text:
La Mesa de Herveo
Steam on the mountain in July 2007
5,321 m (17,457 ft) [1]
2,035 m (6,677 ft) [2]
Location of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia
Caldas/Tolima, Colombia
Cordillera Central, Andes
04°53′43″N 75°19′21″W / 4.89528°N 75.3225°W / 4.89528; -75.3225Coordinates: 04°53′43″N 75°19′21″W / 4.89528°N 75.3225°W / 4.89528; -75.3225[1]
Stratovolcano
Age of rock
Volcanic arc/belt
Northern Volcanic Zone, Andean Volcanic Belt
Last eruption
1991[3] or perhaps 1994[b]
1936 by Cunet and Gansser[4]
The Nevado del Ruiz, also known as La Mesa de Herveo[5] (English: Table of Herveo) or Kumanday in the language of the local pre-Columbian indigenous people,[6] is a volcano located on the border of the departments of Caldas and Tolima in Colombia, about 129 kilometers (80 mi) west of the capital city Bogotá. It is a stratovolcano, composed of many layers of lava alternating with hardened volcanic ash and other pyroclastic rocks. Nevado del Ruiz has been active for about two million years, since the early Pleistocene or late Pliocene epoch, with three major eruptive periods. The current volcanic cone formed during the "present" eruptive period, which began 150 thousand years ago.
The Nevado del Ruiz usually generates Plinian eruptions, which produce swift-moving currents of hot gas and rock called pyroclastic flows. These eruptions often cause massive lahars (mud and debris flows), which pose a threat to human life and the environment. On November 13, 1985, a small eruption produced an enormous lahar that buried and destroyed the town of Armero in Tolima, causing an estimated 25,000 deaths. This event later became known as the Armero tragedy—the deadliest lahar in recorded history. Similar but less deadly incidents occurred in 1595 and 1845, consisting of a small explosive eruption followed by a large lahar.
The volcano is part of Los Nevados National Natural Park, which also contains several other volcanoes. The summit of Nevado del Ruiz is covered by large glaciers, although these have retreated significantly since 1985 because of atmospheric warming. The volcano continues to pose a threat to the nearby towns and villages, and it is estimated that up to 500,000 people could be at risk from lahars from future eruptions.
1 Geography and geology
1.1 Glaciers
2 Flora and fauna
3 Los Nevados National Park
4 Eruptive history
4.1 1595 lahar
4.2 1845 mudflow
4.3 Armero tragedy of 1985
4.3.1 Eruption and lahars
5 Current threats and preparedness
Map of the major Colombian volcanoes
Nevado del Ruiz, which lies about 129 kilometers (80 mi) west of Bogotá, is part of the Andes mountain range. The volcano is part of the Ruiz–Tolima volcanic massif (or Cordillera Central), a group of five ice-capped volcanoes which includes the Tolima, Santa Isabel, Quindio and Machin volcanoes.[7][8] The massif is located at the intersection of four faults, some of which still are active.[9]
Nevado del Ruiz lies within the Pacific Ring of Fire, a region that encircles the Pacific Ocean and contains some of the world's most active volcanoes. It is the third most northerly of the volcanoes lying in the North Volcanic Zone of the Andean Volcanic Belt, which contains 75 of the 204 Holocene-age volcanoes in South America.[10] The Andean Volcanic Belt is produced by the eastward subduction of the oceanic Nazca Plate beneath the South American continental plate.[11] As is the case for many subduction-zone volcanoes, Nevado del Ruiz can generate explosive Plinian eruptions with associated pyroclastic flows that can melt snow and glaciers near the summit, producing large and sometimes devastating lahars (mud and debris flows).[6]
Satellite radar image of Nevado del Ruiz, with the deep Arenas crater visible near the summit
Like many other Andean volcanoes, Nevado del Ruiz is a stratovolcano: a voluminous, roughly conical volcano consisting of many strata of hardened lava and tephra including volcanic ash.[12] Its lavas are andesitic–dacitic in composition.[13] The modern volcanic cone comprises five lava domes, all constructed within the caldera of an ancestral Ruiz volcano: Nevado El Cisne, Alto de la Laguna, La Olleta, Alto la Pirana, and Alto de Santano.[14] It covers an area of more than 200 square kilometers (77 sq mi), stretching 65 kilometers (40 mi) from east to west.[15] The mountain's broad summit includes the Arenas crater, which is one kilometer in diameter and 240 meters (790 ft) deep.[13]
The summit of the volcano has steep slopes inclining from 20 to 30 degrees. At lower elevations, the slopes become less steep; their inclination is about 10 degrees. From there on, foothills stretch almost to the edge of the Magdalena River north of the volcano and the Cauca River to the west.[16] On the two major sides of the summit, headwalls show where past rock avalanches occurred. At times, ice on the summit has melted, generating devastating lahars, including the continent's deadliest eruption in 1985.[6][13][17] On the volcano's southwest flank is the pyroclastic cone La Olleta, which is not currently active, but may have erupted in historical times.[13]
The volcano's summit and upper flanks are covered by several glaciers that appear as a white mass surrounding the Arenas crater.
The summit of Nevado del Ruiz is covered by glaciers (nevado means "snow covered" in Spanish), which formed over many thousands of years, and have generally retreated since the last glacial maximum. From 28,000 to 21,000 years ago, glaciers occupied about 1,500 square kilometers (600 sq mi) of the Ruiz–Tolima massif. As late as 12,000 years ago, when the ice sheets from the last glacial period were retreating, they still covered 800 square kilometers (300 sq mi). During the Little Ice Age, which lasted from about 1600 to 1900 CE, the ice cap covered approximately 100 square kilometers (40 sq mi).[18]
Since then, the glaciers have retreated further because of atmospheric warming.[9] By 1959, the massif's glaciated area had dropped to 34 square kilometers (13 sq mi).[19] Since the 1985 eruption, which destroyed about 10% of the summit ice cover, the area of Nevado del Ruiz covered by glaciers has halved—from 17 to 21 square kilometers (6.6 to 8.1 sq mi) just after the eruption to about 10 square kilometers (3.9 sq mi) in 2003. The glaciers reached altitudes as low as 4,500 meters (14,800 ft) in 1985 but have now retreated to elevations of 4,800–4,900 meters (15,700–16,100 ft).[9]
The ice cap is approximately 50 meters (160 ft) thick on average. It is thickest in parts of the summit plateau and under the Nereides Glacier on the southwestern slopes, where it is as deep as 190 meters (620 ft). Glaciers on the northern and, to a lesser extent, the eastern slopes lost the most ice in the 1985 eruption,[20] and therefore reach only up to 30 meters (100 ft) deep.[21] The deep ice covering the summit plateau may hide a caldera. Five domes ringing the summit plateau have emerged as the ice has retreated.[21]
The meltwater from the glaciers drains primarily to the Cauca River and Magdalena River via the western and eastern flanks of the volcano, respectively.[16] Runoff from these glaciers and those on the surrounding volcanoes is a source of fresh water for forty surrounding towns, and Colombian scientists and government officials are concerned about the towns' water supply should the glaciers melt completely.[22]
Spectacled bear
Nevado del Ruiz is generally poorly forested because of its high elevation, and its forest cover decreases with increasing elevation. At lower elevations, well-developed mesic forests (20–35 meters / 66–110 ft high) are present. Above these but below the tree line, parts of the volcano are covered with dwarf forests 3–8 meters (10–30 ft) high. Above the tree line, in the Páramo zone, the vegetation is dominated by plants such as bunchgrass and Espeletia.[23] Regional vegetation consists of different families of woody plants, including Rubiaceae, Leguminosae, Melastomataceae, Lauraceae, and Moraceae. Flowers such as Polypodiaceae s.l., Araceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Piperaceae, and Orchidaceae are also present in the region.[23]
Animals living on the volcano include the mountain tapir and spectacled bear, both of which are designated as threatened.[23] Other animals inhabiting the surrounding region include the rufous-fronted parakeet, bearded helmetcrest and Herveo plump toad. The volcano is home to 27 species of birds endemic to Colombia, with 14 of these species confined to the region around the volcano. 15 bird species in the area are considered threatened.[23]
Los Nevados National Park
Nevado del Ruiz is one of several stratovolcanoes within Los Nevados National Natural Park, a national park located west of Bogotá in the centre of the Colombian Andes. The park is a popular tourist destination and contains several tourist shelters. The slopes of the volcano are used for winter sports, and nearby Lake Otún offers trout fishing.[23] A number of commercially operated spas can be found nearby.[23] In 1868–1869, German geologists Wilhelm Reiss and Alphons Stübel were the first to attempt to climb Ruiz. In 1936, W. Cunet and Augusto Gansser-Biaggi made the first successful ascent, partly by ski; they repeated the ascent in 1939.[4]
Eruptive history
The first eruptions of Nevado del Ruiz occurred about 1.8 million years ago at the beginning of the Pleistocene epoch.[9] Three primary eruption periods in the history of the massif have been identified: ancestral, older and present. During the ancestral period between one million to two million years ago, a complex of large stratovolcanoes was created.[8] Between 1.0 million and 0.8 million years ago, they partially collapsed, forming large (5–10 km wide) calderas. During the older period, which lasted from 0.8 million to 0.2 million years ago, a new complex of large stratovolcanoes developed (including Older Ruiz, Tolima, Quindio, and Santa Isabel). Once again explosive summit calderas formed from 0.2 million to 0.15 million years ago.[8]
The present period began about 150,000 years ago and involved the development of the present volcanic edifice through the emplacement of lava domes made of andesite and dacite (igneous rocks) inside older calderas.[9] During the past 11,000 years, Nevado del Ruiz passed through at least 12 eruption stages, which included multiple slope failures (rock avalanches), pyroclastic flows and lahars leading to partial destruction of the summit domes.[8][9] During the past several thousand years, eruptions of the volcanoes in the Ruiz–Tolima massif have mostly been small, and the pyroclastic flow deposits have been much less voluminous than during the Pleistocene.[8] Since the volcano's earlier eruptions are not recorded, volcanologists have used tephrochronology to date them.[3]
During recorded history, eruptions have consisted primarily of a central vent eruption (in the caldera) followed by an explosive eruption, then lahars. Ruiz's earliest identified Holocene eruption was about 6660 BC, and further eruptions occurred in 1245 BC ± 150 years (dated through radiocarbon dating), about 850 BC, 200 BC ± 100 years, 350 AD ± 300 years, 675 AD ± 50 years, in 1350, 1541 (perhaps),[b] 1570, 1595, 1623, 1805, 1826, 1828 (perhaps),[b] 1829, 1831, 1833 (perhaps),[b] 1845, 1916, December 1984 – March 1985, September 1985 – July 1991, and possibly in April 1994.[b] Many of these eruptions involved a central vent eruption, a flank vent eruption, and a phreatic (steam) explosion.[3] Ruiz is the second-most active volcano in Colombia after Galeras.[17]
1595 lahar
On the morning of March 12, 1595, Nevado del Ruiz erupted. The episode consisted of three Plinian eruptions, which were heard up to 100 kilometers (62 mi) from the summit of the volcano. A large amount of ash was ejected, which completely darkened the surrounding area. The volcano also erupted lapilli (a form of tephra) and pumice bombs. In total, the eruption produced 0.16 km3 of tephra.[3] The eruption was preceded by a large precursor earthquake three days before.[24] The precursor eruption caused lahars, which traveled down the valleys of the nearby Gualí and Lagunillas rivers, clogging up the water, killing fish and destroying vegetation. More than 600 people died as a result of the lahar.[25] The 1595 eruption was the last major eruption of Nevado del Ruiz before 1985. The 1595 and 1985 eruptions were similar in many respects, including in the chemical composition of the erupted material.[26]
1845 mudflow
On the morning of February 19, 1845, a large earthquake resulted in a substantial mudflow.[27] This mudflow flowed down the valley of the Lagunillas River for approximately 70 kilometers (43 mi),[6] spilling out of the river channel and killing much of the local population.[27] After reaching an alluvial fan, the mudflow split into two branches. The larger portion of it joined the Lagunillas River and flowed into the nearby Magdalena River, while the smaller portion was diverted by hills in front of Lagunillas Canyon, turned 90 degrees to the north until it reached the Sabandija River, and then flowed east with the Sabandija River, until it rejoined the other branch of the mudflow at the junction of the Sabandija and the Magdalena. It is estimated that 1000 people were killed in the mudflows.[27]
Armero tragedy of 1985
Main article: Armero tragedy
Beginning November 1984, geologists observed an increasing level of seismic activity near Nevado del Ruiz.[26] Other signs of a forthcoming eruption included increased fumarole activity, deposition of sulfur on the summit of the volcano, and small phreatic eruptions. In the latter, hot magma came in contact with water, resulting in explosions as the water was almost instantly turned into steam. The most notable of these events was an ash ejection on September 11, 1985.[26] The activity of the volcano decreased in October 1985.[26] The most likely explanation of the events is that new magma rose into the volcanic edifice before September 1985.[26]
Before the eruption in 1985
An Italian volcanological mission analyzed gas samples from fumaroles along the Arenas crater floor and proved them to be a mixture of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, indicating a direct release of magma into the surface environment. The mission's report, delivered on October 22, 1985, judged the risk of lahars to be very high. The report proposed various simple preparedness techniques to local authorities.[28]
In November 1985, volcanic activity once again increased[26] as magma neared the surface. The volcano began releasing increasing quantities of gases rich in sulfur dioxide and elementary sulfur. The water content of the fumaroles' gases decreased, and water springs in the vicinity of Nevado del Ruiz became enriched in magnesium, calcium and potassium, which were leached from the magma.[26] The thermodynamic equilibration (stationary heat energy) temperatures, corresponding to the chemical composition of the discharged gases, were from 200 °C (400 °F) to 600 °C (1,000 °F). The extensive degassing of the magma caused pressure to build up inside the volcano, which eventually resulted in the explosive eruption.[29]
Eruption and lahars
Hazard map for Nevado del Ruiz, with 1985 lahars shown in red
At 9:09 pm, on November 13, 1985,[30] Nevado del Ruiz erupted, ejecting dacitic tephra more than 30 kilometres (19 mi) into the atmosphere.[26] The total mass of the erupted material (including magma) was 35 million tonnes[26]—only 3% of the amount that erupted from Mount St. Helens in 1980.[31] The eruption reached a value of 3 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index.[32] The mass of the ejected sulfur dioxide was about 700,000 tonnes, or about 2% of the mass of the erupted solid material,[26] making the eruption atypically sulfur-rich.[33]
The eruption produced pyroclastic flows that melted summit glaciers and snow, generating four thick lahars that raced down river valleys on the volcano's flanks.[34] It also destroyed a small lake that was observed in Arenas crater several months before the eruption.[26] Water in such volcanic lakes tends to be extremely salty and contain dissolved volcanic gases. The lake's hot, acidic water significantly accelerated the melting of the ice; this effect was confirmed by the large amounts of sulfates and chlorides found in the lahar flow.[26]
Armero was located in the center of this photograph, taken late November 1985.
The lahars, formed of water, ice, pumice, and other rocks,[34] mixed with clay as they travelled down the volcano's flanks.[35] They ran down the volcano's sides at an average speed of 60 km per hour, eroding soil, dislodging rock, and destroying vegetation. After descending thousands of meters down the side of the volcano, the lahars were directed into all of the six river valleys leading from the volcano. While in the river valleys, the lahars grew to almost 4 times their original volume. In the Gualí River, a lahar reached a maximum width of 50 meters (200 ft).[34]
One of the lahars virtually erased the small town of Armero in Tolima, which lay in the Lagunilla River valley. Only one quarter of its 28,700 inhabitants survived.[34] The second lahar, which descended through the valley of Chinchiná River, killed about 1,800 people and destroyed about 400 homes in the town of Chinchiná, in the department of Caldas.[36] In total, over 23,000 people were killed and approximately 5,000 were injured.[34] More than 5,000 homes were destroyed.[34] The Armero tragedy, as the event came to be known, was the second-deadliest volcanic disaster in the 20th century, being surpassed only by the 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée,[37] and is the fourth-deadliest volcanic eruption in recorded history.[38] It is also the deadliest known lahar,[9] and Colombia's worst natural disaster.[39]
Summit of Nevado del Ruiz in late November 1985
The loss of life during the 1985 eruption was due partly to the fact that scientists did not know precisely when the eruption would occur, and the authorities would not take costly preventative measures without clear warnings of imminent danger.[40] Because the volcano's last substantial eruption occurred 140 years ago, it was also hard for many to accept the danger the volcano presented; locals even called it the "Sleeping Lion".[25] Hazard maps showing Armero would be completely flooded after a eruption were distributed more than a month before the eruption, but the Colombian Congress criticized the scientific and civil defense agencies for scaremongering. Local authorities failed to alert people to the seriousness of the situation, with Armero's mayor and a priest both reassuring the populace after an ash eruption on the afternoon of November 13 and the consequent ashfall early that evening.[41] Another factor was the storm that hit that evening, causing electrical outages and hindering communications. Civil defense officials from four nearby towns tried to warn Armero the lahar was approaching in the hour or so before it reached Armero, but failed to make radio contact.[42]
Scientists later looked back to the hours before the eruption and noticed that several long-period earthquakes, which start out strong and then slowly die out, had occurred in the final hours before the eruption. Volcanologist Bernard Chouet said that, "the volcano was screaming 'I'm about to explode'", but the scientists who were studying the volcano at the time of the eruption were not able to read this signal.[43]
Current threats and preparedness
The volcano continues to pose a serious threat to nearby towns and villages. The most likely hazard is small-volume eruptions, which might destabilize glaciers and trigger lahars.[8] Despite the significant retrenchment of the volcano's glaciers, the volume of ice atop Nevado del Ruiz and other volcanoes in the Ruiz–Tolima massif remains large. Melting merely 10% of the ice would produce mudflows with a volume of up to 200 million cubic meters—similar to the mudflow that destroyed Armero in 1985.[9] Such lahars can travel up to 100 km along river valleys in a matter of few hours.[9] Estimates show that up to 500,000 people living in the Combeima, Chinchiná, Coello-Toche, and Guali valleys are at risk, and 100,000 of these are considered to be at high risk.[8][a] Lahars poses a threat to nearby towns of Honda, Mariquita, Ambalema, Chinchiná, Herveo, Villa Hermosa, Salgar and La Dorada.[44] Although small eruptions are more likely, the two million-year eruptive history of the Ruiz–Tolima massif includes numerous large eruptions, indicating that the threat of a large eruption cannot be ignored.[8] A large eruption would have more widespread effects, including the potential closure of Bogotá's airport due to ashfall.[45]
Nevado del Ruiz as seen from Manizales, 2006
As the Armero tragedy was exacerbated by the lack of early warnings,[40] unwise land use,[46] and the unpreparedness of nearby communities,[40] the government of Colombia created a special program (Oficina Nacional para la Atencion de Desastres, 1987) to prevent such incidents in the future. All Colombian cities were directed to promote prevention planning in order to mitigate the consequences of natural disasters,[46] and evacuations due to volcanic hazards have been carried out. About 2,300 people living along five nearby rivers were evacuated when Nevado del Ruiz erupted again in 1989.[47] When another Colombian volcano, the Nevado del Huila, erupted in April 2008, thousands of people were evacuated because volcanologists worried that the eruption could be another "Nevado del Ruiz".[48]
In 2006, heavy rains on Ruiz sent a mudslide down the Chinchiná River, killing nine youths aged 12–19 on a scouting expedition near the volcano.[49]
Geography of Colombia
List of volcanoes in Colombia
List of volcanic eruptions by death toll
[a] ^ The available sources do not indicate that lahars from Nevado del Ruiz pose any danger to Bogotá.[8][45]
[b] ^ Several entries in the Smithsonian's eruptive history for Nevado del Ruiz are marked as "uncertain".[3] An eruption may have occurred at these dates, but this has not been confirmed. They define an eruption as the arrival of volcanic products, excluding gases, at the Earth's surface.[50]
^ a b "Nevado del Ruiz: Summary", Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
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^ a b c d e "Nevado del Ruiz: Eruptive History". Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution. http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1501-02=&volpage=erupt. Retrieved December 13, 2008.
