Mr. Vice-President, article 13 is the most important of all the articles concerning Fundamental Rights. The rights that have been granted to us by these articles are all very important. Yesterday ShriDamodarSwarup Seth and Shri K. T. Shah moved their amendments in this House. The purport of the amendments is that the rights which have been given to us with one hand are being taken away by the other hand. This may be true to some extent but if we consider the present national and international situation as also the fact that we have achieved freedom only recently and our government is in its infancy, we shall have to admit that it was necessary for the government to retain the rights it has done after granting these fundamental rights. We should see what is happening in our neighbouring country, Burma. We should also keep in view what is happening in another great country of Asia--I mean war-torn China. In view of what is happening in our neighbouring countries and of the situation in our own country, we should consider how necessary it is that the Government should continue to have these powers.
I would have myself preferred that these rights were granted to our people without the restrictions that have been imposed. But the conditions in our country do not permit this being done. I deem it necessary to submit my views in respect to some of the rights. I find that the first sub-clause refers to freedom of speech and expression. The restriction imposed later on in respect of the extent of this right, contains the word 'sedition'. An amendment has been moved here in regard to that. It is a matter of great pleasure that it seeks the deletion of the word 'sedition'. I would like to recall to the mind of honourable Members of the first occasion when section 124 A was included in the Indian Penal Code. I believe they remember that this section was specially framed for securing the conviction of LokamanyaBalGangadharTilak. Since then, many of us have been convicted under this section. In this connection many things that happened to me come to my mind. I belong to a family which was renowned in the Central Provinces for its loyalty. We had a tradition of being granted titles. My grandfather held the title of Raja and my uncle that of DiwanBahadur and my father too that of DiwanBahadur. I am very glad that titles will no more be granted in this country. In spite of belonging to such a family I was prosecuted under section 124 A and that also for an interesting thing. My great grandfather had been awarded a gold waist-band inlaid with diamonds. The British Government awarded it to him for helping it in 1857 and the words "In recognition of his services during the Mutiny in 1857" were engraved on it. In the course of my speech during the Satyagraha movement of 1930, I said that my great-grandfather got this waist-band for helping the alien government and that he had committed a sin by doing so and that I wanted to have engraved on it that the sin committed by my great-grandfather in helping to keep such a government in existence had been expiated by the great-grandson by seeking to uproot it. For this I was prosecuted under section 124 A and sentenced to two years' rigorous imprisonment. I mean to say that there must be many Members of this House who must have been sentenced under this article to undergo long periods of imprisonment. It is a matter of pleasure that we will now have freedom of speech and expression under this sub-clause and the word 'sedition' is also going to disappear.
"topractise any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business."
The question next arises whether this limiting authority should be the legislature or the court. That is a very much debated question. Very many people, very conscientiously too, think that the legislature or the executive should not have anything to do with laying down the limitations for the operation of these fundamental rights, and that it must be entrusted to courts which are free from political influences, which are independent and which can take an impartial view. That is the view taken by a good number of people and thinkers. Sir, I for one, though I appreciate the sincerity with which this argument is advanced, fail to see how it can work in actual practice. Courts can, after all, interpret the law as it is. Law once made may not hold good in its true character for all time to come. Society changes; Governments change; the temper and psychology of the people change from decade to decade if not from year to year. The law must be such as to automatically adjust itself to the changing conditions. Courts cannot, in the very nature of things, do legislative work; they can only interpret. Therefore, in order to see that the law automatically adjusts to the conditions that come into being in times to come, this power of limiting the operation of the fundamental rights is given to the legislature. After all, the legislature does not consist of people who come without the sufferance of the people. The legislature consists of real representatives of the people as laid down in this Constitution. If, at a particular time, the legislature thinks that these rights ought to be regulated in a certain manner and in a particular method, there is nothing wrong in it, nothing despotic about it, nothing derogatory to these fundamental rights. I am indeed glad that this right of regulating the exercise of fundamental rights is given to the legislature instead of to the courts.I will give one more instance. Every seven years, it is the custom in Chota Nagpur to have what they call. Era Sendra, Janishikar. Every seven years, the women dress as men and hunt in the jungles--dressed as men, mind you. That is the occasion when naturally women like to show masculine prowess. They arm themselves like men with bows and arrows, lathis, belas and so forth. Now, Sir, according to this particular article in the Constitution, the Government might interpret that women every seven years were getting together for a dangerous purpose. I urge the House to do nothing that is going to upset the simple folk. They have been among the most peaceful citizens in our country and we should be very very cautious in doing anything which might be misunderstood by them and lead to trouble.
