Fibromyalgia is a relatively common medical condition in the US. Patients suffering from this condition exhibit various symptoms which include tiredness, sleep problems and sometimes problems with memory. For other people, they have restless leg syndrome, as well as bowel and bladder problems. As such, it is clear enough that the patients normally struggle with their day-to-day lives, and thus desperately need treatment. Imagine living a life characterized by constant pain!
About twenty years ago, fibromyalgia was almost unheard of. Since then, the disease is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. However, the treatment can be difficult and patients are advised to ensure that they get enough sleep and exercise regularly. But did you know that CBD is one of the best treatments for Fibromyalgia?
Industrial hemp produces one of the best remedies that can be used for the treatment of this condition. Increasingly, in fact, many fibromyalgia patients are turning to medical cannabis as the best treatment. option In most Fibromyalgia forums, the use of CBD for its treatment is becoming a popular topic. A lot of attention is given to CBD use in these forums, and patients say they have been healed thanks to this non-psychoactive CBD treatment. When you begin taking this medication, you experience reduced pain and inflammation. This effectiveness can be explained through a review of the body's endocannabinoid system.
The endocannabinoid system is a complex network of receptors and cannabis-like chemicals which regulate sleep, reduce pain and inflammation, help the immune system, control mood, and even aid in reproduction in human beings. Therefore, the endocannabinoid system is important in down-regulating the body's biological activity. This is important so as to ensure equilibrium and overall health.
Illnesses like Fibromyalgia can be explained through theories like Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency. This is according to valid research by neurologists and psychopharmacology researchers, who attribute the disease to a deficiency in neurotransmitters. In these studies, the neuroscientists suggest that boosting the depleted endocannabinoid is the best treatment for Fibromyalgia. To boost endocannabinoids in the body, patients are given CBD which contains natural phytocannabinoids found in the cannabis plant.
To provide proof of the effectiveness of CBD for Fibromyalgia, doctors published a questionnaire-based study. In the study, they compared the experiences of Fibromyalgia patients who were treated using medical marijuana with those who were not treated. The study showed that there was a significant reduction of pain and stiffness in those treated using CBD; they had more relaxation and an increase in somnolence and general well-being.
A survey carried out by the National Pain Foundation found that medical marijuana is a more effective treatment for patients suffering from this condition. In fact, 62% of the patients who were interviewed in this study indicated it was an effective treatment.
Therefore, those patients who have been suffering from this condition can breathe a sigh of relief, since CBD is already legalized and approved as a treatment in several states.
I think I've had fibromyalgia for many years but was diagnosed approximately 5 years ago. I was working at Walmart and was just exhausted. Not the tiredness that sleep helps. I mean totally exhausted, with muscle pain. My primary doctor diagnosed fibromyalgia. He prescribed Cymbalta around 4 years ago. Cymbalta was approved for Fibromyalgia treatment. Although it did relieve some of the pain, I still suffered from fatigue. November 2017 my doctor started me on Natural Herbal Gardens fibromyalgia Herbal mixture,With the help of Natural Herbal Garden natural herbs I have been able to reverse my symptoms using diet, herbs, which i feel has made the most difference. The Fibromyalgia natural formula immensely helped my condition, it reversed my Fibromyalgia. my muscle pain. And then the joint stiffness, and fatigue. gradually disappeared. Visit NATURAL HERBAL GARDENS via their official web-site www. naturalherbalgardens. com. and i turned 69 today. i am glad to get my life back, I will keep sharing awareness DON'T GIVE UP HOPE!!!
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Fibromyalgia attacked my mother body more than 3 years ago after her knee surgery. She has been in a wheelchair for about six months, and she used a cane for another six months. She did not even know how to walk anymore. We fought the fibromyalgia with a lot of pain pills and tears not until we had to give a try on natural formulas, we purchased a herbal treatment, which help her a lot and bring her back to normal again, the herbal formula reverse the symptoms grammatically and she's totally free from the Fibromyalgia that cost her pains for ages .
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Kampong Ru Dua (Kampong Ru Dua) is a populated place (class P - Populated Place) in (Terengganu), Malaysia (Asia) with the region font code of Asia/Pacific.
Its coordinates are 5°13'60" N and 103°12'0" E in DMS (Degrees Minutes Seconds) or 5.23333 and 103.2 (in decimal degrees). Its UTM position is UL07 and its Joint Operation Graphics reference is NB48-09.


text:
Q: OpenGL - Moving Camera forward Below is my code that lets me to move the camera forward it works fine but i always want to know if I'm writing code in a efficient way..
void keyboard (unsigned char key, int x, int y) {

    if (key=='w')
    {
    float xrotrad, yrotrad;
    yrotrad = (yrot / 180 * 3.141592654f);
    xrotrad = (xrot / 180 * 3.141592654f);
    xpos += float(sin(yrotrad))* 3 ;//move forward and initialise speed
    zpos -= float(cos(yrotrad))* 3 ;
    ypos -= float(sin(xrotrad))* 3 ;
    }

OK this question just came to my head: Does anyone know any good OpenGL collision tutorials online.. if yes would be more than grateful if u share..
Thanks for reading my question

A: I think your solution is pretty good. I've used similar solutions to that problem in the past. I would combine the / 180 and the multiply by PI into a constant.
define PI_OVER_180 (3.141459f / 180f)
This should guarantee you don't have to perform that calculation every time if the constant expression is performed by the preprocessor or compiler.

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The Walker Treasurer's office is responsible for the administration and maintenance of all special assessment property records for parcels located in the City of Walker. Unfortunately this information is not currently available online.
Special assessment information may be obtained from the Treasurer's office via email, fax (616.791.6808) or phone (616.791.6852).


text:
At Home in an 18th-Century Bordeaux Château
A Dutch expat embraces the old and the new on the Garonne River
Margaret Rens and her husband, Ronald, avid wine collectors, run a B-and-B out of their Entre-Deux-Mers château. (Yves Theobald)
Esther Mobley
"Most Dutch people, if you asked them what they would like to do if they won the lottery, they would like to live in France," says Margaret Rens. She and her husband, Ronald, both Dutch, followed their dream, moving not just to France, but into an 18th-century Bordeaux château.
In 2002, after selling their private-education business in the Netherlands, the Renses began looking for property in Bordeaux. Avid collectors of the region's wines for more than 25 years, they knew they'd happened on something special when they first laid eyes on Château Coulon Laurensac, in Entre-Deux-Mers. "I didn't even need to see the inside," Margaret recalls. "I knew that I wanted it."
On the east bank of the Garonne River, Coulon Laurensac was built in 1724, at a time when the only way to travel from this area to the city of Bordeaux was by boat; as a result, a number of wine estates were built along the river, a development that enabled access but made viticulture difficult. "You can't make a very good wine here," Margaret admits, citing the high water table and clay soils. Her research into the 12-acre property's history suggests that Coulon Laurensac's vines were ripped up around 1950. The structure has since been used only as a personal residence, and the former vineyards are now gardens.
Once Margaret, 51, Ronald, 58, and sons Roderick, 19, and Alexander, 16, had moved into their new home, they set to work fixing it up. First came the pressing needs of updating the heating, plumbing and electrical systems and reinforcing the roof. Next was the construction of six guest rooms so they could convert part of the house into a bed-and-breakfast. Margaret hated the kitchen, which at 130 square feet was small and cramped, with a hot plate for a stove. But with other, more urgent home projects under way, they didn't complete a full kitchen makeover until last year. (The original kitchen now serves as a pantry.)
The Renses wanted the kitchen to feel modern but knew they had to respect the integrity of the centuries-old edifice. The solution? An addition. Now connected to the main château via the former patio doors, so as not to make any new openings, is a 430-square-foot structure centered on a spacious, light-filled kitchen, flanked by windows on all sides and on the ceiling. "If you stand outside, it looks as if it's transparent between the existing château and the addition," Margaret notes.
"It's very nice to live in a château, but once you're inside, you don't see the beautiful facade and the beautiful stone," she says. So she was adamant: "I wanted to be able to see the château from the kitchen." To make matters more complicated, all of their renovations had to be approved by the French board of monuments, Les Architectes de Bâtiments de France. They enlisted Dutch architect Hein Koolstra for the project.
With state-of-the-art appliances and a large table at its center, the kitchen is as beautiful in its bright, clean simplicity as the main château is in its baroque elegance.
The bed-and-breakfast idea expanded into a larger business, the Bordeaux Wine Experience, which Margaret and Ronald have operated since 2003: a five-day series of winery tours for English speakers, including visits to châteaus Mouton-Rothschild, Lafite Rothschild, Yquem and Angélus. Guests stay at Coulon Laurensac, in the quarters initially envisioned for the B-and-B. With the new kitchen finished, Margaret has incorporated cooking classes into guests' itineraries.
Still, for the Rens family, complete domestic happiness comes when it's just the four of them. "The kitchen has really become the heart of the home," Margaret says.
When it comes to wine, she says, "We are very spoiled." They keep a 90-bottle wine fridge, by Gaggenau, in the kitchen for their drinking wines. The remaining several thousand bottles in their collection reside in a proper cellar elsewhere. Their oldest bottle? 1865 Château Palmer, which Margaret bought at auction as a gift for Ronald and had reconditioned at the château.
Ronald's favorite wine is Château Mouton-Rothschild, and they own every vintage back to 1972, complete with both the censored and uncensored versions of the controversial 1993 label by Balthus. Margaret favors Château Lagrange: "I like St.-Julien for its balance, somewhere between feminine Margaux and masculine Pauillac." Wines such as Château Pichon Longueville Lalande, Pichon-Longueville Baron and Lynch Bages might appear at any casual weeknight family dinner. "We are Left Bank lovers," she says.
