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Or is the Brain an Engine of Reflex Associations?
Visual Perception and the Brain
Universidad Duke
Learners will be introduced to the problems that vision faces, using perception as a guide. The course will consider how what we see is generated by the visual system, what the central problem for vision is, and what visual perception indicates about how the brain works. The evidence will be drawn from neuroscience, psychology, the history of vision science and what philosophy has contributed. Although the discussions will be informed by visual system anatomy and physiology, the focus is on perception. We see the physical world in a strange way, and goal is to understand why.
Amazing Course Structure. I completely lost track of the fact that I am, originally a Mathematics Student!
A very insightful course. Super straightforward. A perfect choice as an introductory course.
Does the Brain Work by Computing?6:53
Or is the Brain an Engine of Reflex Associations?10:58
Some Concluding Remarks5:37
Dale Purves
Seleccionar un idiomaInglés (English)
In this next lesson I want to talk about the alternative that I think
is raised by what we've been discussing here in these modules on vision.
And that's the alternative that the brain is really an engine of reflex
associations.
And what do I mean by that?
What is a reflex in the first place?
Well, you're probably all familiar with a reflex.
It's in the idiom of modern discussions as a response,
an automatic response that's simple, straightforward, and always the same.
And the reflex in physiology that's most often considered as an explanation
of this and this was the work of Charles Sherrington.
Again, we discussed Sherrington before in the context of flicker fusion.
But Sherrington's main work was on reflexes and
the reflex that is best understood and, as I said,
used as a conventional analogy in thinking about reflexes, is the knee-jerk reflex.
The physician taps your patellar tendon with a reflex hammer
in a neurological exam, and this stretches the sensors that are in the muscle.
These are sensory receptors that are less obvious than the eye, or
the ear, and so on.
But they're quite legitimate sense organs that respond to mechanical stimulation.
The stimulation sends an action potential to neurons in the spinal cord.
These neurons fire, they connect with motor neurons that go back to the muscle,
and cause it to contract, and
the muscles that oppose this are at the same time inhibited.
All this happens in a perfectly automatic way.
This belies what is really going on and
what's really going on is much more complicated.
There are ascending pathways for
this information generated by the tap of the patella tendon to cortical structures.
There's information coming from the cortex that modifies the reflex.
Every neurologist knows that if you get a weak reflex in a patient you're examining
and you're doubtful whether the reflex is intact, you ask the patient to
tense all of their muscles by doing this and the reflex is improved thereby.
The knee-jerk reflex can also be conditioned.
There's a wonderful demonstration of this done by school children as
a science project, demonstrating that if you repeatedly tap the patellar
tendon over and over again, and the knee jerks many times in succession.
And then pretend to tap it, but hold short of actually stretching the tendon and
stretching the sensory receptors here, the knee will still extend.
And that's just an example of classical conditioning.
So reflexes are not the simple thing that people have taken to be,
they're neurologically much more complex.
But they do make the point that for very good reasons,
the experience over evolutionary time and lifetime as well, but
over evolutionary times as we've discussed before, is doing the heavy lifting,
you can generate an association between an input and
an output more or less automatically, that serves a good purpose.
The purpose served by this reflex may not be obvious to you,
but it is if you think about it, straight forward.
If you're walking along and your toe stubs a root and
you are about to trip, the extension of the leg that's generated in
this reflex manner keeps you from falling down.
And is obviously biologically useful, even lifesaving,
but certainly one of the contributors to our longevity as a species.
So what is the alternative idea that the brain is not acting
as a computer in the normal sense of this phrase, but
is solving a problem by making associations that are useful?
Well, there's whole other way of thinking about neural networks,
other than thinking about them as executors of algorithms.
I should have said before but let me emphasize here,
that algorithms are logical sequences of operations that can be expressed and
are expressed in software,
as a series of rule based steps that lead you to the solution of some problem.
There's a very different way of thinking about computation
that is unsupervised and simply operates empirically.
And this is an idea about the way that computers
might work that dates from the 1940s by McCulloch and
Pitts, two workers at MIT in those days.
And they established the idea of artificial neural
networks as a system of connections that simply operated
by taking information that was inputted to the network,
and this is a very simple network diagrammed here.
And through the connections established empirically, just by trial and
error, the behavior out could eventually after enough learning,
evolutionary or lifetime learning, succeed, and
the success of the information would be fit back into the input.
And through this loop, gradually an artificial network would
learn how to solve basically any problem that you put to it.
Computer scientists haven't really liked that idea so
much, although artificial neural networks have had
their ups and downs over the last 70 or 80 years.
But they are widely recognized as a possible solution to problems
that a computer encounters or biological agent encounters.
And I think that they come much closer to the kind of work that the brain is doing.
And present a much better analogy than does the sort of ordinary
algorithmically driven computer that's executing a program.
So what's the network role?
Well, as I said, this is quite a simple network but
it's just a bunch of neurons that are connected,
there are a large variety of ways, of course, of connecting them.
And much work has been done on this over the last 60, 70 years to
demonstrate that yes, artificial networks can solve a variety of problems.
And this idea that was inspired by neurons in the first place,
that's where McCulloch and Pitts took their idea from,
that you can make these networks as complicated as you'd like.
And they can demonstrably solve over a period of time
any problem that you put to them, or any problem,
I should say, that an algorithmic computer can solve.
There are, of course, some problems that can't be solved by any form of computation
but that's another matter.
So how would one go about exploring the idea that the evolution
of a neural network is really the way that the brain is working?
Well, that's an enormous challenge for the future, but
let me give you just a general idea of how that might happen.
Already, and for the last few decades, there've been available off the shelf,
or generated by the researchers involved, genetic algorithms.
And these genetic algorithms are simply a way of,
in a computer network, an artificial neural network,
mimicking the process of evolution in a way that uses the concept
of heritable genetic change, mutation, change in the gene.
The persistence of the genes were not in
the ongoing simulation of evolution
being determined by the degree to which they establish, by one criterion or
another, the network's fitness.
So this is a way in computation of mimicking the way
evolution leads to heritable changes.
And it can be in principle used to demonstrate that yes,
if you could establish a neural network of some degree of complexity,
and get it to evolve using a genetic algorithm,
asking it to solve some biologically possible problem,
let's say a visual problem.
You could begin to understand how a visual system and
how the brain were generally might operate in computational terms.
Not standard computational terms, but computational terms that are much more
related to the way biology seems to operate.
This is of course, a challenge for the future.
But I think one can imagine, a futurist could imagine, that
once one established a sufficiently complex neural network and
a sufficiently complex environment,
you could in principle mimic what happened over a revolutionary time.
As the networks that are our extraordinarily complex brains really did
evolved to solve the problems empirically that we've been talking about in vision,
and now more generally, in the context of how brains might work broadly.
So this is a very long way from where we are today of course.
But as I say, it's something worth thinking about,
because with remarkable speed of advances in computation,
it's probably not going to be too many decades before people try this and
begin to achieve some degree of success.


