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You are here: Home1 / Antibodies2 / Monkeypox diagnostic raw materials, diagnostic enzymes, antigens, anti...
2022年6月2日 /in Antibodies, Enzymes, First Page /by great_watson-int
Monkeypox Background
After the Covid-19, the monkeypox virus once again detonated the world. Human monkeypox was first identified in a 9-year-old boy in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1970 and is prevalent in Africa. Recently, with the continuous increase of non-monkeypox endemic areas and the number of infected people, monkeypox has once again entered the public eye. Scientists from many countries have called on the public not to panic, but to be vigilant against monkeypox and take effective epidemic prevention measures. After obtaining the monkeypox gene sequence, Jiangsu Watson Bio Ltd immediately formulated a monkeypox project development plan, and established a special R&D team to develop monkeypox diagnostic materials to help prevent and control the monkeypox epidemic.
Introduction to Monkeypox Virus
Monkeypox virus (MPV) belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus and is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus. MPV can effectively infect human primary monocytes, by inhibiting CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation, eliminating local T cell responses, avoiding systemic immunosuppression and immune monitoring. The results of gene sequence alignment of monkeypox virus (MPV-ZAI) and variola virus (VAR-IND and VAR-GAR) showed that there were significant differences in the regions encoding virulence and host range factors at the ends of MPV and VAR genomes. The results of phylogenetic tree analysis showed that MPV and VAR were not direct "relatives". The MPV IFN resistance gene is mutated to encode the IL-1β-binding protein gene, and these sequence differences may lead to reduced MPV pathogenicity and infection rate. However, it is not excluded that MPV will undergo human adaptation through spontaneous or recombination.
Genes Comparation of Monkeypox Virus And Smallpox Virus
Scientists including Sergei N. Shchelkunov of the Russian National Research Center for Virology and Biotechnology "Vectors" sequenced a 197 kb genome of MPV isolated from a patient during a massive monkeypox outbreak in Zaire in 1996. By aligning the genome sequences of MPV with those of the severe disease-causing Indian 1967 strain (VAR-IND) and the relatively mild disease-causing smallpox Garcia-1966 strain (VAR-GAR), it was found that the middle part of the MPV genome encodes essential The nucleotide sequences of enzymes and structural proteins were 96.3% homologous to variola virus (VAR). The regions at the ends of the genome that encode virulence and host-range factors vary considerably. Mutations in two interferon (IFN) resistance genes in MPV and the presence of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) inhibition may contribute to the differences in the properties of these two viruses and may also limit the use of monkeypox as a model of smallpox. Although extensive genetic differences confirm that MPV is not an immediate 'relative' of VAR, future adaptations of MPV to humans are not excluded.
Full-length gene: The full-length of MPV-ZAI gene is 196858 bp, including ≥60 amino acid residues and 190 basically non-overlapping ORFs. Its structural characteristics and GC content (31.1%) are similar to other orthopoxviruses. The full-length coding sequence of MPV-ZAI gene is 195118 bp longer than that of VAR. The longer length of MPV DNA is mainly due to repeats of the left 4 terminal ORFs as part of terminal inverted repeats (TIRs), whereas the VAR genome is a very short geneless TIR that lacks ORF repeats (Fig. 1).
Fig.1 Schematic diagram of species-specific variable genomic regions at the ends of MPV-ZAI and VAR-IND (Note 1)
Central genome: The central genomic region of orthopoxviruses mainly contains highly conserved essential genes. The central genomic region of MPV-ZAI DNA has a total of 101 466 bp, which is delineated by the C10L and A25R ORFs, and the homology to VAR-IND is 96.3%. The amino acid sequence of the virion protein encoded by this region of MPV-ZAI was 91.7-99.2% similar to that of VAR-IND.
Terminal regions: The two terminal regions of the MPV-ZAI and VAR-IND genomes exhibited considerable variation caused by deletions (Fig. 1) and ORF truncations (Tables 1 and 2) of one DNA relative to the other. The amino acid sequence identities of MPV-ZAI and VAR-IND deduced virulence and immunomodulatory factors were 83.5-93.6%.
(1) Virulence factors: Notably, the MPV-ZAI mutation is the translation of two IFN resistance genes that are intact intracellular proteins in VAR and other orthopoxviruses. One of them (C3L in VAR-IND, Table 1) is a homolog of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF-2α) that inhibits the antiviral activity of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) by acting as a decoy. The MPV (strains ZAI and CNG) genomes do not encode this protein. The study showed that mutant VAC lacking this gene exhibited IFN sensitivity, with approximately 100-fold reduction in viral yield compared to the parental virus. Another IFN resistance gene (E3L in VAR-IND, Table 1), present in VAR and other orthopoxviruses, was expressed in long or short form by methionine 1 or 2, respectively (Fig. 2A). In VAC, the N-terminal domain of the long-shaped protein encoded by this gene mediates Z-DNA binding, nuclear localization and PKR interaction, and is a protein required for VAC toxicity. The C-terminal domains of short- or long-form proteins bind double-stranded RNA, inhibit IFN-induced activation of PKR and 2-5A synthase, and are required for IFN resistance and VAC host range. The first translation initiation codon of MPV and downstream nonsense mutations are evident, so only the short form is translated (Fig. 2A). Mutations in these two IFNs may result in less human-to-human transmission of MPV than VAR. MPV encodes a complementary binding protein with only 3 short repeats compared with 4 in other orthopoxviruses (Fig. 2B). In addition, MPV encodes a secreted IL-1β-binding protein and 3-l-hydroxy-δ-5 steroid dehydrogenase, and there is no complete ORF in the VAR strain (Table 1). Notably, the VAC gene, encoding the IL-1β-binding protein, was associated with fever and pathogenicity. Therefore, the presence of IL-1β-binding protein in MPV may be one of the reasons for its lower pathogenicity than VAR.
Fig.2 Amino acid sequence alignment of MPV and VAR IFN resistance factor and complementary binding protein (Note 2)
Table 1. Comparison of MPV and VAR virulence factors
(2) Ankyrin: ORFs encoding proteins containing ankyrin repeats, some of which have host-range functions (orthopoxvirus homologous MPV-ZAI D7L and C1L), are the largest orthopoxvirus gene family. Among the 10 genes belonging to this family, the gene corresponding to VAR-IND B19R in the MPV-ZAI genome was deleted, and the gene corresponding to the MPV-ZAI gene D1L was deleted in both VAR strains. In addition, four VAR genes in this family (D6L, D7L, C1L, and O3L in VAR-IND) were truncated relative to their MPV homologs. For now, we can only speculate on how these differences might affect host range or virulence.
Table 2. MPV and VAR ankyrin alignment
Phylogenetic tree analysis: To better understand genetic relationships, a phylogenetic analysis of the terminal variable genomic regions of four human pathogenic orthopoxviruses was performed using 117,600 bp of DNA (Fig. 3). The major and minor subspecies of VAR are closely related, and MPV is slightly further away from VAR than VAC.
Fig.3 Phylogenetic tree analysis of MPV, VAR, CPV, VAC terminal variable genome sequences
In conclusion, the results of the genome comparison of MPV and VAR indicated that there were multiple differences in the virulence genes of MPV with the major and minor strains of VAR. MPV and VAR likely evolved independently of orthopoxvirus ancestors. Genetic differences between VAR and MPV raise considerable questions about the validity of this MPV smallpox model. However, MPV itself causes severe disease, and we need to closely monitor MPV infection rates to ensure that it does not spontaneously or recombine human adaptation in unvaccinated populations with high HIV prevalence.
Note 1: TIRs are indicated by arrows and short tandem terminal repeat regions are indicated by rectangles. Coincident sequences are represented by wide black blocks; deletions of one genome relative to the other are shown as lines. The boundaries of variable genomic regions are marked by the number of nucleotides corresponding to their positions in the genome.
Note 2: Fig. 2A is an alignment of the amino acid sequences of the orthopoxvirus E3L IFN resistance factor encoded by the corresponding genes of VAR-IND, VAR-GAR and MPV-ZAI. The region containing the N-terminal adenosine deaminase Z-α domain (marked in grey) and the C-terminal double-stranded RNA-binding motif is shown. Identical amino acid residues are marked with dots; amino acid deletions are marked with dashes. The first and second methionine residues starting a long or short form of the protein are marked with an asterisk above the sequence. Fig. 2B is an amino acid sequence alignment of orthopoxvirus complementary binding proteins. The ORFs of VAR-IND and MPV-ZAI are displayed. Conserved cysteine residues are marked with black vertical blocks, other conserved residues are marked with grey vertical blocks. The numbers above the squares indicate the four canonical repeat regions of complementary control proteins.
Watson Products
Monkeypox Molecular Diagnostic Enzyme
Serial Number Product Article Number
1 Hot Start Enzyme M106S2
2 Taq Antibody R350t8
Monkeypox Virus Antigen
Article Number W1501 W1501 W1501 W1501
Gene Name A29L A35R B6R M1R
Uniprot ID Q9YN60 Q80KX2 Q773E2 Q80KX3
Purity 90%, assessed from R250-stained SDS-PAGE gels 90%, assessed from R250-stained SDS-PAGE gels 90%, assessed from R250-stained SDS-PAGE gels 90%, assessed from R250-stained SDS-PAGE gels
Buffer 1x PBS,pH 7.4 1x PBS,pH 7.4 1x PBS,pH 7.4 1x PBS,pH 7.4
Storage Store at -80°C and avoid repeated freezing and thawing Store at -80°C and avoid repeated freezing and thawing Store at -80°C and avoid repeated freezing and thawing Store at -80°C and avoid repeated freezing and thawing
https://www.watson-bio.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Monkeypox.jpg 470 780 great_watson-int https://www.watson-bio.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/New-logo.png great_watson-int2022-06-02 07:43:122022-06-02 08:05:14Monkeypox diagnostic raw materials, diagnostic enzymes, antigens, antibodies
Fermented β-Glucan CAS 9012-72-0 Maltosyl Isomalto-Oligosaccharide(MIMO) CAS 499-40-1


