CNN has an excellent article on its website about the use of seclusion rooms in schools; it's a must-read. It starts with an anecdote about a 13-year-old with behavior problems and ADHD who hanged himself after being put in a seclusion room. It also explores what is known--and not known--about the use of seclusion or "time out" rooms across the country.
It is a heart-breaking article, particularly as it points out how little is known about the use of seclusion, how frequently parents are not informed, and how little regulation or documentation exist. I was also struck by the number of people above the teacher level (principal, special education superintendent) endorsed the seclusion rooms as one of a very few options available, pled ignorance or supported the use.
I was also sickened by the refrain, always communicated by an attorney: "the school system denies any wrongdoing."
Go to your school board meetings! Ask the question and see if your BOE even knows if their district has them or not!
Special ed's 'best' kept secret! There's actually a wealth of information from the APA on how these episodes can lead to post-trauma in children. This is a human rights issue and the schools repeatedly use the "oh, it' for their own our others' safety." I continue to pull my hair out over this issue.
You know.. this really makes me mad! We have had 'chill rooms' as you call them, for years. In some cases, we have had to use restraint. What are we supposed to do as Teachers??? Any ideas?? Do we allow students to throw things at us, spit at us, hit us, kick us, pinch us, bite us, punch us, use an instrument to attack us? If it was in the community, we would have them arrested, would we not? And these things go on in a classroom with other students! And these things are also done to students in our classrooms! Is that okay for a student to bodily harm others? Come on people!! In my opinion, as a Teacher, I am to keep the student safe and the other students safe as well. AND... do you think that we don't have other strategies that we use BEFORE the escalation of the behaviors occur?? We are all taught to de-escalate the behaviors!!!! BUT sometimes with our best taught training.. our strategies still do not work and a child HAS to be taken to the 'chill room' for his/her benefit or the benefit of the other students. Without a 'chill room' where would the student go to talk his/her anger out? Once he/she is under control and able to express his feelings then he/she is able to return to the classroom. We do not use seclusion rooms, but have well-trained staff to handle such situations. Special Education is individualized education for a reason!
At some time teachers of kids with and without disabilities, particularly in NYS, will be thoroughly trained (not "staff developed" in a 3 hour lecture) in one research-validated program of behavior management and modification. What is claimed to be used in NYS, PBIS, is an approach, not a validated program. When and if this ever happens, we will not have comments like this from teachers.
It is also true that the federal 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals held in mid-2006 that the entire panoply of federal laws prohibiting abuse of persons with disabilities cover schools, including publicly-operated day schools. These laws simply prohibit - flat out - much of what this teacher describes.
At some point the speducation industry will be forced to admit that abuse is abuse, and a child physically or psychiatrically injured by abuse is no less injured because the abuse is done by a teacher in a school. Dead is dead. PTSD is PTSD. No matter where it is incurred.
I look forward both to that day and to the time when the US govt. more forthrightly speaks out about this appalling situation and gathers nerve to enforce these laws.
Change we need. Now. And from what I hear, coming soon to every schoolhouse near you.
There are currently over 130,000 schools serving 50 million students in this country. In real numbers, no one really knows the extent of the threat in terms of school violence. In 2006 an audit of 17 high schools was conducted by former NYS Comptroller Alan G. Hevesi found that at least one third of violent incidents documented in school records were not reported. The Hevesi Report cited approximately 7,357 violent and disruptive incidents at 17 NY high schools in one year.
This means the American public is being significantly mislead as it is estimated that between one and four out of five school crimes go unreported. Therefore the assaults against teachers are underestimated between 20-80% and while assaults on teachers are high, assaults by one student against another student are higher and not adequately or accurately reflected in these statistics which are nonetheless disturbing.
See, Attacking our Educators, Stopping School Violence http://www.stoppingschoolviolence.com.
• 13% of 9th graders reported that they were threatened or injured with a weapon on school property.
• Street gangs were reported present on school premises by 29% of students living in urban areas, 18% of students living in suburban areas, and 13% of students living in rural areas.
• 6.1% of students nationwide have carried a weapon (e.g., a gun, knife, or club) on school property one or more times during the 30 days prior to the survey. During the 12 months preceding the survey, 9.2% of the students had been threatened or injured with such a weapon on school property one or more times.
• Each day, approximately 160,000 K-12 students don't attend school because they are afraid.
• 46% of students said they were hit, kicked, shoved, or tripped at least once in the previous month, and 18 percent had experienced this five or more times.
• One in fourteen students carries a weapon to school one or more days each month.
• 10% of traditional (non-special education) teachers reported being threatened with injury during a 12 month period.
• Nearly one in 10 high school students reported being threatened or injured with a weapon on school property during the preceding 12 months.
• Over 88% of victimizations that occurred at school against 12-18 year olds were not reported to the police.
• Of the 3,657 expulsions from bringing a firearm to school almost half were students in high school, 28 % were middle school and 24% were elementary school.
The data that exists puts the number of special education students around 14% of the total student population. This segment of students is the most rapidly growing segment and it is projected that special education students will soon represent 25% of the student population.
With respect to special education students and school violence, data shows that special education students committed threats at a significantly higher annual rate (33/1000 students) than regular education students (6.9/1000 students) and made more substantive threats (39.8%) than students in regular education (20%). Students classified as Emotionally Disturbed (ED) made the highest threat rates and the most serious threats. Students in special education who made threats also committed significantly more infractions involving violent acts. Research is showing that while special education students represent approximately 14% of the school population, they are the source of 38-43% of the violent incidents.
Again, there were 7,357 violent incidents at 17 high schools. There are over 37,000 high schools nationwide. Take the mean number of incidents at the 17 NY High Schools and multiply it by the number of high schools nationwide. The number of violent incidents that may actually be occurring at this nation's high schools is staggering. And remember, this number does not include elementary or middle schools.
According to the National Center for Education Statistics for 2003-4 there were over 130,000 K-12 schools nationwide. Again, there were 7,357 violent incidents that took place in a one-year period at just 17 of these schools.
The 100 or so incidences of potentially abusive uses of seclusion and restraint documented in NDRN's Report span over at least a decade long period and include non-school incidents. These cases were reported by 57 protection and advocacy network offices presumably located across the country. If you average the number of incidents included in the Report over the 10 year period over which they were reported, you are looking at 10-20 cases of potentially abusive uses of seclusion and restraint annually.
We now ask the public and Congress to compare this number to the actual number of violent incidents that may actually be occurring at this nation's schools annually and multiply that number by the 10+ year period covered in NDRN's Report.
It is only by putting the examples cited in NDRN's Report into context that the scope of the overall issue of school violence and the need for school safety can be measured.
NDRN's Report is not based on any scientific research, data initiative or statistical evidence. The Report is completely irresponsible as it is a blatant attempt by an advocacy group to influence legislation that affects the safety of millions of teachers, school resource officers, aides, administrators and 50 million students with nothing to support its position except a general feeling that children even when acting in a manner that is harmful to themselves or others should not be secluded or restrained.
It is unrealistic for advocates or Congress to expect that every incident can be managed with positive behavior intervention. Positive behavior support alone is not an appropriate intervention (see CMS restraint regulations public comment section) at the precise moment that a student is placing himself or herself at a real and substantial risk of injury to self or others.
For instance, if your child was about to cross a street into oncoming traffic, or place their hand on a hot stove, you would stop them. If your child was hurting themselves by scratching or head banging, you would stop them from continuing to hurt themselves.
- If you have your own child in an educational setting and another child physically attacks your child, regardless of motive, what would you think about a teacher or aide who decides to offer 'positive behavior support' instead of saving your child from getting beaten?
-In fact it is precisely because schools and other facilities are taking away the spectrum of tools that teachers and staff can use to therapeutically intervene, that more, not less, security and intervention is being called for. Administrators and teachers need to be given the spectrum of tools necessary to do their jobs in order to maintain a safe environment.
We now call on Congress to consider all sides of this issue.


It would be fun not to know that Baz Luhrmann's new movie is an adaptation, not to have read the book that it's an adaptation of, not to bother comparing the movie to its source or evaluating its fidelity to or imaginative reinterpretation of the novel, but simply to watch "The Great Gatsby" as a movie that brings some notable actors together in a sumptuously-realized Jazz Age extravaganza to tell a tumble of good stories—of a lost love fleetingly recaptured, a couple of marriages unhinged, a crime unsolved, lives violently lost, a fledgling romance dissolved, the disillusionment of a New York newcomer, and, overall, of the end of a time of fabled exuberance—by way of vividly conceived characters and finely rhetorical dialogue. It wouldn't make the resulting movie any better, but it would at least make for a source of wonder that an early-twenty-first-century screenwriter could offer up such a rich lode of material, regardless of the use made of it.
