The Daily Scam | We're Giving Away Money!
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The first exchange below is in response to an email we found announcing that someone had won the "BMW Lottery," though it wasn't our fictional Cory Meadows. The second email exchange below was in response to an offer from an officer of the "Bank of Africa." He needed a partner to move money into the U.S. and, by doing so, take a large cut of the funds. In both instances we stopped the charade when it became clear to us how "Cory" was going to be taken advantage of. Enjoy!
This is to inform you that you have been selected for a prize of a brand new 2016 Model BMW 7 Series Car and a Check of $1,500,000.00 USD from the international balloting programs held in the UNITED STATE OF AMERICA.
I got your email that I won the BMW lottery!!!
I am Mr. Daniel Smith, the fiduciary agent assigned to assist you in the claims process of your winnings by the BMW AUTOMOBILE LOTTERY PROMO, I am in receipt of your completed verification form, having done all the proper verification exercise I hereby confirm that your winning details sent to this office corresponds with the record on my file.
I therefore wish to congratulate you on behalf of the BMW Lottery Inc. and to state that you are a lucky person to have emerged as a winner in the on going 2016 BMW Lottery Promotions.
Each email address was attached to a ticket number and your Email (EMAIL REMOVED) attached with ticket number: 005206701114 and serial number: BMW-2551256003/23 were randomly selected as the star Prize winner among other consolation prize winners of brand new BMW 7 Series Car and a Check.
Finally you have been cleared for payment and required to contact INTERWORLF FREIGHT INC, delivery Company with the details below for the delivery of your 2016 BMW X7 and check respectively.
Agent Name: Mr. Anthony Lane.
A certificate of prize claims and some vital documents will be sent by the cargo company along with your winnings.
It is imperative that you include your Reference Number BMW-2551256003/23 as the subject on any correspondence with the courier company and the respectively to be ensure timely response.
Once again; congratulations! we hope your winnings will be used to impact positive change on Mankind.
Note. It's important that you keep your winnings very confidential as we have received several bogus emails from persons using winner's identity to press for claims. We have paid several impostor's who successfully present themselves as winners probably because they have winner's information and identity. It's important you heed to this advice.
This is so wonderful!! Thank you Mr. Smith.
What do I do next ? What happens now?
Thank your for your Email, I want you to contact the delivery company that will handle the delivery of your check and car to your home with the below information.
Finally you have been cleared for payment and required to contact INTERWORLD FREIGHT INC, delivery Company with the details below for the delivery of your 2016 BMW X7 and check respectively.
I won the BMW lottery and Mr. Daniel Smith says that I must contact you to arrange the delivery of the car and award. Is that right?
What do I need to do next to receive my award and car?
You are welcome to Inter World Freight Services Inc, we wish to congratulate you on behalf of the BMW Lottery Program.
You are welcome to Interworld Freight courier company. We want to use this email to advise you as our valuable customers to be very careful while presenting your residential address to avoid wrong delivery. Please note: confirmation has been forwarded to us to handle the delivery of your 2016 BMW 7X Series with a check, price to you by mailing you with the original copy of your winning certificate and other documents backing your winnings from the BMW Lottery Team, However you are expected to satisfy our charges via our upfront options which is the handling of your winnings to you according to the specifications of the BMW Lottery Department.
This means that your winnings has been officially cleared for delivery by the BMW Lottery verification Payment Dept . you can now begin the final step of the claims process which is the delivery of your Car and Check worth $1,500,000.00 United states dollars.
Please download the attachment and confirm your winnings as we have arranged your delivery schedules. Upon receipt of your email we shall provide you with our payment procedures for your selected option in accordance with the conditions stated in the options above.
This company declined reverse payment for these charges, stating that it is against our professional policy towards ensuring the safe delivery of the winnings to you.
That if a reverse payment is made, and something goes wrong, that we/you cannot sue the courier company or insurance company to recover the full value of the fund as stipulated in the check since payment for insurance cover was not made at point of mailing. With the above reason, reverse payment is ruled out.
You can deduct the costs for freight directly from my 1.5 million dollar winnings. And while you are at it, you can also take a $100 tip for yourself for being such a nice guy. Take your family to dinner!
Thank you for swift response I received your Email, and i want you to know that we can not withdraw from your check because it is not written to us, only you the beneficiary has the access to cash the check in any bank of your choice.
So please understand it will not be possible to deduct any can of fee from your check, my advise is that you look for the fee so that we can complete the delivery to your home.
How should I make the payment? And I assume the payment should be made to Interworld Freight, Inc.
You are welcome to InterWorld Freight Services Inc, we wish to congratulate you on behalf of the BMW Lottery Program.
Thank you for writing and your speedy response. Your feedback, support and encouragement go a long way in keeping us motivated and driven.
I received your mail, according to the information with me here, the Check is from the BMW Lottery Payment Department cash-able in any Bank of your choice and you will be receiving the BMW Car and Check with some documentations attached that will backup your funds and the car when you take it and proceed to the Bank to cash it.
Once again, We confirmed your preferred selected option, Please note: proper arrangement to deliver your BMW 2016 x7 series and check, has been made, immediately you send the fee, your winnings will immediately leave to 15 Princeton Ave, united states.
PAYMENT DETAILS TO REMIT PAYMENT FOR DELIVERY OF YOUR WINNINGS.
Once we receive the fees today your BMW 2016 Model x7 series will be release for immediate delivery to your door step today, as soon as you send the payment endeavor to get back to me with the reference numbers so that the The agent can be able to receive the fees and release your BMW 2016 x7 series and check for immediate delivery to your door step. I will call you immediately i send this mail to let you know about this development so that you will act fast.
I received the ref number please i want you to attach a copy of the payment slip to me for confirmation because the tracking numbers you forwarded is not correct so try and indicate the payment you sent for the delivery to your home.
And als send me your full delivery information again for proper verification.
I'm sorry but I don't know how to attach copy of the receipt. It is a piece of paper. Im not very good with comptuers. Can you help me? what should I do?
provide the number again to me and also let me know how much you sent and the means you sent it either western union or moneygram and most important provide the below information to enable us delivery your winnings.
Thanks i await your urgent response with the ref number to proceed with the delivery to your home today.
I will not report your name or face to my readers. Will you give me an interview via Skype so I can ask you about your "line of work"?
I Mr. Manawatu Toomer, chairman and chief operating officer with the Bank of Africa, and I want you to know that the amount of $ 17.5 million will be transferred to your name as a foreign partner of our deceased client.
I need your help to get this fund to be transfer out from here to your account, and we share at a ratio of 50% for me, while 50% is for you in any assistance that you may require to give during the transferring process of this fund into your account. You will receive this amount by bank transfer.
Subject: Re: This is the details of the transaction.
You contacted me about needing a foreign partner to transfer money to. I am interested.
Subject: This is the details of the transaction.
Thanks for your willingness to assist me in this transaction and also to know more how we are going to get this fund transferred into your Account. I want to assure you that this business is 100% risk free. I give you my words and we are going to conclude this transaction in good faith and share the fund peacefully. You don't have to be worried because I will ensure that this fund is transferred into your account without having any problem.
Straight to the point; In this transaction, this fund belong to one of the bank late customer, that died years ago without WILL (putting someone to inherit his fund) that is why I contacted you, for this has been so long, and if nobody apply for this fund, the bank management will remit it into bank treasure as unclaimed bill, but I do not want that to be, because I want us to join hand together and claim it, as I have all the necessary information the bank may require from you, and I will forward it to you when the need arise.
Forget about where you come from, anybody can claim this fund as long as that person provides the required information that the bank may require from him or her as a foreigner because the deceased customer was a foreigner, because this is not a WILL CLAIM, only that it will require some claim documents here, and all the document will be obtain in your name as the beneficiary here, from the ministries concern, and submit to the bank and this document proves you the beneficiary to this deposited funds.
What you have to do is to listen to my guideline until the fund is transferred into your account, and then I will come over to your country for the disbursement of the fund according to the percentages indicate in my first letter, 50% for you in any assistance you may require to give, while 50% is for me, I am looking for a reliable person whom I will do this business with, though I did not know much of you. I strongly believe that we can work together as partner, and get this fund out from the bank and transferred into your account peacefully.