I come from East Punjab, and there is a law which is known as the Land Alienation Act, according to which certain classes are debarred from acquiring land, by law. I agree with my Friends, speciallyHarijans who advocate that the Harijans and other persons who are actually the tillers of the soil should have the right to acquire land. But I fail to understand the argument that each and every person whether he is a tiller of the soil or not, should be put on a par with the tillers of the soil, and should have the liberty to acquire agricultural land. If that is to be the case, then we will be creating a new problem--the problem of zamindaries,--the same problem of zamindaries which we are abolishing or have promised to abolish from our country. In several provinces, laws for the abolition of the zamindari system have already been enacted. As regards the Punjab, I am of the view, that it cannot be denied that the absence of zamindari system in the Punjab in its acute form as it exists in other provinces is the result of the Land Alienation Act, and this is the real reason why the agriculturists are in a more advanced position in the Punjab than in other provinces. I therefore, feel very strongly and rightly that the legislatures of the State and the various governments should have the full liberty to impose restrictions on the non-tillers of the soil on acquiring or holding agricultural lands, and to declare a minimum economic holding of land inalienable, for the protection of the interests of the tillers of the soil or the peasantry.
MaulanaHasratMohani (Cheers) I am glad the House recognises the excellent services rendered by MaulanaHasratMohani to this country. He was the first to stand for total independence of our Mother-Land.
Mr. Vice-President, when I rose to speak, my first impulse was to support whole-heartedly the amendment moved by Mr. Kamath and even now I have come here with that idea. In the later speeches and amendments, one amendment has been moved byMr. Muhammad Ismail of Madras and I give my full support to it. Besides, I also support the amendment of Mr. K. T. Shah. Mr. Muhammad Ismail in the second part of his amendment has made mention of personal liberty. Mr. K. T. Shah's amendment is also of similar nature. I shall speak at the end about his amendment. First of all, I would like to give full support to Mr. Kamath's amendment. Mr. Kamath has said that everyone should have the right to bear arms. This is a test amendment. If Dr. Ambedkar and his committee are honest, then surely they ought to accept this section and include it in the article at once. If he wavers or raises any objection as I know he is capable of doing, as Dr. Ambedkar's legal abilities are established, and if he wishes, he can turn night into day and day into night and can prove it conclusively,--then I would like to tell him that this is a test amendment and, if you do not include it, it would mean that your tendency is the same as that of the British Government. You know what the Britishers had done. They had promulgated the Arms Act in India. The result was that all the inhabitants of Hindustan were kept as imbeciles. If you also have the same design, then it is a different matter. But if there is any national Government and an Indian Government, then there is no reason why you should deprive anybody of this right. If you too will forge an Arms Act and will deprive the people of this right, then I would say that your attitude and way of doing things is much worse than that of the Britishers. It will be much worse. The Arms Act, enforced by the British Government, was applicable to one and all with the exception of the ruling class. We were under the impression that under our own Government this restriction will be removed. Unfortunately at present here we have a party Government and they want to retain it, so that the Act may be applied against their political opponents and may not be enforced against their own party men.
Do you agree, Mr. Brajeshwar Prasad, that it should be taken as read? (After a pause) Mr. Brajeshwar Prasad does not agree to the suggestion made by the Honourable Member ShriRohini Kumar Chaudhari.
Mr. Vice-President, Sir, the Harijans of the Punjab are very much indebted to the Chairman of the Drafting Committee for having included article 13 in the Constitution. At present it is the custom in the Punjab that only one particular community can purchase land and take to agriculture. But the Harijans, 90 per cent of whom are cultivators, are not permitted to purchase land to cultivate, or to build houses. When this article receives the assent of the House, they will have the facility of purchasing land for building their houses, as also land for agricultural purposes if they have the capacity to do so. I hope that the many handicaps from which the Harijans suffer in Punjab, causing the clashes that are taking place in almost every village between them and the landlords, as a result of which they are kept confined to their houses in some villages, as also their other difficulties will not have to be faced by them in future. They find themselves in their present plight though they thought that the Congress Government would be a national Government and on coming to power it would permit them to purchase land and would remove all their difficulties. Our Indian National Congress was wedded to the creed that on establishing its Government every one will get house-building and agricultural facilities and no one will have any difficulty on these accounts. People are also realising that now the Congress is in power all these facilities will have to be afforded to the Harijans.
Mr. Vice-President, this article may be truly stated to be the charter of our liberties and this is probably the most important article in the whole Draft Constitution. In the original form in which it was presented to this House, it was open to many criticisms and they were justified. Now I think it has been materially altered. The promise made by Dr. Ambedkarto accept the amendment of Mr. Bhargava and others gives me hope that this article in its final form will be a real charter of our liberty.