Margaret continues to dig further into the cryptic history of Coulon Laurensac, and she wishes she could find a bottle of its wine. In the meantime, she and Ronald continue to pinch themselves: Do we really get to live here? "We didn't win the lottery," Margaret says, "but sometimes it feels like we did."
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Bank of America is excited to share the results of its 2018 Women Business Owner Spotlight, an annual study exploring the goals, challenges and everyday realities of women entrepreneurs across the country.
This year, the findings show women entrepreneurs are increasingly confident about the business environment and their own outlook for growth, with economic optimism reaching a two-year high and more women expecting their revenues to increase compared to last year. The Spotlight also explores the digital transformation and the role of women-owned businesses in adopting game-changing technology to manage their business. Finally, it explores access to capital and how that's changed for women entrepreneurs over the last decade.
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It began with a bowl of soup. Frustrated by the sparse—and conflicting—information she uncovered while researching pregnancy wellness tips, Nicole Centeno decided to step back and commit to one healthy choice each day. On day one, she made veggie soup, put away her phone and laptop and sat down to enjoy a quiet lunch. These meditative lunches quickly became routine, ultimately inspiring her to launch Splendid Spoon.
Looking to the future, Nicole sees the conflation of wellness and weight loss as a key opportunity for growth. Confident in the strength of her business and the health of her market, Nicole plans to continue expanding Splendid Spoon as she's done from the very start—one meal at a time.
Bank of America is committed to providing women entrepreneurs with solutions to ignite and accelerate their potential, providing access to capital, mentoring, education and training through our business and partnerships.


text:
Donate to Megadodo Publications
For other people named Thomas Hardy, see Thomas Hardy (disambiguation).
Hardy between about 1910 and 1915
Stinsford, Dorset, England
Dorchester, Dorset, England
Stinsford parish church (heart)
Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey (ashes)
Novelist, poet, and short story writer
Naturalism, Victorian literature
Tess of the d'Urbervilles,
Far from the Madding Crowd,
The Mayor of Casterbridge,
Collected Poems
Emma Gifford
Florence Dugdale
Thomas Hardy OM (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and poet. A Victorian realist in the tradition of George Eliot, he was influenced both in his novels and in his poetry by Romanticism, especially William Wordsworth.[1] He was highly critical of much in Victorian society, especially on the declining status of rural people in Britain, such as those from his native South West England.
While Hardy wrote poetry throughout his life and regarded himself primarily as a poet, his first collection was not published until 1898. Initially, therefore, he gained fame as the author of novels such as Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891), and Jude the Obscure (1895). During his lifetime, Hardy's poetry was acclaimed by younger poets (particularly the Georgians) who viewed him as a mentor. After his death his poems were lauded by Ezra Pound, W. H. Auden and Philip Larkin.[2]
Many of his novels concern tragic characters struggling against their passions and social circumstances, and they are often set in the semi-fictional region of Wessex; initially based on the medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom, Hardy's Wessex eventually came to include the counties of Dorset, Wiltshire, Somerset, Devon, Hampshire and much of Berkshire, in southwest and south central England. Two of his novels, Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Far from the Madding Crowd, were listed in the top 50 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.[3]
1 Life and career
1.1 Early life
1.2 Marriage and novel writing
1.3 Final years
2 Novels
3 Literary themes
4 Poetry
5 Religious beliefs
6 Locations in novels
8.1 Prose
8.2 Poetry collections
10 Biographies and criticism
"The Hardy Tree" in Old St Pancras churchyard in London, growing between gravestones moved while Hardy was working there
Thomas Hardy was born on 2 June 1840 in Higher Bockhampton (then Upper Bockhampton), a hamlet in the parish of Stinsford to the east of Dorchester in Dorset, England, where his father Thomas (1811–1892) worked as a stonemason and local builder, and married his mother Jemima (née Hand;[4] 1813–1904) in Beaminster, towards the end of 1839.[5] Jemima was well-read, and she educated Thomas until he went to his first school at Bockhampton at the age of eight. For several years he attended Mr. Last's Academy for Young Gentlemen in Dorchester, where he learned Latin and demonstrated academic potential.[6] Because Hardy's family lacked the means for a university education, his formal education ended at the age of sixteen, when he became apprenticed to James Hicks, a local architect.[7]
Hardy trained as an architect in Dorchester before moving to London in 1862; there he enrolled as a student at King's College London. He won prizes from the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association. He joined Arthur Blomfield's practice as assistant architect in April 1862 and worked with Blomfield on All Saints' parish church in Windsor, Berkshire in 1862–64. A reredos, possibly designed by Hardy, was discovered behind panelling at All Saints' in August 2016.[8][9] In the mid-1860s, Hardy was in charge of the excavation of part of the graveyard of St Pancras Old Church prior to its destruction when the Midland Railway was extended to a new terminus at St Pancras.[10]
Hardy never felt at home in London, because he was acutely conscious of class divisions and his social inferiority. During this time he became interested in social reform and the works of John Stuart Mill. He was introduced by his Dorset friend Horace Moule to the works of Charles Fourier and Auguste Comte. Mill's essay On Liberty was one of Hardy's cures for despair, and in 1924 he declared that "my pages show harmony of view with" Mill.[11] He was also attracted to Matthew Arnold's and Leslie Stephen's ideal of the urbane liberal freethinker.[12]
After five years, concerned about his health, he returned to Dorset, settling in Weymouth, and decided to dedicate himself to writing.
Marriage and novel writing
Max Gate in 2015
In 1870, while on an architectural mission to restore the parish church of St Juliot in Cornwall,[13] Hardy met and fell in love with Emma Gifford, whom he married in Kensington in the autumn of 1874.[5][14][15] renting St David's Villa, Southborough (now Surbiton) for a year. In 1885 Thomas and his wife moved into Max Gate, a house designed by Hardy and built by his brother. Although they later became estranged, Emma's subsequent death in 1912 had a traumatic effect on him and after her death, Hardy made a trip to Cornwall to revisit places linked with their courtship; his Poems 1912–13 reflect upon her death. In 1914, Hardy married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 years his junior. However, he remained preoccupied with his first wife's death and tried to overcome his remorse by writing poetry. In his later years, he kept a Wire Fox Terrier named Wessex, who was notoriously ill-tempered. Wessex's grave stone can be found on the Max Gate grounds.[16][17] In 1910, Hardy had been appointed a Member of the Order of Merit and was also for the first time nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature. He would be nominated again for the prize eleven years later.[18][19]
Final years
Florence Hardy at the seashore, 1915
Hardy was horrified by the destruction caused by First World War, pondering that "I do not think a world in which such fiendishness is possible to be worth the saving" and "better to let western 'civilization' perish, and let the black and yellow races have a chance."[20] He wrote to John Galsworthy that "the exchange of international thought is the only possible salvation for the world."[20]
Hardy became ill with pleurisy in December 1927 and died at Max Gate just after 9 pm on 11 January 1928, having dictated his final poem to his wife on his deathbed; the cause of death was cited, on his death certificate, as "cardiac syncope", with "old age" given as a contributory factor. His funeral was on 16 January at Westminster Abbey, and it proved a controversial occasion because Hardy had wished for his body to be interred at Stinsford in the same grave as his first wife, Emma. His family and friends concurred; however, his executor, Sir Sydney Carlyle Cockerell, insisted that he be placed in the abbey's famous Poets' Corner. A compromise was reached whereby his heart was buried at Stinsford with Emma, and his ashes in Poets' Corner.[21] Hardy's estate at death was valued at £95,418 (£5647015 in 2015 sterling).[22]
Shortly after Hardy's death, the executors of his estate burnt his letters and notebooks, but twelve notebooks survived, one of them containing notes and extracts of newspaper stories from the 1820s, and research into these has provided insight into how Hardy used them in his works.[23] In the year of his death Mrs Hardy published The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1841–1891, compiled largely from contemporary notes, letters, diaries, and biographical memoranda, as well as from oral information in conversations extending over many years.
Hardy's work was admired by many younger writers, including D. H. Lawrence,[24] John Cowper Powys, and Virginia Woolf.[25] In his autobiography Goodbye to All That (1929), Robert Graves recalls meeting Hardy in Dorset in the early 1920s and how Hardy received him and his new wife warmly, and was encouraging about his work.
Hardy's birthplace in Bockhampton and his house Max Gate, both in Dorchester, are owned by the National Trust.
Thomas Hardy's birthplace and cottage at Higher Bockhampton, where Under the Greenwood Tree and Far from the Madding Crowd were written
View of the River Frome from the bridge at Lower Bockhampton. In Tess of the d'Urbervilles the lowland vale of the river is described as the Vale of the Great Dairies, in comparison to Tess's home, the fertile Vale of Blackmore, which is the Vale of Little Dairies.
Hardy's first novel, The Poor Man and the Lady, finished by 1867, failed to find a publisher. He then showed it to his mentor and friend, the Victorian poet and novelist, George Meredith, who felt that The Poor Man and the Lady would be too politically controversial and might damage Hardy's ability to publish in the future. So Hardy followed his advice and he did not try further to publish it. He subsequently destroyed the manuscript, but used some of the ideas in his later work.[26] In his recollections in Life and Work, Hardy described the book as "socialistic, not to say revolutionary; yet no argumentatively so."[27]
After he abandoned his first novel, Hardy wrote two new ones that he hoped would have more commercial appeal, Desperate Remedies (1871) and Under the Greenwood Tree (1872), both of which were published anonymously; it was while working on the latter that he met Emma Gifford, who would become his wife.[26] In 1873 A Pair of Blue Eyes, a novel drawing on Hardy's courtship of Emma, was published under his own name. A plot device popularised by Charles Dickens, the term "cliffhanger" is considered to have originated with the serialised version of A Pair of Blue Eyes (published in Tinsley's Magazine between September 1872 and July 1873) in which Henry Knight, one of the protagonists, is left literally hanging off a cliff.[28][29]
In his next novel Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), Hardy first introduced the idea of calling the region in the west of England, where his novels are set, Wessex. Wessex had been the name of an early Saxon kingdom, in approximately the same part of England. Far from the Madding Crowd was successful enough for Hardy to give up architectural work and pursue a literary career. Over the next twenty-five years Hardy produced ten more novels.