Yet, unlike the "Quixote" of Pierre Menard—the latter-day word-for-word recreation of the novel that, Borges joked, would be an even greater act of imagination than is Cervantes's account of his contemporary world—Fitzgerald's "Gatsby" would still be a greater achievement than that of Luhrmann and his co-writer, Craig Pearce, for the same reason that the novel became widely acclaimed and popular decades after its own time. "The Great Gatsby," which was published in 1925, is a work of brilliant, fine-tuned clairvoyance—it sounded the death knell for a generation that was still alive. Beside the book's intrinsically romantic qualities (and a doomed romance is often even more popularly romantic than one that works out), it reveals how Prohibition—which became the law of the land in 1919—infected the American character and offers a dim view of the financial markets that foreshadows the 1929 crash. The book is a cautionary tale that was offered to readers who, at the time, sought no caution. In the retrospective post-Depression view, however, "The Great Gatsby" all made perfect sense, its iridescent beauty and poetic fancy appearing as no more than a bright and floating bubble that, as everyone knew, had catastrophically burst. It's easy to be cautionary after things go to hell; Fitzgerald saw, and warned of, hell breaking through the collective illusion of paradise.
It was one of those tragic loves doomed for lack of money, and one day the girl closed it out on the basis of common sense. During a long summer of despair I wrote a novel instead of letters, so it came out all right, but it came out all right for a different person. The man with the jingle of money in his pocket who married the girl a year later would always cherish an abiding distrust, an animosity, toward the leisure class—not the conviction of a revolutionist but the smouldering hatred of a peasant. In the years since then I have never been able to stop wondering where my friends' money came from, nor to stop thinking that at one time a sort of droit de seigneur might have been exercised to give one of them my girl.
In other words, Fitzgerald had been in love with Ginevra King, who instead married a wealthy young man. Soon thereafter, Fitzgerald, a successful writer, married Zelda Sayre. Nick Carraway may have learned where his friends' money came from and headed back to the Midwest (so did Fitzgerald, in the summer of 1919, where he wrote "This Side of Paradise"), but Fitzgerald returned to New York with "the jingle of money in his pocket" and became a Gatsby-like overnight grandee of wild parties.
Fitzgerald's literary and personal conception of the aphrodisiac power of money, though, was remote to two of the most important writers of the day—D. H. Lawrence, and Fitzgerald's friend Ernest Hemingway, whose prime themes are virility and vitality, the physical energy and mental discipline which carry a sexual charge. In effect, they wrote of the higher animal prowling around the edges of a society and making incursions; Fitzgerald, however, wrote of society, remained an insider, and his view of social gamesmanship and the finely-calibrated inflections and higher frequencies with which insiders speak to each other—and the forceful desires that those glittering games both conceal and express—is the essence of his poetic vision of the world, the charm of his despair.
The problem with Luhrmann's film is that it's under the top. For all of its lurching and gyrating party scenes, for all the inflated pomp of the Gatsby palace and the Buchanan mansion, for all the colorful clothing and elaborate personal styling, Luhrmann takes none of it seriously, and makes none of it look remotely alluring, enticing, fun. His whizzing 3-D cinematography offers lots of motion but no seduction; his parties are turbulent and raucous without being promising, without holding out the allure of magical encounters. They're in the story, of course, those encounters—there's no story without them—but Luhrmann, a man of his times, has no patience for mystery, no sense of true and brazen immodesty. He may have spent a lot of money to put his grandiose vision of the novel onto the screen, but he seems to be apologizing for it in advance. There was something in that most profligate night life, in the obscenely indulgent expenditures of the rich on destructive amusements for themselves and their friends and the hangers-on, that had a diabolical appeal to Fitzgerald—but it has none for Luhrmann, and the movie offers none.
The same is true of the casting and the acting. Leonardo DiCaprio has the laser-fix eyebeams and the megawatt smile, but not the sense of being—which Fitzgerald mentions in the book—"an elegant young roughneck, a year or two over thirty, whose elaborate formality of speech just missed being absurd." DiCaprio's speech, with its J.F.K.-tinged accent, is simply and patently absurd, and there's no roughness whatsoever to his character, none of life's burrs or scrapes, no tinge of real power. And he's the best among the principals. Carey Mulligan, though a fine actress, is simply overmatched by the part of Daisy Buchanan; she doesn't invest the character with style or with substance, doesn't have a sufficiently high-handed irony or sense of intimate secrecy. She plays the role entirely out front, as if in keeping with a cynical conception—in keeping with Luhrmann's superficial churning of the party scenes—of the young woman of impossible dreams being an ordinary person of not-unusual substance or character whose wonder exists only in Gatsby's fantastic visions. Here, too, Luhrmann—unlike Fitzgerald—is unable to take society seriously, to recognize the extraordinary character that extraordinary manners both hide and (for those attuned to them) display. Joel Edgerton brings crude weight to the character of Tom Buchanan but not the refinement of wealth; as Nick Carraway, Tobey Maguire plays a bit too bewildered, too awkward and unknowing. The simplicity of Luhrmann's conception filters into their portrayals.
Before I go on with this short history, let me make a general observation—the test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in the mind at the same time, and still retain the ability to function. One should, for example, be able to see that things are hopeless and yet be determined to make them otherwise.
The movie conveys the sense of waste but not of what was wasted, of the superfluous but not of excess, and of the phony but not of the gloriously theatre of life. In its reductive way, it not only doesn't display two opposed ideas; it offers no ideas at all.


text:
03/18/2016 - Digital Audio Review.net
02/14/2016 - Los Angeles Times
04/28/2015 - Los Angeles Racked
06/12/2014 - Fast Company
Visit our new Berkeley Cannabis Dispensary located next door!
Digital Audio Review.net
Amoeba Hollywood is Disneyland for music lovers
by John H. Darko
Independent record store – what mental image is conjured? Dilapidated signage above a dark shop window? An out of the way location on the edge of town? A cramped interior? A musty smell? A stand-off-ish 40-something counter clerk who looks down on your lack of Buffalo Springfield knowledge? A vintage hifi rig that spins Northern Soul 7″s all day long?
Whatever you imagine, it's probably a long way, both geographically and metaphorically, from Amoeba Music in Hollywood, California. Occupying the full width of the short block between Ivar and Cahuenga on Sunset Boulevard, Amoeba would almost rival Home Depot on internal square footage and ceiling height. Little wonder it's one of the area's most iconic buildings. After dark, the red neon glow of Amoeba's signage makes it hard to miss. A large sign above the door details upcoming live shows and album launch events.
The first time visitor could find Amoeba a little overwhelming. The vinyl lover should steer toward the lefthand wall where seven double-side racks serve up thousands of rock and pop releases.
Interleaved between those sealed pressings sits a smattering of used rarities. This time around, I picked up the 12″ single of Billy Bragg's You Woke Up My Neighbourhood for US$6, largely for its three quite lovely B-sides. The hope of unearthing an unexpected gem is precisely why many a vinyl collector braves Hollywood's often chaotic traffic to get to Amoeba. The parking garage in the basement helps, which is worth visiting to catch a glimpse of the store's graffiti-drenched elevator.
Back up inside the store, beyond the clickety-clack of CD cases being flipped through and immediately beneath the storefront window sits the electronic and dance music vinyl section. Out of print rarities sit up high on the display wall.
On a previous visit, I snatched up a sealed copy of U.F. Orb's original 3LP release for US$70. Autechre's Tri-Repetae (US$60) and The Black Dog's Spanners (US$75) were one's that got away. Making it to the checkout counter at the end of this speedy drop-in: a selection of all new Richie Hawtin 12inchers as well as long players from FSOL, Pantha Du Prince, The Wedding Present and Built To Spill.
Out back, behind the store's stage, I spied a sealed copy of Diana Krall's Live in Paris (US$60) next to a Sun Ra rarity; an odd juxtaposition. Beneath that, an extensive range of t-shirts lead the more curious of customers to a set of draws loaded with 8-track tapes and reel-to-reels. Close by, a range of turntables from Audio Technica and Music Hall are ready to satisfy entry-level record spinning urges.
If there's an bigger, airier, brighter, better-stocked independent record store in the world, I've yet to find it. (A second Amoeba Music outlet can be found in Berkeley, San Francisco).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Wollastonite 1kg Fine
510-19301K
Wollastonite is a calcium metasilicate mineral with a mean particle size of 4.5 microns. It exhibits lower viscosity in paint than is indicated by its oil absorption value. The relatively high pH (10-11) of wollastonite is particularly useful in maintaining the desired alkaline pH level of water-based paints and preventing early rusting of water-based coatings. Wollastonite is an excellent extender pigment for powder coatings as well as solvent-based and water-based paints.