One thing more I want to say. Mr. Kamath in his amendment wants the right to bear arms. In most Constitutions throughout the world this right has been recognised. We ourselves throughout recent history have asked that this should be our right. In fact I remember, when Mahatma Gandhi wrote to Lord Irwin in 1930 about the Eight Points, which he wanted to be accepted, one was about this right to bear arms. The question of this right to bear arms dates back to 1878 when, after the mutiny, the British Government disarmed the Nation. I think that after freedom we should at least allow this thing, as only an armed people can support the Government. I hope Dr. Ambedkarwill do something about it.
Then as regards sedition, our great leaders likeLokmanyaTilak and others were the victims of section 124-A. I congratulate Dr. Ambedkar for having put in the clause a sit has emerged.
If we confine ourselves to an examination of clause(1), we find, Sir, that the rights granted to the citizens of India under this article are many. Sub-clause (a) specifically grants freedom of speech and expression--for securing which, as you and the majority of the Members of this House are aware, we resorted to individual Satyagraha under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in the year 1941, and as a consequence thousands, nay, hundreds of thousands of people of this country had to rot in the prisons. At that time all of us believed that when Swaraj is established every citizen of this country would also secure for himself the right of freedom of speech and expression. We, no doubt, find that article 13 grants this freedom of speech and expression. But all this has been taken away indirectly by clause (2).
Further we read of the right to 'move freely throughout the territory of India'. This is sub-clause (d). Under it every citizen of India would have the right to move freely into any province or any village of India. But the substance of this right is taken away by clause (5). I would make this clear by an illustration. It is a matter of great amazement that in this country there is a law known as the Criminal Tribes Act under which a persons is considered a criminal from the moment of his birth. There're also some unfortunate communities in this country whose members would not have the right to move freely in the territory of India granted under this sub-clause to every citizen of India. I believe, Sir, that you are aware that under the Criminal Tribes Act the people following pastoral occupations cannot go to any particular part of India they would like to go. Now they do not have that freedom. We have in our province a tribe known as MangGarodi. If it has to go from the village of Khape to the village of Janwanver it is followed by the Police who sees to it that it goes only to the latter village and nowhere else. Similarly if it goes from Janwanver to Katol the Police of the former place would go up to Katol to entrust the Police of the latter place to keep watch over it. Thus they have no freedom of movement, whatever freedom of movement is now given under sub-clause (d) is taken away by clause (5) of the same article. If the intention is not to give to the criminal tribes, who are also citizens of India, the freedom which they are entitled to, it is something extremely unjust.
Similarly further on we find the right `to acquire, hold and dispose of property'. My friend Prof. YashwantRai has said with reference to this freedom that there is an unfortunate section--the scheduled castes--in the Punjab who cannot purchase land on account of the provisions of the Land Alienation Act. Moreover the right that you have granted by this sub-clause to every citizen has been taken away by the clause which permits the Land Alienation Act to remain in force even in future. Thus the right which the Harijans should also, like other citizens, get under this Constitution would not be available to the Harijans of the Punjab on account of the Land Alienation Act of the Punjab.
Be truthful and sweet in speech, but do not speak out the unpleasant truth. Anyone has the freedom to state the truth, but not the freedom to speak out the unpleasant truth. This is a restriction and good citizens have to accept this restriction. I beg, therefore, to express my appreciation of article 13 read with the amendment moved by Dr. Ambedkarand which already been referred to.
Specially, I will draw the attention of the HonourableDr. B. R. Ambedkar to sub clause (5). Now, Sir, in this sub-clause (5) the rights which have been recognised in sub-clauses (1) (d), (e) and (f) above have been practically negatived and have given rise to grave anxiety in the minds of many regarding the exact position in matters of residence, acquisition and disposition of properties. The exact significance of clause (5) in respect of (e) and (f) requires further clarification. Next I cannot understand why in this clause, the words, "for the protection of the interests of any aboriginal tribe" have been incorporated. What it exactly means I fail to understand. Does it mean the 'tribal area' or does it mean that wherever any aboriginal tribe lives, irrespective of their numbers the legislatures can frame laws safeguarding their interest as, for instance, if there be 15 aboriginals living in Delhi, can the Central Legislature frame a law by which they can restrict the rights of other people in the interests of these fifteen or sixteen aboriginals? I could understand that wherever there may be some aboriginals the legislature can make a law, by which they can restrict the rights of all others for the protection of those few.