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^ a b c Mixed contributors (Committee on Natural Disasters, Division of Natural Hazard Mitigation, National Research Council) (1991). "1". The Eruption of Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano Colombia, South America, November 13, 1985. Committee on Natural Disaster. pp. 9–10. ISBN 0-309-04477-4. http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1784&page=9.
^ Barberi, F., Martini, M., and Rosi, M., F; Martini, M; Rosi, M (July 1990). "Nevado del Ruiz volcano (Colombia): pre-eruption observations and the 13 November 1985 catastrophic event". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 42 (1–2): 1–12. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(90)90066-O. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VCS-48B5B5D-9J&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=2501a91a2ad56e7bd5d09dabe454f712.
^ Giggenbach, Garcia, Rodriguez, Londoño, Rojas, Calvache, W.F., N., L., A., N., M.L.; Garciap, N; Londonoc, A; Rodriguezv, L; Rojasg, N; Calvachev, M (July 1990). "The chemistry of fumarolic vapor and thermal-spring discharges from the Nevado del Ruiz volcanic-magmatic-hydrothermal system, Colombia". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 42 (1–2): 13–39. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(90)90067-P. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VCS-48B5B5D-9K&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=8c7dc9cee15938823eddd77be34731f0.
^ Wright, T.L.; Pierson, T.C. (1992). Living with Volcanoes: The U. S. Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program: USGS Circular 1073. United States Geological Survey. http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Vhp/C1073/. Retrieved December 13, 2008.
^ Watson, John. "Mount St. Helens – Comparisons With Other Eruptions". United States Geological Survey. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/msh//comparisons.html. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
^ Krueger, Arlin J., Walter, Louis S., Schnetzler, Charles C., and Doiron, Scott D. (July 1990). "TOMS measurement of the sulfur dioxide emitted during the 1985 Nevado del Ruiz eruptions". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research) 41 (1–4): 7–15. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(90)90081-P. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VCS-48B0RNS-5B&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=7152e1c54dbace97e346453ef8918999.
^ a b c d e f "Deadly Lahars from Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia: November 13, 1985". United States Geological Survey. September 30, 1999. http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/lahar/ruiz.php. Retrieved March 18, 2010.
^ Lowe, Donald R.; Williams, Stanley N., Leigh, Henry, Connort, Charles B., Gemmell, J. Bruce, Stoiber, Richard E. (November 1986). "Lahars initiated by the 13 November 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia". Nature 324 (6092): 51–53. doi:10.1038/324051a0. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v324/n6092/abs/324051a0.html. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
^ Mileti, Dennis S.; Bolton, Patricia A.; Fernandez, Gabriel; Updike, Randall G. (1991). The Eruption of Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano Colombia, South America, November 13, 1985. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems (National Academy Press). p. 1. ISBN 0-585-14407-9. http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1784&page=1.
^ Staff. "Nevado del Ruiz – Facts and Figures". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/stratoguide/nevadofact.html. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
^ Topinka, Lyn. "Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions Since 1500 A.D.". United States Geological Survey. http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/LivingWith/VolcanicFacts/deadly_eruptions.html. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
^ Staff (November 14, 1995). "World News Briefs". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/Newsbriefs/9511/11-14/index.html?iref=newssearch. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
^ a b c Fielding, Emma. "Volcano Hell Transcript". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/volcanohelltrans.shtml. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
^ Mileti, Dennis S.; Bolton, Patricia A.; Fernandez, Gabriel; Updike, Randall G. (1991). The Eruption of Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano Colombia, South America, November 13, 1985. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems (National Academy Press). pp. 51–53. ISBN 0-585-14407-9. http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1784&page=51.
^ BBC contributors (August 27, 2003). "Signs of an eruption — A scientist has found a way to use earthquakes to predict when volcanoes will erupt". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3183047.stm. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
^ a b McDowell, Bart (May 1986). "Eruption in Colombia". National Geographic: 640–653. Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. http://www.webcitation.org/5kx7yOtB5.
^ a b Touret, Jean-Claude; Laforge, Christophe (1994). "Hazard Appraisal and Hazard-Zone Mapping of Flooding and Debris Flowage in the Rio Combeima Valley and Ibague City, Tolima Department, Colombia". GeoJournal 34 (4): 407–413. http://www.springerlink.com/content/j7h51t87x7201375.
^ Associated Press (September 2, 1989). "Colombian Volcano Erupting". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE4DF143DF931A3575AC0A96F948260. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
^ Associated Press (April 15, 2008). "Colombian Volcano Erupts, Thousands Evacuated". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,351333,00.html. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
^ Staff (March 20, 2006). "Colombia Mudslide Kills Nine Young Hikers". CBS. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/03/20/ap/world/mainD8GF17N80.shtml. Retrieved October 11, 2008. [dead link]
^ "Frequently Asked Questions: What is an eruption?". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. http://www.volcano.si.edu/faq/index.cfm?faq=02. Retrieved February 23, 2009.
v · d · eAndean volcanoes
Northern Volcanic Zone (6° N–3° S)
Nevado del Ruiz · Nevado del Huila · Galeras · Cayambe · Reventador · Pichincha · Antisana · Illiniza · Cotopaxi · Quilotoa · Tungurahua · Sangay
Central Volcanic Zone (15°–27° S)
Ampato · Coropuna · Sabancaya · Chachani · El Misti · Ubinas · Huaynaputina · Parinacota · Irruputuncu · Azufre · Sairecabur · Pacana · Licancabur · Lascar · Llullaillaco · Galán · San Francisco · Ojos del Salado
Southern Volcanic Zone (33°–46° S)
Tupungato · Tupungatito · Maipo · Calabozos · Descabezado Grande · Cerro Azul · Nevado de Longaví · Nevados de Chillán · Antuco · Copahue · Callaqui · Lonquimay · Llaima · Sollipulli · Villarrica · Quetrupillán · Lanín · Mocho-Choshuenco · Carrán-Los Venados · Puyehue-Cordón Caulle · Osorno · Calbuco · Hornopirén · Michinmahuida · Chaitén · Corcovado · Cay · Macá · Hudson
Austral Volcanic Zone (49°–55° S)
Lautaro · Viedma · Aguilera · Reclus · Pali-Aike · Burney · Fueguino
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south
Active volcanoes
Stratovolcanoes
Subduction volcanoes
Volcanoes of Colombia
Mountains of Colombia
Glaciers of Colombia
1985 in Colombia
1595 natural disasters
Natural disasters in Colombia
16th-century volcanic events
VEI-4 volcanoes
John Larsson
Nevado del Ruiz — Vue du Nevado del Ruiz en 1985. Géographie Altitude 5 321 m[1 … Wikipédia en Français
Nevado del Ruiz — Gasausbruch im September 1985 Höhe 5.389 … Deutsch Wikipedia
Nevado Del Ruiz — Le Nevado del Ruiz en 1985 Géographie Altitude 5 321 m Massif … Wikipédia en Français
Nevado del Ruiz — es un volcán nevado en Colombia. En 13 de noviembre de 1985 el Nevado del Ruiz hizo erupción. Flujo piroclástico fundió glacial y nieve en la cima generando avalanchas de lodo. Estas avanzaron cuesta abajo a través de rios alcanzando distancias… … Enciclopedia Universal
Nevado del Ruiz — visto cerca de la Laguna Negra … Wikipedia Español
Nevado del Ruiz — Sp Ruiso ugnikalnis Ap Nevado del Ruiz L C. Kordiljeroje, Kolumbija … Pasaulio vietovardžiai. Internetinė duomenų bazė
Nevado del Ruiz — Ne•va•do del Ruiz [[t]nɛˈvɑ ðɔ ðɛl ˈrwis[/t]] n. geg a volcano in W central Colombia, in the Andes. 17,720 ft. (5401 m) … From formal English to slang
Nevado del Ruiz — /ne vah dhaw dhel rddwees /, n. a volcano in W central Colombia, in the Andes: eruption 1985. 17,720 ft. (5401 m). * * * … Universalium
Nevado del Ruiz — /ne vah dhaw dhel rddwees /, n. a volcano in W central Colombia, in the Andes: eruption 1985. 17,720 ft. (5401 m) … Useful english dictionary


These shells are beautifully finished and highly polished. Opalescent blue-green, with a smooth polished front side and a natural shell texture on the back side. Two holes drilled in the center. Sold individually or in quantities of 10.


