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I've been putting off writing this for months, because I couldn't figure out what to say. CBS's expansion of the Star Trek universe is certainly divisive, to say the least: there are those who laud its grittier aesthetic, its more adult characters, its design expansion and its storyline, while some becry a perceived departure from established lore and storytelling. There appears to be no in between.
In principle I have no problem with a franchise installment which perhaps deviates from those that came before it. After all, life is change. If you'll allow me a few paragraphs to set up the comparison, Stargate Universe (2009-2011) similarly detached itself from the shackles of the SG1/Atlantis formats, introducing shaky cam, grungy sets, adult relationships and exceptionally long story arcs. Even smaller changes such as updating uniforms and leaving behind the familiar trappings of the SGC were, in themselves, enough to send some reviewers packing. Enough, in fact, that the show was unceremoniously cancelled after two seasons, in the midst of a plot that curiously resembled the show's real-life struggles (the crew of Destiny attempt to evade a relentless army of unthinking drones that they'd accidentally awoke; upon discovering that the drones were waiting for them at every turn, they gave up and went into stasis hoping that their luck would be better in the next galaxy).
SGU, though, also exhibited an exceptional production quality, with game-changingly flawless CG and an utterly divine soundtrack that remains memorable to this day. The characters were all interesting and their motivations — for the most part — easy to discern, and the acting (from a mostly unknown cast) was solid. Nuanced dialog and imperfect heroes kept character moments feeling true. The overriding story arc that began to play out particularly over the second season, was genuinely interesting and even potentially inspiring. Character links with the original shows and a strong connection to the established mythos and history of the earlier installments, to my mind, left SGU as an entirely worthy addition to the Stargate franchise. Any apparent deviations even made some sense, given that Universe was set a good few years after its predecessors.
That is, though I did personally prefer the new aesthetic by some margin, if Universe had not connected properly to SG-1 and Atlantis, or if it had attempted to do so but made too many mistakes along the way, I may have argued that it would have been better off as new story in its own right, unconnected to the "Stargate" name.
And so we come back to Discovery. In much the same way, last year's first season took the original Star Trek brand, then both humanised and darkened it. There were no more bright sets and by-the-numbers bridge scenes, no more fixed command structure… and, actually, not even a single ship and crew to follow. The show's method of storytelling deviated considerably from earlier incarnations, introducing characters that did not seem to show any real respect for the chain of command, who attended 21st century-style parties in the would-be Ten Forward area of the ship and who dropped F-bombs during the course of their duties. The problem with this is Starfleet had already been well-established not to act that way. One might argue that Starfleet is huge and just because one crew behaves a certain way, doesn't mean others don't.
But then there continuity problems more difficult to reconcile. The introduction of a foster sister to Spock (heretofore unmentioned), ready access to holodeck technology in 2257, a massive war (also new in the timeline) and the fact that the Klingons look entirely different than they had been back when some were main cast in two seven-season fan favourite franchise installments. Even the uniforms are completely different, apparently fleet-wide, than they should be at that point in the timeline (although I did notice from the Season 2 trailer that the Enterprise crew have their familiar uniform colours, so Discovery and the admiralty must both be "special" somehow and that solves that). To me, the most glaring evidence of all this, was when Sarek's inability to comprehend emotion was used as a plot point, whereas in Star Trek lore it is known that Vulcans have extreme emotion and indeed comprehend it very well (and this is why they must fail to express their emotions). That's a remarkable error for the writers to make.
It may have been easier to swallow if the science made sense: for story purposes we are supposed to handwave the displacement-activated spore hub drive and space-tardigrade (both of which stretch credulity more than a little), but there is no easy way to imagine that a Klingon ship casting out a large beam of light for a few moments would be perceived "across the galaxy" as a new star in the sky practically instantaneously. Similar logic-defying feats permeate the show in a manner that's difficult to ignore. Furthermore, the graphics are disappointing and the music entirely forgettable.
So, Discovery has its problems. The aesthetic is so vastly incompatible with that of shows such as Deep Space Nine, Voyager and Enterprise (which aired not even that long ago) and even to the more recent Abrams movies that, combined with these problems, it's hard to justify it residing in the same franchise.
That's not to say that there's nothing to enjoy. I recently rewatched it for the second time, on a long pair of flights. Already aware of what I was going to dislike, I found myself enjoying it for what it was. I noticed Michael Burnham developing friendships with the crew. I noticed the galactic politics playing out with some (if not much) nuance. I appreciated the many, many references for long-time fans and the way in which the back half of the season played into a large element of the old mythos, in a fairly clever way. Unfortunately the two main character-related plot twists had already been spoiled for me the first time I watched the show, but looking at them objectively there is some solid storytelling there. And though most of the cast chews the (well-built) scenery almost constantly, Doug Jones is particularly remarkable as Saru.
In conclusion I think what I'd say about Discovery is that, if the quality of the production were higher, and the dialog better written, I'd not have equivocated so much about whether I liked the show, whenever people would ask. Ultimately there is a lot to like here, and more importantly a lot of promise; I'm still not convinced that the show currently fits into the universe it's intended to inhabit, but with some tightening up of the timeline the show could yet win over uncertain Star Trek fans.
Tags: Reviews, TV