Now as we wish to change and interchange with other nations, so does our house like to enjoy the society of other persons, and as we are liberal we admit strangers to our city or world as friends. When this proclamation goes out our globe is filled with all sorts of people from all nations, bringing with them goods, setting up false doctrines, stirring up strife till the whole population or thoughts are changed, and man becomes a stranger in his own land and his own household becomes his enemies. This is the state of a person in disease. Now as there is nothing in your own system of itself to disturb you, you must look for your enemies from the strangers whom you have permitted to come into your land.
Mrs. Norcross. Madam: Yours of the . . . is at hand. But a lack of faith on my part to describe your case and explain my ideas to you so you could rightly comprehended my meaning is my only excuse for not writing before. But thinking you would expect an answer, I now sit down to talk with you a short time.
After reading your letter I tried to exercise all the power I was master of to quiet and restore your limb to health. But to give a satisfactory answer to you or myself was more than I was capable of. I therefore will disturb your mind or fluids once more, and try to direct them in a more healthy state by repeating some of my ideas which I repeated to you when here.


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PNG Member #650
Dana Samuelson
PNG Past President
American Gold Exchange
With 39 years in the industry, Dana Samuelson enjoys an impeccable national reputation for honesty and integrity with his peers and his clients. He has flawlessly overseen transactions totaling over $1 billion and he's looking forward to his next $1 billion.
A professional numismatist since 1980, Dana worked for some of the most influential precious metals trading companies in the nation before founding AGE in 1998. For nearly a decade he was a personal protege of James U. Blanchard III, one of the true giants of the industry and the individual most responsible for re-legalizing the private ownership of gold in the U.S. Dana recenty served as President of the Professional Numismatists Guild, an exclusive nonprofit organization composed of the world's top rare coin and paper money experts, whose primary mission is to make the hobby safe for collectors and investors by maintaining rigorous standards of excellence among dealers. He holds a B.A. from Washington and Lee University.
"Our goal is to help you achieve your goal, whether it be in coin collecting, investing or precious metals buying and selling." Dana is an industry specialist in Pre-1933 U.S. gold coins. How can we help you?
About American Gold Exchange
Founded in 1998, American Gold Exchange is a leading national precious metals and rare coin company specializing in dealer-to-dealer trading and direct sales to the public. AGE draws upon a huge supplier network in the U.S. and Europe. These long-term relationships enable us reliably to offer an almost limitless inventory of highest-quality gold, silver, platinum, and palladium coins and bars at extremely low prices.
Our goal is to provide the best value, selection, and service in gold, silver, platinum, and palladium coins and bars. Customer service is our highest priority and value is our watchword. That's why AGE is recommended by Dr. Steve Sjuggerud's Daily Wealth, Peter Schiff of Euro Pacific Capital, Porter Stansberry, and Mary Anne & Pamela Aden of The Aden Forecast as a trusted source for classic coins and bullion.
Please note: We meet with clients in our offices by appointment only. We do not receive walk-in visitors. Please call 1-800-613-9323 or email info@amergold.com to inquire.
We focus on outstanding value in the classic coins and bullion we recommend, which means offering superior quality at lower prices than our competition. While some dealers have dozens of telemarketers pushing "program" coins that are profitable for them, we carefully monitor the changing markets for items offering the highest value and promise for you. Our long presence in the industry and unsurpassed reputation for reliability allow us to trade immediately with almost all suppliers and dealers. This flexibility enables us to offer a huge inventory while ensuring that we're not locked into any imposed pricing structure. The result for you, plainly put, is a better coin at a better price than you'll find elsewhere.
We go to great lengths to carry only the finest coins within any given price range and grade rating. All same-grade coins are not equal in quality, so we try very hard to find only the best. Each of our pieces is hand-selected for superior collector desirability based on technical merit. Dana Samuelson, AGE's President and lead numismatist, personally walks the bourse floor of every major coin show in search of top-quality numismatic coins, typically rejecting five or more for each one he accepts. When the time comes to sell your coins, you'll be very happy that we've been so strict in our selection process. Why? Because higher-quality coins in any grade always sell faster, and often at higher premiums, than the typically mediocre (or worse) coins pushed by most telemarketing and webstore dealers.
Quite simply, we put you first. Our prices are always among the lowest in the industry and our account managers are specifically trained to take as much time as you need to be comfortable with your purchase. We want you to be completely satisfied with every interaction and transaction with AGE. No other major coin dealer, to our knowledge, is set up to provide so much careful, knowledgeable, and discreet service to each client, regardless of portfolio size. As a result, we're pleased to say, an AGE customer is usually a customer for life!
We continually analyze gold market trends and macro-economic events, and extrapolate from our 30+ years in precious metals and rare coins to present you with the best information and the most promising product choices at any given time. As a result, our customers are usually ahead of the curve in market trends. These practices truly set us apart and have earned us our reputation as Your Reliable Hard Asset Advisor.
American Gold Exchange is an active member of the Professional Numismatists Guild (PNG Member #650), American Numismatic Association (ANA), Certified Coin Exchange (CCE), and Industry Council for Tangible Assets (ICTA), all of which help to protect the rights of coin collectors and investors. We are a PNG Accredited Precious Metals Dealer. We are also an authorized dealer for the Professional Coin Grading Service (PCGS), Numismatic Guarantee Corporation (NGC), and Certified Acceptance Corporation (CAC). AGE has earned an A+ rating for satisfaction from the Better Business Bureau (BBB Online). Please see our Terms & Conditions.
dana@amergold.com
http://amergold.com
Specializing In
Modern bullion
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CONTACT Dana
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Jack Olsen
Createspace Independent P...
The Misbegotten Son
The Misbegotten Son was written by and Jack Olsen. The 590 page book was published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform in 2017 (originally in 1993) with an ISBN 10 of 1542892961. Most books are now available in ebook, pdf and audible formats. If you need more information about this publication, it can be purchased at Amazon.com or Google Books. If the book is older and/or out of print book try to locate a copy on eBay.com. The Misbegotten Son mentions 1 serial killers including Arthur Shawcross. The author Jack Olsen has 6 book(s) listed on Killer.Cloud used for the purpose of documenting facts about Serial Killers listed in our database.
Arthur Shawcross
Little Artie Shawcross bullied classmates, insulted teachers, started fires, tortured animals, and roved the woods of New York's hardscrabble North Country with imaginary friends, talking in a high squawk. He also scored top grades, excelled in sports and shared his money and toys with the children who ridiculed him. From the second grade on, he was subjected to psychiatric examination, regularly confounding the experts. Years later, while serving in Vietnam, Arthur John Shawcross wrote bloodcurdling letters about his battlefield ordeals, then returned to Watertown to commit a string of arsons and burglaries. He served two years in prison, was paroled to his respectable parents - and murdered a boy and a girl. Back in the penitentiary, he p...
6 Books Books By Jack Olsen
Author Jack Olsen
23 Books Books about Arthur Shawcross
Serial Killer Arthur Shawcross