Sir, one other matter which I would like to mention before I sit down is this. Sub-clause (c) of art. 13 (1) is very important. I do not know if people really realise as they would know in other countries and particularly in U.S. ,labour has had to undergo an enormous amount of trouble to obtain elementary rights on matters of the recognition of their rights, in the matter of the right to assemble together as a Union. I do not think that in my view clause (4) of this particular article unnecessarily abridges the rights conferred by sub-clause (c) of clause (1). My own feeling is that we have more or less sought to cut across the difficulties which the other countries have faced in this particular matter and we have ensured for labour the very legitimate right to come together, to agitate and to obtain for themselves and for the members of their Union the rights that are justly theirs. That I think is more or less a charter for workers in this country and I am happy to see that the vested interests have not tried in any way to abridge this particular right. On the whole, Sir, this particular article with the amendments proposed by my honourable Friend Mr. Munshi and the three amendments proposed for clauses (4),(5) and (6) by Dr. Ambedkar and also the addition of the word `reasonable' which has been brought in by my honourable Friend Mr. Thakur DassBhargava, represents in my opinion a fairly reasonable enumeration of our rights and a fairly conservative abridgment of those rights. The working of these particular rights depends upon the genius of our people, upon how we develop ideas of liberty which are still today in a very undeveloped state. It is no doubt true that our leaders are sometimes hasty, they want more powers, when they are faced with difficult situations and they think the only way in which they could deal with them is to have more powers. They do not recognize that they are leaders of the people the chosen leaders of this country each one with a personality of his own and the aggregate effect of their personality and their influence can cut right across the necessity for any drastic powers. That kind of confidence will come only later on--at the moment they merely want to follow in the footsteps of people who preceded us in the government of this country, who had no touch or contact with the people, who could never get on to a platform and persuade the people to do any particular thing, who only wanted powers which could be exercised through the medium of the bureaucracy. That mentality will change, and will surely change, because our leaders are very eminent people. Surely, the House will realise that the Prime Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister, if they get upon a platform can sway millions of people if they could only get their voices to reach them. It only depends upon the type of leaders that we get for the abridgment of these rights which are enumerated here to become a dead letter, and that is in the lap of the gods. For the time being we have done the very best possible which human ingenuity can devise.
There is one observation I would like to make about the Adibasis. I agree to a certain extent with what ShriJaipal Singh has said. Adibasis move about with arms. This article lays down that all citizens shall have the right "to assemble peaceably and without arms". We should therefore consider whether or not this clause takes away from the Adibasis their customary right to bear arms. In view of the provisions contained elsewhere in the constitution. I think, this will not affect the right of Adibasis to bear arms. If this view be correct Adibasis need not fear the loss of their right. Though I have no objection to the words "assemble peaceably and without arms" being put in here, yet I feel that nowhere in the Draft Constitution can be found any provision regarding the repeal of the Arms Act and the grant of the right to the people to bear arms--a right which is essential to make our people fearless. Therefore, I would like that a provision for the repeal of the Arms Act and making it permissible to the people to bear arms be include din the Draft. I would not like to say anything more about this matter.
We often talk of minorities today but we should stop this kind of talk now. What is a minority? When we are going to make one and the same provision for all, I fail to see who remains to constitute the minority. It may be said against this view that the Depressed Classes are a minority, the aboriginals are in a minority and the Muslims are in a minority. But once it is conceded that a particular group is a minority there is the danger that many other groups would begin to clam our for being considered as minorities. Formerly in the political sphere the Muslims were considered a minority. But then the Depressed Classes got themselves included in this category. I am afraid that among the Depressed Classes themselves new groups would begin demanding the status of a new minority. The same is, in my opinion, the case of the aboriginals. I would, therefore, like that the word `minority' wherever it occurs in the Draft Constitution should be deleted and the article 13 should be so drafted that all may feel that they have got real Swaraj and that they have no cause for apprehension and thatthey have as unrestricted a freedom as any one else.
Some of my friends here have objected saying that what has been given by one hand has been taken away by the other. But if you ponder a little, you will find that it is not so. If some one is given a freedom by which the freedom of the other is curtailed, then I would say, that such a demand is not for the right type of freedom. For example, it has been stated that restrictions have been imposed on the movement of people belonging to the criminal tribes. I would like to ask, why should not restrictions be imposed on the movement of the criminal-tribe people, when they are a source of danger to other law-abiding citizens? Could anyone be serious in saying that restrictions and conditions imposed on the criminal tribes should not have been imposed at all? Or that the presence of those restrictions and conditions has in any way curtailed our freedom? Similarly in respect of land, it has been stated that henceforth our Harijan brethren would not be able to purchase any land for themselves and the Land Alienation Act would continue to stand as it is. It is perfectly correct to say that the most objectionable feature of the Land Alienation Act was that certain castes had been mentioned therein. For example, a Bania or a Brahmin or a Harijan could not purchase land. It was wrong. But in fact, that restriction is being swept aside today by the conferment of the Fundamental Right that all citizens shall have the right to acquire property. From now on, if any restriction is imposed, it would have to be proved whether it is proper or improper. That question would be decided, under the provisions of this section, by the Supreme Court. It is a big gain. Formerly, the phraseology of the article was defective, but that defect has been removed by the acceptance of the amendment of my Friend, Pandit Thakur DassBhargava, which seeks to add the word 'reasonable'. