text:
Genetically modified crops (GM crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering methods. Plant genomes can be engineered by physical methods or by use of Agrobacterium for the delivery of sequences hosted in T-DNA binary vectors. In most cases, the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species. Examples in food crops include resistance to certain pests, diseases, environmental conditions, reduction of spoilage, resistance to chemical treatments (e.g. resistance to a herbicide), or improving the nutrient profile of the crop. Examples in non-food crops include production of pharmaceutical agents, biofuels, and other industrially useful goods, as well as for bioremediation.

Farmers have widely adopted GM technology. Acreage increased from 1.7 million hectares in 1996 to 185.1 million hectares in 2016, some 12% of global cropland. As of 2016, major crop (soybean, maize, canola and cotton) traits consist of herbicide tolerance (95.9 million hectares) insect resistance (25.2 million hectares), or both (58.5 million hectares). In 2015, 53.6 million ha of Genetically modified maize were under cultivation (almost 1/3 of the maize crop). GM maize outperformed its predecessors: yield was 5.6 to 24.5% higher with less mycotoxins (−28.8%), fumonisin (−30.6%) and thricotecens (−36.5%). Non-target organisms were unaffected, except for Braconidae, represented by a parasitoid of European corn borer, the target of Lepidoptera active Bt maize. Biogeochemical parameters such as lignin content did not vary, while biomass decomposition was higher.

A 2014 meta-analysis concluded that GM technology adoption had reduced chemical pesticide use by 37%, increased crop yields by 22%, and increased farmer profits by 68%. This reduction in pesticide use has been ecologically beneficial, but benefits may be reduced by overuse. Yield gains and pesticide reductions are larger for insect-resistant crops than for herbicide-tolerant crops. Yield and profit gains are higher in developing countries than in developed countries. Pesticide poisonings were reduced by 2.4 to 9  million cases per year in India alone and widespread introduction of Bt cotton led to 25% decline in farmer suicides in India. A 2011 review of the relationship between Bt cotton adoption and farmer suicides in India found that "Available data show no evidence of a 'resurgence' of farmer suicides" and that "Bt cotton technology has been very effective overall in India."

There is a scientific consensus that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, but that each GM food needs to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction. Nonetheless, members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe. The legal and regulatory status of GM foods varies by country, with some nations banning or restricting them, and others permitting them with widely differing degrees of regulation.

However, opponents have objected to GM crops on grounds including environmental impacts, food safety, whether GM crops are needed to address food needs, whether they are sufficiently accessible to farmers in developing countries and concerns over subjecting crops to intellectual property law. Safety concerns led 38 countries, including 19 in Europe, to officially prohibit their cultivation.

History

Humans have directly influenced the genetic makeup of plants to increase their value as a crop through domestication. The first evidence of plant domestication comes from emmer and einkorn wheat found in pre-Pottery Neolithic A villages in Southwest Asia dated about 10,500 to 10,100 BC.  The Fertile Crescent of Western Asia, Egypt, and India were sites of the earliest planned sowing and harvesting of plants that had previously been gathered in the wild. Independent development of agriculture occurred in northern and southern China, Africa's Sahel, New Guinea and several regions of the Americas. The eight Neolithic founder crops (emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas and flax) had all appeared by about 7,000 BC. Traditional crop breeders have long introduced foreign germplasm into crops by creating novel crosses. A hybrid cereal grain was created in 1875, by crossing wheat and rye. Since then traits including dwarfing genes and rust resistance have been introduced in that manner. Plant tissue culture and deliberate mutations have enabled humans to alter the makeup of plant genomes.

Modern advances in genetics have allowed humans to more directly alter plants genetics.  In 1970 Hamilton Smith's lab discovered restriction enzymes that allowed DNA to be cut at specific places, enabling scientists to isolate genes from an organism's genome. DNA ligases that join broken DNA together had been discovered earlier in 1967, and by combining the two technologies, it was possible to "cut and paste" DNA sequences and create recombinant DNA. Plasmids, discovered in 1952, became important tools for transferring information between cells and replicating DNA sequences. In 1907 a bacterium that caused plant tumors, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, was discovered and in the early 1970s the tumor inducing agent was found to be a DNA plasmid called the Ti plasmid. By removing the genes in the plasmid that caused the tumor and adding in novel genes researchers were able to infect plants with A. tumefaciens and let the bacteria insert their chosen DNA sequence into the genomes of the plants. As not all plant cells were susceptible to infection by A. tumefaciens other methods were developed, including electroporation, micro-injection and particle bombardment with a gene gun (invented in 1987). In the 1980s techniques were developed to introduce isolated chloroplasts back into a plant cell that had its cell wall removed. With the introduction of the gene gun in 1987 it became possible to integrate foreign genes into a chloroplast. Genetic transformation has become very efficient in some model organisms. In 2008 genetically modified seeds were produced in Arabidopsis thaliana by dipping the flowers in an Agrobacterium solution. In 2013 CRISPR was first used to target modification of plant genomes.

The first genetically engineered crop plant was tobacco, reported in 1983. It was developed creating a chimeric gene that joined an antibiotic resistant gene to the T1 plasmid from Agrobacterium. The tobacco was infected with Agrobacterium transformed with this plasmid resulting in the chimeric gene being inserted into the plant. Through tissue culture techniques a single tobacco cell was selected that contained the gene and a new plant grown from it.  The first field trials of genetically engineered plants occurred in France and the US in 1986, tobacco plants were engineered to be resistant to herbicides. In 1987 Plant Genetic Systems, founded by Marc Van Montagu and Jeff Schell, was the first company to genetically engineer insect-resistant plants by incorporating genes that produced insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) into tobacco. The People's Republic of China was the first country to commercialise transgenic plants, introducing a virus-resistant tobacco in 1992. In 1994 Calgene attained approval to commercially release the Flavr Savr tomato, a tomato engineered to have a longer shelf life. Also in 1994, the European Union approved tobacco engineered to be resistant to the herbicide bromoxynil, making it the first genetically engineered crop commercialised in Europe. In 1995 Bt Potato was approved safe by the Environmental Protection Agency, after having been approved by the FDA, making it the first pesticide producing crop to be approved in the US. In 1996 a total of 35 approvals had been granted to commercially grow 8 transgenic crops and one flower crop (carnation), with 8 different traits in 6 countries plus the EU. By 2010, 29 countries had planted commercialised genetically modified crops and a further 31 countries had granted regulatory approval for transgenic crops to be imported.

The first genetically modified animal to be commercialised was the GloFish, a Zebra fish with a fluorescent gene added that allows it to glow in the dark under ultraviolet light. The first genetically modified animal to be approved for food use was AquAdvantage salmon in 2015. The salmon were transformed with a growth hormone-regulating gene from a Pacific Chinook salmon and a promoter from an ocean pout enabling it to grow year-round instead of only during spring and summer.

Methods

Genetically engineered crops have genes added or removed using genetic engineering techniques, originally including gene guns, electroporation, microinjection and agrobacterium. More recently, CRISPR and TALEN offered much more precise and convenient editing techniques.

Gene guns (also known as biolistics) "shoot" (direct high energy particles or radiations against) target genes into plant cells. It is the most common method. DNA is bound to tiny particles of gold or tungsten which are subsequently shot into plant tissue or single plant cells under high pressure. The accelerated particles penetrate both the cell wall and membranes. The DNA separates from the metal and is integrated into plant DNA inside the nucleus. This method has been applied successfully for many cultivated crops, especially monocots like wheat or maize, for which transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been less successful. The major disadvantage of this procedure is that serious damage can be done to the cellular tissue.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation is another common technique. Agrobacteria are natural plant parasites. Their natural ability to transfer genes provides another engineering method. To create a suitable environment for themselves, these Agrobacteria insert their genes into plant hosts, resulting in a proliferation of modified plant cells near the soil level (crown gall). The genetic information for tumor growth is encoded on a mobile, circular DNA fragment (plasmid). When Agrobacterium infects a plant, it transfers this T-DNA to a random site in the plant genome. When used in genetic engineering the bacterial T-DNA is removed from the bacterial plasmid and replaced with the desired foreign gene. The bacterium is a vector, enabling transportation of foreign genes into plants. This method works especially well for dicotyledonous plants like potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco. Agrobacteria infection is less successful in crops like wheat and maize.

Electroporation is used when the plant tissue does not contain cell walls. In this technique, "DNA enters the plant cells through miniature pores which are temporarily caused by electric pulses."

Microinjection is used to directly inject foreign DNA into cells.

Plant scientists, backed by results of modern comprehensive profiling of crop composition, point out that crops modified using GM techniques are less likely to have unintended changes than are conventionally bred crops.

In research tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana are the most frequently modified plants, due to well-developed transformation methods, easy propagation and well studied genomes. They serve as model organisms for other plant species.

Introducing new genes into plants requires a promoter specific to the area where the gene is to be expressed. For instance, to express a gene only in rice grains and not in leaves, an endosperm-specific promoter is used. The codons of the gene must be optimized for the organism due to codon usage bias.

Types of modifications

Transgenic
Transgenic plants have genes inserted into them that are derived from another species. The inserted genes can come from species within the same kingdom (plant to plant), or between kingdoms (for example, bacteria to plant). In many cases the inserted DNA has to be modified slightly in order to be correctly and efficiently expressed in the host organism. Transgenic plants are used to express proteins, like the cry toxins from B. thuringiensis, herbicide-resistant genes, antibodies, and antigens for vaccinations. A study led by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) also found viral genes in transgenic plants.

Transgenic carrots have been used to produce the drug Taliglucerase alfa which is used to treat Gaucher's disease. In the laboratory, transgenic plants have been modified to increase photosynthesis (currently about 2% at most plants versus the theoretic potential of 9–10%). This is possible by changing the rubisco enzyme (i.e. changing C3 plants into C4 plants), by placing the rubisco in a carboxysome, by adding  pumps in the cell wall, or by changing the leaf form or size. Plants have been engineered to exhibit bioluminescence that may become a sustainable alternative to electric lighting.