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Home » News & Events » Governor Cuomo Announces Completion of First-In-The-Nation 50-Mile Drone Corridor Between Syracuse and Rome and Expansion of Syracuse Tech Garden
Governor Cuomo Announces Completion of First-In-The-Nation 50-Mile Drone Corridor Between Syracuse and Rome and Expansion of Syracuse Tech Garden
Governor Andrew M. Cuomo today announced the completion of the state supported 50-mile unmanned traffic management drone corridor, which runs from Central New York to the Mohawk Valley. The first-in-the-nation corridor is the most advanced drone testing corridor in the nation. With the needed infrastructure now in place, companies will be able to test both unmanned aerial systems platforms and UTM technologies in real world settings, generating data that will inform the industry and regulators and taking us one step closer towards the routine commercial use of drones. The completion of the corridor advances the regions' collective strategy to accelerate and support emerging uses of UAS in key industries, including agriculture and forest management, transportation and logistics, media and film development, utilities and infrastructure and public safety. At the Syracuse International Airport, the Governor today also announced that the home of the innovative GENIUS NY UAS competition, the Tech Garden in Downtown Syracuse, will undergo a major expansion project to include the addition of two floors to the existing facility. The increased visibility and street-scape will serve as the anchor of the Syracuse's City Center Innovation Hub, a core component of the Syracuse Surge strategy, and will serve as the gateway to the "Innovation Alley" on Warren Street in Syracuse. Empire State Development is assisting the expansion project with up to $12.5 million made available through the regionally designed CNY Rising Upstate Revitalization Initiative plan.
"The completion of the 50-mile drone corridor is a groundbreaking achievement that caps a key strategy laid out in our CNY Rising plan to make Central New York and the Mohawk Valley a global center for UAS testing and innovation," Governor Cuomo said. "Additionally, the Tech Garden expansion in Syracuse will further our efforts to draw forward-thinking industry entrepreneurs, including within the UAS industry, to the area ensuring the region continues to rise for decades to come."
"As Chair of the Regional Economic Development Councils, I have seen firsthand the evolution of our work to grow the UAS and UTM industry in Central New York," said Lieutenant Governor Kathy Hochul. "This 50-mile drone corridor is another milestone in our efforts to create the most advanced drone testing corridor in the nation. The multi-million-dollar effort will grow the number of high-tech jobs in the region, strengthen the economy, and advance our Central NY Rising strategy."
The Governor also recently announced that the corridor had also received approval from the Federal Aviation Administration to fly unmanned aircraft beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) within the first segment. This is the first "true" BVLOS authority granted to the FAA-designated test site, which allows unmanned aircraft testing without the need for ground-based observers. The eight-by-four-mile section of airspace that was approved for these flights is between Griffiss International Airport and the New York State Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Services State Preparedness Training Center in Oriskany. The strategic selection of this airspace within the corridor opens the door for future advancements of the corridor and the continued cooperation between NUAIR, the Test Site and New York State agencies.
In November of 2016, in an effort to advance the burgeoning UAS industry in Central New York, Governor Cuomo announced a $30 million state investment to develop the 50-mile flight traffic management system between Syracuse and the NYS UAS Test Site at Griffiss International Airport in Rome. Many local and international companies performed groundbreaking work on the development and deployment of this system, including SRC, the C&S Companies, AX Enterprizes, Unifly, Thales, OneSky, ANRA and Airmap.
The expansion of CenterState CEO's the Tech Garden, which is currently housed in an existing one-story facility located at 235 Harrison Street, will add a second and third floor to the building adding 46,000 square-feet of incubation and acceleration space. The expansion will allow the Tech Garden to house 100 resident-members and allow space for the incubators' 200 virtual-members; will help the incubator to attract more UAS and loT, innovators; establish programs for mature company innovation and support the targeted Drone Zone which will include dedicated spaces that will cater to UAS industry businesses that want to move to the region. The startup incubator is also home to the GENIUS NY UAS competition, which is now entering its fourth round. The latest round of 19 semi-finalists selected to take part in the mentoring opportunity were announced last week. The Tech Garden expects the renovation work to be completed in March of 2021.
Rick Clonan, Vice President of Innovation and Entrepreneurship at CenterState CEO, said, "Today is an exciting day for this region as two critical links to the UAS ecosystem are advanced, further establishing the region's leadership role in the UAS industry. The state's unparalleled investment in GENIUS NY has enabled us to create the world's leading accelerator program for the UAS industry and through this new investment in the Tech Garden we will be able to enhance support for the high-quality companies we've attracted to the region through new programs, resources and startup space. Many of the companies we attract through GENIUS NY are also looking to test their technologies at the New York UAS Test Site and the completion of the corridor will only support their rapid growth and advancement. We thank Governor Cuomo for his support and vision to establish this region as center for UAS technologies."
"The completion of the 50-mile drone corridor is a groundbreaking achievement that caps a key strategy laid out in our CNY Rising plan to make Central New York and the Mohawk Valley a global center for UAS testing and innovation."
Governor Andrew M. Cuomo
Additionally, in support of the growing drone industry in the region, NUAIR is launching the NY UAS Public Private Partnership Program (NYFLY), which is aimed at spurring the adoption of UAS technologies into state and local government operations. The first in the nation competition will encourage and seed partnerships between public entities and firms to advance a series of priority use cases, including but not limited to:
First responders and public safety;
Infrastructure inspection and construction;
Counter UAS and critical infrastructure protection;
Forest and environmental monitoring;
Public Health; and,
Statewide UTM adoption and Urban Air Mobility (UAM) infrastructure.
NUAIR will open NYFLY to the first round of pilot project applications in early 2020. Additional details on NYFLY will be announced in the coming months.
Fueled by New York State's investment in the burgeoning UAS industry CenterState CEO reports more than 1,820 UAS related jobs have been created or announced locally on an estimated private sector investment of $820 million and a 8.5:1 return on the State's investment. To maximize the economic impact of these activities and further maintain New York's leadership position in the UAS industry, economic development partners, including CenterState CEO, Griffiss International Airport, NUAIR and Mohawk Valley Edge, are also currently engaged with over 30 firms that have expressed interest in expanding operations in the regions. In July, the Governor announced a New York-Israel Partnership to create UAS Center of Excellence in the Mohawk Valley. New York and Israeli companies will use the new center to focus on advancing technologies, which will bring Israeli technology and R&D to the New York drone market and open Israeli's markets to New York State UAS companies.
Mike Hertzendorf, CEO of NUAIR, said, "The launch of this corridor marks a significant step forward for the UAS industry and for the UAS ecosystem being built in the region. Attendees to the 2019 New York UAS Symposium will see demonstrations and learn how their technology can be tested and advanced at this industry-leading corridor. We look forward to beginning the next phase of flight testing along the corridor and unlocking new commercial opportunities for the safe integration of UAS in the national air space."
Robert Simpson, president and CEO of CenterState CEO, said, "Three years ago this region set forth an audacious goal to be the first in the nation to launch a beyond visual line of site corridor and it is exciting to see that vision become reality. We are grateful to Governor Andrew Cuomo and New York State for their unparalleled investment which has enabled this goal to be realized. The economic impact of this advancement will be significant and we are well positioned to attract companies to the region to test and grow their UAS companies."
Empire State Development Acting Commissioner and President & CEO-Designate Eric Gertler said, "By supporting this premier drone testing corridor the state is committing to make the strategic investments that will ensure that New York continues to be at the forefront of the innovative UAS industry, creating economic opportunities throughout Central New York and the Mohawk Valley."
State Senator Rachel May said, "It is exciting to see continued investment in Upstate New York. Projects like this will allow us to attract and retain businesses to the region and continue the momentum of economic growth we've seen over the past several years."
State Senator Joseph Griffo said, "This significant milestone opens up many possibilities for the area and will be a big draw for companies looking to make advancements in drone technology research. The unmanned traffic management drone corridor will further strengthen the positions of the Mohawk Valley and Central New York regions as leaders in the UAS industry."
State Assembly Member William Magnarelli said, "The CNY region has embraced drone technology and has secured the first drone corridor. By establishing this region as a leader in a growing industry, it is hoped that it will create jobs in this region around the new technology being developed."
Assemblywoman Marianne Buttenschon said, "The research and collaboration that will develop from the opening of the drone corridor will have a significant impact on the global UAS Industry and lead to job creation and growth of cutting-edge technology companies, right here in New York State."
Assembly Member Pam Hunter said, "Establishing a drone corridor will be advantageous for the region and will also affirm New York's role as a global leader in developing UAS technologies. I look forward to the economic, environmental, and public safety benefits that the new corridor will bring."
Assemblyman Al Stirpe said, "Our region has been a leader in the burgeoning Unmanned Aerial Systems industry, attracting attention and investment from around the globe. The completion of this corridor further solidifies our competitive edge in this arena, and I am delighted to have played a role in the project."
Central New York Regional Economic Development Council Co-Chairs Randy Wolken, President & CEO of the Manufacturers Association of Central New York (MACNY) and Deborah Stanley, President of the State University of New York at Oswego said, "Supporting the burgeoning UAS industry is central to the regionally designed CNY Rising plan. Through our continued support for this first of its kind drone corridor we are ensuring that New York remains at the forefront of this industry, creating new opportunities and jobs for residents in the region for decades to come."
Oneida County Executive Anthony J. Picente Jr. said, "Our UAS Test Site at Griffiss International Airport has made Oneida County the epicenter for the industry's research and development. The innovation taking place in Rome is second to none, and together with our partners at NUAIR we continue to raise the bar and capitalize on economic opportunities. I thank Governor Cuomo for his dedication to the advancement of our goals."
Onondaga County Executive Ryan McMahon said, "The continued momentum in the designated drone corridor in Central New York is great news. Governor Cuomo's commitment to the burgeoning Unmanned Aerial Systems industry in our region has been transformative. As an integral part of the CNY Rising economic development plan, our region is truly establishing itself as the global hub for this innovative industry and growing the regional economy." McMahon continued "The planned expansion of The Tech Garden will further our efforts to draw innovative entrepreneurs to our community and further support the efforts of the Syracuse Surge."
Syracuse Mayor Ben Walsh said, "The completion of the drone corridor further solidifies Central New York's position as a global leader in the UAS industry. It is another step forward for the Syracuse Surge, our strategy for inclusive growth in the New Economy. Thanks to Governor Cuomo's continued strong support, the people in the City of Syracuse and the Central New York region will see more opportunities in the drone industry."
City of Rome Mayor Jacqueline Izzo said, "Griffiss International Airport has become home to some of the most advanced developments in drone technology in the country and the opening of the drone corridor will cement the Mohawk Valley and Central New York Regions as the nation's epicenter of UAS research and technology."
For additional information regarding NUAIR, click here.
For additional information regarding The Tech Garden, click here.
Accelerating CNY Rising
Today's announcement complements "Central NY Rising," the region's comprehensive blueprint to generate robust economic growth and community development. The State has already invested more than $5.6 billion in the region since 2012 to lay the groundwork for the plan - capitalizing on global market opportunities, strengthening entrepreneurship and creating an inclusive economy. Today, unemployment is down to the lowest levels since before the Great Recession; personal and corporate income taxes are down; and businesses are choosing places like Syracuse, Oswego and Auburn as a destination to grow and invest in.
Now, the region is accelerating Central NY Rising with a $500 million State investment through the Upstate Revitalization Initiative, announced by Governor Cuomo in December 2015. The State's $500 million investment will incentivize private business to invest well over $2.5 billion - and the region's plan, as submitted, projects up to 5,900 new jobs. More information is available here.
Contact the Governor's Press Office
Albany: (518) 474 - 8418
New York City: (212) 681 - 4640
Press.Office@exec.ny.gov
Visit the Governor's website for the official press release.
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Special thanks to the following members who are 2019 CenterState CEO Elite Supporters: Platinum: Nascentia Health • OBG • C&S Companies • CPS Recruitment, Inc. Silver: Haylor, Freyer & Coon • AmeriCU • SWBR Bronze: Thales Executive: Home Builder's & Remodelers of Central New York • MONEY Federal Credit Union Stakeholder: Famous Artists

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Some of the highlights of what's happening at Hale School.
Valedictory celebrations combining old traditions and new spanned two unforgettable days for Hale School leavers this year.
Everyone in the Hale School community was flying high after Skydive for 5, supporting five wonderful local charities.
Redfoot Youth Theatre presents a new, original production written for and performed by boarders.


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Antica Modena was born in balsamic vinegar territory, a fertile area of sunny plains in the province of Modena. Here, the traditional vines are Fortana, Montuni, Sangiovese, Albana, Trebbiano, Lambrusco and Ancellotta. They produce grapes with a perfect balance of sugar and acidity. Only the best musts are cooked. Then, wine vinegar and vinegar aged for at least ten years are added to create a perfect blend. This we leave to mature naturally in fine wood containers for at least 60 days and up to over three years so it can be qualified as "aged". This is how we give life to our Balsamic Vinegar of Modena PGI.
An ancient product, which tells the history and the stories of a land, which is refined with care and guided by the "Protected Geographical Indication" (PGI) mark of the European Union and the Modena Balsamic Vinegar Protection Consortium, as a guarantee of geographic origin and quality. Antica Modena carefully follows the (CE) N 583/2009 specification which regulates every productive and commercial aspect of its excellence, from basic ingredients to bottling.
At Antica Modena, tradition, respected and carried on with passion, is accompanied by a constant search for innovation, including cutting-edge equipment and technology, the highest international quality standards and taking great care of the environment throughout the production process. This ensures a product of the highest quality.