text:
Halsou è un comune francese di 495 abitanti situato nel dipartimento dei Pirenei Atlantici nella regione della Nuova Aquitania. Il suo territorio è bagnato dal fiume Nive.

Storia

Simboli

Nello stemma, adottato nel 2001, sono raffigurati il leone con la freccia simbolo del Labourd e un ontano (in francese aulne) con riferimento all'origine del toponimo Halsou, derivato dal basco haltz che significa "luogo dove abbondano gli ontani".

Società

Evoluzione demografica

Note

Altri progetti

Halsou

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
/*
 * acmosquitos.h: MosquitOS-specific platform code for ACPICA.
 */

#ifndef __ACMOSQUITOS_H__
#define __ACMOSQUITOS_H__

#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <runtime/std.h>
#include <sys/system.h>

#define ACPI_USE_SYSTEM_CLIBRARY
#define ACPI_USE_DO_WHILE_0

// We cheat a bit and implement mutexes as semaphores.
#define ACPI_MUTEX_TYPE				ACPI_BINARY_SEMAPHORE

// Host-dependant types
#define ACPI_MACHINE_WIDTH			32
#define ACPI_EXPORT_SYMBOL(symbol)

#define ACPI_SPINLOCK				void *
#define ACPI_CPU_FLAGS				unsigned long

#include "acgcc.h"

#define ACPI_SYSTEM_XFACE
#define ACPI_EXTERNAL_XFACE
#define ACPI_INTERNAL_XFACE
#define ACPI_INTERNAL_VAR_XFACE

#define ACPI_FLUSH_CPU_CACHE sys_flush_cpu_caches

#define ACPI_DIV_64_BY_32(n_hi, n_lo, d32, q32, r32) __asm__ volatile("div %2" : "=a"(q32), "=d"(r32) : "d"(n_hi), "a"(n_lo), "m"(d32));
#define ACPI_SHIFT_RIGHT_64(n_hi, n_lo)

#endif /* __ACMOSQUITOS_H__ */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Motoaki (written: 基昭 or 基朗) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:

, Japanese footballer
, Japanese composer
Motoaki Tanigo (谷御 元昭), founder and CEO of COVER Corporation, parent company of Hololive Production

Japanese masculine given names


Three flip flops hand appliqued onto a thick cotton linen base.
In deep blue with blush pink/blue toning flip flops and blush pink weaving straps.
Magnetic buttons to close, inside zip pocket and mobile phone pouch.


Urgent opening for a heavyweight Programme Manager within investment banking - trade finance and operations.
•Proven track record of successfully delivering complex Operations projects through the full project lifecycle using an AGILE project management methodology in a Matrix management environment.
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•Experience of integration of vendor solutions.
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•Project Management- structured AGILE, facilitating early visibility of functionality.
•Solid understanding of architecture, technical capabilities and functionalities provided by best-of–breed Settlement and associated Operations platforms.
•Strong working knowledge of the business processes for OTC Derivatives products.


The United Nations Office at Nairobi is committed to helping safeguard the planet by making its own in-house practices more climate-neutral and environmentally sustainable.
The Division of Conference Services closely monitors its use of resources in connection with servicing conferences and meetings. The Printing Section was issued with an ISO 14001 certificate in 2004. The certificate confirms that the Section uses the ISO 14001 environmental management standards to produce documents and printed publications. The Section strives to make the production of documents as environmentally friendly as possible without wasting any resources that can be recycled or reused.
In addition to that certification the Section also ensures close contacts between the Documents Control Unit and the Distribution Unit in the conference area to reproduce only the minimum required number of documents for any given meeting or conference, thereby minimizing the carbon footprint.