Cisgenic
Cisgenic plants are made using genes found within the same species or a closely related one, where conventional plant breeding can occur. Some breeders and scientists argue that cisgenic modification is useful for plants that are difficult to crossbreed by conventional means (such as potatoes), and that plants in the cisgenic category should not require the same regulatory scrutiny as transgenics.

Subgenic
Genetically modified plants can also be developed using gene knockdown or gene knockout to alter the genetic makeup of a plant without incorporating genes from other plants. In 2014, Chinese researcher Gao Caixia filed patents on the creation of a strain of wheat that is resistant to powdery mildew. The strain lacks genes that encode proteins that repress defenses against the mildew. The researchers deleted all three copies of the genes from wheat's hexaploid genome. Gao used the TALENs and CRISPR gene editing tools without adding or changing any other genes. No field trials were immediately planned. The CRISPR technique has also been used by Penn State researcher Yinong Yang to modify white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) to be non-browning, and by DuPont Pioneer to make a new variety of corn.

Multiple trait integration
With multiple trait integration, several new traits may be integrated into a new crop.

Economics

GM food's economic value to farmers is one of its major benefits, including in developing nations. A 2010 study found that Bt corn provided economic benefits of $6.9 billion over the previous 14 years in five Midwestern states. The majority ($4.3 billion) accrued to farmers producing non-Bt corn. This was attributed to European corn borer populations reduced by exposure to Bt corn, leaving fewer to attack conventional corn nearby. Agriculture economists calculated that "world surplus [increased by] $240.3 million for 1996. Of this total, the largest share (59%) went to U.S. farmers. Seed company Monsanto received the next largest share (21%), followed by US consumers (9%), the rest of the world (6%), and the germplasm supplier, Delta & Pine Land Company of Mississippi (5%)."

According to the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA), in 2014 approximately 18 million farmers grew biotech crops in 28 countries; about 94% of the farmers were resource-poor in developing countries. 53% of the global biotech crop area of 181.5 million hectares was grown in 20 developing countries. PG Economics comprehensive 2012 study concluded that GM crops increased farm incomes worldwide by $14 billion in 2010, with over half this total going to farmers in developing countries.

Forgoing these benefits is costly. Wesseler et al., 2017 estimate the cost of delay for several crops including GM banana in Uganda, GM cowpea in west Africa, and GM maize/corn in Kenya. They estimate Nigeria alone loses $33–46m annually. The potential and alleged harms of GM crops must then be compared to these costs of delay.

Critics challenged the claimed benefits to farmers over the prevalence of biased observers and by the absence of randomized controlled trials. The main Bt crop grown by small farmers in developing countries is cotton. A 2006 review of Bt cotton findings by agricultural economists concluded, "the overall balance sheet, though promising, is mixed. Economic returns are highly variable over years, farm type, and geographical location".

In 2013 the European Academies Science Advisory Council (EASAC) asked the EU to allow the development of agricultural GM technologies to enable more sustainable agriculture, by employing fewer land, water, and nutrient resources. EASAC also criticizes the EU's "time-consuming and expensive regulatory framework" and said that the EU had fallen behind in the adoption of GM technologies.

Participants in agriculture business markets include seed companies, agrochemical companies, distributors, farmers, grain elevators and universities that develop new crops/traits and whose agricultural extensions advise farmers on best practices. According to a 2012 review based on data from the late 1990s and early 2000s, much of the GM crop grown each year is used for livestock feed and increased demand for meat leads to increased demand for GM feed crops. Feed grain usage as a percentage of total crop production is 70% for corn and more than 90% of oil seed meals such as soybeans. About 65 million metric tons of GM corn grains and about 70 million metric tons of soybean meals derived from GM soybean become feed.

In 2014 the global value of biotech seed was US$15.7 billion; US$11.3 billion (72%) was in industrial countries and US$4.4 billion (28%) was in the developing countries. In 2009, Monsanto had $7.3 billion in sales of seeds and from licensing its technology; DuPont, through its Pioneer subsidiary, was the next biggest company in that market. As of 2009, the overall Roundup line of products including the GM seeds represented about 50% of Monsanto's business.

Some patents on GM traits have expired, allowing the legal development of generic strains that include these traits. For example, generic glyphosate-tolerant GM soybean is now available. Another impact is that traits developed by one vendor can be added to another vendor's proprietary strains, potentially increasing product choice and competition. The patent on the first type of Roundup Ready crop that Monsanto produced (soybeans) expired in 2014 and the first harvest of off-patent soybeans occurs in the spring of 2015. Monsanto has broadly licensed the patent to other seed companies that include the glyphosate resistance trait in their seed products. About 150 companies have licensed the technology, including Syngenta and DuPont Pioneer.

Yield
In 2014, the largest review yet concluded that GM crops' effects on farming were positive. The meta-analysis considered all published English-language examinations of the agronomic and economic impacts between 1995 and March 2014 for three major GM crops: soybean, maize, and cotton. The study found that herbicide-tolerant crops have lower production costs, while for insect-resistant crops the reduced pesticide use was offset by higher seed prices, leaving overall production costs about the same.

Yields increased 9% for herbicide tolerance and 25% for insect resistant varieties. Farmers who adopted GM crops made 69% higher profits than those who did not. The review found that GM crops help farmers in developing countries, increasing yields by 14 percentage points.

The researchers considered some studies that were not peer-reviewed and a few that did not report sample sizes. They attempted to correct for publication bias, by considering sources beyond academic journals. The large data set allowed the study to control for potentially confounding variables such as fertilizer use. Separately, they concluded that the funding source did not influence study results.

Under special conditions meant to reveal only genetic yield factors, many GM crops are known to actually have lower yields. This is variously due to one or both of: Yield drag, wherein the trait itself lowers yield, either by competing for synthesis feedstock or by being inserted slightly inaccurately, into the middle of a yield-relevant gene; and/or yield lag, wherein it takes some time to breed the newest yield genetics into the GM lines. This does not reflect realistic field conditions however, especially leaving out pest pressure which is often the point of the GM trait. See for example Roundup Ready § Productivity claims.

Combined features of increased yield, decreased land use, reduced use of fertilizer and reduced farming machinery use create a feedback loop that reduces carbon emissions related to farming. These reductions have been estimated at 7.5% of total agricultural emissions in the EU or 33 millions tons of .

Gene editing may also increase yields non-specific to the use of any biocides/pesticides. In March 2022, field test results showed CRISPR-based gene knockout of KRN2 in maize and OsKRN2 in rice increased grain yields by ~10% and ~8% without any detected negative effects.

Traits

GM crops grown today, or under development, have been modified with various traits. These traits include improved shelf life, disease resistance, stress resistance, herbicide resistance, pest resistance, production of useful goods such as biofuel or drugs, and ability to absorb toxins and for use in bioremediation of pollution.

Recently, research and development has been targeted to enhancement of crops that are locally important in developing countries, such as insect-resistant cowpea for Africa and insect-resistant brinjal (eggplant).

Extended shelf life
The first genetically modified crop approved for sale in the U.S. was the FlavrSavr tomato, which had a longer shelf life. First sold in 1994, FlavrSavr tomato production ceased in 1997. It is no longer on the market.

In November 2014, the USDA approved a GM potato that prevents bruising.

In February 2015 Arctic Apples were approved by the USDA, becoming the first genetically modified apple approved for US sale. Gene silencing was used to reduce the expression of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), thus preventing enzymatic browning of the fruit after it has been sliced open. The trait was added to Granny Smith and Golden Delicious varieties. The trait includes a bacterial antibiotic resistance gene that provides resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin. The genetic engineering involved cultivation in the presence of kanamycin, which allowed only resistant cultivars to survive. Humans consuming apples do not acquire kanamycin resistance, per arcticapple.com. The FDA approved the apples in March 2015.

Improved photosynthesis
Plants use non-photochemical quenching to protect them from excessive amounts of sunlight. Plants can switch on the quenching mechanism almost instantaneously, but it takes much longer for it to switch off again. During the time that it is switched off, the amount of energy that is wasted increases. A genetic modification in three genes allows to correct this (in a trial with tobacco plants). As a result, yields were 14-20% higher, in terms of the weight of the dry leaves harvested. The plants had larger leaves, were taller and had more vigorous roots.

Another improvement that can be made on the photosynthesis process (with C3 pathway plants) is on photorespiration. By inserting the C4 pathway into C3 plants, productivity may increase by as much as 50% for cereal crops, such as rice.

Improved biosequestration capability
The Harnessing Plants Initiative focuses on creating GM plants that have increased root mass, root depth and suberin content.

Improved nutritional value

Edible oils
Some GM soybeans offer improved oil profiles for processing. Camelina sativa has been modified to produce plants that accumulate high levels of oils similar to fish oils.

Vitamin enrichment
Golden rice, developed by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), provides greater amounts of vitamin A targeted at reducing vitamin A deficiency. As of January 2016, golden rice has not yet been grown commercially in any country.

Toxin reduction
A genetically modified cassava under development offers lower cyanogen glucosides and enhanced protein and other nutrients (called BioCassava).

In November 2014, the USDA approved a potato that prevents bruising and produces less acrylamide when fried. They do not employ genes from non-potato species. The trait was added to the Russet Burbank, Ranger Russet and Atlantic varieties.

Stress resistance
Plants have been engineered to tolerate non-biological stressors, such as drought, frost, and high soil salinity. In 2011, Monsanto's DroughtGard maize became the first drought-resistant GM crop to receive US marketing approval.

Drought resistance occurs by modifying the plant's genes responsible for the mechanism known as the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), which allows the plants to survive despite low water levels. This holds promise for water-heavy crops such as rice, wheat, soybeans and poplar to accelerate their adaptation to water-limited environments. Several salinity tolerance mechanisms have been identified in salt-tolerant crops. For example, rice, canola and tomato crops have been genetically modified to increase their tolerance to salt stress.