Julien, Parisian, 38, has 15 years of diverse communications experience. He has held a variety of positions in the LVMH Group: Starting as a PR assistant at Fendi, moving to Louis Vuitton Men's & Women's Global Press Director, to Marc Jacobs Europe & Middle East Communications Director. He is currently Chief Marketing Officer at Sonia Rykiel.
My 1st job was studio assistant at MARTINE SITBON in the early 2000's. Martine is one of a kind, a free and independent fashion designer, inspired by sophisticated references from so many disciplines.
I'm in charge of brand image, therefore I supervise press strategy, digital, advertising, events, and CRM activities. I work closely with the artistic director of the house. The main challenge is keeping the brand visible, by optimising budget.
During my very first job at MARTINE SITBON, seeing Art Director MARC ASCOLI in his creative process, how he was building talent teams ( photographers, stylists, models… ) to shoot unforgettable advertising campaigns, I realised the exigence of image makers. My studies in sociology at Sorbonne University also made me understand the power of images, from their complex production process to their perception as fashion pictures and art.
First of all, I'm an avid reader ! I read a variety of publications, not only fashion magazines, but sociology reviews , weeklies, economic newspapers, novels. These always provide perspectives, new ways to approach this puzzling world… My curiosity allows me to explore new fields : from architecture, to music, to alternative contemporary art, to « Artisan » ateliers to Mother nature… all are sources of ideas.
In 2013, I had the chance to implement and lead the Charlotte Perriand tribute at Louis Vuitton.
6. What social media artist/account are you most influenced by?
I like the upcoming artist Benedetto Bufalino , and opinionated female artist Taryn Simon. I'm sensitive to their interpretation of the world of today : its symbolic violence, the chaotic volume of images, the noise generated by the web …. 7. Which creative disciplines do you commission most, and are most interested in seeing more of? (ie photo, film, social, experiential, vr, etc)It actually depends on the final target. Even if today, the usual objective is to provide an « immersive client experience », it is crucial to choose the right creative discipline which will be the best means of conveying emotion, and establishing a unique point of view.


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1999 Mustang Fuse Diagram Under Hood Power distribution box The power distribution box is located in the engine compartment. The power distribution box contains high current fuses that protect your vehicle's main electrical systems from overloads.
Click on the link belowClick on Owner GuidesThe owners manual ( which includes the fuse diagrams ) can be viewed online.
Both the cigarette lighter (dash) and the power outlet (console) do not work. Neither has voltage to the receptacle. Can someone send me the layout of the fuse box?
The video above shows how to replace blown fuses in the interior fuse box of your 1999 Ford Mustang in addition to the fuse panel diagram location.


MANILA, Philippines—The Court of Appeals allowed the extradition of a former Filipino priest to the United States who is facing a case of sexually molesting two minors from 1995 to 1998.
In a 23-page decision, the appeals court's first division through Associate Justice Amy C. Lazaro-Javier, denied the petition filed by Fernando Sayasaya, formerly assigned as a priest at the Blessed Sacrament Catholic Church in West Fargo, North Dakota and/or at St. Mary's Cathedral in Fargo, North Dakota.
Sayasaya sought a reversal of the Dec. 28, 2010 decision of the Manila City Regional Trial Court who found probable cause to grant the petition for extradition filed by the Department of Justice (DoJ) on behalf of the US government.
The US government sought Sayasaya's extradition so that he can face the two counts of gross sexual imposition filed by brothers Hugo Zamarron and Pablo Zamarron before the District Court, East Central Judicial District, Cass Country, North Dakota.
The brothers alleged that Sayasaya engaged them in sexual contact in separate occasions at their residence and at the church.
In its ruling, the appeals court echoed the Manila Court's finding that the affidavit of detective Grey Clayton Warren of the Police Department of West Fargo, North Dakota, who interviewed the minor victims that described in detail the illegal acts committed by the priest is credible.
"This Court gives respect and credence to the foregoing factual findings, which are amply supported by the evidence on record," the appeals court said adding that the Philippine government "has an obligation to ensure that crimes would not go unpunished."
"Suppression of crimes is the concern not only of the state where it is committed but also of any other state to which the criminal may have escaped," the appeals court said.
"On this score, we cannot allow our country to be a haven for fugitives, cowards, and weaklings who, instead of facing the consequences of their actions, choose to run and hide," it added.
Sayasaya was placed on administrative leave by the Catholic Church in August 1998 following the allegations of the brothers and was sent to the Blue Cloud abbey in South Dakota.
In December 1998, Sayasaya asked permission from the church to leave the United States to go back to his homeland in the Philippines for Christmas, saying he would return January 1999. However, since 1999, he refused to return to the US.
Appeals Court Presiding Justice Andres Reyes Jr., and Associate Justice Sesinando Villon concurred in the decision.


The Small Business Administration presents nice tips about how to choose a enterprise location. Please observe, that each one I'm suggesting is that you plan what you'll do as far as web design and internet hosting is concerned, not that you simply exit and pay for these services right now. This is because of which SMS has proved to be of great worth for retail business as nicely. You should contemplate issues like competitors in the space and location location you decide on should complement the kind of retail enterprise you create. However, this requires an understanding of technical processes that many enterprise homeowners might not have.
With September simply across the corner, college students in all places are packing their baggage and transferring into their dorms for the beginning of another educational yr. The associate diploma in business is a practically oriented program, covering the interdisciplinary skills required to manage a enterprise enterprise. Many certificates are geared toward current working enterprise professionals who want to pick up additional professional skills in a shorter time frame. A graduate certificate program is a superb choice for advancing in one's current workplace or career area. Master's levels in enterprise are available in a few totally different varieties and are a fantastic choice for students who would wish to find out about advanced enterprise topics or change from another profession to enterprise. The curriculum in the business program includes a basis of theoretical and sensible courses that help operating a successful enterprise. Many master's packages in business require an internship, work experience, or capstone project. Courses also cover insurance regulations and ethics for brokers and financial advisors.


There is only one true health care public option: Single payer. It covers everyone, all basic health care needs, with doctor of choice. No more premiums, co-pays or deductibles. All health care assets in America would become not-for-profit. The bill already exists. It is HR 676. Congressman John Conyers and I wrote the bill. Our bill has the support of 85 co-sponsors in the House. And it is backed by a growing national movement of labor, doctors, and nurses. The movement needs you. Please join me for tomorrow's national conference call at 10:00pm EDT. Please call toll-free 1-800-230-1096.
The hour has arrived to begin anew the Civil Rights Movement, this time for Health Care for All. I am calling upon you to become a force in this movement. Go to Health Care as A Civil Right at Kucinich.us to learn how you can circulate a single-payer petition and organize in your community. Please help fund this effort. Go to Kucinich.us now, contribute.
The Preamble to the United States Constitution and Article One, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution both describe an originating purpose of our United States: to promote the general welfare. Health care is a legitimate function of our government. Health care is a basic right in a Democratic society. It is no more a privilege based on ability to pay than is the right to vote, which was once accorded only to property owners.
Health care is also a moral imperative. Forty seven million Americans are uninsured. Fifty million Americans are underinsured. People are losing their homes, their jobs, their life's savings, their retirement security and their financial health because they cannot pay medical bills, and despite this calamity Washington looks another way. We must not avert our eyes to this human suffering and this economic injustice.
Let's prepare a response which Washington will long remember as the time when the people reclaimed their government from the insurance and pharmaceutical companies. Join us. Contribute . Together, we can initiate an action plan to intervene and provide health care for all.


text:
prizewinners
poets' dinner
Esplanade Fiction
Signal Poetry
Ricochet Books
Dossier Québec
Out to Dry in Cape Breton
Anita Lahey
Like the laundry that greets readers at the start of Anita Lahey's astonishing debut-hanging on clothelines and bodied out in breezes-the poems in Out to Dry in Cape Breton exist in a state of thrumming levitation. Lahey's scampish play with idioms, her accelerated sense of traditional forms, and her omnivorous eye for fresh imagery lead to a poetry constantly streaming with surprises. These are musical, hyperstimulated, shape-shifting poems that draw on their subjects-a high diver, World War I female munitions workers, a mangled shopping cart-to conduct inspired, often irreverent, investigations into the marginal details of our world. The collection concludes with a long poem where Lahey's gifts combine to create a large-spirited, unsentimental vision of a Maritime world free of fiddlers and romantic fishing tales: one instead brimming with honesty, humour, paradox, and grit.
Véhicule Press
Anita Lahey's poems have appeared in the Malahat Review, the Antigonish Review, Prairie Fire, This Magazine, in Ottawa buses as part of the Transpoetry competition, and in The New Canon: An Anthology of Canadian Poetry. She has won the Great Blue Heron Poetry Contest, Ralph Gustafson Prize for Best Poem, and first prize for poetry in Pagitica's annual literary competition. Lahey is the editor of Arc: Canada's Poetry Magazine and lives in Montreal.
Other books by Anita Lahey:
Spinning Side Kick
80 pp 8.5" x 5.5"
CDN $16.00
virtual chapbook
montreal life
© 1996-2023 Vehicule Press, All Rights Reserved