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PTI, Probation & DMV Hearings
(Original, Violation & Early Termination Hearings)
Depending on the offense you are charged with and the court where your charges are pending, I may be able to help you avoid being sentenced to prison or losing your driver's license (or both). I have experience in successfully representing clients with applying for PTI, Conditional Discharges, Probation and the Drug Court Program. I also have experience in successfully representing clients in the proceedings brought against them for violating the terms and conditions of these programs. Please contact me today to see if I can provide you with legal services in these areas.
What is "PTI?"
The Pretrial Intervention Program (PTI) provides defendants, generally first-time offenders, with opportunities for alternatives to the traditional criminal justice process of ordinary prosecution. PTI seeks to render early rehabilitative services, when such services can reasonably be expected to deter future criminal behavior. The PTI program is based on a rehabilitative model that recognizes that there may be an apparent causal connection between the offense charged and the rehabilitative needs of a defendant. Further, the rehabilitative model emphasizes that social, cultural, and economic conditions often result in a defendant's decision to commit crime. Simply stated, PTI strives to solve personal problems which tend to result from the conditions that appear to cause crime, and ultimately, to deter future criminal behavior by a defendant.
What Are Some Benefits of PTI?
If PTI is successfully completed, there is no record of conviction and the defendant avoids the stigma of a criminal record. Although no record of a conviction exists, a defendant may want to file for an expungement to remove any record of the original arrest.
Who is Eligible for Pretrial Intervention (PTI)?
Any defendant who is charged with an indictable offense may apply. Admission guidelines stated in the Court Rules set the following criteria: Age - PTI is designed for adults. Jurisdiction - Only defendants charged with indictable offenses in New Jersey State Courts may apply. Minor Violations - Charges that would likely result in a suspended sentence without probation or a fine are generally not eligible. Those charged with ordinance, health code and other similar violations are not eligible. Prior Record of Convictions - PTI generally excludes defendants who have been previously convicted. Parolees and Probationers - Generally excluded without prosecutor's consent and considered only after consultation with parole and probation departments. Defendants Previously Diverted - Excludes defendants who have previously been granted a diversionary program or conditional discharge.
According to a recent change in the law, PTI is now available for certain municipal court offenses too!
How is PTI different from a Conditional Discharge?
Simply put, a Conditional Discharge is a PTI for a drug related offense in the municipal court. Like PTI, there is an application and qualification process.
How is PTI different from Probation or Drug Court Probation?
What if I am accepted into PTI or Sentanced to Probation or Drug Court Probation and I violate my conditions?
If a defendant successfully completes all the conditions of PTI, then the original charges are dismissed on the recommendation of the Criminal Division Manager with consent by the prosecutor, and there is no record of conviction. If a defendant does not successfully complete the conditions of PTI, then the defendant is terminated from the PTI program and the case is returned to the ordinary course of prosecution and you may be charged for the offense which terminated your PTI as well.
If you are sentenced to probation without incarceration, you must first plead guilty to an offense and thereby you have a conviction on your record. If you successfully complete your probation without incarceration, you will not have to go to jail. If violate your terms of probation, you may be arrested, placed in jail pending a hearing, serve a term of prison after a hearing and you will also be prosecuted for the new offense which was the basis for your probation violation.
Prospective drug court defendants come under the court's supervision soon after arrest. After acceptance to drug court, participants begin a clinically-driven treatment program that generally lasts from 12 to 24 months. Participants are required to attend treatment sessions, undergo random urinalysis, meet regularly with probation officers and appear frequently before the drug court judge. New Jersey's Drug Courts target substance abusing adult defendants who have undergone a legal review and clinical assessment by drug court team members. Persons excluded from participation in drug court include those who have previous convictions or pending charges for a violent offense. Other eligibility criteria and exclusions apply. If you violate your drug court supervision requirements (which are very strict) you may be arrested, placed in jail pending a hearing and serve a term of prison after a hearing and you will also be prosecuted for the new offense which was the basis for your drug court violation.
What is "early termination?"
Depending on your circumstances, I may be able to assist you in applying for early termination of your PTI program or probation sentence. That means for example, an 18 month term of probation can be terminated one or more months early depending on your success in the program.
What is a DMV Hearing?
Actually, in New Jersey, the agency formally known as the "DMV" is now known as the MVC (Motor Vehicle Commission). While a municipal court or Superior Court judge may suspend your driver's license pursuant to statute, the Commissioner of the MVC can also order additional suspension of your driver's license (even if you committed a motor vehicle outside of the State of New Jersey or the judge who sentenced you did not tell you about this) as an "administrative" suspension. Generally speaking, the MVC is not allowed to administratively suspended your driver's license without a hearing and you have a right to have an attorney represent you at that hearing. Common offenses which result in hearings are out of state DWI's, point accumulations, you are a "persistent violator," etc. The important thing to know is that you waive your right to fight the MVC suspension if the MVC sends you a hearing notice and you do not request a hearing properly or on time. When you receive the notice from the MVC, make sure you save the envelope it came in (to prove when it was mailed by the MVC) and contact me immediately to set up consultation to discuss whether or not I can represent you in requesting the hearing and appearing with you on your behalf at your hearing.


text:
Q: SQL insert query in Clipper language I have a clipper programme in which i have many DBF files which takes care of the data that is inserted.
I can able to convert DBF into SQL.
Now my doubt is after converting how should i use an INSERT query in my clipper language so that i should be able to insert user input data in to my SQL database ??

A: Basically you need Clipper RDD that can handle SQL database.
Have a look at at Mediator

