There are a lot of things you should do when getting a mortgage, but there are four things you should NOT do! The four are: change jobs, spend a lot on credit cards, buy a car, and make large cash deposits. So, changing jobs–it's not always necessarily a bad thing, but it can be, especially if you're going from a salary position to an hourly position, or a salary position to a 1099 position. Forget it! That could ruin your purchase; you might not get a mortgage if you change jobs without a discussion with your mortgage advisor. Even if you're not happy in your job, sometimes it makes sense to stay in the job until after you close on your home.
The next thing not to do is spend a lot on credit cards. I know that sounds obvious, but many people don't realize that it can have an impact. I've seen situations where people have gone out and spent a lot on furniture to for the new house before the mortgage is fully approved. Others might purchase a big vacation, or just go out on a shopping spree. What happens is they put it all on credit cards and right before closing, then the lender pulls the credit report and sees the new debts, which have created new debt ratios, and the loan is denied. Again, wait until after you close on your home to make any large purchases on your credit card.
Another big "not to do" is buying a car. I get it; sometimes the car dies and you have no option. Before doing that, however, we need to discuss how to do so without affecting your loan qualification. We need to talk about how much you can afford so as not to throw off your debt ratios. It's also a paperwork nightmare because you get tons of paperwork from the dealer, but nothing really says what your monthly payments are going to be. The lender needs to know that because it won't show up on your credit report for at least a month; you don't want it to be a surprise when it does. You also don't want to co-sign for someone else purchasing a car. Overall, I always try to avoid people buying a new car during the process, but if it's a necessity, I appreciate when they call me first. That means they took my advice and they understand that it can affect their ability to buy a house. Together, we can figure out what you can afford without it becoming a hindrance to the process.
Lastly, you should not deposit large amounts of cash during the process. The banks want to know where every penny is coming from, so if they see large cash deposits, they worry that somebody else is loaning you money to buy this house and that throws up a red flag. Maybe you simply won $8,000 in the Super Bowl pool and you deposited it into your checking amount. Seems harmless enough, but the bank will think it's shady and will question where the money came from, and request proper documentation. There are a lot of legitimate reasons to deposit cash; we just need to make sure it's done in a way that aligns with the proper procedures. For this reason, I always tell people to call me prior to making any large cash deposits.
People aren't used to really thinking about where their money is coming from, or going to, and how it can affect their chances at getting a mortgage. From the moment you start working with me, I'll tell you to call me for anything major, or that you think might be major. Call me first and ask, "Do you think I can afford this?" I help you run the numbers to make sure you have enough money for closing costs and to afford what you want to buy. At the same time, I can review the debt ratios, procedures, or whatever else is needed to ensure a smooth loan process.
Ready to get started? Call or email me today!


I have been on and off vegan for the past four or so years and one thing that I struggle to find is vegan cheese, especially when I initially looked into vegan products but thankfully there are so many now. I am so happy that veganism and more vegan options are becoming mainstream with lots of new products on supermarket shelves!
I've tried a few vegan cheese options from various brands and they can be a little hit or miss for me personally but it comes down to personal taste. My favourite vegan cheese, dips and sauces are from Follow Your Heart but sadly their products aren't widely available in the UK (hopefully they will be in the future). However, one new vegan cheese alternative that has come on the market sounded very promising.
Cicioni have create a cashew and almond based cheese alternative that is organic, suitable for vegans and is lactose, gluten and dairy free. It is also free from additives, sugar and preservatives. Additionally, it is made using only four ingredients! I love the packaging and the ethos of the brand as well as the minimal ingredients.
The 'cheese' is sold as a block which has a very unusual texture - when it is cut, it does hold it's shape but can easily crumble. It is unlike any vegan cheese alternative I've tried which at first I really wasn't sure if I liked but it is definitely better when used as part of a dish rather than on it's own or as I've used it above. I think, for me, the best way to use it is by crumbling a little onto salad as on it's own, it's a bit too much. Overall, if you're interested in it then give it a go - it's currently on sale on Ocado.
Will you give it a go? Have you tried any vegan cheese or cheese alternatives?
I have been a vegetarian since I was 11 years old which admittedly is very young but I'm still very glad that I made that decision and have stuck by it for over half of my life. I have steadily been transitioning to a more vegan diet over the past four or so years and it has been very easy; however I do still have dairy on occasion but compared to how much I was consuming, it's very little.
I was excited to try these milk smoothies from Lifeway as there is one thing I 'miss' is tangy yoghurt on a more dairy free diet. The dairy free yoghurts I've tried haven't been great but hopefully I'll find one I like! These milk smoothies were very kindly sent to me in the flavours: mango, strawberry, original and blueberry. I like the packaging and the size is great as it isn't too big - I always end up wasting larger bottles of smoothie as I can never drink it all.
I haven't tried anything like this for a long time, not because of my diet but because it was just something I never thought to buy. Kefir is a live and cultured dairy drink that has a characteristic tangy taste - it originated 2,000 years ago! These smoothies are suitable for vegetarians.
I have four of the flavours and the original smoothie drink is my least favourite sadly but that's not to say you won't like it and I think it would be great to add to other breakfast items; for example if you are making a smoothie bowl and need a liquid to blend with fruit. The taste of all of the flavours, especially the original is very tangy and almost like a mix between a thick milk drink and tangy yoghurt.
I also received the mango, strawberry and blueberry flavours, the latter again wasn't a favourite of mine but I'm not a fan of blueberry flavoured products. However, the strawberry and mango were definitely my favourites of the four. I love the sweet fruit and the very tangy yoghurt smoothie drinks. I'm not sure 'smoothie' is the right term as to me it is more of a fruity yoghurt drink but I do like the strawberry and mango flavours - I'd definitely recommend them! I think they'd be ideal picnic or lunch box options too, as they're small bottles, healthy and low fat.
Will you be trying these smoothies? Have you tried Kefir?
A few days ago I received an amazing hamper featuring a few brand new products that will be hitting the supermarket shelves this summer from Levi Roots - it was such a cute PR package so thank you! You can see all of my blogger mail and unboxings on my instagram (@ofbeautyand).
Within the cute package were four of the new snack pots from Levi Roots which are filled with natural, wholesome ingredients and traditional Caribbean flavours so naturally they're all a little spicy. They have spice rating on the sides of the pots ranging from mild to medium. My favourite snack pot of the four, which are all suitable for vegetarians, has to be the coconut rice pot as it was incredibly moreish, comforting and delicious - thankfully for me, it wasn't too hot at all. It's one of the pots that are lower in fat and calories which is what I'm looking for so I'll definitely be picking up this one!
Usually I prefer any kind of pasta pot or instant pasta snack to rice but sadly not this time. Don't get me wrong, I liked the warming, slightly spicy tomato based pasta snack; however it just wasn't as good as the previous pot. They are all more 'healthier' instant options as they don't contain MSG, they use natural ingredients and they are lower in salt and sugar - although I found most of them sweet on some level.
The last two snack pots are noodles based which are some of my favourite kinds as I adore instant noodles, even though they're the cheapest snacks possible! The reggae noodles are classed as medium in terms of spice but thankfully even my tastebuds were ok which is surprising as it contains scotch bonnets chillies! I definitely liked the smokey flavour of this one but my favourite noodle snack pot is next up!
This noodle pot to me tastes like quintessential, and not at all authentic, curry sauce! I don't mean that in a negative way at all, I really liked this flavour. It is very mild, very moreish and my second favourite snack pot out of the four that I was kindly sent. I would recommend all of them as tasty snacks or a light lunch for school or work but my favourites have to include the coconut rice and the curry noodles, both of which I'd definitely pick up when I see them on the shelves!
Will you be picking up these snack pots?


Debt Collectors Ignored Written Request?
The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) is a federal law protecting consumers from the unfair, illegal, and harassing actions of debt collectors, including those that continue to contact you after you've sent them a written demand to cease communications.
If you have not already sent a letter notifying the debt collector to stop contacting you, this should be your next step. Ensure the letter clearly outlines your desire for them to cease all contact with you regarding the debt. Maintain a copy of the letter and ensure you send it registered mail with a return receipt, so that you have proof the debt collector received the communication.
If you have already sent a letter and the debt collector still continues to contact you or others about the debt, then you may need to send another letter via registered mail with a return receipt. This ensures the debt collector must sign for it and you have the documentation necessary to prove they received to the communication.
If you have proof the communication was received by the debt collector and they still continue to contact you, then they are in clear violation of the FDCPA and could be subject to legal action.
A "cease communication" notice is an essential step in the process of getting debt collectors off your back. This letter must clearly state that you demand the debt collector cease all communication with you and that they stop contacting others in order to try to locate you.
Letters informing you of changes in the debtor, like when a debt collector sells a debt to another collection agent or firm.
Notices of legal actions related to the debt, like if the debt collector files a lawsuit.
It is important to understand that even if the debt collector stops contacting you, they can still continue to pursue legal action against you. A cease communication notice doesn't make the debt go away and will not stop a lawsuit from being filed or other collection efforts, like wage garnishments for example.
If you've sent a cease communications letter to a debt collector and your notice has been ignored, the debt collector has broken a federal law and may be in violation of additional state laws as well. Hiring an attorney under these circumstances is often advisable.