In 2012 Matt Black was searching for a rock band program in Paris for his daughter. When he couldn't find one, he founded Rock U instead. Now, with nearly 100 students aged 8-18, playing in fifteen youth bands, Rock U is a performance-based rock band program that teaches kids not just music, but also responsibility, confidence, teamwork, trust and the thrill of creating something with others. Every three months Rock U sessions end with a live performance at great Paris venues such as FLOW, La Javelle and Belushi's. And it's not just for kids – almost fifty adults play in Rock U's nine adult bands, too!
Notable mentions: Roaming Schoolhouse, American Conservatory, American Childrens Theatre, Rock that Stage.


text:
As the safety and economic regulator of the rail industry and Highways England's monitor, we work with the central and devolved administrations, infrastructure companies, safety bodies and other companies in the transport industry.
How the rail industry works - an overview.
The rail infrastructure in the UK is complex and comprises of a number of different bodies. We are the health and safety regulator for the UK's mainline network and for a number of other forms of transport that run on rail.
A summary of the different government bodies we work with as part of our role as the safety and economic regulator of Britain's railways.
A summary of the different safety bodies we work with as part of our role as the safety and economic regulator of Britain's railways.
As the safety and economic regulator of the rail industryand Highways England'smonitor, we work with a number of organisations in the railway industry.
We have agency agreements and memoranda of understandings with different government departments and agencies.
The UK's economic regulators have joined together in the UK Regulators' Network (UKRN) to ensure effective cooperation between sectors.
We welcome the opportunity to share expertise with countries throughout the international community.


text:
import '../../../test/common-test-setup';
import './gr-rule-editor';
import {GrRuleEditor} from './gr-rule-editor';
import {AccessPermissionId} from '../../../utils/access-util';
import {query, queryAll, queryAndAssert} from '../../../test/test-utils';
import {GrButton} from '../../shared/gr-button/gr-button';
import {GrSelect} from '../../shared/gr-select/gr-select';
import {fixture, html, assert} from '@open-wc/testing';
import {EditablePermissionRuleInfo} from '../gr-repo-access/gr-repo-access-interfaces';
import {PermissionAction} from '../../../constants/constants';

suite('gr-rule-editor tests', () => {
  let element: GrRuleEditor;

  setup(async () => {
    element = await fixture<GrRuleEditor>(html`
      <gr-rule-editor></gr-rule-editor>
    `);
    await element.updateComplete;
  });

  suite('dom tests', () => {
    test('default', () => {
      assert.shadowDom.equal(
        element,
        /* HTML */ `

              <gr-select id="action">
                <select disabled="">
                  <option value="ALLOW">ALLOW</option>
                  <option value="DENY">DENY</option>
                  <option value="BLOCK">BLOCK</option>
                </select>
              </gr-select>

              <gr-select id="force">
                <select disabled=""></select>
              </gr-select>

            <gr-button
              aria-disabled="false"
              id="removeBtn"
              link=""
              role="button"
              tabindex="0"
            >
              Remove
            </gr-button>

            was deleted
            <gr-button
              aria-disabled="false"
              id="undoRemoveBtn"
              link=""
              role="button"
              tabindex="0"
            >
              Undo
            </gr-button>

        `
      );
    });

    test('push options', async () => {
      const rule: {value: EditablePermissionRuleInfo} = {
        value: {
          action: PermissionAction.ALLOW,
        },
      };
      element = await fixture<GrRuleEditor>(html`
        <gr-rule-editor
          .editing=${true}
          .rule=${rule}
          .permission=${AccessPermissionId.PUSH}
        ></gr-rule-editor>
      `);
      assert.dom.equal(
        queryAndAssert(element, '#options'),
        /* HTML */ `

            <gr-select id="action">
              <select>
                <option value="ALLOW">ALLOW</option>
                <option value="DENY">DENY</option>
                <option value="BLOCK">BLOCK</option>
              </select>
            </gr-select>

            <gr-select class="force" id="force">
              <select>
                <option value="false">
                  Allow pushing (but not force pushing)
                </option>
                <option value="true">
                  Allow pushing with or without force
                </option>
              </select>
            </gr-select>

        `
      );
    });
  });

  suite('unit tests', () => {
    test('computeForce and computeForceOptions', () => {
      const ForcePushOptions = {
        ALLOW: [
          {name: 'Allow pushing (but not force pushing)', value: false},
          {name: 'Allow pushing with or without force', value: true},
        ],
        BLOCK: [
          {name: 'Block pushing with or without force', value: false},
          {name: 'Block force pushing', value: true},
        ],
      };

      const FORCE_EDIT_OPTIONS = [
        {
          name: 'No Force Edit',
          value: false,
        },
        {
          name: 'Force Edit',
          value: true,
        },
      ];
      element.permission = 'push' as AccessPermissionId;
      let action = PermissionAction.ALLOW;
      assert.isTrue(element.computeForce(action));
      assert.deepEqual(
        element.computeForceOptions(action),
        ForcePushOptions.ALLOW
      );

      action = PermissionAction.BLOCK;
      assert.isTrue(element.computeForce(action));
      assert.deepEqual(
        element.computeForceOptions(action),
        ForcePushOptions.BLOCK
      );

      action = PermissionAction.DENY;
      assert.isFalse(element.computeForce(action));
      assert.equal(element.computeForceOptions(action).length, 0);

      element.permission = 'editTopicName' as AccessPermissionId;
      assert.isTrue(element.computeForce());
      assert.deepEqual(element.computeForceOptions(), FORCE_EDIT_OPTIONS);
      element.permission = 'submit' as AccessPermissionId;
      assert.isFalse(element.computeForce());
      assert.deepEqual(element.computeForceOptions(), []);
    });

    test('computeSectionClass', () => {
      element.deleted = true;
      element.editing = false;
      assert.equal(element.computeSectionClass(), 'deleted');

      element.deleted = false;
      assert.equal(element.computeSectionClass(), '');

      element.editing = true;
      assert.equal(element.computeSectionClass(), 'editing');

      element.deleted = true;
      assert.equal(element.computeSectionClass(), 'editing deleted');
    });

    test('getDefaultRuleValues', () => {
      element.permission = 'priority' as AccessPermissionId;
      assert.deepEqual(element.getDefaultRuleValues(), {
        action: PermissionAction.BATCH,
      });
      element.permission = 'label-Code-Review' as AccessPermissionId;
      element.label = {
        values: [
          {value: -2, text: 'This shall not be submitted'},
          {value: -1, text: 'I would prefer this is not submitted as is'},
          {value: -0, text: 'No score'},
          {value: 1, text: 'Looks good to me, but someone else must approve'},
          {value: 2, text: 'Looks good to me, approved'},
        ],
      };
      assert.deepEqual(element.getDefaultRuleValues(), {
        action: PermissionAction.ALLOW,
        max: 2,
        min: -2,
      });
      element.permission = 'push' as AccessPermissionId;
      element.label = undefined;
      assert.deepEqual(element.getDefaultRuleValues(), {
        action: PermissionAction.ALLOW,
        force: false,
      });
      element.permission = 'submit' as AccessPermissionId;
      assert.deepEqual(element.getDefaultRuleValues(), {
        action: PermissionAction.ALLOW,
      });
    });

    test('setDefaultRuleValues', async () => {
      element.rule = {};
      const defaultValue = {action: PermissionAction.ALLOW};
      const getDefaultRuleValuesStub = sinon
        .stub(element, 'getDefaultRuleValues')
        .returns(defaultValue);
      element.setDefaultRuleValues();
      assert.isTrue(getDefaultRuleValuesStub.called);
      assert.equal(element.rule.value, defaultValue);
    });

    test('computeOptions', () => {
      const PRIORITY_OPTIONS = ['BATCH', 'INTERACTIVE'];
      const DROPDOWN_OPTIONS = [
        PermissionAction.ALLOW,
        PermissionAction.DENY,
        PermissionAction.BLOCK,
      ];
      element.permission = 'priority' as AccessPermissionId;
      assert.deepEqual(element.computeOptions(), PRIORITY_OPTIONS);
      element.permission = 'submit' as AccessPermissionId;
      assert.deepEqual(element.computeOptions(), DROPDOWN_OPTIONS);
    });

    test('handleValueChange', () => {
      const modifiedHandler = sinon.stub();
      element.rule = {
        value: {action: PermissionAction.ALLOW},
      };
      element.addEventListener('access-modified', modifiedHandler);
      element.handleValueChange();
      assert.isNotOk(element.rule.value!.modified);
      element.originalRuleValues = {action: PermissionAction.ALLOW};
      element.handleValueChange();
      assert.isTrue(element.rule.value!.modified);
      assert.isTrue(modifiedHandler.called);
    });

    test('handleAccessSaved', () => {
      const originalValue = {action: PermissionAction.DENY};
      const newValue = {action: PermissionAction.ALLOW};
      element.originalRuleValues = originalValue;
      element.rule = {value: newValue};
      element.handleAccessSaved();
      assert.deepEqual(element.originalRuleValues, newValue);
    });

    test('setOriginalRuleValues', () => {
      element.rule = {
        value: {
          action: PermissionAction.ALLOW,
          force: false,
        },
      };
      element.setOriginalRuleValues();
      assert.deepEqual(element.originalRuleValues, element.rule.value);
    });
  });