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A method for producing at least a polymer surface layer on at least part of the inner surface of a hollow article that is at least partially of plastic, comprising coating said at least part of the inner surface of the hollow article by establishing a low pressure gas atmosphere within the hollow article, formin a polymerizable plasma within the article by excitation of the gas atmospher within the article by high-frequency electromagnetic energy, and allowing polymerization of the gas atmosphere to take place, whereby a polymerized coating is applied to said part of the inner surface, the gas atmospherre that forms the plasma containing a component that predominantly forms chains at sufficient speed and can be polymerized under the particular plasma conditions, and a component that forms predominantly branching or cross-linking points and can be polymerized under the particular plasma conditions.
The present invention relates to a procedure and a device for producing a polymer coating on at least one part of the inside surface of a hollow article that is at least in part of plastic, using low-pressure plasma polymerisation.
In a procedure of this kind, known from DE-PS 3,632,748, that is used to form diffusion-inhibiting coatings by means of plasma polymerisation of monomers that are not described in greater detail, plasma excitation is effected by way of externally coupled microwaves. A elastomer that is generated in this way is suitable for hollow articles that are of smaller volume. In the case of hollow articles that are of greater volume; unless additional measures are applied, however, plasma that is generated by means of microwaves is not uniform enough to form a coating that displays the required uniformity to the degree that is needed to produce a surface layer that is of greater area, such as is required, for example, for a vehicle fuel tank.
Elsewhere, it has been reported that a polymer coating applied by microwave plasma polymerisation of ethylene or ethylene/argon mixtures was applied to a vehicle tank and reduced the permeation of methanol-free test fuel through high-pressure polyethylene (HDPE) to approximately 2% of the original value. This led to the conclusion that an improvement can be achieved especially with plasma generation by microwave but not by alternating frequencies in the MHz range (R. Ludwig,nner Schichten, Dissertation at RWTH, Aachen, 1989).
DE-OS 3,908,481 describes the plasma polymerisation of polar barrier coatings by using a plasma that is generated by a.c. voltages in the MHz range. It is a disadvantage that polar barrier coatings exert a repelling effect on non-polar components of fuels, but not with respect to methanol, so that the barrier effect that can be achieved is not sufficient in the case of fuels that contain methanol.
It is the task of the present invention to describe a method that permits the economical production of at least one large area polymer coating on a plastic substrate, in particular on a hollow plastic article, the surface layer displaying properties that are as uniform as possible despite its large area, and which thus provides an adequate barrier effect. This should also be so in the case of a charge that contains methanol, for example, fuels that contain methanol. The coating should ensure a barrier effect that satisfies today's and, optionally, future demands for the impermeability of hollow articles of this kind with respect to their contents. In addition, for reasons of economy, it should be possible to produce at least one coating in the shortest possible time.
In order to do this, it is possible to use compounds that form a polymer surface layer relatively quickly under plasma conditions as the components that form the coating. As an example, these include olefins, e.g. ethylene, extended cycloalkanes, e.g., cyclopropane, aromatics, heteroaromatics, e.g., pyrrol or thiophene; in general, however, as the speed with which the coating is formed increases, the degree of cross-linking decreases, which is to say that it is predominantly chains that are formed.
Since, generally speaking, the barrier effect decreases as the degree of cross-linking decreases, according to a proposal made by the present invention, in addition to the reaction gas that contains the component that predominantly forms chains, it can be advantageous to include a molecules that represent an additional component in the gas atmosphere that forms the plasma, and which under plasma conditions generate predominantly branching points in the polymer chains, in particular cross-linking points between the polymer chains. Highly unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds, e.g., acetylene or alkanes or compounds that form such highly saturated hydrocarbon compounds under plasma conditions, e.g., cyclobutene, have been shown to be particularly suitable for this purpose.
The components that form the branching or cross-linking points can be introduced into the gas atmosphere that forms the plasma in addition to the components that predominantly form chains. However, it is also possible to introduce both components that form the coating into the plasma as structural elements of the same molecule, the molecules of these starting substance being split under the conditions of the plasma into structures that form the two main components.
When this is done, the relationship between the two components, i.e., the components that predominantly form chains and the components that predominantly form branching or cross-linking points, are to be so selected that the coating that is formed from these components does not become noticeably brittle since this could mean that the coating displays essentially different characteristics with reference to it elastic deformability than the actual walls of the hollow article to which it is applied and which, since they are of thermoplastic material, can be elastically deformed relatively easily when subjected to mechanical loads. In the case of a coating that has been made very brittle because of cross-linking, there would be a danger that this coating would separate from the wall itself and/or form cracks under the action of mechanical loads and the deformation of the hollow article that results from such deformation. The optimal degree of cross-linking which, on the one hand, results in a coating with the desired impermeability in a short period of time and in which, on the other hand, brittleness does not lead to a noticeable change in the mechanical properties of this covering layer, can be established by means of simple tests.
Generally speaking, the speed with which the coating is formed depends on the quantity of polymerisable substances that are added to the plasma per unit time; as the quantity increases per unit time, so does the speed with which the coating is formed. At all events, generally speaking, specific limits will have to be observed otherwise a dust-like deposit can be formed on the surface of the substrate or on the coating that is being formed. The formation of dust particles of this kind can be attributed, in particular, to the fact that the components that form the coating "condense" from the gas or vapor phase into the liquid and, ultimately, into the solid phases before reaching the surface of the substrate or the coating that is being formed. The disadvantage in the formation of dust particles of this kind lies in the fact that they are deposited on the surface of the substrate or of the coating that is being formed with the result that no coating that is free of pores will be formed at these points and after subsequent removal of the dust particles from the surface at these points the coating will not have the required impermeability. In addition, the formation of dust within tanks, in particular fuel tanks, is generally considered to be undesirable.
Thus, under certain operating conditions, it can be useful to add a component that counters the formation of dust to the starting substance that is to be introduced into the plasma. When this is done, this can be an inert gases or vapors that dilute the reaction gas, so that the polymerisation in the gas phase is slowed down. However, this will only be useful if the speed with which the coating is formed, and which has an effect on the economy of the method process, is not restricted. Avoiding or at least reducing the formation of dust can also be achieved in that substances that form reactive particles, e.g., monoradicals, in the plasma, and which restrict the occurrence of large aggregates in the gas phase are added as dust preventers. Such substances that cut down the formation of dust act, essentially, in such a way that some of the valencies of the components that form the coating of saturated, so that the particles of these components are less reactive. This means that the polymerisation takes place mainly on the surface of the substrate or in the coating that is being formed so that polymerisation that is already occurring in the gas phase and which, in the final analysis, reduces the efficiency with which the coating is formed, apart from the possible formation of pores, is largely avoided.
Argon or helium can be used as inert dust preventers that reduce the concentration of the polymerizing particles. H2, CH4, N2, NH3, ethane, and other lower alkanes can be used to form the reactive particles, the reaction of which with the components that form the coating scarcely reduces the speed with which the surface layer is formed.
