"No, listen, what happened was this: they lied to you, sold you ideas of good & evil, gave you distrust of your body & shame for your prophethood of chaos, invented words of disgust for your molecular love, mesmerized you with inattention, bored you with civilization & all its usurious emotions.
I'm ready for a politics of dream.
What does a politics of dream look like? For me, today, anyway, it's a politic that does not participate in the oppositional systems that we, arguably all of us, universally, are hamstrung by, saddled with, required by.
Hence "there is no becoming, no revolution, no struggle, no path;" Because becoming requires that there was something you were not, because revolting requires there to be a something to revolt against, because the existence of a path implies being off it.
Can we live off of the path? I'm not sure. Look at all the fuss, pro and con about the Canadian parents Kathy Witterick and David Stocker temporarily not disclosing the gender of their baby, Storm, and trying to raise children who make their own choices about gender.
They are trying to keep Storm out of the male/female binary for as long as they can. But even this attempt, to their friends, to the media, and to everyone who then reads the story, becomes an opposition: Either IN the binary system or OUT of it, giving everyone the chance, the desire, the need, even, to weigh in on whether being on the "out" side is viable.. desirable.. or even "responsible parenting." the only choice for these parents being keeping Storm on the "out" side OR the "in" side.
Even if we can't live without them, how do we find moments when we do not engage with oppositional ideas? How do we keep everything from becoming a yes or no, right or wrong decision making process? Where are our moments, our time lived in the fullness of possibiity, the possibility of multiples, the possibility of nuance, the possibility of I don't need to know, the free space, the open moment......... What Witterick and Stocker are arguably attempting to give Storm, for as long as possible...?
How (often) can we live a "politics of dream?"