  suite('already existing generic rule', () => {
    setup(async () => {
      element.groupName = 'Group Name';
      element.permission = 'submit' as AccessPermissionId;
      element.rule = {
        value: {
          action: PermissionAction.ALLOW,
          force: false,
        },
      };
      element.section = 'refs/*';
      element.setupValues();
      element.setOriginalRuleValues();
      await element.updateComplete;
    });

    test('_ruleValues and originalRuleValues are set correctly', () => {
      assert.deepEqual(element.originalRuleValues, element.rule!.value);
    });

    test('values are set correctly', () => {
      assert.equal(
        queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#action').bindValue,
        element.rule!.value!.action
      );
      assert.isNotOk(query<GrSelect>(element, '#labelMin'));
      assert.isNotOk(query<GrSelect>(element, '#labelMax'));
      assert.isFalse(
        queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#force').classList.contains('force')
      );
    });

    test('modify and cancel restores original values', async () => {
      element.rule = {value: {action: PermissionAction.ALLOW}};
      element.setOriginalRuleValues();
      element.editing = true;
      await element.updateComplete;
      assert.notEqual(
        getComputedStyle(queryAndAssert<GrButton>(element, '#removeBtn'))
          .display,
        'none'
      );
      assert.isNotOk(element.rule.value!.modified);
      const actionBindValue = queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#action');
      actionBindValue.bindValue = PermissionAction.DENY;
      await element.updateComplete;
      assert.isTrue(element.rule.value!.modified);
      element.editing = false;
      await element.updateComplete;
      assert.equal(
        getComputedStyle(queryAndAssert<GrButton>(element, '#removeBtn'))
          .display,
        'none'
      );
      assert.deepEqual(element.originalRuleValues, element.rule.value);
      assert.isNotOk(element.rule.value!.modified);
      assert.equal(element.rule?.value?.action, PermissionAction.ALLOW);
      assert.equal(
        queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#action').bindValue,
        PermissionAction.ALLOW
      );
    });

    test('modify value', async () => {
      assert.isNotOk(element.rule!.value!.modified);
      const actionBindValue = queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#action');
      actionBindValue.bindValue = PermissionAction.DENY;
      await element.updateComplete;
      assert.isTrue(element.rule!.value!.modified);

      // The original value should now differ from the rule values.
      assert.notDeepEqual(element.originalRuleValues, element.rule!.value);
    });

    test('all selects are disabled when not in edit mode', async () => {
      const selects = queryAll<HTMLSelectElement>(element, 'select');
      for (const select of selects) {
        assert.isTrue(select.disabled);
      }
      element.editing = true;
      await element.updateComplete;
      for (const select of selects) {
        assert.isFalse(select.disabled);
      }
    });

    test('remove rule and undo remove', async () => {
      element.editing = true;
      element.rule = {value: {action: PermissionAction.ALLOW}};
      await element.updateComplete;
      assert.isFalse(
        queryAndAssert<HTMLDivElement>(
          element,
          '#deletedContainer'
        ).classList.contains('deleted')
      );
      queryAndAssert<GrButton>(element, '#removeBtn').click();
      await element.updateComplete;
      assert.isTrue(
        queryAndAssert<HTMLDivElement>(
          element,
          '#deletedContainer'
        ).classList.contains('deleted')
      );
      assert.isTrue(element.deleted);
      assert.isTrue(element.rule.value!.deleted);

      queryAndAssert<GrButton>(element, '#undoRemoveBtn').click();
      await element.updateComplete;
      assert.isFalse(element.deleted);
      assert.isNotOk(element.rule.value!.deleted);
    });

    test('remove rule and cancel', async () => {
      element.editing = true;
      await element.updateComplete;
      assert.notEqual(
        getComputedStyle(queryAndAssert<GrButton>(element, '#removeBtn'))
          .display,
        'none'
      );
      assert.equal(
        getComputedStyle(
          queryAndAssert<HTMLDivElement>(element, '#deletedContainer')
        ).display,
        'none'
      );

      element.rule = {value: {action: PermissionAction.ALLOW}};
      await element.updateComplete;
      queryAndAssert<GrButton>(element, '#removeBtn').click();
      await element.updateComplete;
      assert.notEqual(
        getComputedStyle(queryAndAssert<GrButton>(element, '#removeBtn'))
          .display,
        'none'
      );
      assert.notEqual(
        getComputedStyle(
          queryAndAssert<HTMLDivElement>(element, '#deletedContainer')
        ).display,
        'none'
      );
      assert.isTrue(element.deleted);
      assert.isTrue(element.rule.value!.deleted);

      element.editing = false;
      await element.updateComplete;
      assert.isFalse(element.deleted);
      assert.isNotOk(element.rule.value!.deleted);
      assert.isNotOk(element.rule.value!.modified);

      assert.deepEqual(element.originalRuleValues, element.rule.value);
      assert.equal(
        getComputedStyle(queryAndAssert<GrButton>(element, '#removeBtn'))
          .display,
        'none'
      );
      assert.equal(
        getComputedStyle(
          queryAndAssert<HTMLDivElement>(element, '#deletedContainer')
        ).display,
        'none'
      );
    });

    test('computeGroupPath', () => {
      const group = '123';
      assert.equal(element.computeGroupPath(group), '/admin/groups/123');
    });
  });

  suite('new edit rule', () => {
    setup(async () => {
      element.groupName = 'Group Name';
      element.permission = 'editTopicName' as AccessPermissionId;
      element.rule = {};
      element.section = 'refs/*';
      element.setupValues();
      await element.updateComplete;
      element.rule.value!.added = true;
      await element.updateComplete;
      element.connectedCallback();
    });

    test('_ruleValues and originalRuleValues are set correctly', () => {
      // Since the element does not already have default values, they should
      // be set. The original values should be set to those too.
      assert.isNotOk(element.rule!.value!.modified);
      const expectedRuleValue = {
        action: PermissionAction.ALLOW,
        force: false,
        added: true,
      };
      assert.deepEqual(element.rule!.value, expectedRuleValue);

      // values are set correctly
      assert.equal(
        queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#action').bindValue,
        expectedRuleValue.action
      );
      assert.equal(
        queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#force').bindValue,
        expectedRuleValue.force
      );
    });

    test('modify value', async () => {
      assert.isNotOk(element.rule!.value!.modified);
      const forceBindValue = queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#force');
      forceBindValue.bindValue = 'true';
      await element.updateComplete;
      assert.isTrue(element.rule!.value!.modified);

      // The original value should now differ from the rule values.
      assert.notDeepEqual(element.originalRuleValues, element.rule!.value);
    });

    test('remove value', async () => {
      element.editing = true;
      const removeStub = sinon.stub();
      element.addEventListener('added-rule-removed', removeStub);
      queryAndAssert<GrButton>(element, '#removeBtn').click();
      await element.updateComplete;
      assert.isTrue(removeStub.called);
    });
  });

  suite('already existing rule with labels', () => {
    setup(async () => {
      element.label = {
        values: [
          {value: -2, text: 'This shall not be submitted'},
          {value: -1, text: 'I would prefer this is not submitted as is'},
          {value: -0, text: 'No score'},
          {value: 1, text: 'Looks good to me, but someone else must approve'},
          {value: 2, text: 'Looks good to me, approved'},
        ],
      };
      element.groupName = 'Group Name';
      element.permission = 'label-Code-Review' as AccessPermissionId;
      element.rule = {
        value: {
          action: PermissionAction.ALLOW,
          force: false,
          max: 2,
          min: -2,
        },
      };
      element.section = 'refs/*';
      element.setupValues();
      await element.updateComplete;
      element.connectedCallback();
    });

    test('_ruleValues and originalRuleValues are set correctly', () => {
      assert.deepEqual(element.originalRuleValues, element.rule!.value);
    });

    test('values are set correctly', () => {
      assert.equal(
        queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#action').bindValue,
        element.rule!.value!.action
      );
      assert.equal(
        queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#labelMin').bindValue,
        element.rule!.value!.min
      );
      assert.equal(
        queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#labelMax').bindValue,
        element.rule!.value!.max
      );
      assert.isFalse(
        queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#force').classList.contains('force')
      );
    });

    test('modify value', async () => {
      const removeStub = sinon.stub();
      element.addEventListener('added-rule-removed', removeStub);
      assert.isNotOk(element.rule!.value!.modified);
      const labelMinBindValue = queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#labelMin');
      labelMinBindValue.bindValue = 1;
      await element.updateComplete;
      assert.isTrue(element.rule!.value!.modified);
      assert.isFalse(removeStub.called);

      // The original value should now differ from the rule values.
      assert.notDeepEqual(element.originalRuleValues, element.rule!.value);
    });
  });

  suite('new rule with labels', () => {
    let setDefaultRuleValuesSpy: sinon.SinonSpy;

    setup(async () => {
      setDefaultRuleValuesSpy = sinon.spy(element, 'setDefaultRuleValues');
      element.label = {
        values: [
          {value: -2, text: 'This shall not be submitted'},
          {value: -1, text: 'I would prefer this is not submitted as is'},
          {value: -0, text: 'No score'},
          {value: 1, text: 'Looks good to me, but someone else must approve'},
          {value: 2, text: 'Looks good to me, approved'},
        ],
      };
      element.groupName = 'Group Name';
      element.permission = 'label-Code-Review' as AccessPermissionId;
      element.rule = {};
      element.section = 'refs/*';
      element.setupValues();
      await element.updateComplete;
      element.rule.value!.added = true;
      await element.updateComplete;
      element.connectedCallback();
    });

    test('_ruleValues and originalRuleValues are set correctly', () => {
      // Since the element does not already have default values, they should
      // be set. The original values should be set to those too.
      assert.isNotOk(element.rule!.value!.modified);
      assert.isTrue(setDefaultRuleValuesSpy.called);

      const expectedRuleValue = {
        max: element.label!.values[element.label!.values.length - 1].value,
        min: element.label!.values[0].value,
        action: PermissionAction.ALLOW,
        added: true,
      };
      assert.deepEqual(element.rule!.value, expectedRuleValue);