A radio frequency can be used as high-frequency electromagnetic energy to generate the plasma. This has the advantage that the energy required to generate the plasma is considerably less than in the case of plasma that is generated by microwave. Because of this, the plasma generated by radio frequency is not as "sharp," and this fact--regardless of the quantity of components that form the coating and which are added--leads to a slower progress of the reaction, with the consequence that the surface layer that is applied by plasma polymerisation is of a better quality than that achieved when microwaves are used, given otherwise identical conditions. A further advantage is the fact that in plasma that is generated by radio frequency, the negatively charged elementary particles, the electrons, have a greater range of movement, with the result that because of the formation of the outer zone of the plasma, brought about because of this, conditions are present for forming the surface layer by polymerisation; this is not the case when microwaves of used.
However, it is also possible to generate the plasma by using microwaves. In addition, it is also possible to generate the plasma within the hollow article by the simultaneous use of radio frequency and microwaves. When this is done, in addition to the advantages discussed above, when microwave are used to generate the plasma, the advantages obtained by using microwaves are also made available; this results, in particular, in a higher deposition rate from the plasma and thus in a shorter process time, i.e., in higher productivity, when this method is used.
In order to minimize the permeability of the surface layer with respect to alcohol, in particular methanol, the substances that form the surface layer should as far as possible be non-polar. To this end, essentially non-polar starting substances are used since these do not lose this property, even when they are polymerized, and thereby form a surface layer of at least predominantly non-polar substances. According to the present invention, these starting substances can, for example, be gaseous or vapor-forming carbon and silicon compounds that can be expected to form highly cross-linked polymer coatings, and lead to a barrier coating of extremely low permeability. Suitable non-polar starting substances are, for example, hydrocarbons or siloxanes.
FIG. 7: a fourth embodiment in which the plasma is generated by using microwaves.
The embodiment that is shown in FIG. 1 incorporates a vacuum chamber 10, within which fuel tanks that are of thermoplastic material are to be provided with an interior coating in the form of a polymer coating. Depending on the size of the particular tank 12 that is to be processed, the vacuum chamber can have a volume of 300 liters, for example. It is preferred that the vacuum chamber have a closable opening in one of its face sides, through which the particular tank 12 that is to be coated can be introduced into the vacuum chamber 10. The vacuum chamber is then closed, after which both the chamber and the tank 12 are evacuated by means of a vacuum-pump system 14. The connection between the vacuum pump system 14 and the interior space 16 of the vacuum chamber 10 is provided by way of a line 18 that incorporates a valve 20.
The interior of the tank 12 is connected to the vacuum pump system 14 by way of a line 22. The opening in the tank 12, through which evacuation is effected, is closed by means of a releasable quick coupling 26 in the form of a cap or the like, that is attached to the neck 28 by a bayonet connection. The line 22 for evacuating the tank 12 is connected tightly to an opening in this cap. Any other openings that are provided in the tank 12, which may be needed for its production, are closed off beforehand. However, it can also be useful to make such additional openings, which may be necessary, for example, when the tank is used, after the coating has been applied by means of plasma polymerisation.
A probe 30 is arranged within the tank 12 in the usual manner; this probe is used to introduce the starting substance(s) used to form the polymer surface layer. The probe 30 is similarly connected tightly to the cap or the like of the quick connector 26, which incorporates an additional opening for this purpose, to which a feed line 32 is connected. The feed line 32 is a collector line to which the lines 36, 38, and 40 are connected, each through its own associated shut-off valve, and each of these lines 36, 38, and 40 are connected to supply containers or the like (not shown herein) for at least one starting substances and, optionally, for other substance(s). Thus, for example, the starting substance for the components that predominantly form chains can be introduced through the line 36. The line 38 can be used to introduce the starting substance(s) for the components that predominantly form the branching or cross-linking points. The components that inhibit the formation of dust within the tank 12 can be introduced through the line 40.
Initially, the interior space of the vacuum chamber 10 and of the tank 12 are evacuated together. When a pressure of approximately 1000 Pa is reached, the valve 20 is closed so that the pressure within the space 16 does not fall below 1000 Pa. The interior of the tank 12 is then evacuated to a pressure of approximately 1 Pa. Then a gas mixture of, for example, 50% ethylene, 30% acetylene, and 20% methane is introduced into the tank 12 through the line 32. A pressure of 6 Pa is set up with the help of the choke valve 24, with the pump running. The throughput rates for the above gases amount, in each instance, to 25 or 15 or 10 cm3/minute, respectively, i.e., the major portion in the gas mixture falls to the components that predominantly form chains and the smallest falls to those components that inhibit the formation of dust.
Next, a surface electrode that is arranged within the vacuum chamber close to the tank 12 and above this, has a radio-frequency voltage of 13.56 MHz at a power of 10 Watts applied to it; this triggers a plasma within the tank 12, and this is maintained for approximately thirty minutes. No plasma is generated outside the tank 12 in the interior space 16, since the pressure within the interior space 16 is too high. In addition to this, the position of the electrode 44 inhibits any triggering of a plasma within the interior space 16. Within the vacuum chamber 10, the tank 12 lies upon a grounded base 46 that acts as the second electrode.
During the coating process, the plasma is observed with an optical sensor that detects the brightness of the plasma within the wave length range from 300 to 900 nm. Doing this serves, in particular, to keep the plasma constant in order to ensure the formation of an outer layer having reproducible properties.
Finally, the high-frequency voltage is switched off, the supply of gas is shut off, and the vacuum chamber 16! is once again evacuated to 1 Pa. Once the evacuation has been concluded, the chamber 10 and the tank 12 are ventilated. The quick connector 26 and the probe 30 are removed. A dense coating that is 0.1 to 0.4 microns thick has been formed on the complete interior surface of the tank 12, and this reduces the permeability of the walls of the tank 12 with respect to a test fuel, consisting of 85% n-pentane and 15 percent methanol (according to ECE 34) to 0.4 g/d. The permeability of untreated tanks amounts to approximately 20 g/d.
The elements of the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 are essentially the same as those shown in FIG. 1, so that identical parts bear identical reference numbers, augmented by 100. The essential difference lies in the fact that in the device that is shown in FIG. 2, the probe 130 that is arranged within the tank 112 serves as an electrode to which an a.c. voltage of 125 KHz at a power of 150 Watts is applied. The surface electrode 144 that is also used in this embodiment is grounded. The stability of the plasma that is formed within the tank 112 is monitored using a special ion current or Langmuir probe that is attached to the probe 130. In this instance, the reaction gas consists of 50% ethylene and 50% acetylene. It was found that under these operating conditions it is possible to dispense with the supply of dust-inhibiting components, which is to say that in this instance, the starting substances are introduced only through the lines 136, 138.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, once again the parts that corresponds to those in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 bear identical reference numbers, augmented by 200. The essential advantage of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3 lies in the use of a vacuum chamber 210, the walls of which are largely adapted to the shape of the plastic tank 212 that is to be treated within the vacuum chamber, i.e., that the inner limits of the vacuum chamber 210 corresponds essentially to the outer limits of the tank 212. An essential advantage of this arrangement lies in the smaller volume of the interior space 216 of the vacuum chamber that is not filled by the tank 212, which means that the time required to evacuate this interior space 216 has been greatly reduced, and the transfer of the radio-frequency voltage into the interior of the tank 212 has been optimized. This leads to a notable reduction of the processing time required to apply a coating with specific properties in comparison to the embodiments shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. Taken all in all, the amount of investment required for the device is also reduced.
In order to simplify operation of the device, the vacuum chamber 210 is divided into two approximately equal parts in such a way as to form a lower half 210a and an upper half 210b, the upper half 210b being formed as a cover that fits onto the lower stationery half 210a. The two parts 210a, 210b are insulated from each other with a seal 248 that is of elastic rubber material. When the chamber 210 is closed, this seal also acts to steal it off from the external atmosphere.
A line 218 for evacuating the vacuum chamber 210 runs from the vacuum-pump system 214. The other suction line 222 is so configured and arranged that a flange 250 that is formed at its end area and which is of a conical shape lies on the section of the chamber wall that defines an opening 254 in the vacuum chamber 210, with an interposed sealing ring 252, so that the opening 254 through the flange 250 of the suction line 222 is closed off. The opening of the tank 212 is closed by the cap of a quick connector 226 that incorporates an additional opening for the vacuum. However, the arrangement can also be such that the unattached end of the suction line 222 fits into the neck 228 of the tank 212 and seals this off to the outside. To this end, the suction line could incorporate a section of smaller diameter that projects beyond the flange 250 in the direction of the tank.
Here, too, a probe 230 is arranged within the tank 212 and the substances that are required to form the polymer surface layer and, optionally, the components that inhibit the formation of dust are introduced through this. In addition to this, the other devices for monitoring the plasma, etc., can also be associated with this probe. The suction line 222 and the probe 230 as well as other associated parts can be so arranged that when the tank 212 is installed in the vacuum chamber, the suction line 222 and the probe 230 with the associated parts must of necessity be in the correct position relative to the tank 212, in which good distribution of the substances that form the surface layer within the hollow article is achieved. When the vacuum chamber 210 is closed by the appropriate positioning of the upper half 210b, the vacuum chamber is finally sealed off from the external atmosphere and the the tank 212 that is located within the chamber 210 is sealed relative to the interior space 216 of the vacuum chamber.
A radio frequency in the range from 30 to approximately 500 kHz or 6.78, 13.56, 27.12, or 40.68 MHz can be used to generate the plasma. FIG. 3 shows an embodiment in which the radio frequency is applied capacitatively to both parts 210a, 210b at no potential. However, it is also possible, analogously to the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, to use the probe 230 as an electrode, when both halves 210a, 210b are grounded. Another possibility is to apply the radio frequency to one of the two parts 210a, 210b, in each instance grounding the other half.
The embodiment that is shown in FIG. 4, in which the parts that corresponds to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 bear identical reference numbers, augmented by 300, is provided with a vacuum chamber 310 that is large enough to permit the simultaneous processing of a plurality of tanks 312, e.g., 10, that are arranged on a coating truck 360. As in the embodiment that is shown in FIG. 2, there is a surface electrode 344 that is arranged above the batch of all the tanks 312 and is appropriately dimensioned and grounded. A probe is introduced into each of the tanks 312. The individual tanks 312 are fitted with a quick connector 326, in a manner that has already been described in connection with FIGS. 1 and 2; this supports the probe and is simultaneously provided with an entry for the starting substance(s) for the polymer surface layer. The feed lines 332 for all of the tanks 312 are connected to a common supply line 362 that is once again connected in a suitable manner to supply containers for the individual components, as has already been described in connection with FIG. 1. In addition, the suction lines 322 for all of the tanks 312 are connected to a common central suction line 364. The a.c. voltage is applied to the probes 330 through the electric line 315. This a.c. voltage can be, for example, 13.56 Mhz.
The tanks 312 that are to be processed can be laid on the coating truck 360 outside the vacuum chamber 310, and this is then moved into the vacuum chamber 310. Then, the connections for the gas feed lines and the line used to evacuate the individual tanks 312 and for connecting the a.c. voltage are produced by way of a common quick connector for all the lines.
FIG. 5 shows some individual details of a possible configuration of the suction line for the tank and the probe that is to be introduced into the tank, with additional parts and devices. In the following section, the reference numbers for the embodiment shown in FIG. 3 are used, even though the arrangement that is shown in FIG. 5 can be used in the other embodiments with very slight modifications. The feed line 232 is introduced into this through the wall of the suction pipe 222. It extends, after a right-angle curve, essentially coaxially through the suction pipe 222 towards the tank and continues into this as the probe 230. The probe incorporates bores 270 for the egress of the gas or vapor-form starting substance(s). In addition, a fiber optic line 272 is provided and this runs essentially parallel to the line 232 and ends close to the part where this makes the transition to become the probe 230, so that it is possible to observe the plasma in the tank when the parts are in the operating position. At this end, the fiber optic line 272 is closed off by a window 274 through which the plasma that is generated in the tank 212 can be observed. A resistance heater 276 is associated with the window 274 and this brings the window 274 to a temperature that prevents the deposition of a surface layer onto this window, so that it remains transparent. The electrical feed lines for the heater 276 are numbered 278.
In the case of the embodiment that is shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the suction pipe could end at the quick connector 26, 126, respectively, whereas the feed line 232 for the starting substance could pass through an opening in the cap or the like of the quick connector. The latter could also apply to the fibre optic line and the electrical feed lines for the resistance heater that is associated with the window.
In contrast to the embodiments that are shown in FIG. 1 to FIG. 4, it is also possible to have more than one probe within the hollow article. This is particularly useful if the hollow article is of a shape that renders it difficult to achieve uniform distribution of the substances that form the outer layer when only one probe is used. An embodiment of this kind is shown in FIG. 6, wherein the fundamental construction of this embodiment agrees with that shown in FIG. 2, so that identical parts bear identical reference numbers, which are augmented by 300. Parts that corresponds to those in FIG. 1 are augmented by 400.
The essential difference according to the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 is that, because of the shape of the tank 412 (side tank), which is approximately U-shaped, two probes 430a and 430b are used, and these both serve as electrodes to which an a.c. current of, for sample, 125 kHz is applied at a power of, for example, 150 Watts. The surface electrode that is also used, and which is arranged outside the tank 412, is divided into two areas 444a and 444b in such a manner that one of the two probes 430a or 430b is associated with each of these two areas. Because of the fact that the tank 412 is configured so as to be fairly symmetrical, the two probes are also arranged in an appropriate manner. However, it is quite possible, in the case of an irregularly shaped tank, to arrange the probes assymetrically, so as to match the particular shape of the tank. It is also possible to have an embodiment in which more than two probes are used. In any case, what is in important is to create the required conditions, such that the most uniform plasma possible is generated across the whole interior space of the tank; and that the most uniform possible distribution of the substances from which the outer layer is produced, is ensured. Unlike the version shown in FIG. 6, it is also possible-in the event that more than one probe is used-to use these probes only to introduce the substance(s) used to form the surface layer and to provide at least one second electrode outside the tank, as is shown by way of an example in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1.
In the embodiment that is shown in FIG. 6, the two probes 430a and 430b are connected to the feed line 432 through a connector 482. When this is done, the two probes 430a and 430b are introduced into the tank through the same opening in the tank 412 that is closed off by the cap 426. Of course, it is also possible to introduce the two probes through different openings in the tank into its interior. This will also have to be taken into consideration if there is more than one opening in the tank and the tank is of such an irregular shape that the introduction of the probes through different openings--which consequently have to be made in different areas of the tank wall--simplifies the optimal arrangement of the probes within the tank. In general, it will be a matter of arranging the probes in areas of the interior space that are connected only by intermediate areas of small cross-sectional dimensions. For the remainder, it is also possible to configure one of the probes only as an electrode. How this is done will depend on the circumstances surrounding each individual case. In general, if the starting substance(s) is introduced through a plurality of probes, this will contribute to the uniformity of the plasma and thus to the uniformity of the surface layer that is to be produced. Of course, if there are more than one opening in the tank, care will have to be taken that all the openings are closed off in order to create those conditions within the hollow article that are necessary for generating the plasma.
The embodiment that is shown in FIG. 7 uses essentially the same parts that are used and shown in FIG. 3, so that the parts that correspond to those in FIG. 3 bear the same reference numbers, augmented by 300. The essential difference is that in the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, the plasma is generated by microwaves; here, too, the walls of the vacuum chamber 510 are largely matched to the shape of the plastic tank 512 that is to be processed. This not only brings about a considerable reduction in the amount of time that is required to evacuate the interior space 516; such a configuration also optimzes the coupling of the microwaves into the interior of the tank 512. This leads to a notable reduction in the processing time that is required to apply a coating with specific properties, as compared, for example, to a vacuum chamber with a shape such as is shown in FIG. 1.
The wall of the vacuum chamber 510 incorporates microwave windows 544 that are of quartz glass, through which the microwaves are in each instance applied from a microwave generator 547 that is located outside the vacuum chamber 510. In contrast to the configuration that is shown in FIG. 7, in which each microwave window 544 has its own associated microwave generator 547, it is also possible to use only one microwave generator for the vacuum chamber 510; if this is done, the microwaves are conducted to the individual microwave windows by way of a suitable distributor and by way of suitable lines. In this instance, too, the probe 530 that is arranged inside the tank 512 can be used to introduce the substances that are required to form the polymer surface layer and, optionally, for the components that inhibit the formation of dust, and for devices for monitoring the plasma, etc.
1. A method for producing at least a polymer surface layer on at least part of the inner surface of a hollow article that is at least partially of plastic, comprising coating said at least part of the inner surface of the hollow article by establishing a low pressure gas atmosphere within the hollow article, forming a polymerizable plasma within the article by excitation of the gas atmosphere within the article by high-frequency electromagnetic energy, and allowing polymerization of the gas atmosphere to take place, whereby a polymerized coating is applied to said part of the inner surface, the gas atmosphere that forms the plasma containing a component that predominantly forms chains at sufficient speed and can be polymerized under the particular plasma conditions, and a component that forms predominantly branching or cross-linking points and can be polymerized under the particular plasma conditions.
2. A method as defined in claim 1 in which the throughput rate of all the effective components of the gas atmosphere that forms the plasma amounts to 10 cm3 /minute to 150 cm3 /minute.
3. A method as defined in claim 1, in which a plurality of hollow articles are processed simultaneously within a vacuum chamber.
4. A method as defined in claim 1, in which a siloxane, e.g., hexamethyldisiloxane, a silazane, e.g., hexamethyldisilizane, or an organically substituted silane, preferably an alkenyl or alkoxy silane, e.g., vinyltrimethylsilane, or triethoxyvinylsilane is used for the substance that forms both the component that forms chains and that are cross-linking.
5. A method as defined in claim 1, in which at least two of the components are introduced into the hollow article as gases and/or vapors that differ from each other.
6. A method as defined in claim 1, in which at least two of the components are introduced into the plasma as structural elements of the same molecule.
7. A method as defined in claim 6, in which a substance that predominantly forms chains is introduced into the plasma, and a part of this is split in the plasma and converted to a component that predominantly forms branching and cross-linking points.
8. A method as defined in claim 1, in which the gas atmosphere that forms the plasma contains at least one non-polar starting substance that is in gaseous and/or vapour form.
9. A procedure as defined in claim 1, in which the cross-linking of the substances that form the polymer surface layer is only effected to an extent at which the surface layer undergoes no embrittlement, such as would lead to it parting from the inner surface of the hollow article that is essentially elastically deformable.
10. A method as defined in claim 1, in which the area of the substrate that is to be provided with at least a surface layer is subjected to pre-treatment and/or secondary treatment with a plasma that does not form a coating.
11. A method as defined in claim 1, in which the application of at least one surface layer on the inside surface of the container is effected within a vacuum chamber.
12. A method as defined in claim 11, in which the pressure within the hollow article is 1-150 Pa.
13. A method as defined in claim 12, in which the pressure within the hollow article is 3-20 Pa.
14. A method as defined in claim 11, in which the pressure outside the hollow article within the vacuum chamber is so selected that the occurrence of plasma is precluded.
15. A method as defined in claim 14, in which the pressure outside the hollow body within the vacuum chamber is higher than the pressure within the hollow article and is so selected that any impermissible deformation of the hollow article caused by the pressure differential is avoided.
16. A method as defined in claim 15, in which the pressure within the vacuum chamber, outside the hollow article that is located therein, is greater than 5 mbar.
17. A method as defined in claim 1, in which the plasma within the hollow article is generated with a radio frequency of 30 kHz to 100 Mhz.
18. A method as defined in claim 1, in which the radio frequency-power density is 0.25 to 20 W/dm3, preferably 0.5 to 10 W/dm3 of the volume within the hollow article.
19. A method as defined in claim 1, in which, in order to generate plasma within the hollow article, microwaves are coupled into the vacuum chamber and the hollow article that is located therein through at least one window in the wall of the vacuum chamber.
20. A method as defined in claim 19, in which the microwaves are dispersed within the chamber in order to ensure that they are evenly distributed.
21. A method as defined in claim 19, in which the microwaves used to generate the plasma within the hollow article are coupled into the vacuum chamber by a microwave rod antenna.
22. A method as defined in claim 21, in which the microwaves used to generate the plasma within the hollow article are coupled directly into the interior of the hollow article that is located within the vacuum chamber.
23. A method as defined in claim 19, in which the microwaves used to generate the plasma within the hollow article are coupled into the vacuum chamber by way of a slot antenna.
24. A method as defined in claim 19, in which the plasma that is generated by microwaves within the hollow article is affected by magnets that are arranged within and/or outside the hollow article.
25. A method as defined in claim 19, in which the microwave-power density is 0.25 to 50 W/dm3, preferably 0.5 to 20 W/dm3 volume within the hollow article.
26. A method as defined in claim 19, in which the plasma within the hollow article is generated by the simultaneous application of both radio frequency and microwaves.
27. A method as defined in claim 1 in which the throughput rate of all the effective components of the gas atmosphere that forms the plasma amounts to 5 cm3 /minute to 1000 cm3 /minute.
28. A method as defined in claim 1, in which the component that predominantly forms chains consist of at least one compound that polymerizes easily under plasma conditions, e.g., a monoolefin, cycloalkane, nitrile, aromatic or heteroaromatic, preferably ethylene, propane, butane, isobutene, cyclopropane, pyrrol, or thiophene.
29. A method as defined in claim 1, in which a highly unsaturated carbon compound, e.g., a diolefin, preferably butadiene, or isoprene, an alkenine, e.g., vinylacetylene, an alkenyl aromatic, in particular styrene, and an alkenyl aromatic or an alkenyl nitrile, e.g., acrylnitrile, is used as the component that is predominantly cross-linking.
30. A method as defined in claim 1, in which the gas atmosphere that forms the plasma contains a component that counters the formation of dust.
31. A method as defined in claim 30, in which inert gases or vapors are added to the plasma as the component that counters the formation of dust.
32. A method as defined in claim 30, in which substances that form reactive particles in the plasma, e.g., monoradicals that inhibit the formation of large aggregates in the gas phase, are added as the component that counters the formation of dust.
33. A method as defined in claim 30, in which the component that is predominantly cross linking consists of a compound with at least one C═C-triple bond, preferably acetylene or with accumulated C═C double bonds, preferably allene.
34. A method as defined in claim 30, in which a noble gas, preferably argon, is used as the component that prevents dust.
35. A method as defined in claim 30 in which a compound that forms monoradicals in the plasma is used as the component that prevents dust.
36. A method as defined in claim 30 in which a compound that forms monoradicals in the plasma is used as the component that prevents dust, the monoradical-forming compound being taken from the group consisting H2, N2, NH3 and lower alkanes.
37. A method as defined in claim 30 in which a compound that forms monoradicals in the plasma is used as the component that prevents dust, the monoradical-forming compound being taken from the group consisting H2, N2, NH3 and CH4.