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Ian Macfarlane To Retire From Parliament At Election
Ian Macfarlane, the LNP member for Groom in Queensland and former minister in the Abbott and Howard governments, is to retire from parliament at the election due this year.
Macfarlane has been the member for Groom since 1998. He was Minister for Small Business and then Minister for Industry, Tourism and Resources in the Howard government, from 2001 until its defeat in 2007.
Macfarlane was again Minister for Industry and then Minister for Industry and Science in the Abbott government from 2013, until Malcolm Turnbull replaced Abbott last September. Macfarlane agreed to step down from the ministry to allow Turnbull to promote new blood. [Read more…]
Filed Under: Liberal National Party, Liberal Party, Members, Turnbull Tagged With: Groom, Ian MacFarlane, retirement
First Turnbull Ministry Announced; More Women Into Cabinet, Abbott Supporters Axed
Malcolm Turnbull has announced the composition of his ministry, five days after being sworn in as prime minister.
As expected, Joe Hockey has been replaced as Treasurer by Scott Morrison. Hockey is expected to be appointed Ambassador to the United States, replacing former Labor leader Kim Beazley in the new year.
Five women will be in the Cabinet, an increase of three. Senator Maris Payne becomes Defence Minister, whilst Senator Michaelia Cash will be the Minister for Women. They will be joined by Kelly O'Dwyer as Assistant Treasurer and Minister for Small Business.
Turnbull has sacked a number of Abbott supporters. The most prominent casualties are Defence Minister Kevin Andrews and the Senate leader and Workplace Relations Minister Eric Abetz.
Small Business Minister Bruce Billson has been left out of the ministry, as has Industry Minister Ian Macfarlane. The Special Minister of State, Senator Michael Ronaldson, has also been dropped.
This is the official list of ministers released by the Prime Minister's office:
15-09-20_first-turnbull-ministry
Filed Under: Liberal Party, Ministries, Turnbull Tagged With: Bruce Billson, Eric Abetz, Ian MacFarlane, Kelly O'Dwyer, Kevin Andrews, Marise Payne, Michael Ronaldson, Michaelia Cash, Scott Morrison
Government Announces Industry Innovation And Competitiveness Agenda
The Federal Government today announced an Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda.
Speaking at a press conference in Canberra, the Prime Minister, Tony Abbott and the Minister for Industry, Ian Macfarlane, announced a series of measures to life apprenticeship rates and encourage employee share ownership. The plan also aims to promote science and technology skills in school, reform the 457 visas programme, and establish Industry Growth Centres.
Listen to the joint press conference with Tony Abbott and Ian Macfarlane (37m – transcript below)
Watch Abbott and Macfarlane (37m)
Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda
Industry Growth Centres
Employee Share Schemes (ESS)
International Standards and Risk Assessments
Significant Investor Visa
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
Vocational Education and Training (VET)
Statement from Ian Macfarlane, Minister for Industry.
Strengthening Australia's competitiveness is the key to our future prosperity. [Read more…]
Filed Under: Abbott, Audio, Industry-Innovation, Video Tagged With: competitiveness agenda, Ian MacFarlane, innovation, Tony Abbott
Australian Car Industry Dies: Toyota To End Local Production By End Of 2017
Toyota has announced that it will end vehicle and engine production in Australia by the end of 2017.
The announcement marks the formal death of the Australian car manufacturing industry. A product of post-war economic development, the automotive industry at its peak included manufacturing plants operated by General Motors Holden, Ford, Toyota, Nissan and Mitsubishi.
Toyota says "various negative factors such as an extremely competitive market and a strong Australian dollar, together with forecasts of a reduction in the total scale of vehicle production in Australia, have forced us to make this painful decision". [Read more…]
Filed Under: Audio, Cars, Manufacturing Tagged With: Akio Toyoda, Bill Shorten, cars, Denis Napthine, Ian MacFarlane, manufacturing, Max Yasuda, Toyota
Abbott Offers $100 Million Employment Fund For Car Workers
In the aftermath of the announced departures of Ford and Holden, Prime Minister Tony Abbott today announced a $100 million employment fund for Victoria and South Australia.
Details of the assistance package won't be decided until the second half of 2014 but Abbott said the money would be spent on "economically responsible" projects.
The federal government will provide $60 million whilst Victoria and South Australia will each contribute $12 million. Holden will be asked to provide $20 million. [Read more…]
Filed Under: Abbott, Audio, Cars, Manufacturing Tagged With: Ford, Holden, Ian MacFarlane, manufacturing, Tony Abbott, Toyota
GMH To Close Australian Manufacturing Operations In 2017: Official
General Motors has announced that it will discontinue vehicle and engine manufacturing in Australia by the end of 2017, bringing to an end 60 years of making the iconic Holden car.
The official announcement from General Motors says it will "transition to a national sales company in Australia and New Zealand".
The decision will affect approximately 2,900 positions over the next four years, 1,600 in South Australia and 1,300 in Victoria.
The announcement cited the value of the Australian dollar as a chief reason for the decision. "The appreciation of the currency alone means that at the Australian dollar's peak, making things in Australia was 65 percent more expensive compared to just a decade earlier."
News of the General Motors decision was announced by the Victorian Premier, Denis Napthine, during Question Time. In Federal Parliament, the Opposition moved a motion criticising the government over the loss of jobs.
Treasurer Joe Hockey accused the Opposition of confected outrage and hypocrisy over Holden's decision. He said global car manufacturers were moving operations to locations where production costs are cheaper. He pointed out that former Prime Minister Paul Keating, who as Treasurer floated the dollar in 1983, is to address the Labor Caucus tomorrow.
In Parliament yesterday, Hockey made a spirited demand that Holden announce its intentions. His remarks received front page treatment today, as shown below.
Text of a statement from General Motors.
GM to Transition to a National Sales Company in Australia and New Zealand
Company to cease manufacturing in Australia by 2017
DETROIT – As part of its ongoing actions to decisively address the performance of its global operations, General Motors today announced it would transition to a national sales company in Australia and New Zealand. The company also said it would discontinue vehicle and engine manufacturing and significantly reduce its engineering operations in Australia by the end of 2017. [Read more…]
Filed Under: Abbott, Cars, VIC, Video Tagged With: Denis Napthine, Financial Review, General Motors, GMH, Holden, Ian MacFarlane, Jay Weatherill, Joe Hockey, manufacturing
Reserve Bank Raises Interest Rates 0.25%
The Reserve Bank of Australia has increased the cash rate by 25 basis points to 6%.
Widely predicted, the 0.25% increase in interest rates is the third rise since the re-election of the Howard government in 2004.
This is the statement from the Governor of the Reserve Bank, Ian Macfarlane.
Following a decision taken by the Board at its meeting yesterday, the Bank will be operating in the money market this morning to increase the cash rate by 25 basis points, to 6.0 per cent. The decision reflects the Board's assessment that economic activity remains strong and that inflation pressures have increased.
Growth of the Australian economy is taking place against the background of strong international conditions. The world economy is in its fourth successive year of above-average growth, and official and private-sector forecasts are that this will continue next year, despite some moderation in the United States. The general strength of the global economy has been reflected in further increases in commodity prices since the start of the year. These increases have been broadly based and are adding to the growth in Australia's national income and spending.
Despite regional differences, most indicators suggest that demand and output in Australia have strengthened over recent months. A favourable business climate, strong profitability and high levels of capacity usage are contributing to rapid growth in investment spending. Even with moderate growth in household spending, this has underpinned a solid rate of expansion in domestic demand and a pick-up in employment over recent months.
Strong demand for finance over the past few months indicates that households and businesses have continued to find it attractive to borrow at recently prevailing interest rates. Compression of lending margins over recent years has contributed to a lowering of borrowing costs relative to the cash rate. This has meant that although the cash rate has recently been slightly above its average for the low-inflation period since 1993, interest rates paid by borrowers have remained below average.
The growth of demand, against the background of an economy operating with limited spare capacity, has contributed to increased inflationary pressures this year, and businesses report that labour market conditions are tight. Raw materials costs have picked up as a result of broad-based increases in global commodity prices, and there has been a more general pick-up in output prices at all stages of production.
These pressures have also been evident in underlying consumer price inflation. In the June quarter, underlying inflation is estimated to have picked up to a rate of just under 3 per cent, confirming the upward drift that had started to become apparent in the previous quarter. Although the increase in the headline CPI was much larger, reflecting fuel price increases and a sharp rise in the price of bananas in the wake of Cyclone Larry, the Board recognises that it is necessary to abstract from temporary influences in forming its policy assessments. Overall the Board's assessment, based on the gradual increase in underlying inflation this year, and the wider background of above-average global growth and strong domestic demand, was that underlying inflation in the period ahead was likely to exceed previous forecasts.
Given these circumstances, the Board judged that an increase in the cash rate was warranted in order to contain inflation in the medium term.
Filed Under: Howard, Reserve Bank Tagged With: Ian MacFarlane
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How to Use Guitar Pedal Effects
How to Build a Guitar Pedal Board
Learn how to build a pedal board from Broadway musician Michael Aarons in this Howcast video.
So if you're someone that travels with a lot of guitar pedals, you might get to a point where you want to build a pedal board. You really have to commit to having a lot of pedals and carrying them all with you at the same time. If you're a person that uses a lot of effects, that's great. There's a lot of different kinds of pedal boards.
There's a lot of different sizes and shapes. Cables are important. Get high quality cables. The George L's are great. You can customize the lengths. So depending on where on the pedal board physically the pedal sits and also the order, you can actually put them in different orders, just by lengthening the cable and wrapping it around the back of the pedal board.
Plus, you're kicking them with your feet, so you need to make sure that the cables are high quality and they're not going to get loose and start to crackle, because there's nothing worse than being on a gig and hearing something cutting in and out or static, and you're looking at your pedal board and you have no clue where it's coming from. That's the worst feeling in the world, so you need really high quality cables.
If you don't know what you're doing, it might be good to take it to someone who can really get a tight, good connection on those cables. As far as powering the pedal board, Voodoo Labs makes something called the Pedal Power, which is a great unit that will power multiple pedals. Again, it's true bypass, it has all sorts of bells and whistles, so you can simulate what an old battery sounds like, a lot of vintage pedals used to sound better. The popular opinion was that they sounded better with kind of a dying battery.
They got a distinctive sound. You can actually emulate that with the Voodoo Lab Pedal Power. So the possibilities are endless, but the convenience factor is great. It might be good to invest some money into some high-quality pedals, because if you have 12 pedals on a pedal board, and none of them are true bypass, you're going to get some serious signal loss, and it doesn't matter how good your guitar is and how good your amp is, if you're going through dozens of feet of cable with no true bypass pedals, that can really make your signal weaken and sound pretty bad. Just some things to keep in mind, if you're someone that uses a lot of effects.
How to Manipulate Volume with an Overdrive Guitar Pedal
How to Use Distortion & Overdrive Guitar Pedals in Metal
What Is a Fuzz Guitar Pedal?
How to Create a Stevie Ray Vaughn Sound with a Guitar Pedal
How to Create a Tremolo Sound from an Amp
Tremolo Guitar Pedal vs. Vibrato Pedal vs. Univibe Pedal
What Are Overdrive Guitar Pedal Settings?
How to Play Random 8th, 16th & Triplet Notes w/ a Metronome
Different Kinds of Tremolo Guitar Pedals
How to Hold a Guitar Pick Correctly
What Are Different Kinds of Guitar Pedal Overdrive?
How to Use Different Guitar Pedals in Rock & Blues
How to Understand Tremolo Pedal Settings
How to Use a Distortion Guitar Pedal vs. Overdrive Pedal
How to Choose a Guitar Pick Based on Shape, Size & Thickness
Distortion vs. Overdrive vs. Fuzz Guitar Pedals
How to Create a Chorus Sound with a Tremolo Pedal
How to Do a Chromatic Scale Exercise on Guitar
How to Use an Overdrive Guitar Pedal as a Clean Boost
How to Create a Slapback Delay Effect using Guitar Pedals
How to Set Up Guitar Pedals
How to Create the "Edge" Sound with a Guitar Delay Pedal
Digital Pedals vs. Analog Pedals
How to Understand Guitar Pedal Order
What Are Guitar Delay Pedal Settings?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Guanacaste Costa Rica Map
When we talk about paradisiacal places in Costa Rica, it is mandatory to look towards the part of the map where Guanacaste appears. Being very close to Puntarenas, it is not very difficult to guess what would be one of the main characteristics of the province of Guanacaste: its beaches. But, of course, that is not the only thing that this beautiful paradise has to offer. Guanacaste has excellent gastronomy, crafts, cultural activities, historical traditions, music, architecture, and much more.
A small gastronomic map of the province of Guanacaste in Costa Rica
How does the culture of Guanacaste put Costa Rica on the world map?
The religion
Guanacaste has several of the best beaches in Costa Rica map
The province of Guanacaste is located on the map on the border of the Pacific Ocean and northwest of Costa Rica. It is also known for its parks and biodiversity. Here is located the Santa Rosa National Park with a rare dry tropical forest, and surf sports. It has more than 250 species of birds.
rent your luxury house in Costa Rica, here you can see it
Guanacaste has endless beaches, such as Playa Blanca, with calm waters, and Playa Hermosa, which is popular for diving and water sports. The Papagayo Peninsula has luxurious resorts and golf courses.
But, we see a little closer to this wonderful paradise.
contact us and book your house in costa rica
According to the great chefs worldwide, some dishes make you travel thanks to the taste. Knowing this, once you try the corn punch or the pinolillo, the sweet tortilla, the donuts, perrerreque, the tanelas, or the corn rice, undeniably these flavors will refer you to the map of Costa Rica, specifically, to Guanacaste.
All these delicious dishes are part of the gastronomic culture of Costa Rica. They are recipes inherited from the ancestors of the island. The main ingredient is corn. But not any corn. These are autochthonous, native, and creole varieties, as a Cultural Heritage of Costa Rica. The traces of the presence and use of corn in Costa Rica date back to 3,000 years BC, in what is now Guanacaste.
Corn-based foods are, and have been, a cultural heritage of great nutritional value.
The tradition of making ceramic pieces of Chorotega influence is considered a living heritage. From the original populations of Guanacaste, to those of today, pottery is still valid in places such as Guaitil de Santa Cruz, Las Pozas and San Vicente de Nicoya, Puerto San Pablo and Santa Rita, in Nandayure, as well as in Tempatal de La Cruz, and it has spread to many other locations throughout the map of Costa Rica.
Pottery possibly began to be manufactured in Guanacaste around 4,000 years ago. The oldest evidence comes from the Tilarán mountain range. Regarding the production of current Chorotega ceramics, it dates from the beginning of the 20th century, when men collaborated in obtaining and preparing raw materials and women developed the activity and transmitted their knowledge to new generations.
The main material is the local clay, as it has its special qualities. Iguana sand is also used. This material is extracted from nearby rivers and is used by mixing it with mud.
The characteristic colors of the Chorotega pieces: red, brown, cream and orange, are obtained from curiol, which is a clayey soil that contains metallic oxides, such as high percentages of iron and manganese, among many others that give color.
It is found in veins, threads of colored earth that flare out in some locations and can be mined.
Another important material is the firewood that is used as fuel for baking, which enhances the need to constantly reforest the area. Baking is done in a very primitive way, with ovens made of clay where a large amount of firewood is put. Once at the desired temperature, the well-dried ceramic pieces "to be burned" are placed. That is the term used in the region to refer to the process of baking the pieces.
A beautiful part of the cultural map of Guanacaste and also of Costa Rica are the religious traditions. Guanacaste has a great cultural syncretism in its population and its festivities. Precisely, traditions that are still alive today, such as the Feast of Our Lady Virgin of Guadalupe, in Nicoya, or the Feast of Santo Cristo de Esquipulas, in Santa Cruz, bring together practices, knowledge, and traditions that make up an essential part of the intangible cultural heritage that characterizes these towns in the province of Guanacaste.
Religious traditions are practices that promote social cohesion and the sense of belonging to a social group, through the foundation of brotherhoods; whose ritual functions are used to plan, organize and direct the festive life and charitable activities of the population. Currently, the lay population, through the family organization, promotes and safeguards practices that highlight Guanacaste cultural identity.
Something that differentiates Guanacaste from all the other provinces that you can find on the map of Costa Rica is that it has its own musical instrument: the quijongo.
A two-meter-long rod from guácimo calf, a rope tied end to end, a soundbox, a handkerchief, and a jícaro llanero, make up a Guanacastecan quijongo. This is a national instrument that, along with the marimba, makes it one of the most characteristic of the province of Guanacaste. Both because of its origin and because of its influence on a musical production in this region.
Currently, the quijongo is considered a Guanacastecan musical heritage. Being an accessible instrument, it allowed, on silent moonlit nights, to be a musical accompaniment to promote evenings and leisure spaces among the inhabitants of the haciendas. In addition, its melody is a complement to native genres, such as the well-known parrandera.
When you look at the map of Guanacaste, you can see that it boasts several of the most beautiful beaches in Costa Rica. According to the National Geography Institute, there is more than 200 km of total coastal sands in the province, made up of 139 beaches with a wide range of scenic beauties.
Virgin beaches, islets, and beautiful bays surrounded by dry tropical forest and an abundance of wildlife, are just a few minutes from modern hotels, lodging houses, villages, and local restaurants.
Conditions to enjoy not only the sun and a bath in the warm waters of the ocean pacific but also excellent sport fishing, world-class diving, surfing for all levels, as well as a long list of other marine activities.
Environmental awareness signage
Protective environment precautions in Costa Rica
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Nsikak-Abasi Essien Eduok  (11 July 1947 – 6 January 2021) was the Chief of the Air Staff of the Nigerian Air Force between 1996 and 1999.

