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"… not only no Greek, nor related to the Greeks, but not even a barbarian from any place that can be named with honors, but a pestilent knave from Macedonia, whence it was never yet possible to buy a decent slave" – Demosthenes, Third Philippic, 31. The famous words that this Greek orator from Athens used to describe the Macedonian king Philip II, the father of Alexander the Great, prior to Philip's conquest of Greece.
We know for a fact that the ancient Greeks stereotyped and called all non-Greeks barbarians. These included the Persians, the Thracians, Illyrians, Macedonians, etc. The modern Greeks however, claim that Philip was Greek, and that Demosthenes called him "not only no Greek, nor related to the Greeks" and "barbarian", only in "rhetorical context", which was aroused by the political anger that existed between Macedonia and the Greeks states on the south, although it is very clear from Demosthenes's words that he regards the Macedonians and their king Philip II as non-Greeks. This modern Greek position is easily debunked, however, when we consider the following two points:
If the Macedonians were Greeks but still called barbarians and nor related to the Greeks, why is then no other Greek tribe called barbarians and nor related to the Greeks in "rhetorical context"? There were many examples when that could have happened, it's enough to point to the long Peloponesian War, or any of the many constant wars between the Greek states. Yet no Spartan, Athenian, Theban, Epirote, was ever called non-Greek or barbarian during any of these political and war conflicts! Not ONCE!
We know for a fact that the ancient Greeks also called the Persians barbarians. Are we suppose to say now, based on the modern Greek "logic", that the Persians were too a Greek tribe, but they were called non-Greeks only in "rhetorical context"?
The lesson is clear. The ancient Greeks called all non-Greeks barbarians, and the modern Greek argument can simply not be true, and is quite frankly ridiculous. It does however, prove to what extend the modern Greek writers would go to make the Macedonians forcefully Greek, steel the Macedonian history, and even rewrite the feelings of the ancient Greeks during that process.
Now lets see some credible evidence:
[1] Alexander returns from the campaigns at the Danube, north of Macedon. When the news reached him that the Thebans had revolted and were being supported by the Athenians, he immediately marched south through the pass of Thermopylae. 'Demosthenes', he said, 'call me a boy while I was in Illyria and among the Triballi, and a youth when I was marching through Thessaly; I will show him I am a man by the time I reach the walls of Athens.' [p.264] Plutarch The Age of Alexander
[2] [Modern day Greeks would like to dispatch off Demosthenes castigations of Philip II as political rhetoric, and yet Demosthenes was twice appointed to lead the war effort of Athens against Macedonia. He, Demosthenes, said of Philip that Philip was not Greek, nor related to Greeks but comes from Macedonia where a person could not even buy a decent slave. 'Soon after his death the people of Athens paid him fitting honours by errecting his statue in bronze, and by decreeing that the eldest member of his family should be maintained in the prytaneum at the public expense. On the base of his statue was carved his famous inscription: 'If only your strength had been equal, Demosthenes, to your wisdom Never would Greece have been ruled by a Macedonian Ares' [p.216] Plutarch
[3] "While Demosthenes was still in exile, Alexander died in Babylon, and the Greek states combined yet again to form a league against Macedon. Demosthenes attached himself to the Athenian convoys, and threw all his energies into helping them incite the various states to attack the Macedonians and drive them out of Greece." [p.212] Plutarch
[4] The news of Philip's death reached Athens. Demosthenes appeared in public dressed in magnificent attire and wearing a garland on his head, although his daughter had died only six days before. Aeshines states:
"For my part I cannot say that the Athenians did themselves any credit in puting on garlands and offering sucrifices to celebrate the death of a king who, when he was the conqueror and they the conquered had treated them with such tolerance and humanity. Far apart from provoking the anger of the gods, it was a contemptible action to make Philip a citizen of Athens and pay him honours while he was alive, and then, as soon as he has fallen by another's hand, to be besides themselves with joy, tremple on his body, and sing paeans of victory, as though they themselves have accomplished some great feat of arms." [p.207] Plutarch
[5] "Next when Macedonia was at war with the citizens of Byzantium and Perinthus, Demosthenes persuaded the Athenians to lay aside their grievances and forget the wrongs they had suffered from these peolples in the Social War and to dispatch a force which succeeded in relieving both cities. After this he set off on a diplomatic mission, which was designed to kindle the spirit of resistance to Philip and which took him all over Greece. Finally he succeeded in uniting almost all the states into a confederation against Philip." [p.202] Plutarch
[6] On Demosthenes' tirades about Macedonians: "… we are concerned only with sentiment, which is itself historical fact and must be taken seriously as such. In these tirades we find not only the Hellenic descent of Macedonian people (which few seriously accepted) totally denied, but even that of the king." Ernst Badian
All quotes below taken from WERNER JAEGER's Demosthenes
Here, in these excerpts from Jeager's book, you will find Demosthenes' hatred for Macedon not only readily displayed and exercised, but its Hellenic descent categorically excluded and implicitly denied. The fact that some modern authors ascribe Hellenic affinity to the ancient Macedonians should come to no great surprise because of the impact left by Johan Gustav Droysen on early nineteenth-century historian where Macedon is depicted as a natural "unifier" of the Greek city-states, the same role played by Prussia and Savoy in German and Italian unification in the nineteenth century. "On this false analogy the whole of Greek history was now boldly reconstructed as a necessary process of development leading quite naturally to a single goal: unification of the Greek nation under Macedonian leadership".
Demosthenes and most of his contemporaries did not see it that way; to them the leadership of Macedon was seen as the 'death of Greek political liberty' Some people dismiss Demosthenes' outbursts as a political rhetoric, others hold his political abuse of Philip from Macedon as historical facts, undeniably blunt and truthful. His sentiments are, in this case, fundamental historical documents, which testify to the simmering hate and contempt for the Macedonian conqueror. The hands of the sculptor are being replaced by his sharply cutting tongue. At the end the features emerge to the surface unpretentiously clear and aggressive. Demosthenes unlike Isocrates does not mask his national ideals with "Panhellenistic union" against the Persians, but boldly and aggressively calls his Hellenic nation to an uprising against the barbarian from the north -the Kingdom of Macedon and its king Philip.
Demosthenes' cries and pleas are not intended for his beloved Athens only, but to every liberty loving Hellene, and even the Persians, Greece's centuries-old enemy. He calls on the Persians to join the Hellenes in the war against Macedon, and at the same time he warns them that if they leave the Greeks in the lurch, they would be next Philip's victim. As destiny would have it, Demosthenes was right. Here is the proof:
[7] "On the Symmories, namely, that Demosthenes originally stood close to a group of politicians who were vigorously combating the radical democratic influence; indeed, it is only to this degree that he can be said to have come from any one party at all. It is true that in later years, when he is coming to grips with the danger of Macedonia's foreign yoke, he naturally appeals to the lofty ideal of Greek liberty." [p.93]
[8] "It is not until Demosthenes is fighting the "tyranny" of the Macedonian conqueror that the idea of liberty takes on its true color for him and becomes significant as a great national good." [p.93]
[9] "Even then this watchword of "liberty" serves solely to promote his (Demosthenes' foreign policy; but by that time it has really become an essential factor in his envisagement of the world about him, in which Greece and Macedonia are polar opposites, irreconcilable morally, spiritually, intellectually." [p.93-4]
[10] "Thereupon all Thessaly submitted to him of its own accord. He was acclaimed as a deliverer and named commander-in-chief of the Thessalian confederacy. He would have marched at once into central Greece as a conquering hero and would probably have brought the war to an end there with a single blow, had not the Athenians and Spartans bestirred themselves to send auxiliary troops to Thermopylae, thus shutting against him this gateway to Hellas." [p.114]
[11] "In the Panegyricus he [Isocrates] had urged an understanding between Sparta and Athens, so that the Greeks might unite in a common expedition against the Persian empire. Nothing of that sort was any longer thinkable. But the policy of which he now had such high hopes offered a surprisingly simple solution for the distressing problem that lay heavily on all minds the problem of what was to be the ultimate relationship between Greece and the new power in the north." [p.152]
[12] "If Philip was not to remain a permanent menace to the Greek world from outside, it was necessary to get him positively involved in the fate of Hellas; for he could not be eluded. Of course in the view of any of the Greek states of the period, this problem was comparable to that of squaring the circle." [p.152]
[13] "But for Isocrates that was no obstacle. He had long since come to recognize the impossibility of resisting Macedonia, and he was only trying to find the least humiliating way to express the unavoidable submission of all the Greeks to the will of Philip. Here again he found the solution in a scheme for Macedonian hegemony over Greece. For it seems as if Philip's appearance in this role would be most effective way to mitigate his becoming so dominant a factor in Greek history; moreover, it ought to silence all Greek prejudices against the culturally and ethnically aliencharacter of the Macedonians." [p.153]
[14] "With the help of the role that Isocrates had assigned to him, he had the astuteness to let his cold-blooded policy for the extension of Macedonian power take on the eyes of the Greeks the appearance of a work of liberation for Hellas. What he most needed at this moment was not force but shrewd propaganda; and nobody lent himself to this purpose so effectively as the old Isocrates, venerable and disinterested, who offered his services of his own free will." [p.155]
[15] "Philip now had the problem of compelling the Athenians to recognize the Delphic resolutions aimed against Phocis; and he sent ambassadors to Athens, where strong opposition prevailed. However, with the Macedonian army only a few day's march from the Attic border and in good fighting trim, Athens was quite defenseless, and even Demosthenes advised submission." [p.157]
[16] "When Demosthenes draws up his list of Philip's transgressions, it includes his offense against the whole of Greece, not merely those against Athens; and Demosthenes' charge of unbecoming remissness is aimed at all the Greeks equally- their irresolution, and their failure to perceive their common cause." [p.171]
[17] "Therefore he (Demosthenes) urges them to send embassies everywhere to call the Greeks together–to assemble them, teach them, and exhort them; but the paramount need is to take the necessary steps themselves and thus perform their duty." [p.171]
[18] "In this appeal to the whole Greek world Demosthenes reached a decisive turning point in his political thought…………….He was still thoroughly rooted in Athens's governmental traditions, never overstepping the bounds of her classical balance-of-power policy for the interior of Greece. But the appearance of the mighty new enemy from beyond the Greek frontier now forced him to take a different track." [p.171-2]
[19] "Looking far beyond the actualities of the Greek world, hopelessly split asunder as it was, he (Isocrates) had envisaged a united nation led by the Macedonian king." [p.172]
[20] "Quite apart, however, from any theoretical doubts whether the nationalistic movement of modern times, which seeks to combine in a single state all the individuals of a single folk, can properly be compared with the Greek idea of Panhellenism, scholars have failed to notice that after the unfortunate Peace of Philocrates Demosthenes' whole policy was an unparalleled fight for national unification. In this period he deliberately threw off the constrains of the politician concerned exclusively with Athenian interests, and devoted himself to a task more lofty than any Greek statesman before him had ever projected or indeed could have projected. In this respect he is quite comparable to Isocrates; but an important point of contrast still remains. The difference is simply that Demosthenes did not think of this "unification" as a more or less voluntary submission to the will of the conqueror; on the contrary, he demanded a unanimous uprising of all the Greeks against the Macedonian foe." [p.172]
[21] "His Panhellenism was the outgrowth of a resolute will for national self-assertiveness, deliberately opposed to the national self-surrender called for by Isocrates – for that was what Isocrates' program had really meant, despite its being expressed romantically as a plan for a Persian war under Macedonian leadership." [p.172-3]
[22] "As the success of his appeal was to show, he was correct in his estimate of the actual political prospects of a really national uprising now that direct hostile pressure was felt. Since the days of the Persian wars Hellas had at no time been seriously endangered from without." [p.173]
[23] "The foe and the emergency [Macedon and its king Philip] had now appeared; and if the Greeks still had a spark of their fathers' sense of independence, the fate that was now overtaking them could not but bring them together. The Third Philippic is one mighty avowal of this brand of Panhellenism; and this is entirely Demosthenes' achievement." [p.173]
[24] "The task that confronted Demosthenes demanded utterly gigantic powers of improvisation; for the Greek people had not been making preparedness an end in itself for years as the enemy had done, and they also found it hard to adjust themselves spiritually to their new situation. In the Third Philippic Demosthenes' prime effort was to break down this spiritual resistance, and everything hinged on his success." [p.174]
[Greek people on one side, and the enemy on the other. Were Macedonians seen as Greeks by the ancient Greeks? Did the Greeks have the enemy from within their own kin? Were there some Greeks who were making preparations for a war, and other Greeks who were not? It is a clear no, since the Macedonians were not Greek]
[25] "Demosthenes speaks of embassies to be sent to the Peloponnesus, to Rhodes and Chios, and even to the king of Persia, to call for resistance against the conqueror." [p.177]
[Point of Interest] Greeks were sending embassies to the king of Persia to ally with them against the conqueror from the north – Macedonia and its king Philip. One needs not be a scholar to see through the lies propagated by today's Greeks when they claim that Macedonia was a part of Greece and Philip was their king. "It is an illusion to think that ancient Macedonians were Greeks". [Karagatsis – a Greek writer]
[26] Demosthenes' call for a national uprising was slowly gaining strength; Corinth and Achaea went over to the Athenian side, Messenia, Arcadia and Argos were won over and lined themselves behind the program. In March of the year 340 the treaty was formerly concluded at Athens. Even Athens and Thebes reconciled and joined his national program. "The true greatness of these achievements — achievements for which the citizens of Athens honored Demosthenes with a golden crown at the Dionysia of 340 – was rightly appreciated by the ancient historians." [p.178]
[27] "If the Persian leaves us in the lurch and anything should happen to us, nothing will hinder Philip from attacking the Persian king." [Fourth Philippic] [p.181]
[28] "For historians of the old school, Greek history ended when the Greek states lost their political liberty; they looked upon it as a closed story, mounting to a heroic finish at Chaeronea." [p.188]
[29] "For if any non-Greek power, whether Persian or Macedonian, were to achieve world dominion, the typical form of the Greek state would suffer death and destruction." [p.188]
[30] "Anyone who had assured himself that Macedonian hegemony would lead to the inner unification of the Greeks, was bound to be disappointed. Philip surrounded Athens with four Macedonian garrisons placed at respectful distances, and left everything else to his supporters and agents in the cities." [p.191]
[31] The first resolution passed by Synedrion at Corinth was the declaration of war against Persia. "The difference was that this war of conquest, which was passionately described as a war of vengeance, was not looked upon as a means of uniting the Greeks, as Isocrates would have had it, but was merely an instrument of Macedonian imperialism." [p.192]
[32] "But although the Greek people thus came to play a uniquely influential role as pioneers of culture and, to that degree, as inheritors of the Macedonian empire, politically they had simply dropped out of the ranks of free peoples, even if Philip abstained from formally making Hellas a Macedonian province. The Greeks were themselves aware of this." [p.192]
[35] "Outwardly, the "autonomous" city-states kept their relations with Macedonia on a fairly strict level of rectitude. Inwardly, the time was one of dull pressure and smoldering distrust, flaring up to a bright flame at the least sign of any tremor or weakness in Macedonia's alien rule – for that is how her surveillance was generally regarded. This excruciating state of affairs continued as long as any hope remained. Only when the last ray of hope was exctinguished and the last uprising had met disaster, did quiet finally settle down upon Greece — the quiet of the graveyard."[p.192]
[36] (Aeschines attempt to triumph over Demosthenes for the last and final round backfires with Demosthenes' heroics in "The Crown". Demosthenes at the end received the crown.) "But though Athens was powerless against the might of her Macedonian conqueror, she retained her independence of judgment and declared that no history could confute Demosthenes." [p.196]
[37] "Then when Alexander suddenly died in the flower of his age, and Greece rose again for the last time, Demosthenes offered his services and returned to Athens. But after winning a few brilliant successes, the Greeks lost their admirable commander Leosthenes on the field of battle; and his successors was slain at Crannon on the anniversary of Chaeronea; the Athenians then capitulated, and, under pressure of threats from Macedonia, suffered themselves to condemn to death the leader of the "revolt"." [p.196]
Demosthenes died from a dose of poison on the island of Calauria, in the altar of Poseidon. Forty years later Athens honored him for eternity. Such was the destiny of a man whose ideals were his people, his country and their liberty. When modern Greeks dismiss him (in order to divert the stinging truth of his oratory) as a mere politician and his arousing oratory against Macedonia and the Macedonian conqueror as a political rhetoric, they, the modern Greeks, denounce the true Greek spirit, devoid of which, they, themselves, are.
[38] "The dispute of modern scholars over the racial stock of the Macedonians have led to many interesting suggestions. This is especially true of the philological analysis of the remains of the Macedonian language by O. Hoffmann in his Makedonen etc. Cf. the latest general survey of the controversy in F. Geyer and his chapter on prehistory. But even if the Macedonians did have some Greek blood- as well as Illyrian- in their veins, whether originally or by later admixture, this would not justify us in considering them on a par with the Greeks in point of race or in using this as historical excuse for legitimizing the claims of this bellicose peasant folk to lord it over cousins in the south of the Balkan peninsula so far ahead of them in culture. It is likewise incorrect to assert that this is the only way in which we can understand the role of the Macedonian conquest in Hellenizing the Orient. But we can neglect this problem here, as our chief interest lies in discovering what the Greeks themselves felt and thought. And here we need not cite Demosthenes' well-known statements; for Isocrates himself, the very man who heralds the idea of Macedonian leadership in Hellas, designates the people of Macedonia as members of an alien race in Phil.108. He purposely avoids the word barbaroi but this word is one that inevitably finds a place for itself in the Greek struggle for national independence and expresses the views of every true Hellene. Even Isocrates would not care to have the Greeks ruled by the Macedonian people: it is only the king of Macedonia, Philip, who is to be the new leader; and the orator tries to give ethnological proof of Philip's qualifications for this task by the device of showing that he is no son of his people but, like the rest of his dynasty, a scion of Heracles, and therefore of Greek blood." [p.249]
[Point of Interest]
(a) Macedonians cannot be considered as Greeks even if they had some Greek blood in their veins.
(b) Macedonia's conquest of the Orient should not be contingent upon Greek culture.
(c) Isocrates places the Macedonians with alien races and hitherto, outside the Hellenic world.
(d) Isocrates takes care of this "alien race" not to be seen as leaders of Greece. He isolates their king Philip as not of the same race as the people over which he governs.
Note: The speech On the Chersonese was, to be sure, delivered in a specifically Athenian emergency; but the interest of the Greeks as a whole is never left out of sight. The Third Philippic is entirely dedicated to the danger that threatens all of Greece. Similarly, when the past and future are compared, it is the whole of Hellas that is considered, not Athens alone.
Once again, it is not surprising that Jeager places the ancient Macedonians outside the Greek ethnic world. Fact is that when an author follows the writings of the ancient biographers it is almost impossible for anybody to come to a different conclusion.
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The Mother-Daughter Narratives of Elizabeth Strout
Jodi Paloni
by Elizabeth Strout
Vintage Books USA, 1998, 320pp. $15
Random House, 2016, 208pp. $26
Few, if any, human dynamics are simultaneously more strained and tender, more emotionally volatile and at ease, than those in a mother-daughter relationship. I speak from experience. For 54 years, I've been a daughter who grew up with two older sisters. For over 20 of those years, I've been the mother of two daughters, and more recently, with the birth of my daughter's own two girls, I became a grandmother. At times, the mercurial intensity of these maternal bonds leaves me powerless to exist within them, and, as in all circumstances in which I seek relief, I turn to well-wrought fiction for comfort and wisdom.
Maine-born writer Elizabeth Strout has authored four novels, but she is best known for her Pulitzer Prize winning collection of short stories, Olive Kitteridge. I greatly admire Strout's Maine stories—both individually and as a powerful whole—but in this dual review, I will focus on two of Strout's novels, her 1998 debut, Amy and Isabelle, and her most recent book, My Name is Lucy Barton (2016), and how reading both novels made each of them more appealing. In each, the mother-daughter relationship is the crux of the narrative. Amy and Isabelle is a coming-of-age story featuring a teenage daughter, while My Name is Lucy Barton addresses the dynamics between an adult daughter and her aging mother in present time, textured by childhood flashbacks.
Each narrative excavates the complexity inherent to the mother-daughter relationship. The four main characters grapple with the dark side of the past within the framework of the narrative present. Most interesting to me is how the author conjures a sense of confinement to create tension and put unrelenting pressure on the characters' interactions.
Amy and Isabelle takes place over the course of an exceptionally hot summer in Shirley Falls, a fictional paper mill town in Maine along a river that's "just a dead brown snake of a thing lying flat through the center of town." The air is thick with a sulfuric stench, crops are wilting off their dry stalks, and the town is rife with rumor and fear over a young girl gone missing. Daughter and mother work together inside a stifling office, an atmosphere that grows heavier by the day as the friction between them grows. Productivity languishes office-wide as the other women ponder the source of the discord between the two. After work, Amy and Isabelle go home to share little conversation over a dull supper in a rented house on the edge of town. Money's tight. Hearts are closed.
There was no escaping the heat or each other. Even the two bedrooms tucked under the eaves hardly supplied much privacy, divided as they were by only a plaster wall. Isabelle, frightened of electrical fires, would not allow the fans to run while they slept, and so the hot nights were silent and still; through the thin walls they could hear each other turn over in bed.
In Amy and Isabelle, everything about the set up—the climate, the tenor of the prose, the drone of routine, and the weight of expectation—conjures the inevitable implosion that will result in the reconfiguration of power and acquiescence. There is nowhere to go but somewhere that is no longer here, and yet, the story itself never feels stuck. It continues to move forward as if something fresh invigorates it, but is never resolved.
All that had once been endless would by then have ended, and Isabelle, at different places and moments in the years to come, would sometimes be surrounded by silence and find in herself the repeated word, "Amy." "Amy, Amy"—for this was it, her heart's call, her prayer.
Is it the hale and hearty character traits found in the hardscrabble women of Shirley Falls that is so intriguing? Is it the crack in Isabelle's shame story that allows the slightest hope that Amy will receive some glimmer of her mother's compassion? Is it the human vulnerability, rendered so honestly, that keeps readers wanting the rift between daughter and mother to mend? Somehow one trusts that it will.
Strout masters a fearless voice and demonstrates unequivocal compassion for her characters in Amy and Isabelle. The weighty work promotes both thinking and feeling in the discrete evolution of a parent and child as they undergo a necessary separation, as well as how they navigate the inevitable overlap.
Readers might also seek wisdom in Strout's latest success, My Name is Lucy Barton. The whole of this short novel takes place within the four walls of a New York City hospital room, where the protagonist, Lucy, lying ill from a post-operative infection, is visited by her estranged mother, who sits and chats with Lucy during her scant waking hours. Lucy has not invited her mother, nor has her mother sought to reunite with Lucy after all their years apart. But when invited and funded by Lucy's husband to fly in from the Midwest, she arrives ready to pick up where the two left off, to chit chat about the superfluous goings on of their tired hometown, to speak little about the hardships of poverty, and even less about the conspiracy of child abuse, to broach blame from multiple angles, and then pull back when blame promises to ricochet.
Lucy herself says, "It was the sound of my mother's voice I most wanted; what she said didn't matter." And therein lies the tension. What is said becomes what is not said. Their estrangement potentizes the reunion, and while it cannot erase the realities of Lucy's past and her need to escape it, the maternal attention and affection she experiences over five fleeting days becomes her medicine.
Yet not all is cured. AIDS will creep through the city and claim friends. Marriages will fail. Children will grow and leave the nests of the most devoted of mothers. Through it all, loneliness will arrive on the blank pages before which Lucy stands as an earnest writer in her own right. Just as Strout elicits a reader's compassion for Amy and Isabelle, here too, she finds something admirable in the everyday imperfections of Lucy's relationship with her mother. "Because we all love imperfectly."
In Amy and Isabelle, Strout sequestered her mother and daughter characters in a sweltering working class town in Maine. Troubles fester and escalate. Readers are left with a sense of temporary resolution. In My Name is Lucy Barton, a grown woman and her aging mother are placed side-by-side, one unable to leave a sky-reaching hospital in Manhattan. While Strout offers no apology and absolution, she writes about a welcome and lasting reprieve.
When Strout was asked in an interview with Random House Reader's Circle what she hoped her readers would come away with, she replied, "…I would like the reader to feel that we are all, more or less, in a similar state as we love and disappoint one another, and that we try, most of us, as best we can, and that to fail and succeed is what we do."
Amy and Isabelle and My Name is Lucy Barton are not the same story. But somehow reading both novels gave me a sense of having expanded my singular view of each, as taken together they represent the potential for a broader cycle of experience—beginning in childhood with Lucy, moving to adolescence with Amy and single motherhood with Isabelle, and finally, to explore the role of Lucy's unnamed mother, in conversation with her adult daughter, Lucy, who is now a mother herself.
Every day, as I navigate from mother role to daughter role in my own life—giving the wrong advice, leaving out words that were inevitably needed, overreaching and withdrawing—I take heart from having met Amy and Isabelle, Lucy and her mother. I am immersed in scenes that, in their universality, mimic my very real life interactions with my own mother and daughters, and show how love is indeed far less than perfect.
I read into my own life as a daughter, mother, and grandmother, and wrestle with the confinement in these roles—the mundane undertakings, the inevitable heartaches, and the all too infrequent and coveted joys—when the epiphanies no longer belong exclusively to me. Perhaps it's in reading and writing fiction that I gain the freedom to leave and return to them, my mother and my daughters, whenever I wish, and whenever they wish, to gather up relief and offer some in exchange.
Jodi Paloni's collection of linked stories was runner up in the 2015 Press 53 Award for Short Fiction. She won the 2013 Short Story America Prize, placed second in the 2012 Raymond Carver Short Story Contest, and was a finalist in the 2016 Maine Literary Award Short Works Competition. Jodi earned an MFA in writing from Vermont College of Fine Arts. Her stories and reviews appear in a number of literary journals. She lives and writes in Maine.
More from Jodi Paloni

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Before Disney bought Lucasfilm, Mark Hamill was keeping the Galaxy Far Far Away alive, and since his return as Luke Skywalker he hasn't stopped, with his Twitter presence a constant joy for Star Wars fans everywhere. Today he shared some prototype posters for the original Star Wars film, which--along with his thoughts--are a total riot.
A) Did kids know who Flash & Buck were in '77?
Besides being pretty funny, the posters are a great example of how much has changed in Hollywood and film marketing from over the last 41 years. The classic poster art Hamill shared relies heavily on exposition, and works with an expectation that the audience probably has no idea what a science-fiction film looks like. Of course, things couldn't be more different now, and posters are often focused on nothing other than the stars or characters that feature in them. We also live in a world of pop culture saturation, where most blockbusters are being adapted from already known quantities, rather than those from original spec scripts that are seen as almost certain failures by their studios--as Star Wars was in 1977 by 20th Century Fox.
The one thing the posters share with modern marketing is the idea of a meta nod or reference to a similar property, which is a tactic still utilized by studios today. Though sadly we don't see as many great posters that attempt to world-build an entire fictional universe on a one sheet!
Do you have a favorite Star Wars poster? Just love following Mark on Twitter? Let us know below!
Is hyperspace actually easier than dusting crops?
Young Han Solo gets a new Hot Toy.
Kelsey Grammer missed his chance to be in Star Wars.


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Home » 10th Class » Essay on "Road Accidents" Complete Essay for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation and other classes.
Synopsis: Road transport in India is very popular for various reasons, but the conditions of the Indian roads are very poor and deplorable. The rate of road-accidents and fatality in the country is very high. Pressure on roads has been on increase and the number of vehicles is increasing by leaps and bounds. But there has not been matching increase in outlay for the roads in Five Year Plans. Rather it has declined. Lack of road-sense has further complicated the matters. Driving licenses are given on illegal gratifications to the authorities and traffic rules and regulations are thrown to the winds. Overloading is one of the major factors of road-accidents and deaths. The condition of the vehicles is hardly found road-worthy. The unmanned railway level-crossing further add to the chaos and confusion. The multiplicity of authorities and utter lack of coordination among them is another great source of worry. Drug-abuse and addiction by drivers is another major cause of accidents. The very increasing use of mobile phones has posed a new challenge to road-safety. Immediate and effective steps should be taken to check the ever increasing number of road-accidents and deaths. Some very hard decisions in the matter are the need of the hour.
Roads in India are a popular means of both passenger and goods movement. Travel by road provides a lot of flexibility, convenience, speed and reliability, particularly at short distances in cities and towns. Therefore, it is the most preferred medium of transport. But Indian roads in cities, towns and those connecting them have been in a very poor condition. Their development and maintenance have not kept pace with the growth in vehicular population. Consequently, there are accidents, serious injuries and deaths all around. Indian roads are red with human blood. The rate of road accidents and resulting loss in man and material in India is one of the highest.
The neglect of Indian roads is pathetic. In the first Plan the outlay was 6.9 percent of total expenditure which declined to 3 per cent by the Eighth Plan. The neglect and poor maintenance of Indian roads have made the road-travel very hazardous. About 60,000 lives are lost every year in road accidents. This fatality rate is 25 times that of the U.S.A. The pressure on roads is increasing abnormality and nothing effective and urgent is being done by the concerned authorities. During the year 1951-1994 traffic growth in the country was estimated to be 8-10 per cent on an average. Country's vehicle strength went up from 3 lakh in 1951 to 253 lakh in 1994. It would double to 540 lakh by the turn of the century. The number of vehicles in Delhi alone was 27.67 lakh in 1996. It is more than the combined vehicle strength of three other metropolitan cities of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. The road length in Delhi during this period increased only to 27,000 km. from 10,000 km. The situation in other cities and towns is no better, in some cases still worse.
The writing on the wall is in bold and clear letters. The lack of road sense by the drivers and other users of the road have further complicated the matters. It is an open secret that people get drivers licenses without knowing proper driving or the knowledge of the traffic rules. Lane-discipline is missing; road-safety measures are thrown to the winds; drivers, particularly the youth zig-zag on the roads and the traffic police remains a silent spectator. Red-light is often jumped particularly in the early and late hours of the day. Over-speeding and violating the prescribed limit are also there in abundance. There is hardly any round-about discipline. The motorists often do not acknowledge that the vehicles on the right should be allowed to move first. The tendency to overtake is also responsible for many road accidents. Moreover, there are about 40 vehicles of different style both slow and fast moving which hamper the smooth flow of traffic.
Over-loading of passengers and goods is very common which is one of the main factors of accidents and deaths on the road. City buses are the worst offenders in this respect. They are always overcrowded and overloaded. In towns and villages also people can be seen sitting on the roof-tops of the buses. A full family of wise and husband with their 2-3 children riding a two-wheeler is not an uncommon scene in towns and cities in utter disregard of the rules of road-safety. Consequently, there are heavy casualties and the authorities are sleeping over the problem oblivious of the urgency of the matter.
Like the roads, the condition of the vehicles is also a source of great worry. They are very old, rickety and unworthy of use and still they are running on the Indian road to the great danger of users and others. It is estimated that 50 per cent of the vehicles on the roads are not road-worthy. Indian tendency to flog the dead horse is quite obvious. Overloading and plying of substandard vehicles cause the rapid deterioration of roads besides accidents which may prove fatal. Then there are un-manned level-crossings across the railway lines. Hundreds of people in India die in such accidents.
All these factors have made driving on Indian roads a nightmare. Newspapers are red with the daily reports of fatal road accidents. There is no cooperation and coordination between various agencies and authorities concerned with the control and regulation of road traffic construction and maintenance of roads and those granting licenses to the drivers and registration to the vehicles. The roads in the cities are often owned and looked after by multiple agencies, that makes the confusion worse confounded. For example in Delhi, besides Transport Authority and traffic police there are Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD), New Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC), Public works Department and the National Highway Organization.
The latter four are mainly responsible for the construction of the roads and their proper maintenance. The quality of the roads is sub-standard. They are often full of potholes, rough and uneven stretches. In rainy season their conditions becomes the worst. The lack of proper road-light, signs etc. also contribute their portion of the road hazard. The pavements on both sides of the road are not free from encroachments. There are shops, khokas, dhabas, workshops etc. on the pavements meant for pedestrians. The repair shops park their vehicles right on the road space. Poor road and street-drainage further add to the problem of accident.
Addiction and drug-abuse is another area of concern. Many a time an accident takes place because the driver is a drug addict. The drivers of many types of vehicles are found driving after taking drugs or alcohol. These drivers can be addicted to one or more drugs. They are in a state of intoxication while driving Most of the drivers belong to poor middle class or lower sections of the sections of the society. They are engaged in driving trucks, buses, three-wheelers, tempos etc. and are often overworked. To overcome their fatigue they often take intoxicants and then drive and cause accidents. Intoxication leads to the clouding of perception and errors in judgement. This leads to overtaking, reckless driving etc. and then to ultimate accidents. There are accidents, road-accidents, and hit and run cases because of the abuse of drugs. In any cases public transport drivers are found regular users of drugs. They drive buses and Lorries and are drug addicts or alcoholics at the same time. Drivers often have ready cash as they are paid on daily basis and so it makes far easier to have access to alcohol or drugs.
The increased use of mobile phones is also a factor which poses a challenge to rod safety. The elite and rich drivers often use their mobile phones while being on the move in their cars. This results in accident and crashes. These phones have added further to the already worsening situation of road deaths and accidents. Driving and using the mobile phone simultaneously may cause loss of control of the vehicle or concentration needed in safe and sane driving.
To prevent these accidents, it is imperative that effective long and short term measures are immediately taken. Road safety should be a compulsory school subject. Roads should be properly maintained any looked after. There should be multi-lane roads wherever necessary. There should be separate tracks for slow moving vehicles from those of fast and very fast moving vehicles. There should be a effective check on speed of the vehicles. Radar guns can be used to check the speed. Violation of traffic rules should be strictly dealt with streamlined. Those driving under the influence of drugs and alcohol should be given exemplary punishment and their licenses cancelled. There should be heavy fines as well besides imprisonment. Road tax should be increased as a measure to reduce vehicle population on the roads. People should be encouraged to use public transport system can also pool cars so as to avoid road congestion. There should be very strict rules in regard to issue of driving licences and registration of vehicles. Above all, there should be proper awareness among the masses about road safety, observation of traffic rules and the proper use of the roads and national highways.
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«Essay on "Environment in Danger" Complete Essay for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation and other classes.


