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Sheds Then and Now
Anglo Saxon Derivation of the Word Shed
The word shed has been part of our language for many centuries. It derives from an Old English word variously spelled shadde, shad or shedde. All these words for shed derive from an Old Teutonic/Anglo-Saxon root word for separation or division. (Anglo Saxon, a primary source for modern English, developed from the related dialects spoken by hoards of Saxons from northern and central Europe who repeatedly sacked and occupied Great Britain.) The first known instance of this derivation appeared in 1481: "A yearde in whiche was a shadde where in were six grete dogges."1
Shud—from the Anglo Saxon for cover—is another Old English word that may have contributed to the meaning of our shed. Some dialects in England still call sheds shuds. Here's a definition from 1440: "... schudde, hovel, swyne kote or howse of sympyl hyllynge [covering] to kepe yn beestys."2, 3
We still keep beestys, like dogges, in storage sheds, as well as many other animate and inanimate possessions. Either Anglo Saxon derivation—shadde or shud—makes sense and combining them produces separate cover.
Shed as Concept
Shed is as profound a concept as house. We humans have an intrinsic need for storage, just as we have an intrinsic need for a roof over our heads. We shelter ourselves and our possessions in our houses. But the primary purpose for a house is to shelter people. When our house is not big enough to hold all our possessions, we create a storage shed to put them in. We don't move into the storage shed and leave the house to our possessions. (When our possessions become too large or numerous for a shed, we move them into barns, warehouses, etc. Enough said about these larger structures, though, because this article is about sheds.)
Away in a manger—An illustration of the distinction between home and shed is the Nativity story. The pathos of Joseph's and Mary's predicament stems from having to await the birth of their child in a cattleshed. The shed provides shelter, but not the kind of shelter deemed appropriate for people.4
Sheds Then
Prehistoric people built their homes and sheds from whatever the local geography, climate & materials would allow. Early Egyptians built underground silos lined with reed basketry to store grain. Early Europeans built shelters from mammoth tusks and skins.5 And as everyone knows, Eskimos did and still do build shelters from blocks of snow and ice. Whatever was used for primary dwelling places was also used for storage, whether within the home or outside of and perhaps separate from it.
Humans living in caves used smaller caves or alcoves within caves for veritable storage sheds. The Anasazi (ancestors of modern-day Pueblo Indians) were a people who lived approximately from AD 1 to AD 1300 in the American Southwest. They occupied both natural cliff-side caves and caves man-made from soft volcanic rock. A storage alcove is evident in this picture of a cave dwelling.
With the emergence of self-standing shelters, special-purpose structures also began to appear. Over time, the Anasazi extended their cave homes by constructing elaborate rock and masonry spaces for daily living, storage and religious rituals.6
Archeological Significance of Storage Sheds
Archeological studies of ancient storage shed remains tell volumes about a civilization: what the population ate, what animals they domesticated, what they hunted, how they farmed, what they manufactured. For example, in southern Italy an ancient shed's tile roof had collapsed on top of a collection of lumber used to make furniture. The excavators found organic matter under the roof identifiable as olive, grape, willow, poplar and maple wood. The presence of maple wood, used in Roman times exclusively for fine furniture, indicates that the storage shed was part of a workshop that produced furniture for a wealthy clientele.7
One significant find, again in Southern Italy, was not the remains of a shed, but a collection of bronze tablets dating from 330-280 BC. The tablets inscribed in Greek were exact and detailed instructions for what to build on land that was sacred to the god Dionysus. Included among the mandated structures was "a shed for storing straw" to measure "not less than 18 feet in length and 15 feet in width." Here, written in bronze, if not actually in stone, is the definition of a typical storage shed that would make sense to us today.8
Sheds for the Wealthy
The wealthy have always been able to afford small extra buildings that are often as opulent as the main house. And the wealthiest have even put resources into erecting extravagantly useless structures. English follies are a case in point. In the 17th century, English aristocrats who had made the Grand Tour of the continent wanted to recreate ancient ruins and landmarks at home. The English folly was born.9
On the grounds of the Stowe School in Buckingham, England, are many follies built in the 1700s. One example is the Palladian Bridge that impressively connects two banks of a small pond.
King Alfred's Tower is a folly in Wiltshire, England. It arguably serves no purpose although it is certainly an impressive sight and affords fantastic views to those who climb to the top.10
In our own country, the grounds of Thomas Jefferson's Monticello include elegant small buildings that serve shed-like purposes. A beautiful one is this brick garden shed. To Jefferson's credit, however expensively these grand sheds were built, they at least served a purpose.11
Modern Definition for Shed
The modern Oxford English Dictionary (OED)—the Bible of English language dictionaries—currently defines the word shed* as follows:
A slight structure built for shelter or storage, or for use as a workshop, either attached as a lean-to to a permanent building or separate; often with open front or sides. A special purpose is often indicated by a defining word prefixed, such as cart-, goat-, tool-.
Sounds like the storage sheds of old, doesn't it?
*inthe sense of the noun shed that we're discussing. There obviously are many other meanings for shed as both a noun and a verb.
Sheds Now
Studying contemporary storage sheds would also tell volumes about their owners.
In our 21st-century, middle-class, property-owning society, countless citizens—not just the wealthy—have the wherewithal to install one or more storage sheds on their property. And there are countless purposes to which these sheds can be put. In fact, any modest-sized structure built to shelter anything except people could be called a shed.
For starters, here are just a few reasons to have a storage shed:
To store tools
To keep garden supplies
To make a greenhouse
To keep pets
To keep farm animals
To store lawn equipment
To serve as a root cellar
To work on an antique car or motorcycle
To keep your collection of [you name it]
To store your trash
To house whatever no longer fits in your garage
To create a poolside cabana/bar/changing room
To provide a playhouse for your kids
To give yourself a private sanctuary
To store your sports equipment
Undoubtedly you could add your own important reasons for a storage shed to this list.
Sheds in Modern England
England is a land of gardeners devoted to their garden sheds. According to one survey, 20% of the population owns one. This tradition of the Englishman's love for his shed inspired a book, Men and Sheds, by Gordon Thorburn.
BBC Radio interviewed Mr. Thorburn as well as a variety of shed owners, male and female, to explore the attraction of sheds.12 Mr. Thorburn believes that since Neanderthal man sought out a cave for solace, a place of retreat has been considered a male necessity. With a distinct lack of suitable cavernous spaces in recent times, the male it seems has turned instead to the shed for solace, particularly, Gordon insists, when retirement comes calling.
Click here for the BBC interview. The accents may not be the same as ours, but we can all relate nevertheless!
Where to Get Your Storage Shed
Once you have decided that having a storage shed is essential to your well being, you need to consider how you're going to acquire it and where you're going to put it. The latter consideration is important and best left hfor you to determine, but here are a few ways to acquire a shed:
You can design and build it from scratch with all the time and aggravation this option entails.
You can pay an architect to design one and a contractor to build it at great expense.
You can purchase a shed with limited options from a mass market retail outlet like Walmart or Costco.
You can stop at one of those shed lots you see as you speed by on the highway and pick one that sort of meets your needs but is of indeterminate age and quality.
You can shop online or by phone at Lancaster County Barns where every shed is reasonably priced and custom made from quality materials by Amish craftsmen.
Why Buy an Amish-made Shed?
The reputation of the Amish for quality workmanship is based on reality, not myth. Aspects of Amish culture—a strong work ethic, values rooted in integrity rather than show, a tradition of expertise in woodwork and craftsmanship—all contribute to the consistently high quality of Amish-made products.
Without sacrificing their commitment to a simple life, the Amish adopt and adapt up-to-date methods and tools in ways appropriate for them. For example, they use power tools in their construction and crafts businesses. but the tools are powered by generators or other ingenuous energy sources so as not to tap into the electrical grid the rest of us rely on. Most enterprises use telephones as part of their ongoing business, although phones are rarely used within the home.
Those who do the work are the core of any enterprise. Although some Amish businesses employ non-Amish, the workers in most Amish shops are family members or from within the same Amish district. They have likely apprenticed in their craft from a young age. Products from such an environment are reliably consistent and of high quality.
All the storage sheds and barns that Lancaster County Barns sells are from just these kinds of small Amish businesses, which are all nearby. We work with them directly on a daily and personal basis since every order is custom made, with the exception of our overstock items.
So who better than the Amish to supply the perfect shed—be it for work or play—for those possessions or that pastime important enough to deserve its very own dedicated space?
Recommended reading if you're interested in how the Amish approach the modern-day world of business is Amish Enterprise, From Plows to Profits, by Donald B. Kraybill & Steven M. Nolt (John Hopkins University Press). Here are a few enlightening quotes:
"Business ventures are also bolstered by the resources of their ethnic culture: a rural heritage of entrepreneurial values, a strong work ethic, religious values of austerity & simplicity, cultural taboos on higher education and on certain forms of technology, extensive involvement of family members, small scale operations, attention to artisanship & quality, and an informal but effective system of apprenticeship."
"Many [Amish] entrepreneurs, ... who deal with non-Amish wholesalers and dealers believe that outsiders come to Lancaster County because of its reputation for quality & high-value products."
"The entrepreneurial skills of independence, problem solving, and ingenuity also cultivated on the farm have been critical assets in the growth of Amish enterprise. Bringing a bushel of agrarian values along from their pastoral past, Amish entrepreneurs have applied the thrift, self-sufficiency and sheer stamina of their heritage to their work."
1 Example usage taken from The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, Volume II, Oxford University Press, 1971, p. 656.
3 Image from February, Les très riches heures du Duc de Berry. See.
4 The Descent of Peace, by William Blake, an illustration to Milton's Ode On the Morning of Christ's Nativity, http://www.blakearchive.org/.
5 From Stone Age Habitats.
6 Bandelier National Monument, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association, 1990, p. 16.
7 The University of Texas, Institute of Classical Archeology, The Territory of Metaponto, 1981-1982,Excavation in the Sanctuary Area.
8 The University of Texas, Institute of Classical Archeology, The Territory of Metaponto, 1981-1982, Heraklea Tablets. .
9 Follies in the English Landscape, http://www.britainexpress.com/History/follies.htm.
10 King Alfred's Tower, http://www.alfredstower.info/
11 Monticello, the Home of Thomas Jefferson, http://monticello.org/gardens/
12 BBC 4 Woman's Hour, home + garden, http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/2004_15_wed_04.shtml.
The thing that really made the difference in my purchase decision and overall happiness with your product was that it is one of the few genuine quality items still available and made in America. I would definitely buy from Lancaster County Barns again and I am so confident in your product that I will be recommending your company to my friends and family.
-Bob Slaughter


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Q: Passing parameters in Data Tables Selenium/Cucumber/Java I using POM model and using Cucumber for my Automation.
I am trying to implement a negative scenario for login and I have used the below strategy.
I need to know whether this is the correct approach or I am messing it up somewhere.
I am using xpath to assert Login.
login.feature

    Given User navigates to Site
    And User enters a "<Username>" username
    And User enters a "<Password>" password
    When User clicks on the login button
    Then User should see the failure "<message>"

    Examples:
      | Username | Password   | message|
      | User | Pwd  | //DIV[@class=''][text()='Your login name or password is incorrect.']/../..] |

login.steps

    @Then("^User should see the failure \"([^\"]*)\"$")
    public void user_should_see_the_failure(String arg1 ) throws Throwable {
login_page.assertLoginFailure(arg1);
    }

login.page

    public @FindBy(xpath = "//DIV[@class=''][text()='Your login name or password is incorrect.']/../..")
    WebElement assert_LoginFailure;

    public login_page assertLoginFailure(String arg1) throws Exception {
        Thread.sleep(5000);
        org.testng.Assert.assertEquals(assert_LoginFailure,arg1);
        return new login_page();

    }

A: The value under message in the DataTable should be the plain text expected when the login is unsuccessful. Ideally should not include any xpath or any selector.
The selector should be defined in the pageobject. Also the selector should be modified to not include the text itself.
This way when the test fails, instead of getting an AssertionError you will get a NoSuchElementException. There is no way of telling if the test failed due to an invalid credential turning out to be valid or the message has been changed on the site.
Thread.sleep() is kind of frowned upon. Rather look at an implicit or explicit wait. Refer to this - http://toolsqa.com/selenium-webdriver/implicit-explicit-n-fluent-wait/

A: This is your assertion :
org.testng.Assert.assertEquals(assert_LoginFailure,arg1);

where assert_LoginFailure is a web element and arg1 is a String. Now it does not make any sense to compare a string with a web element , does it ?
You have to extract the text present in a web element, something like :
assert_LoginFailure.getText()

Your assertion will look like this :
org.testng.Assert.assertEquals(assert_LoginFailure.getText(),arg1);

Hope this will be helpful.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


On March 31st, 2016, three African teenage girls, Laniya Miller (15), Ashaunti Butler (15), and Dominique Battle (16), were drowned and murdered by Pinellas County Sheriff's Deputies in St. Petersburg, Florida.
They were illegally chased by Deputy Howard Skaggs and pursued down a winding path that led to a pond. The car of the girls landed fifteen feet away from 17 sheriff's deputies who are all trained as first responders (meaning they are trained for water rescue), and they did absolutely nothing for almost six whole minutes except watched as the girls drowned.
Sheriff Bob Gualtieri lied about the events of the case and even praised his cowardly deputies. He also closed the investigation.
The Pinellas County Sheriff's Department has a vicious rap sheet with the Black Communities of St. Petersburg, Florida. They have murdered African people and kept murderers like Skaggs employed (Skaggs in 2002 also killed a black teenager – Laboriel Felton, 18 – by beating him to death and leaving him to drown in a pond).
We're saying justice for these three girls in the form of the immediate resignation of Sheriff Bob Gualtieri, criminal charges against Deputy Howard Skaggs and all other deputies involved in the murder of the girls, reparations to the families of the girls, and Black Community Control of the Police.


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B.J. Vreugdenhil, N. Bellomo, & P.S. Townsend. (2015). Using Crowd Modelling in Evacuation Decision Making. In L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes, & A. Hughes (Eds.), ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings � 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Kristiansand, Norway: University of Agder (UiA).
Abstract: Public spaces are created to be used, and large crowds gather in many buildings and external spaces. Maintaining a high level of safety for these people is of utmost importance. Cameras are used for security reasons by control room personnel, who also monitor crowd movements in case of emergency. Crowd modelling can be used to detect and analyse time dependent and space dependent crowd behaviour. Despite the large amount of raw visual information being processed, crowd modelling has not been dedicated yet to evacuation decision making. Predictive information can assist the decision maker in assessing the situation in the early stages, potentially preventing the need for an evacuation. If evacuation is inescapable, a decision maker can use crowd modelling to define the quickest and safest evacuation routes. This kind of decision support will reduce the number of deaths that occur before and during an evacuation.
Keywords: crowd modelling; decision making; Decision Support; Evacuation
Track: Decision Support Systems
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Jane Barnett, William Wong, David Westley, Rick Adderley, & Michelle Smith. (2011). Startle points: A proposed framework for identifying situational cues, and developing realistic emergency training scenarios. In E. Portela L. S. M.A. Santos (Ed.), 8th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: From Early-Warning Systems to Preparedness and Training, ISCRAM 2011. Lisbon: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Real-world crises are not prescriptive and may contain unexpected events, described here as startle points. Including these events in emergency training simulator scenarios is crucial in order to prepare for startle points that may arise in the real world. Startle points occur when individuals who assess and monitor emergency scenarios, are suddenly faced with an unexpected event, and are unsure how to proceed. This paper offers a non-empirical framework that explores how cues generated by startle points affect decision making. Future research will use the framework to explore how experts and novices experience, and then adapt to startle points, as a function of decision mode, situation awareness, and emotional arousal. The resulting data can then be used to identify cues surrounding startle points and as a consequence, create dynamic scenarios for online training simulators so that individuals can prepare and adapt to them, and transfer acquired skills to real-world emergencies.
Keywords: Information systems; Cognitive interview; Dynamic scenarios; Emergency scenario; Emergency training; Situation awareness; Startle points; Training simulation; Unexpected events; Decision making
Track: Command and Control Studies
Marie Bartels. (2014). Communicating probability: A challenge for decision support systems. In and P.C. Shih. L. Plotnick M. S. P. S.R. Hiltz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2014 Conference Proceedings – 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 260–264). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University.
Abstract: This paper presents observations made in the course of two interorganizational crisis management exercises that were conducted in order to identify requirements for a decision support system for critical infrastructure operators. It brings into focus how different actors deal with the uncertainty of information that is relevant for other stakeholders and therefore is to be shared with them. It was analyzed how the participants articulated und comprehended assessments on how probable the reliability of a given data or prognosis was. The recipients of the information had to consider it when making decisions concerning their own network. Therefore they had to evaluate its reliability. Different strategies emerged.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Critical infrastructures; Decision making; Information systems; Public works; Crisis communications; Crisis management; Decision-making under uncertainty; Inter-organizational; Interorganizational cooperation; Making decision; Decision support systems
T. Benjamins, & Leon J.M. Rothkrantz. (2007). Interactive simulation in crisis management. In K. Nieuwenhuis P. B. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Intelligent Human Computer Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM 2007 Academic Proceedings Papers (pp. 571–580). Delft: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Experiments in crisis management are expensive and difficult to realize. There is also a lack of training facilities in real crisis environments. Serious games and simulation can provide an alternative. We developed a system which enables interactive simulation for crisis management. It is called IMACSIM (Interactive Multi Agent Crisis Simulator Interpreter and Monitor). It is composed of the following components: First a software based platform for dynamic simulating of disasters. Next an event generator which can generate different crises situations. We designed a communication infrastructure that allows agents participants in the simulation to exchange messages. Every agent is able to observe the results of crisis events, process these events and initiate appropriate actions via a waypoint system. The decision making process is distributed among autonomous agents. Some actions may have an impact on the event generator, so there is an interaction between agents and event generator. We developed a first prototype. The design and test results will be described in this paper.
Keywords: Autonomous agents; Communication infrastructure; Crises situations; Crisis management; Decision making process; Event generators; Interactive simulations; Serious gaming; Training facility; Multi agent systems
Track: GAME
Alena L. Benson, Keith Biggers, Jim Wall, & Mark P. Haselkorn. (2010). Adaptive development of a common operating environment for crisis response and management. In C. Zobel B. T. S. French (Ed.), ISCRAM 2010 – 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Defining Crisis Management 3.0, Proceedings. Seattle, WA: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Complex information and communication systems present a special challenge to system designers because these are generally deployed as large, distributed systems with diverse user groups. Crisis response and management organizations in particular expect systems to be interoperable, resilient, flexible and provide lasting benefit. Currently, systems such as Virtual USA (Department of Homeland Security) and WatchKeeper (United States Coast Guard) seek to create common situational awareness for all participating agencies in security and incident response operations. We propose adaptive development as a system development model to build upon the ideas of systems such as Virtual USA and WatchKeeper in order to create sustainable and adaptable systems. Adaptive development supports ongoing improvement through user-driven design and modification in the target environment. An internet-based dashboard demonstrated during a United States Coast Guard Sector Seattle incident response exercise serves as an emergent case study for the adaptive model.
Keywords: Information services; Information systems; Interoperability; Network security; Service oriented architecture (SOA); Collaborative decision making; Common operating environments; Information environment; Situational awareness; System development; Response time (computer systems)
Track: Special Session: Puget Sound Regional Initiatives towards a Common Operating Environment
Brugghemans Bert, Milis Koen, & Van de Walle Bartel. (2013). Impact of the distribution and enrichment of information on the management and coordination of a human-made fast-burning crisis. In J. Geldermann and T. Müller S. Fortier F. F. T. Comes (Ed.), ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 89–93). KIT; Baden-Baden: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie.
Abstract: Post hoc evaluations made of crisis situations and exercises often point at communication as an important reason for the failure of the management and coordination of the crisis. Crisis managers have to deal with the problem that they (and all other actors in the field) don't have the right information to coordinate the efforts and solve the crisis situation. This paper examines the relation between the information available – more specifically the richness of the information and the distribution of the information – And the management and coordination of a typical man-made fast-burning crisis. The literature on decision making and situation awareness is reviewed and an experiment is conducted with 40 crisis managers in Belgium to assess the impact of the information. Initial results indicate a relationship between the ways a crisis team receives information and the achieved level of situation awareness, the difficulty of making decisions and the perceived complexity of the crisis.
Keywords: Information systems; Managers; Belgium; Crisis management; Crisis situations; Making decision; Situation awareness; Decision making
Track: Coordination and Collaboration
Valentin Bertsch, Otto Rentz, & Jutta Geldermann. (2007). Preference elicitation and sensitivity analysis in multi-criteria group decision support for nuclear remediation management. In K. Nieuwenhuis P. B. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Intelligent Human Computer Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM 2007 Academic Proceedings Papers (pp. 395–404). Delft: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: The resolution of complex decision situations in crisis and remediation management following a man-made or natural emergency usually requires input from different disciplines and fields of expertise. Contributing to transparency and traceability of decisions and taking subjective preferences into account, multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is suitable to involve various stakeholder and expert groups in the decision making process who may have diverse background knowledge and different views, responsibilities and interests. The focus of this paper is to highlight the role of MCDA in nuclear emergency and remediation management on the basis of a hypothetical case study. Special emphasis is placed on the modelling of the decision makers' preferences. The aim is to explore the sensitivity of decision processes to simultaneous variations of the subjective preference parameters and consequently to contribute to a facilitation of the preference modelling process by comprehensibly visualising and communicating the impact of the preferential uncertainties on the results of the decision analysis.
Keywords: Decision support systems; Pollution; Sensitivity analysis; Uncertainty analysis; Group Decision Making; Multicriteria decision support; Preference elicitation; Preferential uncertainties; Stakeholder involvement; Decision making
Track: PEPA
Nitesh Bharosa, & Marijn Janssen. (2009). Reconsidering information management roles and capabilities in disaster response decision-making units. In S. J. J. Landgren (Ed.), ISCRAM 2009 – 6th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Boundary Spanning Initiatives and New Perspectives. Gothenburg: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: When disaster strikes, the emerging task environment requires relief agencies to transform from autonomous mono-disciplinary organizations into interdependent multidisciplinary decision-making units. Evaluation studies reveal that adaptation of information management to the changing task environment is difficult resulting in poor information quality, indicating information was incorrect, outdated or even unavailable to relief workers. In this paper, we adopt a theory-driven approach to develop a set of information management roles and dynamic capabilities for disaster management. Building on the principles of advance structuring and dynamic adjustment, we develop a set of roles and capabilities, which we illustrate and extend using two field studies in the Netherlands. By studying regional relief workers in action, we found that in tactical disaster response decisionmaking units, several information management roles are not addressed and that information managers are preoccupied with information gathering and reporting, whereas information quality assurance is not on the agenda.
Keywords: Decision making; Disaster prevention; Disasters; Human resource management; Information analysis; Information management; Information systems; Quality assurance; Adaptivity; Decision-making units; Disaster management; Dynamic capabilities; Information architectures; Information gathering; Information managers; Roles; Emergency services
Track: Standardization and Ontologies
Loïc Bidoux, Jean-Paul Pignon, & Frédérick Bénaben. (2014). A model driven system to support optimal collaborative processes design in crisis management. In and P.C. Shih. L. Plotnick M. S. P. S.R. Hiltz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2014 Conference Proceedings – 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 245–249). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University.
Abstract: This paper presents a system dedicated to support crises managers that is focused on the collaboration issues of the actors involved in the response. Based on context knowledge, decision makers' objectives and responders' capabilities, the system designs in a semi-automatic way a set of collaborative process alternatives that can optimize coordination activities during an ongoing crisis resolution. The technical design of the system mixes optimization algorithms with inference of logical rules on an ontology. Candidate processes are evaluated through multi-criteria decision analysis and proposed to the decision-makers with associated key performance indicators to help them with their choice. The overall approach is model driven through a crisis meta-model and an axiomatic theory of crisis management.
Keywords: Algorithms; Benchmarking; Decision making; Inference engines; Optimization; Process design; Collaborative process; Crisis management; Inter-agencies coordination; Key performance indicators; Model-driven; Multi-criteria decision analysis; Optimization algorithms; Technical design; Information systems
Lindsley G. Boiney, Bradley Goodman, Robert Gaimari, Jeffrey Zarrella, Christopher Berube, & Janet Hitzeman. (2008). Taming multiple chat room collaboration: Real-time visual cues to social networks and emerging threads. In B. V. de W. F. Fiedrich (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2008 – 5th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 660–668). Washington, DC: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Distributed teams increasingly rely on collaboration environments, typically including chat, to link diverse experts for real time information sharing and decision-making. Current chat-based technologies enable easy exchange of information, but don't focus on managing those information exchanges. Important cues that guide face-to-face collaboration are either lost or missing. In some military environments, operators may juggle over a dozen chat rooms in order to collaborate on complex missions. This often leads to confusion, overload, miscommunication and delayed decisions. Our technology supports chat management. A summary display bar reduces the number of chat rooms operators need open by providing high level situational awareness pointers, in real-time, to: a) rooms with increasing message activity levels, b) rooms in which important collaborators are participating (those in the operator's social network), and c) rooms in which operator-selected keywords are used. This ability to peripherally monitor less critical chat rooms reduces operator overload, while enhancing the ability to rapidly detect important emerging discussion threads. © 2008 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Decision making; Flow visualization; Information systems; Social networking (online); Chat; Collaboration; Collaboration environments; Exchange of information; Information exchanges; Real time decision-making; Real-time information sharing; Situational awareness; Internet
Track: Visualization and Smart Room Technology for Decision Making, Information Sharing, and Collaboration
Robert T. Brigantic, David S. Ebert, Courtney D. Corley, Ross Maciejewski, George A. Muller, & Aimee E. Taylor. (2010). Development of a quick look pandemic influenza modeling and visualization tool. In C. Zobel B. T. S. French (Ed.), ISCRAM 2010 – 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Defining Crisis Management 3.0, Proceedings. Seattle, WA: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Federal, State, and local decision makers and public health officials must prepare and exercise complex plans to contend with a variety of possible mass casualty events, such as pandemic influenza. Through the provision of quick look tools (QLTs) focused on mass casualty events, such planning can be done with higher accuracy and more realism through the combination of interactive simulation and visualization in these tools. If an event happens, the QLTs can then be employed to rapidly assess and execute alternative mitigation strategies, and thereby minimize casualties. This can be achieved by conducting numerous "what-if" assessments prior to any event in order to assess potential health impacts (e.g., number of sick individuals), required community resources (e.g., vaccinations and hospital beds), and optimal mitigative decision strategies (e.g., school closures) during the course of a pandemic. In this presentation, we overview and demonstrate a pandemic influenza QLT, discuss some of the modeling methods and construct and visual analytic components and interface, and outline additional development concepts. These include the incorporation of a user selectable infectious disease palette, simultaneous visualization of decision alternatives, additional resource elements associated with emergency response (e.g., first responders and medical professionals), and provisions for other potential disaster events.
Keywords: Decision making; Disasters; Information systems; Public health; Visualization; Community resources; Infectious disease; Interactive simulations; Mass casualty; Medical professionals; Mitigation strategy; Pandemic influenza; Visualization tools; Emergency services
Track: Safety and Security Education
Tung Bui, & Siva Sankaran. (2006). Foundations for designing global emergency response systems (ERS). In M. T. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2006 – 3rd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 72–81). Newark, NJ: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: Works on Emergency Response Systems (ERS) tend to set aside-or discuss peripherally-the global nature of catastrophes and the unique conditions under which these systems have to operate. Major disasters either affect more than one country or require the help of more than one nation. Designing ERS to manage global crisis situations pose great challenges due to incompatible technologies, language and cultural differences, variations in knowledge-level and management styles of decision makers, and resource limitations in individual countries. In this paper, we outline theoretical foundations for designing global ERS. We develop a path model that identifies the elements and their interactions needed to ensure quality of outcomes and processes of emergency response. We also prescribe a Global Information Network (GIN) architecture to provide decision-makers with timely response to crises involving global intervention.
Keywords: Decision making; Decision support systems; Disasters; Information services; Crisis management; Cultural difference; Decision supports; Emergency response; Emergency response systems; Global informations; Resource limitations; Theoretical foundations; Information systems
Track: REQUIREMENTS FOR EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Paul Burghardt. (2004). Combined systems: The combined systems point of view. In B. C. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2004 – 1st International Workshop on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 51–56). Brussels: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: Crisis Management Systems are evolving from human organizations making use of information systems towards three-layered networks of human actors, artificial agents and traditional information systems. In order to understand the qualities of such complex "COMBINED" systems a joint effort of the sciences of human and artificial systems is required. To ensure practical results, research efforts should anticipate engineering efforts by providing architectural mechanisms and patterns associated with the qualities and capabilities of Combined Systems as a whole. © Proceedings ISCRAM 2004.
Keywords: Information systems; Multi agent systems; Artificial agents; Artificial systems; Collaborative decision making; Combined system; Communicative actions; Crisis management systems; Organization networks; Research efforts; Management information systems
Track: Poster Session
Ana C. Calderon, Joanne Hinds, & Peter Johnson. (2014). IntCris: A tool for enhanced communication and collective decision-making during crises. In and P.C. Shih. L. Plotnick M. S. P. S.R. Hiltz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2014 Conference Proceedings – 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 205–214). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University.
Abstract: Responding to a large-scale disaster such as an earthquake or hurricane is a collective problem. Human agents are increasingly collaborating with non-human agents (autonomous systems) in attempt to respond to a disaster. IntCris is a prototype intended to bring together interaction for human and non-human agents to aid the decision-making process by focusing on how to facilitate the "correct information to the correct agent" problem as well as encouraging new and agile behaviour. We focus on three categories of information: command, report and personal with a formal grammar to accompany the implementation. The requirements for the software were inspired by real life case studies from Hurricane Katrina, the Fukoshima Nuclear Disaster and Hurricane Sandy. The contribution of this work is to advance technology that brings together HAS (human and autonomous system interaction), in addition to enhancing collective intelligence.
Keywords: Computational grammars; Disasters; Hurricanes; Information systems; Autonomous systems; Collaborative technologies; Collective decision-making; Collective intelligences; Decision making process; Emergency response; Hurricane katrina; Large-scale disasters; Decision making
Emma Carter, & Simon French. (2005). Nuclear emergency management in Europe: A review of approaches to decision making. In B. C. B. Van de Walle (Ed.), Proceedings of ISCRAM 2005 – 2nd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 247–259). Brussels: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium.
Abstract: The need for transparent and consistent decision making in nuclear emergency management across local, regional, national and international levels is well recognised. Several decision support systems have been developed to help achieve this; but, by and large, with little consultation with potential DMs and with limited understanding of the emergency management procedures across Europe and how they differ. This work, part of a European Fifth Framework project EVATECH, considers the application of process modelling to document and compare the emergency management process in four countries. We have observed that the four process models are substantially different in their organizational structure and identified differences in where decisions are made, the management of advice and the communication network style. This papers focus is on the results of the comparison and the implications for the design and use of decision support systems.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Civil defense; Communication; Decision support systems; Disasters; Information systems; Process engineering; Risk management; Emergency management; Inter-organizational network; Nuclear emergencies; Organizational structures; Process model; Process modelling; Decision making
Track: NUCLEAR EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
José Miguel Castillo, Starr Roxanne Hiltz, & Murray Turoff. (2012). Monte Carlo and decision making support in crisis management. In Z.Franco J. R. L. Rothkrantz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Vancouver, BC: Simon Fraser University.
Abstract: Simulation is an interdisciplinary science applicable to many branches of knowledge. One field in which simulation is relevant is decision making support (DMS), in which we use computers to run models of real or possible scenarios in order to evaluate alternative actions before carrying them out. We will obtain a useful simulation system only when the model (engine of the simulation process) has been made accurately to represent reality. Thus it is necessary to use a methodology that helps us to construct a simulation system. This paper presents some classifications of simulation systems and an introduction to the Monte Carlo method, with the objective of creating a framework of application of this method for the construction of simulation systems for decision making support in crisis management. One area of applicability is scenario-based simulations for training for cross-national teams to cooperate in large scale disasters. The final aim of this research will be the recommendation of standards and methodologies to build simulation systems in crisis management, specifically in decision making support. © 2012 ISCRAM.
Keywords: Decision making; Information systems; Monte Carlo methods; Crisis management; Cross-national; Decision making support; Large scale disasters; Scenario-based simulations; Simulation; Simulation process; Simulation systems; Computer simulation
Track: Analytical Modelling and Simulation
Tina Comes, Claudine Conrado, Michael Hiete, Michiel Kamermans, Gregor Pavlin, & Niek Wijngaards. (2010). An intelligent decision support system for decision making under uncertainty in distributed reasoning frameworks. In C. Zobel B. T. S. French (Ed.), ISCRAM 2010 – 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Defining Crisis Management 3.0, Proceedings. Seattle, WA: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: This paper presents an intelligent system facilitating better-informed decision making under severe uncertainty as found in emergency management. The construction of decision-relevant scenarios, being coherent and plausible descriptions of a situation and its future development, is used as a rationale for collecting, organizing, filtering and processing information for decision making. The development of scenarios is geared to assessing decision alternatives, thus avoiding time-consuming analysis and processing of irrelevant information. The scenarios are constructed in a distributed setting allowing for a flexible adaptation of reasoning (principles and processes) to the problem at hand and the information available. This approach ensures that each decision can be founded on a coherent set of scenarios, which was constructed using the best expertise available within a limited timeframe. Our theoretical framework is demonstrated in a distributed decision support system by orchestrating both automated systems and human experts into workflows tailored to each specific problem.
Keywords: Automation; Civil defense; Decision making; Decision support systems; Disasters; Expert systems; Information systems; Intelligent systems; Multi agent systems; Risk management; Decision making under uncertainty; Distributed decision support systems; Distributed reasonings; Emergency management; Intelligent decision support systems; Multi-criteria decision analysis; Scenario-based; Theoretical framework; Information filtering
Track: Intelligent Systems
Tina Comes, Valentin Bertsch, & Simon French. (2013). Designing dynamic stress tests for improved critical infrastructure resilience. In J. Geldermann and T. Müller S. Fortier F. F. T. Comes (Ed.), ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 307–311). KIT; Baden-Baden: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie.
Abstract: This paper outlines an approach to support decision-makers in designing resilient critical infrastructure (CI) networks. As CIs have become increasingly interdependent disruptions can have far-reaching impacts. We focus on the vulnerability of CIs and the socio-economic systems, in which they are embedded, independent from any initial risk event. To determine which disruptions are the most severe and must be avoided, quantitative and qualitative assessments of a disruption's consequences and the perspectives of multiple stakeholders need to be integrated. To this end, we combine the results of consequence models and expert assessments into stress test scenarios, which are evaluated using multi-criteria decision analysis techniques. This approach enables dynamic adaption of the stress tests in the face of a fast changing environment and to take account of better information about interdependencies or changing preferences. This approach helps make trade-offs between costs for resilient CIs and potential losses of disruptions clearly apparent.
Keywords: Critical infrastructures; Decision making; Economic and social effects; Embedded systems; Information systems; Robustness (control systems); Mcda; Participatory approach; Resilience; Stress test; Vulnerability; Public works
Louise K. Comfort, Brian Colella, Mark Voortman, Scott Connelly, Jill L. Drury, Gary L. Klein, et al. (2013). Real-time decision making in urgent events: Modeling options for action. In J. Geldermann and T. Müller S. Fortier F. F. T. Comes (Ed.), ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 571–580). KIT; Baden-Baden: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie.
Abstract: Decision making in extreme events presents a difficult challenge to emergency managers who are legally responsible for protecting life, property, and maintaining continuity of operations for their respective organizations or communities. Prior research has identified the benefits of gaining situation awareness in rapidly changing disaster contexts, but situation awareness is not always sufficient. We have investigated "option awareness" and the decision space to provide cognitive support for emergency managers to simulate computationally possible outcomes of different options before they make a decision. Employing a user-centered design process, we developed a computational model that rapidly generates ranges of likely outcomes for different options and displays them visually through a prototype decision-space interface that allows rapid comparison of the options. Feedback from emergency managers suggests that decision spaces may enable emergency managers to consider a wider range of options for decisions and may facilitate more targeted, effective decision making under uncertain conditions.
Keywords: Information systems; Managers; Bayesian model; Decision space; Emergency response; Option awareness; Situation awareness; Decision making
Track: Innovations in Research
Kelli de Faria Cordeiro, Maria Luiza M Campos, & Marcos R. S. Borges. (2014). Adaptive integration of information supporting decision making: A case on humanitarian logistic. In and P.C. Shih. L. Plotnick M. S. P. S.R. Hiltz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2014 Conference Proceedings – 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 225–229). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University.
Abstract: There is an urgent demand for information systems to gather heterogeneous information about needs, donations and warehouse stocks to provide an integrated view for decision making in humanitarian logistics. The dynamic flow of information, due to the unpredicted events, requires adaptive features. The traditional relational data model is not suitable due to its schema rigidity. As an alternative, Graph Data models complemented by semantic representations, like Linked Open Data on the Web, can be used. Based on both, this research proposes an approach for the adaptive integration of information and an associated architecture. An application example is discussed in a real scenario where relief goods are managed through a dynamic and multi-perspective view.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Decision support systems; Information systems; Natural language processing systems; Graph database; Heterogeneous information; Humanitarian logistics; Knowledge integration; Linked open datum; Multi-perspective views; Relational data models; Semantic representation; Decision making
Erman Coskun, & Dilek Ozceylan. (2011). Complexity in emergency management and disaster response information systems (EMDRIS). In E. Portela L. S. M.A. Santos (Ed.), 8th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: From Early-Warning Systems to Preparedness and Training, ISCRAM 2011. Lisbon: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: Today emergencies seem more complex than ever. Process of managing these emergencies also becomes more complex because of increasing number of involved parties, increasing number of people affected, and increasing amount of resources. This complexity, inherent in emergency management, brings lots of challenges to decision makers and emergency responders. Information systems and technologies are utilized in different areas of emergency management. However complexity increases exponentially in emergency situations and it requires more sophisticated IS and IT and it makes response and management more challenging. Thus analyzing the root causes of emergency management information systems complexity is crucial for improving emergency response effectiveness. This paper frames the issue of information systems complexity by focusing on the types of complexities involved in emergency management phases and explaining each complexity type. We propose 6 different complexity types: Human Complexity, Technologic Complexity, Event Complexity, Interaction Complexity, Decision Making Complexity, and Cultural Complexity.
Keywords: Civil defense; Decision making; Disasters; Risk management; Complexity; Disaster response systems; Emergency management; Emergency responders; Emergency response; Emergency situation; Information systems and technologies; Systems complexity; Emergency services
Track: Advanced Research Methods and Unconventional Results
Simone De Kleermaeker, & Jan Verkade. (2013). A decision support system for effective use of probability forecasts. In J. Geldermann and T. Müller S. Fortier F. F. T. Comes (Ed.), ISCRAM 2013 Conference Proceedings – 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (pp. 290–295). KIT; Baden-Baden: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie.
Abstract: Often, water management decisions are based on hydrological forecasts, which are affected by inherent uncertainties. It is increasingly common for forecasters to make explicit estimates of these uncertainties. Associated benefits include the decision makers' increased awareness of forecasting uncertainties and the potential for risk-based decision-making. Also, a more strict separation of responsibilities between forecasters and decision maker can be made. A recent study identified some issues related to the effective use of probability forecasts. These add a dimension to an already multi-dimensional problem, making it increasingly difficult for decision makers to extract relevant information from a forecast. Secondly, while probability forecasts provide a necessary ingredient for risk-based decision making, other ingredients may not be fully known, including estimates of flood damage and costs and effect of damage reducing measures. Here, we present suggestions for resolving these issues and the integration of those solutions in a prototype decision support system (DSS). A pathway for further development is outlined.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Decision support systems; Forecasting; Hydrology; Information systems; Uncertainty analysis; Water management; Decision support system (dss); Hydrological forecast; Management decisions; Multidimensional problems; Predictive uncertainty; Probabilistic forecasts; Probability forecasts; Risk-based decisions; Decision making
Jill L. Drury, Amanda Anganes, Heather Byrne, Maria C. Casipe, Roger Dejean, Simone Hill, et al. (2012). Badge-primed decision making. In Z.Franco J. R. L. Rothkrantz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Vancouver, BC: Simon Fraser University.
Abstract: We have been investigating new decision support methods for emergency responders. Most recently, we have added to our decision support prototype the concept of "badges": symbols that cue decision makers to the top-ranked option(s) that are the recommended alternatives for a particular decision. This paper provides the rationale for badges, a description of the initial implementation, results from our first experiment with badges, and a discussion of the next steps. As a report on work-in-progress, the primary contribution of this paper is the description of the concept of badges and its proposed use for emergency response decision making. © 2012 ISCRAM.
Keywords: Decision making; Decision support systems; Flow visualization; Information systems; Badges; Decision supports; Emergency responders; Emergency response; Icons; Option awareness; Primary contribution; Work-in-progress; Emergency services
Track: Track Decision Support Methods for Complex Crises
Jill L. Drury, Gary L. Klein, Mark Pfaff, & Steven O. Entezari. (2012). Establishing collaborative option awareness during crisis management. In Z.Franco J. R. L. Rothkrantz (Ed.), ISCRAM 2012 Conference Proceedings – 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Vancouver, BC: Simon Fraser University.
Abstract: This paper presents empirical results of the use of a novel decision support prototype for emergency response situations, which was designed to enhance the understanding of the relative desirability of one potential course of action versus another. We have termed this understanding "option awareness." In particular, this paper describes the process employed by pairs of experiment participants while performing emergency responder roles using different types of "decision space" visualizations to help them collaborate on decisions. We examined the decision making process via a detailed analysis of the communication between the cooperating team members. The results yield implications for design approaches for visualizing option awareness. © 2012 ISCRAM.
Keywords: Decision making; Decision support systems; Information systems; Chat; Decision space; Option awareness; Robust decisions; Situation space; Emergency services
Jill L. Drury, Loretta More, Mark Pfaff, & Gary L. Klein. (2009). A principled method of scenario design for testing emergency response decision-making. In S. J. J. Landgren (Ed.), ISCRAM 2009 – 6th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management: Boundary Spanning Initiatives and New Perspectives. Gothenburg: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM.
Abstract: We are investigating decision aids that present potential courses of action available to emergency responders. To determine whether these aids improve decision quality, however, we first developed test scenarios that were challenging in well-understood ways to ensure testing under the full breadth of representative decision-making situations. We devised a three-step method of developing scenarios: define the decision space, determine the cost components of each decision's potential consequences based on the principles of Robust Decision Making, then choose conflicting pairs of cost components (e.g., a small fire, implying low property damage, in a densely inhabited area, which implies high personal injury). In a validation of this approach, experiment participants made decisions faster in non-ambiguous cases versus cases that included this principled introduction of ambiguity. Our Principled Ambiguity Method of scenario design is also appropriate for other domains as long as they can be analyzed in terms of costs of decision alternatives.
Keywords: Costs; Decision making; Decision support systems; Design; Experiments; Information systems; Decision supports; Emergency operations; Experiment design; Principled ambiguity method; Rdm; Robust decision-making; Scenario design; Emergency services
Track: Research Methods
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Q: Create enforce on SQL Server Tables which is used in regular SQL View I have created a SQL View by joining multiple tables and view is consumed by numerous real-time dashboards.
I want to ensure that no changes to the underlying schema impacts the SQL View. How can we enforce this?


At Cleanleap one of the things we do is bring together technologists from the information technology side with those working in industries such as energy or construction. There are four reasons we want to bring these groups together. First, information and communications technology (ICT) is the industry that has changed more than any other in the past 30 years and is therefore a good industry to learn from as we make the massive transformation in decarbonizing our energy systems. ICT is also a huge consumer of electricity, with some estimates saying that data centres are responsible for as much as 10% of consumption worldwide. Thirdly, as shown in this report a number of IT companies such as Google, Facebook, Apple and Rackspace are leading the way in the use of clean energy technologies and building green data centres. Finally, information technology provides us with the advanced monitoring and analytical capabilities to build smarter, cleaner systems. This last point is what this report from the World Bank is focused on.
In this report you'll find a number of practical case studies whereby companies and governments are using information technology to provide a better grid system, smarter buildings and enhanced logistics. It shows how organisations are achieving reduced energy requirements as a result of improvements to energy efficiency and reduced consumption through digitisation of physical materials (e.g. getting rid of paper), better use of audio / video conferencing and electronic processing. The case studies are from the United States, Germany, Canada, Singapore, India, China and Kenya.
For countries making a Cleanleap, this is particularly important and the timing is right. As I mention in this post, access to information technology is expected to sharply grow over the coming decades and will add billions of dollars to local economies. It will also put new strains on energy systems. As shown in this report, better information technology can lead to lower costs, a cleaner environment and just smarter ways to do things.


NOTE: Granted it is like little David with a sling shot against Swaggart (only on Bible exposition) and the Scofield Reference Bible (on the Notes); however the goal is large, to get as much as possible, in the nature of Jude's "contend for the faith once for all delivered to the saints" to replace the onslaught by DTS graduates to duplicate the Scofield Reference Bible notes with new Study Bibles which the SBC Lifeway Book Stores are now eating up and feeding to you as if it is real Bible, and then there is Jimmy Swaggart's so called Expositors Bibles—this among the top 7 of all U.S. evangelists and gospel musicians has adopted to himself all the gifts of the Ascended Christ. NOT A LITERAL BIBLE EXPOSITOR EVEN AS SCOFIELD IS NOT. ALSO you are welcome to purchase the five books on Kindle if that is the way you prefer to read them. It has been observed that while many of you visit THE LITERAL BIBLE SERIES on Facebook, you are reluctant to read them in their entirety on WordPress, so you have two routes to go, or both: (1) Download the 5 free PDF downloads; and/or (2) Purchase them on Amazon.com Kindle. They can save you a lot of heartache in your Bible study.
4. Literal Bible Book Four: Rightness (Righteousness)….
It is necessary to copy this link into your browser because of the lack of co-operation of the WordPress of Yahoo Small Business and Amazon.
Literal Bible against all these feud mentalists of the fundamentalists.
Preliminary Note: For more careful reading and searching the Scriptures as we are commended to do as part of our both contending for and proclaiming the faith, you may download a PDF copy of this blog at "Contend for the Literal Bible (Jude 3)".
Against the bad mathematics to add non-biblical words to the Bible like millennium, rapture, and dispensationalism of current notable Scofield followers like Swaggart with his Expositors Bible, Tim LeHaye (another DTS graduate) with his Left Behind fiction based on fiction, Dr. Jeffress (another DTS graduate) from his large pulpit at FBC Dallas, Lifeway Bookstore of the SBC which has become a den of thieves with Scofield Reference Bibles including the new one with Scofield's image on it…that is to say AGAINST these formidable in influence Philistines, it is like little David standing with only a sling shot against the giant of the Philistines; only now it is the sling and stone of the Literal Bible against all these feud mentalists of the fundamentalists.
Some theologians reduce Daniel 7 to a promise that God's saints will reign with Christ during the Millennium. But the text couldn't be clearer—it says "for ever and ever," not a thousand years. Many other passages also affirm an earthly reign that will last forever (e.g., Joshua 14:9; 2 Samuel 7:16; Isaiah 34:17; 60:21; Jeremiah17:25; Micah 4:7; Revelation 22:5). The angel Gabriel told Mary that Christ "will reign over the house of Jacob forever; his kingdom will never end" (Luke1:33). Regardless of whether one believes in a literal Millennium, passages such as the ones cited here shouldn't be understood as millennial references. They refer instead to an everlasting Kingdom.
sorry Scofield mites there is absolutely no mere one thousand years in Daniel 7, and a noticeable absence of any millennium in the Literal Bible. You will not find it here or any place in the Bible. It is not a Bible word.
Joshua 14:9 in the Literal Bible.
Try going back to Daniel 7 and verses 26 and 27 if you think you can do mental gymnastics of the perversion of literal Bible with forever, try on for size the word everlasting and see what you can do with that. (Surely that great debater at FBC Dallas will have an answer, as he and his fellow graduates and faculty at DTS just think they need to say it and agree with each other and it is so. WRONG. You Scofield mites fooled the SBC in your 10 year plan for takeover by warfare with false claims of a literal Bible, try the real Literal Bible on for size in these two verses for Daniel 7:26,27.
As the Scofield mites are too far gone in the Protestant Falling Away, the appeal must be to others, the sincere seekers after Bible truth in the Literal Bible., specifically notice the same kingdom in just two verses is referred to as everlasting and forever.
2 Samuel 7:16 in the Literal Bible.
7:4-17 Blessings are promised to the family and posterity of David. These promises relate to Solomon, David's immediate successor, and the royal line of Judah. But they also relate to Christ, who is often called David and the Son of David. To him God gave all power in heaven and earth, with authority to execute judgment. He was to build the gospel temple, a house for God's name; the spiritual temple of true believers, to be a habitation of God through the Spirit. The establishing of his house, his throne, and his kingdom for ever, can be applied to no other than to Christ and his kingdom: David's house and kingdom long since came to an end. The committing iniquity cannot be applied to the Messiah himself, but to his spiritual seed; true believers have infirmities, for which they must expect to be corrected, though they are not cast off.
Darby and Scofield came later.
Here termites, you can equate the Bible promises of the for ever kingdom with from generation to generation without end.
The saved people of the everlasting kingdom, and a little one shall become a millennium and more.
While Scofield mites want first a kingdom for the Zealots to rule, something Jesus always refused, and get not get it through their heads, or will not, like Paul wrote in the book of Israel the major thesis of the new Israel is Jews and Gentiles, here for ever with the Gentiles are the saved Jews in the New Jerusalem. Notice the city is forever not one thousand years!
What can this bad Scofield mite mathematicians in their bad hermeneutics of addition and subtraction do with this Christ has come, the new Jerusalem has been lowered down from heaven, God has eternally come to dwell with men; and furthermore this is the real and literal "for ever and ever".
Literal Bible comes from first an outline of all the OT quotes in the NT, rearranged in the most probable historical order in which God the Holy Spirit gave them, then Genesis thru Malachi given 12 subject headings that matches the content of that NT and OT Bible content as The Living God, Righteousness of God and Man, Consistency of the Bible…Gospel in the Old Testament…What happened to Israel as the chosen people of God…New King of the New Israel…and The Living God wants Others to Live.
A Prayer for the people called Southern Baptist: Please deliver your people in the SBC (Southern Baptist Convention) from the grasp of Satan and the lie of Scofield, a false claim of a philosophy and theology of rapture, dispensationalism, and millennium as literal Bible.
Do not be fooled by the new lie called "conservative resurgence" among the "wrens make prey where eagles dare not perch", for it is only conservative of their own theology not the real Literal Bible, and conservative in that it preserves a great lie of Satan to replace Bible truth. These feud mentalists of the fundamentalists that did the warfare and takeover of the SBC under the false pretense of Literal Bible, in the process destroying much better Christian brethren than themselves, now are striving: (1) To gain doctrinal control with Scofield philosophy; (2) to preserve the political control of their 10 year plan for warfare and takeover of the Convention; (3) to ease their own conscience of what they have done to the SBC people, to the Word of God, to reputations and careers they have destroyed under false pretense, and most importantly to the damage they continue to do through Jeffress, Lifeway books, and other DTS graduates with their new Study Bibles promoting once again the Scofield notes on eschatology, and salvation.
You can bet that these Scofield mites like termites in the SBC woodwork are going to continue in season and out of season to spread these false doctrines of Scofield, likewise in the nature of contending for the faith once for all delivered to the saints (Jude 3), the WORD of truth and real literal Bible must be preached in season and out of season. This is the only cure for a few in the SBC as the majority with controlling leaders are too far entrenched with their positions of status and power. The LITERAL BIBLE is offered here to "correct, rebuke, and encourage"; and that continues the prayer above for the SBC people.
NOTE: An announcement that THRU THE BIBLE and the original of Apostles and Prophets will now mostly be called THE LITERAL BIBLE.
chp 1 Preface: The Literal Bible.
chp 2 Apostles summarizes the NT, Prophets the OT.


