text:
Intact priors for gaze direction in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum conditions
Philip J. Pell1,
Isabelle Mareschal2,
Andrew J. Calder1,
Elisabeth A. H. von dem Hagen1,4,
Colin W.G. Clifford5,
Simon Baron-Cohen3 &
Michael P. Ewbank1,6
Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) are associated with a range of perceptual atypicalities, including abnormalities in gaze processing. Pellicano and Burr (Trends Cogn Sci 16(10):504-10, 2012) have argued that these atypicalities might be explained within a Bayesian framework, in which perception represents the combination of sensory information with prior knowledge. They propose that the Bayesian priors of individuals with ASC might be attenuated, such that their perception is less reliant on prior knowledge than neurotypical individuals. An important tenet of Bayesian decision theory is that increased uncertainty about incoming sensory information will lead to a greater influence of the prior on perception. Consistent with this, Mareschal et al. (Curr Biol 23(8):717-21, 2013) showed that when noise is added to the eyes of a face (increasing uncertainty about gaze direction), gaze is more likely to be perceived as direct.
We adopted the same paradigm as Mareschal et al. to determine whether the influence of a prior on gaze perception is reduced in neurotypical participants with high numbers of autistic traits (experiment 1) and in individuals with a clinical diagnosis of ASC (experiment 2). Participants were presented with synthetic faces and asked to make a judgement about the relative gaze directions of the faces. Uncertainty about gaze direction was manipulated by adding noise to the eyes of a face.
Consistent with previous work, in both experiment 1 and experiment 2, participants showed a bias towards perceiving gaze as direct under conditions of uncertainty. However, there was no evidence that the magnitude of this bias was reduced either in the ASC group or in neurotypical controls with a high number of autistic traits.
Our findings challenge the attenuated priors theory of perception in ASC (Trends Cogn Sci 16(10):504-10, 2012) and related proposals (Trends Cogn Sci 17(1):1, 2013, Front Hum Neurosci 8:302, 2014), and suggest priors for gaze direction are intact in high-functioning ASC.
Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) are characterised by impairments in social communication and social interaction, alongside restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour and unusually narrow interests, and difficulty adjusting to unexpected change [1]. Research indicates that individuals with ASC often show sensory and perceptual atypicalities, including both hyper- and hypo-sensory sensitivity [2], reduced perception of coherent motion, superior processing of embedded figures and, in some instances, reduced susceptibility to visual illusions [3]. Atypicalities in the perception of social stimuli include difficulties in the processing of facial identity [4] and eye gaze [5], although recent work has found evidence of typical response patterns in ASC in other areas of social perception [6, 7].
Pellicano and Burr [8] have argued that perceptual atypicalities found in ASC might be explained within a Bayesian decision framework. According to the Bayesian decision models of perception, our perceptual system generates the most probable interpretation of the environment by combining sensory information with prior expectations. Pellicano and Burr propose that the priors of individuals with ASC might be attenuated ('hypo-priors') such that previous experience will have less influence on perception. In this sense, they suggest that individuals with ASC can be considered as perceiving the world more 'accurately' than neurotypical controls (although see [9] for an alternative interpretation wherein 'hypo-priors' could lead to less accurate perception) and that attenuated priors are consistent with evidence of superior visual perception in ASC [10–12]. In a similar approach, Lawson et al. [13] explain perceptual atypicalities in ASC within the neural instantiation of Bayesian inference—predictive coding [14]— (see also Friston et al., [15]), and suggest that perceptual atypicalities in ASC can be explained as aberrant encoding of precision, i.e. an imbalance between sensory evidence and prior beliefs, with greater weight being applied to sensory evidence.
If priors are atypical in ASC, this should manifest in differences in perceptual phenomena that emerge as a consequence of previous visual experience. Perceptual adaptation is a clear form of experience-dependent plasticity, which, within a Bayesian framework, is driven by a mismatch between sensory experience and prior expectations leading to a change in perception [16]. Consistent with the attenuated priors theory of perception in ASC, perceptual aftereffects for both facial identity and eye gaze have been shown to be reduced in children and adolescents with ASC [17, 18]. However, more recent work found no evidence of reduced facial aftereffects in adults with ASC [19–21]. At a neural level, repetition of a stimulus leads to habituation (a reduction in neural activity), and a study by Kleinhans et al. [22] found that individuals with ASC showed attenuated habituation of the amygdala to repeated presentations of faces.
Visual illusions have also been cited as an example of how priors are used to formulate the most likely interpretation of noisy or ambiguous sensory input [23]). In accordance with the attenuated priors theory, individuals with ASC show reduced susceptibility to visual illusions (e.g. Happé [24]), although the reliability of this effect has been challenged [3]. An important tenet of Bayesian decision theory is that increased uncertainty about incoming sensory information will lead to an increased influence of prior expectations on perception. Mareschal et al. [25] showed that when noise is added to the eyes of a face (thus increasing uncertainty about gaze direction), gaze is more likely to be perceived as direct (and see also [26]). This suggests that humans have a prior expectation that eye gaze is directed towards them.
The aim of this study was to test the attenuated priors theory of perception in ASC in a visual social perception task by determining: (1) whether the influence of a prior on gaze perception is reduced in individuals with a high number of autistic traits, relative to those with a low number of autistic traits, within a neurotypical sample (experiment 1) and (2) whether individuals with a formal diagnosis of ASC show evidence of reduced influence of gaze priors relative to age and IQ-matched controls (experiment 2). One proposal is that ASC is an extreme end of a normal distribution [27, 28] that extends into the neurotypical population (and see also Ruzich et al. [29] for a systematic review of autistic traits in the non-clinical population). Moreover, individual differences in autistic traits have been shown to predict performance in neurotypical and clinical populations on a number of tasks that are impaired in ASC, including reading others' mental states [30], face recognition [31], and gaze processing [32]. Recent work has also shown that repetition suppression to faces and non-faces in occipitotemporal cortex is diminished as a function of increasing autistic traits in a neurotypical population [33]. Thus, investigating the effect of autistic traits in neurotypical participants provides a complementary approach to the study of individuals with a clinical diagnosis of ASC.
Following Mareschal et al. [25], we predicted that the neurotypical groups would show evidence of a prior for direct gaze. However, if this effect is diminished in participants with greater numbers of autistic traits, and also significantly weaker in the ASC group relative to controls, this would provide support for the attenuated priors theory of perception in ASC. In a modification to the original paradigm, we calibrated the noise contrast for each participant based on their performance on a baseline gaze discrimination task. This enabled us to equate the effectiveness of the noise across participants; thus, if gaze priors are similar for the control and ASC group, then the absence of a difference in gaze priors is unlikely to be explained by differences in sensory noise. To our knowledge, this study represents the first direct test of the theory of attenuated priors in ASC in high-level social perception.
Thirty-four participants (18 female) completed the experiment. All were right-handed and had normal or corrected to normal vision. Participants completed the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), a 50-item validated measure of autistic traits that is suitable for use in neurotypical and clinical populations [27], and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) (SRS-second edition), a quantitative measure for identifying ASC symptoms in neurotypical and clinical adult populations [34]. Participants were assigned to either a low or high AQ group using a median split of total AQ score (median = 13.5) (see Table 1 for participant information for each group). Previous work found that 79 % of individuals with high-functioning autism/Asperger syndrome scored above 32 on the AQ [27]; however, the AQ is not a diagnostic measure [27] and no participants had a clinical diagnosis of an ASC. Similarly, a total raw score above 67 on the SRS is associated with 'deficiencies in reciprocal social interaction', but SRS scores alone are not diagnostic of an ASC. The study was approved by the Cambridge Psychology Research Ethics Committee (CPREC.2013.57). All volunteers were naive to the aims and objectives of the experiment, provided written informed consent and were paid for participating.
Table 1 Demographics for participants in experiment 1 and experiment 2
Stimulus generation, stimulus presentation and response recording were controlled by MATLAB (Mathworks Ltd) and PsychToolbox run on a Dell Optiplex 745 computer. Stimuli were viewed at a distance of 57 cm and displayed on a calibrated Dell P791 CRT monitor (1024 × 768, 75 Hz) driven by the computer's built-in ATI Radeon X1300 Pro graphics card. Grayscale synthetic neutral faces, subtending, on average, 15.1° × 11.2° visual angle, were created using Daz software (http://www.daz3d.com/). The deviation of each eye was independently controlled with MATLAB procedures, giving precision down to the nearest pixel for horizontal eye rotations. Eight grayscale faces (four female) were used in the mixed gaze discrimination task. Fractal noise (1/f amplitude spectrum) was added to the eyes in noise conditions, and the contrast between pupil and sclera varied according to performance on the baseline gaze discrimination task (see below).
Baseline noise threshold
To equate performance across participants, noise was added to the eyes of computer-generated faces and participants were asked to judge whether the gaze in a forward facing head (15°) was to their left or to their right. A Psi Bayesian adaptive procedure was employed which estimates the choice of the next trial stimulus level based on the responses to all the previous trials. The procedure optimises the stimulus placement, while being more robust to changes in slope, and therefore is well-suited to test clinical populations. It converges at the end of 30 trials on the pupil/sclera contrast level leading to 80.3 % correct discrimination [35]. Participants were given instructions on the task and then completed four runs of 30 trials back to back. The median noise threshold from the four runs was used in the mixed gaze discrimination task.
Mixed gaze discrimination
Observers discriminated the direction of gaze between two same identity faces in a two-interval forced-choice task (Fig. 1). One was the 'test' face with a fixed gaze deviation (9° left or 9° right) and the other was a 'comparator' face with an offset (−20°, −10°, −5°, −2°, 2°, 5°, 10°, 20°) added to the fixed test deviation, and the observer's task was to indicate whether the direction of gaze of the face in the second interval was averted to the left or to the right compared to the direction of gaze of the face in the first interval. Noise was added to the eyes of one of the two faces at the noise contrast determined in the baseline noise threshold task. The noisy face occurred with equal frequency in the two intervals, and noise was added either to the 'test' or 'comparator' with equal occurrence. Each offset level was sampled 12 times in a run, and a logistic function was fit to the data to obtain an estimate of the gaze offset producing 50 % right responses ('bias'). After a short practice (15 trials from the first run), two runs were performed back-to-back with a short break in between. The order of test deviations (−9 vs. 9) was counterbalanced within AQ groups.
Experimental procedure showing a sample trial (with noise added to the second face) used in experiments 1 and 2. The same identity face was presented twice, and participants were required to indicate the direction of gaze in the second interval relative to the first
Following Mareschal et al. [25], linear fits were made through bias scores at the two test deviations (−9° and 9°). The direct gaze bias identified by Mareschal et al. [25] is characterised by a significant difference in the slopes of the fits, depending on whether noise was added to the test or to the comparator, with more positive slopes for the comparator noise condition and more negative slopes for the test noise condition. To test for this effect and potential effects of autistic traits, slopes were entered into a 2 × 2 ANCOVA with noise condition (test, comparator) as a within-participants factor and AQ group (high AQ, Low AQ) as a between-participants factor. Threshold (individual thresholds from the baseline noise threshold task) was included as a covariate to examine whether the relationship between slope and threshold differs across noise conditions.
The ANCOVA revealed a significant main effect of noise condition (F(1, 31) = 11.27, p = .002, η ρ 2 = .27), but no effect of AQ group (F(1, 31) = 2.23, p = .15) and, crucially, no significant interaction between noise condition and AQ group (F(1, 31) < 1, p = .89) (Fig. 2a, b). These results indicate that slopes in the comparator noise condition are significantly more positive than in the test noise condition, consistent with a bias towards perceiving uncertain gaze directions as direct (see also Fig. 2c, d for a summary of individual participants' slopes). However, there was no evidence that the magnitude of this effect is modulated by autistic traits. The ANCOVA also revealed an effect of threshold (F(1, 31) = 4.58, p = .04, η ρ 2 = .13) and a significant interaction between threshold and noise condition (F(1, 30) = 7.44, p = .01, η ρ 2 = .14). To further explore this finding, separate Person's correlations were used to examine the relationship between threshold and slope in each noise condition. There was a significant negative relationship between slope and threshold in the comparator noise condition r = −.47, p = .005 (as threshold decreases, comparator noise slope becomes more positive), and a trend towards a positive relationship in the test noise condition r = .31, p = .07 (as threshold decreases, test noise slopes becomes more negative). These results indicate that the strength of the direct gaze bias (as signified by increasingly positive comparator noise slopes or increasingly negative test noise slopes) increases as stimulus noise increases, consistent with a Bayesian decision framework. Importantly, the average gaze discrimination thresholds did not differ between the AQ groups (low AQ = .202, high AQ = .201) t(32) < 1, p = .99) indicating that effective noise is well-matched across groups.
Experiment 1. Average bias scores for (a) the low AQ group and (b) the high AQ group when the test contained noise (filled diamonds) and when the comparator contained noise (crossed diamonds) at each test deviations −9° and 9°. Individual slopes of the biases for all participants in the (c) low AQ group and (d) the high AQ group when the test contained noise (filled bars) and when the comparator contained noise (crossed bars)
As the mean age of the high AQ group was marginally greater than the low AQ group, we performed an additional ANCOVA including age as a covariate of no interest. Again, this revealed a significant main effect of noise condition (F(1, 30) = 4.26, p = .049, η ρ 2 = .13), no effect of AQ group (F(1, 30) = 1.35, p = .26) and no significant interaction between noise condition and AQ group (F(1, 30) < 1, p = .98).
Inspection of Fig. 2c reveals that one participant (P5) in the low AQ group showed a particularly large bias. To investigate whether the results for this individual have a disproportionate effect on the overall results of the ANCOVA, this test was repeated without P5. All significant effects found in the previous analysis remained significant (p < .05), and again, we found no significant interaction between noise condition and AQ group (F(1, 30) = 2.35, p = .14). Finally, Pearson's correlation analysis revealed no evidence of a significant relationship between total SRS scores and slopes for each noise condition, whether or not P5 was included in the analysis (r < .17, p > .36).
Statistical tests using Bayes factors (BF) were conducted to quantify the strength of the evidence for the null hypothesis (no difference between groups) versus the alternative (low AQ > high AQ). It is important to conduct Bayesian analysis as studies claiming no difference between groups typically rely on null hypothesis significance testing to imply the null hypothesis is true, without quantifying the degree to which the evidence supports the null hypothesis. As a point of reference: BF10 of 1–3 indicates weak/anecdotal evidence for the alternative hypothesis; BF10 of 3–10 corresponds to positive/substantial support for the alternative hypothesis and BF10 >10 indicates positive/strong evidence for the alternative hypothesis [36, 37]. Using JASP (https://jasp-stats.org) [38], a Bayesian independent t tests was conducted, with default prior scales for each experiment, comparing difference scores (noise > comparator) between groups. The results revealed 'substantial' evidence in favour of the null hypothesis (BF10 = 3.3).
Previous research suggests that humans have a prior expectation that gaze is directed towards them [25]. The purpose of this experiment was to test whether the strength of this effect is influenced by individual variation in autistic traits in a neurotypical sample. Participants completed a short baseline noise threshold task to determine the contrast level (in the context of fractal noise) required to discriminate the left from the right gaze at 80.3 % correct performance levels. In a subsequent mixed discrimination task, they had to compare the gaze direction of a face with noise added to the eye region (tailored to their contrast threshold) with that of a face with no noise added to the eyes. Consistent with the results of Mareschal et al. [25], we found that psychometric response functions were shifted in opposite directions depending on whether the noise was added to the test face (with a fixed gaze direction) or the comparator face (with a varying gaze offset). This bias towards perceiving direct gaze was found for individuals with high or low numbers of autistic traits. Furthermore, there was no evidence of a difference in the magnitude of the direct gaze bias between groups. Importantly, we found no difference in the overall threshold across groups indicating that these results cannot be explained in terms of differences in sensitivity to noise. Moreover, direct gaze bias was negatively correlated with threshold, which supports a Bayesian framework wherein higher noise (i.e. higher uncertainty) is associated with increased influence of the prior.
In experiment 1, we found no evidence that the direct gaze prior is related to increasing autistic traits in a neurotypical population, a result that appears inconsistent with the attenuated priors theory of perception in ASC. However, it is possible that attenuated priors are only a characteristic of individuals with clinical diagnosis of an ASC or that any attenuation of priors in neurotypical individuals is too small or inconsistent to be detected with our paradigm. To address this potential limitation, in experiment 2, we used the same paradigm with a group of individuals with a diagnosis of high-functioning autism (ASC) and a group of neurotypical controls matched on IQ, age and sex. If ASC is associated with attenuated priors, then the ASC group should show a smaller bias towards perceiving gaze as direct relative to controls.
For the neurotypical control group, 11 participants (2 females, mean age 32.27) were recruited from the MRC CBU volunteer panel. All were right-handed and had an AQ <20 (see Table 1). The ASC group consisted of 11 volunteers (2 females, mean age 32) recruited via the Cambridge Autism Research Centre. All had written confirmation of an independent diagnosis of an ASC (high-functioning autism or Asperger syndrome) by a qualified clinician using DSM-IV criteria [39]. In addition, six had a confirmed diagnosis using the Adult Asperger Assessment (AAA) [40] and two using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) [41]. Individuals with any other current psychiatric diagnosis (other than ASC in the ASC group) were excluded from the study. All participants completed the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence – second edition (WASI-II) [42] and all scored >99. All participants were right-handed, had normal or corrected to normal vision and were naive to the aims and objectives of the experiment. No participants were taking psychotropic medication at the time of the study. All participants also completed the AQ and the SRS, and as expected, the ASC and control groups differed significantly on both measures (see Table 1). The study was approved by the Cambridge Psychology Research Ethics Committee (CPREC.2013.57). All volunteers provided written informed consent and were paid for participating.
The procedure was identical to that of experiment 1. The order of test deviations (−9 vs. 9) was counterbalanced within groups.
As in experiment 1, to test for a direct gaze bias and group differences, slopes were entered into a 2 × 2 ANCOVA with noise condition (test, comparator) as a within-participants factor and group (ASC, control) as a between-participants factor. Threshold (baseline noise threshold) was included as a covariate. The results revealed a main effect of noise condition (F(1, 19) = 20.26, p < .001, η ρ 2 = .27), but no effect of group (F(1, 19) < 1, p = .52) and crucially, no interaction between noise condition and group (F(1, 19) = 1.768, p = .20) (Fig. 3a, b) (see also Fig. 3c, d for a summary of individual participants' slopes). The main effect of threshold was not significant (F(1, 19) < 1, p = .38), but as in experiment 1, there was a significant interaction between threshold and noise condition (F(1, 19) = 11.50, p = .003, η ρ 2 = .38). Again, the relationship between slope and threshold was negative in the comparator noise condition (r = −.54, p = .009) and positive in the test noise condition (r = .50, p = .018). Thresholds did not differ significantly between groups (ASC = .25, control = .23) (t(20) < 1, p = .37).
Experiment 2. Average bias scores data for (a) the control group and (b) the ASC group when the test contained noise (filled diamonds) and when the comparator contained noise (crossed diamonds) at each test deviations −9° and 9°. Individual slopes of the biases for all participants in the (c) control group and (d) the ASC group when the test contained noise (filled bars) and when the comparator contained noise (crossed bars)
Finally, a Pearson's correlation analysis revealed no evidence of a significant relationship between total SRS score and slopes in the comparator or test noise condition (r < .16, p > .48). In summary, the results of experiment 2 indicate that participants show a bias towards perceiving direct gaze in conditions of uncertainty. However, we found no evidence of any difference in this bias between neurotypical controls and individuals with ASC.
A Bayesian independent t tests comparing difference scores (noise > comparator) between groups revealed substantial evidence in favour of the null hypothesis (BF10 = 3.8) (i.e. no difference between groups).
In two separate experiments, we used a gaze discrimination paradigm to investigate whether priors for direct gaze are diminished in neurotypical individuals with high numbers of autistic traits and in individuals with a clinical diagnosis of high-functioning ASC. In experiment 1, neurotypical individuals showed evidence of a bias towards perceiving gaze as direct under conditions of uncertainty (viewing eyes through noise), consistent with a prior for direct gaze [25]. However, we found no evidence that the strength of the direct gaze bias is reduced in individuals with high numbers of autistic traits. Experiment 2 compared the strength of the direct gaze bias between individuals with ASC and matched neurotypical controls. Both control and ASC groups showed evidence of a direct gaze bias, and the magnitude of this effect did not differ between groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to empirically test the theory of attenuated priors in ASC [8] in high-level social perceptual processing. Our results support the proposal that humans have a bias towards perceiving gaze as direct [25, 26] but suggest that priors for gaze direction are not diminished in adults with high-functioning ASC.
In both experiments, we found an interaction between threshold and noise condition, reflecting an increase in the magnitude of the direct gaze bias with an increase in stimulus noise. This result accords with a Bayesian framework where increased uncertainty is associated with increased influence of the prior. Furthermore, there was no evidence that sensitivity to noise differed between groups, indicating that an equivalent influence of priors on perception in ASC is unlikely to result from a combination of hypo-priors and increased sensory uncertainty.
One alternative explanation for the findings of this experiment, and previous studies on the direct gaze bias, is that the perceptual shift towards direct gaze reflects a generalised tendency to perceive objects as being centred (in this case, centring the iris in the sclera) rather than a specific prior towards direct gaze. In a previous study, Mareschal et al. [26] addressed this by performing a comparable discrimination task using a grey circle placed within a larger white circle. In contrast with the gaze results, there was only a weak and non-significant bias towards viewing the object as centred (p > 0.3). Thus, although some generic process favouring symmetry might have a small role in the direct gaze bias found here, this is unlikely to account for the entire effect.
Brock [43] proposed that a 'bottom-up' account of enhanced perception in ASC would lead to similar predictions as the attenuated priors theory. Importantly, this account proposes that priors are not attenuated in ASC. Rather, incoming sensory information is less noisy than in neurotypical individuals (i.e. the variance of the sensory observation is narrower) [43]. With less uncertainty about the noisy sensory observation, the prior has less influence on perception even though its variance is equivalent to the prior in neurotypical individuals. Our current findings do not fit with this proposal either. Moreover, we also estimated sensory noise in gaze detection judgements using an adaptive noise thresholding task. This revealed no evidence of reduced sensory noise in ASC as thresholds were highly similar for the ASC and matched control group in experiment 2, while group thresholds were almost identical for the low and high AQ groups in experiment 1. This finding contrasts with those of a recent study of self-motion perception in ASC [44] that found that adolescents with ASC showed increased sensitivity to visual noise. One possible explanation for this apparent difference is that any increased sensitivity to visual noise in ASC may be less apparent in the context of higher-level stimuli, such as faces, compared to lower-level stimuli such as moving dots.
Zaidel et al. [44] also found evidence for reduced use of priors in adolescents with ASC, a result that accords with the attenuated priors theory of perception in ASC. However, their study specifically investigated the use of recently acquired priors, suggesting that evidence of a difference in the use of prior information between the two studies may be a consequence of differences in the developmental acquisition of priors and/or atypicalities in the rapid acquisition of priors [45]. Similarly, individuals with ASC might possess priors that exert a similar influence to those of neurotypical individuals (as found here) but that develop differently or are applied with less flexibility. One proposal is that autistic atypicalities are a consequence of overly constrained priors, leading to 'overfitted' and non-generalizable predictions [46, 47] (and see also Qian and Lipkin's [48] learning theory style of ASC). Thus, the developmental trajectory of the direct gaze prior could differ for neurotypical individuals and those with ASC (e.g. steeper acquisition in neurotypical individuals) but eventually converge in adulthood. Differences in the development of priors might also explain why diminished adaptation aftereffects for faces in children with ASC [17, 18] are not found in adults with ASC [19–21]. It should also be noted that while differences in the developmental trajectory of priors may explain the absence of an group effect in our study, a recent study, using a non-social task, found that children with ASC show typical adaptation of perceptual causality (i.e. following prolonged exposure to causal events, subsequent perceptual events are more likely to be judged as non-causal) [49]. Thus, any attenuation of priors in children with ASC [17, 18] does not appear to be generalise to both social and non-social domains.
Given the significant heterogeneity of symptoms across individuals with ASC, it is also possible that attenuated priors are only found in a subset of individuals within the autistic spectrum or in specific behavioural domains [50]. In this study, we failed to find any evidence of atypical priors in the domain of social perception, or specifically, perceiving the direction of eye gaze. Whether the development of a prior for direct gaze differs to the development of priors for other types of social information is unclear. For example, a direct gaze prior could be innate or develop in infancy. Baron-Cohen [51] and Mareschal et al. [25] suggest a bias towards direct gaze would offer a social/evolutionary advantage because direct gaze is such an important social cue that often signals an imminent interaction (e.g. attack or pro-social approach). Assuming that gaze is direct when one is unsure would represent a safer strategy than trying to calculate the precise gaze direction [52, 53]. Future work will be needed to determine whether ASC is associated with specific differences in the acquisition and use of newly learned priors and to what extent any differences generalise across both social and non-social domains.
It should be noted that participants with ASC in this study were all high-functioning, with both the ASC and control groups having a high average IQ. It is not known if these findings would generalise to individuals with lower-functioning ASC. In addition, 'standard' assessments were not available for all participants included in experiment 2. Despite these caveats, it is important to note that the behavioural atypicalities reported by individuals in our sample (social or otherwise) were sufficient to cause problems in everyday life and lead to significant distress; otherwise, they would not have a clinical diagnosis. This indicates that the presence of typical priors (in at least one domain) does not necessarily signify typical social functioning. Indeed, we found no evidence that the strength of the direct gaze bias is related to the number of self-reported autistic traits on the SRS, a measure of the extent of autistic social impairment [34]. Moreover, despite evidence indicating atypical social perception in ASC, there are a number of studies reporting typical social perception in ASC, including orientating towards facial stimuli and interpreting other people's actions perception [6, 7]. An alternative reason for the lack of significant group differences in experiment 2 is due to the small sample size used. However, Bayesian analyses revealed substantial evidence in favour of the null hypothesis for experiment 2. Thus, even with a smaller sample size in experiment 2, evidence indicates that both studies show substantial evidence in favour of the null hypothesis, i.e. no difference between groups. Taken together, both experiments indicate that the influence of priors on perception does not differ between groups on the basis of autistic traits or on a clinical diagnosis of high-functioning ASC. However, future studies would benefit not only from larger sample sizes but also by including more representative (i.e. lower IQ) and better characterised samples of the autistic population.
Finally, atypical gaze processing is considered a core symptom of ASC, and numerous studies report atypicalities in gaze processing in ASC, such as reduced attention to the eyes [54], differences in following another's gaze [55] and difficulty in inferring mental states from the eyes [30]. Although any task involving eye gaze contains a strong 'social' component, it should be emphasised that the thresholding and gaze priors tasks required participants to make a perceptual discrimination of gaze direction ('is the second face looking to the left or the right of the first?'), rather than asking them to make an explicit social judgement (e.g. an evaluation of how the gaze relates to them, or inferring the mental states of the face). Thus, intact performance on this task does not imply typical performance on tasks that relate to understanding the communicative intent and emotional significance signalled by direct gaze. Moreover, our results can only speak to the role of perceptual priors in the domain of visual social perception, and further studies will be needed to test the hypo-priors theory using less 'social' tasks. It is important to note, however, that Pellicano and Burr [8] make no distinction in the use of perceptual priors between social and non-social stimuli or between different sensory modalities.
In summary, we found that participants show a bias towards perceiving gaze as direct under conditions of uncertainty, replicating findings by Mareschal et al. [25]. Importantly, however, we found no evidence that the strength of this bias is reduced in neurotypical individuals with high numbers of autistic traits or in individuals with a diagnosis of ASC. These results challenge the attenuated priors theory of ASC [8] and suggest no apparent atypicalities in the use of prior information in gaze perception in adults with high-functioning ASC.
AAA:
Adult Asperger Assessment
SRS:
Social Responsiveness Scale
WASI-II:
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence – second edition
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.
Marco EJ, Hinkley LB, Hill SS, Nagarajan SS. Sensory processing in autism: a review of neurophysiologic findings. Pediatr Res. 2011;69(5 Pt 2):48R–54R. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e3182130c54.
Simmons DR, Robertson AE, McKay LS, Toal E, McAleer P, Pollick FE. Vision in autism spectrum disorders. Vis Res. 2009;49(22):2705–39. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2009.08.005.
Weigelt S, Koldewyn K, Kanwisher N. Face identity recognition in autism spectrum disorders: a review of behavioral studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012;36(3):1060–84. doi:10.1007/s11065-010-9138-6.
Leekam S, BaronCohen S, Perrett D, Milders M, Brown S. Eye-direction detection: A dissociation between geometric and joint attention skills in autism. Brit J Dev Psychol. 1997;15:77–95. doi:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1997.tb00726.x.
Shah P, Gaule A, Bird G, Cook R. Robust orienting to protofacial stimuli in autism. Curr Biol. 2013;23(24):R1087–8. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.034.
Cusack JP, Williams JH, Neri P. Action perception is intact in autism spectrum disorder. J Neurosci. 2015;35(5):1849–57. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4133-13.2015.
Pellicano E, Burr D. When the world becomes 'too real': a Bayesian explanation of autistic perception. Trends Cogn Sci. 2012;16(10):504–10. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.08.009.
Teufel C, Subramaniam N, Fletcher PC. The role of priors in Bayesian models of perception. Front Comput Neurosci. 2013;7:25. doi:10.3389/fncom.2013.00025.
Jolliffe T, Baron-Cohen S. Are people with autism and Asperger syndrome faster than normal on the Embedded Figures Test? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38(5):527–34.
Plaisted K, O'Riordan M, Baron-Cohen S. Enhanced visual search for a conjunctive target in autism: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1998;39(5):777–83.
Plaisted K, O'Riordan M, Baron-Cohen S. Enhanced discrimination of novel, highly similar stimuli by adults with autism during a perceptual learning task. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1998;39(5):765–75.
Lawson RP, Rees G, Friston KJ. An aberrant precision account of autism. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014;8:302. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00302.
Friston K. A theory of cortical responses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond. 2005;360(1456):815–36. doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1622.
Friston KJ, Lawson R, Frith CD. On hyperpriors and hypopriors: comment on Pellicano and Burr. Trends Cogn Sci. 2013;17(1):1. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.11.003.
Kleinschmidt DF, Jaeger TF. Robust speech perception: recognize the familiar, generalize to the similar, and adapt to the novel. Psychol Rev. 2015;122(2):148–203. doi:10.1037/a0038695.
Pellicano E, Jeffery L, Burr D, Rhodes G. Abnormal adaptive face-coding mechanisms in children with autism spectrum disorder. Curr Biol. 2007;17(17):1508–12. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.065.
Pellicano E, Rhodes G, Calder AJ. Reduced gaze aftereffects are related to difficulties categorising gaze direction in children with autism. Neuropsychologia. 2013;51(8):1504–9. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.03.021.
Cook R, Brewer R, Shah P, Bird G. Intact facial adaptation in autistic adults. Autism Res. 2014;7(4):481–90. doi:10.1002/aur.1381.
Walsh JA, Maurer D, Vida MD, Rhodes G, Jeffery L, Rutherford MD. Norm-based coding of facial identity in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Vis Res. 2015;108:33–40. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2014.11.018.
Walsh JA, Vida MD, Morrisey MN, Rutherford MD. Adults with autism spectrum disorder show evidence of figural aftereffects with male and female faces. Vis Res. 2015;115(Pt A):104–12. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2015.08.010.
Kleinhans NM, Johnson LC, Richards T, Mahurin R, Greenson J, Dawson G, et al. Reduced neural habituation in the amygdala and social impairments in autism spectrum disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166(4):467–75. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07101681.
Geisler WS, Kersten D. Illusions, perception and Bayes. Nat Neurosci. 2002;5(6):508–10. doi:10.1038/nn0602-508.
Happé FG. Studying weak central coherence at low levels: children with autism do not succumb to visual illusions. A research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1996;37(7):873–7.
Mareschal I, Calder AJ, Clifford CW. Humans have an expectation that gaze is directed toward them. Curr Biol. 2013;23(8):717–21. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.03.030.
Mareschal I, Otsuka Y, Clifford CW. A generalized tendency toward direct gaze with uncertainty. J Vis. 2014;14(12). doi:10.1167/14.12.27.
Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Skinner R, Martin J, Clubley E. The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): evidence from Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. J Autism Dev Disord. 2001;31(1):5–17. doi:10.1023/A:1005653411471.
Happé F, Ronald A, Plomin R. Time to give up on a single explanation for autism. Nat Neurosci. 2006;9(10):1218–20. doi:10.1038/nn1770.
Ruzich E, Allison C, Smith P, Watson P, Auyeung B, Ring H, et al. Measuring autistic traits in the general population: a systematic review of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) in a nonclinical population sample of 6,900 typical adult males and females. Mol Autism. 2015;6:2. doi:10.1186/2040-2392-6-2.
Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Hill J, Raste Y, Plumb I. The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2001;42(2):241–51. doi:10.1017/S0021963001006643.
Rhodes G, Jeffery L, Taylor L, Ewing L. Autistic traits are linked to reduced adaptive coding of face identity and selectively poorer face recognition in men but not women. Neuropsychologia. 2013;51(13):2702–8. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.08.016.
Bayliss AP, Tipper SP. Gaze and arrow cueing of attention reveals individual differences along the autism spectrum as a function of target context. Br J Psychol. 2005;96(Pt 1):95–114. doi:10.1348/000712604X15626.
Ewbank MP, Rhodes G, von dem Hagen EA, Powell TE, Bright N, Stoyanova RS et al. Repetition Suppression in Ventral Visual Cortex Is Diminished as a Function of Increasing Autistic Traits. Cereb Cortex. 2014. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu149.
Constantino J, Gruber C. The Social Responsiveness Scale. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services; 2005.
Kontsevich LL, Tyler CW. Bayesian adaptive estimation of psychometric slope and threshold. Vis Res. 1999;39(16):2729–37. doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(98)00285-5.
Kass RE, Raftery AE. Bayes Factors. J Am Stat Assoc. 1995;90(430):773–95. doi:10.1080/01621459.1995.10476572.
Jeffreys H. Theory of probability. Oxford: University Press; 1961.
Love J, Selker R, Marsman M, Jamil T, Dropmann D, Verhagen AJ, et al. JASP (Version 0.7). 2015.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM- IV. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349.
Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Robinson J, Woodbury-Smith M. The Adult Asperger Assessment (AAA): a diagnostic method. J Autism Dev Disord. 2005;35(6):807–19. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0026-5.
Lord C, Risi S, Lambrecht L, Cook EH, Leventhal BL, DiLavore PC, et al. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2000;30(3):205–23. doi:10.1023/A:1005592401947.
Weschler D, Corporation TP. WASI -II : Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence -- second edition. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation; 2011.
Brock J. Alternative Bayesian accounts of autistic perception: comment on Pellicano and Burr. Trends Cogn Sci. 2012;16(12):573–4. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.10.005.
Zaidel A, Goin-Kochel RP, Angelaki DE. Self-motion perception in autism is compromised by visual noise but integrated optimally across multiple senses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(20):6461–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.1506582112.
Series P, Seitz AR. Learning what to expect (in visual perception). Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:668. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00668.
Van de Cruys S, De-Wit L, Evers K, Boets B, Wagemans J. Weak priors versus overfitting of predictions in autism: Reply to Pellicano and Burr (TICS, 2012). I-Perception. 2013;4(2):95–7. doi:10.1068/I0580ic.
Van de Cruys S, Evers K, Van der Hallen R, Van Eylen L, Boets B, de-Wit L, et al. Precise minds in uncertain worlds: predictive coding in autism. Psychol Rev. 2014;121(4):649–75. doi:10.1037/a0037665.
Qian N, Lipkin RM. A learning-style theory for understanding autistic behaviors. Front Hum Neurosci. 2011;5:77. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00077.
Karaminis T, Turi M, Neil L, Badcock NA, Burr D, Pellicano E. Atypicalities in perceptual adaptation in autism do not extend to perceptual causality. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0120439. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120439.
Brock J. Combining the old and the new: Bayesian and predictive coding accounts of autistic cognition. The Psychologist. 2014;27:750–3.
Baron-Cohen S. Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge: MIT Press; 1995.
Clifford CW, Mareschal I, Otsuka Y, Watson TL. A Bayesian approach to person perception. Conscious Cogn. 2015. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.03.015.
Langton SR, Honeyman H, Tessler E. The influence of head contour and nose angle on the perception of eye-gaze direction. Percept Psychophys. 2004;66(5):752–71. doi:10.3758/BF03194970.
Jones W, Klin A. Attention to eyes is present but in decline in 2-6-month-old infants later diagnosed with autism. Nature. 2013;504(7480):427–31. doi:10.1038/nature12715.
Nation K, Penny S. Sensitivity to eye gaze in autism: is it normal? Is it automatic? Is it social? Dev Psychopathol. 2008;20(1):79–97. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000047.
We are grateful to Thomas Powell for his help with the data collection and ADOS assessments in the early stages of this project. This research was supported by the UK Medical Research Council under project code MC-A060-5PQ50 (Andrew J. Calder). IM was supported by a Leverhulme Trust Project Grant. CC was supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship. SBC was supported by the MRC, the Wellcome Trust and the Autism Research Trust during the period of this work. The research was also supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care East of England at Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Andy Calder (1965–2013).
Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
Philip J. Pell
, Andrew J. Calder
, Elisabeth A. H. von dem Hagen
& Michael P. Ewbank
School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Psychology Department, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
Isabelle Mareschal
Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Elisabeth A. H. von dem Hagen
School of Psychology, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Colin W.G. Clifford
MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
Michael P. Ewbank
Search for Philip J. Pell in:
Search for Isabelle Mareschal in:
Search for Andrew J. Calder in:
Search for Elisabeth A. H. von dem Hagen in:
Search for Colin W.G. Clifford in:
Search for Michael P. Ewbank in:
Correspondence to Michael P. Ewbank.
PP, IM, AC, EvdH, SBC and ME helped to conceive and design the study. PP was responsible for the participant recruitment, data collection and statistical analysis. ME performed the ADOS assessments. PP, IM and ME contributed to the interpretation of the results. PP, IM, EvdH, CC, SBC and ME drafted the manuscript. SBC provided the access to the ASC sample. All authors read and approved the final manuscript with the exception of AC (deceased).
Andrew J. Calder deceased.
Bayesian priors
Gaze perception
Autistic traits


text:
Collett är en norsk släkt, med grenar i Danmark och Sverige.

Collett är ursprungligen en brittisk släkt. Den norska släkten Collett grundades i Norge med köpmannen James Collett, som blev borgare i Kristiania 1703, efter att ha vistats där sedan 1683.

I England har släkten funnits sedan åtminstone 1300-talet, och är eventuellt av normandiskt ursprung.

Den norska släkten Colett har förgreningar i Sverige och Danmark. I Danmark stavar familjemedlemmar sedan 1800-talet namnet Collet. Medlemmar av släkten innehar ett flertal stora egendomar i Norge, till exempel Buskerud hovedgård, Store Ullevål gård, Flateby gård och Økern gård. Den danska grenen äger godsen Lundbygård på Själland och Katholm i Jylland.

Medlemmar i släkten i urval
 James Collett (1655–1727), köpman
 James Collett (1687–1724), köpman
Mathias Collett (1708–59), landshövding i Norge
Peter Collett (1694–1740), köpman
Ditlevine Feddersen (1727–1803), författare, gift med Nicolai Feddersen
 James Collett (1728–1794), köpman, gift med Karen Leuch (1733–1794)
John Collett (1758–1810), affärsman
Peter Collett (1729–63), kansliråd
Johan Collett (1734–1806), kammerråd, gift med Else Jensen
Peter Collett (1767–1823), tryckfrihetsförespråkare
Jonas Collett (1772–1851), statsråd
Johan Collett (1800–1877), jurist, gift med Marie Thomason
Frederik Collett (1839–1914), målare
Martine Christine Sophie Collett (1805–1889)
 Elisabeth Collett (1806–1883), gift med släktingen Christian Boeck
Johan Collett (1775–1827), jurist och politiker
Tom Johan Collett (1804–1835), gift med kusinen Martine Christine Collett (1805–1889)
Johanne Collett (1833–1906), gift med Jens P. Vogt
Nils Collett Vogt (1864–1937), dikter
Peter Jonas Collett (1813–51), professor, gift med Camilla Collett
Robert Collett (1842–1913), zoolog
Alf Collett (1844–1919), genealog
Peter Collett (1740–86), godsägare
Peter Collett (1766–1836), domare, gift med Eilertine Bendeke
Bernt Anker Collett (1803–57), dansk godsägare, stamfar för den dansk grenen Collet
Peter Ferdinand Collet (1836–1909)
Holger Collet (1864–1943)
Harald Collet (1900–1972)
Bernt Johan Collet (född 1941), dansk godsägare och politiker
John Collett (1807–1891) gift med Antoinette Smith
Cathrinus Nicolai Arbo Collett (1841-1921), svensk järnvägsingenjör
Carl Albert Collett (1877-1939), svensk arkitekt
Albert Collett, affärsman, grundare av Firma Albert Collett. Gift med Nanna Høegh
Emil Collett (1875–1940), kemist, grundare av tennpastaföretaget Collett, gift med motståndskvinnan Gudrun Collett
Camilla Collett (1878–1973), lärarinna på Olaf Bergs skole, gift med Harald Buch
Ellisiv Steen (1908–2001), litteraturprofessor, gift med professor Sverre Steen
Ada Polak (1914–2010), konsthistoriker
Axel Collett (1880–1968), bruksägare
Brita Lucie Collett (1917–98), grundläggare av Fransiskushjelpen, gift med Bernhard Paus
Märtha Lucie Paus (1938), statssekreterare
Nikolai Bent Paus (1944), företagare
Albert Collett Paus (1946), kirurg
Johan Collett (1874–), gift med Ellen Eger
Else Collett (1905–1990), gift med sin danska släkting Harald Collet
Karen Mathilde Collett (1776–1800), gift med köpman Cæsar Læsar von Boeck (1766–1832)
Christian Boeck (1798–1877), läkare, gift med släktingen Elisabeth Collett
Jonas Axel Boeck (1833–1873), fiskeribiolog
Thorvald Boeck (1835–1901), filolog

Källor
Brian Collett: Collett family history
Om Colett på Store Norske Leksikon

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Get the Poster
Stream it:
With: Chishu Ryu, Chieko Higashiyama, Setsuko Hara, Haruko Sugimura, Nobuo Nakamura, So Yamamura, Kuniko Miyake, Kyoko Kagawa, Eijrio Tono, Shiro Osaka, Zen Murase, Mitsuhiro Mori
Written by: Kogo Noda, Yasujiro Ozu
Directed by: Yasujiro Ozu
Language: Japanese with English subtitles
Tokyo Story (1953)
4 Stars (out of 4)
The Family Way
Long considered one of the ten best films ever made, Yasujiro Ozu's 1953 masterpiece was the most gaping hole in my film knowledge, until now. Most Americans couldn't see it until the 1970s because Ozu was originally considered "too Japanese" for export. Now it's clear that he's one of the world's most universal filmmakers. In the film, an elderly couple visits their busy grown children in Tokyo and finds that they've become a burden. But when the mother returns home and falls ill, the children race to be by her side and bicker about who gets her things. The kindest character is a widowed daughter-in-law, who seems to understand the frailty of life.
Ozu gets straight to the emotional truth of the story without casting judgment or collapsing in to sentimentality; he understands all these characters and where they come from. His simple method of shooting is beautifully on display here: inventive cross-cutting, waist-high angles and lovely establishing shots of clotheslines and trains representing everyday life. Conspicuously absent are moving cameras, dissolves or anything tricky. Seeing Tokyo Story on the Castro's big screen could easily change your life.
DVD Details: I just can't recommend this Yasujiro Ozu masterpiece enough. The film alone -- about relationships between parents and grown children -- delves into such painful levels of beauty that it could change your life. But Criterion's double-disc set makes it even more worthy. Start with the stunning new black-and-white digital transfer. Then Ozu scholar David Desser provides a commentary track and critic David Bordwell contributes a written essay. The second disc includes the film's trailer, a two-hour documentary on the life and career of Ozu, plus a 40-minute tribute to the great Japanese filmmaker by eight other acclaimed international filmmakers including Paul Schrader, Claire Denis and Aki Kaurismaki.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I met Di a couple of times, years ago now…….but i will always remember the way she could laugh at everything, including herself.
I won't be attending for the reason that I'm not a complete loser.
Sadly for you I have better things to be doing than meeting up with hideous beasts such as yourself.


Before you go, you should do the following things. These will help make the trip safer, protect the environment and ensure that you avoid the disappointment of starting only to find that the track is closed. Remember that you must hold a current drivers licence and your vehicle must be registered and display registration plates unless you are on private land.
Obtain a current map of the area you are about to visit. In 2003 Tasmania started changing the co-ordinate system used for all maps from AGD 66 to GDA 94. All new and revised maps will be issued in the new format. Users should note that all co-ordinates given in this brochure are in the old AGD 66 format. To convert from AGD 66 to GDA 94 add 112m to the easting and add 183m to the northing coordinate.
Check with the local land manager for the latest information on the area or track you propose to use. Ask about authorities (permits) for reserves managed by the Parks and Wildlife Service, Phytophthora (root rot fungus), track conditions and fire restrictions.
Roads, tracks and beaches can be closed on a temporary or permanent basis for a number of reasons including a bridge that's down, adverse seasonal conditions, extreme fire danger or logging operations. Notices will be placed in the regional daily newspapers and signs will be erected at appropriate places when tracks are to be closed.
Steep slopes and water are responsible for much of the erosion evident on tracks. Minimise damage by avoiding steep tracks (especially greater than 30 degrees) on erodible soils in winter and during wet weather.
Leave trip details with someone trustworthy so that they can contact Police Search and Rescue if your party is overdue. Make sure you notify this person when you return!
This is a fungus, which travels in soil, and can attack the root systems of plants and wipe out susceptible species. The transfer of soil on vehicles, footwear, tent pegs, etc spreads it.
To reduce the chance of spreading Phytophthora always start your trip with clean gear and a clean vehicle. Remove all dirt from the vehicle, including the undercarriage and mudguards. Where possible undertake trips when conditions are dry.
See our web pages on Phytophthora for further details.
Most coastal and dune areas contain evidence of Aboriginal use and occupation for at least the last few thousand years. These include campsites where stone tools have been made and used (stone artefact scatters) and where shellfish have been collected and eaten (shell middens). All these sites are important to the present day Aboriginal community, as they are an important link with their ancestors and their way of life. All Aboriginal heritage is protected under the Aboriginal Relics Act 1975, and we're all responsible for helping to protect these places.
These sites are vulnerable to erosion, and once they're gone, they're gone. So treat these sites with care, and follow the guidelines for beach driving.
Dunes and beaches are especially fragile. These points will help you enjoy your driving without 'bruisin' the beach'.
Drive on and off beaches at designated points only.
Drive on dunes only in designated vehicle recreation areas and do not drive on vegetated dunes and shore facing dune fronts. Vehicles can easily remove dune vegetation, which in turn can lead to severe erosion.
Drive on damp firm sand below the high tide mark. Above this mark, birds such as Oystercatchers and Plovers lay eggs in small scrapes on the soft sand. These are almost impossible to see while driving. Chicks tend to hide in the cast seaweed and they are also extremely difficult to see. So, especially between October and March, keep to the hard, clean wet sand.
Always obtain permission to cross private land.
Leave all gates as you found them and avoid disturbing stock.
Thank the property owner for allowing access.
Use existing entry and exit points when crossing streams and creeks where bridges and culverts are not provided.
Obey track closures and regulatory signs.
Where possible, winch between vehicles, but if you have to winch from a tree, use tree protecting padding or webbing.
Use wheel chains only as a last resort.
Camp at established campsites, avoid creating new sites.
Use a modern tent so that you do not need to cut tent poles.
Wash at least 50 m away from creeks. Use of soaps and detergents should be minimised as they can affect water quality. Spread your dirty water rather than tipping it in one spot.
Use toilets where provided, otherwise dispose of faecal waste at least 100 m from campsites and watercourses. Faecal waste and toilet paper should be buried in a hole at least 15 cm deep.
Respect the rights of others particularly at campsites.
Take your rubbish out with you. Do the bush a favour by taking out other people's rubbish as well as your own. Dispose of rubbish and litter at home or at authorised waste disposal sites.
By following the advice set out below, you can minimise the fire danger to both your party and the environment.
Use fuel stoves for cooking. They don't damage the local environment and they greatly reduce the risk of a fire escaping and becoming a bushfire.
If you do have a fire, use constructed fireplaces. Under no circumstances leave a campfire unattended. Light fires only on sites where there is no flammable material within a radius of three metres of the fire. Use only fallen wood as dead standing trees can provide homes for wildlife and thousands of insects. Keep cooking fires small and make sure they are fully extinguished before you leave.
On days of total fire ban any naked flame, even a gas stove, is illegal.
The lighting of fires on peat soil (dark brown organic soils found over much of western Tasmania) is illegal. The fires are extremely hard to put out (they can burn underground for weeks).
Sustainable Timber Tasmania may prohibit access to areas of State forest on days of extreme fire danger.
Many tracks are used not only by other recreational vehicle users but also by walkers, cyclists and horse riders. Please be courteous when you come across these people. Slow down, or even stop, say G'day, wait until they are well past you and then drive on as normal.
The following tracks are described in detail in our 4WD Guide. For further details on the locations of these tracks, see the guide.


text:
Computer & Software Products & Electr...
Logo Mark
Logo Mark Trademark Information
Amazon Technologies, Inc.
Electronic publications, namely, downloadable electronic publications in the nature of books, magazines and periodicals in the field of fiction and non-fiction; audio books in the field of fiction and non-fiction
Series of fiction and non-fiction books on a variety of topics; fiction and non-fiction books on a variety of topics; printed books, namely, a series of fiction and non-fiction books on a variety of topics
Publishing of printed matter and books; providing information in the field of publishing; entertainment services, namely, providing information and commentary in the fields of authors, books, literary works and recommendations as to the same; publishing of reviews of literary works; providing a web site where users can post ratings, reviews and recommendations on literary works, books and printed matter
Computer & Software Products & Electrical & Scientific Products
Paper Goods and Printed Material
electronic publications downloadable electronic publications nature books magazines periodicals field fiction nonfiction audio books field fiction nonfiction
This is a brand page for the the Logo trademark by Amazon Technologies, Inc. in Seattle, WA, 98109.
Write a review about a product or service associated with this the Logo trademark. Or, contact the owner Amazon Technologies, Inc. of the the Logo trademark by filing a request to communicate with the Legal Correspondent for licensing, use, and/or questions related to the the Logo trademark.
On Monday, September 24, 2012, a U.S. federal trademark registration was filed for the above pictured logo. The USPTO has given the trademark serial number of 85736736. The current federal status of this trademark filing is CONTINUED USE AND INCONTESTIBILITY ACCEPTED. The correspondent listed for is Jessica Sganga of KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR, LLP, 2040 Main Street, 14th Floor, Irvine CA 92614 . The trademark is filed in the category of Computer & Software Products & Electrical & Scientific Products , Paper Goods and Printed Material , Education and Entertainment Services . The description provided to the USPTO for is Electronic publications, namely, downloadable electronic publications in the nature of books, magazines and periodicals in the field of fiction and non-fiction; audio books in the field of fiction and non-fiction.
(NO WORD)
CONTINUED USE AND INCONTESTIBILITY ACCEPTED
Registration Date: 4/23/2013
Goods and Services: Electronic publications, namely, downloadable electronic publications in the nature of books, magazines and periodicals in the field of fiction and non-fiction; audio books in the field of fiction and non-fiction
Mark Description: The mark consists of a globe design on a tilt with a smile design connecting to the globe on the north and south axes.
Published For Opposition Date: 2/5/2013
Last Applicant/Owner: Amazon Technologies, Inc.
Mark Drawing Code: Drawing/Design (No Words)
Design Search:
See Similar Logos >>
Globes with meridians and parallel lines only (Celestial bodies, Natural phenomena, Geographical maps - Globes) see more design...
Smiley faces (Human Beings - Parts of the human body, skeletons, skulls) see more design...
Arrows forming a circle or an arc of a circle (Heraldry, flags, crowns, crosses, arrows and symbols - Arrows) see more design...
More than one arrow (Heraldry, flags, crowns, crosses, arrows and symbols - Arrows) see more design...
Jessica Sganga
KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR, LLP
2040 Main Street, 14th Floor
Irvine CA 92614
Scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking (supervision), life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments; apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling electricity; apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images; magnetic data carriers, recording discs; automatic vending machines and mechanisms for coin operated apparatus; cash registers, calculating machines, data processing equipment and computers; fire extinguishing apparatus.
First Use Anywhere: : 5/18/2010
First Use In Commerce: 5/18/2010
Paper, cardboard and goods made from these materials, not included in other classes; printed matter; bookbinding material; photographs; stationery; adhesives for stationery or household purposes; artists' materials; paint brushes; typewriters and office requisites (except furniture); instructional and teaching material (except apparatus); plastic materials for packaging (not included in other classes); printers' type; printing blocks.
Trademarkia-Network law firms can help you incorporate a business around your the Logo trademark in less than 5 minutes. Trademarkia makes the process easy and convenient, so start now!
Jessica Sganga is a correspondent of the Logo trademark.
Please Rate and Review for the Logo
the Logo is providing Electronic publications, namely, downloadable electronic publications in the nature of books, magazines and periodicals in the field of fiction and non-fiction; audio books in the field of fiction and non-fiction.


With nearly 30 years of experience in non-profit management, grant writing, fundraising, and housing, Dorothee Otero joined Heading Home as the Housing Coordinator in 2011 to kick off the Albuquerque Heading Home initiative. In March 2015, she became the Housing Director of Keeping Families Together, Heading Home's newest endeavor.
Since migrating to the US in 1977, Dorothee has worked primarily with non-profits who serve the needs of those who find themselves homeless in Albuquerque. Before joining Heading Home, she spent 16 years as the CEO of an organization that served women and children. Her love and dedication to this work comes from her deep faith and "an attitude of servitude". Dorothee has worked with numerous boards over the years and is currently a member of the Children's Justice Act Advisory Committee.
Dorothee has two wonderful sons and three fabulous grandchildren. She also enjoys serving in global missions and is a small group leader through her church.


Automatic Bulk Blended Fertilizer Machinery Plant Our organization counted as a reputable man more..
The AGRIPAK Fertilizer Broadcaster spreader ensures maximum return to fertilizer investment.. It spreads evenly and co more..
Organic trace element fertilizer Calcium Magnesium Silicon Boron Zinc organic Zinc fertilizer Silicon Boron organic f more..
Our Company are a Renowned Manufacturer and Exporter of Premium Quality Zero Tillage Seed Fertilizer Drill that are Know more..
Mounted Fertilizer Seed Drills These Mounted Fertilizer Seed Drills are matched with wheeled more..
Organic Fertilizer GM Organic Fertilizer are All in One solution for plant feed and enr more..
Seaweed Fertilizer Our Seaweed Fertilizer are Widely Famous for Its Capability to Make Soil H more..
Offers metalareed laminated pouch available sizes: 200g / 500g/ 1kg /2 kg.. Year of Estd.. : 2005 Supply A more..
Our Company offer a wide range of high quality Organic Fertilizers that includes Steamed Hoof & Horn Meal/Crushed H more..
Famous Exporter and Supplier of astounding quality and ensured cluster of SOP Fertilizer; we are clients' most favored n more..


text:
«Вісник. Офіційно про податки» (з 1995 року «Вісник податкової служби України», з 2013 року «Вісник Міністерства доходів і зборів України», з 2015 року «Вісник. Право знати все про податки і збори») — інформаційно-аналітичний журнал, офіційне видання Державної фіскальної служби України.

Виходить щосуботи українською мовою. Передплатний індекс: 22599 (укр.)

Головний редактор — Ігор Сухомлин.

Видається Державним підприємством «СЕРВІСНО-ВИДАВНИЧИЙ ЦЕНТР».

На сьогодні — це сучасне, динамічне, оперативне, якісне, практичне професійне бухгалтерське видання, яке є першоджерелом роз'яснень податкового законодавства.

У кожному номері — офіційна інформація про:

 оподаткування;
 бухгалтерський облік;
 оплату праці;
 пенсійне забезпечення;
 трудові відносини тощо.

Примітки

Посилання
 visnuk.com.ua
https://www.facebook.com/visnuk.com.ua/

Органи доходів і зборів України
Українськомовні журнали України
Щотижневі журнали


text:
Our new album's just around the corner. Catch us at our upcoming gigs to get your hands on a copy!
Our new album is just around the corner... available soon at our gigs and online!
We've been hard at work on our new album, so apologies if it's been a while between drinks! But, we're back into it now. Catch us at any of:
VJC
This Saturday (tomorrow) we're returning to perform for the Victorian Jazz Club at Clayton RSL. The show kicks off at 8pm and we'll be playing plenty of great dance-tempo tunes so you can make the most of the dance floor. (Sadly, our album will not quite be ready by tomorrow.)
Entry $20 ($15 VJC members). For bookings contact Rhondda 98748870, Virginia 95705884, or Elspeth 0425735428. There's also a facebook event.
Marysville Jazz & Blues Festival
We're returning to Marysville to perform at the Vibe on Saturday 21st from 7:30pm, and there's a bunch of great acts over the whole weekend... check out the website for the full lineup and for tickets. Also, catch us on the Saturday afternoon 4-5pm for a trad jazz workshop/demonstration, free for ticket holders!
And yes, we ought to have our album by then!
Halls Gap Jazz and Blues
The second October Halls Gap Jazz and Blues, Fri 27 - Sun 28 October. A great fledgling festival. Get along to hear dozens of bands across a bunch of venues all weekend.
We will also be having a special "launch party" at the Country Plaza on Sunday night, including an exclusive performance of some of the brand-new tunes from the album. There'll be details soon on our facebook page -- like our page to keep up to date on that.
Shirazz with Scott Harrison and the Mighty Wurlitzer
If you like your jazz hot and your organs massive, there's no better gig than this collaboration with Scott Harrison and Kingston's Mighty Wurlitzer. All your favourite trad tunes like you've never heard them before. Sunday 12 November at 2pm at Kingston City Hall, Moorabbin. Bookings and enquiries at www.melbournetheatreorgan.com.au.
Phillip Island Jazz Festival
What will probably be our last public appearance for the year, we're appearing at the Phillip Island Jazz Festival on Sunday 19 November. It's at the Ramada Resort in Cowes. Details and tickets at www.phillipislandjazzfest.org.au.
Don't forget to like us on facebook to get all our announcements, news and updates first.
See you all soon!
Copyright © 2017 Shirazz, All rights reserved.
unsubscribe from this list update subscription preferences


text:
By Molly Taylor
Dvora
Credited with bringing fashion to the world's keyboards, Natalie Massenet is founder and executive chairperson of the Net-A-Porter group and chairman of the British Fashion Council. In April this year the doyenne of e-tail was named one of Time Magazine's 100 most influential people, 13 years after founding her £350 million company from her Chelsea flat.
Massenet was born in 1966 to a Californian journalist and a British Chanel model. Her parents met in Café de Flore in Paris, which was also the setting for the majority of her childhood, save for time in Los Angeles where she moved after the age of 11 and a brief stint in Madrid when her father was a foreign correspondent with United Press. She went on to study English Literature at the University of California. Upon graduation, Massenet spent a year in Tokyo working as both a model and a stylist. Fashion permeated through her early career, working for *Women's Wear Daily * and later becoming Isabella Blow's assistant at Tatler.
At the age of 33, Massenet came up with the idea for a luxury fashion e-tail site, soon to become the Net-a-Porter empire. "I couldn't believe you could be sitting in your apartment in London and be clicking on a Victorian jacket in Wisconsin, and that someone in Wisconsin could send it to you!" She told Vogue. With help from her then-husband Arnaud Massenet, an investment banker whom she'd met at Notting Hill Carnival in 1997, she raised £1.2 million in start-up investments and spearheaded the early steps of Net-A-Porter from her Chelsea flat with a team of just fifteen. Pregnant at the time with her first child, Isabella, Massenet used her bedroom as stock storage and her bath to keep Net-A-Porter's famously luxurious packaging.
Net-a-porter launched officially in 2000, dispelling any doubts about the lack of bricks and mortar shop, with Roland Mouret selling his first collection on the site in 2001 and leading to profitable success in 2004, despite launching at a time when the dot-com bubble was set to burst. The same year, Massenet - and Net-A-Porter - won the Best Shop award at the 2004 British Fashion Awards and the UK Fashion Export Award for Best E-tailer. When Halston was being relaunched in 2008, the brand agreed to sell two dresses on Net-A-Porter the day after the brand's debut runway show.
She reached further success in 2009 when she received an MBE from the Queen and launched The Outnet, an online outlet based on the products of Net-A-Porter. In April 2010 Massenet sold her share in the company to luxury goods conglomerate Richemont for £50 million, the same year that Net-A-Porter celebrated its tenth anniversary. In 2011, she launched the menswear variant, Mr Porter, offering her exquisite luxury taste to a new audience.
Massenet joined the British Fashion Council in January 2013 with high hopes to reinvigorate London Fashion Week. Since she undertook the role, brands such as Manalo Blahnik and Smythson have joined the schedule, a new designer shop was set up inside Somerset House, the trade show's venue, and 75 12ft flags were put up along Oxford Street to celebrate the event. "In New York everybody knows when Fashion Week is on - it feels like Fashion Week - I want it to be the same here," she told Vogue at the 2013 Vogue Festival.
After Massenet was named as one of Time Magazine's 100 most influential people in April 2014, J Crew founder Jenna Lyons told Women's Wear Daily:"The word visionary is lofty, overused. Somewhat abused. There are few people who can really see something that doesn't exist. Create it. Explain it. And get others to follow. Natalie Massenet is, in fact, that visionary."
2014 saw the launch of shop-able Porter magazine, a print publication that employs the magazine-like feel of Net-A-Porter. This was a natural progression for Massenet, who based the e-store on a clickable website. An estimated 400,000 copies will be circulated six times a year in 60 counties. "People always say to me, 'You've really strived to redefine retail.' But the reality is, I wanted to redefine magazines" she told The Observer.
Natalie MassenetBiography


text:
UZB D1
1 Pakhtakor 26 19 3 4 60
2 Sogdiana Jizak 26 12 11 3 47
3 OTMK Olmaliq 26 13 8 5 47
4 Nasaf Qarshi 26 13 6 7 45
5 Kuruvchi Bunyodkor 26 13 6 7 45
6 Lokomotiv Tashkent 26 11 6 9 39
7 Navbahor Namangan 26 10 9 7 39
8 Kuruvchi Kokand Qoqon 26 9 9 8 36
9 Qizilqum Zarafshon 26 7 10 9 31
10 Metallurg Bekobod 26 8 1 17 25
11 Termez Surkhon 26 7 4 15 25
12 Mashal Muborak 26 5 8 13 23
13 FK Andijon 26 4 7 15 19
14 Turon Nukus 26 3 8 15 17
AFC CL AFC CL qualifying Relegation Play-offs Degrade Team
Uzbek League Score
OTMK Olmaliq 0-1 Sogdiana Jizak
Kuruvchi Bunyodkor 3-2 Pakhtakor
Nasaf Qarshi 1-3 Lokomotiv Tashkent
Navbahor Namangan 2-3 Kuruvchi Kokand Qoqon
Qizilqum Zarafshon 1-3 Metallurg Bekobod
The Uzbekistan Professional Football League is the top division of football in Uzbekistan, and is operated under the auspices of the Uzbekistan Football Federation. It was founded in 1992 and is contested by 16 teams (since 2015). The top three teams get a chance to compete in the AFC Champions League, while the two last ranked teams are relegated to the Uzbekistan First League. The league is generally played between March to November in the calendar year and has occasionally had the Super Cup as a curtain raiser to the domestic campaign. Teams play each other on a home and away basis. Two or three teams can be relegated depending on the number of sides participating which has in the past been between 17 and 14 sides. Occasionally no sides would be promoted from the First League, due to reserve teams winning the championships. Reserve clubs are not allowed to feature in the top flight but can play at any level up to First League. On these occasions, clubs can be relegated without any promoted sides making the next campaign feature less sides than before. League winners enter the next edition of the AFC Champions League along with the winners of the Uzbekistan Cup.


It appears that Erdogan and the Muslim Brotherhood are one, and that included sympathizer, and colleague Jamal Khashoggi.
Saudi Arabian officials have conceded complicity in the murder of Jamal Khashoggi. The time has come to shed light on Turkey's position in the matter. It is recognized by many that the main battle was not between Khashoggi and the Saudis, but rather a clash between Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Muhammad Bin Salman and Turkey's Recep Tayyip Erdogan. The struggle is not over the death of the journalist, but rather for control of the entire Sunni world.
Turkey under Erdogan seems to be headed in the same direction Iran is today—an oppressive, tyrannical, Islamic leadership with a so-called democracy. Such a happenstance would make it as difficult for the United States to have a working relationship as does that of Iran. Rather than fostering a rapport with the West, Turkey's leader seems determined to destroy the association by the choices he makes.
Jamal Khashoggi walked into the Saudi Arabian Embassy but did not walk out. It appears that an attempt was made to drug him and return him to his home country to stand trial for charges against the Saudi government. According to some sources, Khashoggi was not garroted; instead he stopped breathing after he was drugged.
I was quietly told – first in Israel by a former high-level member of the Mossad, and later in a meeting with Egyptian intelligence officials – that Crown Prince bin Salman approved the mission to arrest Khashoggi and bring him to justice, as Israel had done with Adolf Eichmann. Unfortunately, the persons charged with secretly arresting the journalist and flying him back to stand trial for incitement accidentally killed him with an overdose and then panicked. It was then that the cover-up ensued.
Shortly thereafter, I flew to the United Arab Emirates and heard the story repeated twice more. While in the various countries, I met with His Royal Highness Crown Prince bin Salman, the Saudi deputy prime minister, and defense minister.
Despite rabid finger-pointing by Turkey, the Saudis were well aware that cameras were trained on consulate corridors. The main issues are the video and the quote from the Turkish paper, the government-run mouthpiece for Erdogan.
Turkish officials immediately leaked the Khashoggi affair to Al Jazeera, the official television channel in Qatar—a country at odds with Saudi Arabia. Since the death of the journalist, the station has offered a 24/7 discourse on the matter, using any means to implicate the Saudi Crown Prince. Information that Khashoggi had asked his fiancé, Hatice Cengiz, to personally contact Erdogan's aide, Yasin Aktay, should he not return from the consulate. That direct link to Turkey's president was deemed undesirable and prompted an order that Aktay halt appearances on Al Jazeera, and to stop making references to Erdogan.
Leaks from Turkish intelligence (MIT) regarding events inside the consulate are so detailed that one has to wonder how, when, and why clandestine devises were planted inside the building, as well as the home of the Saudi consul. MIT must have known that an attempt to kidnap Khashoggi was imminent. Not surprisingly, Erdogan has failed to present taped recordings of conversations inside the Saudi consulate that were made days before the death of the journalist. Any speculation on the why must include the theory that the Turkish president knew of the plan only to return Khashoggi to Saudi Arabia.
I was in a delegation that had a two-hour meeting with the Crown Prince, and told him the story of "Operation Eichmann." I knew it well because Isser Harel, who planned the operation, shared it with me at his home one evening over dinner.
At the close of World War II, Adolf Eichmann assumed various aliases and identities in an attempt to elude Allied authorities and evade responsibility for his wartime atrocities. Eichmann was the Nazi transportation administrator assigned the duty of ensuring that trains packed with Jews heading to the death camps were kept in good working order.
In 1960, the Mossad, Israel's Intelligence Agency, then headed by Isser Harel, planned and executed "Operation Finale." The intelligence agents tracked Eichmann to his village, drugged him and brought him to Israel. There, the fugitive stood trial on charges of crimes against humanity, war crimes and crimes against the Jewish people.
He was convicted in 1961, and after all appeals were exhausted, he was hanged. His body was cremated and his ashes scattered across the Mediterranean. Such was the plan for Jamal Khashoggi, a plan that went awry, resulting in his death.
Who or what inspired Erdogan to become involved in the turmoil surrounding Jamal Khashoggi's death? There is one simple answer: the Muslim Brotherhood. In meetings with the Crown Prince in Abu Dhabi and with Egyptian president Sisi, it was apparent that organization is hated in their countries. Erdogan has welcomed them with open arms, providing assistance and asylum, granting members the right to congregate and strategize against Sisi's government.
It appears that Erdogan and the Muslim Brotherhood are one, and that included sympathizer, and colleague Jamal Khashoggi. President Erdogan sacrificed his friend in order to implicate the Saudis and particularly Crown Prince Muhammad Bin Salman. The Washington Post journalist was the pawn in Erdogan's game. He was sacrificed in order to get to the king—or in this case, the Crown Prince.
Mike Evans is a #1 New York Times bestselling author with 89 published books, including The New Hitler. He is the founder of Friends of Zion Museum in Jerusalem of which the late President Shimon Peres, Israel's ninth president, was the chair. He also serves on the Trump Evangelical Faith Initiative.


text:
UK flies home thousands of travelers stranded by tour operator's collapse
By Jessica Campisi - 09/24/19 07:27 AM EDT
The United Kingdom government has reportedly flown home the first group of 14,500 people in the first day after tour operator and airline Thomas Cook collapsed, leaving hundreds of thousands of travelers stranded around the world.
Another 74 flights are scheduled to bring back 16,500 more people to Britain on Tuesday, The New York Times reports, adding that 135,000 passengers are expected to be repatriated over the next two weeks. After Oct. 6, passengers reportedly have to make their own arrangements.
Deirdre Hutton, chairwoman of the U.K. Civil Aviation Authority, called the repatriation the largest peacetime effort of its kind in British history, according to the newspaper.
"Nobody is stranded, everybody will get their holiday and they will be brought back at the time they would have come back anyway," she said. "I'm conscious that we've got a huge job to do still, because that's about 8 percent of the total, but a reasonable start."
Meanwhile, Thomas Cook subsidiaries are still operating, the Times notes, and can help bring passengers home from other countries.
Thomas Cook shut down after failing over the weekend to get at least 200 million pounds, or $250 million, in emergency funding.
The company said Friday that about 600,000 people were traveling abroad using its services.
Tags United Kingdom Germany


text:
Scion was a marque of Toyota started in 2003 designed as an extension of its efforts to appeal towards younger customers. The Scion brand primarily featured sports compact vehicles (primarily badge engineered from Toyota's international models), a simplified "pure price" model, and eschewed trim levels in favor of offering a single trim for each vehicle with a range of factory and aftermarket options for buyers to choose from to personalize their vehicle. The Scion name, meaning the descendant of a family or heir, refers both to the brand's cars and their owners.[2] The brand first soft launched in the United States at selected Toyota dealers in the state of California in June 2003, before expanding nationwide by February 2004. In 2010, Scion expanded into Canada. In an effort to target the generation Y demographic, Scion primarily relied on guerrilla and viral marketing techniques.
Photo of the Day: Mini Truckin' in a Scion
Scion xB Review
Scion iQ Review


I created this clutch purse card for my daughter who loves purses and has a lovely collection of them. Her first response upon seeing the card? "I would definitely carry a clutch like this!" That makes me smile.
I cut the 5"x7" size base without the help of my Cricut and rounded the bottom corners with a punch. However, I created the flap on my Gypsy, with an Elegant Edges shape and sized the piece at 4.15w x 7.0h, rotated 90 degrees.
Once I figured out the right sizing the rest was easy. The cardstock for this project is very special; DCWV Winter Stack. The purse flap is cut from fabulous embossed and sparkled cs. The camera doesn't do it justice. If you click on this close-up you'll see the embossing shine.
Creating the card didn't take long but the inside definition and poem took some thinking.
I love coming up with my own definitions for things, so I couldn't resist composing a "punny" definition for this card.
And yes, this IS my own idea. If it shows up elsewhere, they have scrap-lifted it from my blog post.
Since I wrote the poem for my daughter, it contains a few "inside expressions" (e.g., use of the word "crane"). This is the fun part of making my own cards, and the poem produced the desired effect. Smiles all around.
The card would not stand on its own so I made an extra piece for the stand. See the profile pic.
This was easy. I cut a plain piece of cs 2"x4-1/2" and glued it to the back before adhering the flap over it.
The purse flap extends a half-inch over the back and acts as a hinge for the purse.


text:
Financing & Calculator
706-342-0693 | madisonrealtyinc@gmail.com
Our Listings By Category
Lake Properties
Foster Park
Graham Ridge
Ashley Hunt
Chris Gilbert Hodges
Clint Bell
Judy Ashurst Gilbert
Katherine Webster
Lynda Jarvis
Sam Ball
Val Marin Connelly
Sam Ball has been with Madison Realty since late 2012. Prior to beginning his career, he attended Georgia Southern University where he majored in Small Business Management with an emphasis on Entrepreneurship. Sam enjoys working with home buyers and sellers in Morgan County as well as the surrounding areas. He has always had a passion for large tracts of land and grew up helping his family manage several hunting properties and farms. With this knowledge, Sam can be very helpful to buyers and sellers alike who are interested in large raw land properties. Sam has been a million dollar club member since 2015. He currently serves as secretary of the Madison Kiwanis Club and is a CAT board member for the Children's Ferst Foundation. Sam is also a board member for the Madison-Morgan Conservancy and is active in the Mentoring One Morgan program. He serves as a lay leader at Madison First United Methodist Church where he and his family are members. Sam served as president of the Morgan Co. Quality Deer Management Association from 2013-16. He and his wife, Sarah, have been married and Morgan County residents since 2011. They welcomed their beautiful daughter, Evie, in June of 2016. Call Sam today to ask for help with any of your real estate needs. Call Sam today!
Email Sam
Mobile: (404) 580-7155 | Office: (706) 342-0693 | FAX: (706) 342-8505
Madison Realty Incorporated
121 East Jefferson Street
Madison, Georgia 30650
Email: madisonrealtyinc@gmail.com
Located in the heart of beautiful, historic downtown Madison, Madison Realty has Sold More Properties Here Than Anyone Else. Stop In and speak with a Friendly, Knowledgeable Agent, Browse Our Website or Call Us Today and See Why!
Sign-up for News & Updates
© MADISON REALTY, INC. MADISON, GA, all rights reserved. | Website by Madison Studios


The strategy is based on the Alligator technical indicator, described by Bill Williams in "Trading Chaos".
The system is based on three moving averages (Lips, Teeth and Jaw lines), and oscillators, calculated using the difference between them. The trading signals are generated after crossover of the Alligator lines, depending on trend, determined by order of these lines. In the case of upward trend the Lips line (with minimal period) is the highest, the next is the Teeth line, and the lowest is the Jaw line. The similar but opposite case in the case of downward trend.
50% de acertos e 50% de erros.


WOH Discovery would like to welcome OAKK !
As always FREE WITH GOING RSVP or $5 without.
Branching across numerous genres, OAKK produces dynamic, eclectic, and infectious bass music that is impossible to resist. Based out of Calgary, Canada, and working closely with the illustrious Hifi Club, one of OAKK's main priorities is building upon the already thriving electronic music community in his city. His bi-weekly residency "New Wave" provides a platform for other like-minded individuals to have their sounds heard on a world renowned stage. Musically speaking, OAKK's catalogue is surrealistically beautiful, rambunctiously energetic, and intellectually stimulating — it draws influence from some of the most forward-thinking working artists of today as well as the most timeless classics. An intense passion for music and community has brought OAKK to his current stage, and given him the tools needed to propel his creative endeavours.