Herbicides

Glyphosate
As of 1999, the most prevalent GM trait was glyphosate-tolerance. Glyphosate (the active ingredient in Roundup and other herbicide products) kills plants by interfering with the shikimate pathway in plants, which is essential for the synthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. The shikimate pathway is not present in animals, which instead obtain aromatic amino acids from their diet. More specifically, glyphosate inhibits the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS).

This trait was developed because the herbicides used on grain and grass crops at the time were highly toxic and not effective against narrow-leaved weeds. Thus, developing crops that could withstand spraying with glyphosate would both reduce environmental and health risks, and give an agricultural edge to the farmer.

Some micro-organisms have a version of EPSPS that is resistant to glyphosate inhibition. One of these was isolated from an Agrobacterium strain CP4 (CP4 EPSPS) that was resistant to glyphosate. The CP4 EPSPS gene was engineered for plant expression by fusing the 5' end of the gene to a chloroplast transit peptide derived from the petunia EPSPS. This transit peptide was used because it had shown previously an ability to deliver bacterial EPSPS to the chloroplasts of other plants. This CP4 EPSPS gene was cloned and transfected into soybeans.

The plasmid used to move the gene into soybeans was PV-GMGTO4. It contained three bacterial genes, two CP4 EPSPS genes, and a gene encoding beta-glucuronidase (GUS) from Escherichia coli as a marker. The DNA was injected into the soybeans using the particle acceleration method. Soybean cultivar A54O3 was used for the transformation.

Bromoxynil
Tobacco plants have been engineered to be resistant to the herbicide bromoxynil.

Glufosinate
Crops have been commercialized that are resistant to the herbicide glufosinate, as well. Crops engineered for resistance to multiple herbicides to allow farmers to use a mixed group of two, three, or four different chemicals are under development to combat growing herbicide resistance.

2,4-D
In October 2014 the US EPA registered Dow's Enlist Duo maize, which is genetically modified to be resistant to both glyphosate and 2,4-D, in six states. Inserting a bacterial aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase gene, aad1 makes the corn resistant to 2,4-D. The USDA had approved maize and soybeans with the mutation in September 2014.

Dicamba
Monsanto has requested approval for a stacked strain that is tolerant of both glyphosate and dicamba. The request includes plans for avoiding herbicide drift to other crops. Significant damage to other non-resistant crops occurred from dicamba formulations intended to reduce volatilization drifting when sprayed on resistant soybeans in 2017. The newer dicamba formulation labels specify to not spray when average wind speeds are above  to avoid particle drift, average wind speeds below  to avoid temperature inversions, and rain or high temperatures are in the next day forecast. However, these conditions typically only occur during June and July for a few hours at a time.

Pest resistance

Insects
Tobacco, corn, rice and some other crops have been engineered to express genes encoding for insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The introduction of Bt crops during the period between 1996 and 2005 has been estimated to have reduced the total volume of insecticide active ingredient use in the United States by over 100 thousand tons. This represents a 19.4% reduction in insecticide use.

In the late 1990s, a genetically modified potato that was resistant to the Colorado potato beetle was withdrawn because major buyers rejected it, fearing consumer opposition.

Viruses
Papaya, potatoes, and squash have been engineered to resist viral pathogens such as cucumber mosaic virus which, despite its name, infects a wide variety of plants.
Virus resistant papaya were developed in response to a papaya ringspot virus (PRV) outbreak in Hawaii in the late 1990s. They incorporate PRV DNA. By 2010, 80% of Hawaiian papaya plants were genetically modified.

Potatoes were engineered for resistance to potato leaf roll virus and Potato virus Y in 1998. Poor sales led to their market withdrawal after three years.

Yellow squash that were resistant to at first two, then three viruses were developed, beginning in the 1990s. The viruses are watermelon, cucumber and zucchini/courgette yellow mosaic. Squash was the second GM crop to be approved by US regulators. The trait was later added to zucchini.

Many strains of corn have been developed in recent years to combat the spread of Maize dwarf mosaic virus, a costly virus that causes stunted growth which is carried in Johnson grass and spread by aphid insect vectors. These strands are commercially available although the resistance is not standard among GM corn variants.

By-products

Drugs
In 2012, the FDA approved the first plant-produced pharmaceutical, a treatment for Gaucher's Disease. Tobacco plants have been modified to produce therapeutic antibodies.

Biofuel
Algae is under development for use in biofuels. The focus of Microalgae for mass production for biofuels modifying the algae to produce more lipid has become a focus yet will take years to see results due to the cost of this process to extract lipids. Researchers in Singapore were working on GM jatropha for biofuel production. Syngenta has USDA approval to market a maize trademarked Enogen that has been genetically modified to convert its starch to sugar for ethanol. Some trees have been genetically modified to either have less lignin, or to express lignin with chemically labile bonds. Lignin is the critical limiting factor when using wood to make bio-ethanol because lignin limits the accessibility of cellulose microfibrils to depolymerization by enzymes. Besides with trees, the chemically labile lignin bonds are also very useful for cereal crops such as maize,

Materials
Companies and labs are working on plants that can be used to make bioplastics. Potatoes that produce industrially useful starches have been developed as well. Oilseed can be modified to produce fatty acids for detergents, substitute fuels and petrochemicals.

Non-pesticide pest management products
Besides the modified oilcrop above, Camelina sativa has also been modified to produce Helicoverpa armigera pheromones and is in progress with a Spodoptera frugiperda version. The H. armigera pheromones have been tested and are effective.

Bioremediation
Scientists at the University of York developed a weed (Arabidopsis thaliana) that contains genes from bacteria that could clean TNT and RDX-explosive soil contaminants in 2011. 16 million hectares in the US (1.5% of the total surface) are estimated to be contaminated with TNT and RDX. However A. thaliana was not tough enough for use on military test grounds. Modifications in 2016 included switchgrass and bentgrass.

Genetically modified plants have been used for bioremediation of contaminated soils. Mercury, selenium and organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

Marine environments are especially vulnerable since pollution such as oil spills are not containable. In addition to anthropogenic pollution, millions of tons of petroleum annually enter the marine environment from natural seepages. Despite its toxicity, a considerable fraction of petroleum oil entering marine systems is eliminated by the hydrocarbon-degrading activities of microbial communities. Particularly successful is a recently discovered group of specialists, the so-called hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCCB) that may offer useful genes.

Asexual reproduction

Crops such as maize reproduce sexually each year. This randomizes which genes get propagated to the next generation, meaning that desirable traits can be lost. To maintain a high-quality crop, some farmers purchase seeds every year. Typically, the seed company maintains two inbred varieties and crosses them into a hybrid strain that is then sold. Related plants like sorghum and gamma grass are able to perform apomixis, a form of asexual reproduction that keeps the plant's DNA intact. This trait is apparently controlled by a single dominant gene, but traditional breeding has been unsuccessful in creating asexually-reproducing maize. Genetic engineering offers another route to this goal. Successful modification would allow farmers to replant harvested seeds that retain desirable traits, rather than relying on purchased seed.

Other
Genetic modifications to some crops also exist, which make it easier to process the crop, i.e. by growing in a more compact form. Also, some crops (such as tomatoes) have been genetic modified to contain no seed at all.

Crops

Herbicide tolerance

Insect resistance

Other modified traits

GM Camelina
Several modifications of Camelina sativa have been done, see §Edible oils and §Non-pesticide pest management products above.

Development
The number of USDA-approved field releases for testing grew from 4 in 1985 to 1,194 in 2002 and averaged around 800 per year thereafter. The number of sites per release and the number of gene constructs (ways that the gene of interest is packaged together with other elements) – have rapidly increased since 2005. Releases with agronomic properties (such as drought resistance) jumped from 1,043 in 2005 to 5,190 in 2013. As of September 2013, about 7,800 releases had been approved for corn, more than 2,200 for soybeans, more than 1,100 for cotton, and about 900 for potatoes. Releases were approved for herbicide tolerance (6,772 releases), insect resistance (4,809), product quality such as flavor or nutrition (4,896), agronomic properties like drought resistance (5,190), and virus/fungal resistance (2,616). The institutions with the most authorized field releases include Monsanto with 6,782, Pioneer/DuPont with 1,405, Syngenta with 565, and USDA's Agricultural Research Service with 370. As of September 2013 USDA had received proposals for releasing GM rice, squash, plum, rose, tobacco, flax, and chicory.

Farming practices

Resistance

Bacillus thuringiensis
Constant exposure to a toxin creates evolutionary pressure for pests resistant to that toxin. Over-reliance on glyphosate and a reduction in the diversity of weed management practices allowed the spread of glyphosate resistance in 14 weed species in the US, and in soybeans.

To reduce resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops, the 1996 commercialization of transgenic cotton and maize came with a management strategy to prevent insects from becoming resistant. Insect resistance management plans are mandatory for Bt crops. The aim is to encourage a large population of pests so that any (recessive) resistance genes are diluted within the population. Resistance lowers evolutionary fitness in the absence of the stressor, Bt. In refuges, non-resistant strains outcompete resistant ones.

With sufficiently high levels of transgene expression, nearly all of the heterozygotes (S/s), i.e., the largest segment of the pest population carrying a resistance allele, will be killed before maturation, thus preventing transmission of the resistance gene to their progeny. Refuges (i. e., fields of nontransgenic plants) adjacent to transgenic fields increases the likelihood that homozygous resistant (s/s) individuals and any surviving heterozygotes will mate with susceptible (S/S) individuals from the refuge, instead of with other individuals carrying the resistance allele. As a result, the resistance gene frequency in the population remains lower.