Kim Kardashian has reportedly made the decision NOT to sell her baby photos to a magazine, instead she hopes to share them on Twitter instead – expect the micro-blogging site to crash once the pics are released. But it has you thinking, why not cash in on the baby pictures? I mean the Kardashians have always been about money, haven't they?! Kourtney Kardashian has sold her pics for both of her children, Mason and Penelope Disick!
Well, it looks like Kanye West is behind the reason Kim isn't selling the pics. The rapper finds it very tacky to be putting your child's first baby photos out to the world through a magazine deal and wants Kardashian to just do it through her social-networking site. He makes a good point, seeing that the $100 million worth rapper has enough money to spend on Kim – why in the world would she need a measly $1 million from a magazine?? Makes no sense, right?
Kim's mom Kris Jenner is said to be totally against the idea of showing the pics to the world without some kind of deal from a mag; Kris is aware that Kim and Kanye could get up to $9 million if they were to go ahead with it, which means Jenner would get $900,000 of the deal as her manager she received 10% of what her daughter makes. IS THIS REALLY ALL ABOUT MONEY, KRIS? Give Kim a break and let her live her life the way she wants to.
Kim and Kanye are still receiving dozens of offers for the exclusive baby pictures, but maybe if the right deal comes along, they may change their mind.


Disclaimer: Please understand that I have not read every word that is contained in these websites to make sure that there are no doctrinal errors. Even if I had, it would be impossible for me to constantly monitor all these websites to make sure that everything they post is accurate. Use the information found on these other sites at your own discretion.


I don't know about you .. but when I was younger and still now, Mum always said to me to surround myself with good and kind people and to "treat others how you would like to be treated." I know from 'not so nice' experience that this isn't always the easiest thing to do, one of those easier said than done scenarios. School for example, its very hard to get away from people when you all hang out in the same group or have classes together. As girls, we are very guilty of going back for more when we get treated badly by both girls and guys, I know I am. Toxic relationships are not good for any part of you and you deserve to be treated beautifully!
I will be brutally honest, it has probably taken the last 4 years for me to truly realise my self worth and realise that I do deserve to be treated right and from a place of love. It hasn't been easy and I've definitely been let down by lots of people, had my heart broken and been at the lowest that I will hopefully ever be! I'm not perfect, like anyone and have probably let down friends as well and hurt people too. I guess though as the saying goes "what doesn't kill you makes you stronger" , cheesy but very relevant in situations like this. While its never nice to feel worthless, sad and down all these experiences shape and make you a stronger and better person. I would not be the person I am today, if I hadn't been through what I have and learnt so much about myself and other people.
I took a lot of time for myself to heal and truly be happy and content with myself and my own company. I realised that relationships don't complete me, they complement me and I don't rely on them for my happiness. They do make me extremely happy though!! Life is so much more fun when you have beautiful and amazing people to share it with.
I hope you have or find your people, who choose you everyday and you choose them! Don't lose faith, because trust me they are out there somewhere. And once you find them make sure you let them know how much you appreciate them!


In the poorest communities, there is often little or no access to even the most basic healthcare and hospitals are usually many miles away. This leaves thousands of people with disabilities and life-limiting injuries from conflicts and natural disasters, with no support and no treatment available to them.
Muslim Hands works across the world to provide people with disabilities with specialised care. Our centres provide physio-therapy, vocational skills training, free medication and ambulance services to some of the most vulnerable people in the world.
By giving to our Disability Fund you are ensuring that people with disabilities in disadvantaged communities receive the care and support they need to get on with their lives.


Remote SDR listening has become both easier and more necessary over the years. Now, with software defined radio, it's a joy. Give it a try.
Imagine a noise-free listening location without any switched-mode power supplies or plasma televisions. Set up your SDR and a simple antenna. Connect the radio to the Internet. Sit back in your home and listen to the world, or if you are a ham, transmit, too.
Remote SDR listening with online software defined radio is easier than ever before.
When I first developed my ERGO radio control software in the late 1990's, I included a remote server in the package. My beta testers told me that the feature would have limited adoption. And, they were right. At least, initially. Over the first ten years, very few of my customers made use of the remote feature. Part of the problem was the technology involved. I used COM to pass control and audio data across the network, and setting up authentication and security in Windows was not for the faint of heart.
Nevertheless, for many years I enjoyed listening to my shortwave radios remotely, from the office downtown, or from hotel rooms while traveling on business.
Three things have increased the popularity of remote listening over the past twenty years. First, high speed internet has become ubiquitous. Second, connecting your radio to the internet is now a piece of cake. Many radios even contain servers which also stream audio, panoramic display and control.
But for me, the third driver for remote listening is critical. Reducing or eliminating local radio frequency interference. And this leads to the potential gains from not only remote listening, but also a remote station location. If you can set up your radios more than 100 meters from neighborhood RFI, you might discover the pleasure of low-noise reception we used to enjoy decades ago.
Before we talk about setting up your SDR remotely, let's consider all the things you can do to get started.
There are two ways that you can serve your radio to the world. The easiest is to use a radio with an Ethernet connection on the back panel. For example, my FlexRadio 6300 is actually both a radio and a server. It's designed to be remotely operated from the ground up. I can receive and transmit from anywhere in my house over the LAN. With port forwarding or better yet Version 2 of SmartSDR, it is fully network accessible from anywhere.
Alternatively, many radio control programs such as SDR-Console, also contain servers. With SDR-Console, I can remotely use by RTL-SDR, SDRPlay or Perseus receivers. One you get a handle on setting up remote operation in your home, you can think about how to do it from a remote location.
Finally, there are a ton of web sites serving up SDR that you can use right now. A good starting point was described in my article on WebSDR.
Later in this series, we will explore some of these alternatives and more. In the meantime, you might enjoy the article on Web-Hosted Software-Defined Radios in January 2018 QST.


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Elon speed continues to run. Apparently, comics aren't completely legal on the new Twitter
Last week we published a cheat sheet on how to speed up the learning curve to change content. It was really quick, but I don't think Elon needed to look. Now he seems to be running briskly in public.
At a conference in May, Elon Musk said he opposed the idea of banning Perma.
"I don't think banning Donald Trump was right, I think it was wrong," Musk said. I would like to cancel the permanent ban. …but my opinion, and Jack Dorsey, I want to make clear, I share that opinion, is that we should not have a permanent ban."
A few weeks ago, he said he hoped to "remain even my worst critic on Twitter, because that's freedom of speech."
He also said that when he spoke about the return of freedom of expression on Twitter, he meant "what goes with the law" and said he was "against censorship that goes far beyond the law."
Beyond that (by which I mean more caveats), it has been noted that parodies are protected by the First Amendment, which makes them "legal". And in one important case, illustrious judge Pierre Leval found that parody is still protected under the First Amendment, even if it misleads some. In this case, the parody of New York magazine allegedly was not classified as a parody. But Judge Leval points out that it doesn't matter:
While New York's position would have been stronger had her jokes been more direct, the ambiguity of the joke does not deprive her of First Amendment support. The protection of the First Amendment does not extend to those who speak clearly, whose jokes are funny, and whose satirical works succeed.
Oh, and one more thing: After acquiring Twitter, Musk declared that "comedy is now legal on Twitter."
Good. Enough harbinger. On Sunday evening, Musk decreed that identity theft should immediately lead to Bramban's performance.
From now on, any Twitter activity that impersonates itself without selecting "parody" will be permanently suspended.
Of course, as pretty much everyone has pointed out, it appears that the banned "mock" accounts are mostly people making fun of Elon Musk. Notably, comedian Kathy Griffin changed her name to Elon Musk and laughed at him. Others did something similar.
And so, just a week later, Musk is back in limitless "legal freedom of speech," and he hopes all of his Twitter critics can stay in one take. It's almost impressive.
And yes, you could argue (and I'm sure some pretty enthusiastic people in our comments will) that user impersonation can be an issue. Musk tried to explain that he was talking about verified accounts (which were considered verified accounts but are now "willing to pay $8 a month" under Musk). And yes, since the verified identities were checked out, I was able to see how hard it would be to impersonate someone else. This is less than the "Pay for Ticks Without Verification" setting.
But the point is, many of us are already trying to tell Musk that in March. Questions of moderation have nothing to do with "freedom of expression." It's something completely different.
I'm not jealous that Musk is trying to deal with the potential real problems that can come with imitation. But…if he had a little self-reflection, he would probably realize that all these hypocritical moves he's making suggest that maybe, maybe, maybe, maybe, maybe Twitter and all the employees he fired had someone really decent (or shall we say designer) So) on what free speech actually means and how a platform like Twitter works.
And while I really hoped he'd keep everything a secret and flip it only to his fans, it really does seem like Musk is rushing through the learning curve to modify the content and make the same moves as others before him. It's easy to scream "free speech for all" until everything explodes and people laugh at you left and right.
Anyway, comedy remains legal, and in a way it's pretty funny.
Tags: apparently comedy continues; elon legal new not quite speedrun the twitter uncategorized

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I do recognize, however, that after seeing The Dark Knight Rises this past Friday, I could not let the moment pass without letting the readers (at least) know what I thought of the film – as if the title of this post were not indication enough.
As we know, films like these that come in 3's usually can be a bit of a let down in its closing installment. So automatically, the expectation and excitement I had for this film was a bit tempered. But, as you will see by the following aspects of the film that I have highlighted below, The Dark Knight Rises left me with an overwhelming feeling of satisfaction and completion.
The slow burn. I felt like the action that awaited us largely in the remainder of the movie was well earned by the dramatic tension, pathos and humor experienced in the early stages of the film.
The cast at large. As with many comic book adapts, the law of diminishing returns holds. When I saw the trailer for The Dark Knight Rises I was a little apprehensive – there were too many people that I recognized! How would they all get a fair share of screen time? Well leave it to Nolan to balance everyone's role and create a true ensemble piece.
Those nice little surprises. From the cameos to little plot twists, this installment gave it to you all.
It truly was a communal cinematic experience. In a world of flat panel monitors and home cinemas, people have started to question the need for the multiplex, movie house, or any incarnation of film exhibition that lies in between. A large part of my enjoyment from watching the film was that I was in a room full of strangers who were laughing, crying and clapping along. In other words, we are all there to have a good time – and we did. And in the wake of the unspeakable tragedy of this past weekend, that was a warm, reassuring experience to have.
I could not have imagined a better send off for the Christopher Nolan "Dark Knight" canon.
(For the uninitiated, not to worry – you can always catch up on the first two in The Dark Knight trilogy by signing up and watch movies online for free).


The Good Harman Kardon speakers deliver outstanding audio output; Core i5 CPU turns in competitive performance; solid construction; great keyboard.
The Bad Poor battery life; no Blu-ray drive; flimsy mouse buttons.
The Bottom Line Upgraded graphics are a highlight of the Toshiba Satellite A665-S6058, a mainstream 16-inch laptop that can pull double duty as a mobile gaming system thanks to its Nvidia Optimus graphics and outstanding audio.
Editors' note: Toshiba no longer sells the Satellite A665-S6058, but it can be found for sale at a few places online. A similar product is the $899 Toshiba Satellite A665-S6057, available from TigerDirect. It has the same Nvidia graphics, but no automatic-switching Optimus technology.
The Toshiba Satellite A665-S6058 looks no different from previous Satellite laptops, which we've come to know as affordable mainstream options for home and office use. Underneath the Satellite A665-S6058's staid exterior, however, Toshiba has added some muscle in the form of an Intel Core i5 processor and Nvidia Optimus graphics, which can switch between the 1GB GeForce GT 330M graphics for a 3D performance jolt and integrated Intel GMA HD graphics to conserve battery life. The GeForce graphics allow for some gaming, which is greatly aided by the laptop's outstanding Harman Kardon stereo speakers. They are small but relatively mighty. Despite the switchable graphics, however, the laptop's battery life failed to impress. For a versatile home or office laptop to be used where you won't be away from an outlet for long stretches, the $899 Toshiba Satellite A665-S6058 deserves a look. It delivers very competitive application performance for the price, along with attractive entertainment features.
The Satellite A665-S6058 comes draped in a charcoal-gray chassis. The lid and wrist rest feature a fine-textured pattern, which adds a little visual appeal while also repelling fingerprints. A narrow, glossy black bezel frames the display. The spacious keyboard has glossy black keys in the tile or Chiclet style, with a spacious number pad alongside. The keys offer good travel and a sturdy feel, with little to no flex. The two display hinges are narrow but very stiff, holding the lid firmly in place at any angle. We have no serious complaints about the Satellite A665-S6058's overall design, but it's no match for higher-end designs like the aluminum and magnesium chassis of the HP Envy 14, which boasts a sleeker look and more rugged feel.
Below the Satellite A665-S6058's keyboard is a matte-finish touch pad that supports multitouch gestures such as two-finger scrolling. A small button above the touch pad disables it should you want to connect a mouse. You'll know the touch pad is disabled when the blindingly bright strip of light that runs across the top of it goes out. You can disable that LED light, along with the LEDs that illuminate the Satellite logo on the lower-left corner and the strip of media control shortcut keys above the keyboard, by hitting a button near the middle of the row of shortcut keys. Enabling Toshiba's Eco Mode, which extends battery life, also kills the lights.
You'll also likely want to disable the annoying beep that the touch-sensitive shortcut keys emit when touched. (We'll help you out on that: go to the Toshiba utilities folder, choose HWSetup, click on the Button Setting tab, and disable "Function Button Sound Notification.") Absurdly enough, even the mute key emits a loud beep.
Below the touch pad are two generously proportioned mouse buttons. In contrast to the luxurious keyboard, however, the mouse buttons feel light and flimsy. They aren't too clacky, but they do rattle when the laptop is nudged or typed upon.
The 16-inch display has a 1,366x768-pixel resolution, which is common for midsize notebooks. However, on a 16-inch screen, we tend to expect a higher-resolution display of at least 1,600x900 pixels. The screen's glossy finish improves the look of photos and video but does create some glare and reflection. A low-grade 0.3-megapixel Webcam sits above the display.
For a laptop of its size and price, the Satellite A665-S6058 does produce stellar sound. Two Harman Kardon speakers sit above the keyboard behind rectangular grilles, and they offer loud, full audio. For a pair of integrated laptop speakers, they have surprising depth, easily offering enough oomph for movies; in fact, we had to turn them down when seated right in front of the laptop. Listening to music is also enjoyable on the A665-S6058, which is a statement we rarely make when describing laptop audio.
Toshiba includes a couple of software utilities worth noting. ReelTime displays a row of large thumbnail images across the bottom of the display (it's supposed to look like a movie reel) that shows your recently viewed documents and Web pages. For a vendor utility, it's actually pretty slick and useful. Less useful but equally slick-looking is the Bulletin Board app, which lets you arrange photos and notes in a single workspace. This app mimics a similar Microsoft Surface app, which is much more fun to play around with when you have touch-screen capability.
The laptop offers a useful collection of data and video connections. You get four USB 2.0 ports (one of which doubles as an eSATA port), HDMI and VGA ports, and a media card reader and ExpressCard/34 slot. The combo USB/eSATA port offers Toshiba's sleep-and-charge feature, which lets you charge cell phones, MP3 players, and other USB gadgets. You'll have to make do with a ho-hum DVD burner, while other laptops at this price throw in a Blu-ray player. We were also disappointed not to see Intel's Wireless Display technology, which lets you wirelessly stream audio and video from a laptop to an HDTV (with the purchase of a separate $99 Netgear adapter) and was featured on a less-expensive model we looked at earlier this year, the $699 Toshiba Satellite A665-S6050.
The Satellite A665-S6058 is based on the dual-core Intel Core i5 450M processor, which, coupled with 4GB of DDR3 memory, supplies competitive mainstream performance. Its performance is on par with similarly priced Core i5-based laptops, as the performance charts illustrate. When viewed against a previous Satellite A665, the Satellite A665-S6050, you can see the performance boost a Core i5 processor offers over a Core i3. The Core i5 450M-based Satellite A665-S6058 bested the Core i3 350M-based Satellite A665-S6050 by 13 percent on our multitasking test, 16 percent on our Photoshop CS3 test, and 15 percent on our iTunes test. In anecdotal testing, Windows 7 felt very responsive, with apps loading quickly and HD video playing smoothly.
With the ability to switch between the 1GB Nvidia GeForce GT 330M graphics card and integrated Intel GMA HD graphics, the Satellite A665-S6058 is able to produce very solid 3D frame rates. On our Unreal Tournament 3 benchmark, the laptop posted 124fps at 1,280x768 pixels, and it dropped by only 1fps when we upped the resolution to 1,366x768 pixels and set antialiasing to 4x and anisotropic filtering to 8x.
Unfortunately, the switchable graphics failed to deliver in terms of battery life. On our admittedly demanding video-playback battery drain test, the Satellite A665-S6058 and its six-cell battery lasted for only 1 hour and 49 minutes. By comparison, the HP Envy 14 uses ATI's switchable graphics technology and ran for 3 hours and 20 minutes in the same test. Under typical Windows use in the course of writing this review, we saw the battery last roughly 2 hours, which is still not impressive for a modern laptop.


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Campaign: The European Structural Funds – How is the money spent?
EU Structural Funds 2014-2020
The Danish Executive Board for Business Development and Growth
Application and financing
Projects in Denmark
Cookie policy in English
The European Structural Funds consists of the Regional Development Fund and the Social Fund. From 2014-2020, The Regional Development Fund and the Social Fund have a total of 3 billion DKK from EU combined, which goes to e.g. innovation, entrepreneurship, green economy and education in Denmark. In this campaign, you can see some examples of how the money is spent for the benefit of people all over the country.
The campaign is centred around six videos which explain the purpose of the European Structural Funds and also illustrate how the money is spent in various parts of Denmark.
See the films here on this page.
Per Højbjerre from Aalborg is the manager of the company NB Ventilation. In Northern Jutland, Per and around 100 other private companies have received funding from the Regional Development Fund to reduce their CO2 emission.
Hear Per´s story in this video:
Video of Nordjylland
A cookie is set on your computer when playing video. Read about cookies.
Read the whole story about NB Ventilation and the other companies in Northern Jutland, which receive funding from the European Regional Development Fund (in Danish)
Central Jutland
Through the project Rummelig Imidt, which Stefan Brix Sørensen from Herning participated in, unemployed people have received help to re-enter or get closer to the labour market. For Stefan, who was unemployed for a year after sick leave, participating in the project led to his dream job. A total of 336 people has participated in the initiative in Central Jutland, which help unemployed people get closer to the labour market. The initiative is co-funded by the European Social Fund. For 113 people – including Stefan – it has led to a real job.
Meet Stefan here:
Video of Midtjylland
Read the whole story about Stefan and other people in difficult positions, who received help through a project with funding from the European Social Fund (in Danish)
Southern Jutland and Funen
Nicole Sophie Christiansen from Odense works at Lorenz Technology, making software for drones. With funding from the European Regional Development Fund, they have developed a product, which makes drones even more intelligent based on artificial intelligence.
Meet Nicole in this video:
Video of Sydjylland og Fyn
Read the whole story about Nicole´s workplace and the other companies, which have received funding for innovation projects from the European Regional Development Fund (in Danish)
Claus Ankjærgaard, together with Johannes and Lars, are partners in Chymeia, a company that develops solutions for chemical management. Chymeia´s growth has accelerated with funding from the European Regional Development Fund. In total, 122 companies on the island of Zealand have received funding, which has created both jobs and increased revenue.
Meet Claus in this video:
Video of Sjælland
Read the whole story about Claus' company and the other companies on the island of Zealand, which have received funding for the development of a business plan (in Danish)
Annabel Voller from Hvidovre runs the company Biking People, which organizes biking holidays in Denmark. She has been part of an entrepreneurial program funded by the European Social Fund. Along with 1765 others, Annabel has been given advice in entrepreneurship.
Hear Annabel´s story here:
Video of Hovedstaden
Read the whole story about Annabel and the hundreds of other entrepreneurs, who have found the courage to start a life as self-employed through a project funded by the European Social Fund (in Danish)
The European Structural Funds make a big difference to many citizens on the island of Bornholm. For example, a total of 73 companies on the island have received funding from the European Regional Development Fund to develop new products. Richard Ditlev Jørgensen and his butcher´s shop is one of them - he has developed new products for new markets.
Hear Richard´s story here:
Video of Bornholm
Read the whole story about Richard´s shop and the other companies on the island of Bornholm, which have received funding from The European Regional Development Fund in order to develop new products (in Danish)