      // values are set correctly
      assert.equal(
        queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#action').bindValue,
        expectedRuleValue.action
      );
      assert.equal(
        queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#labelMin').bindValue,
        expectedRuleValue.min
      );
      assert.equal(
        queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#labelMax').bindValue,
        expectedRuleValue.max
      );
    });

    test('modify value', async () => {
      assert.isNotOk(element.rule!.value!.modified);
      const labelMinBindValue = queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#labelMin');
      labelMinBindValue.bindValue = 1;
      await element.updateComplete;
      assert.isTrue(element.rule!.value!.modified);

      // The original value should now differ from the rule values.
      assert.notDeepEqual(element.originalRuleValues, element.rule!.value);
    });
  });

  suite('already existing push rule', () => {
    setup(async () => {
      element.groupName = 'Group Name';
      element.permission = 'push' as AccessPermissionId;
      element.rule = {
        value: {
          action: PermissionAction.ALLOW,
          force: true,
        },
      };
      element.section = 'refs/*';
      element.setupValues();
      await element.updateComplete;
      element.connectedCallback();
    });

    test('_ruleValues and originalRuleValues are set correctly', () => {
      assert.deepEqual(element.originalRuleValues, element.rule!.value);
    });

    test('values are set correctly', () => {
      assert.isTrue(
        queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#force').classList.contains('force')
      );
      assert.equal(
        queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#action').bindValue,
        element.rule!.value!.action
      );
      assert.equal(
        queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#force').bindValue,
        element.rule!.value!.force
      );
      assert.isNotOk(query<GrSelect>(element, '#labelMin'));
      assert.isNotOk(query<GrSelect>(element, '#labelMax'));
    });

    test('modify value', async () => {
      assert.isNotOk(element.rule!.value!.modified);
      const actionBindValue = queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#action');
      actionBindValue.bindValue = false;
      await element.updateComplete;
      assert.isTrue(element.rule!.value!.modified);

      // The original value should now differ from the rule values.
      assert.notDeepEqual(element.originalRuleValues, element.rule!.value);
    });
  });

  suite('new push rule', async () => {
    setup(async () => {
      element.groupName = 'Group Name';
      element.permission = 'push' as AccessPermissionId;
      element.rule = {};
      element.section = 'refs/*';
      element.setupValues();
      await element.updateComplete;
      element.rule.value!.added = true;
      await element.updateComplete;
      element.connectedCallback();
    });

    test('_ruleValues and originalRuleValues are set correctly', () => {
      // Since the element does not already have default values, they should
      // be set. The original values should be set to those too.
      assert.isNotOk(element.rule!.value!.modified);
      const expectedRuleValue = {
        action: PermissionAction.ALLOW,
        force: false,
        added: true,
      };
      assert.deepEqual(element.rule!.value, expectedRuleValue);
      // values are set correctly
      assert.equal(
        queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#action').bindValue,
        expectedRuleValue.action
      );
      assert.equal(
        queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#force').bindValue,
        expectedRuleValue.force
      );
    });

    test('modify value', async () => {
      assert.isNotOk(element.rule!.value!.modified);
      const forceBindValue = queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#force');
      forceBindValue.bindValue = true;
      await element.updateComplete;
      assert.isTrue(element.rule!.value!.modified);

      // The original value should now differ from the rule values.
      assert.notDeepEqual(element.originalRuleValues, element.rule!.value);
    });
  });

  suite('already existing edit rule', () => {
    setup(async () => {
      element.groupName = 'Group Name';
      element.permission = 'editTopicName' as AccessPermissionId;
      element.rule = {
        value: {
          action: PermissionAction.ALLOW,
          force: true,
        },
      };
      element.section = 'refs/*';
      element.setupValues();
      await element.updateComplete;
      element.connectedCallback();
    });

    test('_ruleValues and originalRuleValues are set correctly', () => {
      assert.deepEqual(element.originalRuleValues, element.rule!.value);
    });

    test('values are set correctly', () => {
      assert.isTrue(
        queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#force').classList.contains('force')
      );
      assert.equal(
        queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#action').bindValue,
        element.rule!.value!.action
      );
      assert.equal(
        queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#force').bindValue,
        element.rule!.value!.force
      );
      assert.isNotOk(query<GrSelect>(element, '#labelMin'));
      assert.isNotOk(query<GrSelect>(element, '#labelMax'));
    });

    test('modify value', async () => {
      assert.isNotOk(element.rule!.value!.modified);
      const actionBindValue = queryAndAssert<GrSelect>(element, '#action');
      actionBindValue.bindValue = false;
      await element.updateComplete;
      assert.isTrue(element.rule!.value!.modified);

      // The original value should now differ from the rule values.
      assert.notDeepEqual(element.originalRuleValues, element.rule!.value);
    });
  });
});