Complicating factors can affect the success of the high-dose/refuge strategy. For example, if the temperature is not ideal, thermal stress can lower Bt toxin production and leave the plant more susceptible. More importantly, reduced late-season expression has been documented, possibly resulting from DNA methylation of the promoter. The success of the high-dose/refuge strategy has successfully maintained the value of Bt crops. This success has depended on factors independent of management strategy, including low initial resistance allele frequencies, fitness costs associated with resistance, and the abundance of non-Bt host plants outside the refuges.

Companies that produce Bt seed are introducing strains with multiple Bt proteins. Monsanto did this with Bt cotton in India, where the product was rapidly adopted. Monsanto has also; in an attempt to simplify the process of implementing refuges in fields to comply with Insect Resistance Management(IRM) policies and prevent irresponsible planting practices; begun marketing seed bags with a set proportion of refuge (non-transgenic) seeds mixed in with the Bt seeds being sold. Coined "Refuge-In-a-Bag" (RIB), this practice is intended to increase farmer compliance with refuge requirements and reduce additional labor needed at planting from having separate Bt and refuge seed bags on hand. This strategy is likely to reduce the likelihood of Bt-resistance occurring for corn rootworm, but may increase the risk of resistance for lepidopteran corn pests, such as European corn borer. Increased concerns for resistance with seed mixtures include partially resistant larvae on a Bt plant being able to move to a susceptible plant to survive or cross pollination of refuge pollen on to Bt plants that can lower the amount of Bt expressed in kernels for ear feeding insects.

Herbicide resistance
Best management practices (BMPs) to control weeds may help delay resistance. BMPs include applying multiple herbicides with different modes of action, rotating crops, planting weed-free seed, scouting fields routinely, cleaning equipment to reduce the transmission of weeds to other fields, and maintaining field borders. The most widely planted GM crops are designed to tolerate herbicides. By 2006 some weed populations had evolved to tolerate some of the same herbicides. Palmer amaranth is a weed that competes with cotton. A native of the southwestern US, it traveled east and was first found resistant to glyphosate in 2006, less than 10 years after GM cotton was introduced.

Plant protection
Farmers generally use less insecticide when they plant Bt-resistant crops. Insecticide use on corn farms declined from 0.21 pound per planted acre in 1995 to 0.02 pound in 2010. This is consistent with the decline in European corn borer populations as a direct result of Bt corn and cotton. The establishment of minimum refuge requirements helped delay the evolution of Bt resistance. However, resistance appears to be developing to some Bt traits in some areas.

Tillage
By leaving at least 30% of crop residue on the soil surface from harvest through planting, conservation tillage reduces soil erosion from wind and water, increases water retention, and reduces soil degradation as well as water and chemical runoff. In addition, conservation tillage reduces the carbon footprint of agriculture. A 2014 review covering 12 states from 1996 to 2006, found that a 1% increase in herbicde-tolerant (HT) soybean adoption leads to a 0.21% increase in conservation tillage and a 0.3% decrease in quality-adjusted herbicide use.

Regulation

The regulation of genetic engineering concerns the approaches taken by governments to assess and manage the risks associated with the development and release of genetically modified crops. There are differences in the regulation of GM crops between countries, with some of the most marked differences occurring between the US and Europe. Regulation varies in a given country depending on the intended use of each product. For example, a crop not intended for food use is generally not reviewed by authorities responsible for food safety.

Production

In 2013, GM crops were planted in 27 countries; 19 were developing countries and 8 were developed countries. 2013 was the second year in which developing countries grew a majority (54%) of the total GM harvest. 18 million farmers grew GM crops; around 90% were small-holding farmers in developing countries.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) reports every year on the total area of GM crop varieties planted in the United States. According to National Agricultural Statistics Service, the states published in these tables represent 81–86 percent of all corn planted area, 88–90 percent of all soybean planted area, and 81–93 percent of all upland cotton planted area (depending on the year).

Global estimates are produced by the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) and can be found in their annual reports, "Global Status of Commercialized Transgenic Crops".

Farmers have widely adopted GM technology (see figure). Between 1996 and 2013, the total surface area of land cultivated with GM crops increased by a factor of 100, from  to 1,750,000 km2 (432 million acres). 10% of the world's arable land was planted with GM crops in 2010. As of 2011, 11 different transgenic crops were grown commercially on 395 million acres (160 million hectares) in 29 countries such as the US, Brazil, Argentina, India, Canada, China, Paraguay, Pakistan, South Africa, Uruguay, Bolivia, Australia, Philippines, Myanmar, Burkina Faso, Mexico and Spain. One of the key reasons for this widespread adoption is the perceived economic benefit the technology brings to farmers. For example, the system of planting glyphosate-resistant seed and then applying glyphosate once plants emerged provided farmers with the opportunity to dramatically increase the yield from a given plot of land, since this allowed them to plant rows closer together. Without it, farmers had to plant rows far enough apart to control post-emergent weeds with mechanical tillage. Likewise, using Bt seeds means that farmers do not have to purchase insecticides, and then invest time, fuel, and equipment in applying them. However critics have disputed whether yields are higher and whether chemical use is less, with GM crops. See Genetically modified food controversies article for information.

In the US, by 2014, 94% of the planted area of soybeans, 96% of cotton and 93% of corn were genetically modified varieties. Genetically modified soybeans carried herbicide-tolerant traits only, but maize and cotton carried both herbicide tolerance and insect protection traits (the latter largely Bt protein). These constitute "input-traits" that are aimed to financially benefit the producers, but may have indirect environmental benefits and cost benefits to consumers. The Grocery Manufacturers of America estimated in 2003 that 70–75% of all processed foods in the U.S. contained a GM ingredient.

Europe grows relatively few genetically engineered crops with the exception of Spain, where one fifth of maize is genetically engineered, and smaller amounts in five other countries. The EU had a 'de facto' ban on the approval of new GM crops, from 1999 until 2004. GM crops are now regulated by the EU. In 2015, genetically engineered crops are banned in 38 countries worldwide, 19 of them in Europe. Developing countries grew 54 percent of genetically engineered crops in 2013.

In recent years GM crops expanded rapidly in developing countries. In 2013 approximately 18 million farmers grew 54% of worldwide GM crops in developing countries. 2013's largest increase was in Brazil (403,000 km2 versus 368,000 km2 in 2012). GM cotton began growing in India in 2002, reaching 110,000 km2 in 2013.

According to the 2013 ISAAA brief: "a total of 36 countries (35 + EU-28) have granted regulatory approvals for biotech crops for food and/or feed use and for environmental release or planting since 1994 ... a total of 2,833 regulatory approvals involving 27 GM crops and 336 GM events (NB: an "event" is a specific genetic modification in a specific species) have been issued by authorities, of which 1,321 are for food use (direct use or processing), 918 for feed use (direct use or processing) and 599 for environmental release or planting. Japan has the largest number (198), followed by the U.S.A. (165, not including "stacked" events), Canada (146), Mexico (131), South Korea (103), Australia (93), New Zealand (83), European Union (71 including approvals that have expired or under renewal process), Philippines (68), Taiwan (65), Colombia (59), China (55) and South Africa (52). Maize has the largest number (130 events in 27 countries), followed by cotton (49 events in 22 countries), potato (31 events in 10 countries), canola (30 events in 12 countries) and soybean (27 events in 26 countries).

Controversy

Direct genetic engineering has been controversial since its introduction. Most, but not all of the controversies are over GM foods rather than crops per se. GM foods are the subject of protests, vandalism, referendums, legislation, court action and scientific disputes. The controversies involve consumers, biotechnology companies, governmental regulators, non-governmental organizations and scientists.

Opponents have objected to GM crops on multiple grounds including environmental impacts, food safety, whether GM crops are needed to address food needs, whether they are sufficiently accessible to farmers in developing countries, concerns over subjecting crops to intellectual property law, and on religious grounds. Secondary issues include labeling, the behavior of government regulators, the effects of pesticide use and pesticide tolerance.

A significant environmental concern about using genetically modified crops is possible cross-breeding with related crops, giving them advantages over naturally occurring varieties. One example is a glyphosate-resistant rice crop that crossbreeds with a weedy relative, giving the weed a competitive advantage. The transgenic hybrid had higher rates of photosynthesis, more shoots and flowers, and more seeds than the non-transgenic hybrids. This demonstrates the possibility of ecosystem damage by GM crop usage.

There is a scientific consensus that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, but that each GM food needs to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction. Nonetheless, members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe. The legal and regulatory status of GM foods varies by country, with some nations banning or restricting them, and others permitting them with widely differing degrees of regulation.

No reports of ill effects from GM food have been documented in the human population. GM crop labeling is required in many countries, although the United States Food and Drug Administration does not, nor does it distinguish between approved GM and non-GM foods. The United States enacted a law that requires labeling regulations to be issued by July 2018. It allows indirect disclosure such as with a phone number, bar code, or web site.

Advocacy groups such as Center for Food Safety, Union of Concerned Scientists, Greenpeace and the World Wildlife Fund claim that risks related to GM food have not been adequately examined and managed, that GM crops are not sufficiently tested and should be labelled, and that regulatory authorities and scientific bodies are too closely tied to industry.  Some studies have claimed that genetically modified crops can cause harm; a 2016 review that reanalyzed the data from six of these studies found that their statistical methodologies were flawed and did not demonstrate harm, and said that conclusions about GM crop safety should be drawn from "the totality of the evidence ... instead of far-fetched evidence from single studies".