Early life
Nsikak Eduok was born to the family of Essien Eduok of Mbak in Ibesikpo Asutan local government in Akwa Ibom State.

Career
Nsikak Eduok after his education began working for VON for a short while as a studio manager. In 1968 Nsikak enrolled in the NAF as a probable pilot. Air Marshal Nsikak Eduok obtained his first military exercise from the Nigerian Defence Academy before going for his principal flying training in 1970. In 1971 after completing his principal training he went through the Basic Flying training course and emerged the best overall student. In that same year he was assigned Second Lieutenant. Between 1971 and 1986 he attended several flying courses which included Advanced and Tactical Flying training course, Aircraft Accident Investigation course, MiG-21 Conversion Course in the Soviet Union, Advanced Staff Course in United Kingdom.

In 1991, he attended USAF Air War College in Alabama where he graduated in 1992. Between 1975 and 1976, Nsikak Eduok was the first Operations Officer of the Makurdi Strike Group . He was the Commanding Officer of NAF Station, Enugu and the first Commander of the 75th Fighter Squadron.

Nsikak Eduok also has a street "Nsikak Eduok Avenue" in Akwa Ibom named after him by the past governor of the state.

Nsikak Eduok died on 6 January 2021.

Awards
 National, Defence, Independence and Republic Medals
 Distinguished Service Star and the Meritorious Service Star Medals

References

1947 births
2021 deaths
Nigerian Air Force air marshals
People from Akwa Ibom State

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Unprogrammed swims (2 lifeguards): Swim for all, Pool Playtime, Family Fun session. Note: 1 lifeguard will be on duty if only 5 lanes open.


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Circuit of The Americas is proud to be the Official Grand Prix Partner of the 2015 Zoom charity auction, an annual auction of photographs taken by the stars of Formula One.
The auction, which will take place in London on Friday, features photographs taken by every driver, team principal and other series VIPs during the 2014 Formula One season.
The photos offer are a rare glimpse into the inside world of Formula One, including Sergio Perez's dog watching a NASCAR race, a scenic picture of the Alps taken by Sebastian Vettel and a close-up of Fernando Alonso's 2014 helmet.
In addition to the original photographs, the auction will include nine COOLPIX S9700 cameras donated by the event sponsors Nikon. Each camera has been signed by a legendary Formula 1 World Champion, including COTA official ambassador Mario Andretti.
"We are delighted that COTA has chosen to support Zoom," Christian Sylt, co-founder of Zoom, said. "It is a very worthy cause at the heart of Formula 1, and COTA is the perfect Grand Prix partner to make our event an even bigger success than in previous years."
Circuit of The Americas has hosted the only Formula One race in the United States since 2012.
The auction supports the Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity, which raises funds for the Great Ormond Street Hospital, a children's hospital located in London.