Once you have a lawyer, all communications related to the debt must be directed to your attorney according to FDCPA statutes. Your lawyer can also hold the debt collector accountable for breaking federal and state consumer protection laws by filing a lawsuit on your behalf and by ensuring the Federal Trade Commission and State Attorney General are aware of the violation of your rights.


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Linda Movie Review: THE MIGHTY ATOM
by mikethemovieguy · Published November 12, 2017 · Updated November 12, 2017
The Mighty Atom
Review By: Linda Ruiz
The often used phrase- Do not judge a man by his stature but by the courage of his conviction, defines the life of Joseph L Greenstein.
Mr. Greenstein for all intents and purposes should not have lived to the ripe old age of 87. Born three months premature on July 15th 1893, he was very sickly and suffered from many respiratory ailments. Having survived tuberculosis as a young teenager he stood only at 5 foot 3 tall and was very frail.
That slowly changed when the circus came to his town, Suwalki, Poland; and the featured strong man, Champion Volanko took the young Joseph under his wing. Mr. Volanko, recognized the determination and strong will of the 14 year old, and Joseph traveled with the circus for almost two years. In that time he learned about diet, eating healthy, meditating, fasting and the martial arts.
Shortly after his return, he married his wife Leah. Amid rising anti-Semitism and increased pogroms from the Russians, they moved to America. The family lived in Texas for a while before finally moving to Brownsville,Brooklyn.
It was in Brooklyn that Mr. Greenstein made a name for himself as a strong man and was featured twice in Ripley's Believe It or Not and the Guinness Book of World Records. Impossible feats of great strength became the family business. His sons followed in his footsteps, as he broke metal chain with his teeth, or pulled an airplane with his hair.
His strength was not limited to his physical being, but also to his spiritual being. He was known to have many a fight as anti-Semitism was taking root in the United States. The Star of David was featured prominently over his heart when he wore his costume at performances. Mr. Greenstein was a man of great faith and integrity. It is believed that some of the traits attributed to the comic book hero, Superman, which was started by two Jewish men, were based on him.
As his popularity grew and his audience widened, Mr. Greenstein took the opportunity to start educating his audience. He gave lectures on health and sold organically based products, cleansing tonics and coconut oil based soaps. He was truly a man ahead of his time.
The documentary will be available on iTunes, Amazon and Google Play on Tuesday, November 14th
Tags: moviesreviewsThe Mighty Atom
THE VIRGINITY HIT – Review
by mikethemovieguy · Published October 13, 2010 · Last modified July 15, 2016
Movie Review: Mississippi Grind
by mikethemovieguy · Published October 9, 2015 · Last modified July 15, 2016
Mike Movie Review: BABY DRIVER
by mikethemovieguy · Published February 15, 2018
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Punishment:- I inflict/permit pain or discomfort on you because someone did something wrong. And you may or may not know that the pain or discomfort is a consequence of what you did, didn't do, or what someone else did.
Correction:- I show/tell you what you did wrong, why it's wrong (and perhaps why I'm showing you). And I show/tell you the right, why it's right (and perhaps why I'm showing you).
Correction follows from the principle that people ought not get away with certain deeds, for their own good, and for the good of society. It assumes that there are positive results for the person and/or society if they are not allowed to get away with unacceptable behaviour or deeds.
Punishment, similarly so, but the wrong person might be paying the price. It has one message: 'don't do this again, or else.' So the objective is deterrence rather than to instil values, even though it might also lead to repentance. It may also serve to satisfy the punisher's need to assert authority, for the sake of maintaining authority.
Ivan Pavlov's conditioning experiment is a variation on the theme of the law of effect. When we punish or correct, we're attempting to condition people.
Training requires, at some point or another, punishment and/or correction. And these are necessarily intertwined with morals—individual or group.
Determining what is the right or the wrong in any situation is another subject. In this though, principles over rules; commonsense over laws. Because, at the very least, one would need much less memory space for commonsense and principles than to store all the do's and don'ts in the law. This is why 'love your neighbour as yourself' answers many questions.
Determining what is appropriate for punishment or correction or whether or not it should be effected or deferred is also another subject.
Is there folly where one chooses to 'spare the rod' and talk instead? It all depends. So we can ask when or where the talk, the face, or the tone, is strong enough to effectively motivate a desire for change? Because correction is about change. What might be the response, long term?
Punishment and correction are part of the joys and responsibilities of parenthood. And there comes a time when the parent's right and ability to use the cane goes to zero. What then? We could always pray, talk from tough love, leave it to the karma principle since we reap what we sow. But we forgive ourselves and move on.
The rod or cane or pankere (Yoruba: pronounced kpankere with 'a' as in apple, 'e' as in tell, and 'kp' as 'k' and 'p' pronounced at the speed of light one after the other) or ukpokpo (Esan/Bini: pronounced with 'u' as in full, 'o' as in go, and 'kp' as with Yoruba) is not necessarily physical. Just to say the obvious.
Can't think of an English word with the 'kp' sound in Yoruba/Esan…. It's one sound, and of a similar character to the 'dg' sound in judge.


Check out these book recommendations for fourth grade boys from our teacher community: Diary of a Wimpy Kid, Captain Underpants, I Survived, Goosebumps, How to Train Your Dragon, 39 Clues, My Weird School, The One and Only Ivan, The Genius Files, Big Nate, Timmy Failure, Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing, Jedi Academy, Chomp, Sideways Stories, Knights of the Lunch Table, The Spiderwick �... Most state teacher pension systems have a policy that will allow you to request that the teacher contact you. Their personal information has to be protected but the system will usually forward your contact info to the teacher.
Check out these book recommendations for fourth grade boys from our teacher community: Diary of a Wimpy Kid, Captain Underpants, I Survived, Goosebumps, How to Train Your Dragon, 39 Clues, My Weird School, The One and Only Ivan, The Genius Files, Big Nate, Timmy Failure, Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing, Jedi Academy, Chomp, Sideways Stories, Knights of the Lunch Table, The Spiderwick �... You can search the Online Registry to verify whether someone currently holds a BC Ministry of Education teaching certificate or Letter of Permission. Please enter the person's Last Name and/or Given Name(s) and then click Search .
� Encourage students to spell names correctly. When they find a friend to add to When they find a friend to add to their sheet, they should ask the friend how to spell their first name. how to get your child to stop yelling at you Try searching this on google " List of first grade teachers at (your school)" Or you can simply ask your former classmates to remind you of your grade 1 teacher/adviser`s name.
The very first thing I wanted her to write for us was a back-to-school post on all the critical things your child�s teacher wants to know about him or her to start the school year off right. This year I am a school mom of two kids, with C heading to 2nd grade and S entering the world of Kindergarten � so this is stuff I really want to know.
� Encourage students to spell names correctly. When they find a friend to add to When they find a friend to add to their sheet, they should ask the friend how to spell their first name.
The First Five Minutes. I have written about the First Five Minutes before, and it is something I strongly believe. The FFM is a simple thing that any teacher can do in his or her class.


Brad Henderson has been studying magic since age 4. He is both a collector and scholar of magic history, and makes his living as a performer and consultant within the magic field. He has contributed to the Michael Ammar's Easy to Master Money and Card Miracle series, Simon Lovell's Simon Says, Jon Racherbaumer's MO journal, the Chicken Soup for the Soul series, the Fantasma line of toys, Fox Family's Exploring the Unexplained, an upcoming television pilot for the Hyper Jackson Chamber, and most recently an episode of the syndicated version of the Weakest Link game show. In his spare time, he enjoys spring rolls without the vegetables.


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Home > Releases > State and Metro Area Employment, Hours, and Earnings > All Employees: Retail Trade: Health and Personal Care Stores in San Francisco-Redwood City-South San Francisco, CA (MD)
All Employees: Retail Trade: Health and Personal Care Stores in San Francisco-Redwood City-South San Francisco, CA (MD) (SMU06418844244600001SA)
Nov 2020: 6.37719 | Thousands of Persons | Monthly | Updated: Dec 18, 2020
Observation:
Nov 2020: 6.37719 (+ more)
Nov 2020: 6.37719
Oct 2020: 6.41793
Sep 2020: 6.42451
Aug 2020: 6.39815
Jul 2020: 6.39377
Thousands of Persons,
Seasonally Adjusted
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All Employees: Retail Trade: Health and Personal Care Stores in San Francisco-San Mateo-Redwood City, CA (MD) 2014-01-28 2015-03-26
All Employees: Retail Trade: Health and Personal Care Stores in San Francisco-Redwood City-South San Francisco, CA (MD) 2015-03-27 2020-12-18
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2014-01-28 2015-03-26
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2014-01-28 2015-03-26
State and Metro Area Employment, Hours, and Earnings 2014-01-28 2020-12-18
Thousands of Persons 2014-01-28 2020-12-18
Monthly 2014-01-28 2020-12-18
Seasonally Adjusted 2014-01-28 2020-12-18
The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis seasonally adjusts this series by using the 'x12' package from R with default parameter settings. The package uses the U.S. Bureau of the Census X-12-ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Program. More information on the 'x12' package can be found at http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/x12/x12.pdf. More information on X-12-ARIMA can be found at http://www.census.gov/srd/www/x12a/.
The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis seasonally adjusts this series by using the 'x12' package from R with default parameter settings. The package uses the U.S. Bureau of the Census X13-ARIMA-SEATS Seasonal Adjustment Program. More information on the 'x12' package can be found at https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/x12/index.html. More information on X13-ARIMA-SEATS can be found at https://www.census.gov/srd/www/x13as/.
The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis seasonally adjusts this series by using the 'statsmodel' library from Python with default parameter settings. The package uses the U.S. Bureau of the Census X-13ARIMA-SEATS Seasonal Adjustment Program. More information on the 'statsmodel' X-13ARIMA-SEATS package can be found at https://www.statsmodels.org/dev/generated/statsmodels.tsa.x13.x13_arima_analysis.html. More information on X-13ARIMA-SEATS can be found at https://www.census.gov/srd/www/x13as/.
Some seasonally adjusted series may exhibit negative values because they are created from a seasonal adjustment process regardless of the actual meaning or interpretation of the given indicator.
The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis seasonally adjusts this series by using the 'statsmodel' library from Python with default parameter settings. The package uses the U.S. Bureau of the Census X-13ARIMA-SEATS Seasonal Adjustment Program. More information on the 'statsmodel' X-13ARIMA-SEATS package can be found here (https://www.statsmodels.org/dev/generated/statsmodels.tsa.x13.x13_arima_analysis.html). More information on X-13ARIMA-SEATS can be found here (https://www.census.gov/srd/www/x13as/).
Many series include both seasonally adjusted (SA) and not seasonally adjusted (NSA) data. In some cases, the NSA data will be updated but the SA data will not be updated. The reason is usually that the data series has not accumulated enough new seasonal factors to trigger an adjustment.The NSA series can be located here (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SMU06418844244600001) The FRED team is currently working on a new procedure to replace SA data that has not yet be updated with NSA data that has been updated.
Many series include both seasonally adjusted (SA) and not seasonally adjusted (NSA) data. Occasionally, updates to the data will not include sufficient seasonal factors to trigger a seasonal adjustment. In these cases, the NSA series will be updated normally; but the SA series will also be updated with the NSA data. The NSA series can be located here here (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SMU06418844244600001).
Some seasonally adjusted series may exhibit negative values because they are created from a seasonal adjustment process regardless of the actual meaning or interpretation of the given indicator."
All-Transactions House Price Index for San Francisco-San Mateo-Redwood City, CA (MSAD)
All Employees: Retail Trade: Health and Personal Care Stores in San Francisco-Redwood City-South San Francisco, CA (MD)
Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted Monthly, Not Seasonally Adjusted
San Francisco-Redwood City-South San Francisco, CA Metropolitan Divisions California States U.S. Regional Data
More Releases from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics More Releases from Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
More Series from State and Metro Area Employment, Hours, and Earnings
Hygiene Metropolitan Division San Francisco Health State and Metro Area Employment, Hours, and Earnings Retail Trade Retail California Sales St. Louis Fed Employment Bureau of Labor Statistics Seasonally Adjusted Monthly Public Domain: Citation Requested United States of America


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Rapid test to detect livestock parasite
by La Trobe University
Credit: Unsplash/CC0 Public Domain
A new test developed by La Trobe University researchers will prevent the spread of deadly parasite that affects cows, sheep and other ruminants. Researchers have developed a simple, rapid test for the parasite which can be used in the field to detect early infestations, preventing the spread of the disease throughout the herd. The study is published in PeerJ Life and Environment.
Fasciola hepatica, or liver fluke, can cause severe damage to the liver and consequently disease, death and economic loss. Its global cost is around $4 billion AUD annually. In Australia the parasite costs the agricultural sector up to $80 million a year and another $10 million on current treatments.
Lead researcher, Professor Travis Beddoe, head of the Agricultural BioSolutions Laboratory at La Trobe University, said current diagnostics test for the presence of mature parasites in fecal matter but are labor intensive, expensive and have low sensitivity.
"Our test, however, detects parasite DNA in waterways, picking up the immature form of the parasite before it enters the host," Professor Beddoe said.
"Shifting focus of these stages enables indirect sampling to detect the presence of parasites in the environment without having to individually sample animals."
Professor Beddoe said the isothermal PCR test is suitable for use in the field, allowing rapid, reliable and robust detection of the parasite in water and fecal samples within one hour.
"In future, our aim is to trial this technology on farms as part of integrated parasite management plan," Professor Beddoe said.
In Australia the disease is becoming an increasing problem as the parasite develops resistance to current treatment—and the expected La Nina risk of summer floods and rains creating optimal conditions for the spread of the parasite and the disease.
Liver Fluke requires specific snails to complete their lifecycle. These snails inhabit wet marshy areas and release larvae onto pastures that infect sheep and cattle when eaten.
More information: Lily Tran et al, Environmental detection of Fasciola hepatica by loop-mediated isothermal amplification, PeerJ Life and Environment (2022). DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13778
Journal information: PeerJ
Provided by La Trobe University
Citation: Rapid test to detect livestock parasite (2022, October 12) retrieved 30 January 2023 from https://phys.org/news/2022-10-rapid-livestock-parasite.html
Protecting honey bees from deadly American foulbrood threat with new faster, cheaper test
Climate change increasing the prevalence of harmful parasite, warn scientists
Study details how some fish cope with parasites, with implications for human health
First clinical trial with genetically modified malaria vaccine completed
Shorter, wider flowers may transmit more parasites to bees
Liver fluke linked to liver disease in U.K. horses
Fish-on-Chips: An optofluidic platform to investigate the neural and chemosensory axes of zebrafish
Why this promising biofuel crop takes a summer break


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Style never goes out of fashion
By Web DevelopmentUncategorisedNo Comments
Stylist Magazine launched a new Stylist Live LUXE fashion event at Magazine London, the capitals new in vogue venue in Greenwich. Whether it's a stand, a demonstration area or a...
Eco-marketing, the future of events marketing.
Last year, with their exclusive partnership with Live Nation, the Co-op became the first UK's food retailer to have a supermarket at four major festivals. Amanda Jennings, Director of Marketing...
By Fresh FireUncategorised
From Nike's "swoosh" symbol to Starbucks' twin-tailed mermaid or siren, the world's largest companies take great care of their logos. For most people the logos of such firms immediately connect...
The best views of Windsor
Ice have been located in Windsor since September 2012 and in April 2013 established a contemporary art gallery within our office building in the high street. Since opening we have...
The lions are here!
The Lions of Windsor & Maidenhead 2019 public art sculpture trail features 40 individually decorated, life-sized lion sculptures displayed across the Royal Borough of Windsor & Maidenhead from September to...
Today is National Lipstick Day but what does your favourite colour say about you? #nationallipstickday #hudabeauty #harveynichols We recently helped with the successful launch of the exclusive Huda Beauty range...
On everybody's lips-Huda Beauty at Harvey Nichols
Ice made the launch of the exclusive Huda Beauty range at Harvey Nichols Beauty Bazaar in Liverpool One a thing of beauty. The ask, create an impactful launch activation that...
Ice 10th Birthday
By Martin HamblinUncategorised
Ice celebrates its 10th birthday this year. It's been 10 years of creating amazing experiences as one of the UK's first Brand Experience Agencies. Ice has spent the last decade helping...
Who put the 3 in The O3?
Canadian rapper, Drake, landed in the UK to take up residency at The O2 from the 1st April to the 11th April to perform 7 gigs to his UK fanbase. In his...
And the Best Supporting Act award goes to…
War Child BRITs Week together with O2 Ice has supported O2 and its collaboration with War Child since their first concert in 2012 and proud to continue our support to...
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Equipos Minero
Processing Plant Design
Metallurgical Engineering Services
STOP RECEIVED EMAILS TO DISCUSSIONS
FORO en espanol
Kaolin Attrition Grinding
Attrition Grinder
Batch Grinding Tests
Continuous Open-Circuit Studies
Single-Stage Grinding
Modified Single-Stage Grinding
Multiple-Stage Grinding
Continuous Closed-Circuit Grinding
Test Procedure
Centrifuge Classification Tests
Closed-Circuit Grinding
Fine grinding research has resulted in the development of an attrition grinding process: that has been successfully used for ultrafine grinding of various solid materials. The process was initially developed and patented by the Bureau at the Tuscaloosa Metallurgy Research Laboratory to grind coarse paper-filler kaolins to finer, paper coating-grade clay. The fundamental objective of the research was to conserve the Nation's reserve of paper-coating clay by developing and demonstrating a satisfactory method for converting coarse, low-value, filler-grade kaolins into finer, high-value, delaminated kaolins suitable for paper-coating use.
The successful use of the attrition grinding process for batch and continuous grinding of coarse paper clays in laboratory-size 5-inch- and 10-inch-diameter grinders has been reported by the Bureau. Investigations of operating conditions and their influence in the attrition grinding process also have been described.
As a result of the Bureau's reports and demonstrated applications of the attrition grinding process for the comminution of coarse kaolin, the process has been adopted for use in the paper clay industry. The commercial utilization of the Bureau's process has had a significant influence on the increased production of ground and/or delaminated paper-coating clays. As a result of this increased production, changes have been made by industry in the specifications of commercially produced coating products.
When the Bureau's fine grinding research was begun in 1960 the minimum grade for commercial or paper-coating clays was about 70 percent minus-2-micrometer-esd (equivalent spherical diameter). At that time, grinding coarse clay to 70 percent minus-2-micrometer-esd was the objective of the research. However, with advances in the technology of the paper-clay industry, domestically produced paper-coating clays are presently divided into two categories: (1) Naturally occurring paper-coating sizes which are removed from the raw clay by classification during processing and (2) delaminated clays produced from coarse kaolins by attrition grinding or other delaminating techniques. The minimum grade of the naturally occurring paper-coating clays has consistently remained at about 70 percent minus-2-micrometer esd. Whereas, the minimum desired commercial grade of delaminated paper-coating clays is about 80 percent minus-2-micrometer esd.
This report describes the Bureau's continued investigation of the attrition grinding process, and its successful application on a larger scale using a 20-inch-diameter grinder designed, constructed, and operated at the Tuscaloosa Laboratory. The results of batch, continuous open-, and closed-circuit grinding of coarse kaolin in the 20-inch grinder to produce a finer kaolin suitable for use as a paper-coating clay are presented.
Description of Sample
The kaolin, a commercial filler-grade product, was obtained from a South-eastern U.S. clay company that produces paper-filler clays, paper-coating clays and other kaolin products. Particle size distribution and chemical composition of the clay differed only slightly from the clays used in previous investigations. Minor differences in composition between clays are due to variation between production lots from the kaolin company. Table 1 shows the size analysis of the clay used m most of the tests in this investigation. This size analysis and all subsequent size determinations were made by a sedimentation method using a modified application of an ASTM method.
Petrographic and X-ray examination of the sample revealed that the clay was principally kaolinite in the form of plates, which are aggregated as stacks or books. Impurities present in small quantities were muscovite, sericite, graphite, and rutile.
Experimental Work
The grinding tests were made in a 20-inch-diameter attrition grinder shown in figure 1. This grinder is a scaleup of the Bureau's 10-inch unit described in detail in an earlier report. Figure 2 is a drawing of the grinding components which consist of the rotor, stator, and cylindrical container. The container, A, is rubber-lined and consists of an upper and lower section. The upper section serves as a sedimentation area for separating the sand grinding medium and other coarse particles from the clay slurry during continuous grinding. The cagelike rotor C, built with vertical bars, rotates inside the cagelike stator B, which is also constructed of vertical bars. The rotor is coupled to a shaft which is turned by a motor. The feed enters the grinder through the central opening at the bottom of the container and overflows from the grinder through an overflow port in the upper section.
Batch attrition grinding mill tests were initiated before continuous testing to ascertain the relation of various operating conditions to electrical energy-consumption and particle-size reduction. In these tests, Ottawa sand of minus 14 plus 28 mesh was used as the grinding medium. Effective dispersion
of the pulp was obtained with 6 pounds of tetrasodium pyrophosphate per ton of dry clay feed.
The following is a simple description of the batch testing procedure. A dispersed clay slurry of the desired percent solids was prepared in a suitable container and while the grinder rotor was turning slowly, the mixture was pumped into the grinder. The correct amount of sand media was added, followed by adjustment to the desired rotor speed After 30 minutes grinding time the clay slurry was drained, screened on 65 mesh to remove the sand, and sampled for size analysis. Operating conditions such as temperature, rotor speed (rpm) , and electrical energy consumption were electronically monitored. Electronic monitoring provided a more accurate control and analysis of operating conditions than had been available in previous tests with the 5-inch and 10-inch-diameter units.
The scaleup of the 10-inch unit to the 20-inch unit showed that some design modifications were necessary. These included (1) increased stator bar height. (2) use of a grid above the stator, and (3) closure of the four horizontal openings in the top rotor hub. Testing to develop these modifications was made concurrently with testing of the following operating variables: (1) Clay-water pulp density, (2) sand media to clay ratio, and (3) peripheral speed of the rotor.
A summary of the results obtained while investigating the influence of rotor openings and other operating variables is shown in table 2. The data showed that there was marked improvement in particle-size reduction of the clay when the grinder was operated with a covered rotor. For example, when grinding a feed containing 40 percent solids, with a sand to clay weight ratio of 2.5 to 1 and with a peripheral rotor speed of 1,400 fpm, a product containing 80.8 percent of minus-2-micrometer particles was obtained while using a covered rotor. Whereas a product containing only 60.2 percent minus-2- micrometer particles was obtained when grinding under similar conditions but with an open rotor. Electrical energy consumption was higher when using the covered rotor, but this was anticipated as necessary to obtain effective particle-size reduction. The results of the tests with the covered rotor compare favorably with those obtained when batch grinding the same clay in the 10-inch-diameter unit.
The data also indicated that the influence of operating conditions in the 20-inch unit were similar to those obtained from previous work with smaller diameter units. For example, as the sand to mineral weight ratio and peripheral rotor speed increased, the amount of particle-size reduction and electrical energy consumption also increased.
A summary of the results obtained while investigating the influence of longer stator bars and other grinding variables is given in table 3. The stator constructed with the longer bars was made exactly as the original, except the bars were 5 inches longer. In table 3 all tests with shorter stator bars were made with a grid to reduce swirling of the charge. Tests with the longer bars were made without a grid. Comparison of data from grinding with the long and the short bars showed that there was very little difference in the size analysis of the finished products or the electrical consumption. Therefore, longer stator bars were adopted as an improved machine design modification to reduce swirling of the charge. In later continuous testing, the longer stator bars and the grid also were used for best control of the swirling action.
Other data given in table 3 show that the influence of grinding variables, sand to clay ratio, and peripheral rotor speed gave results similar to those obtained in table 2 and with other attrition grinding units.
Several additional batch tests were made in the 20-inch grinder to simulate continuous open circuit grinding. These tests were made to determine the effect of increasing the clay-water charge volume on particle-size reduction and electrical energy consumption while maintaining a fixed sand load. The grinding time was adjusted to be equivalent to the feed rate used in the 30-minute batch tests. Results of the tests given in table 4 show that particle-size reduction and electrical energy consumption were less than in previous batch tests because charge volumes were greater and much of the clay-water slurry was above the grinding zone
On the basis of the batch test data, the conditions selected for the most favorable particle size reduction are as follows: (1) Grinding at 40 percent solids, (2) sand to mineral ratio of 2.5 to 1 (3) peripheral rotor speed of 1,400 rpm, and (4) feed rate of 140 pounds per hour. Particle-size reduction obtained in the 20-inch grinder with these operating conditions were similar to those obtained in the 10-inch unit However, more favorable electrical energy consumption results were obtained with the 20-inch unit because energy consumption in the 20-inch unit was about 31 percent less than in the 10-inch grinder when a similar product was obtained from both.
The continuous open-circuit grinding plant was comprised of a screw-type feeder (for dry, coarse clay), a conditioner (for slurrying clay, water, and dispersant), a reagent feeder for dispersant, a screw-type positive displacement pump (for feeding into the grinder), and the attrition grinder.
In single-stage grinding, the clay, after mixing with water and dispersant, was pumped at the desired feed rate directly from the conditioner into the grinder through its bottom entry. The ground clay slurry, free of the grinding medium which remained in the grinder, overflowed through a port at the top of the grinder and was sampled at intervals for pulp density, feed rate, and particle-size determination. Electrical energy consumption was determined from rpm and torque meter readings, from a continuous recording wattmeter and by periodic volt-ampere readings taken from electrical input to the grinder motor during the tests. Figure 3 is a flowsheet showing the continuous open-circuit grinding test procedures.
Results of single-stage open-circuit grinding tests at varying feed rates in the 20-inch-diameter grinder are given in table 5 and are analogous to the results previously reported for the 10-inch-diameter grinder.
A summation of these results are as follows:
At an equivalent feed rate, continuous grinding was not as effective as batch grinding. Continuous grinding at a feed rate of 140 pounds per hour gave a product containing 64.4 percent minus-2-micrometer-esd clay; whereas batch grinding yielded a product containing 72 percent minus-2-micrometer esd.
Higher feed rates yielded final products containing progressively smaller percentages of minus-2-micrometer-esd material.
The quantity of minus-2-micrometer-esd material produced increased as a direct function of the feed rate; for example, at a feed rate of 140 pounds per hour, 76.9 pounds per hour of minus-2-micrometer-esd material was produced while at a feed rate of 840 pounds per hour, 218 pounds per hour of minus-2- micrometer-esd material was produced.
The amount of minus-2-micrometer-esd material produced per unit of clay feed decreased with increasing feed rates, for example, at a feed of 140 pounds per hour, 0.55 pound of minus-2-micrometer-esd material was produced per pound of feed,, whereas at 840 pounds per hour 0.26 pound was made.
As the clay feed rate was increased, electric energy consumed by the grinder decreased per unit of feed treated and per unit of minus-2-micrometer-esd material produced.
A series of tests was made to investigate the possibility of improving single-stage grinding by using a modified system for recirculating loads in the grinder circuit. These tests were designed similar to earlier 10-inch continuous grinding tests described by Stanczyk. However, the arrangement of equipment for these tests in the 20-inch grinder was revised so that positive and independent control could be maintained over the feed rate and the rate of recirculating load. A schematic diagram of the equipment and pulp flow used in the tests is shown in figure 4.
Results of these tests given in table 6 show that the 20-inch grinder behaved in a similar manner to the 10-inch unit. The data showed that particle reduction was less in tests made with a recirculating load. This indicated that continuous recycling of the slurry probably causes short circuiting of the material through the grinding zone and impaired particle-size reduction. The quantity of minus-2-micrometer-esd material in the finished product and the electrical energy consumed in grinding did not vary appreciably as the recirculating load increased, except in the last test where there was a noticeable decrease in both the electrical energy and the amount of minus-2 -micrometer clay in the product.
Test conditions:
Raw feed rate: 140 pounds per hour.
Slurry feed (clay and water): 40 percent solids.
Grinding medium: 175 pounds minus 14- plus 28-mesh Ottawa sand.
Peripheral rotor speed: 1,400 feet per minute.
Dispersant: Tetrasodium pyrophosphate, 6 pounds per ton of feed.
As single-stage open-circuit grinding yielded less particle-size reduction than was obtained in batch tests, multiple-stage grinding tests were investigated to increase grinding efficiency. Since only one attrition grinder was available for continuous multiple-stage grinding, the tests were made using the following procedure: The grinder was given a starting charge with the proper amounts of raw clay, water, dispersant, and grinding media. The batch was ground for a predetermined time equivalent to the single-pass feed rate. Then the raw clay slurry was fed to the grinder in a single-stage pass at the desired feed rate. The slurry product from this first-stage grind was collected in a tank and used as stock feed for the second-stage grind. To prevent settling, the collected slurry was agitated continuously and pumped to the grinder at a feed rate equivalent to the original dry clay feed rate. The
procedure was repeated for as many stages as desired. Grinder discharge samples from each successive stage of grinding were collected and evaluated.
The data obtained from the multiple-stage grinding tests are shown in table 7. The feed rates ranged from 140 to 840 pounds per hour using one, two, three, four, and six stages of grind Results showed that multiple-stage grinding of the kaolin clay was more effective than single-stage grinding. Multiple-stage grinding using three stages at a 420-pound-per-hour feed rate gave a product containing 72 percent minus-2-micrometer-esd clay, whereas single-stage grinding at 140 pounds of clay per hour yielded a product containing only 64 percent minus-2-micrometer-esd clay.
Slurry feed- 40 percent solids.
Grinding media: 175 pounds minus 14- plus 28-mesh Ottawa sand.
Peripheral rotor speed: 1,400 feet per minute,
Compared on an equivalent clay-feed-rate-per-grinder basis, multiple-stage grinding required less electrical energy to produce a ton of minus-2-micrometer-esd material than single-stage grinding. In three-stage grinding at a 420 pound-per-hour feed rate, the electrical energy required to produce a ton of minus-2-micrometer-esd material was 310 kilowatt-hours while for double and single stage grinds with 280- and 140-pound-per-hour feed rates the electrical energy requirements were 341 and 359 kilowatt-hours per ton, respectively. The three-stage grind gave about the same yield of minus-2-micrometer-esd material as was obtained in the batch test, but the electrical energy consumed was higher than that used in the batch test.
Evaluating these continuous open-circuit grinds on the basis of grade of product, yield of minus-2-micrometer-esd material, and electrical energy consumption indicated that the three-stage grind was superior. However, the batch grind still yielded better results than was obtained by any of the continuous tests.
The closed-circuit grinding plant consisted of the same equipment as used in the open-circuit grinding plant plus a 6-inch-diameter continuous solid bowl centrifuge. The centrifuge over-flow was the finished product while the centrifuge underflow (oversize material) was returned to the grinder as circulating load for additional comminution. A schematic flowsheet of the closed-circuit operation is given in figure 5.
During operation, the raw clay feed was mixed in the pulp conditioner with water, tetrasodium pyrophosphate as the dispersant, and centrifuge oversize material. The addition of water was adjusted to maintain a predetermined pulp density. The mixed slurry was pumped into the grinder at a controlled feed rate through the feed port in the bottom of the machine by the positive displacement pump. The ground clay slurry overflowed through a port at the top of the grinder and discharged into the centrifuge feed inlet. The grinder discharge was free of Ottawa sand grinding medium because the coarse sand was retained in the grinding zone of the machine. In some tests, dilution water was added to the grinder discharge to maintain the centrifuge feed at the desired pulp density. Dilution water also was added to the centrifuge underflow (oversize material) to dilute it to the same pulp density as the mixture in the pulp conditioner. The centrifuge underflow, the dilution water, and the makeup dispersant were thoroughly mixed in a small mixer and then pumped to the pulp conditioner. This oversize unfinished material was mixed in the pulp conditioner with the raw dry feed, water, and dispersant to obtain the desired slurry density. Concurrently, the overflow from this conditioner was fed to the grinder, thus closing the grinding circuit.
The amount of centrifuge overflow and underflow was controlled by the centrifuge speed. Samples of the raw feed, grinder discharge, centrifuge underflow and overflow, and in some tests centrifuge feed were taken during the test to monitor the equilibrium of the system and to obtain samples for size analysis. Electrical energy consumption was determined in the same manner as in the open-circuit grinding tests.
In coiitinuous closed-circuit tests made with the 10-inch-diameter grinder, a bowl classifier was used for separating the grinder discharge into finished product and oversize material for regrind. However, the low efficiency of this classifier prevented satisfactory operation of closed-circuit grinding in these earlier tests. For larger scale testing with the 20-inch-diameter grinder, a 6-inch-diameter solid bowl continuous centrifuge was used to classify the ground clay in closed-circuit grinding tests. Use of the centrifuge as a classifier allowed operational control for obtaining a wide variation in grade and recovery of minus-2-micrometer material in the overflow and in the yield of underflow product (oversize material) for recycle in the grinding circuit.
Preliminary centrifuge tests were made to determine the centrifuge classification capabilities prior to making the closed-circuit grinding tests. These capabilities not only included the ability of the centrifuge to classify the feed and produce a high-grade overflow product with good recoveries of the minus-2-micrometer-esd material, but also to effectively yield an overflow product with particle size satisfactory as a finished product and an underflow of sufficient quantity for recycling at the desired rate of circulating load.
Tests were made to establish the effect of feed rate, feed slurry percent solids, and centrifuge speed on the classifying capabilities of the centrifuge and the amount of underflow produced for recycling as circulating load (at a 140-pound-per-hour feed-rate basis). The clay feed contained 65 percent minus-2-micrometer-esd material. The results of these tests, given in table 8, show that products containing as much as 98.4 percent minus-2-micrometer-esd kaolin were obtained with relatively high recoveries of the minus-2-micrometer-esd concern, of the feed at high feed rates. However, the amounts of underflow obtained for circulating load were not satisfactory in most tests. Conditions of high centrifuge speed and high percent solids were most favorable for yielding the desired amounts of underflow for circulating load.
Table 9 shows the results of tests made to study the effect of feed inlet position, particle size of the centrifuge feed, and centrifuge speed. These data show the following:
The quantity of centrifuge underflow and the grade of the product increases when feeding the centrifuge at the inlet closer to the underflow discharge. However, recovery of minus-2-micrometer-esd material was generally lower than when feeding in the other inlet port.
The grade of the product increases but recovery of minus-2-micrometer-esd material in the product decreases as the centrifuge speed increases.
The amount of underflow for circulating load increases as centrifuge speed increases. The overall grade of the overflow product did not appear to be greatly affected by the amount of minus-2-mirrometer-esd material in the centrifuge feed, but the percent recovery decreased with the decrease percent of minus-2-micrometer material in the feed.
Additional centrifuge tests were used to show how centrifuge speed and the grade of feed affects the grade and recovery of the minus-2-micrometer-material in the overflow products. This information is shown in figure 6. Tests made to investigate the effect of pool depth in the centrifuge showed that more centrifuge underflow material was recovered when the centrifuge was operated at lower pool depths. The overall results of the centrifuge tests showed that (1) the grade of the overflow product is determined by the centrifuge speed, pulp density of the feed, feed rate, and percent minus-2- micrometer-esd material in the feed, and (2) the percent circulating load is affected by the above mentioned variables plus the feed inlet position and pool depth in the centrifuge.
Parameters and results of batch and open-circuit grinding tests plus the operating characteristics of the 6-inch-diameter centrifuge were used as a guide to design the closed-circuit grinding tests. Results of these tests are shown in table 10. Using a raw clay feed of 140 pounds per hour, the highest circulating load which could be maintained was 183 percent. In a test at a higher feed rate of 170 pounds per hour, a 145-percent circulating load was used and at a lower feed rate of 106 pounds per hour circulating loads up to 185 percent were used.
The data show that the production of minus-2-micrometer-esd material increased as the circulating load increased from 100 to 153 percent, but there was no change from 153 to 183 percent. Similarly, recovery of the minus-2-micrometer-esd material in the centrifuge overflow product decreased as the quantity of underflow being circulated increased. The grade of the centrifuge overflow product in all tests was less than the target of 80 percent minus-2-micrometer-esd material.
Calculation of electrical energy consumed by the grinder was based on the amount of raw clay fed to the circuit and on the quantity of minus-2-micrometer-esd clay produced. In tests made with fixed-raw-clay feed rates, the energy consumption per ton of raw feed was nearly the same regardless of variations in circulatory load.
Energy consumption based on the production of minus-2-micrometer-esd kaolin generally decreased as percent of circulating load was increased.
During the continuous closed-circuit grinding tests, operating conditions could be controlled for more closely determining the classification capability of the continuous centrifuge. Accordingly, a number of tests made to investigate the effect of reducing the percent solids of the centrifuge feed showed that diluting the grinder discharge significantly improved centrifuge classification. The results of tests made with centrifuge feeds at 40, 30.5, and 15.2 percent solids are shown in table 11. These data show that grade and recovery of minus-2-micrometer-esd clay in the overflow product increased as the percent solids of feed was reduced. Best results, obtained when the centrifuge feed was 15.2 percent solids, yielded a product containing 80 percent minus-2-micrometer-esd material at 76 percent recovery.
Evaluation of the closed-circuit grinding tests indicated that the mixed grinder feed, which contains recirculated centrifuge underflow product and raw feed, did not produce as much minus-2-micrometer-esd material as had been anticipated. Therefore, a modified two-stage open-circuit grinding test was made to investigate the relative grindability of raw feed in comparison with the centrifuge underflow product. In the first stage of this test, the raw feed was ground by the continuous open-circuit method and the grinder dis¬charge was centrifuged to yield an overflow product of finished grade and an underflow product which was collected. In the second stage, the centrifuge underflow product was fed to the grinder at the same feed rate and percent solids as in the first stage and ground using the open-circuit method The grinder discharge from this second grinding stage was centrifuged in a similar manner to that used in the first stage. The results of this modified two- stage open-circuit grind are shown in table 12. These data indicate that when similar grinding conditions were used, about 100 percent more minus-2- micrometer material was produced from the raw feed than from the centrifuge underflow. For example, about 119 pounds per hour of minus-2-micrometer material was obtained from grinding the raw feed whereas only 66 pounds per hour of minus-2-micrometer material was produced from grinding the centrifuge underflow.
Based on the results of this modified two-stage open-circuit grinding test, a modified two-stage, closed-circuit, continuous grinding flow scheme was investigated. In this treatment scheme, the kaolin was open-circuit ground in two stages with continuous centrifuges after each stage to remove the finished product. The centrifuge underflow from the second stage was circulating load which was recycled and mixed with the raw clay feed at the head of the circuit. Figure 7 is a flowsheet of this system.
Because only one grinder and one centrifuge were available for this test, the centrifuge underflows from the first and second stage grinds were collected and fed back to the system when required. The feed to the second stage grinder was the same feed rate as the underflow rate from the first stage centrifuge. Results of this modified continuous grinding circuit, table 13, show that the grade of the final product was 88.5 percent minus-2-micrometer. The total amount of minus-2-micrometer-esd material removed from the circuit was 197.3 pounds per hour but 32.3 pounds of this material was in the raw feed Therefore, 165 pounds per hour of minus-2-micrometer-esd material was produced from both grinders. The total electrical energy consumed by both grinders was 327 kilowatt hours per ton of minus-2-micrometer-esd clay produced.
Data presented in table 14 summarize results from grinding tests made in the 20-inch-diameter grinder using continuous closed-circuit, continuous open-circuit, and batch systems. Comparison on an equivalent feed basis showed that both closed-circuit grinding tests yielded higher grade products than was obtained with either open-circuit or batch grinding. The highest grade product; which contained 88.5 percent minus-2-micrometer-esd material, was obtained by a modified two-stage grind. Although the modified two-stage., closed -circuit grind yielded the highest grade product, this grind cannot be compared directly with the results of other tests because the equivalent feed rate of raw clay was only 112 pounds per hour whereas for all other tests in the table it was 140 pounds per hour. The total equivalent feed rate for the modified closed-circuit test was 142 pounds per hour per grinder, but this included 62 pounds per hour of recycled material from the second stage Nevertheless it is believed that the modified two-stage, closed-circuit grind was the best continuous system tested for producing the greatest amount of particle size reduction. This is supported by the results of table 14 and by comparing the modified two-stage closed-circuit results with those of the open-circuit grind made at an equivalent
feed rate of 70 pounds per hour, shown in table 7. Even though the open-circuit test was made at a much lower feed rate, the grade of the ground product was only 83.7 percent minus-2-micrometer-esd, considerably lower than the 88.5 percent minus-2-micrometer-esd product obtained with the closed-circuit grind. Energy consumption was greater in the closed-circuit grinding tests but this was offset by the significantly finer product which is usually more desirable to the paper-coating clay producers than energy requirements for grinding.
A 20-inch-diameter grinder was built and successfully operated for attrition-grinding a coarse Georgia kaolin to the particle size required for a delaminated paper-coating-grade clay.
Results obtained with this grinder were analogous with those obtained in earlier research on smaller 10- and 5-inch-diameter units. Of the three size machines, best results were obtained with the 20-inch unit. This indicates that grinding results should be satisfactory for units scaled up to larger, commercial size units
Effective particle-size reduction of the coarse kaolin was obtained using batch, multiple-stage open-circuit, and closed-circuit grinding.
Best particle-size reduction was obtained using a modified two-stage closed circuit grinding system with continuous solid bowl centrifuge for classification of the finished product.
by David February 13, 2021 January 13, 2021 Categories Grinding Tags 973
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text:
Winner of La Liga 2018
Aman Prasai, Writer
The Campeonato Nacional De Liga de Primera División is commonly also known as La Liga. La Liga was established in the year of 1929. It was founded by a confederation UEFA (Union of European Football Association) . In this Football Association ''there are a total 21 clubs, including the world most famous Football Club Barcelona and Real Madrid.La Liga is the football league that was established in Spain, which has many clubs including the world most famous and richest club Real Madrid.''
A total of 62 teams have competed in La Liga since it was inception.
Freshman Elias Swift said, "Nine teams have been crowned Champions with Real Madrid winning title a record 33 times and Barcelona 25 times." The top scorer in La Liga till now is Lionel Messi, who has 408 goals. There are a total 20 teams in this Football Association:
FC Barcelona u
Valencia CF 21. UL Almeria.
In April 1927, Jose Maria Acha, a director of Arenas club de Getxo, first proposed the idea of a National League of Spain. After much debate about the size of the League and who would take part, the Real Federación Española de Fútbol agreed on ten teams that would form the first primera division in 1929. Barcelona, Real Madrid, Athletic Bilbao, Real sociedad,Arena club were selected.
Junior sabiq said that La Liga also has participation in champions league from 2008-2018 so the player who plays La Liga can also play champions league. After the selection of those teams, the UEFA also choose other clubs from Spain and other European countries to make the La Liga Association more famous in other European Countries and in the whole world. Then on 1942, other football clubs joined like Sevilla, Real mallorca, Osasuna, Atletico Madrid, etc.
To make the Association more famous, La Liga also made many award to the players. The award is called golden Ball, which is also known as Ballon d'or. It is given to the best player in a season. They also made a golden football or soccer boot for players who actually scored more goals in a season. La Liga also made a golden gloves for the goalkeeper who saves the best game.
In the history of soccer Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi have earned the most awards in comparison to other players. Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi has won 5 Ballon d'ors each. Cristiano Ronaldo has a total of 4 Golden Boots in the football history, which is the record in football history. The possibilities of getting any award is very hard. In order to get the Golden Boot, you have to score as many goals as you can and should compete against the world's best players from different countries.
The Ballon d'Or is an annual football award presented by France Football. It has been awarded since 1956. Between 2010 and 2015, an agreement was made with FIFA, and the award was temporarily merged with the FIFA World Player of the Year and known as the FIFA Ballon d'Or. The most nominated in Ballon d'or is Cristiano Ronaldo (15 times). The first Ballon d'or award was given in 1956, And the current ballon d'or holder is Luka Modric. The most awards are with Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. The award became a global prize in 2007 with all professional footballers from around the world being eligible.
The European Golden Shoe or Golden Boot is an award that is presented each season to the leading goalscorer in league matches from the top division of every European national league. The trophy is a sculpture of a football boot. Between 1968 and 1991 the award was given to the highest goalscorer in La liga or European league. The Golden Shoe or Boot award was also won by Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo each 4 times. The award became a global prize in 2007 with all professional goalscorer from around the world being eligible.This was regardless of the strength of the league in which the top scorer played and the number of games in which the player had taken part.
According to Rahman, ''In the history of La Liga Real Madrid is only the club who has won the most titles and cups is Real Madrid.''Until now Real Madrid is only the club which has won more than 20 La Liga cups'' and in second place is FC Barcelona, which has only won 14 in comparison to Real Madrid. Real Madrid won The Best Club of the 20th century FIFA trophy. Real Madrid has won 13 European Cups. Not only have they won European Cups,Real Madrid has also won seven FIFA World Cups in the Champion's League. Real Madrid has also won 4 European Super Cups, and two UEFA Cups, including 10 Spanish Super Cups. Real Madrid has won almost 33 Ligas with 19 Copas Del Rey, One league cups is also won by Real Madrid, 2 small world cups , 2 latin cups,, 18 Regional championship and five Man-commandos Trophies. The La Liga Champions since 1928. The first club which was chosen as a champion of La Liga on 1928-1929 was Barcelona , 1929-1930 was Athletic Bilbao , 1930-1931 was Athletic de Bilbao, 1931-1932 Real Madrid, 1932-1933 real Madrid , 1933-1934 Athletic de Bilbao, 1934-1935 Real Betis, 1935-1936 Athletic de Bilbao, 1936-1939 there was a civil war,1939-1940 Atletico Aviation, 1940-1941 Atletico Aviacion,1941-1942 Valencia CF, 1942-1943 Athletic de Bilbao, 1943-1944 Valencia CF, 1944-1945 FC Barcelona, 1945-1946 Sevilla FC, 1946-1947 Valencia CF, 1947-1949 Barcelona FC, 1949-1951 Atletico Madrid, 1951-1953 Barcelona FC,1953-1955 Real Madrid, 1955-1956 Athletic de Bilbao, 1956-1958 Real Madrid, 1958-1960 Fc Barcelona, 1960-1965 Real Madrid, 1965-1966 Atlético de Madrid, 1966-1969 Real Madrid, 1969-1970 Atlético de Madrid, 1970-1971 Valencia CF, 1971-1972 Real Madrid, 1972-1973 Atlético de Madrid, 1973-1974 FC Barcelona, 1974-1976 Real Madrid,1976-1977 Atlético de Madrid, 1977-1980 Real Madrid, 1980-1982 Real Sociedad , 1982-1984 Athletic de Bilbao, 1984-1985 Fc Barcelona, 1985-1990 Real Madrid q, 1990-1994 FC Barcelona, 1994-1995 Real Madrid , 1995-1996 Atlético de Madrid, 1996-1997 Real Madrid, 1996-1999 Fc Barcelona, 2000-01 Real Madrid, 2001-02 Valencia CF, 2002-03 Real Madrid, 2003-2004 Valencia CF , 2004-2006 Real Madrid, 2006-2008 real Madrid, 2008-2011 Fc Barcelona, 2011-2012 Real Madrid , 2012-2013 Real Madrid , 2012-2013 FC Barcelona, 2013-2014 Atlético de Madrid, 2014-2016 FC Barcelona, 2016-2017 Real Madrid.
La Liga is one of the most popular professional sports leagues in the world, with an average attendance of 26,983 for League matches in the 2017–18 season. This is the sixth-highest of any Domestic professional sports league in the world and the third-highest of any professional association Football League in the World, behind the Bundesliga and the Premier League. So all the Football or Soccer fans should love La Liga League and supports different clubs there.
History of La liga
1.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga 2.http://www.sportslogos.net/teams/list_by_league/130/Spanish_La_Liga/Spanish_La_Liga/logos/
Players in La liga
3.https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/cristiano-ronaldo-juventus-goals-assists-results-fixtures/16joqwgcw6uux1ktglzk9ubyf8
4.https://www.fifa.com/the-best-fifa-football-awards/best-fifa-men's-player/
5.https://www.uefa.com/uefa champions league/news/newsid=2567658.html
Dates and all
6.http://www.espn.com/soccer/stats/_/league/esp.1
7.https://www.soccertimes.com/leagues/spanish-la-liga
8.https://www.skysports.com/la-liga-table
9.https://www.topendsports.com/sport/soccer/list-league-la-liga.htm
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Mar 07, · happn is a DATING app with more than 50 million users which allows you to easily find the people you've crossed paths with IN REAL LIFE (yes, /5(K).
Dating app Happn, whose "missed connections" type of dating experience connects people who have crossed paths in real life, is fighting back.
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Happn for PC Online – happn Dating App Download (Windows & Mac) Admin Android Apps, Apps for PC There are many dating apps and websites available online that claim to help you find a perfect date, but how many times has it actually happened!
Jan 02, · happn – Local dating app you cross paths with someone in real life who has the happn app, 2. Check your Timeline to find all the profiles you've crossed paths with. Send a secret Like. We promise the other person will not know about it It's a Crush⚡! But wait, that's not it /5(M).
Happn The idea of Happn is to find people that you cross the street, in a bar, toilets, How To Use Happn Dating App: The principle is very simple: once you have downloaded the app, Happn for people looking for a relationship: Like all meeting applications Happn is very effective Happn.
Happn is a location-based social search mobile app that allows users to like or dislike other "Happn Is A Dating App Powered By Real Life Interactions".
happn is a DATING app with more than 50 million users which allows you to easily find the people you've crossed paths with IN REAL LIFE (yes, those who caught your eye, but you didn't dare to approach 😏)!
It may sound like a stalkers dream come true, but dating app Happn is adding a new feature that will let potential love matches revisit your past.


Carrie Underwood recently opened up about past miscarriages and her new bundle of joy. In celebrity news, Underwood revealed the gender of her baby on November 14 at the Country Music Association Awards. Underwood says she feels "so blessed." In September, she revealed she'd suffered three miscarriages over the last two years. Now a mom to son Isaiah, she is happy and overwhelmed with gratitude that she and her husband Mike Fisher are expecting another celebrity baby together. According to Taylor Dye, tour opener Maddie & Tae, the expecting mom is due in January and "We've offered to babysit!" she revealed to UsMagazine.com.
In celebrity baby news, Carrie Underwood is being candid about her struggle to have another child and how they're preparing now that they're expecting. What are some ways to cope with a miscarriage??
1. Support group: Fifteen to twenty percent of pregnancies end in miscarriage, so the first thing you should know is that you are not alone. Search around for a group or forums that seems to have like-minded moms and dads to help support you no matter the time or day. You can also call your doctor office or local hospital to see if they have any support groups. You may also want to try individual therapy to get through some tough times.
2. Have a memorial: It doesn't have to be a big service, you can have one by yourself with your partner, or with family and friends. You will want to acknowledge your loss and say a proper goodbye to your baby.
3. Try again: While nothing will ever replace the baby you've lost, there will be a time that you will want to try again. Planning for the future can help you recover. You will want to discuss how long you should wait to start trying again. Figure out how much time you need emotional and physically. A good indication that you're ready to have a baby is simply if you're in a good place or wake up one day and feel ready.
What are some ways to cope with a miscarriage? Share your thoughts below.


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Please be informed that our connecting walkway between HON-KAN and HANA-KAN is not available because of a construction work. Kindly note you are feel free to use our shuttle bus from of each entrance.
We sincerely apologize for any inconvenience this may cause and thank you very much for your kind understanding in advance.


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The Golden Rule of Customer Service
Joe Webb is the founding partner of The SERO Group, a virtual DBA service provider focused on SQL Server. Listen in as Joe takes us on his journey of 25 years in business and his focus on customer service. Along the way, we also talk about his experience hiking over 700 miles of the Appalachian Trail and the leadership insights the hike revealed to him. Joe also leaves us with a nugget of wisdom as a call to action, something all of us could use no matter where we are on our own journeys.
As a managing partner with The SERO Group, Joe Webb is responsible for ensuring our customers receive the highest level of database expertise and service. He sets direction for the organization, oversees the financial performance, brings new solutions to market, and develops new customer and stakeholder relationships.
Over his 25-year database career, Joe has been an eight-time recipient of the prestigious Microsoft Most Valuable Professional (MVP) Award for sharing his knowledge and experiences with the SQL Server community. He has authored or co-authored of 4 books, including SQL Server Deep Dives Vol 1 and Vol 2, and served as conference Chair for the first SQLSaturday Nashville. Joe has spoken at over 100 technical conferences in 5 countries across two continents.
Joe served for eight years on the Board of Directors for the global Professional Association for SQL Server, including as the Executive Vice President of Finance where he was responsible for developing and implementing proper financial policies and procedures, coordinating the development of annual capital and expense budgets, and evaluating and fostering partnership opportunities.
Joe earned a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering and a Masters of Business Administration, both from Auburn University. He first began working with SQL Server 6.5 in 1996, and continues to hone his craft today.


Join us on Tuesday, April 23 for the very special Dine4Autism event!
Make plans with friends and family to make a difference.
Did you know every 11 minutes a person receives an autism diagnosis? Help us support local families! Let's celebrate one another and help improve the lives of all affected by autism.


Undoubtedly, the knowledge that an expert witness has and conveys during testimony has a direct relationship to an expert's credibility with juries. However, an expert's level of knowledge does not, in itself, necessarily correlate with credibility. In fact, some jurors have reported feeling alienated by some experts who seem to be so-called "hired guns." This article examines juror perceptions of expert witness behaviors, highlighting the findings of a study that put these factors to the test in mock juror, research, and other clinical/legal settings.
The American Academy of Psychiatry Law (AAPL) recently conducted a study to determine the effect of an expert witness's speech and actions on jurors and the implications for that expert's credibility. See Caroline T. Parrott et al., "Differences in Expert Witness Knowledge: Do Mock Jurors Notice and Does It Matter?" J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law 43:69 – 81 (Nov. 1, 2015). On the one hand, as the study explains, "the court's sanction of a witness as an expert" as being reliable enough to testify under the rules of evidence gives experts a certain level of credibility. Id. at 69. However, "a witness's expert status has the potential to backfire and create distrust in the form of skepticism that the expert is a hired gun or feelings of comparative inferiority on the part of the trier of fact." Id. Accordingly, it is important to evaluate the effects of expert behavior and the ways that juries perceive experts to determine what displays of knowledge and types of testimony are most effective at building credibility with jurors and succeeding in court.
Without question, an expert who is seen as credible by jurors has a powerful ability to sway a verdict and generate a successful outcome for a particular case. See id. The AAPL argues that "Expert witness credibility has been instrumental in verdicts…in both criminal trials and civil proceedings with mock, potential, and real jurors." Id. at 69-70.
The AAPL authors have created a four-part framework for evaluating the credibility of an expert on a court, called the Witness Credibility Model (WCM). See id. at 70, citing Brodsky, Griffin, & Cramer, "The Witness Credibility Scale: an outcome measure for expert witness research," Behav. Sci. & Law 28:892–907 (2010). The four components that the authors consider key to establishing such credibility are confidence, likeability, knowledge, and trustworthiness. Id. The first three components are discussed herein, but trustworthiness is not, because the AAPL study explains that the term has not been "operationally defined" and researched within the context of the WCM. See id.
(1). What a Confident Expert Should Look Like: The authors define expert confidence as "The degree of demonstrable self-assurance expert witnesses have in their general ability on the stand," and the perception of expert confidence is a component of how credible a jury finds that expert. See id. The AAPL study breaks down confidence regarding how an expert is perceived by jurors into three categories: low, medium, and high. See id. at 71.
An expert who is seen as having low confidence might testify in a "quivering tone of voice," have "dysfluencies in speech" (e.g.-speech that is not smooth, has inappropriate pauses, or contains repetitious words or syllables), and/or vacillate or greatly vary the pace of their speech. See id. Other signs of low confidence are awkward posture, repeated corrections made in testimony, and eye contact that is fixed in one particular place or at one particular person(s) (or no eye contact at all). See id. Two ways in which an expert witness's language reflects low confidence are seeking reassurance from a questioner by making statements such as "you know," and asking (often multiple times) for a question to be repeated. See id. One last way in which low confidence is projected is by a witness having outward signs of anxiety or nervousness. See id.
The authors found it important to differentiate between medium/moderate confidence and high confidence in expert testimony, which can be of great use to attorneys who select and coach their witnesses. The difference between an expert who projects medium confidence versus one who comes off as having a high level of confidence can be the difference between a jury feeling ambivalent about an expert and being completely swayed by that witness.
Experts who appear to have a medium level of confidence often have clarity in their speech and have moderately paced speech as well. Id. They may also have a moderate, stable tone of voice. See id. One simple way to discern whether an expert has medium (instead of high) confidence is in the way the witness answers certain questions. An expert with medium confidence will have a moderate degree of certainty on an issue, and may say things such as "I am reasonably certain" about a particular issue. Id. A moderately confident witness may make smooth statements and tell coherent stories, and that individual may also have good posture. See id. To project a medium level of confidence, an expert may appear somewhat calm and poised, seem comfortable testifying, and be able to provide appropriate responses to questions. See id. In addition, a moderately confident expert witness will tend to have consistent eye contact and will not generally ask to have a question repeated. See id.
In contrast, expert witnesses who convey high confidence behave in more assertive manners. One way in which an expert demonstrates high confidence is through a loud, strong tone of voice and through speech and mannerisms that appear assertive in court. See id. Experts who speak rapidly also impress a high level of confidence upon juries. See id. Another component of high confidence is linguistic: experts using always and/or all statements, such as "I am certain" in response to a question are seen as highly confident. See id. Some final components of high confidence include good posture, coupled with leaning forward (this may demonstrate an eagerness to impart knowledge and/or interest in the subject under discussion) and speech that is highly fluent. See id.
(2). What a Likable Expert Should Look Like: According to the authors, the second component of witness credibility—likeability—is defined as "The degree to which an expert is friendly, respectful, kind, well-mannered, and pleasant." Id.
Experts with a high level of likeability will take care in the words they choose to express something. Specifically, highly likeable witnesses will consistently use the words "'we' or 'us' when discussing members of the scientific community or humanity as a whole." Id. Highly likeable experts will also smile from time to time and will maintain consistent eye contact with lawyers and jurors. See id. Moreover, to have a high level of likeability, an expert witness will speak somewhat informally, limiting their technical jargon or, for example, will refer to the litigants by their last names (e.g.,-"Ms. Jones," "Dr. Roberts"). See id.
Expert witnesses with a low level of likeability demonstrate different traits. They tend not to use the words "we" or "us," which can cause jurors to feel that they are not united with the witness or that the witness feels superior to others. See id. Moreover, failing to smile at all and/or not making eye contact (or inconsistently doing so) are indicators of low likeability. See id. Other behaviors associated with low likeability include: excessively stating the certainty of one's conclusions and using highly technical (and therefore, inaccessible) jargon. See id. Finally, frequently referencing the parties formally (e.g.- "the client," "the defendant") is a behavior associated with low likeability of experts. See id.
(3). What a Knowledgeable Expert Should Look Like: The third component of expert credibility is knowledge, which the authors define as "[t]he degree to which an expert is perceived to be well informed, competent, or perceptive and to possess or exhibit intelligence, insight, understanding, or expertise." Id. at 71.
The study expressed that experts can be considered to have low or high knowledge by jurors. Experts who possess strong educational credentials, such as being board-certified in a particular area, and/or who have written a number of academic publications in areas of expertise that pertain to a specific case, fall into the high knowledge category. Id. Expert witnesses who have strong clinical and/or research experience about the particular issue being tried in a case also fall into the high knowledge group. Id. In addition, experts who are consistently clear (and easy to comprehend) and whose communication to a jury is primarily of a substantive nature are perceived as being highly knowledgeable. See id. Another way that an expert can be regarded as being highly knowledgeable is by being moderately assertive (but not aggressive), using language such as, "As far as I know, I've never been wrong," when they are questioned about their awareness of clinical errors. Id. The study also found that self-proclaimed expertise can be helpful as a form of high knowledge and that witnesses who make statements such as "In my expert opinion…" are seen as credible by jurors. Id. The final source of high knowledge that the study discusses is demonstrations of familiarity with a case or issue by an expert, which can be established by the expert mentioning the multiple interviews that they have had with one of the litigants, for example. See id.
The authors also express what expert behaviors are perceived to be low knowledge. An expert who is seen as having a low level of knowledge may commit errors, such as not mentioning their educational credentials or having little to no experience on the particular issue they are testifying about. See id. Witnesses who have inconsistent clarity or who focus on superficial, rather than substantive, communication also fall into the low knowledge category. Id. Experts with low assertiveness levels (e.g.-answering "no" when asked if they are aware of possible clinical/clinician error) are also considered by juries to have low knowledge. Id. Finally, two other behaviors fall into the low knowledge category: experts who lack self-proclaimed knowledge, and experts who lack adequate familiarity with a particular case (for example, an expert who has only met with a litigant one time very close to the trial date). See id.
Expert witnesses have a variety of characteristics that they exhibit while testifying, and each of these characteristics can play a role in a jury's decision regarding whether a particular expert is credible. The WCM model, as explained by the guidelines above, provides attorneys with the opportunity to vet their experts and determine how these witnesses will be perceived in court. Moreover, using the above criteria, attorneys can train their expert witnesses by playing up certain behaviors that are well-received by jurors and eliminating others that are not. In so doing, attorneys and their witnesses can discover the best ways to ensure that their arguments are the most persuasive and, ultimately, the most successful.


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Factors to Look for When Buying Genuine Us Army Apparel, Clothing & Gear
Fashion July 24, 2019
Apparel and clothing with military references are very common. In fact, you're bound to find at least one piece of such clothing in every store you walk into. There are also a lot of street hawkers that will be offering unbelievable prices for shirts with different armed services being represented on the front. However, despite the vendor's claims, not all of these are "genuine" army apparel. The term "genuine" is interchangeable and today we'll explain how.
First, there is the genuineness where your store sells "genuine U.S. military-issue products". Usually, you'll find a tag or stamp with these details somewhere on the clothing item. Not all stores sell such genuine products and while that may not be an issue, some stores claim to be selling such clothing when in fact, all their products are made in house using their own designs. This shop sells US Army Apparel, but there are no claims as to "genuine army issue" and simply pays homage to those who have served, which in itself is admirable. However, claiming your products are "genuine army issue" when they are not is not only unprofessional but dishonest and detrimental to the country as well.
Then there is the "genuine" where the designs on the apparel are not true to the source material. You're bound to find clothing with misspelled words ("AMRY" instead of "ARMY") or the picture of a medal of honor on the front with the words "purple heart" written on the bottom. Such products are usually made offshore in third world countries with vendors who have no checks and balances on quality. Anyone with half a brain would want nothing to do with such products and will just move on with their day after seeing something like that.
Next, there is "genuine" where the products are made in the United States. Many online stores nowadays choose to hire manufacturers from third world countries where the manufacturing and labor costs are significantly cheaper. Many of these manufacturers have first-world industrial standards and quality checks in place, but there will always be consumers who will prefer "American made" especially when it comes to products having to do with their armed forces. This has nothing to do with any bias, and it's only natural that one would want to promote local businesses and jobs. The easiest way to tell where the product is made is to check on the tags.
One more form of "genuine" is if the products promote or support a veterans' organization. Many consumers, especially former servicemen, would consider this as the gold standard of army products being "genuine". Such people consider this to be important as such organizations help former veterans with a range of issues which can include injuries sustained in the line of duty, reintegration into society, and career counseling and assistance. One should support such organizations as they help people who have voluntarily fought and sacrificed for their country and fellow countrymen. You'll usually find such information in the brand's company information.
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