Subsequently, the Hardys moved from London to Yeovil, and then to Sturminster Newton, where he wrote The Return of the Native (1878).[30] In 1880, Hardy published his only historical novel, The Trumpet-Major. Hardy published Two on a Tower in 1882, a romance story set in the world of astronomy. Then in 1885, they moved for the last time, to Max Gate, a house outside Dorchester designed by Hardy and built by his brother. There he wrote The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), The Woodlanders (1887), and Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891), the last of which attracted criticism for its sympathetic portrayal of a "fallen woman" and was initially refused publication. Its subtitle, A Pure Woman: Faithfully Presented, was intended to raise the eyebrows of the Victorian middle classes.
A major location of The Return of the Native as part of Hardy's fictional Egdon Heath.
Jude the Obscure, published in 1895, met with an even stronger negative response from the Victorian public because of its controversial treatment of sex, religion and marriage. Furthermore, its apparent attack on the institution of marriage caused further strain on Hardy's already difficult marriage because Emma Hardy was concerned that Jude the Obscure would be read as autobiographical. Some booksellers sold the novel in brown paper bags, and the Bishop of Wakefield, Walsham How, is reputed to have burnt his copy.[23] In his postscript of 1912, Hardy humorously referred to this incident as part of the career of the book: "After these [hostile] verdicts from the press its next misfortune was to be burnt by a bishop – probably in his despair at not being able to burn me".[31] Despite this, Hardy had become a celebrity by the 1900s, but some argue that he gave up writing novels because of the criticism of both Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.[32] The Well-Beloved, first serialised in 1892, was published in 1897.
Hardy painted by William Strang, 1893
Literary themes
Considered a Victorian realist, Hardy examines the social constraints on the lives of those living in Victorian England, and criticises those beliefs, especially those relating to marriage, education and religion, that limited people's lives and caused unhappiness. Such unhappiness, and the suffering it brings, is seen by poet Philip Larkin as central in Hardy's works:
"What is the intensely maturing experience of which Hardy's modern man is most sensible? In my view it is suffering, or sadness, and extended consideration of the centrality of suffering in Hardy's work should be the first duty of the true critic for which the work is still waiting [. . .] Any approach to his work, as to any writer's work, must seek first of all to determine what element is peculiarly his, which imaginative note he strikes most plangently, and to deny that in this case it is the sometimes gentle, sometimes ironic, sometimes bitter but always passive apprehension of suffering is, I think, wrong-headed."[33]
In Two on a Tower, for example, Hardy takes a stand against these rules of society with a story of love that crosses the boundaries of class. The reader is forced to reconsider the conventions set up by society for the relationships between women and men. Nineteenth-century society had conventions, which were enforced. In this novel Swithin St Cleeve's idealism pits him against such contemporary social constraints.
In a novel structured around contrasts, the main opposition is between Swithin St Cleeve and Lady Viviette Constantine, who are presented as binary figures in a series of ways: aristocratic and lower class, youthful and mature, single and married, fair and dark, religious and agnostic...she [Lady Viviette Constantine] is also deeply conventional, absurdly wishing to conceal their marriage until Swithin has achieved social status through his scientific work, which gives rise to uncontrolled ironies and tragic-comic misunderstandings.[34]
Fate or chance is another important theme. Hardy's characters often encounter crossroads on a journey, a junction that offers alternative physical destinations but which is also symbolic of a point of opportunity and transition, further suggesting that fate is at work. Far From the Madding Crowd is an example of a novel in which chance has a major role: "Had Bathsheba not sent the valentine, had Fanny not missed her wedding, for example, the story would have taken an entirely different path."[35] Indeed, Hardy's main characters often seem to be held in fate's overwhelming grip.
Thomas Hardy by Walter William Ouless, 1922
For online poems, see "Poetry collections" below.
In 1898 Hardy published his first volume of poetry, Wessex Poems, a collection of poems written over 30 years. While some suggest that Hardy gave up writing novels following the harsh criticism of Jude the Obscure in 1896, the poet C. H. Sisson calls this "hypothesis" "superficial and absurd".[32][36] In the twentieth century Hardy published only poetry.
Thomas Hardy wrote in a great variety of poetic forms including lyrics, ballads, satire, dramatic monologues, and dialogue, as well as a three-volume epic closet drama The Dynasts (1904–08),[37] and though in some ways a very traditional poet, because he was influenced by folksong and ballads,[38] he "was never conventional," and "persistently experiment[ed] with different, often invented, stanza forms and metres,[39] and made use of "rough-hewn rhythms and colloquial diction".[40]
Hardy wrote a number of significant war poems that relate to both the Boer Wars and World War I, including "Drummer Hodge", "In Time of 'The Breaking of Nations'", and "The Man He Killed"; his work had a profound influence on other war poets such as Rupert Brooke and Siegfried Sassoon.[41] Hardy in these poems often used the viewpoint of ordinary soldiers and their colloquial speech.[41] A theme in the Wessex Poems is the long shadow that the Napoleonic Wars cast over the nineteenth century, as seen, for example, in "The Sergeant's Song" and "Leipzig".[42] The Napoleonic War is the subject of The Dynasts.
Some of Hardy's most famous poems are from "Poems of 1912–13", part of Satires of Circumstance (1914), written following the death of his wife Emma in 1912. They had been estranged for twenty years and these lyric poems express deeply felt "regret and remorse".[41] Poems like "After a Journey," "The Voice," and others from this collection "are by general consent regarded as the peak of his poetic achievement".[37] In a recent biography on Hardy, Claire Tomalin argues that Hardy became a truly great English poet after the death of his first wife, Emma, beginning with these elegies, which she describes as among "the finest and strangest celebrations of the dead in English poetry."[43]
A portrait of Thomas Hardy in 1923 by Reginald Eves
Many of Hardy's poems deal with themes of disappointment in love and life, and "the perversity of fate", but the best of them present these themes with "a carefully controlled elegiac feeling".[44] Irony is also an important element in a number of Hardy's poems, including "The Man he Killed" and "Are You Digging on My Grave".[45] A few of Hardy's poems, such as "The Blinded Bird", a melancholy polemic against the sport of vinkenzetting, reflect his firm stance against animal cruelty, exhibited also in his antivivisectionist views and his membership in The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.[46]
A number of notable English composers, including Gerald Finzi,[47][48] Benjamin Britten,[49] and Gustav Holst,[50] set poems by Hardy to music. Holst also wrote the orchestral tone poem Egdon Heath: A Homage to Thomas Hardy in 1927.
Although his poems were initially not as well received as his novels had been, Hardy is now recognised as one of the greatest twentieth-century poets, and his verse has had a profound influence on later writers, including Robert Frost, W. H. Auden, Dylan Thomas, and, most notably Philip Larkin.[40] Larkin included twenty-seven poems by Hardy compared with only nine by T. S. Eliot in his edition of the Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse in 1973.[51] There were also fewer poems by W. B. Yeats.[52]
Religious beliefs
Thomas Hardy aged 70, by William Strang
Hardy's family was Anglican, but not especially devout. He was baptised at the age of five weeks and attended church, where his father and uncle contributed to music. However, he did not attend the local Church of England school, instead being sent to Mr Last's school, three miles away. As a young adult, he befriended Henry R. Bastow (a Plymouth Brethren man), who also worked as a pupil architect, and who was preparing for adult baptism in the Baptist Church. Hardy flirted with conversion, but decided against it.[53] Bastow went to Australia and maintained a long correspondence with Hardy, but eventually Hardy tired of these exchanges and the correspondence ceased. This concluded Hardy's links with the Baptists.
The irony and struggles of life, coupled with his naturally curious mind, led him to question the traditional Christian view of God:
The Christian God – the external personality – has been replaced by the intelligence of the First Cause...the replacement of the old concept of God as all-powerful by a new concept of universal consciousness. The 'tribal god, man-shaped, fiery-faced and tyrannous' is replaced by the 'unconscious will of the Universe' which progressively grows aware of itself and 'ultimately, it is to be hoped, sympathetic'.[54]
Scholars have debated Hardy's religious leanings for years, often unable to reach a consensus. However, Hardy's religious life seems to have mixed agnosticism, deism, and spiritism. Once, when asked in correspondence by a clergyman, Dr A. B. Grosart, about the question of reconciling the horrors of human and animal life with "the absolute goodness and non-limitation of God",[55] Hardy replied,
Mr. Hardy regrets that he is unable to offer any hypothesis which would reconcile the existence of such evils as Dr. Grosart describes with the idea of omnipotent goodness. Perhaps Dr. Grosart might be helped to a provisional view of the universe by the recently published Life of Darwin and the works of Herbert Spencer and other agnostics.[56]
Hardy frequently conceived of, and wrote about, supernatural forces, particularly those that control the universe through indifference or caprice, a force he called The Immanent Will. He also showed in his writing some degree of fascination with ghosts and spirits.[56] Even so, he retained a strong emotional attachment to the Christian liturgy and church rituals, particularly as manifested in rural communities, that had been such a formative influence in his early years, and Biblical references can be found woven throughout many of Hardy's novels.