Wollastonite is a calcium metasilicate mineral, available in two powder grades of fineness. Each grade exhibits lower viscosity in paint than is indicated by its oil absorption value. The low oil absorption characteristic of wollastonite enables you to reduce raw material cost by replacement of the vehicle. The relatively high pH (10–11) of wollastonite is particularly useful in maintaining the desired alkaline pH level of water-based paints and preventing early rusting of water-based coatings. Wollastonite is an excellent extender pigment for powder coatings as well as solvent-based and water-based paints.
The fine grade of wollastonite disperses to 4 Hegman fineness at three pounds per gallon. This grade provides smooth paint films and is a general purpose extender. The extra-fine grade disperses to 6 to 7 Hegman fineness at three pounds per gallon. This grade is suitable for liquid industrial and corrosion resistant coatings, powder coatings and semi-gloss architectural coatings. In powder coatings, this grade is desirable for smoother films and improved gloss.
Wollastonite is a calcium metasilicate mineral (CaSiO3) that may contain small amounts of iron, magnesium, and manganese substituting for calcium. It is usually white. It forms when impure limestone or dolostone is subjected to high temperature and pressure sometimes in the presence of silica-bearing fluids as in metamorphic rocks. Associated minerals include garnets, vesuvianite, diopside, tremolite, epidote, plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene and calcite. It is named after the English chemist and mineralogist William Hyde Wollaston (1766–1828).
Some of the properties that make wollastonite so useful are its high brightness and whiteness, low moisture and oil absorption, and low volatile content. Wollastonite is used primarily in ceramics, friction products (brakes and clutches), metal-making, paint filler, and plastics.
Wollastonite has industrial importance worldwide. It is used in many industries, mostly by tile factories which have incorporated it into the manufacturing of ceramic to improve many aspects, and this is due to its fluxing properties, freedom from volatile constituents, whiteness, and acicular particle shape. In ceramics, wollastonite decreases shrinkage and gas evolution during firing, increases green and fired strength, maintains brightness during firing, permits fast firing, and reduces crazing, cracking, and glaze defects. In metallurgical applications, wollastonite serves as a flux for welding, a source for calcium oxide, a slag conditioner, and to protect the surface of molten metal during the continuous casting of steel. As an additive in paint, it improves the durability of the paint film, acts as a pH buffer, improves its resistance to weathering, reduces gloss, reduces pigment consumption, and acts as a flatting and suspending agent. In plastics, wollastonite improves tensile and flexural strength, reduces resin consumption, and improves thermal and dimensional stability at elevated temperatures. Surface treatments are used to improve the adhesion between the wollastonite and the polymers to which it is added. As a substitute for asbestos in floor tiles, friction products, insulating board and panels, paint, plastics, and roofing products, wollastonite is resistant to chemical attack, inert, stable at high temperatures, and improves flexibility and tensile strength. In some industries, it is used in different percentages of impurities, such as its use as a fabricator of mineral wool insulation, or as an ornamental building material.
Wollastonite was investigated as a functional filler for coatings as far back as the mid-1940s. In 1950, wollastonite was cited as a filler in coatings. Attractive properties of the mineral then included white color, moderate hardness, and a high natural brightness.
In 1979, a review of wollastonite and its suitability in coatings systems noted that this mineral had been important for over twenty-five years as an "extender pigment which contributes to rust resistance, exterior durability, and color retention." The article described a study comparing wollastonite to a variety of extenders in both interior and exterior latex paints. Also reported was the use of wollastonite in an acrylic alkyd modified latex paint containing zinc oxide. Using a 400 mesh wollastonite, the zinc oxide was stabilized without a high dispersant demand. Two benefits noted were efficient raw material cost management and better package stability. The author concluded, after comparing extenders in many types of latex paints, that wollastonite offered the following.
• Versatility based on its acicular shape for low sheen, film strength, and overall durability
• Moderate oil absorption for higher PVC contribution
• High dry brightness for cleaner tints
• Moderate hardness for mar and scrub resistance
• Alkaline pH, likely to become one of wollastonite's most important properties, requiring less ammonia and improving rust and mildew resistance
Five years later, a number of functional extender pigments were compared for their contribution to the performance of anti-corrosive epoxy metal primers. Because legislation restricted the use of lead- and hexavalent chromium-based corrosion inhibitors, new types of molybdate, borate, and phosphate inhibitors were emerging. These had their own performance issues due to high oil absorption and lower efficiency. Examining the PVC/CPVC ratio in order to regain efficient corrosion control led to the reassessment of the choice of extender. Among the nine extender pigments examined, wollastonite was preferred for improved corrosion and blistering resistance, with additional improvement derived from epoxysilane treatment of this mineral.
More recently, work was reported on the use of wollastonite surface-treated with reactive silanes, such as amino and epoxy functional types, in corrosion resistant coatings. In this article the role of wollastonite as a "synergist" with inhibitive pigments was described. While the mechanism is not fully known, numerous authors have described the synergistic behavior of wollastonite with the majority of primary inhibitive pigments. What is known is that when used in combination with inhibitors, wollastonite, especially the surface-treated grades, enables the inhibitive pigment to be more effective for overall corrosion protection than when the pigment is used by itself. One author, in a study focusing on waterborne epoxy primers and anti-corrosive pigments, reached the following conclusions regarding treated wollastonite and its performance:
Pigment volume concentrations (PVCs) in the range of 38 to 45%, and a PVC/CPVC ratio of 0.6 to 0.9, showed the best overall coating performance when the extender package included 150 pounds per 100 gallons of treated wollastonite and the anti-corrosive pigment level was 100 pounds per 100 gallons.
The past several years have seen the incorporation of wollastonite in a wide variety of corrosion resistant coatings. While the waterborne epoxies seem to prevail, especially since the formulating trend is toward reduced VOCs for environmental compliance, acrylic copolymer systems are using wollastonite, as are water-reducible polymer systems.
Chromate and phosphate pigments are being developed to improve the effectiveness of inhibitive metal primers, especially in wash primers, aircraft primers, and automotive primers. To completely replace the performance of hexavalent chromium remains a challenge, particularly at low loadings. Because strontium chromate remains, for many systems, the inhibitor of choice, the formulator looks to wollastonite to reduce the amount of strontium chromate used, without sacrificing corrosion protection. Further, zinc phosphate has been used to help offset dependence upon strontium chromate, and over the last 30 years has become the leading nontoxic inhibitive pigment. For instance, a surface-treated wollastonite has been successfully used to improve the performance of zinc phosphate in alkyds.
In barrier-type formulations where corrosion resistance is achieved through means other than inhibitive pigments, surface-treated wollastonite has been shown to be effective on its own. Because the protection afforded by these types of systems is more related to controlling ionic permeability and chemical reactivity of the binder with the filler surface, a working hypothesis is that surface-treated wollastonite contributes to performance with its acicular shape and via the chemical bond occurring between the surface treatment and the binder.
Further, wollastonite's acid solubility can be controlled by proper selection of the surface treatment chemistry. By carefully matching the chemistry to the inhibitive pigment and binder system, the contribution of wollastonite to passivation can be maintained, and the synergistic relationship can be maximized.
Extender Pigment Fine Extra-Fine
Description: Fine particle size with closely-controlled particle size distribution. Extra-fine particle size with closely-controlled particle size distribution.
Appearance: White powder
Chemical Name: Calcium Metasilicate
Chemical Formula: CaSiO3
Source: Gouverneur District, Lewis County, New York
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2): 50.0%
Calcium Oxide (CaO): 45.0%
Magnesium Oxide (MgO): 1.50%
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3): 0.7%
Iron Oxide (Fe2O3): 0.2%
Manganese Oxide (MnO): <0.1%
Sodium Oxide (Na2O): <0.1%
Loss on Ignition (1000 ºC): 1.6%
Typical Physical Properties
Horiba LA 300 D 10: 1.7 1.3
D 50: 7.5 4.5
D 90: 17.8 11.5
Hegman Fineness, 3 lbs/gal (T 1042): 4 6–7
Mean Particle Size (Sedigraph): 4.5 2.8
Retained on 325 Mesh Screen: 0.03% 0.02%
pH, 10% slurry (ASTM D 1208): 10–11 10–11
Brightness (Tappi T 646): 91 93
Oil Absorption: 32g oil / 100g pigment 33g oil / 100g pigment
Density (g/cc): 2.9 2.9
Weight (lbs./gal.): 24.2 24.2
Specific Gravity: 2.61 2.61
Refractive Index, mean: nα=1.616–1.640 nα=1.616–1.640
Mohs Hardness: 4.5–5 4.5–5
1 kg bag
The Kovcheg or Ark in Icon Panels


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In an increasingly complex, fragmented and interconnected world, how do we know what is "true"? Can we believe what we find online at all, or should we rather take up a severely critical attitude to sources until their trustworthiness has been proven? Furthermore, how do we teach our students to exert the necessary caution when evaluating sources?