Stunning 5 bdrm executive luxury home has 4,395 sf of contemporary living space on 3 levels & backs onto 10 acre park! Featuring: stone & acrylic stucco Arts & Crafts exterior, decorative mullion bar windows, spacious open floor plan, solid core doors, functional mudroom, hickory hardwood floors, pot lighting & speakers throughout plus unique recessed bedroom ceilings. Bright 2 level park facing great room has gas fireplace with floor-to-ceiling stone surround & unique backlighting. Designer kitchen has warm rich stain oak cabinets, stainless appliances, gas cooktop stove, canopy hood fan, large island & easy access to dining room. Spacious master offers ideal retreat with luxurious spa like 6 piece ensuite: designer soaker tub, skylight, fully tiled shower with body sprays & rain head. 1,245 sf walkout basement has extra bdrm, 4 piece bath, wet bar, family room & games area. Beautifully landscaped yard backs onto desirable green space. Click VIEW MULTIMEDIA for tour.
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Hope everyone had a great weekend! Jamie's daughter, Vivi, turned 2 on Saturday and we celebrated with a good ol' fashioned pizza party. At 2, Vivi loves salsa dancing, shaking her sillies out, talking up a storm, showing off her surf moves and tuning her ukulele. I'd say she already has more talent than I do! Happy birthday Vivian Mae - you make 2 look the opposite of terrible!
Here are some links to get you through your first official summer workweek.
I'm excited for Honest Company's new natural makeup line that's launching this fall.
1 year old Layla has to wear an eye patch for a few hours each day. Her awesome dad creates adorable custom patches to make it more fun.
How I feel about email. Perfectly said.
This cute new octopus is so adorable it might be named Opisthoteuthis Adorabilis.
Inspiring photos of Syrian refugee girls and their hopeful futures.
Would you try a veggie popsicle?
Speaking of veggies - How to up your crudité game. I don't know why I've always kept the veggies separate- it looks so pretty when it's overflowing and messy!
Test your color vision. I've got the vision of a Tiger - watch out!
Aperol Spritz - the perfect summertime cocktail.


text:
arts.newsbelow.co.uk arts Back The Guardian Mrs Fletcher review – Kathryn Hahn charms in thought-provoking comedy
Search Sections 22 Jan
Chris Martin reprimands 'aggressive' fans asking for autographs: 'Don't f***ing shout at me'
Armando Iannucci: 'I doubt the BBC licence fee will survive'
11 Sep 2019, 5:37pm
Mrs Fletcher review – Kathryn Hahn charms in thought-provoking comedy
A HBO series based on Tom Perrotta's excellent novel about porn and consent offers up wit, intelligence and a remarkable central performance There's something about the work of the American novelist Tom Perrotta that makes it ideally suited for adaptation, a complex and quite often hugely frustrating process. There are lauded authors, such as Philip Roth, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, whose books haven't survived the journey quite so well, time and time again, yet Perrotta has a flawless, if limited, track record. His stinging high school satire Election became one of 1999's most acclaimed films before the darkly comic suburban drama Little Children brought one of Kate Winslet's best performances to date and most recently, HBO's ambitious three-season extension of The Leftovers was met with a rapturous reception.
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text:
ICANN Africa Strategy - A View from the Inside
The rise of "Exclusive Mulistakholder"
Will Africa be able to move and stand on its feet?
"Africa is rising" is a phrase we are accustomed to hearing nowadays. We Africans also seem desperate to make that positive narrative about Africa. From the vantage point of the digital Africa that I seat, it is most promising, but only if we can face some of our own self afflicted stagnation.
Having been in the African Domain scene for nearly a decade now, I am always challenged to view our situation with a pinch of salt, a fact that doesn't attract many friends. But I am willing to go at it and point out the shortcomings.
ICANN has been in a process to find its place and expand the footprint in Africa, but this has not been easy coming; with very few performing ccTLDs and a small number of new gTLDs, it seems like a long way off. Let us look at a few scenarios.
The formation of ICANN Africa Strategy
When the current CEO joined ICANN, there was a proposal for an 'ICANN Africa strategy' with a view to endear ICANN to Africa, and also get Africa into ICANN. Despite that our organization was excluded from initial meetings and the formulation of this strategy, as an African organization that is very active stakeholder at ICANN and Africa, we however gave our views on the proposal.
Most recently at the center of the Singapore meeting was the ICANN Africa strategy meetings which was accorded a press release by ICANN on Feb 3, 2015 calling on emphasis for participation of the African community. The ICANN Africa team thus hosted two meetings in Singapore namely "The Africa Strategy 2016–2020" on 10th Feb 2015 and "Enhanced Engagement With Africa" 11th Feb 2015. The purpose is said to enhance ICANN's Engagement in Africa leading to the ICANN 55 meeting in Marrakech Morocco next year. DCA members have participated in most of the Africa sessions.
Community Opposition to the Initial ICANN Africa Strategy
Similar to the experience of the NetMundial Initiative, there was a well-known opposition from the African Community that the original ICANN Africa Strategy was not inclusive, transparent, and was unambiguously captured by "special interest group" who pronounced themselves as "Leaders of the African Internet community". This was symbolized by the joint letter they wrote to ICANN prior to forming the strategy.
DCA was also one of the opponents at the time, and wrote a strongly worded letter to ICANN leadership. As with many of DCA's complaints under the current ICANN leadership, this letter was completely ignored.
Decrypting what ICANN Africa Strategy is Not
In a rebuttal, I wrote on CircleID to correct an article written on how the .Africa gTLD was to be at the center of the ICANN Africa strategy, I recall clarifying the conflated issue of ICANN Africa Strategy vs "Africa Agenda".
I made clear to the African and Global ICANN community between the failed "Africa Strategy" in Dakar, which encompassed a rough call to reserve the .Africa gTLD for the AUC, so as to delegate it to a structure that the AUC choose (that included ZACR and the African Community kinship) versus what the new ICANN Africa Strategy is, and should be. We called to dismiss any reference to a .Africa gTLD.
Multistakeholder Model Quashed by Preferential Treatments
For reasons beyond any conjecture of Africans, the African community was widely informed that the ICANN Africa Strategy was architected by ICANN Board Chairman and his close allies on the board. The ICANN Africa Strategy members, who have self selected themselves as "Leaders of the African Community" were then said to have been handpicked by these same ICANN Board members leading to criticism and objections by many. These findings also substantiated the reasons why many were not aware of the initiative on the ground in the first place. It was a top down construct and had no community consultation.
The implications of this preferential treatment became more apparent, when the actions that took place by the ICANN Board Chairman during ICANN Toronto, made a visible promotional effort to the gathered audience, that the launch and strategy of this initiative included their handpicked people as representative of the African Community. There were no representatives invited from DCA, a long term member of ICANN community which was also attending nearly every ICANN meeting at its own expense.
A scholarship award without the merit or grade
It should be worth informing that non of the so called "Leaders of African Community" now selected and consolidated as ICANN Africa Strategy members, except one or two who are already members of other ICANN structure, were even attending the ICANN meetings for the past many years. In particular during New gTLD program development of 5-7 years.
DCA and its members however have had significant visibility and continuous contributions to ICANN since 2005, not only to the .Africa gTLD, but to the success of the New gTLD program, IDNs, Multistakholer model, and beyond.
Equally, this exclusion treatment given to DCA by ICANN was understood by many Africans, as well as the closely observing global ICANN community, as an attempt to endear a selection process of who should be representing Africa, due to the high stakes over the .africa gTLD - a sort of .africa Magna Carta, if ICANN was to succeed in Africa.
Later to be noted by one AfriICANN list member who wrote in the list attributing ICANN's action by saying "we now know whose support ICANN has for the community" giving rise to an what I call "Exclusive MultiStakholderism".
What Measurable Results did ICANN Africa Strategy Achieve so far?
With the link that tied the ICANN Africa Strategy and .africa gTLD cut off, several markers have been mentioned to show the success of the initiative. The budget allocations for the previous quarter to support the strategy are not known.
However what we do know is that, at first instance, the budget carried along those member appointments who could not afford to attend ICANN meetings at their own cost. This we believe to be nearly all members of the ICANN Africa Strategy other than the ones who are already carried by ICANN's other structures.
In lieu of "African participation to ICANN", there were many African Governments sponsored by ICANN to GAC at the last minute. These Government Representatives had no understanding of ICANN, the New gTLD program, nor .africa gTLD, but were directly made to object to DCA's .africa application, amounting to simply a planned invasion on DCA. I guess some would say this is quite an achievement to ICANN Africa Strategy program.
There were also mentions of the DNSSEC roadshows that are said to have resulted to a few ccTLD DNSSEC signings and one DNS Forum in Durban.
We also hear of announcements that some supporters of the African kinship get fellowship awards and continue to be sponsored to ICANN, or noise makers, such as tech day organizers, have been given roles to be occupied and keep them quiet.
Apart from these, we do not really see much development in reaching out to Africa.
High Level Appointments and Expat Hires - A witness protection program
Perhaps it will be right to say that the Africa Strategy has benefited a few individuals more than the community. This also extends to other high-level ICANN appointments and numerous salaried positions that have been concluded so far. Almost all those who proclaimed themselves as "Leaders of the African Internet Community" now seem to have escaped to salaried positions at ICANN in different parts of the world. These are newly created positions by ICANN CEO which issues titles of "Vice President", positions which amounts to a witness protection program. Therefore, one would wonder if the Africa Strategy was meant for the real African community and/or even be sustainable in the long run?
The Special Session on "Africa on the Road to Marrakech" — A Surprise ICANN Africa Strategy 2.0, Call for African Governments
Before the shock has even left the scene of the original ICANN Africa Strategy, and its performance or lack thereof, we are now introduced to a version 2.0. From looking at the design of things in the report, the 2.0 seems to call for more African government's involvement in Internet Business. In reality, the African private sector has moved ahead on its own with little or no engagement from the governments.
Statistics on Internet development, innovation, startups and Entrepreneurship have demonstrated that Africa's rise is private sector led, with government acting as a support rather than catalyst. What the African Strategy needs is not a new 2.0 strategy but a total revolution of the working structure, involving more stakeholders and voices. Finally, a workable formula that is SMART — Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-related.
Déjà vu Dakar Masquerade — An "Africa Agenda 2.0" in Marrakech?
It is noteworthy to observe that while the whole internet governance ecosystem is becoming wary of government involvement, the ICANN Africa Strategy 2.0 is heading in the opposite direction. Customarily, DCA was not invited to be part of the development of this ICANN Africa Strategy 2.0 document, but we believe this strategy is potentially problematic.
However, if I shall give a heads up, should the script to bring in more governments in Marrakech be written by the same playwright, and mirror what we experienced with "Africa Agenda" Dakar, it will be another tragedy for ICANN and the African Community's expectation.
Finally, having followed the ICANN Africa Strategy closely, it is almost hard to quantify the benefits to the African Community. In fact, the implementation of the strategy, so far, in the opinion of many Africans, is a failure in the multi-stakeholder model of Internet Governance we aspired for. The entire ICANN Africa Strategy is an apparent usurpation of the model by a Special Interest Group who has appointed themselves as "Leaders of the African Internet Community" and has used it to their limited benefit rather than the wider African community.
By Sophia Bekele, CEO of DotConnectAfrica. Ms. Bekele is a former ICANN generic Names Supporting Organization (gNSO) Council policy advisor & contributed to policy over the new gTLD programme & IDNs. She was also policy advisor to various UN Agencies on ICTs. Founder and spearhead of the Yes2DotAfrica campaign. Bekele is a business and corporate executive, an international entrepreneur, a thought leader in Corporate and ICT Governance, international policy, Business Strategy, Internet, ICT & development. Her Profiles on sophiabekele.com / wikipedia.