Maybe looking at the whole transfer process it might look so difficult To achieve a successful result but I tell you that it is not as difficult as you might see it. There will not be any risk or problem after this fund is transferred into your account because I will delete all the files concerning the deceased man in our bank after the fund is transferred. This business is involved only you and I. I want to assure you that this business will not cause any kind of Problem to you because we are going to do it legally.
When this fund Is transferred there will be some cover up documents my bank will Issue you to show your bank that this fund is legally acquired. I tend to invest some part of this fund in hotel business and also import some agricultural machine's back to Burkina-Faso which I will use to set up mechanized farming. We can join together to set up all this Investment if you wish but if it is not OK by you then you have to Collect your own share and do anything you want to do with it. This Business will take us about 7 working days to mature.
You have to following my guidelines You are welcome thanks and my kind regards to your family This is bank transferred which I have all the information in how we Are going to get this fund transferred into your account without any Problem and also with my little power here in the bank I promise you That as soon as you apply to the bank as the next of kin I will be Here to give you all the needed information on how we are going to get this fund out from the bank.
Thanks and my kind regards to your family.
This sounds too good to be true. Even at my old age, I have heard of people being taken for money by internet schemes. This better not be one! And it can't be illegal too. I won't do anything illegal. Can you assure me that this is legal?
I really could use the money. I can't even pay for all my darn medical bills.
As a matter of fact, this transaction is for real and not any sort of phish.
I am optimistic that if you abide and follow my directions as expressed in previous mail, we shall successful and amicably achieve this transaction.
Thus, I am certain you have properly understood what it takes to achieve the transaction.
I have already studied this transaction before seeking your hand in assistance and these two important areas must be attained properly if we so desire to achieve the sole aim.
The legal aspects must be attained in other to prove beyond all reasonable doubt that the transaction is for real. The expected papers needed to authenticate the legality of the transaction has to be secured by a lawyer when the time reaches. And the cost of securing the papers by a lawyer has to be produced between both of us equally whenever the need arises.
So, I want you to get this message diluted and revert back to me before I could provide you a copy of the Application letter which you have to fill and send to bank.
What do I have to do to help you with this?
FOREIGN PAYMENT SCHEDULE CONTROLLER – FPSC.
TEL//FAX: 00226 50 3104 162.
SUB: DECEASED INHERITANCE FUNDS CLAIM REQUEST LETTER.
I AM…………………………………………………….. THE BENEFICIARY TO LATE MR. ROBERT McCARTHY, A SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONALITY, WHO DEPOSITED A VALUED SUM OF USD$17, 500, 000.00 (SEVENTEEN MILLION FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND UNITED STATES DOLLARS ONLY) IN YOUR CUSTODY, BANK OF AFRICA (BOA) IN BURKINA FASO.
MY LATE COUSIN/BUSINESS ASSOCIATE WAS A BUSINESSMAN BASED IN THAILAND, DIED IN 1997 AS A RESULT OF HEART RELATED ILLNESS. IN MY FULL LEGAL CAPACITY, I HEREBY SUBMIT THIS INHERITANCE FUND CLAIM REQUEST LETTER TO YOUR INSTITUTION, TO ENABLE ME HAVE MY INHERITANCE FUND AS MENTIONED ABOVE AND FREELY DISPOSE THE DEPOSITED FUND IN ACCOUNT #:67747212052 OF LATE MR. ROBERT McCARTHY TO ME BEING HIS LEGITIMATE NEXT OF KIN.
I REQUEST THAT THE SAID AMOUNT SHOULD BE TRANSFER TO MY ACCOUNT AS THE BENEFICIARY, AND ALSO WANT TO KNOW WHAT I SHOULD DO FOR ME TO HAVE MY LATE COUSIN'S FUNDS.
SIR, KINDLY TAKES URGENT CONSIDERATION TO MY REQUEST.
At this point we realized that the scam was most likely to be associated with sudden fees that would need to be paid in order to get the money out of the country. In any case, we were not about to send scanned passport pages to the scammers and ended the ruse.
We don't know why people continue to fall for these scams but they do, or these scammers wouldn't continue their efforts. Below are two more recent scams and if you like reading these, you can download a 21 page pdf file we assembled from dozens of these scams back in 2013!
I'm contacting because I want to be your friend and confide in you because I have in my possession now 186.13 Kilograms of Gold Bars, Quality: 23 carat, purity 92% that I inherited from my late mother which I want to ship to your country and sell for investment in your country because I want to leave Cote d'Ivoire and relocate to your country to continue my education in your country.
I want you to stand by me as my tutor and ship this Gold Bars to your country and sell for investment in your country.
Note that I am writing you this email purely on the ground of trust because I don't know you and we have not met before. I found you here and my mind convinced me that I can trust you.
products organized for Software users.
therefore attracted a cash award of EUR344,000.00 and a MacBook Pro laptop/iPhone7.
will be sent to your contact address in your location.


text:
Carson Chamber Singers Presents "Far From Me" Video, Music by Monteverdi & Hagenberg
An event every day that begins at 12:00 am, repeating until April 29, 2021
Grand Bazaar Fundraiser in Mesquite NV »
Carson City Symphony Association announces release of Project Euterpe – Episode 12, "Far From Me." It features the Carson Chamber Singers, an affiliate of the Carson City Symphony, performing works by Claudio Monteverdi and Elaine Hagenberg, conducted by Richard "Ricky" Hutton.
Hutton said, "I selected these pieces to be performed as a set that engages with the experience of choral musicians (and many others) during the pandemic. The text of Monteverdi's 'Longe da te, cor mio' from his fourth book of Italian madrigals speaks of loved ones separated by distance yearning to be reunited. Brian Newhouse's two texts, set by Elaine Hagenberg as companion pieces, also speak to the feelings of isolation and longing for connection. Hagenberg dedicates 'Songs from Silence' to 'the choral community in hope of healing during times of silence and distance.'"
The video can be viewed on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4-CKKR4DLU starting on March 21, 2021, or by searching for Carson City Symphony on YouTube.com, or by linking from Facebook.com/CarsonCitySymphony or the Symphony's website CCSymphony.com. Several other videos by Carson City Symphony musicians are also available for viewing on the Symphony's YouTube channel.
The Carson City Symphony and its associated ensembles have been entertaining people in the Carson City area since 1984. Because they can't perform in person, they are presenting Project Euterpe, a series of episodes that highlight the talents of Symphony musicians, ensembles, and guest artists.
Carson City Symphony Association performances are supported by public funding from the Nevada Arts Council and the National Endowment for the Arts, the Carson City Cultural Commission, and private donations. For more information, see CCSymphony.com or call 775-883-4154.
Performing, Virtual
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4-CKKR4DLU
Carson City Symphony
CarsonCitySymphony@gmail.com
http://CCSymphony.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
/– – / – – /
Edited By David Sanders
1841 – Catulle Mendès, French poet (d. 1909), is born.
1904 – Paul Viiding, Estonian poet (d. 1962), is born.
1967 – James Langston Hughes, American poet laureate, dies at 65.
2005 – Julia Randall, American poet (b. 1924), dies.
Maid's Song
I wept on cypress knees,
I made a coat of moss,
I took the glowing worm
And hid him from the grass.
The river moved but once,
I could not plant my foot,
I'd mouths about my arm.
At last my love went out.
—Julia Randall (1924–2005)
Soldier Poet Victimized by Egyptian Military, Says Ex-colonel Father
A few weeks ago Mohammed Wadeia, a young Egyptian army captain being held in solitary confinement in a military prison for the "crime" of joining protests in Tahrir Square against President Hosni Mubarak, complained that an old injury was troubling him. Deprived of a pen and paper, his real aim, when he reached hospital to be x-rayed, was something else. He wanted to write up the poems he had composed in his head and then slip them into an envelope to be delivered to his father, a retired colonel. It was a brave act. It was the paratroop officer's poetry that got him into trouble in the first place, sentenced to a year in prison for writing a protest poem criticising his superiors. Read more at the Guardian.
Nazım Hikmet Poem on View at London's Subway Station
Turkish poet Nazım Hikmet Ran has become one of the six poets to have their poems displayed in London subway trains, as part of the "World Poems on the Underground" project. The English translation of the poet's "Geceleyin Baku" (Baku at Night) will be on display on the walls of the train carriages until the end of the Olympic Games, to be held in London this summer. Read more at Hurriyet Daily News.