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Counselors are assigned to a certain grouping of the student body based on grade level. The student's counselor assignments are printed on their schedules. In addition to counselors, the department includes the services of a school psychologist, a social worker, and a speech and hearing clinician, a drug and alcohol counselor, and may include additional support services.
Alton Rollerson – Freshmen
Cheryl Curry – Sophomores
Gia Russo – Juniors/Seniors A-G
Erin Hack – Juniors/Seniors H-O
Corey Bernard – Juniors/Seniors P-Z
Students and parents may expect counselors to be available for consultation on:
Orientation to school.
Testing information and interpretation.
Selection of high school courses best suited to the student's abilities and future plans.
Assistance through both individual counseling and support groups with personal and social problems that are impeding the student's abilities and future plans.
College and job recommendations.
The development of post-secondary plans, including information about college admissions requirements, financial aid and career information.
The development of appropriate career plans.
Referral to agencies outside of school.
Professional staffing regarding the students.
Counselors are expected to communicate with the student's parents as needed, as well as with teachers and/or other staff for the benefit of the student.
Graduation Requirements (Board Policy 6:300)
Graduation from Batavia High School is dependent upon completion of required courses and an accumulation of credits.
Unless otherwise exempted, each student must successfully accomplish the following in order to graduate from high school:
Complete all District graduation requirements that are in addition to the State requirements.
Complete all courses as provided in The School Code, 105 ILCS 5/27-22, according to the year in which a student entered the 9th grade.
Complete all minimum requirements for graduation as specified by Illinois State Board of Education rule, 23 Ill. Admin Code §1.440.
Pass an examination on patriotism and principles of representative government, proper use of the flag, methods of voting, and the Pledge of Allegiance.
Students must successfully complete a minimum of 26 credits before being awarded a diploma. These credits must include 0.5 Speech, 0.5 Health, 0.5 Consumer Education, 3.5 Social Studies (one credit must be US/American History and one-half credit Government), 2 Science, 3.5 English, 3 Math, 3.5 Physical Education,
Transfer Credits Towards Graduation
In order to maintain the integrity of the high school diploma awarded by Batavia Public Schools, the following will apply to credits transferred to Batavia High School with the intent of meeting requirements for graduation. For this purpose, a resident will be considered a Batavia High School student when they enroll in their first course at Batavia High School.
Students at Batavia High School are limited to two (2) transfer credits that may be applied to graduation requirements. Pre-approved dual credit courses taken at the community college and courses taken at accredited schools as part of a partnership agreement are not considered transfer credits.
Transfer credit will be awarded through transcript review to determine equivalent credit applicable to the above requirements. Transfer students will be required to follow the transfer plan for required graduation credits. The following plan indicates credit needed to graduate based on the year in school in which a student enters Batavia High School.
Credits needed if students enter as a:
Senior: 21
Junior: 23
Sophomore: 26
Freshman: 26
A high school student's first educational option is the curriculum offered through the regular high school program. Exceptions may be made on an individual basis for allowable variables.
Glossary of Blocked Terminology
The school year is divided into four terms of approximately nine weeks in length. Courses worth 1/2 credit meet every day for one term. Courses worth one credit meet every day for two terms.
The 4 X 4 Batavia Block Model means students may earn up to four credits during the first two terms, or semester, and an additional four credits second semester. A block is a class period of 90 minutes. There are four blocks in the daily schedule.
Students complete a Program of Study that is a plan of how and when courses will be selected to meet minimum graduation requirements, career preparation and/or minimum college preparation. Electives may be chosen from Areas of Study, which provide students with a group of suggested courses that relate to future goals.
Course descriptions and prerequisites are listed in the Registration Handbook.
The Superintendent or designee shall implement procedures for students to graduate early, provided they finish at least 7 semesters of high school and meet all graduation requirements. No credits may be transferred in to meet graduation requirements for students wishing to graduate early unless there is a hardship circumstance.
Credit for Alternative Courses and Programs, and Course Substitutions Board Policy 6:310
Correspondence, Distance Learning (including Virtual and Online Courses), and Summer School.
A student enrolled in any courses in this section may receive high school credit for work completed, provided:
The course is offered by an institution accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, NCATE, or the equivalent approved by the Superintendent or designee;
The student assumes responsibility for all fees, including tuition, textbooks, and other fees;
The student's Counselor and the High School Principal approve the course in advance.
A maximum of 4 units of credit may be counted towards the requirements for a student's high school graduation. Students choosing to graduate early are required to meet all graduation requirements through courses taken at the high school. The Superintendent or designee will develop administrative procedures that may limit the number and/or types of courses that apply towards high school credit. Grades earned in approved courses will count toward a student's grade point average, class rank, and eligibility for athletic and co-curricular activities. The District may pay the fee for expelled students who are permitted to take courses in alternative settings, and may also consider other arrangements for special circumstances.
An exchange student will be granted a diploma if he or she completes the criteria for graduation established by the State of Illinois and the Board of Education. The Board of Education may grant a certificate of attendance to exchange students.
District students will receive high school credit for foreign exchange courses that meet the criteria established in the curriculum and that are approved by the Building Principal. International study course work not meeting District requirements may be placed in the student's permanent record and recorded as an international study experience.
A student will receive high school credit for successfully completing independent study in a curriculum area not offered by the District, provided the student obtains the consent of a supervising teacher as well as the Building Principal.
World Language Courses
A student will receive high school credit by studying foreign language in an approved ethnic school program, provided such program meets the minimum standards established by the State Board of Education.
The amount of credit will be based on foreign language proficiency achieved. The Building Principal may require a student seeking foreign language credit to successfully complete a foreign language proficiency examination.
Classroom Instruction: There is no charge for classroom driver education. Classroom instruction will be available to all students during the school day of the semester in which they are scheduled. The Batavia High School's Driver Education program follows the parameters established by the Illinois Secretary of State and the State Board of Education. The State requires a minimum of 30 hours of classroom instruction, and students that cannot fulfill this minimum due to absences will be dropped. The final course grade is determined by the student's performance in the classroom. The behind-the-wheel of the program are requirements for obtaining a driver's license.
Behind-the-Wheel: The behind-the-wheel scheduling will be done during the first two weeks of the semester. The State requires a minimum of six hours of behind-the-wheel instruction, and students that cannot fulfill this minimum due to absences will be dropped. Scheduling is done strictly by birth dates with the oldest students scheduled first. Students will be scheduled during all available teaching slots for behind-the-wheel during the school day. Additionally, before and after school instruction will be available to the students who cannot be scheduled during the school day. Any student who cannot be scheduled for the behind the-wheel phase during the current semester will have the option of being scheduled during the summer session or the following semester. If your son/daughter does not receive behind-the-wheel during the current semester, at your discretion, he/she can begin to fulfill the state nine-month permit requirement. Also, at your discretion, your son/daughter may begin to acquire the 50 hours of additional driving time with an adult, which is also a prerequisite to obtaining a driver's license.
Summer School: Behind-the-Wheel instruction is offered during the summer for students who were not scheduled during the school year. The session will begin approximately the first week of June and will run through the end of July.
Please Note: Illinois law requires students to be in classroom and behind-the-wheel a minimum number of hours. If a student is absent three (3) days from classroom or three (3) days from behind-the-wheel for the entire semester, the student will be unable to fulfill the state requirement and will be dropped from the program.
Credit for Military Service
The School Board may accept military service experience or credit toward graduation provided the student making the request accompanies it with a recommendation from the Commission of Accreditation of Service Experiences.
The student seeking credit shall supply the School Board with any documents or transcripts necessary to support the request.
Credit toward graduation shall be given consistent with other policies adopted by the School Board.
Youth Apprenticeship Vocational Education Program (Tech Prep)
Students participating in the Youth Apprenticeship Vocational Education Program (Tech Prep) may earn credit toward graduation for work-related training received at manufacturing facilities or agencies.
Vocational Academy
Students enrolled in the Vocational Academy earn credit toward graduation as provided in the Academy's design.
Substitutions for Physical Education and Other Required Courses
A student in grades 9-12 may satisfy one or more high school courses (including physical education) or graduation requirements by successfully completing related vocational or technical education courses if:
The Building Principal approves the substitution and the vocational or technical education course is completely described in curriculum material along with its relationship to the required course; and
The student's parent(s)/guardian(s) request and approve the substitution in writing on forms provided by the District.
A student in grades 11-12, unless otherwise stated, may request the Building Principal to be excused from physical education courses for the reasons stated below. The Superintendent or designee shall maintain records showing that the criteria set forth in this policy were applied to the student's individual circumstances. Students must submit such requests in writing with as much specificity as possible.
Enrollment in academic classes that are required for admission to an institution of higher learning; or
Enrollment in academic classes that are required for graduation from high school, provided that failure to take such classes will result in the pupil being unable to graduate.
A student in grades 3-12 who is eligible for special education may be excused from physical education courses if:
The student's parent/guardian agrees that the student must utilize the time set aside for physical education to receive special education support and services; or
The student's individualized education program team determines that the student must utilize the time set aside for physical education to receive special education support and services.
The agreement or determination must be made a part of the individualized education program. A student requiring adapted physical education must receive that service in accordance with the student's individualized education program.
Graduation Policy
Graduation is a time for the responsible celebration of student accomplishments. Family, friends, and school staff look forward to this event all year. Graduating seniors should be proud of their work, but should also represent their school and community by treating the graduation ceremony in a serious manner.
Students will not be allowed to participate in the graduation ceremony if they do not attend the graduation rehearsal or follow the prescribed graduation dress code guidelines. Students who break any school rule during the rehearsal will be asked to leave and will not be able to participate in the ceremony.
Students disruptive during the graduation ceremony may be removed from the gymnasium and not allowed to return. All students will receive their actual personalized diplomas after the ceremony is over.
Grading System and Class Rank (Board Policy 6:280)
Grade reports are recorded in PowerSchool at the end of every nine weeks. A Student Progress Report or phone call(s) from the teacher will be used to advise parents and students of progress at other times.
Grades will be available on PowerSchool within ten (10) days of the end of the term.
Note: These dates may change if events such as snow days occur. Fox Valley Career Center students will follow the calendar of the school hosting the program in which the student is enrolled. Please note that this calendar may be updated.
Batavia High School has adopted a school-wide grading scale:
A = 100% to 90% 4.0
B = 89% to 80% 3.0
C = 79% to 70% 2.0
D = 69% to 60% 1.0
F = Below 60% 0.0
The G.P.A. is calculated by adding the G.P.A points and dividing by the number of total credits attempted. The G.P.A. is calculated at the end of each semester. Class rank is determined from the highest G.P.A. to the lowest.
Students achieving a GPA of 3.5 or higher in a given semester will be recognized on the school's honor roll for that semester. Students will be recognized with Highest Honors, High Honors, or Honors at graduation based on their cumulative GPA. Any student whose cumulative GPA meets the Highest Honors benchmark will be ranked #1 in the class.
Class of 2014 and beyond
Highest Honors 4.375
High Honors 4.0
Honors 3.5
Withdrawing a Misplaced Student
The teacher and counselor may recommend that a student they believe to have been misplaced be withdrawn.
Animal Dissection
For information about which courses have animal dissection, please see the high school course handbook. According to BPS Board policy 6:100, students will not be penalized for refusing to participate in dissection learning activities.
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In Marc's 14 years as Partner at LEYE, he has led the creation, design and re-concept of more than 16 restaurants across Chicagoland including Beatrix; a restaurant and coffeehouse located in River North, Streeterville, Fulton Market and Oak Brook, Beatrix Market; a quick and healthful grab and go experience, Ēma; a Mediterranean and California-inspired restaurant with Top Chef CJ Jacobson, Aba; the sister restaurant to Ēma, featuring a 400-seat restaurant and rooftop patio, The Dalcy; LEYE's private event hall in Fulton Market, and Bar Ramone; a wine bar featuring Spanish tapas.
Three years later, Yasmin led the pastry team in the opening of Beatrix River North. She was instrumental in developing the bakery program and menu. In 2015, she was promoted to Executive Pastry Chef and most recently was named Associate Partner. Yasmin now oversees the pastry program at all four Beatrix locations, Beatrix Market, Foodlife, Foodease and Mity Nice Bar & Grill.
Janet Kirker grew up in Champaign, Illinois and developed a passion for food at a young age while spending time in the kitchen with her mother and grandmothers. Preparing food for holidays and celebrations year after year sparked not only her interest in cooking, but enticed Janet to learn more about the culinary arts.
Janet's first job in a professional kitchen was as a dishwasher at a local catering company. She eagerly worked up to a cook position and continued growing with the company throughout high school and college, where she received a B.S. in Restaurant Management from the University of Illinois in 1993, and her Culinary Arts degree from The Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, New York in 1995.
After school, Janet joined the team at Chicago's iconic restaurant, Charlie Trotter's. She spent most of her time in the pastry department, which led her to be the Assistant Pastry Chef at Danny Meyer's Contemporary Indian Cuisine restaurant, Tabla, in New York City three years later. From there, Janet broadened her experience in other various positions including the Sous Chef at Café Lucy in Napa, Sous Chef and Executive Chef at Charlie Trotter's, Trotter's To-Go, and the Culinary Director at The Chopping Block in Chicago.
In July of 2012, Janet joined Lettuce Entertain You as the Executive Chef at Foodease in Water Tower Place, where she helped expand the concept through menu creation and operations. Three years later, Janet was influential in the opening of Beatrix Market in Streeterville, where as the Executive Chef she brought delicious, healthful and homemade food to the restaurant. Now, Janet is a Partner of Beatrix Market and its four locations throughout Chicago, as well as Foodease.
In her free time, Janet is passionate about all things wine, vacationing, visiting local farmers markets, cooking at home for friends, and spending time with her husband.
Kevin's passion for food began while growing fruits and vegetables in his grandparent's garden. His grandma taught him to cook and bake using the fresh produce from the garden. Kevin worked in a high volume bakery throughout high school, and it is here where his passion for the business was cemented. After college, Kevin managed a small taqueria, which taught him the importance of attention to detail, cherishing the guest and watching every penny.
Kevin joined Lettuce Entertain You Enterprises in 2005 as a manager of Foodlife at Water Tower Place. With more than 20 years in the restaurant industry, Kevin has spent more than half his career at Lettuce. He has grown within the organization; working his way up from a floor manager to General Manager, to now a Partner.
He has brought structure to the many management teams he oversees, implements efficient operating systems, improving profitability and continuing to drive the food culture. Kevin helped develop the Foodease Market concept in Water Tower Place and has been instrumental in the creation of Beatrix Market located in Fulton Market, Streeterville, the Loop, and at DePaul Unviersity's downtown campus.
When not in the restaurants, Kevin enjoys spending time with his wife, Christine and his two daughters, Haley and Peyton. He enjoys cooking for his family, gardening and fishing.
Growing up in Alabama, Carrie has always had a passion for food. She attended The University of Alabama and after graduating with a business degree in 2000, Carrie moved to Chicago to pursue her culinary career. She attended Kendall College and upon graduating joined the opening team at Big Jones restaurant while also teaching classes at The Chopping Block. After nine years at The Chopping Block, Carrie moved to Florida to join her cousin in opening Black Bear Bread Co., an artisanal bakery and café.
Carrie's opportunity to work with Lettuce Entertain You is what brought her back to Chicago in February o4 2018. Now, as the Chef at the Beatrix Market DePaul Loop location, Carrie's favorite part of the job is using fresh ingredients to produce quality food that people are excited to eat.
In her free time, she enjoys spending time with family and friends, baking sourdough bread and playing seasonal recreational sports.
Thalia Krick grew up on a lake in small town Minnesota. With a significant influence from her parents and grandparents, Thalia's love for cooking and exploring in the kitchen blossomed at a very young age.
Thalia studied Biology and Agronomy at Iowa State University before following her deep passion by attending Kendall College for her culinary degree. She began her journey at Lettuce Entertain You in 2008 where she was a cook at Foodlife, to then revamp the catering program at Water Tower Place. Three years later, Thalia was promoted to Manager at Foodease, and also assisted in the opening of Beatrix River North and Beatrix Streeterville.
Now, Thalia is excited to be the General Manager of Beatrix Market at DePaul University's downtown campus. There, she thrives on discovering new retail products, seeking what the latest trends in cooking are, and learning from those that she meets and works with.
In her free time, Thalia loves to travel, visit family, ski, volunteer, check out new markets, restaurants, and bars.
Growing up in western New York, Dave's first culinary experience was in wine. He worked for a small family winery in the Finger Lakes region of New York and learned about the wine making process, pairings and the culture. Wanting to apply his knowledge in a new setting, Dave joined the team at a local cheese shop, Cheesetique, in Alexandria, VA.
Seeking more growth, Dave made the move to Chicago where he joined the management team at Beatrix in River North where he oversaw daily processes, supply ordering, and staff management. Dave went on to join the team at Beatrix's sister restaurant, Ema, the Mediterranean and California inspired restaurant led by Top Chef Duels winner, CJ Jacobson. Now, he is proud to be on the opening team of Beatrix Market's second standalone location in Chicago's Loop.
Dave's favorite part of the job is the team he works alongside with and the people he meets on a daily basis. In his free time, Dave enjoys watching old movies, visiting art galleries, trying out new craft cocktails and craft beer, traveling, and exploring this new city he loves to call home.
Sharlene Hobbs grew up in southern California, and went to school in both Santa Barbara and San Diego with a focus on becoming a teacher. Upon graduation, Sharlene realized her true passion was in the restaurant industry, and joined the team at Rock Bottom Brewery in 2000. Seven years later, Sharlene moved to Chicago to be the Assistant Manager at Rock Bottom in the Windy City.
In 2009, Sharlene joined the Lettuce Entertain You Family as a server at RJ Grunts in Lincoln Park. Just one year later, she was promoted to a divisional trainer for various concepts including Foodlife, Mity Nice Bar & Grill, Foodease, Scoozi, Beatrix and Ema. Now, Sharlene is the Divisional Training Director for more than ten restaurant concepts and is vital in new restaurant openings, staff seminars and outings, and the on-going development of current employees. With a true love for building the training department as the division continues to grow, her favorite part of the job is working with new team members, and being the first impression of a company she is so proud to be a part of.
When Sharlene is not in the restaurant, she enjoys reading, trying new restaurants, traveling, visiting her family, and spending time with friends.


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Colonel Fox
Written by Gin Foundry
Cremorne 1859, aka Colonel Fox London Dry Gin was launched in 2012. It's labelling and illustrations prove unique and appealing, but then what would you expect from the Cask Liquid Marketing team.
While Cremorne 1859 began life as simply a London Dry Gin, it's probably fairest to consider it now as being a range of products that fall under the CASK Liquid Marketing profile. Founded by Richard Herbert and Stuart Ekins, co-founders at CASK, they are working with Charlotte Cory, a London-based writer and artist, to create a range of spirits that are at once traditional in taste and inspired by the past, but with a certain modern twist.
The fictional character Colonel Fox has a rather interesting 19th Century backstory. Having fought in several wars throughout his career, he retired in 1859 and went onto run the popular pleasure gardens known as Cremorne Gardens. Based by the River Thames in Chelsea, London, Fox was visited by Queen Victoria there on a number of occasions, when she came for afternoon walks with Prince Albert and ended up having a Gin Colonel Special cocktail as well. His wild stories of his globe-trotting adventures kept the Queen and the Prince well-entertained. Recognised as a war-hero, who fought at Waterloo, and travelled through the Middle East as well as in parts of Africa, Europe and Australasia, Fox was a true 19th Century gentleman, whose tales and stories kept every one under rapture, helped along by his gin. It was whilst he was travelling that he found a recipe for gin, the same one that CASK based theirs on. Sadly, these gardens closed in 1877, never to open their doors again and Fox's gin soon became a hidden secret, buried in time.
The imagery depicted on Colonel Fox's Gin bottle presents a post-Darwinian universe of reworked, recycled, collaged and montaged Victorian photography in which the animals are clearly in charge, complete with fantastical stories that are both captivating and highly creative. However, the realities of it's eponymous gin are somewhat more mundane. Distilled and bottled in London's very own Thames Distillers Ltd, Charles Maxwell takes charge in producing batches of this gin, using a variety of traditional gin botanicals that include: juniper, coriander, angelica root, cassia, liquorice and bitter orange peel. Bottled at 40% ABV. It is suggested that you serve it in a G & T garnished with a blackberry or cherry, to bring out the most of the citrus appeal which is touched upon in the juniper driven nose.
Describing Colonel Fox's Gin involves all of those words that blockbuster Hollywood marketeers would hate to put on a movie poster – respectable, commendable, decent and reliable. They are not particularly sexy one-line quips quoting just how tantalisingly unforgettable it is, nor are they deriding it as a horrifyingly made experience. It is no Sharknado, but neither is it a James Bond classic. This is middle of the road, trusty gin – a feat that many gins fall short of.
Colonel Fox Gin to taste…
On the palate, a fruity and earthy taste ensues; this gives way shortly to a more sweet flavour. The taste lingers in the mouth a while, long after you have swallowed the last drop, with the juniper noticeably present. It's a good gin but with hundreds of other gins available it is, unfortunately, a little forgettable too.
That said, part of what could make this gin stand out from the crowd is it's playful labelling and identity. Cory was brought onto the team to help find something suitable for what Stuart and Richard wanted their gin to promote. Being an expert on all things medieval and influenced by this passion for history within her art, it all comes through in her labels for Colonel Fox. As we touched on above with the backstory of Colonel Fox, she depicts a uniformed solider, standing regally for a portrait, holding his sword to his left-hand side, though rather strangely the soldier's head has been replaced by that of a fox's. This surreal illustration makes more sense when you see it through Cory's understanding of the Victorian era and the ideology that was around in Victorian times starting in 1859.
For it was in this year that the ground-breaking book, Darwin's The Origin of Species was published and changed people's understandings of evolution and man's beginnings forever. The juxtaposition therefore between man and animal was finally united, showing a liner evolutionary path, which is exposed symbolically in Cory's colourful and evocative picture. Furthermore, photography as Charlotte explains became a cheaper and more viable option than it had ever been before, allowing people to have their pictures taken at the Cremorne Gardens. Hence the formal portraiture and pose of the half-man half-beast Colonel, who appears to be under a photographer's direction. The Victorians were being pushed into another world, one in which they were not quite ready for but were having to acknowledge all the same.
Due in part to Cory's pictures, Colonel Fox has been created into an eye-catching gin that is not only pretty to look at, but also unusually thought provoking when you give it a moment. These labels help to define what the gin could be about, once the team begin to bring the brand to life and roll it out to consumer audiences. With the success of CASK's other drinks within their portfolio, it's hard to see why this would fare any differently, but there's a long way to go yet and without a standout flavour profile that sets it apart from other gins, it could take a little longer for it to gain traction.
For more information about Colonel Fox Gin, visit their website: www.caskliquidmarketing.com
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Disquiet in Lagos APC over Speaker's disengagement of aides
By Seye Olumide
11 hours ago Politics
Ikpeazu debunks planned defection of Abia PDP members to APC
Lagos PDP supports Makinde, says party will win state in 2023
Mudashiru Obasa
Some members of the Lagos State chapter of All Progressives Congress (APC) have expressed displeasure over the sudden termination of appointments of some aides by the Speaker, Lagos State House of Assembly, Hon. Mudashiru Obasa.
The members, who spoke anonymously pending when the leadership of the party would speak on the issue, described Obasa's action as unfair. They said it could lead to depression in the affected aides, especially at this period of economic crises.
Obasa had on Tuesday evening terminated the appointment of four of his aides, including his chief of staff and his chief press secretary. Those affected by the decision are Chief of Staff, Saka Fafunmi; Chief Press Secretary, Mr. Tolani Abati; Special Adviser on Political Affairs, Dayo Famakinwa, and Special Adviser on Research, Oladimeji Oriyomi.
The sack of Fafunmi particularly irked members of the ruling party because the former Chief of Staff was a three-term lawmaker and Obasa's former colleague until he (Fafunmi) decided to contest for the House of Representatives ticket for Ifako Ijaye Constituency 1 in 2019, but lost.
Fafunmi's appointment was said to have been facilitated by late Senator Bayo Oshinowo, who represented Lagos East zone but died of Covid-19, to help cushion the shock of his loss of the House of Reps ticket. Some said he was not Obasa's preferred choice for the position in the first instance.
The displeasure over the sack of the Chief of Staff is that Fafunmi is a son of one of the influential women leaders in Ifako Ijaye Constituency 1. Many see his treatment as a raw deal for a faithful party member. Fafunmi is also considered one of the followers of Oshinowo.
It is also being insinuated that Fafunmi's sack could be Obasa's push to oust Oshinowo's loyalists. Until his death last year, Oshinowo was at loggerheads with the Speaker.
According to the source, "When Fafunmi lost the House of Representatives ticket, Oshinowo, in his usual style, assisted Fafunmi secure appointment as Chief of Staff in spite of Obasa. It was the extension of the aggression of the crisis between the Speaker and the late Senator that brought about Fafunmi's sack."
But another source said Fafunmi was nursing ambition to contest the yet-to-be scheduled local government elections, adding; "The Speaker must have considered it appropriate to discharge Fafunmi so that he can focus on his ambition ahead of the council polls in Lagos."
But the excuse was dismissed on the grounds that someone cannot be disengaged from his job to go and prepare for an election that is yet to be scheduled. Fafunmi himself was said to have been shocked when he received his termination letter, wondering what his sins were before the Speaker.
Yet another version said the Speaker's action was part of his move to further assert his authority in the Assembly and to dismantle structures that are not loyal to his leadership.
The party members were also unhappy over Abati's dismissal without reason other than the usual statement that his service was no longer needed. However, Abati is reported to have expressed gratitude to Obasa for the opportunity to serve, even as he stated that there was no discord between them.
Reference was made to how Obasa maltreated his former CPS, Musibau Rasak for four years and later dumped him for Abati after the 2019 elections.
"Yet, he has used Abati for less than two years and dumped him. Any other person hoping to take appointment from the Assembly under Obasa must give it a thorough evaluation before accepting it," said the member.
Prodded on what could have led to his disengagement, Abati said, "As regards the content, it reads your appointment is no longer needed. I don't have any issue with my boss and I will forever be grateful to him for the opportunity given."
Even before his disengagement, it was reported that Obasa hardly gave Abati the chance to function appropriately as his spokesman neither did the Speaker relate directly with his CPS. The standing instruction, The Guardian learnt was that Abati only related with Obasa strictly through the immediate past Chief of Staff, which impeded the former CPS's relationship with the media.
MEANWHILE, loyalists of Obasa said the Speaker must have taken the decision as fallout of the bad press he has received, especially regarding corruption allegations in recent times. Recall that a report in March last year claimed that the Assembly spent N2.4 billion on 80 cars in 11 months. This set some legislators against the Speaker, who held the belief that some disgruntled lawmakers deliberately divulged the information to the media to discredit him.
Some of the aides of the Speaker were accused of enabling the bad press about Obasa and how he ran the Assembly. The Speaker's grouse against Abati is said to be the CPS's poor handling of the media, as he could not stop negative press against his principal.
Lagos APCMudashiru Obasa


text:
Government reliance on army for lockdowns a weak move
August 12, 2021 John Quiggin4 Comments
That's the headline from an article I published in Independent Australia last week. Apparently, rather than offer a serious response to the unfolding disaster, Berejklian and Morrison intend to send in more troops.
Opening para
The incapacity of NSW Premier Gladys Berejklian's "gold standard" Government to contain the latest outbreak of COVID-19 has become a political liability for Prime Minister Scott Morrison. So, as has become standard in such situations, Morrison called in the army, offering 300 troops for what was described as a "crackdown" on compliance with COVID-19 regulations.
The practical impact of this deployment is virtually zero. The NSW Police Force has over 18,000 officers along with thousands of other employees who could assist with many of the routine tasks involved in compliance checking.
Recipe for a one-term government
4 thoughts on "Government reliance on army for lockdowns a weak move"
Karlo says:
Agreed, absolute overkill. And even if the additional manpower was strictly necessary there is no need to have them walking around in camouflage / combat uniform. They seem to be confusing compliance with intimidation.
Still got to see a single country where the army made a notable positive contribution to Covid containment. Not even going to the point of proportional to the military budget or anything…. just noticeable. One would think for example, soldiers could do at home delivery of food or sth. like that.
I agree that the use of army personnel in this manner, in the current NSW pandemic context, is symbolic, token, ineffective and probably even counter-productive. The symbolism sends the wrong message. However, we on the left who are calling for stronger or more effective state action, implying a widening of state powers as well as state inititavies, in the context of being a democratic nation in a dangerous pandemic, must still grapple with the issues of both education and compliance. Where information and education fail, why do they fail? Where information and education are arguably "good enough" and still fail, if they are, how are greater compliance measures to be implemented? And what sanctions ought to be applied for non-compliance?
The moderate left, as democratic socialists, cannot dodge these question lest they be characterized as unrealistic about human nature and suffer accordingly at the ballot box. More importantly, leftist prescriptions will fail to deal with social problems, including public health problems, if recalcitrant and recidivist persons are not wisely dealt with before (with preemptive social programs) and and/or when they offend against measures, like the cordon sanitaire, implemented for the common good.
The mention of preemptive social action introduces the general theme of the failure of neoliberalism. Neoliberalism partly dismantled a range of social programs in the arenas of health, welfare and education. If you sow the wind, you reap the whirlwind. Create uneducated, deprived, alienated and angry people with no stake in the current system and that is a recipe for social disintegration. Neoliberalism, or rather the people subjected to it and suffering under it, is/are now reaping what it has sown. Selfish individualism and a range of behaviors which could be characterized as anything from boganism to glibertariaisnism to lumpenproletarian behaviors threaten to undo all efforts to stop this pandemic. Of course, we have to add in the incompetent efforts of the neoliberal NSW and Federal govts led by individuals who clearly do not understand the science at all or else place their own ideological and personal priorities above both science and the public good.
If and when in power, the moderate left must confront these issues.Social programs in the arenas of health, welfare and education must be greatly revived along with programs like infrastructure renewal and dealing with climate change and the zoonotic disease dangers which will keep arising in an overpopulated, over-connected world continuously encroaching on the wilds (until if and when that problem set is solved).
By the same token, moderate left governments must make it clear, via a Left Realist stance, that with rights to proper social programs, equality and inclusivity in the arenas of health, welfare, education and others, come responsibilities for citizens, in line with their abilities, to be constructive contributors to, or at least not mischievous, malicious or criminal disrupters of the social and common good. In other words, after all enlightened measures are taken, persistent, deliberate, lumpenproletarian [1] behavior simply cannot and should not be tolerated. For sure, further attempts should be made at enlightened measures and reformation, rather than blind punishment or coercion.At the same time it must be realized that intelligent sociopaths and psychopaths will attempt to game enlightened tolerance.
A point must come, when even enlightened tolerance towards some runs out and consequences may need to be quite severe for behaviors which amount to social and economic sabotage. In a potentially exponential pandemic these behaviors can result in a rapidly escalating disease burden, many deaths and the destruction of economic value which is (formalistically) measurable in the millions of dollars.
Arson is regarded as a very serious crime not just because it can result in deaths and property destruction but because a single spark can escalate in a contagion manner into vast blaze causing immense quantities of death and destruction. Pandemic arson is just as bad. Honest mistakes and innocent asymptomatic transmission are clearly not pandemic arson. But there appear o be some cases where behavior is egregious enough to approach the definition. At some point, something like the concept of pandemic arson has to be brought home to people, if all enlightened attempts to educate fail.
1. Lumpenproletariat – An underclass devoid of class or social consciousness or conscience. The unthinking lower strata of society exploited by reactionary forces. Trumpian rednecks are a good example as are the worst of the racist police in the USA..
Ernestine Gross says:
JQ, I consulted a former graduate Officer on this topic. He agrees with your assessment. In his opinion, the employment of military personnel in civilian matters is useful if the employment is very short term (weeks or at most a few months) and it involves heavy machinery and engineers. He gave substantial bushfires, earthquakes, floods as examples. In his opinion, dealing with the Sars-Cov2 virus and its variants is a long term project and there is no obvious need for an engineers corps that can build a temporary bridge in a day or two or clear blocked roads or demolish and clean up damaged buildings that have been assessed as unsafe by civilian engineers who pass on the job to the military (clear command structure).


text:
\section{Introduction}
Reflective surfaces are common in natural images, and can cause false positive results in the tasks of detection, segmentation and counting~\cite{bajcsy1996detection,delpozo2007detecting,braun2018eurocity}. In a setting with many reflective surfaces, such as a gym with mirrors on the walls, the scale of these false positives can be significant. For instance, in a room with one large mirror along the wall and several people next to it, there may be as many false positive detections (due to reflections) as there are true detections (due to people).

One might expect that this problem could be addressed by finetuning on a dataset with mirrors -- usually, finetuning allows a pretrained network to adapt to a different domain. In this work, we show this approach is ineffective for two-stage detection/segmentation methods such as the popular Mask RCNN (see Figure~\ref{fig:examples}), and that this is due to the loss of broader image context during the second stage. We proceed to show that semantic segmentation methods are unaffected by this loss of context, and are better able to learn to distinguish reflections from true positives. Subsequently, inspired by the recently introduced concept of \textit{panoptic segmentation} (i.e. a fusion of instance and semantic segmentation), we show how false positive detections due to reflections can be dramatically reduced while retaining instance-level segmentations, invaluable for tasks such as counting and tracking.

While this work is limited to mirror reflections, it shows the promise of panoptic segmentation and related approaches, revealing weaknesses in the popular two-stage detection approaches and how these can easily be addressed through the introduction of broader context information as is retained better in typical semantic segmentation architectures. This points the way towards other promising areas where panoptic segmentation may improve performance, such as segmentation of small objects and other tasks where the high-level information of \textit{scene parsing} is important for understanding fine-grained components of the scene. Indeed, this work shows how even at this very early stage, combining instance and semantic segmentation can be practically valuable in real world computer vision problems.

\begin{figure}[h]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{img/unfiltered-mrcnn-orig/866038.jpg}
	\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{img/unfiltered-mrcnn-ft/866038.jpg}
	\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{img/filtered-mrcnn-ft/866038.jpg}
	\caption{Example images with instance segmentation. \textbf{Left}: Mask RCNN trained on a dataset without reflections; \textbf{Middle}: Mask RCNN trained on a dataset with reflections; \textbf{Right}: Joint segmentation as in this work. Instance segmentation struggles to distinguish reflections from true positives, even after finetuning on reflections.}
	\label{fig:examples}
\end{figure}

\section{Related Work}
\paragraph*{Instance Segmentation} Given an input image, instance segmentation returns a set of detected objects and their segmentations. Instance segmentation focuses on the detection and segmentation of \textit{things} -- specific and distinct instances of objects, such as people and cars. Instance segmentation is most popularly done using two-stage methods such as Mask RCNN, which first use a region proposal network (RPN) to identify regions that potentially contain instances, and subsequently uses a classification stage to decide: (i) whether the region contains an instance; (ii) where the instance is within the region; (iii) which specific pixels belong to the instance. The two-stage architecture gives state of the art results for detection and segmentation, at the cost of greater computational (and conceptual) complexity~\cite{huang2017speed}. Single-stage architectures such as RetinaNet~\cite{lin2017focal} have attempted to achieve similar results, particularly in detection, but currently are weaker.

\paragraph*{Semantic Segmentation} In contrast to instance segmentation, semantic segmentation aims to produce a label for each pixel in the image. Semantic segmentation focuses on the segmentation of \textit{stuff} -- there is no importance attached to distinguishing different instances of a class, but rather to generally recognising the composition of a scene. Typically, semantic segmentation uses a simpler single-stage architecture, with the state of the art architectures designed to preserve information across a range of feature scales.

Crucially, because semantic segmentation is done in a single stage, broader-scale contextual information is usually available for the detection and segmentation tasks~\cite{fu2018dual,chen2019hybrid}. Research on the \textit{effective receptive field} has shown that, when estimating the class label for a given point in an image, the network gives highest priority to the features derived from nearby pixels but is able to be significantly influenced by pixels from further away~\cite{peng2017large,luo2016understanding}. Various techniques may encourage the segmentation approach to incorporate large-scale dependencies across the image by directly expanding the effective receptive field through network structure or purpose-created modules~\cite{chen2019hybrid,fu2018dual,chen2018deeplab}, attempting to fuse multiple scales of visual information~\cite{zhao2017pyramid,zhang2018context}, or using auxiliary models of context, e.g. using LSTM~\cite{byeon2015scene,shuai2018scene}. This contrasts with two-stage instance segmentation where, as we show in Section~\ref{sec:methods}, contextual information is necessarily lost after the RPN stage.

\paragraph*{Panoptic Segmentation} The recently proposed idea of panoptic segmentation has gathered much interest, both as a unifying set of metrics in which to compare semantic and instance segmentation, and as a motivating problem that may lead to novel segmentation architectures~\cite{kirillov2018panoptic}. In panoptic segmentation, every pixel in the image should be labelled, but different instances are distinguished from one another, e.g. ``person 1'' is distinguished from ``person 2''. Human-level performance on panoptic segmentation, or full scene parsing, has been described as a ``Holy Grail'' of computer vision~\cite{zhou2017scene}. Intuitively, it is appealing to unify the two fundamentally related tasks of semantic and instance segmentation, which have historically been treated separately~\cite{kirillov2018panoptic}.

Thus far, most approaches to panoptic segmentation have used two separate segmentation methods, with each being separately trained, and their proposed segmentations being fused only at the end of each pipeline. This fusion can be performed algorithmically, as in the original presentation of panoptic segmentation and the panoptic segmentation challenge~\cite{kirillov2018panoptic}. Alternatively, the fusion may be performed as its own subnetwork within the network architecture~\cite{de2018panoptic}. Most recently, unified architectures are beginning to emerge, although currently these perform significantly worse when trained end-to-end than using the aforementioned fusion approaches on separately trained networks~\cite{kirillov2019panoptic,li2018attention,de2018panoptic,xiong19upsnet}.

We do not call the approach developed in this work \textit{panoptic}, as rather than focusing on a detailed multi-class annotation of scenes we very specifically focus on detection of two classes: person and background (with the background class including mirror reflections). However, our approach is heavily inspired by the existing work on panoptic segmentation, and arguably any segmentation approach that fuses semantic and instance information may be seen as a form of panoptic segmentation.

\paragraph*{Detecting Reflections} There are few existing solutions to automatically detect reflections in an image. Typically, in an applied computer vision context, problematic mirrors might be ignored through the use of a hand-drawn ROI. This, of course, requires human effort to label the ROI, and depends upon the camera and mirror remaining in a fixed perspective. There has been some work on the automatic detection of reflecting planes using geometric models of the image and its reflection~\cite{delpozo2007detecting,bajcsy1996detection}, but this was not explored in the context of segmentation, and had several barriers to practical use.

Much of the recent work on mirror detection has been motivated by autonomous vehicle research, and has been in the context of simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM) using different sensors~\cite{aggarwal2016detection}, or active projection~\cite{kashammer2015mirror}, rather than focusing on colour images. Work on colour images in vehicle-heavy scenes has argued that, particularly for classification error, ``depictions and reflections are among the hardest error sources to take care of''~\cite{braun2018eurocity}. Separately, such work makes the case for manual annotation of difficult image regions as ``ignore'' regions that should be excluded from the RPN during training, although this is not explored for reflections specifically, and would again require manual annotation~\cite{braun2018eurocity,cordts2016cityscapes}.

\section{Learning to Ignore Reflections}
\label{sec:methods}
\begin{figure}[h]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[height=7.95em]{pre-rpn.jpg}
	\includegraphics[height=7.95em]{rpn-anns.jpg}
	\includegraphics[height=7.95em]{in-mirror.png}
	\includegraphics[height=7.95em]{out-mirror.png}
	\caption{From left: example image, RPN proposals, example reflection, example true positive. In the classification stage, broader context around the proposal is discarded, and detecting whether a proposal is a reflection becomes challenging or even impossible. However it is difficult to train the RPN stage to completely ignore all mirror regions.}
	\label{fig:rpn}
\end{figure}
A general solution to the problem of reflections would require an advanced understanding of scene composition and light properties. Rather than attempting to model this from first principles, as in previous work on the topic~\cite{delpozo2007detecting}, we note that important practical progress can be made on an easier subproblem: Can we automatically learn to ignore instances in regions that look like mirrors? Modern machine learning approaches might be able to learn to recognise mirror regions based on differences in their visual properties: distortion, brightness, having a distinctive frame around the mirror, and so on.

This motivated us to finetune a state of the art instance segmentation network (Mask RCNN) on a dataset containing several mirrors (details of the dataset are described in Section~\ref{sec:data}). We expected that the network would learn to ignore many of the reflections. This was largely ineffective: Finetuning retained significant numbers of false positive detections. To our surprise, however, a semantic segmentation architecture trained on the same dataset containing several mirrors was able to almost entirely dismiss these false positive detections.

By exploring how the images were assessed step-by-step as they were processed by Mask RCNN, we found the reason for this disparity. There is a non-obvious weakness present in Mask RCNN and other two-stage detectors: Once a region has been proposed by the RPN, broader context outside the proposal is necessarily discarded (see Figure~\ref{fig:rpn}). As a result, the post-RPN classification stage cannot use broader contextual features, such as the frame of the mirror, to recognise that a proposal was a reflection. However, because the RPN is required by design to give a large number of candidate regions, the RPN cannot effectively be trained to avoid proposing regions inside mirrors. That is: Only the RPN can see whether a proposal is inside a mirror, but the RPN is forced to yield a certain number of these proposals nonetheless. Semantic segmentation architectures have no such separation of concerns, and hence are easily able to dismiss reflections.

This inspired us to guide the instance segmentation away from these false positives by using the semantic segmentation results. Segmentation approaches that fuse semantic and instance segmentation -- recently called \textit{panoptic} segmentation -- have demonstrated a promising capability to reduce challenging false positives~\cite{arnab2017pixelwise}. A broader understanding of the scene, as provided by semantic segmentation, can guide instance segmentation and vice versa. We follow previous work on panoptic segmentation by using a straightforward heuristic method to fuse semantic and instance segmentations, producing a joint segmentation~\cite{kirillov2018panoptic}.

In our fusion method we simply examine, for each proposed instance, the average semantic segmentation score within the proposed mask. If $\sum_{I} score$ is greater than some threshold, $c$, then we accept the instance segmentation; otherwise, we reject it. A key difference of our approach lies in how the fusion of semantic and instance segmentations occurs. In the original heuristic approach of He \textit{et al}, conflicts are always resolved in favour of instances. This approach was not only used in their original work, but also in their most recent work on performing panoptic segmentation with a single network. In our approach, conversely, semantic results are allowed to take priority when their score is sufficiently strong.

Intuitively one might expect $c=0.5$ to be optimal, on the rationale that this accepts an instance when semantic segmentation thinks it is, overall, likelier than not. However, this is not the case: Semantic segmentation is worse for detection than state of the art instance segmentation, and setting the threshold high leads to a large increase in false negatives. Moreover, discrepancies between the proposed masks can further weaken the average score. Instead of setting $c=0.5$, we make it a tunable parameter, and tune it on the validation set after training instance and semantic networks. We present these tuning results in Section~\ref{sec:tuning}.

\section{Experiments}
\subsection{Setup}
\label{sec:data}

Experiments in this work are based on a real world dataset containing slightly over 22,000 $1920\times1080$ surveillance images from gyms, with 527 of these manually determined to include a significant degree of reflections. Throughout this work, 21,500 reflection-free images are used for pretraining; and the remaining 527 images are used for finetuning and assessment of mirror false positives. This dataset was collected from an industrial partner, and is used to demonstrate how our method holds up in real data. The surveillance dataset covers several settings, and scenes have a lot of variation in the number of people present, the activities they are doing, and whether or not there are significant reflections. In the most extreme perspectives, the gyms have large mirrors mounted on the walls, and reflections can potentially cause false positives on the order of 100\%, as in Figure~\ref{fig:examples}.

The baseline two-stage detection and instance segmentation method we examine in this work is Mask RCNN without bells and whistles~\cite{massa2018mrcnn,he2017mask}, trained on the COCO dataset~\cite{lin2014microsoft}. For the semantic branch of our joint segmentation we use UPerNet~\cite{zhou2017scene,zhou2018semantic,xiao2018unified} with a ResNet50 backbone, which is inspired by the FPN of Mask RCNN and provides near state of the art results~\cite{xiao2018unified}. UPerNet was pretrained on the ADE20K dataset~\cite{zhou2018semantic,zhou2017scene}.

UPerNet is trained on all images, enabling it to learn to detect mirrors without their being explicitly labelled. In Section~\ref{sec:context}, we examine in detail how UPerNet is able to do this, using edited images to separate the contributions of contextual information, geometric features and textural features. Subsequently, in Section~\ref{sec:tuning} we show how to determine the optimal tuning parameter, $c$, to determine the best balance between instance and semantic results.

Finally, we explore performance in two different cases: In the first case, Mask RCNN is pretrained on images \textit{without} mirrors, and in the second case, the pretrained network is finetuned on images including mirrors. The former approach sets a baseline for assessment, and shows the most drastic degree of false positive detections. The latter approach represents the standard way to attempt to suppress these false positives (finetuning on example images). We show results for Mask RCNN without further processing in each case (non-finetuned and finetuned), and then we show the fusion approach set out in Section~\ref{sec:methods} gives significant improvements in rejecting false positives.
\begin{figure}[h]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[height=10em]{edited_input.jpg}
	\includegraphics[height=10em]{edited_scoremap.png}
	\includegraphics[height=10em]{zeiler-blocking.png}
	\caption{\textbf{Left}: a synthesised image, created to show how contextual cues such as the mirror frame allow semantic segmentation to recognise reflections. \textbf{Middle}: the corresponding segmentation score map. \textbf{Right}: heatmap of how masking image features affects the semantic score of d), evaluated by sliding a $96\times54$ window step size 5 pixels in each direction.}
	\label{fig:edited-demo}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Geometry, Texture or Context?}
\label{sec:context}

The detection of reflection false positives could, in theory, stem from any of the information in the image. This might be from geometry (e.g. reflections are smaller than true positives; also, by definition, reflections mirror the original image), texture (the reflected image might have different textural properties), or scene context (e.g. the frame of the mirror surrounding the reflection reveals that it is a reflection, and not a true positive). Here, we show that the key information for the semantic segmentation lies in contextual cues -- specifically, the mirror frame. To do this, we use photo editing to clone a true positive detection and adjust these properties separately, as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:edited-demo}.