Esalen is the ultimate stress buster! The massage starts with the head and face, which releases key points where stress is stored. The body is then prepared to receive luxurious and soothing strokes. Esalen Massage works with gentle rocking of the body, passive joint exercises and deep structural work on the muscles and joints, together with energetic balancing of the body.
This is a unique, divine treatment performed on a table with Indian oils. It helps your body to deeply relax by soothing and releasing any physical and emotional disturbances. The session includes a number of massage techniques: Deep Tissue in Motion Rebalancing, Joint Mobilization Technique Assisted Yoga Stretches, Holistic Massage, Energy Work, and Fluid Touch.
This style uses rhythmic spinal movements to open the muscles in the most effective way, providing space for the nerves and helping the body to restore its natural flexibility, from where it can heal and rejuvenate itself. These wave-like movements allow energy to vibrate through the body, improving fluidity and oxygen flow.
Swedish massage is more commonly known as "traditional" massage. In the 1820s, a Swedish doctor, Dr. Per Henrik Ling, developed the first modern method of massage through his study of physiology, gymnastics, and massage techniques borrowed from China, Egypt, Greece, and Rome. The techniques that are used in Swedish massage include long, gliding strokes, kneading, friction, tapping, and shaking motions; all applied in the direction of blood returning to the heart.
It is effective for most ailments, because massaging the skin, (the body's largest organ) sets up a chain reaction that produces a positive effect on all layers and systems of the body. Swedish massage is exceptionally beneficial for increasing levels of oxygen, decreasing muscle toxins, and improving circulation and flexibility whilst easing tension. It affects the nerves, muscles, glands and circulation, and promotes health and wellbeing.
The body's internal organs are often overlooked and go untouched in our day to day lives and in treatments, yet in many ancient (and now modern) therapies, they are viewed as more than just functional components of the body. Holding tension and emotions, the organs are an essential part of the holistic functioning of any organism.
A deeper understanding of the gut in particular and its mass of neural tissue, (filled with important neurotransmitters), reveals that it does much more than merely handle digestion or inflict the occasional nervous sensation. The little brain in our innards, in connection with the big one in our skulls, partly determines our mental state and plays key roles in certain diseases throughout the body.
Based on Traditional Thai Massage and Chinese Chi Nei Tsang, this treatment will address the 5 elements of the visceral body in the thorax and abdomen and release the tension and pressure of the surrounding muscles and ligaments.
Deep tissue massage helps to ease tense and stiff muscles and help regain muscle flexibility. This treatment helps to release any knots in muscles throughout the entire body. An all-encompassing, circulatory oil massage that relieves specific areas of stress and tension. Furthermore slow, yet deep pressure is applied to tight areas and knots in the muscles to release crystallized lactic acid held within these areas.
The treatment is very beneficial in cases of arthritis, lower back pain and sciatica. In addition, it is a wonderful treatment for anyone who prefers a stronger massage.
Based around the Chinese Meridian System, this is an in-depth healing art which shows us how we can use Ki (life-force) to keep our bodies and minds in a state of equilibrium. Shiatsu is more than a simple massage. It is a therapy that rebalances the physical, emotional and energetic bodies. It works through acupressure on specific points along the body and the energetic meridians.
This pressure can be applied with fingers, hands, forearms, elbows or feet. Stretches can also be used whilst applying pressure to specific points, establishing the natural and healthy functions of the person.
All these techniques are used to re-establish the energetic level of the body, regulate and strengthen the functioning of vital organs, and to remove tensions and blockages. It also helps to treat all the osteo articular, muscular, lymphatic, glandular and circulatory systems. Shiatsu is great way to relax, relieve tension, treat back pain, headaches, lower back and cervical pain, fatigue, depression and emotional problems.
Creating a Sacred space through the invocation of healing energies and active listening, where many therapies merge into an essence of Mindful touch, offering an experience like no other. A fusion of different therapies that work at the spiritual, mental, emotional and physical level with the aim of treating the body as well as changing negative concepts and belief systems, creating openings for emotional release.
The process can merge different Bodywork Techniques such as Shiatsu, Ayurvedic massage, Swedish, Deep tissue, Zen Thai massage, Reflexology, Trigger point Therapy & energetic healing work as Reiki, Shamanic Healing and Light language. All these are integrated through the lens of Shamanic processing.
Thai Yoga Massage is an interactive manipulation of the body using passive stretching and gentle pressure along energy lines to release blockages, offering an ultimate relaxation. This treatment starts with a consultation for the therapist to understand about any imbalances that may cause you discomfort. This ancient form of massage dates back to the time of Buddha and is a cross between shiatsu, acupressure, and yoga.
The massage is performed on a comfortable mat and the client wears loose clothing. The practitioner applies pressure along meridian lines with their thumbs, hands, elbows and feet to stimulate the movement of energy in the body. During the treatment, the therapist may move and stretch the client into yoga-like poses to free muscular and joint tension.
Thai massage improves flexibility in muscles and joints, reduces tension, stimulates internal organs, and balances the body's energy system.
This holistic treatment views the individual as a whole; simultaneously focusing on unwinding physical tension and also any energetic trauma that may be stored in the body. The therapist will work with you regarding particular chronic pains or injuries and together you can move towards a state where the body begins to heal itself.
Through a consultation the therapist will aim to ascertain the cause of any symptoms, based on Physiological, Energetic and Structural meridians, rather than just treating the pain site. This work can be combined with a personalised yoga practice and/or simple exercises to help continue the therapeutic process.
This is a body-wide approach that includes harmonics, manipulation, fascial release and osteopathic Thai techniques. The treatment works from the superficial, structural muscular level through to the organs, and addresses the Sen Energy lines that travel the length of the body.
Oils and balms may be used in this session.
* make sure that you are wearing comfortable clothes.
This treatment is a unique energy work to help you go deeper into working with your emotions. The "gates" are a series of acupressure points, which correspond to the key emotional holding areas. When used by a skilled therapist in conjunction with Rebirthing (which charges the body with surplus oxygen), these gates act to stimulate integration of old, withheld patterns and emotions.
Integration into bliss is the final result, when previously resisted feelings are brought into conscious awareness. An internal shift can occur that will help you make a significant move towards integration of the emotional body. Ideally, five sessions are recommended.
The Cranio Sacral System is a physiological system that exists in humans and all animals possessing a brain and spinal cord. Within the Cranio Sacral System is the cerebrospinal fluid that moves in a slight, but perceptible, tide-like manner. By using a gentle, light touch, this fluid becomes more rhythmic and balanced, and the central nervous system is restored.
This system's formation begins in the womb and its function continues until death. The system includes the bones of your skull, face and mouth, (which make up the "cranium") and extends down the spine to the sacrum.
An imbalance in the Cranio Sacral System can adversely affect the development and function of the brain and spinal cord, which can result in sensory, motor and intellectual dysfunction. By complementing the body's natural healing processes, CST is increasingly used as a preventive health measure for its ability to bolster resistance to disease, and is effective for a wide range of medical problems associated with pain and dysfunction.
Cranial Sacral Therapy is helpful to those with nervous disorders, motor-coordination impairments, attention deficit disorders, insomnia, chronic neck and back pain and other problems.
Stress Pattern Release could offer you ways to rebuild your emotional, mental and physical health.
Discover and release the habitual patterns that do not serve you any longer through various techniques like; tremor releasing, touch, energetic rebalancing, constellation work, kinesiological muscle testing and belief repatterning.
A meditative practice that reduces stress and relaxes the body and mind deeply. It was rediscovered by Japanese Buddhist and Christian scholar of theology, Mikao Usui, around 1921. Reiki is the combining of universal energy with individual energy to open pathways of healing.
Reiki treatments work by dissolving or eliminating toxic energy and substances from many levels of one's being, whether it is physical, emotional, or mental. This works to strengthen the harmonic flow of energy within the body.
This energy healing method involves placing the hands on or just above the client's body in order to align chakras and bring healing energy to organs.
The practitioner, trained to access and serve as a channel for the life energy, uses a passive touch that some clients experience as warmth or tingling. The hands remain in position for three to five minutes, alternately covering ten to twelve positions over the body.
With a single treatment you can experience a deep relaxation and well-being in both body and mind. For releasing deeper issues or tensions, a "Healing Detox" program with daily sessions for four days or more is recommended. It can have a therapeutic focus and may include crystal healing.


text:
Q: How to delete rows in MYSQL where a column doesn't contain certain data A database I am in charge of fixing got filled with spam. There is a table called url in the database.  There is a column called alias.  There is 2,000 correct alias rows that should be there and the other 100,000+ are spam.  I have a comma separated list of all the correct values that should be there.  An example value in Alias would be z6j6h and they are all 5 letters/numbers.  How can I delete every row that does not contain a value in the good list?

A: Use the find_in_set() function:
delete from mytable
where find_in_set(alias, 'abcde,ghijk,etc') = 0

A: DELETE
  FROM (table)
 WHERE alias NOT IN ('ASDFG', 'ABCDE')

A: Not at a console-apologies for terseness!  One way would be to put your correct values in another table and run an outer join on the main table and the correct-values table.  That will give you all the rows of the main table, with NULLs flagging the spam.  Then you delete rows having those nulls.  See https://stackoverflow.com/a/9214674/2877364 for a join example and https://stackoverflow.com/a/2763245/2877364 for deleting.

A: delete from url
where alias not in (
  'my',
  'list',
  'of',
  'good',
  'aliases'
);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The entire Management Committee recognizes that our Activity Groups are the heart and soul of the Glacier PROBUS Club, and encourage and support them in every way possible.
The current Activity Groups Director is more intimately involved with each Activity Group, the Coordinators, and those who help organize group activities. Get to know your Activity Groups Director, their Bio is in the Directors Gallery.
Responsibilities include helping promote group activities, working with Coordinators to help resolve problems, and adding events to the Club Calendar. At times it may include helping maintain Activity Group webpages (format and content, activity event signups and options, answering questions and comments, etc.).
New Activity Groups may be formed if enough members request it AND if members are willing to help organize the group or individual events.