The purpose of the Animal Model and Cell Isolation Core is to provide centralized facilities and standardized protocols for in vivo models of acute and chronic ethanol exposure to rodents, as well as the use of in vitro primary cell cultures isolated from ethanol-exposed animals.
We also provide access to our animal/cell models and biorepository as a national and international resource.
The major goal of the Animal Models and Cell Isolation Core will be to make available to members of NOAC tissue and cellular samples from control and ethanol-exposed animals. The availability of centralized facilities will allow rapid access of investigators in NOAC, as well as investigators new to alcohol research, to the tissues and cells needed to test novel and innovative hypotheses without the delay of each PI developing these techniques in each of their own laboratories.
A major advantage of ad libitum feeding of ethanol is that it is not technically demanding, generally requiring only daily changes of the ethanol-containing liquid. In the Lieber-DeCarli control diet, 18% of energy is derived from protein, 35% from fat and 47% from carbohydrate. In ethanol-containing diets, ethanol provides up to 36% of dietary energy. Food consumption is monitored daily and body weight 3 times per week. The ethanol-fed group is allowed free access to ethanol containing diet with increasing concentrations of ethanol. For mice the model is: 1% (vol/vol) (5.5 % of kcal) and 2% (11% of kcal) each for 2 days, then 4% ethanol for 1 wk (22% of kcal), 5% ethanol (27% of kcal) for 1 wk and finally 6% (32% of kcal) ethanol for 1-6 wks (1). For rats the model is: 3.2% (vol/vol) for 2 days, and then 6.4% (vol/vol) for 1-8 wks. Control animals are pair-fed diets which iso-calorically substitute maltose dextrins for ethanol over the entire feeding period.
Mice and rats are exposed to ethanol acutely by gavage. 20% ethanol solutions are prepared from 95% ethanol in sterile water. Isocaloric dextrin and/or isovolemic saline will be provided to control animals. Animals are exposed to 1-6 g/kg ethanol. Peak serum ethanol concentrations are measured after 30-60 min. Acute ethanol-induced liver injury can be observed 12 h after acute exposure.
Mice: 8-10 week old female or male mice (wild-type and genetically modified, as required for individual investigator's protocols) are housed in shoe-box cages (2 animals/cage) with microisolator lids. Mice adapt well to the ethanol during this gradual increase in exposure and continue to grow on the Lieber-DeCarli ethanol diet (2).
Rats: Male Wistar rats are purchased from Harlan Sprague Dawley (Indianapolis, IN). Rats (150-160 g at initiation of feeding protocol) are allowed ad libitum access to the Lieber-DeCarli ethanol diet or pair-fed a control diet, as previously described (1,3). Rats are housed in individual wire-bottom cages. Rats adapt well to this regime and continue to grow on the Lieber-DeCarli ethanol diet.
We have established acute and chronic mouse models to evaluate the response to moderate ethanol consumption and CCl4 exposure (4,5). In each model, mice are 10-12 wks old at the start of the studies. Mice are fed a control-liquid diet for 2 days, then 1% (vol/vol) ethanol diet for 2 days, then 2% (vol/vol) (11% calories) ethanol diet. Animals receive an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of olive oil or CCl4 (prediluted1:3 in olive oil) on day 3 of the 2% ethanol diet. For the acute model, mice receive one dose of 1 µl/g body weight Olive Oil or CCl4. For the chronic model, mice are ramped up to the full dose of CCl4 over two doses (first injection at 0.25 µl/g body weight, the second at 0.5 µl/g body weight). Mice are anesthetized and euthanized at precise time points after the last CCl4 injection.
The lack of disease progression in ad libitum models of acute alcohol exposure may actually be relevant to human exposure. Specifically, only a fraction of chronic alcohol drinkers ever develop alcoholic hepatitis, and possibly progress to fibrosis/cirrhosis (6,5). It is thought that a second 'hit' is required to drive liver injury beyond simple steatosis. Experimentally, the 2nd 'hit' can be an inducer of inflammation (e.g., LPS), or even a binge dose of ethanol itself.
After chronic ethanol feeding, 8-10 wk old mice are challenged with 0.7 μg LPS/g body weight or an equivalent volume of sterile, endotoxin-free saline (0.09%). Mice are anesthetized and euthanized at precise times after the LPS challenge to monitor acute inflammatory responses to activation of TLR4 (e.g. MyD88 dependent at 1 h, TRIF dependent at 4 h), depending on the experimental question.
Here we employ a model in which acute binge alcohol is administered in addition to chronic ad libitum exposure (variously called acute on chronic, Gao-binge, or NIAAA model). Under these conditions, hepatic injury and inflammation is far more severe; indeed, the additional pathologic changes are similar to mild alcoholic hepatitis in humans.
8-10 wk old female and male mice are provided ad lib access to ethanol- or pair-fed diets up to 5% ethanol for 10 days. At that time, mice are then exposed to an acute dose of ethanol at 5g/kg or isocaloric volume of maltose as a vehicle control. Mice are then euthanized over 0-24 h later and tissues collected.
Male or female (5-6 wks old) wild type and genetically modified mice (as required for individual investigator's protocols) will be fed a high fat high sucrose diet (from Research Diets ranging in fat from 45-58% of calories as fat, 26-39% carbohydrate (sucrose) and 16% protein or control diets (10% fat, 73% carbohydrate, 16.4% protein or rodent chow) for up to 16 weeks. Mice will be weighed weekly.
Animal/Cell Core personnel have experience in the acute and chronic treatment of mice and rats with drug interventions. Personnel have experience in gavage, intraperitoneal injection, intravenous injection, as well as implantation of Alzet mini-osmotic pumps, for long term drug interventions. The Animal/Cell Core will thus be able to provide drug interventions during acute and/or chronic ethanol exposure as required to test specific hypotheses by members of NOAC.
Donor Mice: To isolate bone marrow, donor mice (female, 6-12 weeks of age) will be euthanized, and femurs will be dissected free of tissue and flushed with PBS. Bone marrow cells will be centrifuged and resuspended in PBS.
Recipient mice: 5 week old female mice will be lethally irradiated. Four hours later, mice will receive bone marrow cells in PBS by intravenous injection into the tail vein.
Four weeks after irradiation, mice will be treated with a single dose of clodronate containing liposomes that are diluted in sterile saline and injected intravenously into the tail vein.
These liposomes deplete sessile Kupffer cells that are radio-resistant, and are replenished within 7 days after clodronate.
Hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells are routinely isolated by Animal/Cell Core personnel making use of in situ perfusion protocols (7-11) in both rats and mice. Cells will be released to individual investigators after the first media change. Animal/Cell Core is not responsible for specific experimental manipulations. Isolated hepatocytes, Kupffer cells or stellate cells can also be provided without plating for flow cytometry analysis, as required. Cell viability is monitored by trypan blue exclusion and purity of the preparations is routinely assessed by morphology, as well as specific staining (ED2 (rat) or F4/80 (mouse)) by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy.
The Animal Core routinely provides liver samples to individual investigators either on ice , fixed in formalin for histology, frozen in optimal cutting temperature (OCT) compound for immunohistochemistry, flash frozen or freeze-clamped in liquid nitrogen for biochemical assays or stored in RNA later. Samples are stored appropriately (-80, -20 or 4°C) until further analysis. Blood is processed to serum or plasma, as required, aliquoted, inventoried and stored appropriately until further analysis. Additional tissue samples (specific adipose depots, skeletal or cardiac muscle, kidney, intestine, brain/brain regions etc.) are also sampled for individual investigators. Fixation of tissues via thoracotomy is also available to investigators.
The Animal/Cell Core will also provide basic phenotyping measures including ALT/AST, triglyceride concentrations, Oil Red O, Sirius red staining, hydroxyproline concentration, blood ethanol and CYP2E1 expression or activity on a fee for service basis for all NOAC investigators.
In collaboration with Takuya Sakaguchi, Assistant Staff in Stem Cell Biology at CCF, the NOAC will also provide access to zebra fish exposed to ethanol. Dr. Sakaguchi is an active member of NOAC and is involved in collaborations with a number of NOAC investigators, which will facilitate incorporation of this useful model organism into our on-going investigations.
The Animal Core also maintains an extensive biorepository of mouse and rat tissue/blood samples on experiments conducted since 2006. Requests for tissues can be made through the Animal Core Manager –Megan McMullen.
To request Animal/Cell Core services, each user will submit a form describing the name of the project, PI and proposed study design. The experimental design will be reviewed by the Core Director – Dr. Colleen Croniger and Manager – Megan McMullen and then scheduled appropriately into the Animal Models and Cell Isolation Core calendar.
Individual PIs will supply the animals necessary for their experiments to the Core and cover the per diem housing costs for the animals. Users will be charged for diet, drugs and sample collection materials based on the study design.
If the User requests isolated cells, Users will provide an account number for a charge-back of $100 for each hepatocyte/Kupffer cell isolation, to cover the cost of biochemicals, gradients and cell culture media required for isolation of purified cell populations.
If there are conflicting/competing requests for access to services, priority will be given to Research Components and Pilot Projects directly supported by the P50. Next priority will be to NIAAA funded NOAC members and last priority to investigators outside of the NOAC.
Aldred A and Nagy LE. Ethanol dissociates hormone-stimulated cAMP production from inhibition of TNFa production in rat Kupffer cells. Am J Physiol 276: G98-G106, 1999.
Pritchard MT, McMullen MR, Stavitsky AB, Cohen JI, Lin F, Medof ME, and Nagy LE. Differential contributions of C3, C5, and decay-accelerating factor to ethanol-induced fatty liver in mice. Gastroenterology 132: 1117-26, 2007.
Thakur V, Pritchard MT, McMullen MR, and Nagy LE. Adiponectin normalizes LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha production by rat Kupffer cells after chronic ethanol feeding. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 290: G998-1007, 2006.
Chiang DJ, Roychowdhury S, Bush K, McMullen MR, Pisano S, Niese K, Olman MA, Pritchard MT, and Nagy LE. Adenosine 2A Receptor Antagonist Prevented and Reversed Liver Fibrosis in a Mouse Model of Ethanol-Exacerbated Liver Fibrosis. PLoS One 8: e69114, 2013.
Roychowdhury S, Chiang DJ, McMullen MR, and Nagy LE. Moderate, chronic ethanol feeding exacerbates carbon-tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis via hepatocyte-specific hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2: e00061, 2014.
Roychowdhury S, Chiang DJ, Mandal P, McMullen MR, Liu X, Cohen JI, Pollard J, Feldstein AE, and Nagy LE. Inhibition of apoptosis protects mice from ethanol-mediated acceleration of earl markers of CCl4-induced fibrosis but not steatosis or inflammation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 36 : 1139-47, 2012.
Bakhautdin B, Das D, Mandal P, Roychowdhury S, Danner J, Bush K, Pollard K, Kaspar JW, Li W, Salomon RG, McMullen MR, and Nagy LE. Protective role of HO-1 and carbon monoxide in ethanol-induced hepatocyte cell death and liver injury in mice. J Hepatol 61: 1029-37, 2014.
Kishore R, McMullen MR, and Nagy LE. Stabilization of TNFa mRNA by chronic ethanol: role of A+U rich elements and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 276: 41930-41937, 2001.
Nagy LE. Ethanol metabolism and inhibition of nucleoside uptake lead to increased extracellular adenosine in hepatocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 262: C1175-1180, 1992.
Nagy LE and deSilva SEF. Ethanol increases receptor-dependent cAMP production in cultured hepatocytes by decreasing Gi-mediated inhibition. 286: 681-686, 1992.


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YSEARC president to step down
News January 25, 2012 / 9:01 PM August 13, 2013
The Youngstown State Environmental and Animal Rights Coalition is seeking new officers to fill a few posts that will soon be vacated, including the president.
YSEARC President Michelle Gbur decided to step down due to time constraints.
"We didn't really get too many committed members involved last year, and most of the responsibility fell to me," Gbur said.
During the organization's first meeting on Wednesday in Kilcawley Center, members discussed ways to recruit new officers.
Gbur said the organization must formally name at least four officers to different posts in order to officially remain a student organization. The available positions include president, vice president, secretary and treasurer.
Until recently, Gbur held the only official position.
She said the only requirements to be an officer are to be dedicated and willing to be heavily involved in the group and its various activities.
The group is now looking for volunteers within the organization to step in to fill the void that will be left when Gbur steps down.
Some of YSEARC's regular activities include its annual vegan bake sale on Earth Day in April. During the sale, members pass out leaflets that describe animal rights and veganism. They also volunteer for litter cleanups at animal shelters.
YSEARC members Melissa DelSignore, Katie Krancevich and Julie Plesich each voiced their interest in the open positions during the meeting.
Four new students were present at the meeting, and each expressed an interest in eventually joining the organization.
Will Geer was one of the new attendees. Geer is a vegan, and said he is firmly committed to animal rights and protecting the environment.
"A lot of my friends are vegans, and I am very interested in helping to protect the environment in any way possible," he said.
Geer said he expects to join the group at some point and wants to become actively involved in any volunteer opportunities that may arise.
YSEARC was originally founded in fall 2000 by then-student Dan Kuzma.
Kuzma, who now serves as the organization's adviser, also heads YSU's recycling program. He said he started YSEARC because he wanted to increase awareness of environmentalism and animal rights on campus.
He said he decided to become a vegan after conducting research and being shocked at the gruesome depictions of factory farms and their processes.


text:
Only the most noxious of speakers should be banned on campus
Monica Richter
Gabriel Saldana/Flickr
is a postgraduate student in European Politics and Society at St Antony's College, University of Oxford.
Edited by Nigel Warburton
Republish for free
Activists at universities and beyond are increasingly using so-called 'No-Platform' arguments to ban the public speech of those whose views they find offensive. In practice, this typically involves staging protests or petitioning university authorities to disinvite 'offensive' individuals from speaking engagements. Examples abound from both sides of the Atlantic: in the United States, students have No-Platformed the likes of Condoleezza Rice, Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Christine Lagarde, while in the United Kingdom their targets have included Maryam Namazie and Germaine Greer, among others.
At times, No-Platforming is also used to silence speech about certain topics, as with the cancelled student debate on abortion at Oxford. In all these cases from the past year or so, the justification for No-Platforming is more or less the same: that allowing the person in question to speak would cause some kind of 'harm' – not physical harm, but psychological, emotional or social damage – to an individual, group, or even society at large. Indeed, No-Platforming is primarily a tool of identity politics activists who seek to protect minority groups that feel threatened or marginalised by the existing social order. In essence, then, the goal of No-Platforming is greater social justice, realised through the equalisation of power relations. The means to this end is pre-emptive censorship of speech in certain contexts.
Those who challenge No-Platforming are often interpreted uncharitably by its advocates, and are accused of failing to acknowledge the real harm or offence that speech can cause, particularly to marginalised groups. Let me make, therefore, a disclaimer that I hope deflects this move. I am not advocating an 'anything goes' approach to free speech. This is an untenable position, as the rightful bans on child pornography, perjury, extortion and much else illustrate. I acknowledge that speech can cause real harm, and that it should be limited in those rare cases in which it does. I even agree that No-Platforming might sometimes be an appropriate means of pre-empting such harm, for example in cases of probable incitement to violence or psychological trauma. However, I wish to raise questions about the nature of the harm that can legitimately justify restrictions on speech, and the way in which it is discovered.
Contemporary advocates of No-Platforming have so far failed to provide any convincing, rigorous definition of 'harm' to justify their practice. Typically, they claim that offensive speech undermines the 'personhood' of those it targets. However, in the vast majority of cases, they fail to demonstrate how this alleged violation occurs, nor even what they mean by 'personhood'. The intellectual foundations of No-Platforming are thus very shaky. There are two reasons for this. First, justifications for No-Platforming fail to separate cases of genuine harm from those of trivial offence or discomfort. Second, in failing to make that distinction, No-Platforming hinders the progress of social justice.
When the No-Platform principle emerged in the 1970s, it was explicitly restricted to racist or fascist speech, with 'harm' clearly defined as incitement to racial hatred or to violence. The problem with today's No-Platform movement is a lack of precision about what is meant by 'harm'. Instead, No-Platformers tender a wide range of reasons for their practice, including feeling uncomfortable, threatened, unsafe or offended. These complaints do not constitute harm in the same tangible or objective way as, for instance, incitement to violence. Rather, they are claims of purely subjective experience.
This premise is central to the contemporary politics of identity. Subjective experience, the argument goes, is by definition exclusive: it is unknowable to those who do not have the relevant identity characteristic. The subjective experience of womanhood, for example, is unknowable to any man; that of being black is unknowable to anyone white; that of being transgender is unknowable to anyone cis. Accordingly, the subjective harm claimed by a particular identity group cannot be questioned by any other. To put it differently, if one member feels harmed by some speech, then they have been harmed ipso facto. By this logic, all claims of subjective experience must be considered equally valid.
It is easy to see how readily this position becomes exploitable. If No-Platforming can be justified exclusively on the basis of a given group's subjective experience, we cannot ensure that petty cases – based on minor discomfort or even mere disagreement with some speech, yet cloaked in the language of offence or harm – are dismissed. In other words, we have no way of adjudicating between requests for No-Platform when we lack an objective measure for determining which requests ought to be upheld, and which ought not.
To understand the practical consequences of this problem, it is useful to consider the phenomenon that Eugene Volokh, law professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, calls 'censorship envy'. An initial request by a given identity group to censor some speech on the basis of claimed harm prompts analogous requests from other identity groups. No-Platforming becomes contagious. Consistency requires that once we allow some speech bans due to claimed harm, we cannot justifiably deny other requests made on the same grounds, since, given the unknowability of others' subjective experience, all claims of harm must be treated as equal. And inevitably, at some point, these claims come into conflict.
The ongoing controversy surrounding the British writer Julie Bindel, for instance, exemplifies this problem. Bindel is a trans-exclusionary feminist, and has been No-Platformed by the UK's National Union of Students on grounds of alleged transphobia. But how can this decision be reconciled with the equally valid claim of trans-exclusionary feminists that womanhood is contingent upon being biologically female? These feminists can likewise, legitimately, request to No-Platform trans-inclusive viewpoints. The upshot is that no one at all gets to speak about the issue. This leaves us at a stalemate: the logical consequence is emphatic silence on nearly every issue that bears upon identity.
In a pluralistic society, justice requires that we balance the competing interests of different groups in the fairest way possible. We need to be able to communicate what we believe, so that we can persuade others that our interests should be acted upon collectively. To the extent that No-Platforming forcibly subordinates the interests of society to one group's subjective interest, without providing any way to determine whether that subordination is in fact just, No-Platforming is fundamentally at odds with social justice. Its claim to be a moral form of censorship is baseless and a smokescreen. To be legitimate, any No-Platform principle should be founded upon a consensual and objective understanding of the kind of harm that justifies curtailment of speech. Wide-ranging freedom of expression is too important both to education and to democracy to be restricted in the name of an activism based on subjective perceptions of harm.
Monika L Richter
Political philosophy Education Fairness and equality
'Where is it that we are?' A poet conjures a journey along the waters of the afterlife


Amazon App Fashion treasure Hunt in March brings you fashion products at Rs. 1. You can have a UCB Jacket worth Rs 10,000 at Rs 1 or a Levis Jeans worth Rs. 5000 at Rs 1 there are many prizes to win. Clues for the Amazon Sale would be Published every 15 minutes on the Amazon app. Offer would be commencing from 10 March 2016 10:00 AM – 4:00 PM.
This sale is similar as the christmas Amazon app treasure hunt. You will get a clue and on the basis of that you have to find the product and you would get the product for Rs 1.
All Clue Answerss of Amazon Fashion Treasure Hunt Would be Published on this Post.
Clues will be showed every 15 minutes. If you know the you can also help others Do comment below and help others also to win prizes.
2. Find the solution of the Clue.
1. Treasure Hunt is live from 12:00 pm and ending 6:00 pm on 9 March 2017.
2. Every 15 minutes commencing from 12:00 PM until 6:00 PM Amazon will be displaying a clue to a product listed on the Promotion page of the App.
4. Offer is Valid until stocks for such Product available at the promotional rates last.
5. Each participant can purchase a Product once for each clue during the Promotion Period.
6. Standard shipping charges, applicable taxes, cash on delivery charges, payment and return policies available on the App shall apply to any purchase made by eligible participants under this Promotion.
Clue for 1:15 am: The military will slice and turn off the lights in lbach to win.


text:
Portada | People | PartyThelux
Carlota Casiraghi, the Beauty of Grimaldi's House
She has inherited the beauty of his grandmother, Grace Kelly.
Adriana Rey. 02/05/2016
If anything characterizes the Grimaldi family is glamor. Each of its members are icons of style in its different facets and public to embrace; one of the absolute protagonists is Marie Charlotte Casiraghi Pomeline, or also known as Carlota. Since its first debut, it was evident that the preferred granddaughter of Prince Ranieri could be a worthy successor to the dazzling beauty with her grandmother Grace Kelly had left half a world stunned.
Carlota has inherited the elegance of her grandmother
Now is the turn of the irresistible presence of Carlota who has moved to Rome the scene of more than 2000 years of history is right now her home after falling in love filmmaker Lamberto Sanfelice. The last photographs taken, have shown a relaxed Carlota Casiraghi walking through a market in Parioli district, one of the most exclusive of the «Eternal City «.
Carlota and Lamberto live happy in Rome. (Photo: Cordon Press)
With a casual outfit and with his son Raphael, Carlota exudes a beautiful sexy style. Inveterate reader who opts for the classics, Carlota studied philosophy at the Sorbonne, a branch of which she says «changed her life» and which organizes «Meetings Philosophical Monaco" which often reflect on the concept of love: "I think the key of love relationship is when both share a passion for truth, for life», said one day the Princess.
She has style and shows it in each of his appearances. (Photo: Cordon Press/Getty)
This is her maximum daily, live the life but always with respect for others. Those who know her closely, say Charlotte Casiraghi is extremely respectful and polite, something you see in each of his appearances. In her outings, events or travels, the outfits of daughter Caroline of Monaco show us a young girl who prefers straight lines and who choices beautiful prints almost always. Carlota loves hats, indeed, it is one of the accessories that best characterizes her and it's perfect to match with her favorite brands.
She's image of Gucci from 2012
In this sence, Gucci is TOP 1. Carlota is the image of the firm since 2012 when he got to the orders of Peter Lindbergh for Gucci Forever Now campaign. In his last appearance, the princess wore a stunning design of the Italian brand that became the most elegant of the International Salon of Haute Horlogerie in New York.
She is ambassador of Mont Blanc from September 2015
An appointment that Carlota Casiraghi could not miss because she is ambassador of Mont Blanc from September 2015 and that day, the luxury brand celebrated its 110 -year history. A story shared by the beauty of the Grimaldi House where Carlota Casiraghi is definitely «one of the jewels in the crown».
El pop-rock de la generación Z es 'Made in Spain'
La nada austera vuelta al cole de los pequeños duques de Cambridge
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I (we) are doing well and counting down the days!!
Today I am here to share a project I made for this weeks challenge over at Sentimental Sundays!!
My oldest started 2 weeks ago and being a Sophomore this year, he thinks he's a big man on campus!!!
He knows the ropes, has a great rep with some of his teachers from last year and of course his friends.
This week, we are being sponsored by Doodle Pantry and I used a sentiment from the Book Ants digital pack that were given to play with.
A pencil holder, that looks like a pencil!! How cool is that, right?!
A little something to get any little one back to school!!!
make sure to visit the Sentimental Sundays Challenge blog and check out what the rest of the design team created for you this week.
so cute, love the idea!
Calypso, this is so cute!
This is fantastic Calypso, so fun!!
Wow - what a great box! Thanks for showing it for paperminutes.
This pencile is so great! What a wonderful idea.
How are you? Hope you (and the bubbles in your tummy;)) are doing fine.


Was speaking to a couple of my buddies back in california, and they are saying that Comcast is planning to extend its services to other places in the world, most notably india because of the broadband growth for it. So what does that mean guys? Expect to get at least 1mbps for a good rate. That's what he said, so this could really be a rumor, but if it's true, then India does have some good days ahead. Comcast is a true broadband company . Just don't get your hopes up too much though.
providing broadband is not as simple as entering a country and setup. u need a proper network to support the customers. unless they can setup wimax hubs straightaways.
Oh wow, that wculd be cool, but of course it could take years, IF it ever happens.
What is the deal with Wimax? In a country like ours where distances are large, and digging up roads and sidewalks means a 6-12 month process, wouldn't it be in the ISPs' best interest to use Wimax instead of laying down all these lines?
the technology is at very basic level but has high expectations.
Thing is, there are lots n lots of barriers in India which may force them to look elsewhere.Forget abt the taxes, think abt the amount they would have to pay to our small crorepati politicians to get the licenses.
Reliance were planning the same thing...never came to light....will take Comcast forever getting past the political mess in our country.
Well hey, at least the consideration is there. Most foreign companies are looking to India now that it's on the global economic map. Could take a few years, but if it's going to happen, imagine the possibilities.
True, True... but honestly, (in my idealistic dreamworld) I would prefer if Indian companies pick it up and carry it forward... we have the brains, we have the manpower, we have the money - all we need is vision (and less corruption won't hurt ).
But we also have our netas to contend with ... Sigh!
Until recently, I never understood why Mahatma Gandhi drowned himself in sorrow at his greatest moment of triumph but I think he figured out that he had rescued India from a set of devils and delivered her into the hands of demons.


text:
The Effect of Acute Physical Exercise on NK-Cell Cytolytic Activity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Neurosurgical cadaveric and in vivo large animal training models for cranial and spinal approaches and techniques - a systematic review of the current literature
The use of immuno-oncologic therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma in the context of liver transplantation. An interdisciplinary benefit/risk assessment
Detrusor sphincter disorders associated with deep endometriosis: Systematic review of the literature
Sports Med. 2021 Mar;51(3):519-530. doi: 10.1007/s40279-020-01402-9. Epub 2021 Jan 4.
BACKGROUND: Data on changes in natural killer cell cytolytic activity (NKCA) in response to acute physical exercise are contradictory.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression is to (1) examine the effect of acute physical exercise on NKCA, (2) shed more light on the moderating factors, and (3) test the assumption of NKCA suppression subsequent to performing sports.
METHODS: Two comparisons of NKCA were performed: (1) pre- versus post-exercise and (2) pre-exercise versus recovery. Data were acquired through a systematic search of MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, and SportDiscus. Studies were eligible for inclusion if the effect of acute physical exercise was assessed including a passive control group and reporting NKCA prior to and immediately after the trial, and during the first 2 h of recovery. To better explain between-study heterogeneity, a moderator analysis was conducted.
RESULTS: Pooled estimate from 12 studies reporting 18 effect sizes show that NKCA is largely elevated by acute physical exercise (Hedges' g = 1.02, 95% CI 0.59-1.46, p < 0.01). Meta-regressions reveal that this effect is larger for endurance versus resistance exercise and increases with the intensity of exercise (both p < 0.01), whereas the blood material used in the assay (p = 0.71), and the quantitative change in NK-cell count (R2 = 0%, p = 0.55) do not play a significant role. Physical exercise does not affect the level of NKCA after the recovery period (g = 0.06, 95% CI – 0.37 to 0.50, p < 0.76).
CONCLUSIONS: This work provides solid evidence for elevated NKCA through performing sports which returns to baseline during the first 1-2 h of recovery, but not below the pre-exercise values providing counterevidence to the assumption of temporarily reduced NKCA. Remarkably, the functional change in NKCA exists independently from the quantitative change in NK-cell count. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020134257.
PMID:33398798 | PMC:PMC7900082 | DOI:10.1007/s40279-020-01402-9


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Cissoid of Diocles
Cissoid of Diocles construction
Animation visualizing the Cissoid of Diocles
In geometry, the cissoid of Diocles is a cubic plane curve notable for the property that it can be used to construct two mean proportionals to a given ratio. In particular, it can be used to double a cube. It can be defined as the cissoid of a circle and a line tangent to it with respect to the point on the circle opposite to the point of tangency. In fact, the family of cissoids is named for this example and some authors refer to it simply as the cissoid. It has a single cusp at the pole, and is symmetric about the diameter of the circle which is the line of tangency of the cusp. The line is an asymptote. It is a member of the conchoid of de Sluze family of curves and in form it resembles a tractrix.
The word "cissoid" comes from the Greek κισσοειδής kissoeidēs "ivy shaped" from κισσός kissos "ivy" and -οειδής -oeidēs "having the likeness of". The curve is named for Diocles who studied it in the 2nd century BCE.
1 Construction and equations
1.1 Construction by double projection
1.2 Newton's construction
2 Delian problem
3 As a pedal curve
4 Inversion
Construction and equations[edit]
Let the radius of C be a. By translation and rotation, we may take O to be the origin and the center of the circle to be (a, 0), so A is (2a, 0). Then the polar equations of L and C are:
r = 2 a sec  θ {\displaystyle r=2a\sec \theta }
r = 2 a cos  θ {\displaystyle r=2a\cos \theta } .
By construction, the distance from the origin to a point on the cissoid is equal to the difference between the distances between the origin and the corresponding points on L and C. In other words, the polar equation of the cissoid is
r = 2 a sec  θ − 2 a cos  θ = 2 a ( sec  θ − cos  θ ) {\displaystyle r=2a\sec \theta -2a\cos \theta =2a(\sec \theta -\cos \theta )} .
Applying some trigonometric identities, this is equivalent to
r = 2 a sin 2  θ / cos  θ = 2 a sin  θ tan  θ {\displaystyle r=2a\sin ^{2}\theta /\cos \theta =2a\sin \theta \tan \theta } .
Let t = tan  θ {\displaystyle t=\tan \theta } in the above equation. Then
x = r cos  θ = 2 a sin 2  θ = 2 a tan 2  θ sec 2  θ = 2 a t 2 1 + t 2 {\displaystyle x=r\cos \theta =2a\sin ^{2}\theta ={\frac {2a\tan ^{2}\theta }{\sec ^{2}\theta }}={\frac {2at^{2}}{1+t^{2}}}}
y = t x = 2 a t 3 1 + t 2 {\displaystyle y=tx={\frac {2at^{3}}{1+t^{2}}}}
are parametric equations for the cissoid.
Converting the polar form to Cartesian coordinates produces
( x 2 + y 2 ) x = 2 a y 2 {\displaystyle (x^{2}+y^{2})x=2ay^{2}}
Construction by double projection[edit]
Mechanism to generate the cissoid
Another construction proceeds as follows: Let a line L and a point O not on L be given, and let K be the line through O parallel to L. Let P be a variable point on L. Let Q be the projection of P onto K, on other words Q is the intersection of K with the line through P perpendicular to K. Similarly let R be the projection of Q onto OP. Then the cissoid is the locus of points R.
To see this, let O be the origin and L the line x=2a as above. Let P be the point (2a, 2at), then Q is (0, 2at) and the equation of the line OP is y=tx. The line through Q perpendicular to OP is
t ( y − 2 a t ) + x = 0 {\displaystyle t(y-2at)+x=0} .
To find the point of intersection R, set y=tx in this equation to get
t ( t x − 2 a t ) + x = 0 , x ( t 2 + 1 ) = 2 a t 2 , x = 2 a t 2 t 2 + 1 {\displaystyle t(tx-2at)+x=0,\ x(t^{2}+1)=2at^{2},\ x={\frac {2at^{2}}{t^{2}+1}}}
y = t x = 2 a t 3 t 2 + 1 {\displaystyle y=tx={\frac {2at^{3}}{t^{2}+1}}}
which are the parametric equations given above.
This construction suggests the mechanism shown to the right as a way to generate the curve.
Newton's construction[edit]
Newton's construction
The following construction was given by Isaac Newton. Let J be a line and B a point not on J. Let BST be a right angle which moves so that ST equals the distance from B to J and T remains on J, while the other leg BS slides along B. Then the midpoint P of ST describes the curve.
To see this,[1] let the distance between B and J be 2a. By translation and rotation, take B = (−a, 0) and J the line x=a. Let P = (x, y) and let ψ be the angle between SB and the x-axis; this is equal to the angle between ST and J. By construction, PT = a, so the distance from P to J is a sin ψ. In other words a-x = a sin ψ. Also, SP = a is the y coordinate of (x, y) if it is rotated by angle ψ, so a = (x+a) sin ψ + y cos ψ. After simplification, this produces parametric equations
x = a ( 1 − sin  ψ ) , y = a ( 1 − sin  ψ ) 2 cos  ψ . {\displaystyle x=a(1-\sin \psi ),\,y=a{\frac {(1-\sin \psi )^{2}}{\cos \psi }}.}
Change parameters by replacing ψ with its complement to get
x = a ( 1 − cos  ψ ) , y = a ( 1 − cos  ψ ) 2 sin  ψ {\displaystyle x=a(1-\cos \psi ),\,y=a{\frac {(1-\cos \psi )^{2}}{\sin \psi }}}
or, applying double angle formulas,
x = 2 a sin 2  ψ 2 , y = a 4 sin 4  ψ 2 2 sin  ψ 2 cos  ψ 2 = 2 a sin 3  ψ 2 cos  ψ 2 . {\displaystyle x=2a\sin ^{2}{\psi \over 2},\,y=a{\frac {4\sin ^{4}{\psi \over 2}}{2\sin {\psi \over 2}\cos {\psi \over 2}}}=2a{\frac {\sin ^{3}{\psi \over 2}}{\cos {\psi \over 2}}}.}
But this is polar equation
r = 2 a sin 2  θ / cos  θ {\displaystyle r=2a\sin ^{2}\theta /\cos \theta }
given above with θ=Ψ/2.
Note that, as with the double projection construction, this can be adapted to produce a mechanical device that generates the curve.
Delian problem[edit]
The Greek geometer Diocles used the cissoid to obtain two mean proportionals to a given ratio. This means that given lengths a and b, the curve can be used to find u and v so that a is to u as u is to v as v is to b i.e. a/u=u/v=v/b, as discovered by Hippocrates of Chios. As a special case, this can be used to solve the Delian problem: how much must the length of a cube be increased in order to double its volume? Specifically, if a is the side of a cube, and b=2a, then the volume of a cube of side u is
u 3 = a 3 ( u a ) 3 = a 3 ( u a ) ( v u ) ( b v ) = a 3 ( b a ) = 2 a 3 {\displaystyle u^{3}=a^{3}({\tfrac {u}{a}})^{3}=a^{3}({\tfrac {u}{a}})({\tfrac {v}{u}})({\tfrac {b}{v}})=a^{3}({\tfrac {b}{a}})=2a^{3}}
so u is the side of a cube with double the volume of the original cube. Note however that this solution does not fall within the rules of compass and straightedge construction since it relies on the existence of the cissoid.
Let a and b be given. It is required to find u so that u3=a2b, giving u and v=u2/a as the mean proportionals. Let the cissoid
be constructed as above, with O the origin, A the point (2a, 0), and J the line x=a, also as given above. Let C be the point of intersection of J with OA. From the given length b, mark B on J so that CB=b. Draw BA and let P = (x, y) be the point where it intersects the cissoid. Draw OP and let it intersect J at U. Then u=CU is the required length.
To see this,[2] rewrite the equation of the curve as
y 2 = x 3 2 a − x {\displaystyle y^{2}={\frac {x^{3}}{2a-x}}}
and let N = (x, 0), so PN is the perpendicular to OA through P. From the equation of the curve,
P N 2 = O N 3 N A . {\displaystyle PN^{2}={\frac {ON^{3}}{NA}}.}
From this,
P N 3 O N 3 = P N N A . {\displaystyle {\frac {PN^{3}}{ON^{3}}}={\frac {PN}{NA}}.}
By similar triangles PN/ON=UC/OC and PN/NA=BC/CA. So the equation becomes
U C 3 O C 3 = B C C A , {\displaystyle {\frac {UC^{3}}{OC^{3}}}={\frac {BC}{CA}},}
u 3 a 3 = b a , u 3 = a 2 b {\displaystyle {\frac {u^{3}}{a^{3}}}={\frac {b}{a}},\,u^{3}=a^{2}b}
Diocles did not really solve the Delian problem. The reason is that the cissoid of Diocles cannot be constructed perfectly, at least not with compass and straightedge. To construct the cissoid of Diocles, one would construct a finite number of its individual points, then connect all these points to form a curve. The problem is that there is no well-defined way to connect the points. If they are connected by line segments, then the construction will be well-defined, but it will not be an exact cissoid of Diocles, but only an approximation. Likewise, if the dots are connected with circular arcs, the construction will be well-defined, but incorrect. Or one could simply draw a curve directly, trying to eyeball the shape of the curve, but the result would only be imprecise guesswork.
Once the finite set of points on the cissoid have been drawn, then line PC will probably not intersect one of these points exactly, but will pass between them, intersecting the cissoid of Diocles at some point whose exact location has not been constructed, but has only been approximated. An alternative is to keep adding constructed points to the cissoid which get closer and closer to the intersection with line PC, but the number of steps may very well be infinite, and the Greeks did not recognize approximations as limits of infinite steps (so they were very puzzled by Zeno's paradoxes).
One could also construct a cissoid of Diocles by means of a mechanical tool specially designed for that purpose, but this violates the rule of only using compass and straightedge. This rule was established for reasons of logical — axiomatic — consistency. Allowing construction by new tools would be like adding new axioms, but axioms are supposed to be simple and self-evident, but such tools are not. So by the rules of classical, synthetic geometry, Diocles did not solve the Delian problem, which actually can not be solved by such means.
On the other hand, if one accepts that cissoids of Diocles do exist, then there must exist at least one example of such a cissoid. This cissoid could then be translated, rotated, and expanded or contracted in size (without changing its proportional shape) at will to fit into any position. Then one would readily admit that such a cissoid can be used to correctly solve the Delian problem.
As a pedal curve[edit]
The pedal curve of a parabola with respect to its vertex is a cissoid of Diocles.[3] The geometrical properties of pedal curves in general produce several alternate methods of constructing the cissoid. It is the envelopes of circles whose centers lie on a parabola and which pass through the vertex of the parabola. Also, if two congruent parabolas are set vertex-to-vertex and one is rolled along the other; the vertex of the rolling parabola will trace the cissoid.
A pair of parabolas face each other symmetrically: one on top and one on the bottom. Then the top parabola is rolled without slipping along the bottom one, and its successive positions are shown in the animation. Then the path traced by the vertex of the top parabola as it rolls is a roulette shown in red, which is cissoid of Diocles.
Inversion[edit]
The cissoid of Diocles can also be defined as the inverse curve of a parabola with the center of inversion at the vertex. To see this, take the parabola to be x=y2. In polar coordinates this becomes
r = cos  θ sin 2  θ {\displaystyle r={\frac {\cos \theta }{\sin ^{2}\theta }}} ,
and the inverse curve then has equation
r = sin 2  θ cos  θ = sin  θ tan  θ {\displaystyle r={\frac {\sin ^{2}\theta }{\cos \theta }}=\sin \theta \tan \theta }
which is a special case of the equation defining the cissoid of Diocles on polar coordinates.
^ See Basset for the derivation, many other sources give the construction.
^ Proof is a slightly modified version of that given in Basset.
^ J. Edwards (1892). Differential Calculus. London: MacMillan and Co. p. 166, Example 3.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Cissoid.
J. Dennis Lawrence (1972). A catalog of special plane curves. Dover Publications. pp. 95, 98–100. ISBN 0-486-60288-5.
Weisstein, Eric W. "Cissoid of Diocles". MathWorld.
"Cissoid of Diocles" at Visual Dictionary Of Special Plane Curves
"Cissoid of Diocles" at MacTutor's Famous Curves Index
"Cissoid" on 2dcurves.com
"Cissoïde de Dioclès ou Cissoïde Droite" at Encyclopédie des Formes Mathématiques Remarquables (in French)
"The Cissoid" An elementary treatise on cubic and quartic curves Alfred Barnard Basset (1901) Cambridge pp. 85ff
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cissoid_of_Diocles&oldid=931280217"
Algebraic curves
Articles containing proofs


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New Book About The Beatles Reveals Clues Of Jimmie Nicol On Cover
The Beatle Who Vanished – All About the Book The Cover
Many people have asked Author Jim Berkenstadt about the design origin on the cover of his new Beatles book, The Beatle Who Vanished. Berkenstadt says he wanted to create a visual sense of the urgency of The Beatles having to replace their regular drummer Ringo Starr and find a replacement before leaving on their first world tour in less than 24 hours.
"I started with an idea of using Ringo Starr's actual 1960s Tom-Tom tour case that traveled-the- world with The Beatles on tour. We took a photo of the case by itself to start," says Berkenstadt.
Then the author digitally "slapped" a licensed news photo of Jimmie Nicol's first tryout with The Beatles at EMI Studios, on the front of the tour case. Berkenstadt says, "We used this photo to partially cover Ringo's stenciled name on the front, and placed masking tape on it, to create the rushed feeling of having to find a replacement drummer - quickly getting him up to speed with The Beatles." People with a sharp eye for detail will also notice that Berkenstadt digitally moved the TWA luggage sticker to the front of the case to add some color.
"It was a fun visual project", says Berkenstadt. "I just wanted to create a sense of the pressure in the story and show how Nicol got his '15 minutes of fame'."
The photo of the drum case was taken by Madison, Wisconsin photographer Brian Ebner. The Beatles with Nicol photo is from the archives of © Mirrorpix. And the digital layout was created by Elizabeth Neely Designs in Madison, Wisconsin.
Jim Berkenstadt will be appearing along with former Beatles bass player Chas Newby (who wrote the Foreword for the book) at the Fest for Beatles Fans in Chicago August 9-11, 2013.
The Beatle Who Vanished is available at: www.thebeatlewhovanished.com and Amazon .
(c)2012 Rock And Roll Detective(r) LLC
New Book About The Beatles Reveals Clues Of Jimmie...


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Shining light into the deep inner workings of Alzheimer's
Posted by Joe Kullman | Feb 10, 2021 | Features, Research
Fulton Schools researchers are producing new insights into the biological and chemical signs of the debilitating brain disease
Above: Graphic courtesy of Pixabay
As with many complex maladies, a deep understanding of Alzheimer's disease has been elusive for the simple reason that a variety of physiological, biological and chemical factors — acting either singularly or in combination — could reasonably be conjectured to cause the disease.
Efforts are increasing to more precisely identify which factors are to blame. Those endeavors now include federally funded research by Michael Sierks and Ping He at Arizona State University, which is viewed as a potentially significant step toward zeroing in on factors that do in fact play a role in triggering Alzheimer's onset.
Sierks is a professor of chemical engineering in ASU's Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, and He is an associate research scientist in the Fulton Schools.
Their research paper, recently published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry ,earned recognition as one of the publication's Editors' Picks for the importance of its findings.
Research led by Michael Sierks, a Fulton Schools professor of chemical engineering, focuses on antibody-based therapeutics for treating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
Alzheimer's, an irreversible brain disease, is the most common cause of dementia, and is estimated to afflict at least one in 10 people age 65 and older, and about three in 10 people age 85 and older.
Sierks' and He's efforts have focused on closely examining proteins and peptides that are typically found in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. They're looking for specific kinds of toxic conformations of these proteins and peptides that are in specific locations in the brain.
Previous research has shown that when levels of the amyloid beta protein accumulate in the brain and are not properly cleared out, the protein can clump together between neurons (nerve cells) in the brain to generate various aggregates —including small soluble aggregates and larger insoluble amyloid plaques that are a hallmark of Alzheimer's. It's suspected that small toxic soluble aggregates lead to neurodegeneration as a precursor to the onset of Alzheimer's.
Sierks and He experimented with targeting specific forms of the amyloid beta protein using novel antibodies generated in their lab to study the potential effects of targeting specific toxic protein conformations in a mouse model of Alzheimer's.
They found that targeting one specific toxic form of amyloid beta restored neuronal integrity — meaning that neurons are intact and undamaged — in the mouse model, which could conceivably reverse or inhibit dementia.
Targeting the specific beta amyloid variant also dramatically reduced the presence of activated microglial cells, an indicator of potential problems in the brain. It's an inflammatory process in the central nervous system thought to contribute to neuronal cell death in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis and HIV-dementia.
Sierks says his and He's investigations looked at how targeting toxic amyloid beta proteins generated either inside or outside brain cells can affect the progression of Alzheimer's.
Their findings indicate that earlier attempts to treat the disease may have failed because researchers were focusing their attention on the wrong things, says Sierks, who teaches in the School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, one of the six Fulton Schools.
So, previous failed clinical trials may have missed detecting and targeting the key protein species causing brain degeneration, Sierks says. Those trials instead focused on other protein species that are also present in cases of Alzheimer's but that may not be active in the biological and chemical processes leading to the disease.
Sierks and He want to set the stage to accomplish more than increasing knowledge about the causes of the disease.
"If we can learn a lot more about the causes, that is going to give us a good idea of what direction to go in to develop better therapies for controlling Alzheimer's," Sierks says.
The two researchers see the potential for progress in their efforts to provide a foundation for personalized medicine approaches to dealing with the disease.
"Everybody's cancer is different. In the same way, everybody's Alzheimer's or dementia is different," Sierks says. "We are hoping we can help lead the way to someday being able to target therapy to individuals based on specific differences in their conditions."
There's a long way to go to bring that advance into sight, the researchers say. They are confident that their approach is ready to be tested in clinical trials, but that will require substantial funding.
The plan now is to team with pharmaceutical research enterprises, or maybe even form a startup, and then seek financial support from government sources — most likely the National Institutes of Health — and perhaps from private and industry investors as well.
To be successful, the venture will require sufficient resources to bring together other experienced researchers along with physicians, clinicians, therapists and other medical specialists with expertise in Alzheimer's, dementia and related health conditions.
Fulton Schools Associate Research Scientist Ping He performed the experimental design, brain imaging, statistical analysis, data interpretation and related work in recent research pursuits that have resulted in important new information about the onset of Alzheimer's disease. Photographer: Philip Schulz/ASU
Their mission will be to develop an antibody designed to shield against the accumulations of the most neurotoxic forms of the amyloid protein that may lie at the heart of early stages of Alzheimer's, and to do this before the disease has progressed and caused irreversible brain damage.
Sierks credits He for performing the lion's share of work necessary to justify undertaking the ambitious venture.
He did the experimental design, immunohistochemistry, brain imaging, ELISA analysis, statistical analysis and data interpretation for their research, and also drafted and revised the research paper manuscript.
"We are aiming to take a different approach from what others have done," Sierks says, "and He really helped to put us into a position to make a strong case for doing this."
Other experts agree the results of the research convincingly show the project is deserving of support for further development and testing.
For instance, the paper's description of the toxic nature of intracellular amyloid oligomers in the published research paper gives credence to a hypothesis derived from earlier research at a Harvard University lab led by amyloid hypotheses pioneer Dennis Selkoe. This is according to Sierks' colleague, Diego Mastroeni, an assistant research professor in ASU's School of Life Sciences who also works in the ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center.
Pharmaceutical companies, however, didn't fully explore the potential impact of that research. But now, Mastroeni says, the Selkoe lab's contributions can be validated by the new data from Sierks' and He's work, which "strongly suggests that the amyloid hypothesis is not doomed for failure, we just need to target the right variant in the right place."
Dr. Eliezer Masliah, director of the Division of Neuroscience for the National Institute on Aging, a part of the National Institutes of Health, noted in particular that the ASU researchers have produced antibodies — important parts of the immune system — that can recognize different types of amyloids.
That ability would enable identifying the most potentially harmful amyloid accumulations and targeting them for removal, thereby reducing the spread of cell injury and inflammation, says Masliah, who leads NIH-sponsored programs aimed at better understanding brain aging and Alzheimer's disease.
The research "solidly suggests that it's important that we use these antibodies that can actually penetrate into the neurons to remove amyloid accumulations," Masliah says, noting that Sierks and He also cleverly made use of a protein fragment that "acts like a Trojan horse and actually tricks the neuron into taking in the antibody."
The research featured in this article was funded in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01AG054048, S10RR027154)
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The OGC Filter Encoding specification provides a generic concept of a filter function. A filter function is a named function with any number of arguments, which can be used in a filter expression to perform specific calculations. This provides much richer expressiveness for defining filters. Filter functions can be used in both the XML Filter Encoding language and the textual ECQL language, using the syntax appropriate to the language.
GeoServer provides many different kinds of filter functions, covering a wide range of functionality including mathematics, string formatting, and geometric operations. A complete list is provided in the Filter Function Reference.
The Filter Encoding specification provides a standard syntax for filter functions, but does not mandate a specific set of functions. Servers are free to provide whatever functions they want, so some function expressions may work only in specific software.
The following examples show how filter functions are used. The first shows enhanced WFS filtering using the geometryType function. The second shows how to use functions in SLD to get improved label rendering.
WFS 2.0 does not depend on any one GML version and thus requires an explicit namespace and schemaLocation for GML. This POST example selects features using a spatial query. Note the complete declaration of namespace prefixes. In a GET request, namespaces can be placed on a Filter element.
Using filter functions in SLD symbolizer expressions does not have significant overhead, unless the function is performing very heavy computation.
However, using functions in WFS filtering or SLD rule expressions may cause performance issues in certain cases. This is usually because specific filter functions are not recognized by a native data store filter encoder, and thus GeoServer must execute the functions in memory instead.
For example, given a filter like BBOX(geom,-10,30,20,45) and geometryType(geom) = 'Point' most data stores will split the filter into two separate parts. The bounding box filter will be encoded as a primary filter and executed in SQL, while the geometryType function will be executed in memory on the results coming from the primary filter.


I have to admit that I was ambivalent about last week's episode of Being Human. It started out with a wonderfully awkward dinner party, but then ended on a really weird note (and me being irked about the Henry character… again.).
I also LOVED Dichen Lachman even more in that episode, though, so I won't call that last episode a complete disaster.
Oh, and wait! Nora's back. But really, who didn't see that coming? I'm still confused as to why she left, but I guess we needed the Josh – Nora – Julia love triangle. Personally, I could do without it, as Julia annoys me and I'm 100% on Team Nora, but whatever.
In this peek at the upcoming episode of Being Human, Josh discusses with Sally about telling Julia about him being a werewolf. I'm hoping that he will and she'll go running far away.
Catch Being Human on Mondays at 9/8c on SyFy.


The Walton De-ice Feed Horn and Subreflector De-Icing Systems utilize the existing heated air within the plenum. The air is ducted to the Feed Horn and Subreflector using a 60 CFM Regenerative Blower that can operate at 110 VAC or 230 VAC 1 phase 50 or 60 Hz. the system can also be used as a Rain Diverter System to keep the Feed Horn window clear of any moisture.


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Levi Courtney takes "Athlete of the Week"
Levi Courtney standing first at the central invitational
Madison Vandergriff
Going into the tournament senior Levi Courtney knew that he was going to break the PHS all-time pin record for most pins in a career. With 71 pins in his career, he made PHS history, beating the previous record of 70 pins held by Ben Turnbough.
Levi has had a very strong season with a current record of 30-6. At the Central Invitational, Courtney had 3 pins and 2 decisions, he finished 5-0 at the tournament beating Jacob Wilcox from New Madrid, winning the championship match 10/4 securing him 1st place.
In the 170 weight class, he has worked hard to maintain. He also placed 3rd at the Cape Invitational. All of this hard work gave him the title from the Daily Journal "Athlete of the Week."
Courtney said, "Overall the season has gone better than I initially thought, which has made me realize hard work really does pay off. I am very thankful for my coaches pushing me as much as they have and knowing what I am capable of." Courtney believes he is going to finish the season strong and is looking forward to championships play and hopefully place at State.
Madison Vandergriff, Reporter
I am currently a Junior at PHS. This is my first year in Mass Media. In my free time I enjoy hanging out with friends, going to the gym, and listening...


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Nassau DC-3's... submerged!
Diving photos: © Mark Knaus
Niels Helmø Larsen drew my attention to some interesting photos on Flickr.com, photos made by Mark Knaus.
Niels knew my appetite for mystery planes and by posting these photos we hope someone may reveal the identity (identities?) of these aircraft.
Photos published with permission by Mark Knaus; they had been published on Flickr.com, but anno Jan.2011 these were no longer available there.
Mark wrote me:
"Glad you enjoyed the pix. The DC-3 and Shark pictures were taken in Nassau, The Bahamas about two weeks ago (August 2007). The Dive Operator was Stewart's Cove - www.stuartcove.com.
The DC-3 was actually intentionally sunk to film a James Bond movie (I forget which one). A recent hurricane broke apart the plane and scattered it about. You can probably find more info about the wreck on the Stewart's Cove website.
The highlight of the trip was definitely the shark feedings... The "feeders" actually wore chain mail and metal helmets, but the rest of us just had wet suits. The sharks were Caribbean Reef Sharks, and in general they don't bother you if you don't bother them. It was very intense though."
Niels Helmø Larsen provided the following additional information:
Film "Into The Blue"
"A 145-foot barge was used for the delicate task of sinking two of the DC3 airplanes used in the film down to the ocean floor. Production designer Maia Javan (House of Sand and Fog) and art director David Klassen (Waterworld) decided not only what the planes would look like underwater, but chose the most photogenic sites for underwater director of photography Peter Zuccarini (Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl).
The production utilized three identical cargo planes for their needs. The "Sunshine" came from California, the "Jose" was found in Puerto Rico, and the "Kalik" was discovered right in Nassau standing at the entrance to the island's airport. One plane was lowered into a deep-water site at the edge of a reef for use in longer establishing shots. Another was placed at a shallow water site for closer work. The third was dropped into a huge converted molasses tank and used extensively for close-ups and interior shots."
From: http://www.cinemareview.com/production.asp?prodid=3121
Myth busters at work: no James Bond movie... but a 2005 movie with Scott Caan, Paul Walker and a rather delectable Jessica Alba
The "Sunshine"-named DC-3: would that be a former Air Sunshine DC-3? See Jim Reed's photos here.
I noticed Bob Garrard had a photo of Air Sunshine DC-3 (N75KW) on Airliners.net, where he offered the following information: "Written off Sep 12, 1980 when it plunged into the sea while on approach to Freeport, Grand Bahamas." A logical candidate I would assume, except that above text seems to indicate aircraft were deliberately placed, not making use of aircraft available on location. I would also assume an aircraft submerged for some 25 years would look less clean, show all kind of underwater growth.
The "Kalik"-named aircraft: could this be N200TA (c/n 19998?); this identity has been reported (but never 100% fully confirmed afaik) for the DC-3 used as a welcoming Gate Guard (see) at the Nassau airport. I have read a report insisting N200TA and this DC-3 were 2 different aircraft. See N200TA in 1975.
The "Jose"-named aircraft I have been unable to trace as yet; Martin Pole writes in his update further below: "... this should be N68363 c/n 20238 (registered as N786T //FAA Register entry 28 June 2009 but was never carried, derelict as N68363).
One has to consider the fact that quite a number of DC-3s/C-47s have been last seen here but their fate remain obscure:
HI-463 (9635), last reported here 1988.
N22KN (14738/26183) was scrapped here sometime after 1990, but to what extend?
N55KN (4936), reported derelict at Nassau in 1993 and parted out
VP-BBN (16411/33159), destroyed here but again: to what extend?
N7709 (12093), last noted derelict at Nassau, fate?
Martin Pole offered the following information & links (a DC-3 tailsection being carted off in 2004 for use of the film):
Stuart Cove's site once showed an image of a DC-3 about to be lowered into the water (I could only see this image in the Japanese language section, via google), the image was too small to read the registration (although it may have already been blanked).
Also see-
www.airliners.net/open.file/0499673/M/
Martin's update (30Jun11):
'N68363 c/n 20238 (registered as N786T, derelict as N68363) removed from Puerto Rico (fuselage loaded onto a flat bed trailer) 10Nov03, sunk off Bahamas 14Jan04.'
In a follow up Martin wrote me the following:
"I did save the image that was previously on the Stuart Cove website:
The 'Welcome gate guard' DC-3/C-47 had a few features that added together would ease I.D. if compared with the image of a suitable candidate ((although I realize some bits could be have been swapped around):
type of nose cone
type/position of RDF antenna
doors - has a C-47 side door with a mall square airliner type luggage door to the rear of it
cockpit glazing type
tail mounted beacon is of the broader type...
I have so far ruled out every image I have seen so far..!"
"Also this was another lead:
Bahamas news - Bahamian news portal:
www.bahamasb2b.com/news - Headline News -Shock As Movie Makers Sink Plane By Coral Reef - January 27, 2004 - 09:54
Movie makers are apparently causing potentially irreplaceable damage to a coral reef off New Providence, environmentalists claimed yesterday.
Government advisers, environmental campaigners and scuba diving companies are "shocked" by the situation.
An old aircraft which was once parked outside the Nassau International Airport has been sunk by the film makers and one wing is resting on the reef.
The Douglas DC-3, which used to welcome travellers to the airport, has been acquired by the makers of the movie "Into The Blue", currently being filmed in New Povidence.
Earlier this month it was sunk off the south west coast of the island to form part of the movies underwater set.
It's not unknown in the Bahamas for planes and boats to be sunk for filming, or as attractions for divers but in this case, one of the plane's 36-foot wings is resting on top of a coral reef.
Source: Robert Bain, The Tribune
I hope that helps, as more on line images will now be available..?"
In Sep.2007 following message from the diving club was sent to me:
"The James Bond wrecks are made up of two separate movie props.
In the 1960's the movie Thunderball was filmed. A movie set of a fighter plane that could lift straight up into the sky was placed in 40 feet of water. It was made of canvas and pipe. The canvas has long since disappeared, but soft and hard corals have completely covered the pipe.
In the 1980's the movie Never Say Never was filmed. For this movie a 90 foot long boat was placed about 40 feet south of the Thunderball set, in the same sand hole."
Jacques Boulogne of aviation-antilles.blogspot.com/ sent me the following link, with images of the submerging taking place:
picasaweb.google.com/DietrichMasters/IntoTheBlueBahamasWork# (Dec.2018: dead link)
Martin Pole posted in Jan.2011 an update of his research:
"Since visiting the Bahamas in August 1998 I have been trying to identify the DC-3/C-47 used as a welcoming sign gate guard at the entrance to Nassau Airport. The fuselage was titled 'Welcome To The Islands Of The Bahamas' and a logo on the tail fin and rudder that read "it's hip to hop to the Bahamas". The wings, engine cowlings and lower fuselage were painted dark blue, the upper fuselage, nosecone, tail fin & rudder were white. A thin light blue cheat line ran the length of the fuselage. This smart looking DC-3 was probably purpose painted.
Despite not having had any prior knowledge of this airframe (not mentioned in my well thumbed accompanying copy of Survivors 97). I couldn't obtain any answers from the airport, as the day I choose to take photographs unfortunately coincided with the airport manager's day off (although his staff were helpful).
I was sure that this would be well documented somewhere back home - Wrong!
This DC-3/C-47 had combined features that made it distinctive, I would be able recognize it again instantly! I started by eliminating all the derelict and withdrawn from use airframes that had been reported in the area, this also involving buying images blind from negative lists.
Six years & thousands of images later, I couldn't believe how this airframe had been so camera shy! A major setback occurred in 2004 when this DC-3 was dismantled and removed for use by film makers, and worse still: underwater. Any hopes of inspecting the plates were now gone.
Three DC-3/C-47 airframes were used in the film and submerged; the film was called 'Into The Blue'. They were apparently given names "Sunshine" " Jose" and the former welcome sign being named "Kalik"
Ruud Leeuw wrote in 2007 (top of this page): 'The 'Jose'-named aircraft I have been unable to trace as yet'
The ID for this should be N68363 c/n 20238 (registered as N786T //FAA Register entry 28 June 2009 but was never carried\\ - derelict as N68363) .
The breakthrough came after twelve years!
I obtained an image taken by the late Mark Twigg at New Tamiami, in June 1984, showing a starboard side view of N4683U ....a match at last !
Using the FAA Registry, and serial quoted, gave me c/n 10111.
A bit of searching lead me to the Aeroflight web site, this gave c/n 10111 as Panamanian Air Force 201 delivered 17Jan1969, sold in Feb.1984 (fitting in well with the image taken in June 1984); Aeroflight quoted the following as references:- Central American and Caribbean Air Forces (Daniel Hagedorn) & Latin-American Military Aviation (John Andrade).
My next task was to obtain an image of FAP 201, preferably one taken from the port side to hopefully match more identifying features. A major distinguishing feature of the Nassau DC-3 was a low level luggage door aft of the large cargo-loading doors.
I obtained two slides of FAP 201 (one with later revised markings and serial presentation). The features of 201 in both images matched the Nassau machine and clearly showed the luggage door.
Referring back to my own images taken at Nassau, I now noticed some red paint showing through on the top of the rudder, this would be where the red paint of the Panamanian flag would have been.
The Air Britain publication DC-1, DC-2, DC-3 The First Seventy Years gives the history of c/n 10111 and suggests that it may have gone to the Panamanian Air Force. However this book along with other publications and databases call this into doubt by giving the subsequent registration of N4683U as c/n 10131, can anyone explain why? HP-1178CTH also comes into play although this registration was probably bogus!
I would welcome any further information regarding the c/n's 10111/10131.
Does anyone remember why the FAA official identity for N4683U was called into doubt?
Speculation: was the luggage door a feature of its previous airline life in Venezuela , and therefore the c/n is 10111 ?
Concluding fact; FAP-201, N4683U, The Nassau Airport Welcoming Sign Gate Guard are all the same airframe.
Obviously my main objective was to Identify the Nassau 'Gate Guard', however I just happened upon the I.D. for "Jose" during the vast elimination process. This brings me on to "Sunshine" I believe this to be the airframe in the attached image (I saved the set of images - just as well as your link is now dead).
The nose has an interesting bump aft of the radome (I believe it's on both sides) they look a bit like navigation lights? They do seem to be lights and it seems to be a TC-47 thing! See:
www.airliners.net/photo/1538767/L/
It's a shame that the c/n is not clear cut, but at least we have some of her history for now.
Mike (Smyth?) wrote me in Dec.2018: " I was just reading about your Submerged Nassau DC-3's and it rang a bell.
I don't know where I got this image from, it was sat on my pc. It appears to be the Airport gate guardian.
I hope this helps."
Photographer unknown.
"It's Hip To Hop To The Bahamas" - alas the DC-3 has no markings of identification
Further help would be much appreciated! EMAIL (read the instructions how to amend the email adress & info required)
In april / may 2017 I did some more 'online mining' for images...
I was checking up on thee Bahamas submerged DC-3's as a result of seeing bits of the film 'Into the Blue' on telly again recently.
One thing led to another, including a 2012 update for the C-46 wreck that ditched in 1979 off the coast of San Andros... You'll find those pics on Photos by Friends & Guests (49).
https://hiveminer.com/Tags/bahamas,dc3
Screendump 01May2017
Website: http://scubadiverlife.com/dive-site-dc3-new-providence-nassau-bahamas/
No doubt these planes will get visitors, but I doubt if it will ever lead to facts about their identities.
Check out my theories HERE...
From Pinterest
Any further info on the identity or information which could lead us further up the trail to identify these aircraft... would be much appreciated !
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