text:
Chasing Success
Literature would always be my favourite subject in school — not only because I'd get to know about the landscape, mindset and the psyche of different authors, writers and philosophers from different genres, but the concept of "stoicism" particularly piqued my interest.
Stoicism or being stoic is a concept where an individual treats pleasure and pain with the same dignity. Even though in my earlier days, I'd be quite sceptical about the fact that such a person really exists in life, but later when I was introduced to characters like Marcus Brutus from Julius Caesar, I was convinced that such people are actually present in real life.
Even though the texts we were taught were partly fictional, and were often a figment of the author's imagination, yet characters like these would leave me mesmerised. I'd often wonder how such unbiased people could exist in reality? Years later, when I do read something similar, and turn towards religious scriptures like the Bhagavad Gita, I find that Shree Krishna refers to a person that holds these qualities to be his favourite.
Image by Xan Griffin on Unsplash
That would be an awe striking episode all over again. During this time, when I was still pondering whether all of this at all feasible and if there was a similarity between Brutus and Shree Krishna, I came across this best selling novel called "Man's Search For Meaning" by Viktor E. Frankl where he mentions something similar about success in his preface.
He says that he always tells his students that one must never take success very seriously, not crave for it, and wait for it to happen, for people to call him truly "successful". Instead, it must be a continuous process. Why, rather how so, one might ask.
The author says that one must strive continuously to reach the stage of perfection, and be consistent in his efforts. This will lead him to be perfect in his life and gradually there will come a time when his perfection would lead him to success without even him realising it. He believes that this path would be one that'll lead him to believe in himself and there will be no turning back for him.
Such a person would lose interest in chasing success, perhaps it'll be the other way round where success itself would chase him.
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The board issued a news release through the outside firm hired by the county to conduct an independent review.
RICEVILLE — Through an outside firm hired by Buncombe County to conduct an independent review, the Riceville Volunteer Fire Department's board issued a news release standing by its decision last year to loan $150,000 to another department.
"Though the Board of Directors taking a telephonic vote to extend a short-term loan to a neighboring fire department to help through a tough time has not sat well with certain people in the community, the board's intentions were honorable," the release said Friday. "Additionally, the decision to extend a loan was documented, and a promissory note recommended by the fire department accounting firm to pay it back was signed by both parties.
"While the circumstances surrounding the vote may have come into question, the reality is that at no time were community funds in jeopardy."
Riceville's fire chief gave a 2-week notice. The board took his keys the next day.
Riceville has been hammered for months over its loan to Skyland Fire and Rescue, resulting in contentious meetings filled with back-and-forth shouting matches between board members and residents. It's also grappled with the surprise retirement of longtime chief Thad Lewis, who cited tensions with the board as part of his decision.
The release was sent to news media by Management Solutions for Emergency Services, the outside firm that Buncombe County will pay to conduct an outside review. The North Carolina-based group will look into Riceville's operations, bylaws, board training and may assist in the search for a new fire chief.
It's unclear whether the firm typically provides public relations services. Keith Bost, owner of Management Solutions for Emergency Serivces, did not immediately respond to follow-up inquiries from the Citizen Times.
County attorney Michael Frue said Friday that in hiring the firm, "the general idea was to have an independent third-party come in and review the policies and procedures of the Department and developing a more user friendly set of by-laws," he said.
"We know there is some disconnect in the community and some trust issues," Frue said. "I see the (news) release as a step toward correcting those differences."
Board officials said that then-President Mark Dillingham took a phone vote on the loan, but stopped calling fellow members when he received enough "yes" votes for a majority. They also claimed in the release that Lewis agreed that Riceville should help Skyland.
Skyland, which has suffered cash flow issues in recent years, has since paid back the loan in full.
"We are constantly striving to be good stewards of public funds, while working with our neighboring fire departments to help each other and save money," the release said. "Our decision to extend a temporary loan to Skyland Fire Department amounted to the board feeling as if there is no real difference in Skyland Fire Department sending an emergency response of millions of dollars' worth of apparatus and staffing to our community when we need help to handle an incident beyond our means to control."
One of 16 nonprofit organizations that contract with the county for fire services, Riceville is mostly funded by public funds and has received more than $8.6 million in tax revenue over the last decade.
Though not considered a public agency, the department is required under its contract to hold public meetings and provide annual audits to county officials.
The board made John Coffey, the department's emergency medical services division chief, serve as interim fire chief. Members met Lewis the day after he submitted his two-week notice to collect keys and department belongings, but told him he would be paid through his last day.
"The Board of Directors is committed to the entire Riceville community," the release said. "The Riceville Board of Directors has pledged to have a more active role in the Riceville Fire Department and report their findings to the community."


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Cultural Attraction (Mike Tulis birthday), Little Brazil Saturday; Chris Cohen, Son Ambulance Sunday; Ten Questions with Nothing…
Category: Blog,Interviews — Tags: Chris Cohen, Cultural Attraction, Little Brazil, Mike Tulis, Nothing, Son Ambulance, Ten Questions — @ 12:30 pm June 10, 2016
O'Leaver's for Mike Tulis' celebration of silver & gold…
Busy weekend for shows. Very busy. But the big stuff doesn't start until tomorrow.
First, a mention of the OEAA showcases going on in Benson this weekend. I admit to knowing almost none of the bands performing this year. The few stand-out bands I recognize include John Klemmensen, Mitch Gettman, Latin Threat and Ragged Company. The full schedule is online right here. Cost is $10 one night, $15 for both nights. This is the only OEAA event that I participate in; it's always fun to walk around Benson and check out new bands.
Onto Saturday night…
The marquee show is, of course, the Silver & Gold Celebration for Mike Tulis at fabulous O'Leaver's. For his 50th, Tulis is getting the band back together — in this case, Cultural Attraction. Read all about the band's history right here. Opening is Little Brazil and The Sons of O'Leaver's. This can't-miss show starts at 9:30. See you there.
Also celebrating a birthday Saturday night is The Brothers Lounge — opened apparently in conjunction with Tulis' birth (both are 50 years old). Playing the party are Minnesota band Jaw Knee Vee, Lincoln madman Plack Blague and surprise guests You'll Love These Rockets. $5, 9 p.m.
Also Saturday, Jerry's Bar in Benson is hosting a festival all afternoon and evening. Among the performers are Matt Whipkey and Clarence Tilton. More info and the day's schedule here.
Sunday it's back to fabulous O'Leaver's for their Sunday Social and one of the best line-ups of the weekend: Chris Cohen (Ex Deerhoof, Ariel Pink's Huanted Graffiti), Son, Ambulance, Kansas City's Shy Boys and Thick Paint. All for $8 plus FREE FOOD (no idea what kind of food, but it's free). This starts early — 4 p.m.
Nothing plays Slowdown Jr. Sunday night.
Sunday night Nothing plays with Culture Abuse, Wrong and Bib at Slowdown Jr. Here's Ten Questions with Nothing…
Ten Questions with Nothing
Philly band Nothing may be known as much for its frontman's brutal history as its music. As the story goes, Domenic Palermo spent a couple years in the slammer after stabbing someone in a fight back in 2002 when he was a member of hardcore punk act Horror Show, according to NPR. As you would expect, the experience changed him and his musical direction. With Nothing, Palermo returned to his first love: shoegaze. The music on the band's latest album, Tired of Tomorrow (2016, Relapse) sounds like a reinvention of (or at least heavily influenced by) bands like My Bloody Valentine and Slowdive combined with early Smashing Pumpkins. The product is dense, bleak and oftentimes brooding.
We asked Nothing to take our 10 Questions survey. Palermo took the plunge:
1. What is your favorite album?
Nothing: Sun City Girls, You're Never Alone with a Cigarette
2. What is your least favorite song?
Theme song to "Frasier"
3. What do you enjoy most about being in a band?
Not having to be at home.
4. What do you hate about being in a band?
Having to be on the road.
5. What is your favorite substance (legal or illegal)?
6. In what city or town do you love top perform?
7. What city or town did you have your worst gig (and why)?
Chicago. I fell asleep standing up, while we were playing.
8. How do you pay your bills?
Relapse Records allowance money.
9. What one profession other than music would you like to attempt; what one profession would you absolutely hate to do?
Writing questions for newspaper; prostitution
10. What are the stories you've heard about Omaha, Nebraska?
One about these two brothers. One's a cop and one's a bad ass. The bad ass brother gets in a fight and kills a man in a bar fight. The cop brother chases him down through the back roads all the way to Canada, but decides to let him go, because a man that turns his back on his family, just ain't no good.
Nothing plays with Culture Abuse, Wrong and Bib Sunday, June 12, at Slowdown Jr., 729 No. 14th St. Tickets are $13 Adv./$15 DOS. Showtime is 7 p.m. For more information, go to theslowdown.com.
That's all I got. If I missed your show, put it in the comments section. Have a great (red hot) weekend…


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Police Log: DUIs and larceny
Sep. 21, 2016 Updated: June 13, 2019 10:11 a.m.
A 52-year-old Norwalk woman was charged with driving under the influence and failure to obey a control signal Sept. 19 at 1 p.m. on Route 7 at Grumman Hill Road.
Police said Joanne Chochos, of 42 Esquire Road, Norwalk, appeared to be impaired after being stopped and was given a urine test back at police headquarters. She was given the test, which she failed, after refusing a breath test.
She was released on $250 bond with a court date of Sept. 29.
A 30-year-old Northford man was charged with sixth-degree larceny Sep. 19 in connection with the theft of $300 worth of copper building materials at Miller-Driscoll School.
Police said Kyle Langan, of 40 Meadowlark Lane, Northford, turned himself in for the theft that occurred in August, but denied he stole the copper. He was working for a contractor on the site at the time and was reported stealing by another worker.
He was released on $500 bond with a court date of Sept. 29.
A 17-year-old Weston boy was arrested for operating an unregistered dirt bike, driving with no license, no insurance, failure to drive in the proper lane and driving while under the influence on Sept. 17 at 2 a.m. on Danbury Road.
Police said the teen was the subject of a traffic stop, and was found to be underage. He was released on $260 bond to his parents and given a court date of Sept. 29.
The Wilton Police Department responded on Sept. 17 to a family violence call, and two related calls over the next couple of days at the same address.


Question: I'm 15 years old and I really want to lose some weight. You can't say I'm "overweight" but I have more body fat than I should right now. I work out 2 hours a day: mainly cardio and weight lifting and I can't seem to lose any weight. Any tips on how I can finally shed some pounds?
If you have your own answer to the question Weight loss?, then you can write your own version, using the form below for an extended answer.


text:
Q: Iterate over Pandas dataframe cells to calculate running totals based on other cell values I want to calculate a mass balance through a system in Python.  In my current example, there are about 35,000 daily records, but I want to reuse the code for examples with much greater data.
I have a CSV file that captures daily data for:

*

*Date

*stream flow

*Rainfall

*Inflows

I want to calculate new columns of data that look to both the previous and following days data.  For example, I want to calculate additional columns that represent:

*

*Bypass - the portion of INFLOWS that bypass the facility (ie are greater than a Treatment Capacity) to the Wet Weather Pond

*Recirculating Flow - If current INFLOWS are less than the Treatment capacity and the pump flows from the Wet Weather pond back to the facility for retreatment if the pond volume>0

*Irrigation - If rainfall in previous 3 days <10mm AND no rainfall is in following 5 days, irrigate a set volume

*PondVolume - Previous pond volume + bypass - recirculating flow-irrigation

I am new to Python and thought I would utilize Pandas for this data, as I could keep all of the data together. I used np.where for simple conditional calculations using cells on the same row.
bal['Q_IL2TR'] = np.where(bal['Q_PS2IL']<FullTreatementFloMLDs, bal['Q_PS2IL'], FullTreatementFloMLDs)

Is it possible to iterate through a dataframe, and create new column values based on cells in columns from previous/following rows?  Also is the best approach to the problem.

A: Do not start by trying to iterate through a DataFrame.  That's very slow.  Instead, try to do everything in terms of vectors.
By the way, this:
bal['Q_IL2TR'] = np.where(bal['Q_PS2IL']<FullTreatementFloMLDs, bal['Q_PS2IL'], FullTreatementFloMLDs)

Should be more simply written as:
bal['Q_IL2TR'] = bal['Q_PS2IL'].clip(upper=FullTreatementFloMLDs)

As for things like this:

Irrigation - If rainfall in previous 3 days <10mm AND no rainfall is in following 5 days, irrigate a set volume

You can create rolling sums with window size 3 and 5, store those as new columns in your DataFrame, then use them to create a condition:
last3 = df.Rain.rolling(3, closed=False).sum() # n.b. you might want 4
next5 = df.Rain.rolling(5, closed=False).sum()
df['Irrigate'] = (last3 < 10) & (next5 == 0)

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The B.S. in Environmental Science examines ecological processes, the causes and consequences of human impacts on the natural world, and technologies needed to minimize or mitigate environmental problems. This is a science degree, integrating life and physical sciences to develop a capacity for environmental research and technological problem solving. Graduates of this degree program are best prepared for graduate work and careers in environmental technology, environmental monitoring, conservation biology, and environmental science research.
The B.A. in Environmental Studies emphasizes the political, economic, and sociological aspects of environmental issues. Environmental studies students need sufficient natural science background to understand the consequences of human impact on the natural world, and sufficient social science background to develop and implement effective policy solutions. This is an integrated studies degree with a strong international dimension, including intermediate competency in foreign language. Because it draws more extensively from economics, sociology, political science, and global languages and cultures, the B.A. degree is more appropriate for students intending graduate study and careers in environmental planning, international development, environmental communications, and environmental education.
The Minor in Environmental Studies emphasizes fundamental principles of environmental science, field study, examination of environmental issues from a social science perspective, and a senior capstone experience applying environmental study to real-world problems. The minor is designed to enrich majors in business, education, professional studies, health sciences, or arts and sciences majors.


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We dropped out of the mountains and onto Highway 1 which links Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City in the south. From Ninh Binh (pronounced Ning Bing), we took a boat ride to and through the Tam Coc caves, and visited the Phat Diem Cathedral on a hired scooter. The coastal communities of north Vietnam were amongst the first to be targeted by Portuguese missionaries in the 1500s and the population here is 95% Christian. The cathedral, built in 1891, is a mix of Vietnamese and European architecture. In 1951, author Graham Greene watched a battle between the French and Viet Minh from the bell tower and used the scene in his novel, The quiet American.
Phat Diem cathedral
Leaving Phat Diem - hammer and sickle Xmas lights
We took an overnight train south from Ninh Binh, grateful we had opted for a "soft sleeper" compartment (the mattresses were a stingy 5cm thick – a definite misnomer). And from Dong Ha, near the 17th parallel which divided north Vietnam from south, we splurged on a tour to the Truong Son cemetery (where over 10,000 graves are labeled Liet si, meaning martyr); to the Ben Hai river (which formed the border); and to the Vinh Moc tunnels (where 90 families from a seaside village lived on and off for several years during US bombing; the tunnels had 14 entrances, ran for 2km, and varied from 12m to 23m in depth; seventeen babies were born underground here). Our tour guide, conscripted to fight for South Vietnam when just 18, spent two years in a communist re-education camp after the war ended in 1975.
Truong Son cemetry
Ben Hai river
Vietnam's Nguyen dynasty emperors ruled from their citadel in Hue, which is known still for its fine cuisine. During the French colonial era, puppet emperors "reigned" from Hue, but the real power lay in Hanoi. During the 1968 Tet Offensive, the Viet Minh took Hue from the south / Americans and held it for over three weeks. Over 2,500 "uncooperative elements" were shot, clubbed to death or buried alive by the communists. We visited here the Tomb of Emperor Tu Duc (who reigned for 35 years from the mid-1800s; he had 104 wives and countless concubines, but no children; the Mandarin statues in the grounds of his tomb site were built to be shorter than the diminutive emperor; and the 200 servants who buried him were all beheaded to protect the location of his grave and treasures); and the Thien Mu Pagoda (built in 1601 overlooking the Perfume River, the pagoda houses the Austin used to transport monk Thich Quang Duc to Saigon for his 1963 self-immolation in protest of President Diem's policies; Diem's sister-in-law proclaimed the event a barbecue party saying "Let them burn and we shall clap our hands"; later that year Diem and his brother were assassinated).
Hue Tu Duc tomb
Hue Thien Mu pagoda
Hue Citadel
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Multiple locks can be keyed alike to avoid the need for more than one key. Stainless Steel Trailer Hitch Receiver Lock - Use in place of standard pin and clip to prevent drawbar or accessory (bike rack/cargo carrier) theft.
WARNING: This product can expose you to chemicals including chromium (hexavalent compounds) , which are known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information, go to www.p65warnings.ca.gov.
Secure your ball mount to your hitch with this rugged, innovative trailer hitch receiver lock. The lock's solid construction stands up to whatever the road and weather can dish out, and its swivel design makes locking and unlocking a snap.
Speaker 1: Today we're going to be taking a look at a trailer hitch receiver lock. This receiver lock is going to do a great job at securing hitch mount accessories inside your 2"x2" trailer hitch. It's really going to help prevent theft of those accessories because it actually locks them to the hitch, it keeps them from being removed. The unit itself is a really nice design. It's going to featured this covered key slot, so that's going to prevent corrosion to the lock core. That keeps out dirt, grime and moisture.
The stainless steel construction is very strong and durable and it's designed to resist rust and corrosion.On this end right here it has an all-weather grip for improved handling in all environments. The product is made in the USA. It features a patented pick-proof screw and lock security system that's going to come with two keys. You place the key in there and then you start turning the key counterclockwise until the lock disengages from the pin.At this point, you would take this through the hitch. Make sure it goes through the pinholes of the accessory, out the other side of your hitch, place on the lock housing, and then turn it clockwise to get it tightened all the way down.
You'll know that's fully tightened when you can't turn the key anymore. Remove the keys, place on the dust cap, and that's all there is to it.Multiple locks are available and they can all be keyed alike. That option is available at etrailer.com on this product's page. The flush design fits a 2"x2" trailer hitch receiver. Overall length of the unit measuring edge to edge, it's about 5-3/4".
The pin diameter is 5/8". Then the usable space measuring from this point here to this point here is 2-9/16".That's going to do it for today's look at the trailer hitch receiver lock.
Order: RelevanceNewestRating - High to LowRating - Low to High This 2" x 2" stainless steel lock is perfect for keeping any hitch accessory or ballmount locked securely to your hitch. The pick-proof screw-and-lock design gives you peace of mind when you leave your vehicle unattended.
Still very happy with this product.
Absolutely, without a doubt, the best keyed hitch pin. Ive used other products for years and they have all rusted and the ball bearing to keep them locked would seize. No locking ball bearing to worry about with this one, just use the key to unbolt the end, simple and easy, also has been rust-free and trouble-free for a year!
Its been a year and the lock is holding up really well. I dont leave it on all the time but it has been through some bad weather and works as easily as if its right out of the box.
After a year of using these screw on locks I'm in love. I wish I would have order 3-4 more. I guess I need to call and see if I can still add more similarly keyed locks to my set.
Works fine after a year. No sign of corrosion either worth the extra cost for stainless steel.
Continues to function reliably. I keep unit out of weather when not in use. Had reason to tow a trailer loaded to the max for towing capacity on my vehicle. Towed 1,000 miles and looked for evidence of scoring due to the mechanical gaps and pressure exerted during stops and starts. No scoring observed.
Due to the thicker sidewalls, this lock isnt compatible with the OEM hitch on the Toyota Tundra.
Will An Aftermarket Hitch on a 2018 Subaru Forester Increase Towing Capacity Limits?
What I recommend is using Master Lock Hitch Receiver and Coupler Latch Lock Set, # 1481DAT . It comes with a coupler latch lock and receiver lock that are keyed alike. This part fits 2"x2" hitches just like the GenY 324 Pintle Hitch.


text:
November 5, 2011 By James Robinson
By James Robinson
Hurricane Sandy hit downtown Manhattan on Monday afternoon, and outside our offices in Soho, the flags and trees were being knocked about as easily as dune grass. But the rain was light, and if anyone from Northern Europe had been in the street, they would have thought it was a gale.
At 8:45pm, about when the eye of the storm landed, the lights went out. What we didn't know was the main transformer downtown had been engulfed by floods, and had blown up like an atom bomb, exploding in a green flash that lit-up the sky. We thought it was only a blip on the electrical grid, which would be fixed by the morning.
That night I walked up Broadway under the silver moonlight. The wind was heavy, gusting close to sixty miles an hour, which flattened a building in Chelsea and collapsed a crane uptown. Scaffolding and street signs were torn down, and there was something eerie about being in the city of lights without any of them working.
Strangers were on the sidewalks – dark faceless figures with flashlights, finding their way home. Nobody had seen New York like it for nearly a decade. And then, it only lasted twenty-four hours.
This time was four nights, with every light bulb south of 39th street rendered useless. The explosion had knocked out the cellphone towers, wireless routers, refrigeration, hot water boilers and heating systems; even the subway system was shutdown. During the day, the streets were desolate. Iron curtains were locked across the shop windows and cafes.
Each morning we set out for midtown. On the fifty block walk north, we passed the office blocks along Park Ave South, which all had similar signs taped to the doors. Closed for business, and due to employee safety, would not be opening again until further notice.
We headed to the Roosevelt Hotel on Madison Ave, to run the speakers bureau from big armchairs in the expansive lobby. Crossing 39th street every morning was like entering the world, feeling like refugees arriving from a fallout zone. The city was buzzing. Midtown hadn't skipped a beat.
Each night a bus drove us back downtown to 23rd street, but when it crossed the border at 39th, we were once again back in the darkness, rumbling south without any traffic lights, flanked by the little white torches of pedestrians flickering on the sidewalks.
Union Square had become the world headquarters of ConEdison. Policeman were on every block. Patrol cars roamed through Soho all night, using their siren lights and head lamps to illuminate the streets.
And this was New York for the entire week, living without the luxuries we don't even notice until they are no longer there. But nobody ever complained. People just got on with their lives, without all the bars and restaurants, hot showers and cellphone service. There was something almost liberating about the simplicity of last week, something distinctly old-fashioned about creating hot baths from boiled kettles on the gas stove, and eating dinner under the light of candles.
But not everyone was so lucky. Families in Staten Island were evacuated to shelters. Residents of New Jersey had homes swept off their foundations by the floods. And children were lost, which is somehow the biggest tragedy of all.
Tomorrow morning, Manhattan will inevitably grind into life once more, but the city has been humbled by Hurricane Sandy. Except that fabric, which weaves its way through our society, and at times seems so tenuous, has been woven a little tighter for now.
Filed Under: Robinson Speakers
Alex Sheen : Because I Said I Would


Some models of Apple's new MacBook Pro are suffering from various video-related gremlins including nasty bouts of flickering screens.
There have been various posts from unhappy users talking about video glitches that seem to be mostly affecting the new 15-inch MacBook Pro, rather than the smaller 13-inch version, according to a report on Ubergizmo.
Things such as changes in the shade of colors and the aforementioned horrible screen flicker have plagued some unfortunate laptop owners.
Check out a clip of the sort of flicker users are seeing below.
Subsequent posters suggest this might be an overheating issue (which it isn't, according to the original poster), and furthermore that the Radeon Pro 460 GPU has the "most issues" in terms of these video glitches.
Although others state that it doesn't seem to matter which GPU the MacBook in question is running, and indeed these problems occur with integrated graphics and not just the discrete solutions.
Ubergizmo also reckons the problem could be something to do with running Adobe software, as this has apparently been a common catalyst for some folks.
Have you experienced any graphics gremlins with your new MacBook Pro? If so, let us know in the comments section below.
Meanwhile, Apple has yet to make any official response on the matter. We'll be sure to update this story if we hear anything from the company clarifying exactly what this issue is all about.
If these issues do persist, hopefully they'll be ironed out before next year's refresh of the MacBook Pro with Touch Bar, with which Apple will offer an option on 32GB of system memory, and the company is also planning to cut prices across the range.


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The primary purpose of this job role is to set-up and operate injection molding machines and molds in accordance with standard procedures. This job role must maintain an acceptable level of safety, quality, productivity, and housekeeping in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices.
Verify correct set-up of injection molds, presses, and auxiliary equipment before machine start up. Ensure press runs within validated molding conditions. Maintain acceptable part quality and submit samples for quality inspection and mold approval at the appropriate time.
Assist with the set-up and maintenance of auxiliary equipment, including granulators, conveyors, liquid temperature controls, and mold electrical controls.
Make minor repairs to machines and equipment and notify proper personnel of necessary major repairs.
Assist mold attendant and relieve other molding technicians and mold attendants on breaks or in the event of absenteeism.
Responsible and accountable for: working safely around injection molding equipment, maintaining the expected product quality, achieving adequate production levels, keeping assigned areas clean, and maintaining plantwide 5S program.
Stay current with all departmental inspection procedures and standards. Responsible for the regular and periodic monitoring of product for acceptable quality to the most recent specification.
Maintain records and prepare legible reports, including SPC reports, QC inspection reports, housekeeping checklists, mold cavity sheets, production downtime reports, cycle time sheets and problem/corrective action logs, etc. in accordance with departmental standards and Quality System Standards.
Observe all safety and environmental procedures and Good Manufacturing Practices.
Work with limited supervision and maintain an atmosphere of cooperation among and between shifts, departments, mold repair, quality control, and management to facilitate departmental goals.


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During half day tour you can do few things in Addis Ababa like the National Archaeological Museum, where the 3.2 million-year old bones of Lucy (a female Australopithecus aphaeresis skeleton) reside, Merkato (the biggest market in Africa) and Trinity Cathedral church where Emperor Haile Selassie was buried.
You can start your tour from the national museum where the 3.2 million years old bones of Lucy (a female Australopithecus aphaeresis skeleton) and other findings followed to Entoto to see MinilikII palace, museum and over view of Addis Ababa. In the afternoon, heading to the biggest market in Africa called Merkato then after continuing to Trinity church on the way stop at the African Union building for photo finally, drive back to hotel.
After early breakfast, drive to north of Addis Ababa through the Entoto Mountains and admire views as your driver navigates the twisting mountain road. When you reach the Entoto summit, snap some photos and enjoy free time at a vista point.
Then, continue to Debre Libanos monastery; tour the historic churches and visit the attached museum. When you're done looking around, eat lunch at a restaurant with views of the Jemma River Gorge.After eating, walk to Ras Darge's Bridge, also known as the Portuguese Bridge—a historical bridge popular for its views of the surrounding valley.
Time permitting, you might visit the Blue Nile Gorge, climb the St. Teklehaimanot cave, and visit with Oromo people to learn more about everyday life in the mountains. Then finally, drive back to Addis Ababa and the tour conclude with drop off at your hotel.
Start your tour after breakfast and drive with a private Toyota Minivan equipped with air conditioning and seat belts, south of Addis Ababa through the scenic Rift Valley. The first stop along the way is at an outlook to enjoy and take a photo of the Rift Valley, and then cross the bridge over the Awash River.
After driving 62 km, of which 12 is on a gravel road, visit the ancient rock-carved church of Adadi Mariam which was founded in the 13th Century by King Lalibela. If the day is Thursday or Sunday, visit the colourful cultural weekly held market of the Oromo people at Adadi town.
On the way back to the main road, stop at a local family house to take part in a typical Ethiopian Coffee Ceremony and to learn how to cook Enjera.
Then, head to the Steles of Tiya to visit about 40 stone grave markers which are decorated with carvings and erected in the 14th Century AD in honour of local heroes. It is one of the sites of Ethiopia included the list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
En route back to Addis Ababa, visit the prehistoric archaeological site of Melka Kunture to visit ancient fossils of animals and humans and some of the oldest stone tools humankind ever used.
After breakfast, drive along the fertile and mountainous lands of the Oromo people to the breathtaking scenery of Lake Wenchi. In one of the islands at Lake Wenchi there is a monastery founded in the 16th c which is accessible walking or riding mules, and riding boats.
Tourists will have a chance to see how bread and porridge is prepared from Enset or False Banana tree which is the staple food for large part of the population in southern Ethiopia. During your day trip you will do the following categories; hiking and walking, local experience, Nature and wild life as well as religious heritages.
When you have one day off and you are looking for sightseeing take a day trip to Axum and explore the historic city of Aksum and visit the main sites of Aksum. During your short day trip in Axum you will visit the famous obelisks, archaeological museum, the Queen of Sheba's Bath, Ezana's inscription, King Kaleb's tomb, and the Queen of Sheba's Palace as well as St. Mary of Zion church, where the Ark of the Covenant is kept. Men only are allowed to enter the old church but possible in the new one for both. Unfortunately, no one (except one specially chosen guardian monk) is allowed to enter the chapel where the Ark is kept.
When you plan to take a day trip to Axum from Addis, make sure you take the first flight/direct flight/ from Addis to Axum to get enough time and see all the sites if not you will have very short time and you can't see all the main sites.The tour will take you about 5-6 hrs and then fly back in the evening to Addis Ababa.
Early morning take the first flight to Mekele and then drive an hour to Wukro churches to see some of the ancient rock –hewn churches are Abraha and Atsibeha as well as Wukro cherkos church on the way back you will stop in Mekele to explore the capital city of Tigray region for a short time and experience .
Abreha and Atsibeha rock church is lies 61 km north of Mekele and it's dedicated to the twin brother kings of Axum King Ezana and Saizana who lived 4th c A.D and declared Christianity as the official religion in Ethiopia. They built around 44 rock-hewn churches in Tigrai including Wukro Cherkos and finally, buried together in Abreha and Atsibeha church in the holy of holy except priest other people are not allowed in according to the clergy men.
Fly from Addis Ababa to Gonder with the first flight then as soon as you arrive, you will start to explore the city of Gondar. Gondar has a lot things to see but the main sites are Fasiledes castles, Debre Brhan Silassie church, Swimming pool of fasiledes and walk around the city. Gondar is a royal and ancient historical city of Ethiopia.
The walled city of Fasil Ghebbi in Gondar is on the UNESCO World Heritage list and is part of the famous Ethiopia Historical Circuit. It was the home of many emperors and princesses who led the country from the 12th century to the last decade of the 20th century, including Emperor Suseneos, Emperor Fasiledes, Empress Mentwab, Iyasu I, Tewodros II and Empress Taitu.
Gondar Castle, dubbed the Ethiopian Camelot, is not a single castle, but instead is the name given to the entire complex of castles and palaces in the area so-called royal enclosure.