Hardy's friends during his apprenticeship to John Hicks included Horace Moule (one of the eight sons of Henry Moule), and the poet William Barnes, both ministers of religion. Moule remained a close friend of Hardy's for the rest of his life, and introduced him to new scientific findings that cast doubt on literal interpretations of the Bible,[57] such as those of Gideon Mantell. Moule gave Hardy a copy of Mantell's book The Wonders of Geology (1848) in 1858, and Adelene Buckland has suggested that there are "compelling similarities" between the "cliffhanger" section from A Pair of Blue Eyes and Mantell's geological descriptions. It has also been suggested that the character of Henry Knight in A Pair of Blue Eyes was based on Horace Moule.[58]
Grave of Thomas Hardy's heart at Stinsford parish church
Locations in novels
Sites associated with Hardy's own life and which inspired the settings of his novels continue to attract literary tourists and casual visitors. For locations in Hardy's novels see: Thomas Hardy's Wessex, and the Thomas Hardy's Wessex[59] research site, which includes maps.[60]
Hardy corresponded with and visited Lady Catherine Milnes Gaskell at Wenlock Abbey and many of Lady Catherine's books are inspired by Hardy, who was very fond of her.[61]
D. H. Lawrence's Study of Thomas Hardy (1936) indicates the importance of Hardy for him, even though this work is a platform for Lawrence's own developing philosophy rather than a more standard literary study. The influence of Hardy's treatment of character, and Lawrence's own response to the central metaphysic behind many of Hardy's novels, helped significantly in the development of The Rainbow (1915) and Women in Love (1920).[62]
Wood and Stone (1915), the first novel by John Cowper Powys, who was a contemporary of Lawrence, was "Dedicated with devoted admiration to the greatest poet and novelist of our age Thomas Hardy".[63] Powys's later novel Maiden Castle (1936) is set in Dorchester, Hardy's Casterbridge, and was intended by Powys to be a "rival" to Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge.[64] Maiden Castle is the last of Powys's so-called Wessex novels, Wolf Solent (1929), A Glastonbury Romance (1932), and Weymouth Sands (1934), which are set in Somerset and Dorset.[65]
Hardy was clearly the starting point for the character of the novelist Edward Driffield in W. Somerset Maugham's novel Cakes and Ale (1930).[66] Thomas Hardy's works also feature prominently in the American playwright Christopher Durang's The Marriage of Bette and Boo (1985), in which a graduate thesis analysing Tess of the d'Urbervilles is interspersed with analysis of Matt's family's neuroses.[67]
The symphonic poems Mai-Dun by John Ireland (1921) and Egdon Heath by Gustav Holst (1927) evoke the landscape of Hardy's novels.
Hardy has been a significant influence on Nigel Blackwell, frontman of the post-punk British rock band Half Man Half Biscuit, who has often incorporated phrases (some obscure) by or about Hardy into his song lyrics.[68][69]
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The title page from a first edition of Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)
Hardy divided his novels and collected short stories into three classes:[citation needed]
Novels of character and environment
The Poor Man and the Lady (1867, unpublished and lost)
Under the Greenwood Tree: A Rural Painting of the Dutch School (1872)
Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)
The Return of the Native (1878)
The Mayor of Casterbridge: The Life and Death of a Man of Character (1886)
The Woodlanders (1887)
Wessex Tales (1888, a collection of short stories)
Tess of the d'Urbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented (1891)
Life's Little Ironies (1894, a collection of short stories)
Jude the Obscure (1895)
Romances and fantasies
A Pair of Blue Eyes: A Novel (1873)
The Trumpet-Major (1880)
Two on a Tower: A Romance (1882)
A Group of Noble Dames (1891, a collection of short stories)
The Well-Beloved: A Sketch of a Temperament (1897) (first published as a serial from 1892)
Novels of ingenuity
Desperate Remedies: A Novel (1871)
The Hand of Ethelberta: A Comedy in Chapters (1876)
A Laodicean: A Story of To-day (1881)
Hardy also produced a number of minor tales; one story, The Spectre of the Real (1894) was written in collaboration with Florence Henniker.[70] An additional short-story collection, beyond the ones mentioned above, is A Changed Man and Other Tales (1913). His works have been collected as the 24-volume Wessex Edition (1912–13) and the 37-volume Mellstock Edition (1919–20). His largely self-written biography appears under his second wife's name in two volumes from 1928 to 1930, as The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1840–91 and The Later Years of Thomas Hardy, 1892–1928, now published in a critical one-volume edition as The Life and Work of Thomas Hardy, edited by Michael Millgate (1984).
Short stories (with date of first publication)
"How I Built Myself a House" (1865)
"Destiny and a Blue Cloak" (1874)
"The Thieves Who Couldn't Stop Sneezing" (1877)
"The Duchess of Hamptonshire" (1878) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"The Distracted Preacher" (1879) (collected in Wessex Tales)
"Fellow-Townsmen" (1880) (collected in Wessex Tales)
"The Honourable Laura" (1881) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"What the Shepherd Saw" (1881) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"A Tradition of Eighteen Hundred and Four" (1882) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"The Three Strangers" (1883) (collected in Wessex Tales)
"The Romantic Adventures of a Milkmaid" (1883) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"Interlopers at the Knap" (1884) (collected in Wessex Tales)
"A Mere Interlude" (1885) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"A Tryst at an Ancient Earthwork" (1885) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"Alicia's Diary" (1887) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"The Waiting Supper" (1887–88) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"The Withered Arm" (1888) (collected in Wessex Tales)
"A Tragedy of Two Ambitions" (1888) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"The First Countess of Wessex" (1889) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"Anna, Lady Baxby" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"The Lady Icenway" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"Lady Mottisfont" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"The Lady Penelope" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"The Marchioness of Stonehenge" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"Squire Petrick's Lady" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"Barbara of the House of Grebe" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"The Melancholy Hussar of The German Legion" (1890) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"Absent-Mindedness in a Parish Choir" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"The Winters and the Palmleys" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"For Conscience' Sake" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"Incident in the Life Of Mr. George Crookhill" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"The Doctor's Legend" (1891)
"Andrey Satchel and the Parson and Clerk" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"The History of the Hardcomes" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"Netty Sargent's Copyhold" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"On the Western Circuit" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"A Few Crusted Characters: Introduction" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"The Superstitious Man's Story" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"To Please His Wife" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"The Son's Veto" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"Old Andrey's Experience as a Musician" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"Our Exploits at West Poley" (1892–93)
"Master John Horseleigh, Knight" (1893) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"The Fiddler of the Reels" (1893) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"An Imaginative Woman" (1894) (collected in Wessex Tales, 1896 edition)
"The Spectre of the Real" (1894)
"A Committee-Man of 'The Terror'" (1896) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"The Duke's Reappearance" (1896) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"The Grave by the Handpost" (1897) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"A Changed Man" (1900) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"Enter a Dragoon" (1900) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"Blue Jimmy: The Horse Stealer" (1911)
"Old Mrs. Chundle" (1929)
"The Unconquerable"(1992)
Wessex Poems and Other Verses (1898)
Poems of the Past and the Present (1901)
Time's Laughingstocks and Other Verses (1909)
Satires of Circumstance (1914)
Moments of Vision (1917)
Collected Poems (1919)
Late Lyrics and Earlier with Many Other Verses (1922)
Human Shows, Far Phantasies, Songs and Trifles (1925)
Winter Words in Various Moods and Metres (1928)
The Complete Poems (Macmillan, 1976)
Selected Poems (Edited by Harry Thomas, Penguin, 1993)
Hardy: Poems (Everyman's Library Pocket Poets, 1995)
Thomas Hardy: Selected Poetry and Nonfictional Prose (St. Martin's Press, 1996)
Selected Poems (Edited by Robert Mezey, Penguin, 1998)
Thomas Hardy: The Complete Poems (Edited by James Gibson, Palgrave, 2001)
Online poems: Poems by Thomas Hardy[71] at Poetry Foundation and Poems by Thomas Hardy at poemhunter.com[72]
The Dynasts: An Epic-Drama of the War with Napoleon (verse drama)
The Dynasts, Part 1 (1904)
The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse (1923) (one-act play)
^ Taylor, Dennis (Winter 1986), "Hardy and Wordsworth", Victorian Poetry, 24 (4) .
^ Watts, Cedric (2007). Thomas Hardy: 'Tess of the d'Urbervilles'. Humanities-Ebooks. pp. 13, 14.
^ "BBC – The Big Read". BBC. April 2003, Retrieved 16 December 2016
^ "Thomas Hardy: The Time-Torn Man". the Guardian.
^ a b "FreeBMD Home Page". www.freebmd.org.uk.
^ Tomalin, Claire (2007), Thomas Hardy: the Time-torn Man, Penguin, pp. 30, 36 .
^ Walsh, Lauren (2005), "Introduction", The Return of the Native, by Thomas Hardy (print), Classics, New York: Barnes & Noble .
^ Flood, Alison (16 August 2016). "Thomas Hardy altarpiece discovered in Windsor church". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
^ "Legendary author Thomas Hardy's lost contribution to Windsor church uncovered". Royal Borough Observer.
^ Burley, Peter (2012). "When steam railroaded history". Cornerstone. 33 (1): 9.
^ Wilson, Keith (2009). A Companion to Thomas Hardy. John Wiley & Sons. p. 55.
^ Widdowson, Peter (2004). Thomas Hardy and Contemporary Literary Studies. Springer. p. 132.
^ Gibson, James (ed.) (1975) Chosen Poems of Thomas Hardy, London: Macmillan Education; p.9.
^ Hardy, Emma (1961) Some Recollections by Emma Hardy; with some relevant poems by Thomas Hardy; ed. by Evelyn Hardy & R. Gittings. London: Oxford University Press
^ "Thomas Hardy – the Time-Torn Man" (a reading of Claire Tomalin's book of the same name), BBC Radio 4, 23 October 2006
^ "At home with the wizard". The Guardian, Retrieved 10 July 2019
^ "Wiltshire Days Out – Thomas Hardy at Stourhead". BBC. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
^ "No. 28393". The London Gazette. 8 July 1910. p. 4857.
^ "Nomination Database".
^ a b Sherman, George William (1976). The Pessimism of Thomas Hardy. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 447.