text:
You are here: Platypus /Art and capital without contradiction? An interview with Jay Bernstein
Art and capital without contradiction? An interview with Jay Bernstein
Jensen Suther
Platypus Review 95 | April 2017
On March 3, 2017, Jensen Suther interviewed Jay Bernstein, who teaches philosophy at the New School. Bernstein is the author of a number of books on art, ethics, and Critical Theory, which include The Fate of Art: Aesthetic Alienation from Kant to Derrida and Adorno (1992), Adorno: Disenchantment and Ethics (2006), Against Voluptuous Bodies: Adorno's Late Modernism and the Meaning of Painting (2007), and most recently, Torture and Dignity: An Essay on Moral Injury (2016). What follows is an edited version of the interview.
Jensen Suther: You were a member of the SDS (Students for a Democratic Society) in the sixties. Can you discuss your experience of the emergence of the New Left and the contexts of your own politicization? What role did Critical Theory play in that experience?
Jay Bernstein: Critical Theory played no role whatsoever in my political formation. I had been in high school, when, like everyone in my generation, I was taken by the Civil Rights Movement and, hence, politics. When I got to university, it was still about the Civil Rights Movement, as Vietnam had not yet become the dominant issue. But it really was Vietnam that politicized us. And as it happened, although we were just a few radicals on a college campus, we arranged one of the first anti-Vietnam rallies when Susan Sontag and Richard Wilbur came to speak to us at Trinity College. I do not have an answer as to why it was obvious to those of us there that this was deeply important to the country as a whole. Still we were certain: We were in a wrong war that was being wrongly fought.
And, if I want to say what politicized me most, or better, formed my political understanding, it was the Port Huron Statement. The Port Huron Statement laid out an account of the military industrial complex and an idea of participatory democracy. It put together a package of democratic self-control with a kind of Marxist critique. The Port Huron Statement was my beginning to be able to give political shape and context to what had been solely ethical objections. Sontag, when she gave that talk at Trinity, argued the problem with the Left in America was that it had been ethical and not political. And that transformation from the ethical to the political was what had already happened in the Civil Rights Movement. That is what Martin Luther King managed to find: a way of getting ethical content and political strategy into one package.
For me, the SDS was the breakthrough. I had read, which again seemed part of the moment, the 1844 Manuscripts. The serious people, the serious socialists had already read Das Kapital. That did not happen for me until years later. The 1844 Manuscripts were enough. With the Port Huron Statement, they gave me a vision of the modern world and a politics; that was the beginning. I was active in SDS; in 1968, I was arrested at Columbia; I was in jail with Tom Hayden; and I spent 1968 flying about from college campus to college campus trying to radicalize people on behalf of SDS, which was disastrous. Not because I was not a good political speaker, but because I would go to a college campus and the leftists would say to me "so what shall we revolt over?" The invasion of Cambodia kind of broke my heart. It felt like we had won the battle over Vietnam and, really, now you are going to invade Cambodia? That was at a moment when the Left, as a wider public political movement, had begun to shrink to the Weathermen and all that.
JS: You were close to the renowned Hegelian Gillian Rose in the seventies and wrote your first book on Georg Lukács's Marxist aesthetics. What first drew you to Lukács and Theodor Adorno, specifically, and to the Marxist tradition in general?
JB: I did my PhD in Edinburgh under W.H. Walsh on Kant's philosophy of science. I wanted to do a PhD on Hegel's Phenomenology, but he said "I only do Hegel's Logic," so we compromised on Kant's Third Critique. I met Gillian in 1976 at a conference at Oxford where David Wood was giving a Derridean critique of Hegel. I, in my fashion, gave my standard critique of Derrida and Deconstruction, and how he had got Hegel wrong. Gillian came up to me after the intervention and said to me, in her inimitable fashion, "you and I are going to be best friends." We were friends and colleagues joined at the hip by Hegel. She was my closest friend until her death.
My turn to aesthetics was in part contingent. When I got to the University of Essex, there was no philosophy major. Philosophy was a service department only and I was asked to teach a course on the philosophy of literature. I concocted a course; I do not remember it exactly, but both Lukács and Northrop Frye were in there. Lukács had caught my imagination as a graduate student, again, as a Hegelian Marxist. The thing about Lukács's thought that I found terribly moving and right and powerful was his image of revolution. Lukács rejected Marx's philosophy of history on the grounds that, prior to capitalism, class interests were never fully articulated, were never dominant, and were always "inextricably joined to political and religious factors"—that is from the "Class Consciousness" essay.[i] The inextricability of the linking was what caught my imagination: Even if economic factors often pressure and determine historical life, it does not follow that history is about economic relations. As I read him, then and now, Lukács is arguing that every social formation, and by inference every revolution is a revolution about what it is to be a human being—a revolution in the meaning of being human. The idea of a revolution is not for determining an ultimate goal, but rather for instituting a new experiment in the very idea of what it is to be a human being; and that thought, which, the only thinker I know who has really embraced it is Castoriadis, that thought that what we are living through and what we want, again, are different experiments in the very idea of being a human being, seems to me powerful, important, and contrary to orthodoxy of every kind. I do not know of any vision that has that kind of historicism and that sense of historical potentiality. Without that thought, however, revolutionary ideas become forms of dogmatism.
JS: What is the relationship between philosophy, or, between politics and art? Throughout your career, you have often turned to art objects to work through moral and political questions, providing a powerful account of the meaning of art as a social practice and of the autonomous modernist artwork as a form of resistance to the dominance of instrumental reason under capitalism. In The Fate of Art from 1992, you take up Kant, Heidegger, Derrida, and Adorno in order to develop the subversive logic of the modernist sublime and to show how Adorno, specifically, is able to give up the philosophical search for transcendental conditions of experience and to perform the "ethical act of self-consciousness that brings the subject before and into his or her historical situation." Did the turn to Deconstruction mark a shift in your thinking away from the concerns of a specifically Marxist aesthetics?
JB: There are various models of what it means to carry on left-wing thought. What interested me first in Lukács's Theory of the Novel, and even more so as I got into Adorno, is equally what I should have already known but failed to learn from Schiller, which was that a great artistic culture is always a stand-in for an absent politics. So, if art is important, it is because politics is in some important aspect absent. In a way, then, to ask about the politics of art is a mistake, because the very existence of a thriving artistic culture is the site and sign of an absent radical politics. There is a scission in Adorno's thought between the political and the aesthetic. That was Schiller's lesson. Schiller said–his great insight–the French Revolution failed, but also succeeded; that is why we had further bourgeois revolutions. But Schiller then said, "okay, now we need art in order to educate us for a revolution that could succeed." So that is the model of aesthetic education; in a way, all left aesthetic theories are versions of Schiller, including Marxian views. Schiller had the picture of a fragmented modernity together with the idea of the failure of revolution leading to the need for an aesthetic education; it was not yet a socialist revolution, but the failure of the bourgeois revolution that concerned Schiller. But the model of revolutionary failure and aesthetic education fit the 20th century failures of socialist revolutions to a T.
Aesthetic Theory is the great work of modernist aesthetics. It is the premier aesthetic work of the 20th century, and it is the premier work thinking through the meaning of modernism. Nothing comes even near it on either of those counts. So, the first answer is that the idea for me was to ask the question of how a certain kind of work could keep radical politics alive in the course of its absence.
I thought the meaning of Fate of Art was to displace Heidegger and Derrida. Heidegger thought that revolution and aesthetic interruption were the same thing and that aesthetic reception would be what might save us. He did not see art as the stand-in for an absent revolution. He thought, in a way like Benjamin, only conservatively, that art would itself presage or even be the revolution, right? So he really did have a version of the Sublime. Derrida was the purest of pure philosophers, a transcendental philosopher, and he was a decent, passionate liberal. But my goal there was not to reduce Marxian critical theory to another form of critical deconstruction but just the opposite, to give that the right historical context so that it could be more generally effective.
JS: Adorno says, in Aesthetic Theory, "[transformative] praxis is not the effect of works, rather it is encapsulated in their truth content."[ii] Can an ethical understanding of his aesthetics, which is the way that you characterize it in The Fate of Art, account for Adorno's insistence on the self-conscious collective project of emancipation with which art tasks us through its truth content?
JB: One thing Adorno has in mind when he says "[transformative] praxis is not the effect of works, rather it is encapsulated in their truth content," is that every authentic work of art gives us the idea of a collective act of self-determination. Every work of art is already imagining a form of collective taking control of the world; and it seems to me that is what I meant in part by saying that, by removing the deconstructive transcendental, and demonstrating how artworks take the subject and bring her into her historical situation, namely, how an isolated individual who has yet to understand the possibility of collective activity of a transformative kind is tacitly and imaginatively confronted by that possibility when encountering a significant modernist work of art. By phrasing it in terms of the ethical, I did not mean to deny a collective political project, but to infuse it with a more than formal content.
JS: Adorno emphasizes art's status not just as a form of protest, or a way of resisting the domination of nature by instrumental rationality, but as a form of social knowledge. He even remarks at several points in Aesthetic Theory that the practical effects of art are negligible and that it requires philosophy. He understands art as grasping the essence of social reality and giving form to its deepest and most pervasive contradictions. What does art's capacity to tell the truth about social reality, to concretely embody social contradictions, have to do with aesthetic resistance as you understand it? Is there intersection or divergence of political and ethical concerns at this point? To put the question slightly differently, if the essence of art is grasping a contradiction intrinsic to capitalist reality, is art not the expression of the need for revolution?
JB: I am not sure that the last phrasing puts the same question differently. Of course, if art is already the stand-in for an absent politics, an absent transformative politics, then, even on Schiller's account, art is about the need for revolution. Behind Schiller/Adorno is the thought that a revolutionized society would have nothing like art in our sense. Whatever a future society would have, whatever would fill that kind of place of art, would be of a very different character and play a very different role than art plays in our world. That is something that, for example, Benjamin tries to imagine with his idea of art as a practice of everyday learning—the surgical invasion of the body through the camera, that sort of thing. He is imagining what kind of other role it could play. And in a society that is politically constituted, it would be a directly political role. Conversely, here and now the existence of art speaks to the absence of a transformative praxis.
It is easy to imagine that we have the wrong kind of economy and political formation. It is easy to imagine that we have got the wrong institutions. But it seems contradictory to think that a radical Marxist theory should say that the deep problem concerning the structure of capitalist modernity is that it has the wrong form of cognition and the wrong form of rationality, because that makes it sound as if the wrongness is at the level of philosophy. How could it be the case that the wrongness of the world is the wrong form of reason? And it is not clear to me, by the way, that Marx understood this. Certainly, both Hegel and Nietzsche are obsessed by this issue. They both think that modernity is in the grip of a mistaken form of reason and rationality, and that that form of reason and rationality, which Adorno will call instrumental reason—what goes under the name Socratism in Nietzsche and of 'the understanding' in Hegel—holds in place the intelligibility and rationality of a wrong form of life.
So a wrong form of life turns out to be not just a social problem, e.g. we do not have the will to feed our poor or we have the wrong institutions. Rather, it turns out to be something deep in the foundations of what we think knowing is, what we think reason is, and what we think norms are. When Adorno turns to works of art, he is trying to unearth an alternative form of encountering, and a different structure of experience from that portrayed in our routine social practices of acting and knowing, in just the way that Nietzsche did, and in just the way that Hegel turns to dialectic against Kantian understanding. The magic of the argument is that everyone knows that aesthetic and artistic experience is not like everyday experience, that there is something intense about it or challenging about it that is of a different character. What Adorno wants to say is that a different structure of experience, a different relationship to the object, and a different rationality is hibernating in advanced artworks and needs to be elaborated. Because the truth of our world is that it is false, in that it has false forms of encounter, false, pseudo-conceptions of individuality, and a life that does not live. For this reason, aesthetics is always the return of the repressed, but what has been repressed is, along with first nature, a form of cognition and a form of reasoning. Now, putting it in those terms is, as I have come to think, overly narrow. The hegemony of instrumental reason is true—that is what it means to say that the work of art is the return of the repressed and embodies social contradiction.
JS: You do not see, then, capitalism itself as essentially contradictory in a way that finds expression in works of art? Rather, in your terms, the contradiction of art is not reducible to the contradiction of capital?
JB: I am not convinced that Marx thought that capital was essentially contradictory. There is a passage from Das Kapital, near the end of Volume One, where I think Marx gives an ethical critique. It is in the passage where he says "modern industry never views or treats the existing form of production process as the definitive one; its technical basis is therefore revolutionary, whereas all earlier modes of production were essentially conservative," and then, after kind of elaborating this thought about machinery transforming itself all the time, he says, "we have seen how this form of contradiction does away with all repose, all fixity, and all security as far as the worker's life situation is concerned, how it constantly threatens by taking away the instruments of labor to snatch from his hands the means of subsistence by suppressing his special functions to make him superfluous."[iii] It sounds like the present, doesn't it? It's uncanny! He then goes on "we have seen too how this contradiction bursts forth without restraint in the ceaseless human sacrifices required from the working class, the reckless squandering of labor powers and the devastating effects of social anarchy–this is the negative side." I want to emphasize the negative side here is presented in wholly ethical terms. And, if we thought that that was a mistake, he goes on to say in the same paragraph that the "monstrosity," his word, the disposable working population held in reserve in misery for whatever are the needs of capital, need to be replaced, he says, by the individual man, the totally developed individual for whom different social functions are different modes of activity he takes up in turn. The only thing he cares about, and it's always a big deal, is individuality. It is an ethical critique.
JS: Or an immanent critique of liberalism?
JB: All I am emphasizing here is that the Marxian critique of capital is ethical. Of course, he thinks there are internal tensions in capital. But what he cares about, I think, is an ethical critique.
JS: In your recent article on the moral necessity of modernism, you argue that Marxist materialism was not materialist enough, owing to its optimistic Enlightenment rationalism. Can you elaborate on this vision of an alternative materialism and the minor politics, as you say, of resistance? In your view, should we abandon as obsolete Marx's notion of an immanent critique of capitalist social relations based on the contradiction between their pretensions to freedom and emancipation, and the practices that they shape?
JB: The second part of the question first: my hunch is that capital no longer has pretensions to freedom and emancipation. The turn to neoliberalism was designed to eliminate that pretension and that promise. Thatcher knew what she was about and the people around her knew it. Reagan did not know anything and the people around him did not know anything. Well, the economists did, they were Chicago School folks. But the people around Thatcher knew that we have to stop promising freedom and emancipation. We have to stop promising that society is going to deliver for you a better form of life. So what was Thatcher's thing? "Society does not exist." That was the end of the pretension, in my view. Her statement was not about freedom and emancipation; the market alone would be integral to any vision of freedom.
JS: So there is still an ideology of some sort?
JB: There is still an ideology of some sort, but an ideology based on the idea of not competing values, but on a thin conception of freedom. And the market as the only form of social organization compatible with this thin freedom. Neoliberalism believes in competition, with the attached thought that you undermine competition if you provide a safety net or imposed mechanisms of equalization. When you read Friedrich von Hayek, what he says is that any attempt to provide a form of equalization undoes the rule of law. For Hayek, even minimal regulation is just one step short of Stalinism. There is almost no gap between social regulation and outright totalitarian rule. Their notion of freedom is the freedom to be superfluous, the freedom to fail, and the freedom to lose. For them, unless that is there, then it is no freedom at all. So, sure, there is an ideology of freedom, but it is not integral to capital the way that it was in the original model, which was a vision of freedom, mainly free exchange in the marketplace, the freedom to lead your life, all of that, which felt like part of modernity itself; the right of subjectivity, as Hegel would call it, was embedded in the original capitalist idea, and it is just that that is dissolved by the neoliberal market.
So, the question that has to be asked is whether or not neoliberalism eats up even the notion of leading a life. In so far as you are an entrepreneur of yourself, if that is the fundamental category of subjectivity, then what it threatens is that, although the introduction of neoliberalism depends upon an ideology of freedom, its installation dissolves that basis into the sheer mechanisms of the market.
JS: But that is always the problem with any sort of ideology under capitalism, it undermines and fails to fulfill its own promise…
JB: No, I mean in the other direction. I mean neoliberalism undermines and cuts itself free from its grounding in freedom. If you read Foucault, in his hypnotic way, what he really thinks is that freedom is the wedge that allows neoliberal market rationality to appear, but once it appears, it can lose the original ballast of freedom, and just go for a wholly internally working system of market rationality. If any ideology appears internal to it, it is no more than an efflux of that internal rationality.
JS: If people continue to support and vote for neoliberal politicians and to support neoliberal policies, is this not an indication of the persistence of its promise as an ideology?
JB: I always think part of the answer that we always forget is we have lost the argument. That we have let the argument go, that the failures of the present are the failures of government, not capital.
What I mean is, the idea of immanent critique seems to me nicely powerful, but, politically speaking, is it the best form of critique? It seems to me that Sanders did as well as could be done in the contrast between government and the market in the campaign when he said "wait a minute, they keep telling you to trust the marketplace to deliver healthcare, and, really, are you going to trust Exxon Mobil?" And he went through all the cases where we actually distrust corporations, and he said "people always forget this, people always think social security is an entitlement, not a government program, because if they like it, it's not government. It is only government when they don't like it." Sanders, rhetorically, was not doing immanent critique, he was just offering a series of reminders—which can be immensely powerful: politics is often about forgetting and ignoring and sidelining.
JS: In Towards a New Manifesto, based on a recorded conversation between Horkheimer and Adorno in 1956, Adorno endorses Horkheimer's call "for the reestablishment of a socialist party," adding that it should have a "strictly Leninist manifesto."[iv] Later in the conversation, Adorno remarks that it is his ambition to "develop a theory that remains faithful to Marx, Engels, and Lenin, while keeping up with culture, at its most advanced."[v] Do you find Adorno's explicit avowal of Marxism consistent with the model of Critical Theory you have inherited from him?
JB: Maybe you need to help me out with why you think that is a question. Your question is opaque to me. I have always thought of Adorno as an orthodox Marxist. I never thought of him as anything else. May be a better question is: Who else might be an orthodox Marxist?
I do think that Adorno was a terrible political thinker or non-thinker of the political, and this infects and harms his other work. I do not think, "oh, it's a shame he didn't write about politics." His inability to think politically shapes much of what he does. At the same time, of course, it is exactly this that allows him to put so much energy into the aesthetic sphere, where it can take on these tremendous resonances, but it is a deforming lack. And trying to think our way through political forms, non-instrumental forms of the political that are convergent with Marxism, is a challenge that has not yet been answered. That is, there is a great temptation on the Left to think of politics instrumentally, as a means of achieving socialism. Insofar as that is true, it is a repudiation of free self-determination, of what it means to live a human life.
JS: I take it your critique of Adorno's point here about reestablishing a socialist party is that it is instrumentalizing, that politics is turned into a vehicle for achieving socialism, to be discarded after the revolution?
JB: I do not think that necessarily. Again, the question of a socialist party seems to me a question of labels rather than goals. I am, of course, interested in any party that will put an end to the domination of capital, and which is compatible with free human self-determination. We have come to use the label of socialism to stand for this. And that is all it does, stand for non-exploitative social relations of production, distribution, and consumption. It is the commitment and the content that matter. I am not opposed to having various experiments on non-capitalist forms of social living that are regional. Can we have, a workers' cooperative garbage collection in New Haven? How would that work? That would be a beginning. So, again, I am in favor of a fluid, experimental, critical problem-solving way of engaging this, rather than with a fixed model and instrumentally thinking about how we can implement it. That is the version of politics that I thought we are trying to give up. So, blueprints… even the idea of where we are going has to continually be charged with immanent and critical content.
JS: Without something like a party, how can socialism be realized?
JB: I am all for political parties, but why just one that represents Socialism? Why not seven? I believe in political parties for exactly the reason that I believe in politics; parties are the bearers of political positions in a complex political world. The context of Adorno saying that is simply to make clear that, whatever Critical Theory is, it means to be a form of Marxism, it means to have Socialism as its goal, and probably, if it is going to realize that goal, it is going to require, he thinks, a vanguard party.
Of course, just to give the obvious examples, neither Habermas nor my friend Honneth would agree to those propositions, even in a shrunken form. They are liberal democrats with a bit of welfarism at the edges. Yet, they are not wobbly about those other commitments, those are powerful for them, but they have given up the question of property as the fundamental issue. In Gillian Rose's Hegel Contra Sociology she says Hegel, in outlining "the rose in the cross" of the present, is doing politics in the "severe style." The cross of the present is bourgeois property relations—private ownership over the means of production and all that; hence the rationality of the present can only be released, the right of subjectivity recognized through a transformation of existing property relations. Champions of the welfare state see the rose but not the cross.
JS: In light of the current political climate, what with the rejection of neoliberalism demonstrated by Trump's election, Brexit, and the popularity of a candidate like Bernie Sanders, do you think the Adorno we need is the Adorno that embraces socialism and a socialist party?
JB: Trump's election, although in part a critique of neoliberalism, represents anger at internationalism. For all of his defense of economic nationalism, nonetheless, all of the actual policies are de-regulating, favoring the rich, so, it is really just more of the same. It's an authoritarian, weird version of neoliberalism, contradictory in itself. It shows something of the failure of neoliberalism; but what is interesting to me, what the Left has not got a hold of at all, is that it is not just Trump or Brexit, it is everywhere in Europe. This is a North Atlantic civilization problem. There has been a return of authoritarianism and nationalism and this is perhaps even more urgent than the problem of socialism at the moment because it effects the location, formation, and direction of political action as such. What is the horizon of political will formation? How do we connect national politics with the international order? That we have got to think about answers to these questions in terms of what our overall political commitments are, including to socialism, is obvious. But this is a new phenomenon. And it is not going to pan out the way it did in the 1930s, that we can be sure of. This is a form of non-revolutionary authoritarianism, which means it wants to be able to go on and on and on. |P
[i] Georg Lukács, History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, trans. Rodney Livingstone (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1972), 55.
[ii] Theodor Adorno, Aesthetic Theory, trans. Robert Hullot-Kentor (London: Continuum, 2002), 247.
[iii] Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Trans. Ben Fowkes, vol. 1 (New York: Penguin Books, 1982), 617-618.
[iv] Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, "Towards a New Manifesto?" New Left Review 65 (2010): 55.
[v] Ibid., 59.
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