The image contains: a) a regular non-mirror true positive; b) a copy of a), with the color profile changed to reflect that of a mirror reflection; c) a copy of a) downscaled to be the same size as a reflection, placed outside the mirror; d) an identically rescaled copy to c), placed within the mirror; e) an identically rescaled copy to c), placed within the mirror, but with the mirror frame manually erased to blend the mirror region with its surroundings.This allows us to disentangle the effects of texture (a versus b), geometry (c versus d) and context (d versus e). As revealed by the semantic segmentation score map, the only factor that leads to no detection (a true negative) is the context. Only d) is dismissed as a reflection, and e) is not recognised as a reflection due to the removal of the mirror frame. Geometric and textural information remains unchanged from the original true positive, meaning the only change is the contextual information from the frame.

We show the effects of the mirror frame in greater detail using an established visualisation technique~\cite{zeiler2014visualizing} in which a grey patch is used to block out parts of the image before segmentation. We then evaluate the segmentation score, averaged over the visible ground truth mask. This gives a map showing how different regions affect detection. Matching intuitive expectations, blocking out regions containing the person dramatically reduces the segmentation score, while blocking out parts of the floor has a negligible effect. More importantly, however, blocking out parts of the \emph{frame} increases the segmentation score -- confirming that the frame is key to detecting reflections.

\subsection{Balancing Instance and Semantic Segmentation}
\label{sec:tuning}
\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\begin{subfigure}{1.0\textwidth}
	\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{prec-c-orig-eps-converted-to}
	\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{rec-c-orig-eps-converted-to}
	\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{prec-vs-rec-c-orig-eps-converted-to}
		\caption{Surveillance data without reflections.}
	\end{subfigure}
	\begin{subfigure}{1.0\textwidth}
	\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{prec-c-ft-eps-converted-to}
	\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{rec-c-ft-eps-converted-to}
	\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{prec-vs-rec-c-ft-eps-converted-to}
		\caption{Finetuned on mirror reflections.}
	\end{subfigure}
	\vspace{1em}
	\caption{Tuning the semantic threshold parameter, $c$. For each network, from left to right: precision versus $c$,  recall versus $c$, precision versus recall for different values of $c$.}
	\label{fig:tuning}
\end{figure}

As discussed in Section~\ref{sec:methods}, our fusion approach introduces a parameter, $c$, controlling the trade-off between semantic and instance segmentation. As $c$ is increased, there are stricter requirements from semantic predictions: More false positives will be removed, at the cost of increasing false negative predictions. In order to find the optimal trade-off, we examine how $c$ affects precision and recall in the validation set, both for the pretrained and the pretrained+finetuned Mask RCNN networks. These results are shown in Figure~\ref{fig:tuning}.

We settle on $c=0.04$, which yields appreciable improvements in precision without greatly compromising recall. This is clearest in the precision-recall curves, which show how $c=0.04$ is roughly at the top-right ``knee'' of the curve. This is particularly visible in the pretrained case. Based on these results, for all subsequent experiments we use $c=0.04$.

\subsection{Performance}
\begin{figure}[h]
	\centering
	\begin{subfigure}{\textwidth}
	\includegraphics[width=0.19\textwidth]{img/unfiltered-mrcnn-orig/866014.jpg}
	\includegraphics[width=0.19\textwidth]{img/unfiltered-mrcnn-orig/866013.jpg}
	\includegraphics[width=0.19\textwidth]{img/unfiltered-mrcnn-orig/866065.jpg}
	\includegraphics[width=0.19\textwidth]{img/unfiltered-mrcnn-orig/867339.jpg}
	\includegraphics[width=0.19\textwidth]{img/unfiltered-mrcnn-orig/866353.jpg}

	\includegraphics[width=0.19\textwidth]{img/filtered-mrcnn-orig/866014.jpg}
	\includegraphics[width=0.19\textwidth]{img/filtered-mrcnn-orig/866013.jpg}
	\includegraphics[width=0.19\textwidth]{img/filtered-mrcnn-orig/866065.jpg}
	\includegraphics[width=0.19\textwidth]{img/filtered-mrcnn-orig/867339.jpg}
	\includegraphics[width=0.19\textwidth]{img/filtered-mrcnn-orig/866353.jpg}
	\caption{Pretrained on surveillance data without reflections. \textbf{Top Row}: Mask RCNN. \textbf{Bottom Row}: Joint.}
	\label{fig:orig-examples}
	\end{subfigure}
	\vspace{1em}
	\begin{subfigure}{\textwidth}
	\includegraphics[width=0.19\textwidth]{img/unfiltered-mrcnn-ft/866014.jpg}
	\includegraphics[width=0.19\textwidth]{img/unfiltered-mrcnn-ft/866013.jpg}
	\includegraphics[width=0.19\textwidth]{img/unfiltered-mrcnn-ft/866065.jpg}
	\includegraphics[width=0.19\textwidth]{img/unfiltered-mrcnn-ft/867339.jpg}
	\includegraphics[width=0.19\textwidth]{img/unfiltered-mrcnn-ft/866353.jpg}

	\includegraphics[width=0.19\textwidth]{img/filtered-mrcnn-ft/866014.jpg}
	\includegraphics[width=0.19\textwidth]{img/filtered-mrcnn-ft/866013.jpg}
	\includegraphics[width=0.19\textwidth]{img/filtered-mrcnn-ft/866065.jpg}
	\includegraphics[width=0.19\textwidth]{img/filtered-mrcnn-ft/867339.jpg}
	\includegraphics[width=0.19\textwidth]{img/filtered-mrcnn-ft/866353.jpg}
	\caption{Pretrained and then finetuned on mirror reflections. \textbf{Top Row}: Mask RCNN. \textbf{Bottom Row}: Joint.}
	\label{fig:ft-examples}
	\vspace{1em}
	\end{subfigure}

	\caption{Example segmentations. Fusion can remove most reflections, even reflections from non-mirror surfaces such as windows.}
\end{figure}

Fusion of segmentations reduces false positives in both cases: pretrained and pretrained then finetuned. Figure~\ref{fig:orig-examples} shows several example images for the pretrained case, in which false positives are suppressed by fusion. As the fourth column shows, this does not yield a perfect result every time, but it generally helps and very seldom leads to the suppression of true positives. Failures to suppress reflections are generally due to the mirror frame being obstructed, as shown in the fourth column. Moreover, in the fifth column, we show that the joint approach is not limited to reflections in mirrors, but can also apply to reflections from other glossy surfaces, subject to having appropriately labelled data. In the original image a glossy window reflects the people present in the room, leading to false positives in the Mask RCNN result. Our procedure successfully filters one of these false positives.

\begin{figure}[h]
	\centering
	\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c}
			 & FP   & FN  & Precision & Recall  & AP   & AR  \\
	\hline
		Mask RCNN    & 502  & 192 & 0.71 & 0.86 & 0.82 & 0.86\\
	     Joint    & 251  & 202 & 0.83 & 0.86 & 0.83 & 0.86 \\
	\hline
	\end{tabular}

	\includegraphics[width=0.40\textwidth]{pr-orig-eps-converted-to}
	\includegraphics[width=0.40\textwidth]{mrfppi-orig-eps-converted-to}
	\caption{Performance metrics after pretraining on a surveillance dataset without mirror reflections, no finetuning. Here, the joint method provides an even larger performance boost, due to the severe effect of reflections. Despite this, the joint method restores performance close to that gotten from training on reflection-containing data.}
	\label{fig:orig-table}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h]
	\centering
	\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c}
			 & FP   & FN  & Precision & Recall  & AP   & AR  \\
	\hline
		Mask RCNN    & 300  & 188 & 0.80 & 0.87 & 0.80 & 0.87\\
	     Joint    & 227  & 196 & 0.84 & 0.86 & 0.80 & 0.86\\
	\hline
	\end{tabular}

	\includegraphics[width=0.40\textwidth]{pr-ft-eps-converted-to}
	\includegraphics[width=0.40\textwidth]{mrfppi-ft-eps-converted-to}
	\caption{Performance metrics after pretraining and finetuning on a dataset containing mirror reflections. The joint method improves false positive count (and hence precision) without meaningfully affecting other performance metrics.}
	\label{fig:ft-table}
\end{figure}

These examples match the trend shown in the table of Figure~\ref{fig:orig-table}: Segmentation fusion halves the number of false positives from 502 to 251, hence increasing precision from 71\% to 83\%. Meanwhile the increase in false negatives is small, and the recall is practically unaffected (1\%). Notably, the average precision does not show much of this improvement, due to its being evaluated over a range of score thresholds. The curve of precision versus recall, however, reveals how joint segmentation improves performance over the most relevant regions of recall, leading to the observed in-dataset improvement in precision. This is matched well by the curve of miss rate versus false positives per image.

Figure~\ref{fig:ft-examples} shows example images for the case where the pretrained network is finetuned on images with mirror reflections. As expected, there are fewer false positives in the Mask RCNN results, as finetuning has trained the network to discard some of them. Still, some false positives remain, and fusion continues to provide a benefit. This is not entirely surprising, but emphasises how the semantic segmentation can inject information that the instance segmentation struggles to use, and shows that fusion is useful where finetuning fails to remove the mirror reflection false positives.
As in the pretrained case, summary measures such as the average precision de-emphasise the significant improvement in in-dataset precision, but improvement is clear in plots of precision versus recall and miss rate versus false positives per image. These examples match the trend shown in the table of Figure~\ref{fig:ft-table}: In the pretrained+finetuned network fusion greatly reduces the false positives in the dataset, while producing only marginal changes in the number of false negatives. Joint segmentation thus boosts the precision from 80\% to 84\%, with other statistics practically unaffected.