Notes

References

External links

Genetic engineering
Genetically modified organisms in agriculture
Life sciences industry


text:
ADING
Energy Reform Drives Power M&A
HomeArticlesBusiness NewsEnergy Reform Drives Power M&A
Energy Reform Drives Power and Utilities M&a Activity amid Slow Quarter
Asia-Pacific region records largest power and utilities Q2 deal value at US$9.3b
The Asia-Pacific region recorded 31 deals and the largest deal value in Q2 at US$9.3b while China saw the most deals with 86% of total regional deal value originating in the country. This region is particularly impacted by reform, with investors drawn by liberalization, electrification and privatization efforts in India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Japan and Australia. Similarly, reforms in Africa and the Middle East are attracting private sector investment in infrastructure for generation capacity expansion.
Matt Rennie, EY's Global Power & Utilities Transactions Leader, says: "Companies are adopting a more strategic approach when it comes to M&A. We've seen that reflected in innovative financing structures, investment in midstream infrastructure and renewables, the rise of Asia-Pacific and Africa as investment hubs and ongoing corporate restructuring in Europe. Throughout the second half of 2015 we expect to see notable deals to emerge as companies to respond to a changing industry."
Receive your FREE Monthly Issue
What is:
/ Akeela Zahair
Why Experienced Remote Workers Are An Untapped Resource
Articles, Business News
New Microsoft Data Reveals the State of Frontline Workers in Asia
Temasek Establishes the Asia Sustainable Foods Platform to Accelerate the Commercialisation of Sustainable Foods in Asia
Here at APAC Insider, our approach reflects the innovative, dedicated and results-focused culture that has seen the Asia Pacific region become home to some of the most prominent industry-leading businesses in the world.
Playing host to more than one third of the world's biggest businesses and boasting more Global 2000 members – among them worldwide brands such as Toyota, Samsung and Bank of China – than anywhere else on Earth, we are rapidly becoming the region to watch for those seeking the corporate world's next big thing.
Website Terms of Use - Terms and Conditions of Sale - Privacy Policy - Cookie Policy
© 2019 AI Global Media Ltd. All rights reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


David Hockney is proving you are never too old to be part of the iPad generation.
Like a lot of New Yorkers, I only go to museums when I am travelling. It's been a year since I went to The Met, MOMA, or the Museum of Natural History, but last weekend I spent 48 hours in Toronto and had to swing by the ROM (Royal Ontario Museum) to see David Hockney's Fresh Flowers exhibit. It was a work trip, you see, because the 74-year-old artist made these works exclusively on the iPhone and iPad. The images are beautiful. But, more importantly, they also offer a great example of how consumer electronics and a cheap app can alter not only the creative process, but also how art is distributed.
The Fresh Flowers exhibit includes more than 100 iPhone drawings and 100 iPad drawings. They are viewable on mounted devices and projected on screens. Hockney uses an app called Brushes, which you can download from the App Store for $6. Usually he uses his fingers to draw, although he sometimes uses a stylus. Because brushes can play back each stroke, you can watch Hockney "draw" each line of each of the pieces.
David Hockney started drawing on his iPhone in 2008, and he graduated to the iPad when it was released in 2010. The inner pockets Hockney added to his suite jackets to accommodate his sketchpad conveniently fit the iPad as well. He started by sketching the flowers each day and then emailing the sketch to a list of friends. Every image was a perfect duplication of the original, which could then be forwarded, copied, or published online.
Go to the ROM website and you can download "free" copies of select Hockney drawings. Of course, you can just as easily go to Google Images, search for Hockney iPad images and get a far greater number of high resolution images. Hockney seems OK with that.
Hockey's style is particularly well-suited to the iPad: the hurried composition, the bold lines, luminous colors. I'm not saying it is high art. With a Wacom tablet and a PC, a middling artist could create a work that is more refined than Hockney's flowers. Even when finished, the images often look more like doodles than polished works.
Of course, there is some creativity and skill needed—my personal creations with Brushes are elementary at best—and by "elementary" I mean "third-grade level." Still, at the tender age of 74, David Hockney is proving you are never too old to be part of the iPad generation.
You can see Fresh Flowers at ROM in Toronto until the end of the year. You can download Brushes anytime, anywhere from the App Store.
Check out David Hockey drawing at the Louisiana cafe.
NFC: Let the Scamming Begin!
Is the Xbox 360 the Elusive Living Room PC?


Detox and Residential/Inpatient Treatment Services: Many detox and/or residential/inpatient treatments serve only some counties. Some counties have agreements with other behavioral health service regions to share services. If you can't reach a detox program to get more information, your regional behavioral health organization will be able to help. For those with private insurance, contact your provider for in-network resources and coverage.
Outpatient/MAT Providers: Many of these agencies serve only specific counties. If you are not able to find the resources you need within your county, please contact us. We will direct you to resources within your region.
Living with a Compulsive Gambler?
Are you under 21 and need support?
Teen Link offers a confidential and non-judgmental help line for teens, by teens. Teen volunteers receive extensive training to answer phone calls every evening from 6-10. They listen to your concerns, and talk with you about whatever's on your mind. No issue is too big or too small! Volunteer phone workers also have access to an extensive database. They can give you information on agencies serving youth in Washington State. Teen Link is also a program of Crisis Connections.


This book is the result of the first SEEP (Studies in Economic Ethics and Philosophy) conference that was held in Asia. Fist, the Western tradition is reinterpreted and restated by the two editors with their diversified perspective of virtue ethics and communicative ethics. Then, new approaches such as "critical realism", "reciprocal delivery", "evolutionary thought" and "cultural studies" are applied to understand ethical problems in economics. Further, in contrast to the reassessment of Scottish moral philosophy and German Romanticism, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean ethical thinking is examined under the modern perspective. This book does not miss the reflections on current problems around the penetration of corruption and the primacy of shareholders'value in the field of business.


Alan Brown is the recipient of many writing awards, including National Endowment for the Arts, Fulbright, and New York Foundation for the Arts fellowships, and the Pacific Rim Book Prize. His award-winning novel, Audrey Hepburn's Neck (Washington Square Press), has been translated into seven languages, and is currently being developed for the screen. He is the co-author of the Young Adult novel, Lost Boys Never Say Die (Delacorte Press). Alan is a contributing editor at Travel & Leisure, and a regular contributor to Gourmet, Bon Appetit and other magazines. He has also reported on popular culture for BBC Radio.


There are one large image and several thumbnail. One of the tittle is Bernhardt bedroom furniture #4207. Bedroom bernhardt. Resting mclean furniture gallery. Bernhardt auberge poster bedroom set with metal canopy in. Bedroom bernhardt.
Large picture on this page is categorize in bernhardt bedroom furniture.


text:
Home/Adult Non-Fiction (All), Gender & Psychology, Self-Help & Philosophy/Out of the Shadows : The Psychology of Gay Men's Lives by Walt Odets
Out of the Shadows : The Psychology of Gay Men's Lives by Walt Odets
Even in our modern progressive world, it's not easy to be a gay man. While young men often come out more readily, even those from the most liberal of backgrounds still struggle to accept themselves and experience stigma, shame and difficulties with intimate relationships. They also suffer from ongoing trauma wrought by the AIDS epidemic, something that is all too often relegated to history.
Drawing on a lifetime's work as a clinical psychologist, Walt Odets uses the stories of his patients as well as those of his own deep relationships with other gay men to illuminate how these difficulties may be overcome. From a 74-year-old who only felt able to come out after his wife had died, to the boy raised in a strict religious family who worked his way to San Francisco, to the middle-aged defence lawyer who left everything behind to embrace a new life, the experiences here explore everything from grief to survival, childhood pain to the definition of gay itself. Out of the Shadows shows us how a new way forward is possible through learning to accept ourselves and others as they are, and independently inventing our own lives.
'Odets's warm and lyrical voice, his inspiring picture of how imaginative gay life can be, has sent me queuing for the couch.' Evening Standard.
Out of the Shadows : The Psychology of Gay Men's Lives by Walt Odets quantity
SKU: 9780141990149 Categories: Adult Non-Fiction (All), Gender & Psychology, Self-Help & Philosophy
The Uninhabitable Earth by David Wallace-Wells
The Tribe by Caitríona Perry
The Poetry Pharmacy Returns by William Sieghart


Fiat money is paper currency backed by nothing, created on a printing press out of thin air, decreed to be of value by the government. Through a wide variety of historical quotes, foundational essays, and critical observations by economists and statesmen – this site speaks openly to the inherent danger and serious risk in putting all of one's faith and wealth in a fiat currency such as the U.S. dollar, Euro, British Pound or Rouble. Since the creation of the Federal Reserve in 1913, the dollar has become an endangered currency – having lost more than 95% of its value.
Particularly in this time of unprecedented national debt and deficits – and a U.S. dollar in crisis – Monex recommends that individuals strongly consider protecting their wealth against out-of-control paper money creation, devaluation and inflation by diversifying their portfolio to include precious metals – including the real, tangible money that has been a true storehouse of wealth for more than 5,000 years: Gold.
Finally, Monex, as a trusted leader and respected "elder" in precious metals, feels the responsibility to alert visitors to the growing potential for fraud with respect to precious metals transactions. To help protect investors, this site contains details on Monex's "industry-best practices" on buying and selling precious metals as well as important questions every investor should ask before choosing a precious metals company.


text:
Skubiszewski ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Cezary Skubiszewski (* 1949), polnisch-australischer Komponist
 Krzysztof Skubiszewski (1926–2010), polnischer Politiker und Jurist
 Piotr Skubiszewski (* 1931), polnischer Historiker

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Tom Brady collects few more NFL records in Bucs' playoff-clinching blowout win over Lions
Brady threw 3 touchdown passes vs Lions. [Image Source: Tampa Bay Buccaneers/YouTube]
Brady became the first player in NFL history to make the postseason in 12 consecutive seasons.
by ZeeGee Cecilio (article) and Milos Kitanovic (video)
December 26, 2020 at 11:36 PM December 26, 2020 at 11:36 PM
Quarterback Tom Brady has several NFL records to his name that he mostly accomplished during his 20-year stint with the New England Patriots. The 43-year-old Brady continued to collect more records in his first year with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, where he signed a two-year deal worth $50 million in the offseason. Brady added a few more marks in their playoff-clinching 47-7 win over the Detroit Lions on Saturday where he completed 22 of 29 passes for 348yards and four touchdowns in the first half before he sat down the entire second half. Per a report by Jeff Kerr of CBS Sports, Brady's performance was the second time since 1991 that a player had 340 passing yards, four touchdowns, and no interception in half.
The first player to do it was Brady himself, who first recorded the accomplishment in Week 6 of the 2009 season when the Patriots demolished the Tennessee Titans, 59-0.
Tom Brady is the only player in NFL history to play for 20+ seasons with one team (Patriots) and later make the playoffs with another
Brady is also the first player in NFL history to make the playoffs 12 straight times (TEN S. Gostkowski can join in 2020)
— NFL Research (@NFLResearch) December 26, 2020
Brady first player to reach 12 straight playoffs
By leading the Buccaneers to their first playoff appearance since 2007, Brady became the first player in NFL history to make the postseason in 12 consecutive seasons that came in his 300th regular-season game. In addition, NFL Research also said that Brady is the only player in NFL history to see action for 20 seasons with one team and later reach the playoffs with another squad.
Brady also finished the game with a perfect passer rating of 153.8, marking the third time that he has done it in his career. He now joins Hall of Famers v and Peyton Manning on the list of players with a perfect passer rating (three).
Brady has 2 perfect games vs Lions
According to Ryan Ford of the Detroit Free Press, Brady accomplished two of his perfect games against the Lions.
Brady recorded his first perfect game against the Lions in the Patriots' 45-24 win over Detroit on Thanksgiving Day in 2010. In that game, Brady went 21-for-27 for 341 yards, four touchdowns, and no interceptions. Earlier, Brady set a new franchise record for most touchdown passes in a season with 35, erasing the record set by Jameis Winston last year when he threw 33 touchdown passes.
However, Winston also became the first quarterback in NFL history to tally 30-plus touchdowns and 30 interceptions that season.
Brady praises teammates
After the win, Brady praised his teammates for their great effort against the Lions, especially in the first half where they took a 34-0 lead at the break. "We played pretty good in the first half today," said Brady, who rested in the second half as backup Blaine Gabbert took over and added two more touchdown passes. "It was just a great effort by the whole team. I'm just happy for all of us to win the game. It's great to be 10-5," added Brady, per Scott Smith of Buccaneers.com. The Buccaneers will next face the Atlanta Falcons in their regular-season finale.
Follow the page NFL
ZeeGee Cecilio
Expert in Sports. Loves NFL, NBA and MLB, Tennis and Boxing. .
Follow fitzgerald on Facebook
Read more on the same topic from ZeeGee Cecilio:
Brady critic Nick Wright changes tune, calls TB12 'amazing' for his performance vs Saints Bruce Arians: 'I allow Brady to coach, I just sit back sometimes and watch' Tom Brady praised for his touching gesture to Saints QB Drew Brees and his family
Alexander Gates
Follow aleister on Facebook Follow aleister on Linkedin
Blasting News recommends Tom Brady keeps 'bromance' with Edelman alive, makes fun of failed 'high-five' with ref Brady critic Nick Wright changes tune, calls TB12 'amazing' for his performance vs Saints Kirk Herbstreit praised for his classy act towards Ohio State Buckeyes players Bruce Arians: 'I allow Brady to coach, I just sit back sometimes and watch' LeBron impressed with Brady's scorching start as TB12 tallies new Buccaneers' record Tom Brady spends first Christmas Day morning with family in Tampa '90 Day Fiance: The Other Way': Kenneth says his relationship is not acted Video '90 Day Fiance: The Other Way:' Sumit is facing backlash for choosing Jenny Video


text:
Concepts Videos News Motorsports Lifestyle Technology Tires Aftermarket Editorial
Le Mans dress rehearsal for Audi at Spa
10:50 PM PST - 5/10/2010 Written By: Audi of America
· Three R15 TDI cars in 1000-kilometer race at Spa-Francorchamps
· Final assessment before Le Mans 24 Hours
· Le Mans record winner Tom Kristensen is fit for racing again
Ingolstadt, April 29, 2010 – After the victorious test race at the Le Mans Series season opener and a successful 30-hour test at Le Castellet (France) the Le Mans dress rehearsal is now on Audi Sport Team Joest's agenda: on May 9, the three Audi R15 TDI cars will contest the 1000-kilometer race at Spa-Francorchamps (Belgium).
"We will compete with exactly the same line-up at Spa as we will a month later at the Le Mans 24 Hours," says Head of Audi Motorsport Dr. Wolfgang Ullrich. "For the team the race is primarily a dress rehearsal for Le Mans – but it's a final assessment of where we stand as well."
Entries for 52 vehicles have been submitted for the 1000-kilometer race at Spa-Francorchamps including four Peugeot 908 cars. The first meeting of the "factory" teams from Audi and Peugeot with the 2010-spec vehicles is expected with a particularly high level of suspense and should provide a foretaste of the season's highlight at Le Mans that is on the agenda exactly 34 days later.
"There's no circuit in the world on which you can truly simulate the Le Mans track," says Dr. Wolfgang Ullrich. "Still, I do believe that at Spa it's possible to get an idea of where you stand compared with the competition."
Audi's development program for the diesel race sports car that is internally designated as "R15 plus" has been on schedule so far. In mid-April Audi Sport Team Joest successfully completed a 30-hour endurance test at the high-speed track at Le Castellet (France).
"We haven't had such a good endurance run for a long time," comments Dr. Wolfgang Ullrich. "This has completed our durability testing. Now we're able to fully concentrate on the performance of the R15 plus and smooth preparation for the race in the time that remains until Le Mans."
All nine Audi drivers who are planned to contest the 2010 Le Mans 24 Hours participated in the 30-hour test at Le Castellet – including Tom Kristensen who has recovered well from his foot injury and will run in the 1000-kilometer race at Spa-Francorchamps together with Dindo Capello and Allan McNish.
"I did a lot of driving at Le Castellet and had no problems whatsoever," says the Le Mans record winner. "I only felt some pain during the driver changes – but I'm definitely fit and ready for Spa!"
Capello, Kristensen and McNish will drive the Audi R15 TDI designated as car number 7. Marcel Fässler, André Lotterer and Benoît Treluyer (car number 8) and Timo Bernhard, Romain Dumas and Mike Rockenfeller (car number 9) form the other two driver teams. All three cars are fielded by Audi Sport Team Joest, with the R15 TDI (car number 9) officially running under the entry submitted by Audi Sport North America.
Practice at Spa-Francorchamps will start on Friday (May 7). The 1000-kilometer race will start on Sunday (May 9) at 11:30 hrs. Audi has won the endurance classic in the Belgian Ardennes twice with the R8, in 2003 and 2004. In the 2008 season – Audi Sport Team Joest's only entry at Spa so far – Alexandre Prémat and Mike Rockenfeller at the wheel of an Audi R10 TDI finished as the runners-up.
The schedule at Spa-Francorchamps
12:05–13:05 Free practice 1
13:50–14:10 Qualifying (GT cars)
14:20–14:40 Qualifying (prototypes)
09:00–09:20 Warm-up
11:30–17:30 Race (143 laps)
More AUDI
Dynamics in a new form – Audi nanuk quattro concept
Sportiness in a new form – Audi is showing the Audi nanuk quattro concept show car at the IAA in Frankfurt am Main. Its crossover concept combines the dynamics of a high-performance sports car with Audi's quattro expertise ...
Sporty, elegant and compact – the new Audi A3 Cabriolet
Sporty, elegant and multi-faceted – Audi presents the new A3 Cabriolet. The compact four-seater impresses at first glance with its flowing lines and soft top. ...
Audi Sport quattro concept
quattro is Audi and Audi is quattro – the brand and the technology are indelibly linked. In celebration of the 30th birthday of the Sport quattro, Audi will present its legitimate successor at the 2013 IAA in Frankfurt am Main...
McLaren Automotive
Contests / Promotions
Driving Programs
About Us | Contact Us | Website Feedback | Advertising | Terms of Use RSS Feeds:
Subscribe in a reader On the Web:
© 2021 EuroCarNews.com Powered By: Magazine.NET - Online Magazine Software, an iD3 idcubed.com product.


Matt and Keila Stensaas are second-generation missionaries to the nation of Uganda. Sent by Calvary Baptist Church in Marshall, MO they serve with Baptist International Missions, Inc. in the city of Kasese. You can keep up with their family and ministry at their website.


Read Part 1 of How to Become a Pilot, Step by Step here.
So you have figured out what you want to fly. Now let's see how to accomplish this. I will mainly reference the private pilot path going forward since that is the most common choice but many of these steps will still apply.
To recap the steps required to become a pilot, I have relisted them below. This article will cover steps 2 to 4.
Taking an introductory flight lesson will give you first-hand knowledge that you won't get by just reading. You will get a feel for the type and quality of training you will receive through hands-on preflight activities such as checking the weather and the airworthiness of the aircraft. You will also get behind the controls and taxi the aircraft to the run-up area, run through final checklists and takeoff into the wild blue yonder.
You WILL fly the airplane. The instructor will be there with you and talk you through maneuvers and manipulation of the controls (yoke/stick, buttons, switches, levers, etc.). This will also be the time where the instructor teaches you about the instruments and how to use them to get where you're going safely. It may sound like a lot, since it is the first time you are in the pilot's seat, but you won't care because you just flew an airplane!
Now that the intro flight is over, what did you think about it? I'm going to guess that you want to go ahead with training to become a pilot.
Congratulations, you will love it!
With the intro flight behind us, it's time to get some paperwork out of the way so you can concentrate on learning. You need two certificates in order to fly; the FAA Medical Certificate and the FAA Student Pilot Certificate.
An aircraft requires an airworthiness certificate to make sure it is safe to take into the air. Well, so does a person...sort of. All pilots require a medical certificate from an Aviation Medical Examiner (AME) to prove they are 'airworthy' (medically safe to exercise the pilot privileges they are seeking). There are three classes of medical certificates you can get depending on your goals.
As a Student Pilot, you need to obtain the Third Class medical before you can solo the airplane. Solo flight can happen quicker than you think, so it's best not to put off the medical exam. Once you get your Private Pilot license there is no need to get another medical until your current Third Class FAA-issued medical certificate expires. The third class certificate is good for a maximum of 60 months for those under 40 and 24 months for 40 and older.
To find an AME near you, go to the FAA's Find an Aviation Medical Examiner page.
If you already have a student pilot certificate, recreational pilot certificate, or sports pilot certificate, you can skip this step. Otherwise, you will begin by obtaining a student pilot certificate since you need it before you can fly solo.
As of April 1, 2016, you must complete an application through the Integrated Airman Certification and Rating Application (IACRA) website or by paper using FAA form 8710-1 and submit it to a Flight Standards District Office (FSDO), an FAA-designated pilot examiner, an airman certification representative associated with a part 141 flight school, or a certificated flight instructor. The authorized individual will process your application and submit the required documents to the Airmen Certification Branch. Once, reviewed by Airman Certification Branch, the student pilot certificate will be mailed to the address provided by you on the application.
In the next installment of How To Become a Pilot, Step by Step, I will discuss researching pilot schools and finding an instructor to take you through your training.


Locale is a residential real estate brand targeted the out-of-area buyers of Jackson Hole Real Estate.
Know there are many reasons to consider a home in Jackson Hole – From the stunning location to the laid-back lifestyle to the financial benefits of living in an income tax-free state. Locale offers expertise in all three areas – real estate services, financial guidance, and locale lifestyle insight – knowing you're searching for more than just a home.


If you're looking for a solid and sturdy greenhouse in which to cultivate everything from peppers to melons, then the Venus is for you. Featuring a single sliding door which can be positioned to open on either the left or right according to your needs, this greenhouse has an anodised aluminium frame which resists both wear and corrosion to stay bright and clean for longer. The ventilated roof ensures that your greenhouse receives a gentle flow of fresh air without compromising the warm conditions whilst the classic design means it is sure to look lovely in your garden.
Anodised aluminium frame – Which resists wear and corrosion and will look bright and clean for longer.
Classic design – Which will look lovely in any garden, from cottage to cloistered.
Horticultural glass – If there's no threat of flying footballs in your garden, save your pennies with this excellent alternative to toughened glass.
NB: Please be aware that this greenhouse has a raised perimeter which requires you to step over the door frame. It may therefore be unsuitable for anyone of limited mobility – please see our Apollo greenhouse from Vitavia instead, which has a flat perimeter for easy access.
Nice product once made. However it took (no exaggeration) in total 3 days for 3 people a total of 60hrs to work it all out. The instructions were poor and it was an online video which helped us in the end. I don't understand why they don't provide a step by step DVD. If i had known this before I would not have purchased the item.


text:
CRediT Statement
Indexing & Statistics
Double-Blind Review
Special Issue - Call for Submissions: Innovation Paradigm in the face of Earth Systems Governance - Request for New Approaches to Sustainability Transitions and Growth (multi-sector and interdisciplinary perspectives from theory and practice)
At the 2019 World Economic Forum, the Founder and Executive Chairman Klaus Schwab presented the audience with a defining question: "What kind of capitalism is needed to sustain economic systems for future generations?" With this intervention, the notion which prompted the 'Davos Manifesto', a firm's principal responsibilities toward its stakeholders for not just being a profit-seeking entity, but also a social organism, were declared. In view of this revelation the manifesto called for a new measure of 'shared value creation' across environmental, social, and governance or ESG, which set out the criterion and linkages toward achieving the United Nations 2030 'Sustainability Development Goals' (SDGs). Despite the rapid growth of ESG investment funds in recent years, the United Nation's latest Sustainable Development Report (United Nation, 2022) brings to light the mounting challenges resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in the Ukraine, and climate change– a "crisis multiplier" effect, which may well put the 2030 Agenda in jeopardy (UN, 2022, p.2). Such are the existential threats to humanity that transformation of societies depends upon active stewarding of socio-technological change, which scholars have proffered, requires entirely new approaches to designing systems that are more collaborative, inclusive of different forms of knowledge, and capable of working with complexity, values, and diverse human and non- human interests to be effective and supportive of societal transformations (Fazey, et al., 2020). Here, theories of transitions have been developed pointing to the complex, multi-perspectival processes of change across society (Schot and Geels, 2008; Geels, 2010; Hebink et al, 2022).
Globally, leaders of governments and businesses are united in the view that their primary objective must be to stimulate economic growth following the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. Scholars of market and state capitalism theory, however, highlight that the challenge for debate is more fundamental and paradigmatic than just reinvigorating an old capitalism system that has not worked for everyone (cf. Alami, Dixon, and Mawdsley, 2021; Carroll and Jarvis, 2022). Against this economic-political landscape, meanwhile, substantial scientific consensus exists that the emergence of real global biophysical limits brought about by the combined exponential increase in population and consumption, are the causes of significant global environmental threats (Dunlop, Kanninen and Aaltonen, 2015).
So far, the scientific community has been largely unsuccessful in its attempts to persuade government and business leaders to make costly policy changes and limit economic growth. The challenge for all actors in the innovation system is to recognize the emergence of an innovation paradigm built on the expectations of involving societal and cross-functional stakeholders (c.f. Quadruple Helix Model), which will help to align research with sustainable innovation solutions, leading to positive public impact. Moreover, the only way of dealing with such complexity, contradictions and chaos, indeed, coping in post-normal times, requires imagination and creativity to the extent it unleashes the diversity of human cultures in ways of imagining alternatives to the conventional being and doing (Sardar, 2009, p. 9). To this end, science, government, industry, and civil society rely on critical interactions, direct and indirect social, political, environmental, and economical influences, and the assumptions made to inform strategic, tactical, and practical innovation decisions. Additionally, the volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity (VUCA) of the world (environment) poses new challenges for all organizations to anticipate and analyse possible new situations that have emerged or may arise in the future (Buehring and Liedtka, 2018).
Fundamentally, with the Environment in a steep state of decline, such that no strategic planner in any type of enterprise worldwide can afford to dismiss it, new innovation strategies are needed in topics such as emissions, water, human rights, diversity, and ethics. In business these concerns intersect with energy, raw materials, logistics, supply chain, work force, finance, plus ESG as part of financial reporting. EU regulation, national policies and financial markets drive the change and transformation together with global commitments to the Paris Agreement. Global initiatives SDG, TCFD, CDP, SBTi and others draw our attention, too.
With an undeniable sense of urgency to bring into being an innovation paradigm in the face of just Earth Systems Governance, we have entitled the JIM Special issue Request for New Approaches to Sustainability and Growth:
This special issue:
Encourages both conceptual, imaginative, and empirical work from multiple perspectives in the context of sustainable innovation, design, transitions studies and strategic foresight thinking and practices (processes, methodologies, methods, strategies, and futures).
Welcomes interdisciplinary research that integrates several aspects into the strategic innovation process, and sustainability by design; this may include transitions studies, systems thinking, complexity research, futures research, capability building, environmental sustainability technologies, model-based sustainable product development approaches, and tools that address the wider inclusions of environmental, social, economic consequences.
Recognizes the critical leverage points in the form of technology evolutions, emerging new technologies, changing market demands, collective consciousness toward the environmental impacts of consumerism and energy consumption, and the need for increased collaborations between governments, scientists, civic society, and innovators – collectively learning about the intractable challenges ahead.
Seeks new evidence-based approaches and productive forms of collaboration and interaction between science, policy and government, industry, and civil society (Quadruple Helix Innovation Systems).
Includes within the call invitations to submit a range of formats such as short positioning papers, future scenarios or creative visions from academia and industry, illuminating transition concepts and case studies substantiating the 'New Approaches for Sustainability and Growth' – at the heart of our inquiry.
Considering the above perspectives, our 'call for papers' centres on the broader topic of sustainability within innovation and transition management processes in both public and private organizations.
Suggested topics for this special issue may include:
Development strategies and practices based on direct and indirect social, political, environmental, and economical influences, and the assumptions made to inform strategic, tactical, and practical innovation decisions (cf. Vollenbrock, 2002) and mindful of questions of ethics and equity.
Transition design and design for sustainability (cf. Irwin, 2015; Ceschin and
Gaziulusoy, 2020) proposing approaches, frameworks, and methodologies to advance societal transitions.
Strategic design and innovation capabilities to anticipate possible new situations that have emerged or may arise in the future (cf. Buehring and Liedtka, 2018).
Decision-making environment considering the overall boundary conditions and interactions of systems and between actors, the models currently in use to provide the best data support possible, and what influence the human factor plays in analysing the data and the consequent innovations based on it (Dunlop, Kanninen and Aaltonen, 2015; Kranabitl, et al. 2021).
Future forms of policy development, citizen participation and social experimentation to enable transitions to sustainable design and innovations (Fischer and Clausen, 2016; Li et al., 2021; Kimbell, et al., 2022).
Such complex global sustainability challenges cannot be solved by new technology and governance alone; they require policy coherence between industry, science, and policy actors to communicate shared perspectives of a future committed to public goals, and broad cultural Innovation needs must go beyond economic objectives to improve quality of life as well as the environment (Barile et. al. 2018; Berners-Lee, 2021; Buehring and Borja de Mozota, 2022; Dhiman and Marques 2016; Fazey. et al., 2020; Johnsson and Wilkinson, 2020; Vollenbrock, 2002; Wamsler and Brink, 2018).
Special Issue Guest Editors: Joern Buehring (HKPOLYU), Mika Aaltonen (SNG Finland), Lucy Kimbell (UAL UK).
Corresponding Author (if you have any questions) – joern.buehring@polyu.edu.hk
Submissions should follow JIM guidelines and should be done through the platform, www.open-jim.org
Jörn Bühring is a Ph.D. and Assistant Professor at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, School of Design, where he is advancing a research culture that is cooperative, innovative, and highly impact focused. This collaborative approach (cf. Design Economy, Ignite Innovation, Executive Leadership Education) brings together academia, industry, and policy stakeholders (cf. Triple Helix) to develop high-impact design knowledge, concepts, and forward-looking solutions. His research explores Design Foresight, Vision and Fiction techniques as emerging processes within strategic decision-making, Strategic Design, Entrepreneurship, and Innovation Management. A full member of the "World Futures Studies Federation" (www.wfsf.org), he also holds an honorary Adjunct Associate Professor position within the College of Business at RMIT University in Australia, a Program Advisory Board Member position at the College of Business, Abu Dhabi University, UAE, and Scientific Council Member at the Alternative Planetary Futures Institute (ApFi) in Washington DC., USA.
Mika Aaltonen is a Ph.D. (Econ.), Associate Professor (Foresight and Complexity), Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, Editorial Board Member of European Foresight Journal, Editorial Board Member of E:CO (Emergence: Complexity and Organisations journal), and Co-Founder of Sustainable Nation Group. He has written 16 books and several articles about foresight, complexity and societal change. Amongst them are The Third Lens (Routledge), Robustness – Anticipatory and Adaptive Human Systems (Emergent Publications), The Renaissance Society (McGraw-Hill, with Danish futurist Rolf Jensen) and Crossroads – Transformations on the Road to 2040 (with American analyst Michael Loescher). Mika has also worked as visiting researcher at the London School of Economics (UK), the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (France) and the Gregorian University (Italy).
Lucy Kimbell (PhD) is a strategic designer and academic. She is Professor of Contemporary Design Practices at Central Saint Martins, University of the Arts London (UAL) where she researches social design, design thinking and design for public policy. She has been a co-investigator on projects exploring the potential and implications of AI for professional services and smart regulation and previously held an Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) fellowship in Policy Lab, in the UK Civil Service. She currently leads a doctoral studentship programme between UAL and Kings College London at the intersection of design and public policy and convenes the Design and Policy Network funded by the AHRC. Her Service Innovation Handbook (2014) drew on her teaching of design thinking on the MBA at Said Business School, University of Oxford between 2006-2019 and where she was on the faculty between 2005-2010.
Barile, S., Pellicano, M., & Polese, F. (Eds.). (2018). Social dynamics in a systems perspective. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Berners-Lee, M. (2021). There Is No Planet B: A Handbook for the Make Or Break Years-Updated Edition. Cambridge University Press.
Buehring, J. H., & Liedtka, J. (2018). Embracing systematic futures thinking at the intersection of Strategic Planning, Foresight and Design. Journal of innovation management, 6(3), 134-152.
Buehring, J., & Borja de Mozota, B. (2022). System Driven Design Industry: The Challenge Towards a Collective Vision for All Stakeholders in Design. In Congress of the International Association of Societies of Design Research (pp. 98-110). Springer, Singapore.
Ceschin, F., & Gaziulusoy, İ. (2020) Design for Sustainability: A Multi-level Framework from Products to Socio-technical Systems: Routledge.
Dunlop, I., Kanninen, T., & Aaltonen, M. (2015). Manifesto for a Sustainable Planet. Transforming Global Emergency to Opportunity and Action. Available online: https://globalcrisisnow. org/manifesto/(accessed on 6 July 2021).
Fazey, I., Schäpke, N., Caniglia, G., Hodgson, A., Kendrick, I., Lyon, C., ... & Saha, P. (2020). Transforming knowledge systems for life on Earth: Visions of future systems and how to get there. Energy Research & Social Science, 70, 101724.
Fichter, K., & Clausen, J. (2016). Diffusion dynamics of sustainable innovation-insights on diffusion patterns based on the analysis of 100 sustainable product and service innovations. Journal of Innovation Management, 4(2), 30-67.
Geels, F. (2010) 'Ontologies, socio-technical transitions (to sustainability), and the multi-level perspective', Research Policy, 39: 495–510.
Hebinck, A., Diercks, G., von Wirth, T. et al. An actionable understanding of societal transitions: the X-curve framework. Sustain Sci 17, 1009–1021 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021- 01084-w
Irwin, T. (2015) Transition Design: A Proposal for a New Area of Design Practice, Study, and Research. Design and Culture, 7(2), 229-246.
Kimbell, L., Richardson, L., Mazé, R., and Durose, C. (2022) Design for public policy: Embracing uncertainty and hybridity in mapping future research, in Lockton, D., Lenzi, S., Hekkert, P., Oak, A., Sádaba, J., Lloyd, P. (eds.), DRS2022: Bilbao, 25 June - 3 July, Bilbao, Spain. https://doi.org/10.21606/drs.2022.303
Kranabitl, P., Faustmann, C., & Hick, H. (2021). Decision Making for Sustainable Technical Applications with the SMH Approach. Sustainability, 13(16), 8702.
Li, C, Rausell, P., Morelli, N. and Simeone, L. (2021) Designscapes: White paper on design enabled innovation in Europe. Florence: Anci Toscana Associazione.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), World Investment Report, 2021, https://unctad.org/webflyer/world-investment-report-2021
Sardar, Z. (2010). Welcome to postnormal times. Futures, 42(5), 435-444.
Schot, J. and Geels, F.W. (2008) 'Strategic niche management and sustainable innovation journeys: theory, findings, research agenda, and policy', Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 20 (5), pp. 537–554.
Vollenbroek, F. A. (2002). Sustainable development and the challenge of innovation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 10(3), 215-223.
Wamsler, C., & Brink, E. (2018). Mindsets for sustainability: Exploring the link between mindfulness and sustainable climate adaptation. Ecological Economics, 151, 55-61.
Notice: The Articles Content is of the Author's exclusive responsibility.
JIM: Journal of Innovation Management
The International Journal on Multidisciplinary Approaches on Innovation
Owner: Associação Journal of Innovation Management
DOI: 10.24840/2183-0606


Although the improvements involving materials and construction are long and noticeable, the F50 now also sports a very new look. The 3 stripes run horizontally from the instep and outside of the boot towards the toebox and the look has made it seem a lot less like an American football cleat and makes the boot look sharp (whereas the last adiZero made many think of the "other" football boots). Despite the Samba collection of F50's having some vibrant colors on the collar and the tongue, it still gives it a good overall look and the blue or orange option will appeal to a large group of adiZero fans. I also enjoy the large branding on the heel that every brand seems to be moving towards, but that aspect will definitely have a split opinion. The SpeedFoil on the back half of the boot looks better in person, but it gave me the impression (both in looks and while touching it) of a mesh covered with a layer of dried hot glue…definitely an interesting creation from adidas.
The F50 has continued to be the ultimate in "barefoot" touch on the ball and the change to HybridTouch over the previous synthetic only increases the feel. There is not a boot with a touch that is more pure on the ball and the new upper has (somehow) only increased the amount of fun that the F50 is when dribbling the ball. Shooting is very straightforward with the new adiZero as there are zero elements involved with the upper that will affect your shooting. Striking the ball feels great, but anyone making their first foray into the F50 should know that there will be a bit of a learning curve as the lack of padding means you feel every strike (and ever rogue stud from an opponent's boot).
If you are looking for immaculate feel on the ball then the newest F50 should quickly become one of your best options. The tongue is a thin synthetic and has no padding behind it, which help make the touch uniform across the boot but it certainly will not keep your foot safe from lace-bit if you tie your laces a little too tight before the boot is broken in. The HyrbidTouch upper extends to all portions of the boot that you will be using for addressing the ball, so that should prevent any worries about how the SpeedFoil feels on the ball. One last note would be the use of what adidas are calling "DribbleTex" that they have placed around where the Lethal Zones boot would have the "Sweet Spot" zone. All it is is some slight texture that is meant to aid in ball control, which it does seem to do. However, the level of grip is not so much that it will take too much getting used to. Yet again, it may seem like another miniscule improvement, but it adds up to create a great complete product.
In the past, breaking in the F50 was painful and the comfort (even after break-in) never was something worth mentioning. However, the shift to a new upper material and with the suede-like material lining the inside of the forefoot the adiZero finally has achieved a very high level of comfort. The break-in is a much smoother ride than with the predecessors to this boot and the slight changes by adidas have also led to a better fit in the ankle…definitely making you feel like your feet are much more secure and that your ankles are a lot less likely to roll.
The new stud configuration in the forefoot (the back four studs have not changed from the older F50's) does feel like a genuine improvement as well! The shift to smaller triangular blades seems to aid in the traction that you would want from such a lightweight boot. It also has helped evenly spread the pressure in this region and has only aided in the general comfort of this boot. One small note is the addition of a small nub at the very tip of the soleplate. Although Nike has flirted with this type of thing in the past, the piece on the F50 does seem like it helps out a bit as you dig your toe in to push off and it should aid in the overall traction. My only concern is that referees that have been in the game for a while might confuse it for a toe-stud and tell the player that the boot is not allowed to be used in a game. Hopefully, this will not be an issue and we can continue to label it as a positive change from the German boot makers.
Without a doubt, this is the best F50 that adidas have ever released. The listed weight (5.3 oz) is amazingly impressive considering that it truly feels that adidas have added to the boot instead of taking materials away, while the comfort of this F50 shows that you do not have to sacrifice comfort for weight. In all actuality, this will end up being the first F50 that I can genuinely recommend to other players and it has really impressed here at the Instep. While it may not have won the speed boot "war," the newest F50 has definitely shown that adidas are still one of the best in the business.
SIZING: True to size, but if you are scared of it being too tight, then ordering a half size too big should not create too much of a problem.
Nice boots. I have tried them on at my local soccer shop and I must say that they are truly comfortable from out of the box. My main gripe with and light weight boot is the lack of any decent protection. Personally even though I loved dribbling with my past F50s, I was always left with very deep contusions whenever I was cleated by an opposing players boot. I think for now I will stay with my K-leather Diadora options!