Being able to take a critical stance to what appears to be credible is a matter of both maturity as well as being able to question what we see. Thus, it is pivotal that teachers discuss credibility of sources with students on a continuous basis. For example, is it OK to use Wikipedia as a source of information? Research has shown that teachers and students display varying attitudes to the use of Wikipedia; teachers being more sceptical, whereas students find this source to be both easy to use and informative (Blikstad-Balas & Høgenes, 2014). Clearly, students are more pragmatic in their attitudes, while teachers question the quality and credibility of Wikipedia, and many teachers omit to draw attention to and explicitly discuss this source of information.
In a similar vein, Frønes and Narvhus (2012) discuss reading literacy and students' ability to critically assess the adequacy and credibility of online resources, emphasizing the importance of work aimed at increasing this ability in the classroom. Young learners lack the background experience of adults, and tend to be more naïve to what they perceive to constitute reliable sources (number of "likes", clicks, etc.). It is thus essential that teachers encourage students to always ask questions and compare sources. It may be OK to use Wikipedia as an easy-to-use starting point for locating information, but what do other independent sources say? And which sources can we trust? For instance, can sources be affected by special interests – do they aim to influence us out of particular commercial or social interests? How many sources do we need to check before we can confirm the reliability of data with reasonable certainty?
I never cease asking those important questions!
Developing young learners' ability to critically assess credibility is a process; it requires that teachers revisit the topic at regular intervals and always encourage students to be above all inquisitive. Information posted on the internet may be manipulated – pictures can lie – and authors and sites may provide information out of self-interest. Also trustworthy sites can be hacked and manipulated, and this poses even more stringent demands on students' ability to compare and contrast sources.
Developing a critical stance towards sources takes time; it is not something which is achieved by addressing such issues once or twice in class. But why not utilize such matters as an excellent opportunity for facilitating authentic conversations in the target language in the ESL classroom? Sociocultural theories of learning promote conversation as the medium for all learning (Thornbury & Slade, 2006, p. 2), for examining values, attitudes and beliefs. In short – let's keep talking about it.
Blikstad-Balas, M., & Høgenes, T. (2014). Wikipedias inntog på kildelista – holdninger blant lærere og elever til Wikipedia i en skolekontekst. Acta Didactica Norge, 8(1), 1-17.
Frønes, T. S., & Narvhus, E. K. (2012). Egnet og troverdig? Elevers kildevurdering på nett. In T. E. Hauge & A. Lund (Eds.), Små skritt eller store sprang. Om digitale tilstander i skolen (pp. 58-84). Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk.
How can teachers succeed in providing sufficient, precise and motivating feedback to students – adapted to the needs of every individual? LK06 emphasizes assessment for learning (AfL) as important in helping learners achieve their goals by offering more precise guidance on how to improve (Krumsvik, 2009, pp. 244-245). Adapted education entails giving students opportunities to work with a subject at the right level, enabling them to experience feelings of mastering (Swensen, 2014, p. 120). In lieu of possessing superhuman capabilities, and faced with the task of providing high-quality feedback to 25 – 30 students on a continuous basis, one might ask whether this is achievable at all?
There are no easy answers to this question. However, research on the use of screen capture technology in assessment, including such solutions as Screencast-O-Matic and JING, presents some interesting findings. Mathisen (2012) discusses how video feedback may increase the efficiency of assessment while at the same time simplifying the process, resulting in high-quality and precise feedback to university students' written work. Several studies confirm that both teachers and students "express that the quality and precision of feedback sessions increases, and the feedback content is regarded as being meaningful and providing a distinct starting point for change and improvement" (op. cit., p. 107).
How can video feedback contribute to improve the quality of assessment in the EFL classroom? Screen capture technology refers to programmes that allow users to record movements on the screen while also recording via microphone at the same time, and files are compressed and thus easy to distribute to others (Mathisen, 2012, p. 101). In other words, the English teacher may use screen dumps as the basis for providing both written as well as simultaneous oral feedback to individual students. This is nothing if not flexible: Students may view the feedback at home, they may stop and rewind the file, and they can play if over and over again, if so required. Such detailed and to-the-point feedback would be particularly relevant for assessing and commenting upon grammar and vocabulary, as the teacher can highlight text units and use a cursor and her/his voice to explain the specific points addressed. The same method can also be used to point out and discuss the structure of the text (on both the global as well as the local level), and to comment upon the contents of written works. In many respects video feedback resembles face-to-face meetings; one might even be tempted to refer to this method as "download your own personal tutor, at your own convenience".
What, if any, possible drawbacks are there? Mathisen (2012, p. 109) raises the question of whether this form of response is equally suited to all learning styles, and that "no feedback systems works for everyone" (op. cit., p. 111). Familiarizing oneself with screen capture technology and learning to use this might also be experienced as time-consuming (albeit overall rewarding), as discussed inter alia in this blog post by aclassroomblog.
However, the benefits of utilizing screen capture technology in the ESL classroom far outweigh any inconveniences. There are especially two factors that contribute to my positive attitude and willingness to try out video feedback, if the opportunity should arise. The first is that students, according to Mathisen, report a closer relationship with their teacher through the use of this technology; that they have a sense of being "seen" (Mathisen, 2012, p. 109). This will contribute to the overall motivation of students. The second factor is that I can customize and adapt every assessment session to the individual learning needs of every student, without being rushed off my feet.
According to a recent doctoral thesis, students are reported to "not follow up written feedback because they perceive it to be too negative and vague" (Burner, 2015, p. 61). Whether it's about language, contents, or structure – the use of screen capture technology enables students to benefit from precise, in-depth and comprehensive assessment addressing individual learning requirements. Me, I'd be more than willing to be downloaded to a screen near you.
Krumsvik, R. J. (2009). Ein ny digital didaktikk. In H. Otnes (Ed.), Å være digital i alle fag (pp. 227-254). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Swensen, H. (2014). Omvendt undervisning og tilpasset opplæring. In T. H. Giæver, M. Johannesen, & L. Øgrim (Eds.), Digital praksis i skolen (pp. 120-134). Oslo Gyldendal Akademisk.
We are living in the globalization era, and the vast diversity of digital media available to us entails that we can interact with each other regardless of what part of the world we call home. This requires more of us than simply being able to connect; we must develop what UNESCO terms intercultural competences – including the ability to "decipher other cultures in fair and meaningful ways" (UNESCO, 2013, p. 4). Developing digital competence constitutes an essential part of developing intercultural competences, which everyone needs in a continuously shrinking world.
Schools serve as an important arena in this respect, and teaching methods can benefit greatly from all the media and online spaces available for intercultural encounters. UNESCO highlights virtual meetings as important steps in developing intercultural competences, i.e. interaction "with cultural "others" with a view to bridging differences, defusing conflicts and setting the foundations for peaceful coexistence" (op. cit., p. 6). Thus, the importance of facilitating authentic meetings with young people from other cultures cannot be underestimated in the classroom. Language skills and communicative competence are also essential, particularly English, the lingua franca on the internet.
With such a well-kitted digital toolbox available to teachers and students today, it would be interesting to learn more about what kind of intercultural projects other master's students have implemented in their classrooms? How have you and your students connected with other parts of the world with the purpose of developing digital, intercultural and language competences? In other words, how have you contributed to internationalization of schooling?


Please see the follow-up article to this. I cannot replicate some of the behaviour I detail below, when I re-tested this. So tread with caution when taking this advice on board. I am going to review my work here and make sure I'm right, or fix it if it's wrong. The short version is: perhaps the look-ups only go as far as the web site web root, not the ColdFusion application root after all. Watch this space though.
I have re-tested this tonight, and I am seeing the original behaviour as documented below. And I cannot now replicate the behaviour I reported on in the first update, above. This is really weird. I will put more effort into replicating both behaviours and trying to work out WTH is going on. Sorry to not be more conclusive about this!
Note the graduation of the directories being highlighted is supposed to indicate the precedence of where CF looks, from most likely to least likely. Basically ColdFusion looks from the directory the requested file is in, and from there traverses towards the root of the drive (following one of the three sets of rules as set in CFAdmin) until it finds an Application.cfc / Application.cfm. Then it uses that file, and stops looking. It is important to remember that once CF has found an Application file to run, it only runs that one file. It does not keep looking-for and executing more files further up the food chain. It's also important to note that in the case of Application.cfm and OnRequestEnd.cfm, no similar look-up occurs to locate the OnRequestEnd.cfm file: CF only looks in the directory it ended up finding an Application.cfc file, and runs any OnRequestEnd.cfm file found in there. It does not do any look-up or traversal for OnRequestEnd.cfm files.
One important thing to note here is that the CF docs misuse the notion of "web root". Universally, the concept of "web root" is related to the home website directory (as seen by the visitor to the site, and the web server), not how Adobe are using the term, to mean "the CF application root". This is confusing and misleading, and has indeed mislead at least one "senior" ColdFusion blogger whose material I was reading last night whilst researching this. They took Adobe to be using the term "web root" correctly, rather than in the incorrect way they actually use it. So to be very clear: when Adobe say "web root" they do not mean the web server's / web site's actual web root, they mean the ColdFusion server's application root.
And that is about all I can wring out of this topic, actually. So I'll leave you be, and I'll go watch television now.


text:
Man-at-Arms 2009 MOTU Classics Figure
Heroic Master of Weapons
Real Name: Duncan
Affiliation: Heroic Warriors
Series: Masters of the Universe Classics
Toy Line: MOTU Classics
Man-at-Arms action figure from the Masters of the Universe Classics line.
For two centuries, the Eternian weapons master and combat instructor to the royal family has been called the "Man-At-Arms®". Trained by the renowned tactician Dekker™ and a veteran of the Great Unrest, Duncan™ was asked by King Randor™ to step into this position and fortify his guard with an elite strike force which he named – The Masters of the Universe®. In addition to his skills in combat, Duncan™ is also a great inventor and helped construct an electronic version of the Power Sword® for Adam to use until he could unite both halves of Grayskull's sword. Man-At-Arms® and his adopted daughter Teela® often scout the borders of Eternia® for signs of lurking evil.
The Masters of the Universe Classics line, launched in 2008, is a new line of action figures based on the classic characters from all aspects of the Masters of the Universe franchise. Available solely from Mattel's website and aimed purely at collectors, the line also includes biographical descriptions of the characters designed to tie the diverging aspects of the mythos together.
Based on the look of the original 1980s MOTU toys, this new toy line was aimed primarily at the adult toy collector market, often available only through subscriptions (from MattyCollector). Sculpted by the Four Horsemen, these toys were updated versions of previous figures as well as characters that never before had an action figure made of them; such as Filmation's Queen Marlena, Fang-Man, Lizard-Man, Count Marzo, Granamyr, and many others. The toy line featured many redesigned and updated action figures from the original action-figure line from the 1980s, but it also included characters from She-Ra: Princess of Power (Adora, Madame Razz, Scorpia, Shadow Weaver, and others), The New Adventures of He-Man (Mara, Crita, and more), and the Mike Young Productions series from 2002 (Faceless One, Chief Carnivus, King Chooblah, Ceratus, and others). As the line progressed, characters from all versions of MOTU lore were included, from such things such as prototypes and concept art (He-Ro, Eldor, Demo-Man, Gygor, Vykor, and others), box art from vehicles and model kits (Sky High and the Fighting Foe Men), mini comics (the Goddess, Geldor, and Procrustus), and other books, comics, and media (Despara, Strobo, Goat-Man, and more). There were also newly created figures, exclusive to the Classics toy line, such as Draego-Man, Cy-Chop, Castle Grayskullman, and others. In February 2010, the figures of He-Man and Skeletor were available as Toys "R" Us exclusives packed in two-packs with Superman and Lex Luthor, respectively, from Mattel's DC Universe Classics action figure line; with this dual line expanded to include two-packs featuring Aquaman/Mer-Man, Hawkman/Stratos, Bizarro/Faker, Supergirl/She-Ra, and Green Lantern/Zodac.
Masters of the Universe Classics surpassed the original 1980s toy line in terms of length, running continuously for seven years with more than 150 different figures produced since its launch in August 2008. Along with the Classics series, MOTU Minis and Giants figures were also released in 2014 and 2015. In 2016, Mattel ended production on the MOTU Classics and MattyCollector.com's Club Grayskull series, with the production company Super7 now taking over the Masters of the Universe license.


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Slip-On Line Titanium Muffler for Honda CBR 600 RR (03-04)
Slip-on titanium Oval Open..
Part Number : S-H6SO5-T
The new Honda CBR 600RR. Designed more for racing than anything else. But that doesn't mean that it's out of place on the street. Its visual similarity to the RC 211V GP race machine together with all of its new technological improvements make it a major attention getter. Without a doubt, the new 600 is an excellent toy for grown-ups. THIS PRODUCT DOES NOT MEET EMISSION COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR STREET OR HIGHWAY USE.
Akrapovic Slip-On Line Titanium Muffler for Honda CBR 600 RR (03-04)
The new Honda CBR 600RR. Designed more for racing than anything else. But that doesn't mean that it's out of place on the street. Its visual similarity to the RC 211V GP race machine together with all of its new technological improvements make it a major attention getter. Without a doubt, the new 600 is an excellent toy for grown-ups.
Even though the bike was designed for racing, a lot of people are going to want to use it for every day riding. This means more comfortable riding without rushing to the top of the rpm range and extracting the absolute maximum power and torque. We have developed an Akrapovic SLIP-ON system for the Honda CBR 600 RR which will perfectly meet the needs of those riders who want to take their bikes out on the street.
ABOUT AKRAPOVIC SLIP-ON SYSTEMS
Among all of the technological improvements made on the new Honda CBR 600 RR, the stock exhaust system is the most susceptible external element. The fact is that the influence of GP competition is huge, and has even begun to affect ordinary mortals. That's why we developed the Akrapovic SLIP-ON system, which is a perfect substitute for the stock system, and is installed in the same under-the-seat position.
The Akrapovic SLIP-ON system for the Honda CBR 600 RR is composed of two elements. The cylindrical link pipe is made of stainless steel and hangs snake-like below the seat. The joints connecting the link pipe with the stock header assembly on the inlet side and the muffler on the outlet side are both free-floating connections. The inlet side is fastened with a metal clamp, which is a component part of the Akrapovic SLIP-ON package. The link pipe is fastened to the frame using a flange which is welded to the link pipe. The stock bolts are used to connect it. (The link pipe for the Akrapovic SLIP-ON system is different from the link pipe for the complete Akrapovic EVOLUTION or RACING systems, and cannot be interchanged.)
The new beauty from Honda has a single muffler under the seat, which is attached but not welded to the link pipe. With the Akrapovic SLIP-ON system, the link pipe is attached to the header assembly with a metal clamp, and to the muffler with high-quality silicon-shielded tensioning springs.
Unwanted movement of the muffler is kept in check with the help of the familiar Akrapovic carbon-fiber clamp, which fulfills its purpose superbly. NOTE: the carbon-fiber clamp must be oriented correctly during installation. The clamp must be right-offset (looking from the rear of the bike forwards). See instructions!
In order to satisfy our customers' wishes, we have prepared two versions of the outer sleeve of the muffler. The black checkered carbon-fiber version will satisfy the more racing-oriented riders, while for those who prefer the elegance of a metallic shine, we recommend the titanium version. There is no difference in performance; the choice is entirely a matter of individual taste. The color and depth of the sound are also not affected. However, both versions are definitely noticeably different from the stock exhaust system in terms of looks, and color and depth of the sound. Important factors for choosing to purchase an Akrapovic SLIP-ON system!
We should also mention that in both versions, the inner perforated shield, the front rosette and the end cap are made out of titanium.
+2.6HPat 9700 rpm
-3.24kg
Measurements of the Akrapovic SLIP-ON system on the Honda CBR 600 RR:
Power : The Akrapovic SLIP-ON works very well with the stock header assembly and collector, and never shows less power than the stock exhaust. On the contrary, with our system from 8600 rpm onwards the power increases and stays higher right to the top of the range. Maximum power measured on the rear wheel with our exhaust system was 110.1HP at 13300 rpm.
Torque: There are noticeable fluctuations in the stock torque curve, which are a characteristic of the engine. With the Akrapovic SLIP-ON system, the stock drop-out at around 10000 rpm is filled, and the torque curve is higher than the stock curve throughout the rpm range.
If you are unwilling to make any major modifications to your bike, then the Akrapovic SLIP-ON system is an excellent combination of aesthetic enhancement of the lines of the bike, exceptional quality, a renowned brand name, automatic weight savings, a recognizable sound and a noticeable improvement in performance. And all this at an exceptionally affordable price. For those who want a more radical performance upgrade, we recommend our range of complete exhaust systems for this year's Honda CBR 600 RR.
max. rear wheel power HP 108.6 / 13700 RPM 110.1 / 13300 RPM + 2.6 / 9700 rpm
weight kg 5.70 2.46 - 3.24
static noise level dB 95 / 6500 rpm 98 / 6500 rpm + 3
measured with: Honda CBR 600 RR 2003
Below you may see the diagram data dislaying the difference in Engine Torque and WH Power between stock and Slip-On Line Titanium Muffler for Honda CBR 600 RR (03-04)
Excellent a very good sound.
nice product look the part on the bike
b***d
k***9
S-H6SO5-T_installation.pdf
S-H6SO5-T_schematic.pdf


Sensibility and practicality define the 2019 Volkswagen Golf GTI. This 4 door, 5 passenger hatchback offers the features and options for which you've been searching. Smooth gearshifts are achieved thanks to the efficient 4 cylinder engine, providing a spirited, yet composed ride and drive. A turbocharger is also included as an economical means of increasing performance. Top features include rain sensing wipers, power front seats, a trip computer, heated seats, front fog lights, heated door mirrors, remote keyless entry, and a blind spot monitoring system. Storage solutions are integrated throughout the interior, demonstrating thoughtful attention to detail. Audio features include an AM/FM radio, steering wheel mounted audio controls, and 6 speakers, providing excellent sound throughout the cabin. Volkswagen ensures the safety and security of its passengers with equipment such as: dual front impact airbags with occupant sensing airbag, head curtain airbags, traction control, brake assist, anti-whiplash front head restraints, ignition disabling, and 4 wheel disc brakes with ABS. For added security, dynamic Stability Control supplements the drivetrain. Our experienced sales staff is eager to share its knowledge and enthusiasm with you. They'll work with you to find the right vehicle at a price you can afford. Call now to schedule a test drive.


text:
Thursday, Dec 8, 2011, 17:25
Magyar Telekom files auction bid for 900 MHz frequency blocks
Magyar Telekom on Thursday said it filed an auction bid with Hungary's National Media and Infocommunications Authority (NMHH) for unused spectrum in the 900 MHz frequency band.
Thursday was the deadline for filing auction bids.
The NMHH has disclosed plans to conclude the auction process on January 31, 2012, Magyar Telekom said.
The NMHH announced the tender for the frequencies on August 4. A 5MHz "A" frequency block is being offered at a starting price of net HUF 4bn. 1MHz "B" frequency blocks are being offered at a starting price of HUF 700m apiece, and 0.8MHz "C" frequency blocks are being offered at a starting price of HUF 560m.
Bidding will take place in the first phase of the tender. Blocks will be assigned in the second phase.
The winner of the "A" block will also get an option for three 1,800MHz blocks and three 2,100MHz blocks.
If the first round of the tender is closed without result, bids may again be submitted for the "A", "B" and "C" blocks in the second round.
Participants may win no more than a combined 7.8MHz in the band.
At present, the only mobile telecommunications service providers in Hungary are Deutsche Telekom unit Magyar Telekom, and the units of Telenor and Vodafone.


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Donald Trump finally calls national emergency to get border wall funds
Jacob GeanousFriday 15 Feb 2019 4:12 pm
Donald Trump has finally delivered his long-promised threat to declare a national emergency to access funding for his border wall.
Trump held a news conference at the White House Rose Garden Friday morning, announcing that his administration plans to free up nearly $8 billion for the wall – $3.6 billion of that will come from the declaration of a national emergency.
'I'm going to be signing a national emergency. It has been signed many times before, by other presidents from 1977 or so. It gave the presidents a power. Its rarely been a problem, they sign it, nobody cares for far less important things,' Trump said.
Caption: President Donald Trump speaks during an event in the Rose Garden at the White House to declare a national emergency in order to build a wall along the southern border, Friday (Picture: AP)
'We're talking about an invasion of our country with drugs, human traffickers, with all types of criminals and gangs.'
Trump's chief of staff Mick Mulvaney broke down where the $8 billion will come from before the Friday announcement.
According to Mulvaney, $1.375 billion will come from a budget deal that Congress passed on Thursday. Trump is expected to sign that bill into law 'later today or tomorrow,' Mulvaney said.
Trump also declared executive action to pull $600 million from the US Treasury's drug forfeiture find, as well as $2.5 billion from the Department of Defense's drug interdiction program.
The rest comes from his declaration of a national emergency.
Trump announced that the wall we be funded by departments who will be required to allocate funds because of the national emergency (Picture: Ap)
Trump originally asked for $5.7 billion from the Democrats to build the wall, but now it appears he has ended up with an extra $2.3 billion – although the torturous process of acquiring funding is believed to have cost him support. .
His decision to declare a national emergency has angered both Democrats and Republicans who are fearful about the precedent that this may have set for future administrations.
The money set to be acquired through the emergency declaration will likely be challenged by courts, but the situation is a relative relief to many who worried about another government shutdown.
Congress's budget agreement Thursday was made as the country teetered on the brink of another government shutdown.
Last month, the country ended its longest government shutdown in history, which began as a stalemate between Trump and the Democrats.
Trump's declaration of a national emergency seems set to get him the funds needed to build his border wall (Picture: Getty Images)
For five weeks, the bureaucracy grinded to a halt as some government workers went without food or paychecks and national parks piled up with trash.
That shutdown accomplished nothing and Trump had to work compromise with his political rivals to reopen the government.
It is still not clear whether this declaration of a national emergency will actually follow through to fund his wall, but it is likely his best shot at fulfilling his campaign promise.
Elderly stroke victim's eyes bulged out of her head after care home sex attack
'Killer decapitated Instagram star "ex" 17, then shared photo of her body'


Rakesh Jhunjhunwala – An Inspiration, Role Model and the only best of all stock trader and investor we Indians know. The one who has transformed the way we see the trading world.
Its a story of inspiration of a young dreamer who started back in 1985 at the age of 25 years with limited capital of only Rs. 5000 but with big dreams, who spent day and night to understand the rules of the games, whose courage and dedication made him a billionaire & surely one of the most followed and respected investor / trader in India & across the globe. The one who broke all the fixed rules of trading and laid down the foundations for others to follow.
The one considered to be an idol figure, someone who has given light to the hope and dreams of all the young new comers to the trading world. Respected not anywhere less than Sachin Tendulkar who is considered to be the god of cricket in India.
We hereby HONOR another TRADING LEGEND as a God of Trading in India – Rakesh Jhunjhunwala.
Passionate investors always make money in stock markets. You will never fail in any work if you do it with passion.
How did Rakesh Jhunjhunwala started his journey in Indian Stock Market?
Rakesh Jhunjhunwala started his trading journey in 1985 at the age of 25 years right after completing his Chartered Accountancy (CA). He got the inclination to invest in the markets from his father who himself was an investor. When Rakesh asked his father that he wants to make a career in Stock Market his father gave him his blessings and supported him psychologically & emotionally but in turn ask him not to approach him and his friends for the capital.
So from the beginning he was clear that to trade or invest the market, he has to arrange the capital on his own. He started with his saved money of Rs. 5000 and got his funding of Rs. 2.5 lacks @ 18% interest rate and another Rs. 5 lacs from some other known at 24% from some of his and brothers known.
After arranging for some 8-10 lacs for trading, he started his trading career while standing outside the ring of Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE).
How Rakesh Jhunjhunwala make money from his first few investments?
In 1985, Rakesh Jhunjhunwala bought 5000 shares of Tata Power with a thought of companies good earnings & as the yield was greater than the interest. The stock gave him a regular dividend income flow of Rs. 40000-50000 per year. This is how rakesh jhunjhunwala generated the regular cash flow to meet his expenses during his earlier years in trading the markets.
He was living at his home where his father used to take care of all the home expenses so he was careful and conservative with his things as all that he had was saved in his investment in Tata Power. This made him feel that in to grow or compound his capital, the only passport for him is to Start Trading the Markets.
I always wanted to be an investor but as I was short on capital so I started leveraging.
In his own words, I leveraged because I had no capital. The Badla trade or the Futures trade I did only in 1988 because I had earned money, I started with Rs 5000, by 1988 I had got Rs 70-80 lakh. My family won't give me any capital. My father even if he gave I wouldn't take, it is the costliest form of capital. So, I thought how do I get capital? I had Rs 70-80 lakh so I thought the only way I can get capital is by Trading.
So, he did his first forward (badla) trade in life.
Rakesh Jhunjhunwala bought 5 lac shares of Tata Motors @ Rs 90 and in four months he sold at 120 and he was worth another crore i.e. a total of 2 crore of investment capital now.
Some of his friend recommends him to buy Sesa Goa, the company owned by Anil Agarwal. He researched the company and the iron ore price and bought 2.5 lac shares @ Rs. 27-28 per share & another 2.5 Lac shares @ Rs. 35-36 per share so a total of 5 lac shares of Sesa Goa.
Before buying the stock, Rakesh Jhunjhunwala thought that the the price will reach Rs 60-65 in a year and he will sell. But as the Ruia's wanted to get into iron ore & Citi Bank was buying for Ruia`s so the price flared up to Rs 65 in just three months. He sold 4 lac shares at Rs 60 & retained about 1 lac shares. This made his total net worth zoomed to Rs 4 crore.
The 1 lac shares of SesaGoa that he retained was sold in between till 1992 when the stock price zoomed up till Rs. 2200 per share.
He bought next lot of 2.5 shares of Sesa Goa at a price higher than his initial purchase price. So, before betting on again in the stock, he must have waited for some confirmation for favorable situations as per his expectations in the rise of the iron ore prices and in-turn rise in the price of the stock.
Also, he sold back 80% of the stock bought at the price he decided to sell before buying the stock while retained some to go with the market conditions.
So, it becomes always necessary for a trader or a investor to buy more whenever situations and stock price moves as per your expectations and not against. And also to exit and book some profits inline with your expectancy while some quantities may be left over to keep on rolling as per the conditions.
How to Find Multi Baggers?
One needs to check what opportunity the business has? who are the entrepreneurs? how much capital is needed? is the business scalable? and what is the company`s valuation?
It should not be one of the popular stocks. there should not be any institutional ownership, it should be under research, nobody should know about it.
Never in my life have I not made an investment because the stock is not popular. In fact I like to make the investment when the stock is not popular.
Investing In What You Know the Best!
Rakesh Jhunjhunwala has one of his biggest holdings in Titan Industries. He invested in titan some 14 years ago which generated him 8000+% return from his investments which is now worth some Rs. 2500 crores and accounts for more than 25% of his total investments in equities.
Rakesh Jhunjhunwala said my reason for investment in Titan Indsutries was because of the India`s macro as India was going to have a huge consumer market. Titan was a retailer, it was a brand company, it always had a great business. He said I thought branding business in jewellery will eventually succeed. I envisaged the future and I thought Indians are going to buy far many watches, so that is how the business should be great.
Jhunjhunwala bought into Titan in 2002-03 at an average price of around Rs 5; the stock then rose to touch Rs 80 and later fell to Rs 30, but he did not sell a single share. That Rs 30 is nearly Rs 375-400 today.
He investments in titan had an average price of Rs 32-33 and bought some 12.5 lac shares and thought that the price would become Rs 200-215 in five years. I never thought that the shares will be in four figures but once I met the management of Titan to understand what is within the core of the company I predicted that night that the price will eventually go in 4 figures and then I started buying further and I bought upto Rs 150-160.
Rakesh Jhunjhunwala has held his other major disclosed stakes in nine companies, including Crisil, Lupin, Aurobindo Pharma. He has a dedicated disclosed portfolio of 8000+ crores, out of which his three holdings is more than half of the portfolio value where Titan accounts for approx 2500cr, Lupin 1250cr, and crisil 790 cr.
His 2nd biggest investment in held for a long time didnot went up more till 2009. The stock was in the Rs 135-150 range, but went up from Rs 150 to Rs 1,350 in 2015.
His average returns have been highest from the stocks he held the longest as his highest returns are on stocks he has held for at least 10 years such as Lupin with approx. returns of 13000%, Crisil 5000% and Titan 8000%.
Price is equal to EPS multiplies by P/E, so circumstance should arise where the P/E should grow and the EPS should grow. Suppose I buy a stock, which earns Rs 5. At 5 P/E and I pay Rs 25, if the earnings becomes Rs 15 and the P/E becomes Rs 20, that Rs 25 goes to Rs 300. So, the basic methodology is. P/E expansion is function of so many items. It is a function of size. So, many of my companies I don`t sell because I feel that P/E will expand, as their size increases and liquidity increases. In trading, I can do anything but am I going to invest at 60 times P/E, 70 times P/E. Definitely No.
Multibaggers should be sold only in two circumstances: when we have limited capital and when we get an opportunity that is better than what we have now.
Secondly, when the perception of earnings peaks and the P/E is unsustainable. Its time to sell.
#1. Invest Before you Investigate – If he find something great, he buys it & then do all the research.
Rakesh Jhunjhunwala said sometimes market gives us such great opportunity where you just buy the stock at the very first moment and then you investigate later.
Some of his investments like in Dewan Housing which had a Rs 230 book value, 6 percent yield, 4 times earnings. The company was growing at 20 percent for the last ten years and was available at Rs 105. He bought 50 lac shares and said to himself we will think about it later – it is trading at such ridiculous valuations.
Another case where he invested in Lupin not because he knew all the technicallities of the pharma like ANDA, DMF, etc but I knew one thing that Ranbaxy had earned Rs 250 crore in a single product. Similarly, Lupin had the only injectable Cephalospor in approved FDA plant in Asia. They were the single filer for a product having a size of USD 360 million and the marektcap of Lupin was Rs 200 crore. What is there to think?
So those kinds of situations for him are like INVEST NOW & INVESTIGATE LATER.
In one his interviews, he said the girl should be so pretty that you think of the consequences later, you first start dating her. The stock should be such that at this valuation let us just buy. Similar to situation like meeting Aishwarya Rai, what are you thinking!! You date her without thinking.
In an interview he said that he reads Economist and India Today. In the Economist, he read the entire business section and the science and technology section. These are the constant reads. He also reads the broker reports and go through balance sheets.
For instance in Praj maybe because of the need of alternative fuels the demand for ethanol plants went through the roof. So, I look at the opportunity the business has.
India being a youth county, Companies like titan with products as FastTrack can attract a huge demand to meet.
Entry barriers as he outlined In case of Titan whereby in jewelry business there are low margins, so there are entry barriers.
Valuations – It is important what you buy, it is important at what price you buy. So, I look at the valuations. Many companies do underperform or outperform the markets. So stock may rise many folds when the index is falling while it may fall when the over all markets are rising. So it becomes important to know and evaluate the right price of a stock to be bought. Because market may perform but it might happen that you stock will go no where.
When Rakesh Jhunjhunwala bought United breweries at the price of Rs 15-17, people warned you are buying Mr Mallya`s company, you will not earn anything. He calculated that for Rs 100 crore marekt cap, we were getting 60% of India`s liquor industry. So, it is important what you buy and it is more important what price you buy but that doesn`t mean that if Infosys has Rs 30 crore market capitalization, then at Rs 90 crore you should not buy it. We don`t buy it just because it has doubled. You have to see value when you buy.
He is a strong believer in India`s growth story. Most of his investments are based on the growth of the Indian economy and centered around Indian Consumers. He said I think the most exciting thing that I find about Titan is not Tanishq but Fast Track. It is India`s biggest youth brand. If you look at the potential market, if you look at the marketing skills, it is unbelievable. all my companies are 98% India-centric. If India doesn`t grow @ 9-10%, Titan cannot grow at the price at which it is growing. So, the call is India.
For a multibagger pick, he believes that the stock should not be one of the popular ones.
There should not be any institutional ownership, it should be under research, nobody should know about. Because if market will know about it, they will drive the stock price up.
Most important is You Get it Cheap.
This supports his saying that – if the girl is pretty, the suitor will come. This happened when he got bullish on PSUs and people used to ignore him.
A right balance between the greed and fear is utmost important not only for the growth of a trader or an investor but also for his survival in the markets. Any deviation between the two will put the trader or investor into big trouble. So, even if you are extremely bullish in a stock don`t be greedy by putting in more than certain percentage of the wealth into the stock and also fear will ensure that you don`t do such things by thinking that the stock might not do well and you may loose on your investments. But don`t let your fear or greed takes a heading play in your trading decisions.
I hold investments for a long time because I read somewhere and time has taught me that we should be greedy, but long term greedy. So, when you have something good, stick to it.
Someone asked him why you talk about trading when markets are all about Investing? For which he replied who will give you capital to invest? Your Father or My Father. So to build up capital to invest you have to opt for Trading. He actively trades in the market and always have a differentiated list of stocks he will be trading as against his investment bets.
In his words, I had no capital when I came to the markets, and no father gifts and no father-in-law gifts. So I had to earn the capital to invest. How do you invest if you don't have the capital? And I got the capital by doing future trading.
Does Rakesh Jhunjhunwala actually trades the market or Leverage? Does he do short trades?
Below are some of his trades he shared.
I remember I was short 15,000 shares of ACC and at 4 o`clock in the afternoon Saturday, I called my broker and I said, Whatever be the price and whatever be the cost, I want 15,000 shares covered and then at Rs 3,000 I was long.
In 1998, Rakesh Jhunjhunwala he was worth 89-90 lacs. Started badla trading. Bought Tata Motors. Bought 5 lac shares at Rs. 90 and in four months he sold at 120. And he was worth another crore i.e. 2 crores in total.
In 2003, he bought Tata Motors @ Rs 240. He had a position of 2 million shares and when the stock was at Rs 340, he squared off everything.
I first earned on the budget, everyone was so bearish, I made money. We made money right at the point, we sold nearly at the top then we shorted the market during the Gulf war then we cut at the bottom. Then when Manmohan Singh became the Finance Minister, we bought lot of stocks.
#3. Dont let your trades into Investments.
#4. Looking at the Broad Direction – Don`t try to be an expert or predict every move, every hour, every day. Take a loss, know what to stake. I think I feel confident to trade anywhere in the world or what you need to have is a broad direction of the trend and very broad ideas.
#5. Know what to stake and when to take a loss.
#6. Rule of Pyramiding – Go with the Trend of the Market – As a rule in trading, never ever average a losing position.
#7. Price is the first indicator? – We know all big moves start with small moves and therefore the price is the first indicator of what is coming.
#8. On Leveraging – I had no capital when I came to the markets, no father or father-in-law gifts. So, I had to earn the capital to invest and I got that capital by trading in the futures market.
#9. Follows what George Soros says – It`s not important that you are right or wrong in trading, its important how much you lose when you are wrong or how much you make when you are right.
#10. Going With the Trend – I always trade with price. If I would do a trade, so long my XYZ stock is at Rs 100 and it goes to Rs 120 and I buy more, no worry, by the time it will be Rs 90, we will all squared off. Its what we call as Vadhere Vadhare Levanu Vadhare Vadhare Beichavanu. Say I am bullish on XYZ stock I buy that stock, if it goes up it is an indication of the fact that I am right. We do what is called as pyramiding. I buy a stock at Rs 100, I buy more at Rs 105, I buy more at Rs 110 so what are markets, what it is trading? It is basically momentum, so you play momentum.
If the market is rising vadhere vadhare its momentum is upwards. You buy on the rise, if markets are going down, you sell on the fall. This applies to short term trends, medium term trends and long term trends.
Also, Read the story and trading rules of a Boy Trader who started trading the markets at the age of 14 and later became the Greatest Speculator of Wall Street.
How a 14 year Old Kid Transformed Himself to Become the Greatest Trader of the Wall Street?
What others have to say about Rakesh Jhunjhunwala?
When he talk trading, he talks as per rules of trading which are price, demand and supply driven and while for investing as per investment rules P/E, valuations, EPS, Sales, etc. So, he is able to differentiate well what he is doing? Trading or Investment. He never let his trades become his investments.
Why does Rakesh Jhunjhunwala require 4 Screens in his Trading Room to manage his Portfolio?
He said in an interview that all the screens are of the BSE, NSE live stock prices. Multiple screens help him to stay updated with all of his long term investments, short term investments, stock he is following, futures he trades and Reuters screen to get the market information.
#1. Be clear with whether you are trading or investing. Don`t let your trades into long term investments.
#2. Don`t sell the stock only on the basis of fundamentals and opinions but also account the market conditions.
#3. Put Money where your mouth is.
#4. Mistakes are your learning friend. The idea is to keep these mistakes small.
#5. If a girl is beautiful a suitor will come. If a stock is beautiful, a suitor will come. So I don't search for suitors when I buy the stock.
#6. I have learnt two things about the press and wives. When they say something – don't react.
#7. At present India is running without Shoes with lack of infrastructure, corruption and see how we are doing. So, understand what if India is with Shoes.
#8. Don`t let your love for price momentum trades make your long term portfolio.
#9. Markets are about money, but markets are also about knowledge. Markets are also about egos; markets are also about the satisfaction of having been proved right. Especially, when that right is from an original thought and not from a guided source or following somebody.
#10. Either don't come to markets or don't regret what you have done. Naya gilli, naya dao.
#11. I only make mistakes, which I can afford, where I can lift to begin again.
How to Overcome Biggest Human Mistakes & Weaknesses in Trading?
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text:
Smart Gov
Citizen-Centric
Cyber September
Six ways governments are 'nudging' citizens
Key case studies from the developed and developing worlds.
By Nurfilzah Rohaidi
Details matter. Tiny, incremental changes to citizens' behaviour can add up over time to save governments, organisations and healthcare systems billions of dollars.
Put simply, behavioural science helps to 'nudge' citizens into making certain simple decisions, which eventually have a cumulative positive effect. This can mean paying taxes and showing up to hospital appointments on time, choosing healthier foods, or being kinder to the environment.
"The full potential of behavioural insights has yet to be tapped," Peter Ong, Head of Civil Service Singapore, said at a recent behavioural insights conference. GovInsider has gathered six examples of governments already using this approach to make a difference.
1. Getting parents involved
In Indonesia, behavioural techniques are being used to increase parents' involvement in schools. A 2011 survey had found that two-thirds of Indonesian schools made decisions without participation from parents or parent-teacher committees. The Indonesian government teamed up with the World Bank to test different ways to involve parents in decision-making in schools.
They found that text messages increased participation and in-kind donations, while brochures and letters did little to increase involvement or knowledge. School meetings, on the other hand, had the biggest impact, increasing parents' knowledge of school funding by 55%. However, texts and meetings did not increase overall participation in fund decision-making.
2. How a hospital saved tens of thousands of dollars
An Australian hospital discovered that it could save over A$66,000 (~US$49,967) a year when patients turned up for their appointments on time. It boils down to something as simple as the content of an SMS reminder.
The hospital tried seven different SMS reminders, and found that one cut missed appointments by 19%, says Dr Alex King, Director of Behavioural Insights at the Department of Premier and Cabinet in the state of New South Wales. This message read: "If you attend, the hospital will not lose the $125 we lose when a patient does not show up."
It told patients that "the cost of you not turning up is actually real money that is incurred to the hospital", King explains.
3. Timely tax payments
In Guatemala, the government sent tax reminder letters to citizens saying that 64.5% of their fellow citizens had declared their income tax on time. This led to a 43% increase in payments in just 11 weeks.
Moreover, the effect of the new letter was not just one-off; it can increase tax revenues in the long-term. The effects are "persistent and remain at 12 month follow up", a report on the Guatemala experiment says. This suggests that "the letters actually increased revenue for the tax authority, rather than just bringing tax receipts forward".
The experiment was a replication of an earlier trial in the UK, which demonstrates how there are common approaches that be can be taken across different nations.
4. Ready to recycle
Elsewhere, behavioural science is being used to encourage people to recycle.
UNDP China partnered with Chinese search giant Baidu to launch a recycling app that links up users with the nearest legitimate e-waste recycling companies. The team also sought help from behavioural insights experts to learn ways to motivate users to recycle more, such as introducing a rewards system to the app.
The app was first piloted in Beijing and Tianjin. Now, people in 22 cities use it. They dispose 5,900 electronic items per month on average.
5. Leading social change
In the US, behavioural science can help to reduce lead poisoning in children. At least four million households across the US are being exposed to high levels of lead, with young children and babies especially vulnerable. Furthermore, lead poisoning is irreversible. Rayid Ghani, Director of the Centre for Data Science and Public Policy at the University of Chicago, and his team developed a system that can predict the risk of a child getting poisoned.
The system uses data about the child's family, neighbourhood, and environment to make these predictions. "We take anything we know about the kid, parents and house," Ghani told GovInsider. This includes when the house was built, its location, how many apartments and floors it has, and whether there were any incidents nearby. This predictive system will be launched across Chicago in the next few weeks, he added.
He has also developed systems that help to lower rates of recidivism, and identify police officers that may be stressed and in need of counselling.
6. A healthy citizen is a happy citizen
What about 'nudging' people to go for healthier food and drink choices? Behavioural Insights Team Australia conducted a trial to find out the impact of a 20% price increase on sugar-sweetened drinks in some of the country's hospitals. Results showed that there was a "significant" 44% reduction in the number of sugary drinks sold.
If citizens have more information on their personal health, they will take ownership over their wellbeing—which will translate into less strain on the healthcare system. This was the thinking behind Singapore's new HealthHub, an online platform that allows people to access their online health records from public hospitals and clinics.
They will be able to view hospital discharge summaries, test results for chronic diseases, health screening records and upcoming medical appointments. The portal also has articles on healthy living and rewards for healthy behaviour.
Across the world, governments are seeing the benefits of applying behavioural science to improving services, environments, and lives. With the right evidence at hand, small and often inexpensive changes can have a big impact.
Image by RunSociety – CC BY 2.0
This scientist used analytics to fight child lead poisoning »
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