^ Bradford,Charles Angell (1933). Heart Burial. London: Allen & Unwin. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-162-77181-6.
^ From Probate Index for 1928: "Hardy O. M. Thomas of Max Gate Dorchester Dorsetshire died 11 January 1928 Probate London 22 February to Lloyds Bank Limited Effects £90707 14s 3d Resworn £95418 3s 1d."
^ a b "Homeground: Dead man talking". BBC Online. 20 August 2003. Archived from the original on 31 August 2004. Retrieved 12 August 2006.
^ Steele, Bruce, ed. (1985) [1914], "Literary criticism and metaphysics", Study of Thomas Hardy and other essays, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-25252-0 .
^ "The Novels of Thomas Hardy", The Common Reader, 2nd series.
^ a b J. B. Bullen (24 June 2013). Thomas Hardy: The World of his Novels. Frances Lincoln. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-78101-122-5.
^ Widdowson, Peter (2018). Thomas Hardy. Oxford University Press. p. 27.
^ Thomas Hardy (17 November 2013). Delphi Complete Works of Thomas Hardy (Illustrated). Delphi Classics. pp. 570–. ISBN 978-1-908909-17-6.
^ "The curious staying power of the cliffhanger". The New Yorker. 10 July 2019.
^ "Curiosities of Sturminster Newton - Dorset Life - The Dorset Magazine". www.dorsetlife.co.uk. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
^ Hardy, Thomas (1998). Jude the Obscure. Penguin Classics. p. 466. ISBN 0-14-043538-7.
^ a b "Thomas Hardy", The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 7th edition, vol.2 . New York: W. W. Norton, 2000, p.1916.
^ Larkin, Philip 1983, "Wanted: Good Hardy Critic" in Required Writing, London: Faber and Faber.
^ Geoffrey Harvey, Thomas Hardy: The Complete Critical Guide to Thomas Hardy. New York: Routledge, 2003, p.108.
^ "Far from the Madding Crowd, Thomas Hardy – Introduction (Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Linda Pavlovski. Vol. 153. Gale Group, Inc.,)". Enotes.com. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
^ "Introduction" to the Penguin edition of Jude the Obscure (1978). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1984, p.13.
^ a b "Thomas Hardy (British writer) – Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. 6 November 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
^ "Thomas Hardy", The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature, ed. Marion Wynne Davies. New York: Prentice Hall, 1990, p.583.
^ The Bloomsbury Guide, p.583.
^ a b "Thomas Hardy | Academy of American Poets". Poets.org. 11 January 1928. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
^ a b c Axelrod, Jeremy. "Thomas Hardy". The Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
^ Katherine Kearney Maynard, Thomas Hardy's Tragic Poetry: The Lyrics and The Dynasts. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1991, pp.8–12.
^ Tomalin, Claire. "Thomas Hardy." New York: Penguin, 2007.
^ "The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 7th edition, vol. 2, p.1916.
^ Katherine Kearney Maynard, Thomas Hardy's Tragic Poetry: The Lyrics and The Dynasts. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1991, pp8-12.
^ Herbert N. Schneidau. Waking Giants: The Presence of the Past in Modernism. Retrieved 16 April 2008. (Google Books)
^ Song cycle Earth and Air and Rain (1936)
^ "Biography " Gerald Finzi Official Site". Geraldfinzi.com. 27 September 1956. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
^ Song cycle Winter Words (1953)
^ "Gustav Holst (Vocal Texts and Translations for Composer Gustav Holst)". LiederNet Archive. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
^ "Poetry.org". Poets.org. 11 January 1928. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
^ "Thomas Hardy", The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 7th edition, vol.2, p.1916.
^ Claire Tomalin, Thomas Hardy, The Time Torn Man(Penguin, 2007), pp.46–47.
^ Wotton, G. (1985), Thomas Hardy: Towards A Materialist Criticism, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, p.36
^ Florence Emily Hardy, The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1840–1891, p. 269
^ a b Ellman, Richard, & O'Clair, Robert (eds.) 1988. "Thomas Hardy" in The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry, Norton, New York.
^ "Adelene Buckland: Thomas Hardy, Provincial Geology and the Material Imagination". Retrieved 10 December 2011.
^ "Thomas Hardy's Wessex". St-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
^ "Thomas Hardy's Wessex: The Evolution of Wessex". St-andrews.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
^ Gamble, Cynthia, 2015 Wenlock Abbey 1857–1919: A Shropshire Country House and the Milnes Gaskell Family, Ellingham Press.
^ Terry R. Wright, "Hardy's Heirs: D. H. Lawrence and John Cowper Powys" in A Companion to Thomas Hardy. Chichester, Sussex: John Wiley, 2012.[2]
^ Terry R. Wright, "Hardy's Heirs: D. H. Lawrence and John Cowper Powys"
^ Morine Krissdottir, Descents of Memory: The Life of John Cowper Powys. (New York: Overlook Duckworth, 2007), p. 312.
^ Herbert Williams, John Cowper Powys. (Bridgend, Wales: Seren, 1997), p. 94.
^ "Cakes and Ale". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
^ Christopher Durang The Marriage of Bette and Boo. New York: Grove Press, 1987.[3]
^ Sampson, Kevin (21 July 2001). "Taking the biscuit". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
^ See for example the song title "Thy Damnation Slumbereth Not", which is a quotation from Thomas Hardy's novel Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Hardy, Thomas (1891). Tess of the d'Urbervilles. Chapter 12. Retrieved 21 February 2015. which is itself an adaptation of the Second Epistle of Peter at 2:3: "Their damnation slumbereth not".
^ Purdy, Richard (October 1944). "Thomas Hardy And Florence Henniker: The Writing Of "The Spectre Of The Real". Colby Library Quarterly. 1 (8): 122–6.
^ Axelrod, Jeremy. "Thomas Hardy". The Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
^ "Thomas Hardy poems".
Biographies and criticism
Armstrong, Tim. "Player Piano: Poetry and Sonic Modernity" in Modernism/Modernity 14.1 (January 2007), 1–19.
Beatty, Claudius J.P. Thomas Hardy: Conservation Architect. His Work for the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society 1995. ISBN 0-900341-44-0
Blunden, Edmund. Thomas Hardy. New York: St. Martin's, 1942.
Brady, Kristen. The Short Stories of Thomas Hardy. London: Macmillan, 1982.
Boumelha, Penny. Thomas Hardy and Women. New Jersey: Barnes and Noble, 1982.
Brennecke, Jr., Ernest. The Life of Thomas Hardy. New York: Greenberg, 1925.
Cecil, Lord David. Hardy the Novelist. London: Constable, 1943.
D'Agnillo, Renzo, "Music and Metaphor in Under the Greenwood Tree, in The Thomas Hardy Journal, 9, 2 (May 1993), pp.39–50.
D'Agnillo, Renzo, "Between Belief and Non-Belief: Thomas Hardy's 'The Shadow on the Stone'", in Thomas Hardy, Francesco Marroni and Norman Page (eds), Pescara, Edizioni Tracce, 1995, pp.197–222.
Deacon, Lois and Terry Coleman. Providence and Mr. Hardy. London: Hutchinson, 1966.
Draper, Jo. Thomas Hardy: A Life in Pictures. Wimborne, Dorset: The Dovecote Press.
Ellman, Richard & O'Clair, Robert (eds.) 1988. "Thomas Hardy" in The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry, Norton, New York.
Gatrell, Simon. Hardy the Creator: A Textual Biography. Oxford: Clarendon, 1988.
Gibson, James. Thomas Hardy: A Literary Life. London: Macmillan, 1996.
Gibson, James. Thomas Hardy: Interviews and Recollections. London: Macmillan, 1999; New York: St Martin's Press, 1999.
Gittings, Robert. Thomas Hardy's Later Years. Boston : Little, Brown, 1978.
Gittings, Robert. Young Thomas Hardy. Boston : Little, Brown, 1975.
Gittings, Robert and Jo Manton. The Second Mrs Hardy. London: Heinemann, 1979.
Gossin, P. Thomas Hardy's Novel Universe: Astronomy, Cosmology, and Gender in the Post-Darwinian World. Aldershot, Ashgate, 2007 (The Nineteenth Century Series).
Halliday, F. E. Thomas Hardy: His Life and Work. Bath: Adams & Dart, 1972.
Hands, Timothy. Thomas Hardy : Distracted Preacher? : Hardy's religious biography and its influence on his novels. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.
Hardy, Evelyn. Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography. London: Hogarth Press, 1954.
Hardy, Florence Emily. The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1840–1891. London: Macmillan, 1928.
Hardy, Florence Emily. The Later Years of Thomas Hardy, 1892–1928 London: Macmillan, 1930.
Harvey, Geoffrey. Thomas Hardy: The Complete Critical Guide to Thomas Hardy. New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group), 2003.
Hedgcock, F. A., Thomas Hardy: penseur et artiste. Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1911.
Holland, Clive. Thomas Hardy O.M.: The Man, His Works and the Land of Wessex. London: Herbert Jenkins, 1933.
Jedrzejewski, Jan. Thomas Hardy and the Church. London: Macmillan, 1996.
Johnson, Lionel Pigot. The art of Thomas Hardy (London: E. Mathews, 1894).
Kay-Robinson, Denys. The First Mrs Thomas Hardy. London: Macmillan, 1979.
Langbaum, Robert. "Thomas Hardy in Our Time." New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995, London: Macmillan, 1997.
Marroni, Francesco, "The Negation of Eros in 'Barbara of the House of Grebe' ", in "Thomas Hardy Journal", 10, 1 (February 1994) pp. 33–41
Marroni, Francesco and Norman Page (eds.), Thomas Hardy. Pescara: Edizioni Tracce, 1995.
Marroni, Francesco, La poesia di Thomas Hardy. Bari: Adriatica Editrice, 1997.