Milliken & Company will launch new texture-driven Breathe by Milliken at the upcoming High Point Showtime event. These new products include cotton-linen blends and chenilles.
Offering the ultimate in sustainable performance, Breathe fabrics are unique because they have a plant-based water-repellent that is durable, repels everyday stains and cleans easily without PFCs, fire retardants or other chemicals of concern. Breathe by Milliken fabrics have also earned GREENGUARD GOLD certification, ensuring that they meet strict chemical emissions limits and enhancing the indoor air quality of living spaces.
The Breathe collection now features fabrics with varying degrees of texture and a range of plain to subtle patterns to address the growing consumer desire for textures and more tactile options. Milliken's natural fiber fabrics use yarn size, slub yarns and a combination of fibers to achieve texture, while the new recycled polyester designs make use of tone on tone patterns, tweeds and chenille to create surface interest. The cotton-linen blend fabrics were added to offer more elegant performance fabric options that combine the high-end look and feel customers desire with the protection and durability they need.
All Breathe by Milliken fabrics are designed and carefully curated to evoke nature and comfort in a neutral and timeless pallet with spa accent tones to support this overall feel.


text:
Vertrieu est une commune française située dans le département de l'Isère, en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.

Commune adhérente à la communauté de communes Les Balcons du Dauphiné et située dans la pointe nord du département de l'Isère, longée par le Rhône, ses habitants sont des Vertrolands.

Géographie

Situation et description
Vertrieu se situe au tournant du Rhône. La commune est à la frontière avec le département de l'Ain. Vertrieu est à l'extrémité de la pointe de l'Isle Crémieu. C'est la commune la plus au nord du département de l'Isère.

Cette petite commune de  est positionnée à proximité des Grottes de La Balme-les-Grottes, bordée par le Rhône, entre les monts du Bugey et la montagne du Serverin.

Communes limitrophes

Géologie

Climat

La partie nord-ouest du département de l'Isère est formée de plaines à l'ambiance tempérée. Du fait du relief peu accentué, les masses d'air venues du nord et du sud circulent aisément.

Les étés sont chauds et plutôt secs, mais ils connaissent de nombreuses périodes orageuses. Les hivers sont généralement assez froids et marqués par des gelées fréquentes, d'autant plus que le secteur resté très longtemps marécageux est souvent marqués par de nombreuses brumes matinales et des brouillards plus ou moins persistant durant les périodes froides.

Hydrographie
Le territoire communal est bordé par la rive gauche du Rhône dans sa partie septentrionale.

Voies de communication
Le territoire communal est traversé par l'ancienne route nationale 75, déclassée en RD 1075 et qui permet de relier Bourg-en-Bresse à Sisteron par Voiron et Grenoble.

Lieux-dits et écarts
Vertrieu est village qui s'étend du quartier du Ras Buisson, jusqu'au Terroud. Plus de deux kilomètres séparent ces deux quartiers.

Urbanisme

Typologie
Vertrieu est une commune urbaine, car elle fait partie des communes denses ou de densité intermédiaire, au sens de la grille communale de densité de l'Insee.

Par ailleurs la commune fait partie de l'aire d'attraction de Lyon, dont elle est une commune de la couronne. Cette aire, qui regroupe , est catégorisée dans les aires de  ou plus (hors Paris).

Occupation des sols

L'occupation des sols de la commune, telle qu'elle ressort de la base de données européenne d'occupation biophysique des sols Corine Land Cover (CLC), est marquée par l'importance des territoires agricoles (34,3 % en 2018), une proportion sensiblement équivalente à celle de 1990 (34,7 %). La répartition détaillée en 2018 est la suivante :
forêts (30,9 %), terres arables (25 %), eaux continentales (15,4 %), mines, décharges et chantiers (10,4 %), zones agricoles hétérogènes (9,3 %), zones urbanisées (9 %).

L'IGN met par ailleurs à disposition un outil en ligne permettant de comparer l'évolution dans le temps de l'occupation des sols de la commune (ou de territoires à des échelles différentes). Plusieurs époques sont accessibles sous forme de cartes ou photos aériennes : la carte de Cassini (), la carte d'état-major (1820-1866) et la période actuelle (1950 à aujourd'hui).

Risques naturels et technologiques

Risques sismiques

L'ensemble du territoire de la commune de Vertrieu est situé en zone de sismicité n°3 (sur une échelle de 1 à 5), comme la plupart des communes de son secteur géographique.

Autres risques

Toponymie
Le nom de la commune est sisu du latin Vertere signifiant tourner, là où justement le fleuve tourne pour prendre la direction du sud.

Histoire

L'histoire du village de Vertrieu est à sa proximité avec le Rhône.

Le château, ancienne maison forte, fût construit à l'époque d'Humbert de la Tour, Dauphin du Dauphiné, qui était en guerre contre la Savoie. Un nouveau château a été construit au milieu du 17ème siècle par le seigneur de la Poype, seigneur de Vertrieu, descendant des La Balme, pour remplacer la maison forte qui dominait le fleuve. L'édifice est aujourd'hui abandonné et en ruines.

Le village se caractérise par ses habitations en pierre du pays, ornées par ses typiques balcons et montées d'escaliers.
Toujours lié au fleuve, le village de Vertrieu a connu jusqu'en 1940 une importante activité portuaire avec plus de quarante mariniers. En effet, la pierre de Villebois et de Montalieu-Vercieu était transportée  par voie fluviale, au port de Vertrieu pour être acheminée par la route, et servir à  la construction de nombreux édifices Lyonnais.

Politique et administration

Administration municipale

Liste des maires

Population et société

Démographie

Enseignement
La commune est rattachée à l'académie de Grenoble.

Manifestations culturelles et festivités
Tous les ans, le dernier samedi de juin, la commune de Vertrieu organise une journée du Patrimoine.

Équipements sportifs
 Escalade.
 Football. (Association Sportive Vertrieu)
 Boules Lyonnaises. (Amicale Boule Vertrolande)

Médias
Historiquement, le quotidien à grand tirage Le Dauphiné libéré consacre, chaque jour, y compris le dimanche, dans son édition du Nord-Isère, un ou plusieurs articles à l'actualité du canton, de la communauté de communes, ainsi que des informations sur les éventuelles manifestations locales, les travaux routiers, et autres événements divers à caractère local.

Cultes
La communauté catholique de Vertrieu et l'église (propriété de la commune) dépendent de la paroisse « Saint-Pierre du Pays des Couleurs » qui regroupe vingt-sept églises de la région du nord-Isère.

Économie

Culture locale et patrimoine

Lieux et monuments

 Église Saint-Laurent de Vertrieu

Vertrieu possède deux châteaux : « le vieux château » et le « château neuf ». Le premier est situé sur un à-pic rocheux et était une maison forte avant de devenir un château. Le second date du . Il correspond mieux aux critères d'un château de plaisance, situé au bord du Rhône. Le château neuf a fait l'objet d'une inscription au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du . Ensuite il a été classé par arrêté du .

Dans la forêt de Serverin, on trouve une glacière, cachée au milieu du bois. Cette glacière a été restaurée récemment.

À noter également, le pont de Lagnieu, sur le Rhône, et une maison fortifiée datant probablement du  et ayant servi de relais de poste.

Personnalités liées à la commune

Héraldique

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des communes de l'Isère
 Communauté de communes Les Balcons du Dauphiné

Liens externes

 Vertrieu sur le site de l'Insee
 Communauté de communes Les Balcons du Dauphiné

Notes et références

Notes et cartes
 Notes

 Cartes

Références

Commune en Isère
Commune dans l'arrondissement de La Tour-du-Pin
Aire d'attraction de Lyon
Commune située au bord du Rhône

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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