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NHL 2022 Stanley Cup Playoffs | Series Snapshots – May 11, 2022
On 05/11/2022 By CanucksBanterIn 2022 Stanley Cup PlayoffsLeave a comment
Source: Hockey-Reference.com
NHL Morning Skate: 2022 Stanley Cup Playoffs Edition – May 11, 2022
On 05/11/2022 By CanucksBanterIn nhl morning skateLeave a comment
* The stars were on display Tuesday as Auston Matthews and Vladimir Tarasenko eachled their clubs to comeback victories.
* Adrian Kempe, who netted the game winner in overtime, matched three-point performances by Connor McDavid and Leon Draisaitl to help the Kings head home with a chance to advance to the Second Round.
* Sebastian Aho climbed a pair of franchise lists as the Hurricanes captured Game 5 and continued the series trend with the home team winning yet again.
* Strong viewership numbers continue through the first week of the opening round as the 2022 Stanley Cup Playoffs are averaging 668,000 viewers across ESPN, ESPN2, TNT and TBS, up 42% from 2021 and up 29% from 2019 on cable through the same number of games.
MATTHEWS COMPLETES BACK-AND-FORTH AFFAIR WITH GAME WINNER
After William Nylander (1-2—3) helped Toronto erase a 2-0 deficit to take a 3-2 lead and Ryan McDonagh (1-0—1) scored a game-tying goal in the third period for Tampa Bay, Auston Matthews found the back of the net 5:37 later to give the Maple Leafs the lead for good and a 3-2 series advantage against the defending Stanley Cup champions.
* Toronto, which recorded a multi-goal comeback win in the playoffs for just the third time since 2004 (also Game 4 of 2020 SCQ & Game 3 of 2017 R1), did so against the defending Stanley Cup champions for just the second time in franchise history after first accomplishing the feat against the Canadiens in Game 4 of the 1945 Semifinals.
* Only six players in franchise history have scored more game-winning goals in the postseason than Matthews (5): Ted Kennedy (11), Frank Mahovlich (9), Mats Sundin (7), Nick Metz (6), Dave Keon (6) and Harry Watson (6).
ANOTHER HAT TRICK HIGHLIGHTS BLUES GAME 5 VICTORY
With the game tied 2-2 entering the third period, Vladimir Tarasenko scoredthree straight goals, including twice in the opening 2:31 of the final frame, to register the third hat trick of this First Round series (also David Perron: Game 1 & Kirill Kaprizov: Game 2) and help the Blues push the Wild to the brink of elimination.
* Tarasenko, who became the third player in franchise history – and first in 27 years – to score three goals in a playoff period, is the fourth player in Blues history to register a natural hat trick in the playoffs joining Red Berenson (Game 1 of 1969 SF), Brendan Shanahan (Game 4 of 1995 CQF) and Jaden Schwartz (Game 6 of 2019 R1).
* The Blues forward is one of 10 active skaters to notch multiple playoff hat tricks. The others: Sidney Crosby (3x), Sean Couturier (2x), Jeff Carter (2x), Jaden Schwartz (2x), David Pastrnak (2x), Jean-Gabriel Pageau (2x), Patrick Kane (2x), Jake Guentzel (2x) and Evgeni Malkin (2x).
KEMPE, KINGS TAKE 3-2 SERIES LEAD WITH QUICK OT GOAL
Despite three-point performances by Leon Draisaitl (2-1—3) and Connor McDavid (1-2—3), the Kings extinguished a late Oilers comeback attempt in the third period after Adrian Kempe (2-1—3) scored his second goal of the game 1:12 into overtime to help Los Angeles push Edmonton to the edge of elimination.
* Kempe, who led Los Angeles in goals during the regular season, became the sixth player in Kings history to score both his first career playoff goal and an overtime winner in the same game – the last skater to do so with the club was Anze Kopitar in Game 2 of the 2010 Conference Quarterfinals.
JARVIS, AHO IGNITE OFFENSE, HURRICANES RETAKE SERIES LEAD
Seth Jarvis (2-0—2) and Sebastian Aho (0-2—2) were two of five Hurricanes players to record a multi-point outing, with Aho moving up a number of franchise all-time lists in the process, as Carolina won Game 5 after being tied 2-2 in a best-of-seven series for the sixth time in franchise history. The Hurricanes went on to win each of the previous five instances: the 2021 First Round (vs. NSH), 2006 Conference Finals (vs. BUF), 2006 Conference Quarterfinals (vs. MTL), 2002 Conference Semifinals (vs. MTL) and 2002 Conference Quarterfinals (vs. NJD).
* Jarvis (20 years, 98 days) became the second player in franchise history to record a multi-goal playoff game at age 20 or younger. The other: Andrei Svechnikov (Game 1 of 2019 R1 & Game 2 of 2020 SCQ). Jarvis now has three career playoff goals, second most in franchise history among players age 20 or younger, behind Svechnikov (7).
STRONG VIEWERSHIP CONTINUES THROUGH FIRST WEEK OF STANLEY CUP PLAYOFFS
Through Monday, May 9 (32 GP), the 2022 Stanley Cup Playoffs are averaging 668,000 viewers across ESPN, ESPN2, TNT and TBS, up 42% from 2021 and up 29% from 2019 on cable (NBCSN, CNBC and USA) through the same number of games.
* Turner Sports' inaugural Stanley Cup Playoffs coverage is up 46% compared to similar cable-televised windows in 2021, and up 48% from 2019. Female viewership for playoff games airing on TNT and TBS is up 71% when compared to televised games to date last year, and up 73% from 2019.
* ESPN and ESPN2 also continue to report strong viewership through the first week of the 2022 First Round.
CANADIENS RETAIN NO. 1 PICK, DEVILS CLIMB TO NO. 2 VIA 2022 NHL DRAFT LOTTERY
The Canadiens retained the first overall selection at the 2022 Upper Deck NHL Draft as a result of the 2022 NHL Draft Lottery and are set to host the event at Bell Centre (July 7-8). The Devils landed the No. 2 selection, moving up from fifth overall.
* Montreal has made the first overall selection five times in NHL Draft history: 1963 (Garry Monahan), 1968 (Michel Plasse), 1969 (Réjean Houle), 1971 (Guy Lafleur) and 1980 (Doug Wickenheiser).
QUICK CLICKS
* Jacob Markstrom, Juuse Saros, Igor Shesterkin named Vezina Trophy finalists
* Patrick Marleau retires from NHL after 23 seasons, all-time games played leader
* Devils win No. 2 pick of 2022 NHL Draft at lottery, open to trade
*Jamie Benn fined for tripping in Game 4 for Stars against Flames
* CHEL Intel – May 10
THREE-GAME WEDNESDAY FEATURES PITTSBURGH ONE WIN SHY OF SECOND ROUND
With three games slated for Wednesday, it's the Penguins who have the opportunity to become the second team to advance to the Second Round of the 2022 Stanley Cup Playoffs. Pittsburgh, which scored seven goals in Game 3 and Game 4, can become just the third team in NHL history to record seven-plus goals in three straight playoff games. The only teams to have done so: the Oilers in 1985 (Game 4 of DF, Game 1 & Game 2 of CF) and in 1983 (Game 5 of DF, Game 1 & Game 2 of CF).
* The Penguins have never lost a best-of-seven series after taking a 3-1 lead in one that started on the road, with those three victories coming in the 2017 Second Round, 2016 Second Round and the 2000 Conference Quarterfinals. Pittsburgh went on to advance to the Final in two of those three instances (2017 & 2016).
MorningSkate051122.pdf
Islanders fill 'a need,' snare Horvat from Canucks
Trade grades: Horvat fills a need for the Islanders -- but at a high cost
GLENN HEALY on the NHL, All-Star Weekend, Bobby Hull & the NHL Alumni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Artists Recreate Iconic VW Light Bus to Commemorate Woodstock's 50th Anniversary
Peace, love, and the Volkswagen Bus.
byRob Stumpf| PUBLISHED Feb 16, 2019 3:27 PM
Rob StumpfView rob stumpf's Articles
RobDrivesCars
allthingslow/
It might not be the Summer of Love, but 1969 marked another iconic event: Woodstock. In mid-August, the hippie-ridden crowds flocked to Upstate New York to attend one of the most influential moments of the era's American culture. And at the center of all the people sat Volkswagen's legendary Microbus. Now, 50 years later, the artist behind the painting of the famous Light Bus is recreating the vehicle in all of its psychedelic glory.
In 1968, Robert Hieronimus (now known affectionately as "Dr. Bob") was approached by his friend Bob Grimm, the lead vocalist of a '60s rock band from Baltimore called "Light." Grimm commissioned Hieronimus to paint him "a magic bus" and presented him with a 1963 Volkswagen Kombi split-window as a blank canvas.
The final product was crowned the "Light Bus" and was covered in mystical and esoteric symbols used to represent the generation's musical heros.
In August the following year, Grimm took the bus to a dairy farm in Bethel, New York where the world famous Woodstock was being held. The van sat parked stage-right for three days and two musicians from the band Light, Charles "Ricky" Peters and Trudy Cooper, sat atop the Light Bus listening to artists like Jimi Hendrix, Santana, and Creedence Clearwater Revival.
Eventually, the scene caught the eye of an Associated Press photographer. The photo taken would later be used in Rolling Stone, solidifying the Light Bus' place in history books as an icon of the era.
After Woodstock, the bus faded away into the light. It spent the majority of its days running errands for the Savitria commune in Baltimore before being lost forever.
To prepare for the 50th anniversary of Woodstock, the original artist, Bob Hieronimus, and his team spent six long months searching for Grimm's original van but came up empty-handed. Instead, the team found a 1962 Volkswagen Kombi and got to work recreating the Light Bus through a tedious and painstaking process.
A team of five freelance artists were hired to take on the project, each required to learn the symbolism of the bus inside and out, including the four different writing systems featured on the bus (English, Hebrew, Sanskrit and Atlantean).
"The bus is really about being one people on one planet," says Hieronimus, who is also a symbologist. "On every side of the bus is a story—many stories—and the stories all point to unification, working together and a higher consciousness, which is what Light really is all about."
Over the next six weeks, the team carefully recreated the consciousness-expanding symbolism of the original Light Bus, ensuring every brush stroke matched that of the indigenous vehicle. The final product will be debuted at the 50th anniversary of Woodstock in Watkins Glen this summer.
CultureNews by BrandVolkswagen News


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Sonipat District Court Recruitment 2018 - Sonipat Court Poen Interview Letter 2018 Interview Date Result / Merit List – www.ecourts.gov.in.
Sonipat District Court has released advertisement for filling seven vacant posts of Peon. The offline application duly filled and signed by the candidates contained in an envelope entitled 'Application for the posts of Peon' with attached photocopies of original documents must reach to the address on or before 22.01.2018.
The final selection will be made through measuring performance in interview. The interview will be held by committee officially by the district court.
· Click on the application form link given above and download the application form.
"Application for the posts of PEON" on the top of the envelope.


text:
Why Is the World (Still) At War?
Fall 2015 Query
CHRISTOPHER COKER October 6, 2015
Five Reasons for Today's Missing Peace (and Peace of Mind)
A WW2 poet said it best: The world is still at war because it is not yet ready for peace.
From Aleppo to Kabul, from the Donbass to West Africa, the world is still at war – even if the great powers are for now generally quiet among themselves. Why is the world not yet ready for peace? Let me offer five general observations.
The first is that war itself evolves, and that its evolutionary possibilities have not yet been fully realized (or exhausted). The world's 25 richest states are trying to acquire, or have acquired, cyber-warfare capabilities. Seventy-six states are building drones. This is called 'cultural diffusion' – copying what others do or invent.
Second, different groups and factions today, from ISIS to Boko Haram, are fighting for their own version or vision of the good life. Americans have gone to war for the last century on the peculiar understanding – to quote George W. Bush in 2002 – that "moral truth is the same in every culture, in every time, and in every place." But it really is not. The more than 30,000 jihadists who are fighting for ISIS in the Middle East put their religion first. The West Europeans who volunteered to fight for the Republic or Fascism in Spain in the 1930s put the cause before everything. So too, of course, did the Americans who fought in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade.
Third, while the US often claims to be fighting for humanity, most people fight (and often die) for the tribe. People are hard-wired to be cooperative and competitive at the same time – seeking security in membership of a group, variously ethnic, religious or political. War is not, as some would have it, simply the product of the inability of men and women to see relationships with their fellow human beings. Indeed, war is all about relationships: it is about cyber ghettoes – virtual communities of hate that breed in cyberspace – and also about the young male jihadists and jihadi brides who go off to Syria to fight (and die) for ISIS. Death is a sacrament with the group. One must make one's death, if possible, meaningful for others.
Fourth, the world is at war because people live not just by ideas but also by emotions. Today's conflicts are in many cases fuelled by resentment and anxiety. The countries at peace are the countries of hope – ones that do not need war because of the stories that they tell themselves. After all, if one genuinely believes that the 21st century will be Asian, Pacific, Chinese, or all of the above, then one is likely to feel at no particular risk. By contrast, the countries of resentment fear that they do not own the future. Many of these include the countries of the Middle East, for which the Arab Spring has turned into the nightmare of an Arab Winter. In Russia, the government, at least, is struggling, in identity and strategic terms, to reckon with the loss of superpower status. And then there are the countries of anxiety: consider the West, which fears, variously in economic and military terms, the Asians, the Arabs and the Russians. This emotional mix is highly combustible.
Indeed, in looking at today's world, one cannot help but think of Dante's claim that all crimes are committed out of love – that is, either excessive (lust), or insufficient (envy). This fractured world of fierce emotions is, on this logic, one in which some love God/the nation-state/the ethnic group too much and humanity too little. In other words, this is a world that is fighting not only for the good life, but also for the love of its fellow co-religionists or countrymen. In a recent book, The Worm at the Core, Sheldon Solomon, Jeff Greenberg and Tom Pyszczynski suggest that intimations of mortality are allayed by a sense of community and cultural belonging. And yet, as the authors suggest, people who have responded to death not only undergo a surge of appreciation for their own values, but are also far more likely to dislike the values of other cultures. The logic of war is thus set.
The fifth point is about peace itself. It is what philosophers call a 'contested concept.' The Scottish political theorist Walter Bryce Gallie tells us that if one claims that a picture is painted in oil – rather than in watercolour – then the statement is manifestly either true or false. The statement can be validated by the observer. However, if one claims that the picture is a major work of art, then the observer may well disagree on what constitutes a work of art, and even more on whether that work has any peculiar value. To achieve universal agreement, Gallie contends, would require one of three things: creation of a new meaning for the phrase 'work of art' – on which everyone could agree; acceptance by everyone, even if by force, of a single meaning; or a declaration to the effect that 'work of art' can refer to a number of different concepts – all employing the same name. The latter case, of course, would involve agreeing to disagree.
So what of 'peace' as a contested concept? Putting aside the first idea, what of the other two? To force everyone to accept one meaning has been tried: it is called imperialism. The Pax Romana and Pax Britannica were all very real, but they involved constant pacification. And making the world safe for democracy – the universal American project, or instinct – has not proved very popular either. When the US went to war in Iraq in 2003 there were demonstrations in hundreds of cities around in the world, in dozens of countries.
What of the third principle – agreeing to disagree? This is where we really are today, and it is not always very satisfactory. When I visited Lebanon earlier this year, I found a society that, for all its dysfunction, has ostensibly been at peace with itself since the Taif peace agreement of 1989. But what is that peace? Is it exhaustion after many years of war, or merely the absence of fighting? Or does it mean more – including forgetting the conflict, or even forgiving those who fought it? What most people mean by peace is that they won, and the clear winner in Lebanon is Hezbollah. It follows that the peace that obtains there today will continue as long as Hezbollah finds it useful.
But can we – returning to Gallie's first idea – find a new meaning on which everyone can agree? This seems highly unlikely. Could we claim that a society is at peace when it has striking levels of social inequality (identified at this year's Davos summit as the most likely source of conflict in the future)? Would a disarmed world be a just world if people could no longer fight for justice as they have in the past? Would we value a peace that meant only the renunciation of war? Could we be at peace with ourselves if we saw injustice in the world every day? Would we really have peace of mind?
Christopher Coker is Professor of International Relations at the LSE. His new book is Future War (Polity Press).
(PHOTOGRAPH: THE CANADIAN PRESS / AP PHOTO)
Coming to Terms….
GEORGE ELLIOTT CLARKE October 31, 2018
Can the Middle East Be Fixed?
SAM SASAN SHOAMANESH November 7, 2014
Is the Arab Spring Over?
PETER JONES November 11, 2013
Whither the Afghan Project from 2014?
JOHN DUNCAN VS. DANIEL P. FATA November 11, 2013
Arctic Cooperation Endures – For Now
MICHAEL BYERS October 6, 2015


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55 Obliging Facts about Oxford University
January 12, 2023 January 11, 2023 by Nick
Oxford University is perhaps the world's most well-known academic institution. Have you ever wondered what Oxford University is known for?
Find out below with these educational, interesting, and fun facts about Oxford University in "The City of Dreaming Spires"!
General Oxford University Facts
Random Interesting Facts About Oxford University
Famous Graduates of Oxford University
Religious Figures
Historical Facts About Oxford University
The University of Oxford is one of the most prestigious educational establishments in the world.
Oxford University is the world's second-oldest university in continuous operation, after the University of Bologna in Italy. Teaching at Oxford goes back to at least 1096 CE.
