility, and allow easier interpretation of the results.
Major Comments
1. Pseudopod formation in WASP-KD cells – In figure 3, the authors show that pseudopod formation was reduced by half (from 80% to 40%) in WASP-KD cells compared to wildtype controls. While this change clearly implicates WASP in this process, the fact that the phenotype was not fully penetrant weakens the predictive value of the WASP/SCAR evolutionary signature model. A more detailed structural and molecular analysis of pseudopod formation in WASP-KD cells could help reconcile this discrepancy. Could pseudopod formation in WASP-KD cells be driven by a separate, compensatory mechanism unrelated to WASP function? Or is the structure of pseudopods formed by WASP-KD cells different from those formed in wildtype cells?
2. "Rhino" phenotype and migration in WASP-KD cells – In figure 3, the authors show that 30% of KD cells exhibited a "rhino" phenotype with abnormal protrusions, and that these cells were completely immotile in chemoattractant experiments. The cell tracking figure (Fig. 3G) is broken down into three parts: Wildtype, All KD cells, and "Rhino" cells. However, it is not clear if the migration of "non-rhino" KD cells is reduced compared to wildtype. Adding a fourth section to this figure depicting the path of these cells would allow for a more comprehensive analysis of the different sub-populations within WASP-KD cultures. In addition, further experiments to determine how the "rhino" cells become initially malformed, such as observation of KD cultures over extended periods of time, would better characterize the WASP-KD phenotype.
Minor Comments
1. Labels on phylogenetic tree – Figure 1 depicts a phylogenetic distribution of eukaryotes and includes WASP and SCAR conservation, along with the presence of pseudopod formation in the various organisms. The figure is successfully shows the pattern of pseudopod formation only in organisms that retain both nucleation factors, but could be made more complete by adding the labels for the taxonomic groups on the bottom half of the figure, such as the ones present on the top half.
2. WASP and SCAR localization – In figure 2 and movie S1, the localization of fluorescently tagged WASP and SCAR complex are shown over time during pseudopod formation. It is clear that both nucleation factors concentrate at the leading edge, but the WASP punctate expression occasionally "anchors", or moves in a retrograde fashion. Could this difference in expression perhaps provide insight into the function of WASP during pseudopod formation? In addition, the still images appear to show diffuse expression of both WASP and SCAR throughout the cell, not just at the leading edge. Could this simply be an artifact of the TIRF microscopy technique? Additional imaging experiments on fixed cells by fluorescent or confocal microscopy may allow enhanced detailing of WASP and SCAR's differing expression patterns and help elucidate the role of WASP in pseudopod formation.
3. Identity of the control vector(s) – In figure 3A and 3F, a "KD+Control" shRNA vector is shown. In the figure legend, the control vector is described as an "empty vector rescue control", while the text in the results section refers to "a control shRNA that targets a separate region of the WASP gene. Based off of the information provided, it is not clear whether both of these are referencing the same vector, or if there are multiple control vectors. Additional clarification on this point would allow easier interpretation of the results.
4. Clarifications of polymerized actin figure – In figure 3B, the authors show that WASP-KD cells exhibit reduced explosive actin polymerization as a result of chemoattractant treatment. The results are apparent, but initial interpretation of the figure may be improved by adding a figure key depicting the WT and KD groups. In addition, the small size of the error bars in the WT samples makes them difficult to see, giving the impression that the error bars are absent. Making the error bars a different color from the black squares would resolve this confusion.
5. Ordering of the figures within sections – In the results section of the manuscript, there are a few occasions where the references to the figures are disordered, requiring the reader to jump around the figure to follow the text. For example, the text pertaining to figure 3 lists the figure letters in the following order: A, E, C, D, F, G, B. Changing the figure arrangement is unrelated to the content, but it would improve the ease with which one reads the manuscript.
This article and its reviews are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and redistribution in any medium, provided that the original author and source are credited.
Everett Hall, Luciane Silva, Chytrid fungi construct actin-rich pseudopods, implicating actin regulators WASP and SCAR in an ancient mode of cell motility, The Winnower 8:e148087.70155 (2016). DOI: 10.15200/winn.148087.70155
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Rotaract Club of Shishu Mandir on the occasion of Deepavali organized a Rangoli competition for the women's of Kithaganoor Village K R Puram at Kithaganooru Govt school to entertain them and making happy by keeping away from their daily routines for some hours.
They provided gifts for the top three and 2 consolation prizes. They organized games for kids.
They also provided snacks. they had judges from the panchayat members of Kithaganoru, Manju and Krishnamma and a social worker of Shishu Mandir Subramani. 11 Rotaractors, 6 interactors and 2 non Rotaractors partcipated.
It was a great event as the the team 👫👫👫 is getting new opportunities to learn many new things.


The dig begins on August 16 and the 35-strong team expects its first discovery within the first two days, from beneath an armoured German train discovered in an underground tunnel between the Polish towns of Wroclaw and Walbrzych.
A Polish treasure-hunting duo is planning to put decades of hearsay to rest in the search for an underground train rumoured to be laden with Nazi gold - and has invited internet users to follow the action online.
History enthusiasts Piotr Koper and Andreas Richter said on Wednesday that the hunt in Walbrzych, western Poland, will be streamed in real time on the web.
"There will be a live stream," Christel Focken, a spokeswoman for the two men, told dpa, adding that information will also be posted on the project's website and Facebook page.
The dig begins on August 16 and the 35-strong team expects its first discovery within the first two days.
Last year, Richter and Koper claimed to have discovered an armoured German train in an underground tunnel between Wroclaw and Walbrzych using ground-penetrating radar.
Rumours have abounded in the region for decades that the Nazis had hidden gold and other treasures from advancing Soviet troops towards the end of World War II - but no stash has ever been found.
But the two men insist this is more than just a treasure hunt. The site may also have been used to hide the bodies of thousands of forced labourers, Focken said.
Not far from the suspected horde, the Nazi regime operated Projekt Riese, or "Project Giant," an ambitious tunnel construction project driven by slave labour which many workers did not survive.