Perhaps surprisingly, finetuning Mask RCNN \emph{without} fusion performed slightly worse than simply using non-finetuned Mask RCNN \emph{with} fusion (precision 80\% versus 83\%, recall 87\% versus 86\%). The best option, of course, is to use fusion \emph{and} finetune Mask RCNN -- but this disparity shows fusion not only offers additional benefits beyond what can be provided by finetuning of the instance segmentation, but also how incorporating semantic segmentation can even reduce or remove the need for finetuning of the instance branch.

\section{Conclusion}
We have shown how joint semantic and instance segmentation, even using a straightforward heuristic approach, can dramatically reduce the incidence of false positives due to mirror reflections by reintroducing broader context to instance segmentations. We have also demonstrated in detail how standard two-stage instance segmentation, such as Mask RCNN, is particularly vulnerable to these false positives; and we have shown how a joint approach inspired by panoptic segmentation reintroduces image context to address this vulnerability.

A clear direction for future work would be to approach the joint segmentation task in a more rigorous, unified way, as some authors have already begun to do~\cite{kirillov2019panoptic,li2018attention,de2018panoptic} -- and to explore how these unified approaches cope with detecting false positives due to mirror reflections. Moreover, we might hope to see mutual improvement between semantic and instance segmentation in other settings: for example, this has already been noted as a direction for research in small object detection~\cite{bell2016inside}, and panoptic segmentation may be particularly relevant there. More generally, initial results in end-to-end panoptic segmentation~\cite{kirillov2019panoptic} and integrating a semantic branch into instance segmentation~\cite{chen2019hybrid} have shown mutual improvement between the two tasks in the COCO and Cityscapes datasets.

Nevertheless, our work shows how joint semantic and instance segmentation, often called \textit{panoptic} segmentation, is already valuable in practical computer vision applications. Our results support the growing excitement around panoptic segmentation, and point to the potential of unifying scene parsing and instance segmentation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
New Deal Category: Paths and Trails
A. H. Stephens State Historic Park – Crawfordville GA
"A. H. Stephens Historic Park contains tent and trailer sites, picnic sites, and fishing ponds, as well as a nature trail and rustic cabins, and was mostly built by the Civilian Conservation Corps, beginning in 1933." (wikipedia) The park "is… read more
Project type: Campgrounds and Cabins, Lakes, Landscaping and Tree Planting, Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails, Picnic and Other Facilities
New Deal Agencies: Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Allegany State Park – Salamanca NY
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) conducted major development work at New York's Allegany State Park between 1933 and 1942.
Project type: Campgrounds and Cabins, CCC Camps, Forestry and Agriculture, Infrastructure and Utilities, Landscaping and Tree Planting, Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails, Picnic and Other Facilities, Roads, bridges, and tunnels
Allegheny National Forest – PA
"The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) provided jobs to people willing to work towards reforestation of cut-over timber land and was the progenitor organization of the Allegheny National Forest. A number of CCC camps and CCC associated property types are located… read more
Project type: CCC Camps, Forestry and Agriculture, Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails
Alley Spring, Ozark National Scenic Riverways – Eminence MO
At Alley Spring, the CCC constructed many trails, rock walls, 11 buildings, campgrounds, roads, restored the mill including replacing the floor, and diverted the slough adjacent to the mill to insure that it did not silt in. The CCC unit… read more
Project type: Campgrounds and Cabins, Lakes, Landscaping and Tree Planting, Lodges, Ranger Stations and Visitor Centers, Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails, Picnic and Other Facilities, Shelters
Alvarado Area of Wildcat Canyon Park: Improvements – Richmond CA
The New Deal made major improvements to the former Alvarado Park on the east side of Richmond CA, where Wildcat Creek tumbles out of the East Bay hills. Alvarado Park was transferred by the city of Richmond to the East… read more
Project type: Parks and recreation, Landscaping and Tree Planting, Park Roads and Bridges, Paths and Trails, Picnic and Other Facilities
New Deal Agencies: Civil Works Administration (CWA), Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), State Emergency Relief Administration (SERA), Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Annett State Forest – Rindge NH
"Enjoy trails and roads laid out by the CCC in the Great Depression. There are also a few ponds and marshes to check out. These trails connect to a local inn's cross-country ski trail network."
Project type: Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails, Roads, bridges, and tunnels
Appalachian Trail in Maine – Millinocket ME
"As early as 1924, published accounts of plans for the Appalachian Trail called for it to extend to the summit of Maine's Katahdin. Later, although some (notably Myron Avery) urged that the Trail continue to Katahdin, the scarcity of existing… read more
Project type: Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails, Shelters
Appalachian Trail: Final Link – Carrabassett Valley ME
The Civilian Conservation Corps completed the final link of the Appalachian Trail in Carrabassett Valley near Sugarloaf Mountain, on August 14, 1937. A plaque near the site reads: "In honor of the men of the Civilian Conservation Corps who, from 1935-1939, contributed greatly… read more
Project type: Paths and Trails, Parks and recreation
Arbutus Woods Park Improvements – Staten Island NY
"During the Great Depression, the federal government established the Works Progress Administration (WPA) to employ Americans in a series of public construction projects. Almost 19,000 New Yorkers labored on Staten Island. They built sidewalks through wooded areas that were supposed… read more
Project type: Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails
New Deal Agencies: Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Arches National Park – Moab UT
Arches National Monument was established in 1929 with only 4,500 acres and enlarged dramatically to over 33,000 acres by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1938 (Arches became a National Park in 1971). Some of the first improvements to the monument were made… read more
Project type: Parks and recreation, Park Roads and Bridges, Paths and Trails
Aroostook State Park – Presque Isle ME
"In 1938, the newly created State Park Commission (which had been formed in 1935) recommended that the State accept a gift of 100 acres of land near Presque Isle. This became Aroostook State Park, the first in the State Park… read more
Project type: Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails, Picnic and Other Facilities
Aztec Ruins National Monument – Aztec NM
The complex in Aztec Ruins National Monument consists of a "three-story structure [with] as many as 500 rooms, includ[ing] a great kiva [subterranean or partially subterranean Puebloan chamber used for religious ceremony] that is more than forty feet across." The name… read more
Project type: Archaeology, Archaeology and History, Historical Restoration, Paths and Trails
New Deal Agencies: Civil Works Administration (CWA), Public Works Administration (PWA)
Bass River State Forest Improvements – Tuckerton NJ
"The CCC camp at Bass River State Forest, Camp S-55, lasted from 1933 to 1942, throughout the entire life of CCC. … There were usually 200 men at the camp, which was a full complement. The CCC members performed wide… read more
Project type: Campgrounds and Cabins, Fire Lookouts, Forestry and Agriculture, Lakes, Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails, Picnic and Other Facilities
Battery Street Park Development – Burlington VT
The W.P.A. developed Burlington's Battery [Street] Park, including constructing sidewalks and a masonry parapet wall. WPA Project No. 65-12-344
Project type: Parks and recreation, Infrastructure and Utilities, Paths and Trails, Sidewalks and Stairs
Beartown State Forest Ski Areas – Monterey MA
From the New England Lost Ski Areas Project: "Beartown Ski Area was a classic, and somewhat long lived CCC area that was originally built as a Ski Train Destination. It was also one of the largest areas to close in… read more
Project type: Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails, Winter Sports
Beaver Creek Park – Havre MT
[The newspaper] Big Timber Pioneer reported in early 1937 on a CCC camp at Beaver Creek park south of Havre, Montana. The workers were "developing trails, cabins and other conveniences for the public enjoyment."
Project type: Campgrounds and Cabins, Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails
Beaver Dam State Park Improvements – Lincoln County NV
"Lincoln County was not far behind Clark County sites in terms of federal funds spent on park developments. The county received approval for a fair share of state-operated recreational facilities that's to the collective efforts of the county commission, the… read more
Project type: Infrastructure and Utilities, Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails, Roads, bridges, and tunnels
Bellevue Hill Park Improvements – Boston MA
W.P.A. project description: 1938 Massachusetts Metropolitan District Commission annual report: "Blue Hills Division, in Boston; this project provided for extensive beautification work of road construction, sidewalk construction, grading of roadside slopes, drainage, etc. in Stony Brook Reservation, Bellevue Hill Section,… read more
Bellevue Pond Improvements – Medford MA
The W.P.A. conducted the following work at what is now just Bellevue Pond: 1937 MDC annual report: "Bellevue Ponds, Medford; work was started in the late fall of 1937 on a project for improvement and development, as a recreational area,… read more
Project type: Parks and recreation, Infrastructure and Utilities, Landscaping and Tree Planting, Paths and Trails, Sanitation and water disposal
Belmont Playground – Bronx NY
Parks first constructed a playground at the intersection of 182nd St. and Belmont Ave. in 1937. A press release from July of that year announced the opening of "five playgrounds, constructed by the Department of Parks with relief labor and… read more
Project type: Athletic Courts and Fields, Landscaping and Tree Planting, Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails, Tennis Courts
Beltrami Island Project (CCC Camp Norris) – Roosevelt MN
In 1935, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) constructed the Clear River Camp (also known as the Norris Camp), which served as the headquarters for the Beltrami Island Project. The Project was part of a "pioneering experiment in relocation and… read more
Project type: Campgrounds and Cabins, Landscaping and Tree Planting, Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails
Bensonhurst Park – Brooklyn NY
The bulk of present day Bensonhurst Park was first established in 1895. Two further parcels were added later. In 1942, the WPA completed major work on the park: "The Department of Parks announces the completion of work in connection with… read more
Project type: Parks and recreation, Athletic Courts and Fields, Landscaping and Tree Planting, Paths and Trails, Playgrounds, Tennis Courts, Water supply
Berry Creek Development – Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest NV
"The Forest Service's CCC program blazed new roads and trails into prospective campgrounds, existing mines, or susceptible fore zones. The Forest Service with its ample staff of engineers and natural resource specialists provided technical expertise for CCC projects. Similarly, the… read more
Project type: Lodges, Ranger Stations and Visitor Centers, Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails
Big Basin Redwoods State Park Improvements – Boulder Creek CA
During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) installed a camp at Big Basin, California's first state park (1901), and built a variety of facilities for public recreation. Big Basin was saved through the efforts… read more
Project type: Parks and recreation, Amphitheaters, Campgrounds and Cabins, Lodges, Ranger Stations and Visitor Centers, Park Roads and Bridges, Paths and Trails, Picnic and Other Facilities
Black Butte Lookout Tower (former), Shasta National Forest – Mt. Shasta CA
Black Butte is a cluster of peaks in the Shasta National Forest. In the 1930s, the CCC built trails up to the summit as well as the Black Butte lookout tower. The tower was destroyed by a storm in 1962…. read more
Project type: Fire Lookouts, Forestry and Agriculture, Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails
Blanchette Park – St. Charles MO
Blanchette Park is a large park overlooking the Missouri River Valley in northern St. Charles which was the first Missouri State Capital. The WPA's work in the park included a swimming pool, lake, walks and fences, and remodeling of Memorial… read more
Project type: Parks and recreation, Lakes, Paths and Trails, Swimming Pools
Blue Hills Reservation – Milton MA
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), Civil Works Administration (CWA), and Works Progress Administration (WPA) conducted extensive development work at Massachusetts's Blue Hills Reservation. Massachusetts Metropolitan District Commission annual reports detail the work of the CCC over time. 1933 report: "In the latter… read more
Project type: Parks and recreation, CCC Camps, Comfort Stations (Restrooms), Forestry and Agriculture, Landscaping and Tree Planting, Park Roads and Bridges, Paths and Trails, Pest Control
New Deal Agencies: Civil Works Administration (CWA), Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Blue Knob State Park – Imler PA
"In 1935, the National Park Service created the Blue Knob National Recreation Demonstration Area to provide recreation to the people of Altoona and Johnstown. The Works Progress Administration employed local workers to build cabins, hiking trails and roads. Civilian Conservation… read more
Bonham State Park – Bonham TX
The state acquired the land for Bonham State Park in 1933 from the City of Bonham. The Civilian Conservation Corps developed the 261-acre park, landscaping the rocky, hilly terrain for erosion control and recreational purposes, and constructing an earthen dam… read more
Project type: Auxiliary Civic Facilities, Campgrounds and Cabins, Civic Facilities, Dams, Infrastructure and Utilities, Lakes, Landscaping and Tree Planting, Lodges, Ranger Stations and Visitor Centers, Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails, Picnic and Other Facilities, Roads, bridges, and tunnels
Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge – San Antonio NM
In 1936 the Bureau of Biological Survey (BBS) determined that Bosque del Apache site was suitable for a migratory bird refuge. Condemnation of the land was initiated through the 1931 Migratory Bird Conservation Act and concluded in December 1936. The… read more
Project type: Wildlife Refuges, Landscaping and Tree Planting, Lodges, Ranger Stations and Visitor Centers, Paths and Trails
New Deal Agencies: Bureau of Biological Survey, Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Bottomless Lakes State Park – Roswell NM
"The New Mexico State Park system was founded in order to tap funding and labor from the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) in the 1930s. Bottomless Lakes State Park was the [third] under this new system [and the first in the… read more
Project type: Parks and recreation, Bathhouses, Paths and Trails
Breakheart Reservation – Saugus MA
The CCC conducted extensive work on Breakheart Reservation to turn it into a public park. From the Friends of Breakheart Reservation website: "[H]undreds of men lived and worked here, paid $30 a month, out of which they kept $5 and… read more
Project type: Dams, Flood and Erosion control, Infrastructure and Utilities, Lakes, Landscaping and Tree Planting, Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails, Picnic and Other Facilities
Brimfield State Forest – Brimfield MA
The CCC assisted in the development of this state forest. From Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs: "This rustic shelter is the only one of its type still remaining. Dingley Dell Dam was another important CCC project at this… read more
Project type: Dams, Flood and Erosion control, Infrastructure and Utilities, Landscaping and Tree Planting, Lodges, Ranger Stations and Visitor Centers, Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails, Roads, bridges, and tunnels, Shelters
Bronx Park North – Bronx NY
"Until 1937, the north portion of Bronx Park was owned by the NY Botanical Garden and the NY Zoological Society and had no public facilities such as paths, lighting, playgrounds, or athletic fields. As part of the Bronx River Parkway… read more
Project type: Athletic Courts and Fields, Comfort Stations (Restrooms), Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails, Playgrounds
Brower Park – Brooklyn NY
Then known as Bedford Park, this Brooklyn Park was first established in the 1890s. Since 1899, the Brooklyn Children's Museum has been located on the property. The park was renamed Brower Park in 1923. In 1941, the Department of Parks… read more
Project type: Parks and recreation, Landscaping and Tree Planting, Paths and Trails, Playgrounds
Brown County State Park – Nashville IN
The Civil Works Administration (CWA) laborers improved Brown County State Park from 1933 – 1934. The CWA laborers built shelters and worked on establishing trails during their brief stay at Brown County State Park. In 1933 two Civilian Conservation Corps… read more
Project type: Amphitheaters, Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails, Shelters
New Deal Agencies: Civil Works Administration (CWA), Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Bryce Canyon National Park: Trail Work – Bryce Canyon UT
From 1934 to 1940, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) built or improved major trails in Bryce Canyon National Park, greatly expanding the park's trail system. The most impressive is the Under-The-Rim trail, running from Bryce Point to Rainbow Point (18.8… read more
Buescher State Park – Smithville TX
Buescher State Park is connected to Bastrop State Park via a scenic 11-mile drive. This CCC project opened to the public in 1940. Mr. Emil and Mrs. Elizabeth Buescher donated the original land to the state between 1933 and 1936…. read more
Project type: Campgrounds and Cabins, Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails, Shelters
Bukolt Park – Stevens Point WI
Bukolt Park was originally known as Water Works Park: "As with Iverson and Goerke Parks, Water Works Park got its big push during the recovery period of the 1930s when WPA construction was at its peak. Major improvements included landscaping,… read more
Project type: Parks and recreation, Bathhouses, Lodges, Ranger Stations and Visitor Centers, Marinas and Aquatic Parks, Paths and Trails
Burlingame State Park – Charlestown RI
"During the 1930s, taking advantage of the public works programs offered by the Depression-era New Deal, Burlingame became home to the 141st Company of the Civilian Conservation Corps. It was the first, the state headquarters, and one of five such… read more
Project type: Campgrounds and Cabins, CCC Camps, Forestry and Agriculture, Infrastructure and Utilities, Parks and recreation, Paths and Trails, Picnic and Other Facilities, Roads, bridges, and tunnels