Radcliffe Camera, often considered the center or focal point of Oxford University
Oxford is also the world's oldest university where English is the main language of instruction.
Oxford University is located in the city of Oxford, which is 88 km (55 mi) northwest of London, 120 km (75 mi) southeast of Birmingham, and 112 km (70 mi) east of Bristol. Oxford city is the only city of Oxfordshire county.
Oxford lies on the River Thames, which originates near Bristol, and flows on through London before reaching the North Sea. In Oxford it is often called The Isis, which from an older name for the river, Tamesis.
The University of Oxford doesn't have a campus; the colleges and institutes are scattered around the city.
The River Thames in Oxford
Oxford University consists of 39 self-governing colleges and 6 permanent private halls (PPH). The main difference between the two is that the colleges are governed by fellows (senior members) of the college, while the PPHs are each governed by a specific Christian denomination.
Oxford is home to the world's second-oldest university museum and oldest museum in the UK, the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. It dates to 1683.
The Oxford University Press (OUP) is the world's largest university press and second oldest, dating to 1536.
The 70-acre Oxford University Parks are open to city residents and visitors during daylight hours.
Ashmolean Museum was originally housed in this building on Broad Street in Oxford.
Oxford University offers a collegiate system by which students can study all subjects at each college.
QS World University Rankings ranked Oxford as the world's 2nd best university in 2022, after MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology).
Each college or school in Oxford University is independent with its own internal structure and activities.
While walking around the university, many feel that they're being watched by the eyes on the gargoyles. Some of them look humourous, while others are fearsome in appearance.
Gargoyle on Magdalen College in Oxford
Students at Oxford must abide by a dress code called Sub fusc (from Latin sub fuscus, meaning dark brown) at all formal affairs.
The University of Oxford Botanic Garden is the oldest botanic garden in the UK and has more than 8000 plant species.
The only complete specimen of the dodo, a flightless extinct bird from the island of Mauritius, is found in the Oxford Museum of Natural History. It is called the Oxford Dodo.
There are two Oxfords in Canada (Oxford county, Ontario, and Oxford town, Nova Scotia), an Oxford town in New Zealand, and 21 Oxfords in the USA.
The Oxford Comma comes from the university's press, where this comma is typically used.
Brasenose College is named after a door knocker shaped like a nose.
Some colleges have unusual names like Brasenose College, which is named after a bronze door knocker that looks like an animal's snout.
Grafitti on the stairs of the Great Hall of Christ Church College, says "no peel", probably in protest against Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel (in office 1841–1846).
Harry Potter movies feature a lot of buildings around Oxford University.
While filming Harry Potter, the producers built a replica of the Grand Hall of Christ Church College to be the Grand Hall of Hogwarts.
All Souls College is one of the most difficult academic institutions to get admitted to. Only 80 students are allowed to apply, and sometimes only one or two are accepted.
Punts on River Cherwell, a tributary of the Thames in Oxford
Visitors to Oxford often take part in punting, wherein they sit in a boat in the river, and a guide pushes it along with a pole.
There's a legend that says that the university's Bridge of Sighs was closed to force the students to take the stairs to stay fit. This isn't true, and actually, students take more stairs if they decide to take the bridge from the old to new quads.
There has been talk of Oxford University applying for UNESCO World Heritage Site status, but it has never happened.
Below are some of the most famous people who have graduated from Oxford University.
Oxford alumni King Edward VII, Emperoro Naruhito, Boris Johnson, and Tony Abbot
King Edward VII and King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom are Oxford graduates.
28 of the UK's prime ministers have been Oxford University graduates. These include Boris Johnson, Theresa May, David Cameron, Tony Blair, and Margaret Thatcher.
Several kings, princes, and members of royal families from other countries also graduated from Oxford University. These include King Abdullah II of Jordan, King Tuanku Abdul Halim of Malaysia, King Harald V of Norway, and Emperor Naruhito of Japan.
Many non-English Heads of State and Heads of Government also graduated from Oxford University. These include the Canadian Prime Minister John Turner, Fijian Prime Minister Kamisese Mara, and Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott.
Several Christian saints are graduates of Oxford University. These include John Boste, Alexander Briant, and Cuthbert Mayne.
19 English cardinals and 20 Archbishops of Canterbury have also graduated from Oxford.
Shoghi Effendi, Guardian of the Baha'i Faith, was an Oxford University graduate.
Christ Church college inspired many scenes Alice in Wonderland
Percy Shelley, Cecil Day-Lewis, and John Abbot are among the most famous poets who graduated from Oxford University.
Dr. Seuss, Lewis Carroll, Oscar Wilde, and JRR Tolkien are famous novelists and writers who are Oxford University graduates. Lewis Carroll also taught at the university until he passed away.
Lewis Carroll, the famous author, got the inspiration for Alice in his story Alice In Wonderland from Alice Liddell, whose father was the leader of Christ Church College at Oxford. Many scenes in the story are inspired by places at Oxford.
Dorothy L. Sayers was one of the first women to gain an academic degree from Oxford University. She also set her detective novel Gaudy Night in the all-female Shrewsbury College of Oxford.
Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web, graduated from Oxford University with a first-class degree in physics.
The British actor Hugh Grant graduated from Oxford University with upper second-class honors.
Nigella Lawson, the British food writer and TV cook, graduated from the University of Oxford.
Rupert Murdoch, the media mogul, studied at Oxford University.
Oxford town was built around the year 900, and the name refers to a river crossing or ford for oxen. It comes from the word Oxanforda, which means cattle crossing.
The whole town was damaged and rebuilt after Willian the Conqueror took over England (1066).
Ruins of a nunnery at Oxford
The exact founding date of Oxford University is uncertain, but it was founded by medieval monks for teaching the clergy. There was teaching taking place by 1096.
The university grew rapidly in the late 1100s after King Henry II banned English students from studying at the University of Paris and many relocated to Oxford.
Because of some disputes with the townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled Oxford and started a new establishment, the University of Cambridge, to the northeast. It is considered the world's 3rd oldest university.
After King Henry VIII founded the Church of England, he had most of the books in the Bodleian Library at Oxford burned because they talked about the Pope.
Bodleian Library is the main research library at Oxford and one of the oldest in Europe.
During the English Civil War in the mid-1600s, Oxford became the capital of England for a few years.
The first coffee cups served in England were served in the Grand Café in Oxford around 1650.
Until the 1820s, no new universities besides Oxford and Cambridge were allowed to be opened in England.
Oxford had its own police, the Oxford University Police (nicknamed Bulldogs or Bullers) from 1829 to 2003.
Women were only allowed to attend undergraduate examinations at Oxford after a law was passed by the university in 1875.
Some graduates walking under the Bridge of Sighs
In the past, all exams were oral exams, where students would spend 3 days answering questions in blocks of 7 hours.
During World War II, Oxford University remained unharmed.
In 1989, Oxford University Press' printing house at Oxford was closed, and it has been contracting out its printing work ever since.
In 2008, St. Hilda's, the last female-only college at Oxford, started admitting male students.
The AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine was developed as a collaboration between Oxford in collaboration with the private company AstraZeneca.
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Shedding Light on Deep Sea Oysters
7 November 2008, at 12:00am
EU - An EU-funded study by researchers in the UK has shed light on the evolution of very small creatures living in the high-pressure depths of the world's oceans.
The researchers studied the temperature and pressure tolerance of embryonic blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) to better understand their ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions.
The research was funded under the EU's Sixth Framework Programme (FP6) as part of the projects MOMARNET ('Monitoring deep seafloor hydrothermal environments on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge') and MARBEF (Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning). The findings were published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
Pressure, a physical property affecting molecular interactions and in consequence all biological processes on Earth, has a continuous relationship with depth. The authors of the study explain that 'pressure sensitivities of enzymes, structural proteins and membrane-based systems differ markedly between shallow-water and deep-sea species'.
"It would be possible to estimate that the theoretical maximum distribution depth for the M. edulis embryos is, at least, 2,000 metres for the temperatures tested"
Findings of the study
According to the study, 'Marine species' habitats are often defined in relation to upper and lower depth limits, and these limits are ultimately related to pressure tolerances of the organisms'. The very early life stages of invertebrates living in the deepest parts of the ocean provide these tiny animals with a window of opportunity to colonise new habitats because their depth tolerance range in each stage of development is different.
Temperature is also a major factor in determining where species can live, and tolerance of temperature ranges also varies with the life stages of deep-sea invertebrates. According to the study, this can 'affect the survival and the ability of a species to colonise new habitats'. Temperature affects the rate of metabolism, and therefore larval growth, development and survival.
Using high-pressure equipment, the researchers studied the effects of pressure and temperature on the embryonic and larval development of M. edulis. Theirs is the first analysis of this development along the creature's entire physiological temperature and pressure tolerance window.
M. edulis, the common blue mussel found on rocky shores, is an invasive and successful species that is rarely found below depths of 40 metres. It is, however, a close relative of hydrothermal vent and hydrocarbon seep (deep sea) mussels, which are believed to have evolved several times (with moments of habitat reversals); evidence shows that in the case of vent mussels, there was a progressive evolution from shallow to deep habitats.
The researchers gathered local blue mussels (in Southampton, UK), maintained them in a laboratory microenvironment and induced spawning. The mussels were subjected to a range of temperature and pressure conditions, and the effects noted. The main findings were that pre-spawning temperatures may affect physiological tolerances in the offspring, that decreasing temperature slows down embryonic development; and that successful embryo development was possible from 1 atmospheric pressure (atm) to 500 atm (the maximum tested).
'With the results presented here, it would be possible to estimate that the theoretical maximum distribution depth for the M. edulis embryos is, at least, 2,000 metres for the temperatures tested,' the study reports. It is reasonable, they conclude, to believe that the invasion of the deep sea by M. edulis is possible in terms of pressure tolerances in embryos and larvae. Their findings have implications for marine biodiversity, which is essential for the sustainable development of tourism, fisheries and aquaculture.
MOMARNET and MARBEF together have received approximately EUR 11.3 million in EU funding to integrate biodiversity research as part of a larger effort to support the legal obligations of the EU for the Convention for Biological Diversity, Theo SPAR and Barcelona conventions as well as several EU directives (Bird Directive, Habitat Directive, Water Framework Directive). The MARBEF centre of excellence focuses on the effects of increased human pressures on marine biodiversity, as this will increase our understanding of how marine ecosystems will adapt to climate change.


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South Africa: 20 cases of corruption with COVID-19 cash payments are being investigated
South African President Cyril Ramaphosa has announced a wide-ranging bribery investigation as the country with the world's fifth-largest number of COVID-19 cases prepares for more infections, ABC reported.
It was created to deal with claims of dishonest officials, and private companies plunder a huge pool of money spent on protecting the country's 57 million people.
"More than at any other time, corruption puts our lives at risk," Ramaphosa said in a national address.
He said food for the poor, personal protective equipment (PPE) for health workers and grants for those who lost their jobs after the pandemic were affected by corruption.
South Africa is considered the most prepared of all sub-Saharan African countries for COVID-19, but years of rampant corruption have weakened institutions, including the health system.
In October, the head of the government's special investigation team said that fraud, embezzlement and abuse in the health sector negate $ 3.2 billion a year.
The unit is already investigating more than 20 cases of alleged corruption related to COVID-19 payments.
There are currently more than 434,000 confirmed cases of the virus in South Africa, more than half of the total number of cases in Africa, and more than 6,600 deaths, while a new report suggests that the number of actual deaths may be higher.
In the province of KwaZulu-Natal, the government suspended officials allegedly involved in purchases with an inflated price of up to $ 3.4 million. Personal protective equipment and blankets for the poor.
Early anticorr.media reported that South Africa's special investigative unit (SIU) is investigating corruption in the 500 billion rands aid Fund set up by President Cyril Ramaphosa back in April. This Fund was intended to combat the spread of COVID-19 and compensate for heavy economic losses as a result of blocking.
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Atisha Paulson
Backstage Beauties
New York Fashion Week came to a close on Thursday and left us with a renewed interest in dark, glamorous beauty.
For his fall outing for Delpozo, Josep Font created an enchanted forest from which his precious creations marched forth.
New York Fashion Week Fall/Winter 2015
It's New York Fashion Week and Interview's seasoned gang of photographers are backstage and front row at our favorite shows. Check in daily and follow us on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram for the latest updates.
Wes Gordon channeled utilitarianism in his Fall/Winter 2015 collection more than ever before. The show opened with a series of heavy black and grey looks that, with subtle changes of texture and fabric, transitioned to more delicate ensembles.
Creatures of the Wind
Chris Peters and Shane Gabier's Fall/Winter 2015 collection for Creatures of the Wind was an eclectic mix of peppy bohemia and modernity.
Redefining the Evening Clutch
When Karla Martinez was tasked with curating a one-of-a-kind collaboration for the e-commerce site Whisper Editions, she immediately thought of creative director par excellence Fabien Baron and handbag designer du jour Brett Heyman.
Dirty Pop
Punk rock is a moving target. This is the message embedded AJ Davila's pop-influence melodies and fuzzed-out guitar jams.
Denitia and Sene's Expansive Minimalism
Denitia Odigie and Brian "Sene" Marc do not discuss the meanings of their songs.
Sculpting Derek Weisberg
One of sculptor Derek Weisberg's many accomplishments has been melding these two very different things he's passionate about—hip-hop and ancient Egypt—into unique works of art.
Bear in Heaven Tackles Time and Space
Anniversaries are usually a time for reflection and nostalgia, but as Brooklyn's Bear in Heaven turns the corner on its 10th birthday, founding members Jon Philpot and Adam Wills are firmly focused on the present.
More Atisha Paulson


5 Ways to Gain Your Boss's Trust - Something New Everyday!
Whether you are new in your job and want to make a good impression, you've recently made a mistake at and want to get back in your boss's good graces, or you simply want to put yourself in line for a promotion or better projects, you need to work on building trust. Trust is the foundation of any good working relationship. Without it, you're unlikely to ever have the opportunity for more high-profile assignments, and you're going to struggle to reach your career goals.
Of course, just as in your personal relationships, trust in the workplace has to be earned. It's going to take time. That being said, you can improve your boss's trust in you - and your overall reputation in the company - by constantly working on your own competence and establishing your integrity. Here are some ways to do that.
You were hired because you brought a specific set of skills to the company. Your boss thought you would bring value to the department. Even if you are following through on that process, don't rest on your laurels. Staying competitive requires constantly working on yourself and finding ways to grow and improve. Look for ways to improve your skills. This might mean attending seminars, joining industry groups and participating in educational events or even going back to school. Enrolling in an accredited online MBA program, for instance, allows you to earn a business degree while you are still working, and in many cases, the material you cover in your courses can be immediately applied to your work. Ongoing learning improves your competence, which in turn builds your boss's confidence in your abilities.
It might go without saying, but doing what you say you are going to do, when you say you're going to do it, is a major factor in building and keeping trust. Your boss needs to be able to rely on you to deliver on your promises, so when you are constantly running behind, not completing your projects on time, or forgetting the details, it doesn't inspire confidence. Commit to following through 100 percent of the time and doing whatever is necessary to ensure that you meet expectations. Don't be the person that your boss has to check up on all the time but rather the one they count on to always be reliable.
This doesn't necessarily mean skipping lunch or bathroom breaks or working every weekend, although you might need to put in some extra time now and then. Rather, putting your own needs last means putting your agenda and goals aside when making decisions that affect the department or the company as a whole. For example, when your department is considering a new hire, you might be hesitant to recommend a candidate that has a similar background to yours, as they will be competition for the best projects and future promotions. However, if the candidate is the right fit for the job and can bring new ideas, they are the right one. Work on becoming someone who is known for being fair in their decision-making and who doesn't let personal biases or agendas get in the way. Your boss will trust your recommendations and decisions.
Like it or not, part of your job is to make your boss look good. That means not letting them get caught off guard and anticipating their needs, so they are prepared and things run smoothly. For example, if you hear news that an unhappy client is shopping for a new firm, tell your boss, and don't let them find out when it's too late. Or, if you know that they have trouble with the technology in meetings, offer to take care of the presentation hardware, so all they have to do is talk. Be aware of your boss's priorities and goals, and align your actions and decisions to them. Eventually, you will become indispensable.
Trust in any situation is built on communication, and it's no different with your boss. You need to communicate, even if it means confessing a mistake. Being honest and upfront, even if it means throwing yourself under the bus, will establish trust. But even more than just admitting your mistakes, communicating effectively with your boss means learning how they prefer to communicate and giving them the information they need when they need it. In other words, do they want regular face-to-face updates? Or a will a weekly email on the status of your projects do? Are they one for short, informal conversations, or do you need to schedule time to talk? Learning and respecting those preferences, and adapting to them, will help build trust.
Gaining your boss's trust helps create a happy and productive work environment and can put you in line for promotions in the future - and a higher salary. There isn't a downside, so put these tips into action today.


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TOUR FROM TANGIER TO CHEFCHAOUEN IN 8 DAYS
In 1471, the Portuguese settlers from Asilah and Tangier drove the tenants out of Larache, and once more it remained uninhabited until the Saadi Sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh chose to repopulate it and construct a fortification on the level over river Loukos. He built a fortification at the entrance to the harbor as a implies of control get to to the river. In the 15th century superpower due to their marine consumption, Portugal talked of Larache as the biggest Port.
For a long time, endeavors by the Portuguese, Spanish, and French to require it met with no victory. The Portuguese set up the adjacent Graciosa fortification in 1489. The Kasbah, which was built in 1491 by Moulay en Nasser, afterward got to be a privateer fortress.
In 1610, the town passed to the Spanish, who remained there until 1689, but who basically utilized the ports as exchanging stops and never truly managed the town. Moulay Ismail at last victory by Attack of Larache (1689).
Assaults on Larache proceeded, but it still remained in Muslim hands. In 1765, a French armada failed within the Larache undertaking. In 1829, the Austrians correctionally assaulted the city due to Moroccan piracy. Due to the colonization period, Spain took Larache in 1911 and held it for 45 a long time until 1956.
Entrance fees for historical monuments
Sightseeing Local Guide
DAY 1TANGIER ARRIVAL
After your arrival at IBN BATOUTA International airport in Tangier, where you will be welcomed by a member of our team, and then drive to your accommodation, the driver will provide a brief review of your tour. Dinner & night at the hotel.
DAY 2TANGIER SIGHTSEEING TOUR
Pick up from your hotel after breakfast and depart to discover the beauty of Thr North Bride as Moroccan people call it, The city of Tangier was founded in the 4th century BC by the Carthaginians who made it a commercial town (Tingi). Due to the historical presence of many civilizations, Tangier has a rich history that begins when Antaeus, son of Poseidon, would have chosen to give his wife's name, Tingis ("Tanjah" in Arabic), to a place on the Mediterranean coast.
But it was most likely the Berbers who have created Tinga, the lagoon city. The Phoenicians installed a business counter from Lixus, around the 7th or the 6th century BC. After the fall and the destruction of Carthage, Tangier became Roman and was even declared the capital of Mauretania, Tingitane. Later, during the 8th century of our era, it served the Arab goals in Europe.
Considered by the latter to be a strategic post, Tangier was stormed by Berber troops, freshly converted to Islam, and became Arab for the first time. The city became Moroccan (through the Idrissides), then Spanish, through the Cordoba Omeyyades, then Moroccan again through the big dynasties. Taking advantage of its exceptional location on the strait, the Tingitane Peninsula observes closely, the big European embarkations on the sea, to trade and discover new horizons. Tangiers benefits from it directly, and the great explorers' Ibn Batouta and Leo Africanus describe it as a zone of great riches and peace. Overnight and dinner at the Hotel.
DAY 3FROM TANGIER TO AL HOCIEMA
After breakfast and rest, we will depart to the coastal city of Al Hociema, very well known in Morocco for its beauty and also for the generosity of its people, the trip also will take us through to the city of Tetouan which means "Tears" in Berber. Considered one of the most important cities in the northeast of Morocco, Al Hociema plays a very important role economically. Overnight and dinner at the hotel.
DAY 4AL HOCIEMA SIGHTSEEING TOUR
One of Morocco's fascinating locales, The Spanish troops built houses, schools, and hospitals above the beach, creating the beginnings of the town. In the 1920s and 1930s, the town had almost no growth in population. Its name changed from Villa Sanjurjo to Villa Alhucemas, and the few streets above the beach were still occupied mainly by Spanish soldiers and their families.
The first mayor was Florian Gómez Aroca. Al Hociema has picked up its great notoriety from its liberal and exceptionally inviting individuals conjointly the encompassing excellent normal sites. A Visit may be a must while remaining in this excellent city. overnight and dinner at the hotel.
DAY 5FROM AL HOCIEMA TO CHEFCHOUEN
After having rest and taking breakfast, a journey will take us to the beautiful town of Chefchaouen, which were the stronghold of the Berber tribes launching their raids against the Spanish colonization. Chefchaouen is also a town that inspired some of the very famous writers in the world. Very beautiful landscapes along the way are to be enjoyed while crossing the Rif Mountains. Overnight With dinner at the hotel in Chefchaouen.
DAY 6CHEFCHAOUEN SIGHTSEEING TOUR
After breakfast, a visit to this beautiful town is a must, in order to discover the real beauty that this little town that hides inside the Rif Mountains has to offer. Chefchouen also has a very long history to tell, as in every corner of its old medina there is a story behind every building, from the Moorish and Jewish immigration to the protectorate era. This visit will be conducted by an official local guide.
DAY 7FROM CHEFCHAOUEN TO ASSILAH THROUGH LARAISH
After breakfast, we will hit the road north to the beautiful city of Assilah one of the most coastal towns in Morocco. On this journey, we will drive through the Rif Mountains, and we will pass by the beautiful town of Larach. for a night with breakfast at the Riad/Hotel.
DAY 8TANGIER AIRPORT TRANSFER
After having a great time and enjoying different roads and places in Morocco with us, Your driver will take you from your accommodation to IBN BATOUTA Airport, depending on your flight time, hoping to see you soon


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Vojta Kuchynka
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Composer Information: Vojta Kuchynka
Vojta Kuchynka was born on 7 May 1871 in Nove Straseci, Czech Republic and studied double bass at the Prague Conservatoire with Vendelin Sladek from 1885-91, and composition with Antonin Dvorak from 1891-93.
He was accepted into Professor Sladek's class at the age of fourteen and, on his teacher's advice, remained as a student for an extra year to extend his concert and solo repertoire. In 1895 he was appointed 1st Double Bass and Soloist in the Orchestra of the Czechoslovak Folk Art Exhibition Orchestra and at this time also conducted a number of choirs in the Czech capital. Between 1899 and 1933 Kuchynka played in the National Theatre Orchestra in Prague, becoming Principal Bass after the death of Jan Komers, and from time to time worked with the famous Czech Quartet.
Vojta Kuchynka gave solo recitals until the day of his retirement when he celebrated his 600th recital, and was known as 'the Kubelik of the Double Bass.' He was praised for his perfect technique, impressive harmonic work, interpretation and tasteful transcriptions of classical works. Most of his recitals were in Bohemia or Moravia and one Prague concert, reviewed in The Strad by Miss Windust stated "Alongside the brilliant performances of Frantisek Ondricek and Karel Hoffmann it was the admirable virtuosity of Vojta Kuchynka that made the deepest impression on me." He made the first Czech double bass recording for Parlophon, and Prague Radio broadcast recitals of his music to celebrate his 65th and 70th birthdays.
Vojta Kuchynka died on 1 August 1942 in Tabor, Czech Republic and in 1971, on the centenary of his birth and at the instigation of the Czech virtuoso Frantisek Posta, a memorial plaque was unveiled at his birthplace in Nove Straseci.
As a composer Kuchynka wrote more than 140 works, from chamber and orchestral music to songs, choruses and much chamber music. His works for double bass display the technical possibilities of the solo double bass, alongside the emotional and lyrical potential, and the influence of Dvorak and Czech folk music is evident in most of his music.
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Home The Future Of Money Bitcoin Bitcoin Sudden Surge Pushes Weekly Gain to 40%, and It's Only Wednesday
Bitcoin Sudden Surge Pushes Weekly Gain to 40%, and It's Only Wednesday
By Joanna Ossinger
Skeptics say its unclear how Facebook push benefits Bitcoin
Traders watch technical levels for signs of further breakout
Bitcoin's furious run is starting to look more and more like it did at the height of crypto-mania two years ago.
The virtual currency surged as much as 18% on Wednesday, topping $13,000 for the first time since January 2018, and bringing its gain since late Friday to almost 40%. The digital asset has climbed more than 200% since December, prompting many investors to ignore the 74% drop last year that followed the parabolic 1,400% surge in 2017.
"While I understand the excitement for the community that a company like Facebook, backed by other big names, has launched its own coin, this just feels a lot like last time and we all know what happened then," Craig Erlam, senior market analyst at Oanda Corp. in London wrote in a note. "Perhaps this time the drop off won't be so bad as we are seeing more mainstream adoption but it may be naive to think that it can't come crashing down again."
Bitcoin surges to 17-month high
Its relative strength index, a gauge of momentum, is now within a hair's breadth of the level when the cryptocurrency peaked around $19,500 in 2017.
Bitcoin has smashed through $12,000, rallying like December 2017
Accelerating gains have raised the stakes for traders as they try to gauge whether this month's rally has more staying power than the bubble that ended with a $700 billion crypto wipeout in 2018. While bulls have cheered signs of growing interest in virtual currencies from major companies like Facebook Inc. and JPMorgan Chase & Co., skeptics say it's unclear how those initiatives will ultimately benefit Bitcoin and its peers.
A break above the $12,720 level "will allow for a complete retracement of the 2018 bear market," according to John Kolovos, chief technical strategist at New York-based Macro Risk Advisors, though he noted in comments Tuesday that the rally was "turning more and more impulsive."
The last time Bitcoin rose above $12,000 was in December 2017. It rallied further, eventually reaching as high as $19,511 later in the month, but the surge was followed by a precipitous fall that saw it drop below $6,000 by February. All in all, in December 2017 and January 2018, Bitcoin spent about six weeks above $12,000.
Read More: Bitcoin's Blowout Rally Exerts Pain as Record Shorts Get Burned
— With assistance by Michael Patterson, and Cormac Mullen
(Updates prices. An earlier version corrected attribution in the sixth paragraph.)
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2012-2021 | Austin TX
Client Waterloo Greenway Conservancy
Architect Thomas Phifer and Partners
Landscape Architect Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates
Structural Engineer Guy Nordenson and Associates
Awards 2022 Urban Land Insitute Austin Impact Awards; 2022 Austin Green Award
The Moody Amphitheater is an outdoor music and performing arts venue located in a transformed park in Austin. It serves a dual function as a recreational space and a ticketed concert venue. Carefully integrated with the park landscape, the amphitheater's focal point is a 20,000sf steel canopy composed of alternating layers of stacked I-beams, arranged in a denser pattern over the stage and feathering out at the edges. The canopy provides shelter to a cast-in-place concrete stage and support facility which houses concession, back-of-house and VIP areas.
The canopy's structural scheme satisfies the high stage loading requirements without reducing its sculptural quality. Fabricated steel trusses are carefully concealed within the "cloud" of over 2,000 individual steel and aluminum members, all of which are supported on slender rectangular steel columns. The exposed curved concrete walls of the support facility follow the site geometry and topography. The framed concrete roof structure has been designed to carry the high loading of the canopy and green roof above, while also incorporating mechanical systems and maximizing floor-to-ceiling height.