Poems and Stories by Lucia Perillo
by Adam Plunkett
On the cover of Inseminating the Elephant, Lucia Perillo's 2009 book of poems, minimal brush strokes form what look like four legs and one red trunk with the overlapping color patterns of Cézanne and a few dribbled lines of a Pollock. The painter is in fact Jojo the elephant, "a sweet-tempered, tuskless bull" who had been painting for 11 years at the time of the book's publication. He also plays harmonica in the Thai Elephant Orchestra. Jojo's example encourages as it disarms. Nature is more creative than we had imagined — an elephant can make art! — but the human imagination is less distinctive than we had presumed, since art is something even an elephant can make. This note of hopeful disillusionment marks much of Perillo's poetry, a limber body of work that for 20-odd years has celebrated the world that often hurts her. Read more at the New York Times.
Raw Material by Derek Mahon
by George Potts
"An important school of thought (Nabokov and Ted Hughes for example) has always insisted on literal translation," writes Derek Mahon. Adhering to a concept of translation markedly different from that of Nabokov and Hughes, he explains that his most recent volume of translated poems are "poems adapted from their originals … to make something not only respectable but also readable, and perhaps re-readable, in a different language." Read more at Literateur.
Book Review: Uncreative Writing
by Stephan Delbos
The most appropriate way to review Kenneth Goldsmith's Uncreative Writing, an inspiring, controversial and engaging critical survey-cum-manifesto, would be to simply copy and paste a previous review of the book and claim it as an original. Or perhaps a review of another book, or a chapter from a cookbook. Goldsmith has made a name for himself as the most visible proponent of a strain of avant-garde American poetry that doesn't seek to reinvent the wheel of what poetry can and should be in the Internet age, but rather to push that wheel into territory that has previously been inhabited by artists. Read more at the Prague Post.
My Mouse Field Was a Triumph
by Leah Umansky
Dorothea Tanning's Coming to That is a book full of imagination, creativity and intellect. Reading this collection, which was published a few months before her death in January of 2012, is a great joy as it reveals the imagination of a poet and an artist (not to mention a centenarian). I'm often impressed with poets who take risks in their writing, and sure, being 100+ definitely takes some edge off, but what I enjoyed most about Tanning's poetry was her inventive subject matter. For example, in the poem "Cultivation," Tanning writes in a Peter Rabbit meets Tim Burton sort of way. Read more at The Rumpus.
"I Saw A Peacock With A Fiery Tail": What's Your Favorite "Trick" Art? (VIDEO)
by Mallika Rao
When the Poetry Society of America asked Margaret Atwood to write about her first literary love, she had to coin a phrase to describe her unusual pick. "I Saw A Peacock With A Fiery Tail," the mysterious 17th-century poem a 4-year-old Atwood found in a nursery rhyme book became known after that as a "trick poem," a writer's version of trompe l'oeil. Read more at the Huffington Post.
Why I Still Write Poetry
by Charles Simic
When my mother was very old and in a nursing home, she surprised me one day toward the end of her life by asking me if I still wrote poetry. When I blurted out that I still do, she stared at me with incomprehension. I had to repeat what I said, till she sighed and shook her head, probably thinking to herself this son of mine has always been a little nuts. Now that I'm in my seventies, I'm asked that question now and then by people who don't know me well. Many of them, I suspect, hope to hear me say that I've come my senses and given up that foolish passion of my youth and are visibly surprised to hear me confess that I haven't yet. Read more at the New York Review of Books.
An ABC of Translating Poetry
by Willis Barnstone
I include this primer on the translation of poetry with pleasure and diffidence since I dislike dogma or prescription. Why not show preferences, to use Jorge Luis Borges' favorite word for choice, judgment, discrimination, and taste? The ABC itself allows me some escape from a charge of inconstancy in method in that it indicates that method is justified provided it is openly named. Read more at Poets.org.
Death by Poetry? It Happens All the Time.
A circular email arrives. It is addressed to several publishers, so I am one of a list – often quite an interesting list. Occasionally the list of other names is suppressed, so the email appears to be copied to its author, but I know I am one of many because the email will begin, "Dear Sir/Madam" or "Dear Publisher" or, as in one last week, "Dear Small Publishers". Then there is an appeal to read some poems. Read more at Happenstance Press.
Drafts & Fragments
Ensemble of Historic Documents, Books, Letters and Poems Featured at Sotheby's Sale
PARIS.- The 184-lot sale of Books & Manuscripts to be held at Sotheby's Paris on 15 May 2012 includes an ensemble of historic documents, books, letters and poems concerning two great names of French poetry: Paul Verlaine and Guillaume Apollinaire.
James Franco Shepherds Two Poetry-themed Pix
Who else but James Franco would cobble together his ongoing higher education, books of poetry, NYU graduate students, independent financing and fellow A-list actors to create not one, but two new feature films? That's just what the multihyphenate has done with "Tar" and "Black Dog, Red Dog," two standalone narrative pics based on separate collections of poetry that were adapted by students in Franco's filmmaking class. Read more at Variety.
Hailey Leithauser Wins Emily Dickinson First Book Award
Hailey Leithauser has won the Poetry Foundation's 2012 Emily Dickinson First Book Award. The 57-year-old poet has been writing off and on since the late 1970s. Since 2000, her work has been published in The Antioch Review, The Gettysburg Review, Pleiades, Best American Poetry, and Poetry. The award, which is given only occasionally, was designed to give recognition to an American poet over the age of forty who has yet to publish a collection of poetry. Read more at Media Bistro.
Annual Roethke Birthday Bash in Saginaw Features Poetry Reading
April's release of the Theodore Roethke postage stamp turned the Pulitzer Prize-winning poet's Saginaw homestead into a hub of activity and its organizers tired yet happy hosts. And as the observation of what would have been Roethke's 104th birthday comes around, they're at it again from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Saturday and Sunday, May 19 and 20, with "A Saginaw Celebration: The Life and Work of Theodore Roethke" at the Roethke House, 1805 Gratiot in Saginaw. Read more at M Live.
Hold Me to an Island: Caribbean Place: An Anthology of Writing edited by Kwame Dawes and Jeremy Poynting
[Paperback] Peepal Tree Press Ltd., 320 pp., $29.95
Exploring the relationships between the Caribbean people and their environment, this anthology brings together poetry, fiction, and other pieces of prose that focus on the Caribbean's natural and man-made environments with an insider point of view. The writings are divided by relating to various places, including constructed, intimate, and natural ones, in addition to the flora and fauna of the region, which has, in some cases, taken on iconic significance. This collection gives a true insight into both the Caribbean landscape and its corresponding mindscape.
The Art of Robert Frost by Tim Kendall
[Hardcover] Yale University Press, 408 pp., $35.00
In addition to close readings of the poems, The Art of Robert Frost traces the development of Frost's writing career and relevant aspects of his life. The book also assesses the particular nature of the poet's style, how it changes over time, and how it relates to the works of contemporary poets and movements, including Modernism. The first book on Frost to combine selected poems with a critical study, this appealing volume will be welcome on the shelves of scholars, students, and all other readers who love fine poetry.
Home Burial by Michael McGriff
Michael McGriff's second full-length collection explores interior landscapes and illustrates life in a rural community in the Pacific Northwest. Whether tender or hard-hitting, McGriff juxtaposes natural images of deep forests, creeks, coyotes, and crows against the harsher oil-grease realities of blue-collar life, creating poems that read like folk tales about the people working in grain mills, forests, and factories.
Inside/Out: Selected Poems by Marilyn Buck
[Paperback] City Lights Publishers, 128 pp., $13.95
Marilyn Buck was a committed political radical, imprisoned for over thirty years for her revolutionary activities. She was also a prolific writer and poet, publishing her work in a prize-winning chapbook, an audio CD, and in various journals and anthologies. She received a PEN American Center prize for poetry in 2001.This selection of her finest poetry is a living testament to the fierce intelligence and huge compassion that inspired and informed her life, and to the transcendence of her poetic vision.
Poet/Professor Mark Halliday
by Kelee Riesbeck
On this edition of Conversations from Studio B, Kelee Riesbeck talks with poet, Ohio University professor and critic Mark Halliday. Halliday, who has authored five collections of poetry, was recently awarded the rank of distinguished professor at Ohio University. Read more at WOUB.
Stanford's Eavan Boland Defines What It Means to Be a "Woman Poet"
by Camille Brown
Poetry has been an integral part of Eavan Boland's life since she was a young girl. In college she wrote her first publication, 23 Poems. She has gone on to publish nearly 20 books of poetry, winning awards and accolades from readers and critics alike. Growing up in Ireland, Boland found poetic inspiration in everyday life. But Boland, a self-described "woman poet," has always had trouble reconciling those two words. Read more at Stanford University News.
The Man in the Clearing
Iain Sinclair meets Gary Snyder
Coming through the woods, down a soft winding track, two minutes shy of the time we have been instructed to arrive, 10 a.m. on a bright Sunday morning, we see the man already there in the clearing, his right hand on the dog's collar. Two minutes later, you feel, and he'd be gone. But this is the right person, undoubtedly, the one we have come to see. In a solid, heavy, hired car, a Chevrolet Impala, we have driven down the coast, on 101, from Seattle to Eureka, where a mudslide after weeks of rain diverted us over the mountains to Red Bluff, and on to goldmining country, Nevada City and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. The man in the clearing, thin silver hair lit from behind, long blue work shirt over pink, is lean, of modest height, and steady as a post. Read more at the London Review of Books.
An Experiment That Failed
I tend to repeat myself. And I know I've touched on this issue before in different lights. But I couldn't help noticing the absurdity of match-ups in this week's newsletter. What caught my eye was the review of the book Uncreative Writing by Kenneth Goldsmith and the article about the soldier sentenced to a year in prison for writing a poem. To my mind, the notion of Goldsmith's conceptual poetry as somehow cutting edge or risky is odd. It is experimental. It's an experiment that failed about a hundred years ago. That we are treated to a manifesto on this as if it is to be taken seriously again is absurd—as absurd as someone sentenced to prison for writing a poem, although for altogether different reasons.


text:
Soviet Union–United States relations
Soviet–American relations
Diplomatic mission
Soviet Embassy, Washington, D.C.
United States Embassy, Moscow
Maxim Litvinov (first)
Viktor Komplektov (last)
William C. Bullitt (first)
Robert S. Strauss (last)
U.K. Prime Minister Winston Churchill, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Soviet Leader Joseph Stalin in Yalta, Crimea, Soviet Union in February 1945. The results of the meeting shaped the world order for the next half-century up until the Revolutions of 1989, which culminated in the end of communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe and beyond, eventually resulting in the dissolution and subsequential collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) succeeded the previous relations between the Russian Empire and the United States from 1776 to 1917 and preceded modern-day relations between the Russian Federation and the United States that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between both countries were established in 1933, which was late due to the countries' mutual hostility. During World War II, both countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of détente.
1 Country comparison
2.1 Pre-World War II relations
2.2 1917–1932
2.3 American relief and Russian famine of 1921
2.4 Recognition in 1933
2.5 World War II (1939–45)
2.6 Cold War (1947–91)
2.6.1 Détente
2.7 Resumption of the Cold War
2.7.1 End of Détente
2.7.2 Reagan attacks "Evil Empire"
2.8 American victory in the Cold War
2.8.1 Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Country comparison[edit]
Emblem/Seal
Area 22,402,200 km2 (8,649,538 sq mi) 9,526,468 km2 (3,794,101 sq mi)[1]
Population 286,730,819 (1989) 248,709,873 (1990)
Population density 13.0/km2 (33.6/sq mi) 34/km2 (85.5/sq mi)
Capital Moscow, RSFSR Washington, D.C.
Largest metropolitan areas Moscow (8,967,332 in 1989)
Leningrad (5,024,000 in 1989)
Kiev (2,587,945 in 1989)
Tashkent (2,072,59 in 1989)
Baku (1,795,000 in 1989)
New York City (7,322,564 in 1990)
Los Angeles (3,485,499 in 1990)
Chicago (2,783,600 in 1990)
Houston (1,697,873 in 1990)
Philadelphia (1,585,577 in 1990)
Government Federal Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic Federal presidential constitutional republic
Political parties Communist Party of the Soviet Union Democratic Party
First leader Vladimir Lenin George Washington
Last leader (1991) Mikhail Gorbachev George H. W. Bush
Established November 7, 1917 (October Revolution)
December 30, 1922 (Formation Treaty)
October 7, 1977 (constitution adopted) July 4, 1776 (independence declared)
September 3, 1783 (independence recognized)
June 21, 1788 (constitution adopted)
Most common language Russian English
Currency Soviet ruble United States dollar
GDP (nominal) $2.659 trillion (~$9,896 per capita) $5.79 trillion (~$24,000 per capita)
Intelligence agencies Committee for State Security (KGB)
Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU)
Military expenditures $217.579 billion (1990)[2] $624.852 billion (1990)[3]
Army size Soviet Army (1989)[4][5]
41,580 tanks
8,840 ATGM launchers
45,000 BMP/BTR
US Army (1989)[6]
Navy size Soviet Navy (1990)[7]
63 ballistic missiles submarines
72 cruise missiles submarines
64 nuclear attack submarines
65 conventional attack submarines
9 auxiliary submarines
6 aircraft carriers
4 battle cruisers
26 cruisers
52 destroyers
33 frigates
200 corvettes
35 amphibious warfare ships
425 patrol crafts
US Navy (1990)[8]
93 attack submarines
13 aircraft carriers
4 battleships
4 command ships
22 mine warfare
6 patrol boats
137 auxiliary ships
Air force size Soviet Air Force (1990)[9]
435 bombers
5,665 fighters/attacks
1,015 reconnaissance
84 tankers
620 transports
US Air Force (1990)[10]
327 bombers[11]
4,155 fighters/attacks[12]
533 reconnaissance
618 tankers
1295 transports[9]
Nuclear warheads (total)[13] 32,980 (1990) 21,392 (1990)
Economy Communism, specifically Marxism–Leninism Capitalism, mixed economy
Economic alliance Comecon Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Military alliance Warsaw Pact North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Countries allied
during the
Cold War Soviet Republics seat in the United Nations:
Byelorussia
Warsaw Pact:
Albania (until 1968)
Other allies:
Afghanistan (1978–1991)
Bangladesh (1972–1976)
China (1949–1961)
PR Congo
Cuba (from 1959)
Egypt (until 1973)
Ethiopia (1974–1987)
PDR Ethiopia (1987–1991)
France (NATO-aligned, part-time ally)
Grenada (1979–1983)
Indonesia (until 1965)
Kampuchea (1979–1989)
Laos (from 1975)
Libyan AR (1969–1977)
Libya (from 1977)
Mexico (part-time ally)
Nicaragua (from 1979)
Palestine (from 1988)
Somalia (until 1977)
South Yemen
Sweden (part-time ally)
Vietnam (North Vietnam until 1976)
Yugoslavia (until 1948)
NATO:
Belarus (in-exile)
Cuba (until 1959)
Egypt (from 1974)
Estonia (in-exile)
Ethiopia (until 1974)
Indonesia (from 1966)
Iran (until 1979)
Democratic Kampuchea (in-exile)
Khmer Republic (1970–1975)
Laos (until 1975)
Latvia (in-exile)
Libya (until 1969)
Lithuania (in-exile)
Nicaragua (until 1979)
North Yemen
Poland (in-exile)
Romania (Warsaw Pact-aligned, part-time ally)
Somalia (from 1978)
South Vietnam (1955–1975)
Ukraine (in-exile)
Yugoslavia (after 1948, part-time ally)
Leaders of the Soviet Union and the United States from 1917 to 1991.
Pre-World War II relations[edit]
1917–1932[edit]
Main articles: Russian Civil War, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, International relations (1919–1939), Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920), Anti-communism in the United States, and Comintern
American troops marching in Vladivostok following Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, August 1918
After the Bolshevik takeover of Russia in the October Revolution, Vladimir Lenin withdrew Russia from the First World War, allowing Germany to reallocate troops to face the Allied forces on the Western Front. This caused the Allied Powers to regard the new Russian government as traitorous for violating the Triple Entente terms against a separate peace.[14] Concurrently, US President Woodrow Wilson became increasingly aware of the human rights violations perpetuated by the new Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and opposed the new regime's atheism and advocacy of a command economy. He also was concerned that Marxism–Leninism would spread to the remainder of the Western world, and intended his landmark Fourteen Points partially to provide liberal democracy as an alternative worldwide ideology to Communism.[15][16]
However, President Wilson also believed that the new country would eventually transition to a progressive free-market democracy after the end of the chaos of the Russian Civil War, and that intervention against Soviet Russia would only turn the country against the United States. He likewise advocated a policy of noninterference in the war in the Fourteen Points, although he argued that the former Russian Empire's Polish territory should be ceded to the newly independent Second Polish Republic. Additionally many of Wilson's political opponents in the United States, including the Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Henry Cabot Lodge, believed that an independent Ukraine should be established. Despite this the United States, as a result of the fear of Japanese expansion into Russian-held territory and their support for the Allied-aligned Czech Legion, sent a small number of troops to Northern Russia and Siberia. The United States also provided indirect aid such as food and supplies to the White Army.[14][17][15]
At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 President Wilson and British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, despite the objections of French President Georges Clemenceau and Italian Foreign Minister Sidney Sonnino, pushed forward an idea to convene a summit at Prinkipo between the Bolsheviks and the White movement to form a common Russian delegation to the Conference. The Soviet Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, under the leadership of Leon Trotsky and Georgy Chicherin, received British and American envoys respectfully but had no intentions of agreeing to the deal due to their belief that the Conference was composed of an old capitalist order that would be swept away in a world revolution. By 1921, after the Bolsheviks gained the upper hand in the Russian Civil War, executed the Romanov imperial family, repudiated the tsarist debt, and called for a world revolution by the working class, it was regarded as a pariah nation by most of the world.[15] Beyond the Russian Civil War, relations were also dogged by claims of American companies for compensation for the nationalized industries they had invested in.[18]
Leaders of American foreign policy remain convinced that the Soviet Union was a hostile threat to American values. Republican Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes rejected recognition, telling labor union leaders that, "those in control of Moscow have not given up their original purpose of destroying existing governments wherever they can do so throughout the world."[19] Under President Calvin Coolidge, Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg warned that the Kremlin's international agency, the Communist International (Comintern) was aggressively planning subversion against other nations, including the United States, to "overthrow the existing order."[20] Herbert Hoover in 1919 warned Wilson that, "We cannot even remotely recognize this murderous tyranny without stimulating action is to radicalism in every country in Europe and without transgressing on every National ideal of our own."[21] Inside the U.S. State Department, the Division of Eastern European Affairs by 1924 was dominated by Robert F. Kelley, a zealous enemy of communism who trained a generation of specialists including George Kennan and Charles Bohlen. Kelley was convinced the Kremlin planned to activate the workers of the world against capitalism.[22]
Meanwhile, Great Britain took the lead in reopening relations with Moscow, especially trade, although they remain suspicious of communist subversion, and angry at the Kremlin's repudiation of Russian debts. Outside Washington, there was some American support for renewed relationships, especially in terms of technology.[23] Henry Ford, committed to the belief that international trade was the best way to avoid warfare, used his Ford Motor Company to build a truck industry and introduce tractors into Russia. Architect Albert Kahn became a consultant for all industrial construction in the Soviet Union in 1930.[24] A few intellectuals on the left showed an interest. After 1930, a number of activist intellectuals have become members of the Communist Party USA, or fellow travelers, and drummed up support for the Soviet Union. The American labor movement was divided, with the American Federation of Labor (AFL) an anti-communist stronghold, while left-wing elements in the late 1930s formed the rival Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). The CPUSA played a major role in the CIO until its members were purged beginning in 1946, and American organized labor became strongly anti-Soviet.[25]
American Relief Administration operations in Russia in 1922
American relief and Russian famine of 1921[edit]
Main article: American Relief Administration
Under Herbert Hoover, very large scale food relief was distributed to Europe after the war though the American Relief Administration. In 1921, to ease famine in Russia, the ARA's director in Europe, Walter Lyman Brown, began negotiating with the Soviet People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Maxim Litvinov, in Riga, Latvia. An agreement was reached on August 21, 1921, and an additional implementation agreement was signed by Brown and People's Commissar for Foreign Trade Leonid Krasin on December 30, 1921. The U.S. Congress appropriated $20,000,000 for relief under the Russian Famine Relief Act of late 1921. Hoover strongly detested Bolshevism, and felt the American aid would demonstrate the superiority of Western capitalism and thus help contain the spread of communism.[26][27]
At its peak, the ARA employed 300 Americans, more than 120,000 Russians and fed 10.5 million people daily. Its Russian operations were headed by Col. William N. Haskell. The Medical Division of the ARA functioned from November 1921 to June 1923 and helped overcome the typhus epidemic then ravaging Russia. The ARA's famine relief operations ran in parallel with much smaller Mennonite, Jewish and Quaker famine relief operations in Russia.[28][29]
The ARA's operations in Russia were shut down on June 15, 1923, after it was discovered that Russia renewed the export of grain.[30]
Recognition in 1933[edit]
Maxim Litvinov, the Soviet foreign minister (1930–1939) and ambassador to the United States (1941–1943)
By 1933, old fears of Communist threats had faded, and the American business community, as well as newspaper editors, were calling for diplomatic recognition. The business community was eager for large-scale trade with the Soviet Union. The US government hoped for some repayment on the old tsarist debts, and a promise not to support subversive movements inside the U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt took the initiative, with the assistance of his close friend and advisor Henry Morgenthau, Jr. and Russian expert William Bullitt, bypassing the State Department.[31][32] Roosevelt commissioned a survey of public opinion, which at the time meant asking 1100 newspaper editors; 63 percent favored recognition of the USSR and 27 percent were opposed. Roosevelt met personally with Catholic leaders to overcome their objections. He invited Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov to Washington for a series of high-level meetings in November 1933. He and Roosevelt agreed on issues of religious freedom for Americans working in the Soviet Union. The USSR promised not to interfere in internal American affairs, and to ensure that no organization in the USSR was working to hurt the U.S. or overthrow its government by force. Both sides agreed to postpone the debt question to a later date. Roosevelt thereupon announced an agreement on resumption of normal relations.[33][34] There were few complaints about the move.[35]
However, there was no progress on the debt issue, and little additional trade. Historians Justus D. Doenecke and Mark A. Stoler note that, "Both nations were soon disillusioned by the accord."[36] Many American businessmen expected a bonus in terms of large-scale trade, but it never materialized.[37]
Roosevelt named William Bullitt as ambassador from 1933 to 1936. Bullitt arrived in Moscow with high hopes for Soviet–American relations, his view of the Soviet leadership soured on closer inspection. By the end of his tenure, Bullitt was openly hostile to the Soviet government. He remained an outspoken anti-communist for the rest of his life.[38][39]
Map showing supplies that were delivered to the Soviet Union
World War II (1939–45)[edit]
Main articles: Diplomacy of World War II and Lend-Lease
Before the Germans decided to invade the Soviet Union in June 1941, relations remained strained, as the Soviet invasion of Finland, Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Soviet invasion of the Baltic states and the Soviet invasion of Poland stirred, which resulted in Soviet Union's expulsion from the League of Nations. Come the invasion of 1941, the Soviet Union entered a Mutual Assistance Treaty with the United Kingdom, and received aid from the American Lend-Lease program, relieving American-Soviet tensions, and bringing together former enemies in the fight against Nazi Germany and the Axis powers.
Though operational cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union was notably less than that between other allied powers, the United States nevertheless provided the Soviet Union with huge quantities of weapons, ships, aircraft, rolling stock, strategic materials, and food through the Lend-Lease program. The Americans and the Soviets were as much for war with Germany as for the expansion of an ideological sphere of influence. During the war, President Harry S. Truman stated that it did not matter to him if a German or a Soviet soldier died so long as either side is losing.[40]
Soviet and American troops meet in April 1945, east of the Elbe River.
The American Russian Cultural Association (Russian: Американо–русская культурная ассоциация) was organized in the US in 1942 to encourage cultural ties between the Soviet Union and the United States, with Nicholas Roerich as honorary president. The group's first annual report was issued the following year. The group does not appear to have lasted much past Nicholas Roerich's death in 1947.[41][42]
In total, the U.S. deliveries through Lend-Lease amounted to $11 billion in materials: over 400,000 jeeps and trucks; 12,000 armored vehicles (including 7,000 tanks, about 1,386[43] of which were M3 Lees and 4,102 M4 Shermans);[44] 11,400 aircraft (4,719 of which were Bell P-39 Airacobras)[45] and 1.75 million tons of food.[46]
Roughly 17.5 million tons of military equipment, vehicles, industrial supplies, and food were shipped from the Western Hemisphere to the Soviet Union, with 94 percent coming from the United States. For comparison, a total of 22 million tons landed in Europe to supply American forces from January 1942 to May 1945. It has been estimated that American deliveries to the USSR through the Persian Corridor alone were sufficient, by US Army standards, to maintain sixty combat divisions in the line.[47][48]
The United States delivered to the Soviet Union from October 1, 1941 to May 31, 1945 the following: 427,284 trucks, 13,303 combat vehicles, 35,170 motorcycles, 2,328 ordnance service vehicles, 2,670,371 tons of petroleum products (gasoline and oil) or 57.8 percent of the high-octane aviation fuel,[49] 4,478,116 tons of foodstuffs (canned meats, sugar, flour, salt, etc.), 1,911 steam locomotives, 66 diesel locomotives, 9,920 flat cars, 1,000 dump cars, 120 tank cars, and 35 heavy machinery cars. Provided ordnance goods (ammunition, artillery shells, mines, assorted explosives) amounted to 53 percent of total domestic production.[49] One item typical of many was a tire plant that was lifted bodily from the Ford's River Rouge Plant and transferred to the USSR. The 1947 money value of the supplies and services amounted to about eleven billion dollars.[50]
Memorandum for the President's Special Assistant Harry Hopkins, Washington, D.C., 10 August 1943:
In War II Russia occupies a dominant position and is the decisive factor looking toward the defeat of the Axis in Europe. While in Sicily the forces of Great Britain and the United States are being opposed by 2 German divisions, the Russian front is receiving attention of approximately 200 German divisions. Whenever the Allies open a second front on the Continent, it will be decidedly a secondary front to that of Russia; theirs will continue to be the main effort. Without Russia in the war, the Axis cannot be defeated in Europe, and the position of the United Nations becomes precarious. Similarly, Russia's post-war position in Europe will be a dominant one. With Germany crushed, there is no power in Europe to oppose her tremendous military forces.[51]
Cold War (1947–91)[edit]
Main articles: Cold War, Cold War (1947–53), Cold War (1953–62), Cold War (1962–79), Cold War (1979–85), Cold War (1985–91), and Nuclear arms race
Soviet Union-United States (including spheres of influence) relations
The end of World War II saw the resurgence of previous divisions between the two nations. The expansion of communist influence into Eastern Europe following Germany's defeat worried the liberal free market economies of the West, particularly the United States, which had established virtual economic and political primacy in Western Europe. The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines. This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle—lasting from the announcement of the Truman Doctrine on March 12, 1947 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 26, 1991—is known as the Cold War, a period of nearly 45 years.
The Soviet Union detonated its first nuclear weapon in 1949, ending the United States' monopoly on nuclear weapons. The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union. Andrei Gromyko was Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, and is the longest-serving foreign minister in the world.
L–R: Llewellyn Thompson, Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko, and Dean Rusk
After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan. The United States extended the Marshall Plan to the Soviet Union, but under such terms, the Americans knew the Soviets would never accept, namely the acceptance of, what the Soviets viewed as, a bourgeoisie democracy, not characteristic of Stalinist communism. With its growing influence on Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union sought to counter this with the Comecon in 1949, which essentially did the same thing, though was more an economic cooperation agreement instead of a clear plan to rebuild. The United States and its Western European allies sought to strengthen their bonds and spite the Soviet Union. They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO which was essentially a military agreement. The Soviet Union countered with the Warsaw Pact, which had similar results with the Eastern Bloc.
Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin with U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson at the 1967 Glassboro Summit Conference.
Détente[edit]
Main articles: Presidency of Richard Nixon, Détente, Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, and Helsinki Accords
Détente began in 1969, as a core element of the foreign policy of president Richard Nixon and his top advisor Henry Kissinger. They wanted to end the containment policy and gain friendlier relations with the USSR and China. Those two were rivals and Nixon expected they would go along with Washington as to not give the other rival an advantage. One of Nixon's terms is that both nations had to stop helping North Vietnam in the Vietnam War, which they did. Nixon and Kissinger promoted greater dialogue with the Soviet government, including regular summit meetings and negotiations over arms control and other bilateral agreements. Brezhnev met with Nixon at summits in Moscow in 1972, in Washington in 1973, and, again in Moscow in 1974. They became personal friends.[52][53] Détente was known in Russian as разрядка (razryadka, loosely meaning "relaxation of tension").[54]
The period was characterized by the signing of treaties such as SALT I and the Helsinki Accords. Another treaty, START II, was discussed but never ratified by the United States. There is still ongoing debate amongst historians as to how successful the détente period was in achieving peace.[55][56]
President Gerald Ford, General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, and Henry Kissinger speaking informally at the Vladivostok Summit in 1974
After the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, the two superpowers agreed to install a direct hotline between Washington D.C. and Moscow (the so-called red telephone), enabling leaders of both countries to quickly interact with each other in a time of urgency, and reduce the chances that future crises could escalate into an all-out war. The U.S./USSR détente was presented as an applied extension of that thinking. The SALT II pact of the late 1970s continued the work of the SALT I talks, ensuring further reduction in arms by the Soviets and by the U.S. The Helsinki Accords, in which the Soviets promised to grant free elections in Europe, has been called a major concession to ensure peace by the Soviets.
The pro-Soviet American business magnate Armand Hammer of Occidental Petroleum often mediated trade relations. Author Daniel Yergin, in his book The Prize, writes that Hammer "ended up as a go-between for five Soviet General Secretaries and seven U.S. Presidents."[57] Hammer had extensive business relationship in the Soviet Union stretching back to the 1920s with Lenin's approval.[58][59] According to Christian Science Monitor in 1980, "although his business dealings with the Soviet Union were cut short when Stalin came to power, he had more or less single-handedly laid the groundwork for the [1980] state of Western trade with the Soviet Union."[58] In 1974, Brezhnev "publicly recognized Hammer's role in facilitating East-West trade." By 1981, according to the New York Times in that year, Hammer was on a "first-name basis with Leonid Brezhnev."[59]
Resumption of the Cold War[edit]
End of Détente[edit]
Main articles: Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration, Soviet–Afghan War, and Operation Cyclone
The period of détente ended after the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, which led to the United States boycott of the 1980 Olympics in Moscow. Ronald Reagan's election as president in 1980 was further based in large part on an anti-détente campaign.[60] In his first press conference, President Reagan said "Détente's been a one-way street that the Soviet Union has used to pursue its aims."[61] Following this, relations turned increasingly sour with the unrest in Poland,[62][63] end of the SALT II negotiations, and the NATO exercise in 1983 that brought the superpowers almost on the brink of nuclear war.[64] The United States, Pakistan, and their allies supported the rebels. To punish Moscow, President Jimmy Carter imposed a grain embargo. This hurt American farmers more than it did the Soviet economy, and President Ronald Reagan resumed sales in 1981. Other nations sold their own grain to the USSR, and the Soviets had ample reserve stocks and a good harvest of their own.[65]
Reagan attacks "Evil Empire"[edit]
Main article: Evil Empire speech
Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev with wives attending a dinner at the Soviet Embassy in Washington, 9 December 1987
Reagan escalated the Cold War, accelerating a reversal from the policy of détente which had begun in 1979 after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.[66] Reagan feared that the Soviet Union had gained a military advantage over the United States, and the Reagan administration hoped to that heightened military spending would grant the U.S. military superiority and weaken the Soviet economy.[67] Reagan ordered a massive buildup of the United States Armed Forces, directing funding to the B-1 Lancer bomber, the B-2 Spirit bomber, cruise missiles, the MX missile, and the 600-ship Navy.[68] In response to Soviet deployment of the SS-20, Reagan oversaw NATO's deployment of the Pershing missile in West Germany.[69] The president also strongly denounced the Soviet Union and Communism in moral terms, describing the Soviet Union an "evil empire."[70]
American victory in the Cold War[edit]
Further information: Revolutions of 1989
At the Malta Summit of December 1989, both the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union declared the Cold War over. In 1991, the two countries were partners in the Gulf War against Iraq, a longtime Soviet ally. On 31 July 1991, the START I treaty cutting the number of deployed nuclear warheads of both countries was signed by Gorbachev and Bush. START negotiated the largest and most complex arms control treaty in history, and its final implementation in late 2001 resulted in the removal of about 80% of all strategic nuclear weapons then in existence.[71]
Reagan and Gorbachev had eased Cold War tensions during Reagan's second term, but Bush was initially skeptical of Soviet intentions.[72] During the first year of his tenure, Bush pursued what Soviets referred to as the pauza, a break in Reagan's détente policies.[73] While Bush implemented his pauza policy in 1989, Soviet satellites in Eastern Europe challenged Soviet domination.[74] Bush helped convince Polish Communist leaders to allow democratic elections in June, won by the anti-Communists. In 1989, Communist governments fell in all the satellites, with significant violence only in Romania. In November 1989, massive popular demand forced the government of East Germany to open the Berlin Wall, and it was soon demolished by gleeful Berliners. Gorbachev refused to send in the Soviet military, effectively abandoning the Brezhnev Doctrine.[75] Within a few weeks Communist regimes across Eastern Europe collapsed, and Soviet supported parties across the globe became demoralized. The U.S. was not directly involved in these upheavals, but the Bush administration avoided the appearance of gloating over the NATO victory to avoid undermining further democratic reforms especially in the USSR.[76][77]
Bush and Gorbachev met in December 1989 in summit on the island of Malta. Bush sought cooperative relations with Gorbachev throughout the remainder of his term, putting his trust in Gorbachev to suppress the remaining Soviet hard-liners.[78] The key issue at the Malta Summit was the potential reunification of Germany.[79] While Britain and France were wary of a re-unified Germany, Bush pushed for German reunification alongside West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl.[80] Gorbachev resisted the idea of a reunified Germany, especially if it became part of NATO, but the upheavals of the previous year had sapped his power at home and abroad.[81] Gorbachev agreed to hold "Two-Plus-Four" talks among the U.S., the Soviet Union, France, Britain, West Germany, and East Germany, which commenced in 1990. After extensive negotiations, Gorbachev eventually agreed to allow a reunified Germany to be a part of NATO. With the signing of the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Germany officially reunified in October 1990.[82]
Dissolution of the Soviet Union[edit]
Further information: Dissolution of the Soviet Union and Post–Cold War era
The Soviet Union dissolved into fifteen independent republics in 1991; Russia is in pink.
While Gorbachev acquiesced to the democratization of Soviet satellite states, he suppressed nationalist movements within the Soviet Union itself.[83] Stalin had occupied and annexed the Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia in the 1940s. The old leadership was executed or deported or fled; hundreds of thousands of Russians moved in, but nowhere were they a majority. Hatreds simmered. Lithuania's March 1990 proclamation of independence was strongly opposed by Gorbachev, who feared that the Soviet Union could fall apart if he allowed Lithuania's independence. The United States had never recognized the Soviet incorporation of the Baltic states, and the crisis in Lithuania left Bush in a difficult position. Bush needed Gorbachev's cooperation in the reunification of Germany, and he feared that the collapse of the Soviet Union could leave nuclear arms in dangerous hands. The Bush administration mildly protested Gorbachev's suppression of Lithuania's independence movement, but took no action to directly intervene.[84] Bush warned independence movements of the disorder that could come with secession from the Soviet Union; in a 1991 address that critics labeled the "Chicken Kiev speech", he cautioned against "suicidal nationalism".[85]
Bush and Gorbachev at the Helsinki Summit in 1990
In July 1991, Bush and Gorbachev signed the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I) treaty, the first major arms agreement since the 1987 Intermediate Ranged Nuclear Forces Treaty.[86] Both countries agreed to cut their strategic nuclear weapons by 30 percent, and the Soviet Union promised to reduce its intercontinental ballistic missile force by 50 percent.[87] In August 1991, hard-line Communists launched a coup against Gorbachev; while the coup quickly fell apart, it broke the remaining power of Gorbachev and the central Soviet government.[88] Later that month, Gorbachev resigned as general secretary of the Communist party, and Russian president Boris Yeltsin ordered the seizure of Soviet property. Gorbachev clung to power as the President of the Soviet Union, until 25 December 1991, when the Soviet Union dissolved.[89] Fifteen states emerged from the Soviet Union, and of those states, Russia was the largest and most populous. Bush and Yeltsin met in February 1992, declaring a new era of "friendship and partnership".[90] In January 1993, Bush and Yeltsin agreed to START II, which provided for further nuclear arms reductions on top of the original START treaty.[91]
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^ Little, p 178
^ Little, p 378-79.
^ Little, p 379.
^ Kendall E. Bailes, "The American Connection: Ideology and the Transfer of American Technology to the Soviet Union, 1917–1941." Comparative Studies in Society and History 23#3 (1981): 421-448.
^ Dana G. Dalrymple, "The American tractor comes to Soviet agriculture: The transfer of a technology." Technology and Culture 5.2 (1964): 191-214.
^ Michael J. Heale, American anti-communism: combating the enemy within, 1830-1970 (1990).
^ Benjamin M. Weissman, "Herbert Hoover and the famine in Soviet Russia, 1921-23" in Mark Hatfield, ed. Herbert Hoover Reassessed (1981) pp 390–396.
^ Bertrand M. Patenaude, "A Race against Anarchy: Even after the Great War ended, famine and chaos threatened Europe. Herbert Hoover rescued the continent, reviving trade, rebuilding infrastructure, and restoring economic order, holding a budding Bolshevism in check." Hoover Digest 2 (2020): 183-200 online
^ See Lance Yoder's "Historical Sketch" in the online Mennonite Central Committee Photograph Collection Archived February 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ See David McFadden et al., Constructive Spirit: Quakers in Revolutionary Russia (2004).
^ Charles M. Edmondson, "An Inquiry into the Termination of Soviet Famine Relief Programmes and the Renewal of Grain Export, 1922–23", Soviet Studies, Vol. 33, No. 3 (1981), pp. 370–385
^ Robert Paul Browder, The origins of Soviet-American diplomacy (1953) pp 99-127 Online free to borrow
^ Robert P. Browder, "The First Encounter: Roosevelt and the Russians, 1933" United States Naval Institute proceedings (May 1957) 83#5 pp 523-32.
^ Robert Dallek (1979). Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945: With a New Afterword. Oxford UP. pp. 78–81. ISBN 9780195357059.
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^ Paul F. Boller (1996). Not So!: Popular Myths about America from Columbus to Clinton. Oxford UP. pp. 110–14. ISBN 9780195109726.
^ Justus D. Doenecke and Mark A. Stoler (2005). Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's Foreign Policies, 1933-1945. pp. 18. 121. ISBN 9780847694167.
^ Joan H. Wilson, "American Business and the Recognition of the Soviet Union." Social Science Quarterly (1971): 349-368. in JSTOR
^ Will Brownell and Richard Billings, So Close to Greatness: The Biography of William C. Bullitt (1988)
^ Edward Moore Bennett, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the search for security: American-Soviet relations, 1933-1939 (1985).
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^ Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) p. 28, 30, 31
^ Lend-Lease Shipments: World War II, Section IIIB, Published by Office, Chief of Finance, War Department, 31 December 1946, p. 8.
^ Hardesty 1991, p. 253 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHardesty1991 (help)
^ World War II The War Against Germany And Italy, US Army Center Of Military History, page 158.
^ "The five Lend-Lease routes to Russia". Engines of the Red Army. Archived from the original on 4 September 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
^ Motter, T.H. Vail (1952). The Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia. Center of Military History. pp. 4–6. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
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^ Deane, John R. 1947. The Strange Alliance, The Story of Our Efforts at Wartime Co-operation with Russia. The Viking Press.
^ "The Executive of the Presidents Soviet Protocol Committee (Burns) to the President's Special Assistant (Hopkins)". www.history.state.gov. Office of the Historian.
^ Donald J. Raleigh, "'I Speak Frankly Because You Are My Friend': Leonid Ilich Brezhnev's Personal Relationship with Richard M. Nixon." Soviet & Post-Soviet Review (2018) 45#2 pp 151-182.
^ Craig Daigle (2012). The Limits of Detente: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1969-1973. Yale UP. pp. 273–78. ISBN 978-0300183344.
^ Barbara Keys, "Nixon/Kissinger and Brezhnev." Diplomatic History 42.4 (2018): 548-551.
^ "The Rise and Fall of Détente, Professor Branislav L. Slantchev, Department of Political Science, University of California – San Diego 2014" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
^ Nuti, Leopoldo (11 November 2008). The Crisis of Détente in Europe. ISBN 9780203887165. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
^ Yergin, Daniel (2011-04-05). The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power. Simon and Schuster. p. 557. ISBN 978-1-4391-3483-2.
^ a b "Deal-maker Armand Hammer Moscow's capitalist comrade". Christian Science Monitor. 1980-07-03. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
^ a b "THE RIDDLE OF ARMAND HAMMER". The New York Times. 1981-11-29. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
^ "Ronald Reagan, radio broadcast on August 7th, 1978" (PDF). Retrieved 22 July 2014.
^ "Ronald Reagan. January 29, 1981 press conference". Presidency.ucsb.edu. 29 January 1981. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
^ "Detente Wanes as Soviets Quarantine Satellites from Polish Fever". Washington Post. 1980-10-19.
^ Simes, Dimitri K. (1980). "The Death of Detente?". International Security. 5 (1): 3–25. doi:10.2307/2538471. JSTOR 2538471. S2CID 154098316.
^ "The Cold War Heats up – New Documents Reveal the "Able Archer" War Scare of 1983". 2013-05-20.
^ Robert L. Paarlberg, "Lessons of the grain embargo." Foreign Affairs 59.1 (1980): 144-162. online
^ "Towards an International History of the War in Afghanistan, 1979–89". The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 2002. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
^ Douglas C. Rossinow, The Reagan Era: A History of the 1980s (2015). pp. 66–67
^ James Patterson, Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore (2005). p. 200
^ Patterson, pp. 205
^ Rossinow, p. 67
^ Stuart Polen, "START I: A Retrospective." Illini Journal of International Security 3.1 (2017): 21-36 online.
^ Timothy Naftali, George H. W. Bush (2007) pp. 67-68
^ Greene, pp. 110–112
^ John Robert Greene, The Presidency of George Bush (2nd ed. 2015) p. 119
^ George C. Herring, From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (2008) pp 904-6.
^ Mary E. Sarotte, "In victory, magnanimity: US foreign policy, 1989–1991, and the legacy of prefabricated multilateralism." International Politics 48.4-5 (2011): 482-495.
^ Zbigniew Brzezinski, "The Cold War and Its Aftermath" Foreign Affairs 71#4 (1992), pp. 31-49 online
^ Naftali, George H. W. Bush (2007), pp. 91-93
^ Greene, p. 126
^ Heilbrunn, Jacob (March 31, 1996). "Together Again". New York Times.
^ Herring, pp. 906–907
^ Herring, p. 907
^ "1991: Superpowers to cut nuclear warheads". BBC News. July 31, 1991.
^ Naftali, George H. W. Bush (2007), pp 137-138
^ Jussi Hanhimäki; Georges-Henri Soutou; Basil Germond (2010). The Routledge Handbook of Transatlantic Security. Routledge. p. 501. ISBN 9781136936074.
^ Ruud van Dijk; et al. (2013). Encyclopedia of the Cold War. Routledge. pp. 860–51. ISBN 978-1135923112.
American Relief Administration (ARA) American relief mission to Russia headed by Herbert Hoover 1921
Bennett, Edward M. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Search for Security: American-Soviet Relations, 1933-1939 (1985)
Bennett, Edward M. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Search for Victory: American-Soviet Relations, 1939-1945 (1990).
Browder, Robert P. "The First Encounter: Roosevelt and the Russians, 1933" United States Naval Institute proceedings (May 1957) 83#5 pp 523–32.
Browder, Robert P. The origins of Soviet-American diplomacy (1953) pp 99–127 Online free to borrow
Cohen, Warren I. The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations: Vol. IV: America in the Age of Soviet Power, 1945-1991 (1993).
Crockatt, Richard. The Fifty Years War: The United States and the Soviet Union in world politics, 1941-1991 (1995).
Diesing, Duane J. Russia and the United States: Future Implications of Historical Relationships (No. Au/Acsc/Diesing/Ay09. Air Command And Staff Coll Maxwell Afb Al, 2009). online
Dunbabin, J.P.D. International Relations since 1945: Vol. 1: The Cold War: The Great Powers and their Allies (1994).
Fike, Claude E. "The Influence of the Creel Committee and the American Red Cross on Russian-American Relations, 1917-1919." Journal of Modern History 31#2 (1959): 93-109. online.
Foglesong, David S. The American mission and the 'Evil Empire': the crusade for a 'Free Russia' since 1881 (2007).
Gaddis, John Lewis. Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States (2nd ed. 1990) online free to borrow covers 1781-1988
Gaddis, John Lewis. The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947 (2000).
Garthoff, Raymond L. Détente and confrontation: American-Soviet relations from Nixon to Reagan (2nd ed. 1994) In-depth scholarly history covers 1969 to 1980. online free to borrow
Garthoff, Raymond L. The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War (1994), In-depth scholarly history, 1981 to 1991, online
Glantz, Mary E. FDR and the Soviet Union: the President's battles over foreign policy (2005).
LaFeber, Walter. America, Russia, and the Cold War 1945-2006 (2008). online 1984 edition
Leffler, Melvyn P. The Specter of Communism: The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1917-1953 (1994).
Lovenstein, Meno. American Opinion Of Soviet Russia (1941) online
Nye, Joseph S. ed. The making of America's Soviet policy (1984)
Saul, Norman E. Distant Friends: The United States and Russia, 1763-1867 (1991)
Saul, Norman E. Concord and Conflict: The United States and Russia, 1867-1914 (1996)
Saul, Norman E. War and Revolution: The United States and Russia, 1914-1921 (2001)
Saul, Norman E. Friends or foes? : the United States and Soviet Russia, 1921-1941 (2006) online free to borrow
Saul, Norman E. The A to Z of United States-Russian/Soviet Relations (2010)
Saul, Norman E. Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Foreign Policy (2014).
Sibley, Katherine A. S. "Soviet industrial espionage against American military technology and the US response, 1930–1945." Intelligence and National Security 14.2 (1999): 94-123.
Sokolov, Boris V. "The role of lend‐lease in Soviet military efforts, 1941–1945." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 7.3 (1994): 567–586.
Stoler, Mark A. Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and US Strategy in World War II. (UNC Press, 2003).
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Taubman, William. Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (2012), Pulitzer Prize
Taubman, William. Stalin's American Policy: From Entente to Détente to Cold War (1982).
Thomas, Benjamin P.. Russo-American Relations: 1815-1867 (1930).
Trani, Eugene P. "Woodrow Wilson and the decision to intervene in Russia: a reconsideration." Journal of Modern History 48.3 (1976): 440–461. online
Unterberger, Betty Miller. "Woodrow Wilson and the Bolsheviks: The 'Acid Test' of Soviet–American Relations." Diplomatic History 11.2 (1987): 71–90. online
White, Christine A. British and American Commercial Relations with Soviet Russia, 1918-1924 (UNC Press, 2017).
Zubok, Vladislav M. A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (1209)
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Japanese Novelist Murakami — a Surrealistic Adventure
Books by Murakami
"Only novels can make people feel through words that they went through actual experiences. Depending on whether or not people experience those stories, their thoughts and ways of seeing the world should change. I want to write stories that will penetrate the heart. I have a lot of hope in the power that novels hold," said Haruki Murakami, the seventy-year-old Japanese novelist, in an interview with Japan Times.
The interview introduces his latest novel, Killing Commendatore, where the protagonist, a thirty-six year old artist goes into his paintings. He weaves the natural and supernatural to explore reality and admits that his protagonist is based partly on F. Scott Fitzgerald's Gatsby.
A popular novelist, Haruki Murakami was the sixth recipient of the Franz Kafka Prize in 2006, given in recognition of "humanistic character and contribution to cultural, national, language and religious tolerance, its existential, timeless character, its generally human validity and its ability to hand over a testimony about our times". He has received many awards at both international and national levels and has three doctorates, including one from Princeton University.
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