Tributes are being paid to the people killed in the attacks on London Bridge and Borough Market on Saturday night.
On Wednesday, The Metropolitan Police confirmed that the death toll from the terrorist incident had risen from seven to eight after the body of a French national was recovered from the River Thames.
Here's what we know about the victims of the tragedy who have been named so far.
Police searching for a French man who had been missing since the London Bridge attack said they had recovered a body from the River Thames.
The police said the body was found on Tuesday downstream from the bridge. The force says formal identification has not yet taken place, but Xavier Thomas' next of kin have been informed.
Police said earlier that witness accounts suggested Thomas might have been thrown into the river. Thomas' girlfriend was struck and seriously injured by the van.
French chef Sebastien Belanger was confirmed dead by France's foreign ministry.
The Evening Standard reports the 36-year-old worked as a chef at London's Coq d'Argent restaurant. He had been at the Boro Bistro on the south side of the bridge where he was watching football with two friends.
Belanger's girlfriend Gerda Bennet shared a picture on Facebook with the caption, "Mon amour".
Relatives of Australian Sara Zelenak confirmed she was killed in the London attacks over the weekend.
The 21-year-old worked as a nanny in the capital and had previously been described as missing after the attacks Saturday night.
Her aunt, Tara, said Zelenak's mother Julie Wallace broke down when she learned of her daughter's death while travelling to Britain.
Australian nurse Kirsty Boden, 28, is also among the seven killed. Speaking at the launch of the 2018 Invictus Games in Sydney, Prince Harry shared his praise for Australians living in London.
Police identified Australian nurse Kirsty Boden as a victim of the attack, releasing a statement from her family praising her work and her effort to help other victims.
The Metropolitan Police issued a statement Tuesday on behalf of her family.
"Kirsty was loved and adored by her family, friends and boyfriend," they said. "She was the most outgoing, kind and generous person who loved to help people. Helping people was what she loved to do in her job as a nurse and in her daily life."
They added: "As she ran towards danger, in an effort to help people on the bridge, Kirsty sadly lost her life."
The family said her actions "demonstrate how selfless, caring and heroic she was, not only on that night, but throughout all of her life." The police did not elaborate on how she was killed.
Australian media reported that Boden was 28 and from Loxton in southern Australia. Another Australian woman, Sara Zelenak, has been reported missing since the attack.
French media named a French citizen who was among those killed as Alexandre Pigeard, 27, from Normandy. Reports say he moved to London two-and-a-half years ago and he was working on Saturday night at a Borough market restaurant called Borough Bistro.
The sister of a missing 32-year-old man confirmed he died in the attacks on Saturday night.
Melissa McMullan told Sky News on Monday that police said her brother James McMullan's bank card was found on one of the bodies after the attack, which claimed seven victims.
She said authorities are "unable to formally identify him until the coroner's report begins tomorrow."
McMullan described her brother as an "inspiration". She said he lived in Hackney in east London and was last seen outside a pub just before the van and knife attacks began.
"While our pain will never diminish, it is important for us all to carry on with our lives in direct opposition to those who wish to destroy us," she said.
"And remember that hatred is the refuge of small-minded individuals and will only breed more. This is not a course we will follow despite our loss."
30-year-old Christine Archibald, from British Columbia in Canada, was the first victim to be named. The Archibald family paid tribute to "beautiful, loving daughter and sister" in a statement released by the Canadian government. They said that she worked in a homeless shelter until she moved to Europe to be with her fiancé, Tyler Ferguson.
Speaking to The Associated Press, Ferguson's sister Cassie said that the couple were walking together on the bridge when Archibald was hit by the attackers and died in her fiancé's arms. In a message on Facebook, she said that her brother had "lost the love of his life".
Her family said Archibald "would have had no understanding of the callous cruelty that caused her death."
They asked those who want to honour her to volunteer their time or donate to a homeless shelter and to tell them "Chrissy sent you. "
Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said he is "heartbroken" by the news. "Canada strongly condemns the senseless attack that took place last night in London, United Kingdom, which killed and injured many innocent people," he said in a statement on Sunday. "I am heartbroken that a Canadian is among those killed."