Marroni, Francesco, "The Poetry of Ornithology in Keats, Leopardi, and Hardy: A Dialogic Analysis", in "Thomas Hardy Journal", 14, 2 (May 1998) pp. 35–44
Millgate, Michael (ed.). The Life and Work of Thomas Hardy by Thomas Hardy. London: Macmillan, 1984.
Millgate, Michael. Thomas Hardy: A Biography. New York: Random House, 1982.
Millgate, Michael. Thomas Hardy: A Biography Revisited. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Morgan, Rosemarie, (ed) The Ashgate Research Companion to Thomas Hardy, (Ashgate publishing), 2010.
Morgan, Rosemarie, (ed) The Hardy Review,(Maney Publishing), 1999–.
Morgan, Rosemarie, Student Companion to Thomas Hardy (Greenwood Press),2006.
Morgan, Rosemarie, Cancelled Words: Rediscovering Thomas Hardy (Routledge, Chapman & Hall),1992
Morgan, Rosemarie, Women and Sexuality in the Novels of Thomas Hardy (Routledge & Kegan Paul), 1988; paperback: 1990.
Musselwhite, David, Social Transformations in Hardy's Tragic Novels: Megamachines and Phantasms, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
Norman, Andrew. Behind the Mask, History Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-7524-5630-0
O'Sullivan, Timothy. Thomas Hardy: An Illustrated Biography. London: Macmillan, 1975.
Orel, Harold. The Final Years of Thomas Hardy, 1912–1928. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1976.
Orel, Harold. The Unknown Thomas Hardy. New York: St. Martin's, 1987.
Page, Norman, ed. Thomas Hardy Annual. No.1: 1982; No.2: 1984; No.3: 1985; No.4:1986; No.5; 1987. London: Macmillan, 1982–1987.
Phelps, Kenneth. The Wormwood Cup: Thomas Hardy in Cornwall. Padstow: Lodenek Press, 1975.
Pinion, F. B. Thomas Hardy: His Life and Friends. London: Palgrave, 1992.
Pite, Ralph. Thomas Hardy: The Guarded Life. London: Picador, 2006.
Saxelby, F. Outwin. A Thomas Hardy dictionary : the characters and scenes of the novels and poems alphabetically arranged and described (London: G. Routledge, 1911).
Seymour-Smith, Martin. Hardy. London: Bloomsbury, 1994.
Stevens-Cox, J. Thomas Hardy: Materials for a Study of his Life, Times, and Works. St. Peter Port, Guernsey: Toucan Press, 1968.
Stevens-Cox, J. Thomas Hardy: More Materials for a Study of his Life, Times, and Works. St. Peter Port, Guernsey: Toucan Press, 1971.
Stewart, J. I. M. Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1971.
Taylor, Richard H. The Neglected Hardy: Thomas Hardy's Lesser Novels. London: Macmillan; New York: St Martin's Press, 1982.
Taylor, Richard H., ed. The Personal Notebooks of Thomas Hardy. London: Macmillan, 1979.
Turner, Paul. The Life of Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.
Weber, Carl J. Hardy of Wessex, his Life and Literary Career. New York: Columbia University Press, 1940.
Wilson, Keith. Thomas Hardy on Stage. London: Macmillan, 1995.
Wilson, Keith, ed. Thomas Hardy Reappraised: Essays in Honour of Michael Millgate. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006.
Wilson, Keith, ed. A Companion to Thomas Hardy. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
Wotton, George. Thomas Hardy: Towards A Materialist Criticism. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1985.
Library resources about
Resources in your library
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Wikiquote has quotations related to: Thomas Hardy
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Hardy, Thomas.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas Hardy.
Dorset County Museum, Dorchester, Dorset, contains the largest Hardy collections in the world, donated directly to the Museum by the Hardy family and inscribed on the UNESCO Memory of the World register for the United Kingdom.
Hardy Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
Hardy's Cottage National Trust visitor information for Hardy's birthplace.
Hardy Country A visitor guide for 'Hardy Country' in Dorset (sites of interest).
Thomas Hardy at the British Library
Thomas Hardy at the Poetry Foundation
A Hyper-Concordance to the Works of Thomas Hardy at the Victorian Literary Studies Archive, Nagoya University, Japan
Letter from Hardy to Bertram Windle, transcribed by Birgit Plietzsch, from Collected Letters, vol 2, pp.131–133. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
Max Gate National Trust visitor information for Max Gate (the home Hardy designed, lived and died in).
The Thomas Hardy Association (TTHA)
The Thomas Hardy Society
The New Hardy Players Theatrical group specialising in the works of Thomas Hardy.
Works by Thomas Hardy at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Thomas Hardy at Internet Archive
Works by Thomas Hardy at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Newspaper clippings about Thomas Hardy in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
The Dynasts on Great War Theatre
The Poor Man and the Lady (1867)
Desperate Remedies (1871)
Under the Greenwood Tree (1872)
A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873)
The Hand of Ethelberta (1876)
A Laodicean (1881)
Two on a Tower (1882)
The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886)
Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891/92)
The Well-Beloved (1897)
Short story collections
Wessex Tales (1888)
A Group of Noble Dames (1891)
Life's Little Ironies (1894)
A Changed Man and Other Tales (1913)
"The Three Strangers" (1883)
"A Mere Interlude" (1885)
"Alicia's Diary" (1887)
"Barbara of the House of Grebe" (1891)
"The Fiddler of the Reels" (1893)
"A Tragedy of Two Ambitions" (1894)
Time's Laughingstocks (1909)
Poems 1912–13
Late Lyrics (1922)
Human Shows (1925)
Winter Words (1928)
"Neutral Tones" (1898)
"The Darkling Thrush" (1901)
"The Ruined Maid" (1901)
"The Respectable Burgher" (1901)
"The Man He Killed" (1902)
"A Trampwoman's Tragedy" (1903)
"The Convergence of the Twain" (1915)
"The Blinded Bird" (1916)
The Dynasts (1904–1908)
Thomas Hardy's Cottage
Max Gate home
Emma Gifford (first wife)
Florence Dugdale (second wife)
Thomas Hardy's Wessex
Egdon Heath
Winter Words (song cycle)
Thomas Hardy's Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)
1915 film (lost)
1998 TV miniseries
Tamara Drewe (comic strip)
Tamara Drewe (film)
Wikisource texts
Thomas Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1892)
Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1913)
Tess (1979)
Prem Granth (1996)
Trishna (2011)
Tess of the D'Urbervilles (1998 TV series)
Thomas Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886)
Mayor Nair (1966)
Daag (1973)
Vichitra Jeevitham (1978)
The Claim (2000)
Wife selling
MusicBrainz: d4665aa6-efae-439d-b12d-86c81cd02898
SNAC: w6gh9j5m
Trove: 170920
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&oldid=934691075"
Alumni of King's College London
Burials at Westminster Abbey
19th-century English novelists
19th-century English poets
English short story writers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Members of the Order of Merit
Pantheists
People from Dorchester, Dorset
Victorian novelists
Victorian poets
20th-century English writers
British male poets
English male short story writers
English male novelists
19th-century British short story writers
Members of the Athenaeum Club, London
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
EngvarB from November 2015
Articles containing Dutch-language text
Articles needing additional references from January 2018
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Docetaxel (Dtx) chemotherapy is the optional treatment in patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer, and Dtx-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have the potential to induce durable clinical responses. However, alternative formulations are needed to overcome the serious side effects, also due to the adjuvant used, and to improve the clinical efficacy of the drug. In the present study, two novel biodegradable block-copolymers, poly(lactide-co-caprolactone)(PLA-PCL) and poly(lactide-co-caprolactone-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PCL), were explored for the formulation of Dtx-loaded NPs and compared with PLA- and PLGA-NPs. The nanosystems were prepared by an original nanoprecipitation method, using Pluronic F-127 as surfactant agent, and were characterized in terms of morphology, size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, crystalline structure, and in vitro release. To evaluate the potential anticancer efficacy of a nanoparticulate system, in vitro cytotoxicity studies on human prostate cancer cell line (PC3) were carried out. NPs were found to be of spherical shape with an average diameter in the range of 100 to 200 nm and a unimodal particle size distribution. Dtx was incorporated into the PLGA-PCL NPs with higher (p < 0.05) encapsulation efficiency than that of other polymers. Differential scanning calorimetry suggested that Dtx was molecularly dispersed in the polymeric matrices. In vitro drug release study showed that release profiles of Dtx varied on the bases of characteristics of polymers used for formulation. PLA-PCL and PLGA-PCL drug loaded NPs shared an overlapping release profiles, and are able to release about 90% of drug within 6 h, when compared with PLA- and PLGA-NPs. Moreover, cytotoxicity studies demonstrated advantages of the Dtx-loaded PLGA-PCL NPs over pure Dtx in both time- and concentration-dependent manner. In particular, an increase of 20% of PC3 growth inhibition was determined by PLGA-PCL NPs with respect to free drug after 72 h incubation and at all tested Dtx concentration. In summary, PLGA-PCL copolymer may be considered as an attractive and promising polymeric material for the formulation of Dtx NPs as delivery system for prostate cancer treatment, and can also be pursued as a validated system in a more large context.


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How Conversation Groups Can Boost Language Skills
by Noemi Florea | Jun 21, 2021 | Education, Featured
Say you're learning a language on a budget. You don't have wads of money and a world of time to throw at a school, investing in what could be years of lessons. With language-learning apps, textbooks, podcasts, and online tutorials at our disposal, we've never been at greater liberty to explore new languages for free. Yet for anyone serious about achieving fluency, the time will come sooner or later to seek out others to practice with. Who better to practice with than a native speaker trained as a foreign language tutor?
How I Came to Conversation Classes
In my experience, I began studying French several years ago independently. I used a variety of apps and textbooks, including Rosetta Stone, Duolingo, and even a friend's old AP French Language exam book. Those tools were tremendously helpful in establishing foundational knowledge of French. For instance, they provided me with the vocabulary, grammar rules, and simple phrases to begin.
As I progressed, I was able to begin listening to the French news and reading elementary books. One of which was Saint-Exupéry's famous Le Petit Prince. After a certain point, I had achieved basic fluency in reading, listening, and even writing French. However, my conversational skills were rien. Anyone who might've heard me would have figured I was on day one of learning French. I knew what I had to do: I had to get some conversation practice. Better yet, practice with a teacher who could guide me in my pronunciations. One who I wouldn't feel nervous or ashamed in front of. My options laid before me. I could attend a conversation class at a language-learning school, find a group with other French learners, or stumble upon a French-speaking friend with the patience to listen to me butcher the language. I went with the former.
Drop-In Conversation Classes at ABC Languages
Drop-in conversation classes are a constant option at ABC Languages. Therefore, students can stop in at their convenience to practice conversational skills with trained tutors. Many of whom are native speakers of the course language. Because of their background, both professional and personal, they're able to guide students in casual conversation. They ensure students receive meaningful practice and receive helpful tips in their pronunciation, grammar, and word choice.
While not every native speaker will have the patience or interest in guiding a language learner, students can feel comfortable at ABC Languages. They can take their time and adjust to the new vernacular in a non-judgmental environment. At the same time, the conversation classes are a surer bet against casual language meet-ups between learners. Hence, there may not always be a strong facilitator at hand and not every member will be able to guide others. Conversation classes are hosted on a rolling basis and are open to new students any time, every time.
To see the language offerings and class schedule, visit ABC Language Workshops.
For more on language and culture at Downtown Magazine, click here.
Tags: Conversation|language
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Cast solid bronze racehorse with jockey. The piece is vintage measuring 12 1/2" long by 9" tall and 2 5/8" wide.
Elelphant bronze family scuplture. The bronze measures 50" long by 24" tall and 19" deep. The contmporary piece is solid weighing over 100 lbs.


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Home | World News
With His Place in Japan's History Guaranteed, Abe Saw No Point to Go On
In a country where prime ministers come and go at a dizzying pace, the lengthy tenure of Japan's outgoing premier was truly unusual. His resignation, however, is not surprising in the least
Rotem Kowner
Prime Minister Abe announces his resignation, on August 28, 2020.Credit: KYODO/Reuters
The resignation last week of Japan's prime minister, Shinzo Abe, drew headlines worldwide but surprised few who follow the politics in his country. Still, in a place where the average tenure of a prime minister is one or two years, Abe was an exception. Not only was his total time in political office (almost nine years) and also his current term as prime minister (since December 2012) the longest in Japanese history – he was also unusually active and decisive.
Immediately upon taking office he announced a vigorous economic policy, which was dubbed "Abenomics," and concurrently devoted much attention to foreign policy, endeavoring to entrench Japan's international standing even as it continued to rely primarily on the United States for support.
Abe's domestic and external policies were both influenced by his worldview. He is a declared conservative, nationalist politician, probably the most extreme prime minister since the end of World War II. As such, he has advocated a tough approach to North Korea and China, and favored a revision of Japan's pacifist constitution, which he sought to interpret in a way that he saw as being consistent with contemporary reality.
As part of his work to augment his country's international reputation, Abe was also directly involved in the efforts to win the nomination for hosting the 2020 Olympic Games, the preparations for which quickly became the central event in the country's life in recent years. Following Tokyo's abysmal failure in 2009 in the competition to host the 2016 Games, Abe immersed himself in the effort and put his personal prestige on the line. Many Japanese recall fondly his trip to Buenos Aires in 2013 to attend the meeting of the International Olympic Committee and his extroverted participation in the event. Tokyo won by a landslide, and the next day Abe announced an unprecedented plan of construction and infrastructure works, which generated great expectations, and this just two years after the disaster at Fukushima.
In retrospect, the decision to hold the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo was the high point of his tenure. In the years that followed, many of the hopes that it raised began to fade. In other areas, too, an examination of Abe's policy does not turn up achievements that one might expect from such a lengthy term of office. Abenomics did not change Japan's economic situation, especially since Abe has not introduced the structural reforms it was meant to include. Moreover, the premier has done nothing to alter the course of demographic collapse toward which Japan is heading: At the current rate, by 2030 the country's population will be 12 million below the zenith reached in 2007, of some 128 million.
Diplomatically and militarily, Japan's status has changed little, and Abe's thrust to revise the constitution also failed. In addition, the waning years of his tenure have been marked by frequent natural disasters, particularly powerful floods, along with the coronavirus pandemic that battered the economy and sealed the fate of the Olympic Games, at least for the time being.
On the other hand, Abe did not prove a total disappointment, either. Politically, and also economically, Japan's overall deterioration seemed to be halted in his first years in office. That's not insignificant for a country that had long felt itself to be in decline. In light of his long-term survival in politics, many have wondered in recent years whether Abe fit the type of the "strong" leader that's consistent with the model that has evolved lately in many countries, from Russia and China to and even Israel. Many of the characteristics of his rule – his political clout, his lengthy tenure, his tendency toward hawkish nationalism – pointed in that direction. But did Abe possess anything of the power and survivability of the incumbent leaders of the countries mentioned above? Clearly he was an extraordinary political fox in the domestic arena and relatively charismatic, but in no way did he transcend the immediate landscape.
Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe bows to the national flag at the start of a news conference at the prime minister's official residence in Tokyo, Japan, August 28, 2020.Credit: POOL/ REUTERS
This algorithm speaks just like us. I had a rare opportunity to meet it
When it comes to emergency preparedness, Japan and Israel have something in common
COVID shut down their world. So Etgar Keret and Inbal Pinto created a new one
Like most Japanese premiers in recent times, Abe is a scion of a family deeply rooted in the political "aristocracy," and a product of an intra-party system of balances. There is no doubt that in the latter stages of an extraordinary disaster, in a period of economic regression and fears of China's ascendancy, the Japanese public yearned for a strong leader, and he was able to fill that need. However, in a democracy – and Japan is definitely a democracy – even strong leaders have an expiry date. Given all of this, Abe can be considered a strong leader, but only by Japanese standards. His personal power never approached that of Russia's Putin, China's Xi or North Korea's Kim Jong-un, principally because he lacked the power to change the rules of the game. From an international perspective, a leader who is unable to change the rules of the game is not truly a powerful leader.
In this context, it's useful to dispel the fog around his resignation. Even though the tenure of a prime minister in Japan is unlimited, the position of president of Abe's Liberal Democratic Party is limited to two three-year terms, and when the party is in power, that position constitutes a key stepping stone to the premiership. Two years ago, Abe managed to bend the rules a little and win a third term, but it was set to end in 2021 in any case.
On the other hand, low levels of public support did not impel him to resign in the past, and the chronic bowel disease from which he has suffered for years – which has been mentioned as the reason for his resignation – did not prevent him from functioning until now. Nevertheless, last week, one day after he broke the record of his great-uncle, Eisaku Sato, for the longest consecutive period in office, the conditions for terminating his tenure ripened.
With his place in Japan's national history guaranteed, a short remaining tenure, fading public support, a bothersome illness and Olympic Games that would likely take place under his successor, Abe saw no point in going on.
For those who yearn to see in his departure a personal example, it's important to point out that Abe did not "take responsibility" for his country's current predicament – because he did not fail, not in his eyes nor in the eyes of his electorate. In fact, the image some Israelis have of the assumption of responsibility in Japan, even leading to suicide in certain cases, is a complete myth. It's rare for Japanese politicians to take responsibility of their own volition for their deeds, and even involvement in cases of corruption, including convictions in court, do not prevent them from remaining in office. Generally in Japan, a semblance of assuming responsibility occurs due to internal pressures and fear for the party's fate. That is not the case here.
From a domestic perspective, we may yet come to miss Abe. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu parted from him in an official statement as an old friend, and not by chance. Abe's two visits to Jerusalem constitute half of all the visits to Israel ever made by Japanese prime ministers. At the same time, in practice, Japan's cautious and reserved policy toward Israel remained unchanged, as is seen in relatively stationary trade relations, the low number of Japanese tourists visiting Israel and Japan's partial voting record in the United Nations under Abe.
Nevertheless, it's to be hoped that Israel will pursue the initial momentum that has been forged in recent years, ensure that the surge in Japanese investments recorded in 2017-19 (about $3.5 billion, in 118 deals) will not be a one-time affair, and will know how to exploit Japan's dynamic diplomatic interests for its own needs.
Prof. Rotem Kowner is a historian specializing in contemporary Japan, in the Department of Asian Studies at the University of Haifa.


Let's say you have a mortgage or an investment portfolio, and your bank needs to share your information with a third-party to assess risk or analyze accounts. It's very likely that you've signed a very, very generous privacy agreement with your bank which allows them to share any information with vendors and third-parties to service that account.
It leaves it to you to figure out what the 'applicable law' is.
It doesn't specify who 'others' is. This is maybe the most concerning omission.
Wait… the information from me, and "about" me. Hold on, what do you mean?
What it does say is that my bank can share my data with anyone and we're making no promises after that. When businesses share private data with other businesses there has to be a better way to protect this data? As consumers we should demand more of the businesses we do business with.
You can start by asking your lawyer and your doctor to start using Virtu for Business to secure email. Just bring it up, try your accountant first, "Ok, so I'm sending you my tax return, but I don't comfortable sharing this over email, I sent you a document using Virtru for Business." Or, if you go to a lawyer who wants you to forward an archive of email, insist that they use Virtru for Business so that you and the professionals you deal with can maintain control over the information you share.
At Virtru, we think that everyone needs to do a "reset" on email. People need to understand that there's a better way to share sensitive emails and attachments. As consumers we need to make up for the fact that many business are blasé about privacy, it's just not a priority. So, make it a top priority and insist they use Virtru because your privacy is really your business not theirs.


I mean, it HAS to be satire. Doesn't it? There's no way ANYONE wrote that and meant it.
Still, the guy's in Michigan so it might help explain the plight of swimwear salespeople in this state.
A retired couple I knew in MD firmly believed NASA launches were screwing up the atmosphere and the weather, siting more stable conditions before space flights began.
Well, I guess that proves it.


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Member of the regional parliament of the Prešov Self-Governing Region
Miloslav REPASKÝ
Political group: EA (European Alliance);
Languages: German, Slovak, Polish
Represented Country: Slovakia
Cabinet contact +42 190 7911654 miloslav.repasky@gmail.com
Risk assessment in the food chain: the CoR calls for transparency and sustainability in the EU's approach to food safety
Press release10.10.2018 | Food production;
With an opinion drawn up by Miloslav Repaský (SK/EA), member of the regional parliament of the Prešov Self-Governing Region, the European Committee of the Regions supports the Commission's initiative that aims to increase the transparency and sustainability of EU risk assessment in the food chain.
See the article for more…
EU Presidents Juncker and Tajani debate Europe's future with local leaders
Press release05.10.2018 | Citizenship;Cohesion policy reform;
In Brussels on 8 October the European Week of Regions and Cities will be opened with a debate entitled "The Future of Europe is Cohesion" led by European Committee of the Regions' (CoR) President Karl-Heinz Lambertz, European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker, EU Commissioner, Corinna Creţu and the European Parliament's Vice-President Pavel Telicka. The following day in the presence of the EU Parliament's President, President Lambertz will set out his vision for the future of Europe during his annual "State of the European Union: the View of Regions and Cities" address. During its plenary the CoR will also adopt its position on the EU Budget and topics such as migration, research, climate action and single-use plastics.
(CDR 2837/2018) - Risk assessment in the food chain
Covenant of Mayors Ambassadors
EA Group
Slovak delegatio


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Eric Trump, right, speaks to the press at a rally held for U.S. Rep. Claudia Tenney at her campaign headquarters in 2018.
Among the most contentious battlegrounds of the 2018 elections in New York were three congressional districts in Central New York. All three – the 19th, 22nd and 24th congressional districts – were among Democrats' top targets as part of an effort to take back the U.S. House of Representatives. While the districts resemble each other demographically, the results were not the same on election night.
In the 19th Congressional District, Democratic challenger Antonio Delgado defeated incumbent Rep. John Faso. In the 22nd, Democratic Assemblyman Anthony Brindisi ousted conservative firebrand Rep. Claudia Tenney. But in the 24th, Republican Rep. John Katko fended off a spirited challenge from Democrat Dana Balter.


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National Debt: Fix It or Face National Decline
By Mortimer B Zuckerman, US News and World Report
In spite of the jubilation over the demise of mass murderer Osama bin Laden there is a demoralized public sense that our government is in disarray and unable to make the wise and tough decisions to get things done to solve the problems of the nation, including our national debt. They seem not to have the capacity to build a consensus for constructive compromise, which is critical to solving our problems. We need someone who fits Harry Truman's definition of a leader: a man who has the ability to get other people to do what they don't want to do and to like it.
The talk today is about decline and recession and a faltering America that no longer leads the world. No longer do we have the air of what Mark Twain once described as, "the serene confidence of a poker player with four aces."
We worry that our children will not enjoy the opportunities we so long took for granted. We worry that our financial system is broken and is still not fixed. We worry that our healthcare problems are not solved. We worry about our fiscal problems, in the face of trillion dollar plus deficits as far as the eye can see. Who would have ever imagined that the credit rating of the United States would be put on financial watch by Standard & Poor's? Who would have imagined the largest fixed-income financial firm, PIMCO would have stated they have not only sold all their treasury paper but are selling American bonds short because they do not have faith that our political leadership can deal with the fiscal crisis?
Congressmen spend more of their time raising money
for misleading and defamatory TV commercials than
they spend settling our predicaments.
There is a sigh of "too true" in Mancur Olson's contention in his book, The Rise and Decline of Nations, in which he decries the creation of a culture of entitlement, where special interest groups take bite after tiny bite out of the total national wealth through tax breaks, lobbying for special appropriations, earmarks, and other favors that are all easier to initiate than to end, thus undermining the will and moral authority to govern on the basis of the country's long-term interests rather than the short-term political interests of our representatives.
Congressmen spend more of their time raising money for misleading and defamatory TV commercials and attacking their opponents than they spend settling our predicaments. They remind me of what Linus said to Lucy after she asked him why he polished only the front of his shoes. "I only care about the impression I make when I come in." The president started his next presidential campaign with a major national fundraising effort that began in California and announced that he expects to raise a billion dollars for his campaign.
The budget can no longer be a perpetual motion
machine for new spending on new programs for new
needs on top of those we already can't afford.
The most devastating illustration of this disconnect is reflected in the instinctive conclusion among the American people that the debts we have accumulated are of critical importance and, shuffle the numbers as you may, the level of debt is unsustainable. Millions of voters have discovered that for themselves, when they woke up and learned that they have a mortgage that exceeds the value of the home and a credit card line that they cannot repay. They know that bills travel through the mail at twice the speed of checks. They have truly learned the lesson that debt catches up with you and understand that we are going to have to find a way to live within our means. That the budget can no longer be a perpetual motion machine for new spending on new programs for new needs on top of those we already can't afford.
Politicians and diapers have one thing in common;
they should both be changed regularly
and for the same reason.
The people understand. The deficits and government spending has jumped from 10th place to one that is second only to job creation and economic growth. We are learning from the Europeans what happens when the risks that come with excessive debt become reality. There are two warning signs of a budget crisis: rising debt and the loss of confidence that the government will deal with it. This administration is fulfilling both conditions. The public is aware of the crisis for they recognize in overwhelming poll numbers that the country is headed in the wrong direction. They understand that politicians and diapers have one thing in common; they should both be changed regularly and for the same reason. It is no use if our political leaders say we are doing our best. They have to succeed in doing what's necessary.
Nevertheless, we should not despair, for if the new frontier is the global economy, we are as well placed to exploit that as we were in the new continental marketplace of a century ago. As Ovid once said, "let others praise ancient times, I'm glad I was born in these." Our past investments and high-tech training have dramatically increased quality control, improved information systems, and enabled us to produce sophisticated goods derived from intellectual output in knowledge-based industries. American management is second to none. During the 1980's and 1990's, the United States created 73 million new private-sector jobs while shedding 44 million for a net job creation of 29 million jobs as we adjusted to global competition. By the end of those two decades, 55 percent of the workforce was in a new job. By contrast, continental Europe, with a larger economy and workforce, created under five million new jobs during the same time period.
We have a unique culture of enterprise and sophisticated management. How else to serve a market stretching vast distances over mountains, deserts, and rivers and meet the needs of diverse populations. Our culture has long valued individualism, entrepreneurialism, pragmatism, and novelty along with an abiding respect for the rule of law by which the country was founded. Business is dominated by merit and a common belief in technology and scientific management not by primo genitor. Our people are mobile physically and mentally. No other country has a population given to self-help, self-improvement, and even self-renovation. No other country invests so much in training and retraining. No other country has similar quality graduate and under-graduate business schools. No other country draws so many of the world's best and brightest to its labs and universities. No other country attracts so many talented immigrants. No other country sees its most talented people move so overwhelmingly into the private sector.
Large blue-chip companies no longer have a lock on recruiting the best and the brightest but now must compete with thousands of smaller companies, over two million in the last 15 years that have the potential to blossom and grow, even as thousands have gone belly-up. As new products and services are developed, American businesses' unique marketing and advertising skills have the potential to establish their success at home and abroad. The flexibility, openness, reinvention, and get-up-and-go spirit of business nurtures the industries and technologies of the future. That is how we marry a new economy to an older economic culture. We are the only country that funds so many of its young. We increasingly fund the future, not the past, the new and not the old. And not with short-term capital but long-term risk capital.
No other country is so open to reform. Worry has always preceeded reform in America. We are not, most of all, subservient to some outdated theory or attached to some ideology. We do not, and did not, go into five and ten year plans formulated by some central government. We enjoy a public policy framework that outlines not just what the government does but what the government does not do. We leave it to the private sector to allocate resources.
Alexis de Tocqueville was particularly astute some 200 years ago when he wrote, "the greatness of America lies not in being more enlightened than other nations but rather in her ability to repair her faults" -- to which I would add, "hopefully quickly".
Mortimer B. Zuckerman is the Chairman and Editor-in-Chief of U.S. News & World Report and is the publisher of the New York Daily News. He is also the founder and Chairman of Boston Properties, Inc. This piece was adapted from a speech he gave at a Manhattan Institute event on April 27, 2011.
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Y Combinator drops massive list of climate tech startup ideas
Photo by Annie Spratt / Unsplash
You may have heard of Y Combinator - one of the biggest and most famous startup accelerators in the world.
Amongst the impressive portfolio of startups they helped catapult to success (Airbnb, DropBox, Reddit, Twitch, and many more) come over 100 climate tech startups.
Collectively, these are now worth over $10 billion. So needless to say, they know a bit about successful climate tech.
Luckily for us, they aren't gatekeeping the information on what it takes to reach success. Instead, they released a list of hundreds of ideas, categories, problems, and things to avoid that can help budding entrepreneurs navigate the waters of climate tech.
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Jewson Road in Norwich NR3 consists mainly of semi-detached houses and terraced houses. Properties on Jewson Road typically have values around £150,000 - £200,000, ranging up to around £200,000 for top end flats.
Map showing Jewson Road in Norwich.