text:
namespace IPC {
struct ChannelHandle;
}

namespace ppapi {
namespace proxy {
class BrokerDispatcher;
}
}

namespace content {

class PluginModule;

// This object is NOT thread-safe.
class CONTENT_EXPORT PepperBrokerDispatcherWrapper {
 public:
  PepperBrokerDispatcherWrapper();
  ~PepperBrokerDispatcherWrapper();

  bool Init(base::ProcessId broker_pid,
            const IPC::ChannelHandle& channel_handle);

  int32_t SendHandleToBroker(PP_Instance instance,
                             base::SyncSocket::Handle handle);

 private:
  scoped_ptr<ppapi::proxy::BrokerDispatcher> dispatcher_;
  scoped_ptr<ppapi::proxy::ProxyChannel::Delegate> dispatcher_delegate_;
};

class PepperBroker : public base::RefCountedThreadSafe<PepperBroker> {
 public:
  explicit PepperBroker(PluginModule* plugin_module);

  // Decrements the references to the broker.
  // When there are no more references, this renderer's dispatcher is
  // destroyed, allowing the broker to shutdown if appropriate.
  // Callers should not reference this object after calling Disconnect().
  void Disconnect(PPB_Broker_Impl* client);

  // Adds a pending connection to the broker. Balances out Disconnect() calls.
  void AddPendingConnect(PPB_Broker_Impl* client);

  // Called when the channel to the broker has been established.
  void OnBrokerChannelConnected(base::ProcessId broker_pid,
                                const IPC::ChannelHandle& channel_handle);

  // Called when we know whether permission to access the PPAPI broker was
  // granted.
  void OnBrokerPermissionResult(PPB_Broker_Impl* client, bool result);

 private:
  friend class base::RefCountedThreadSafe<PepperBroker>;

  struct PendingConnection {
    PendingConnection();
    ~PendingConnection();

    bool is_authorized;
    base::WeakPtr<PPB_Broker_Impl> client;
  };

  virtual ~PepperBroker();

  // Reports failure to all clients that had pending operations.
  void ReportFailureToClients(int error_code);

  // Connects the plugin to the broker via a pipe.
  void ConnectPluginToBroker(PPB_Broker_Impl* client);

  scoped_ptr<PepperBrokerDispatcherWrapper> dispatcher_;

  // A map of pointers to objects that have requested a connection to the weak
  // pointer we can use to reference them. The mapping is needed so we can clean
  // up entries for objects that may have been deleted.
  typedef std::map<PPB_Broker_Impl*, PendingConnection> ClientMap;
  ClientMap pending_connects_;

  // Pointer to the associated plugin module.
  // Always set and cleared at the same time as the module's pointer to this.
  PluginModule* plugin_module_;

  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(PepperBroker);
};

}  // namespace content

#endif  // CONTENT_RENDERER_PEPPER_PEPPER_BROKER_H_

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub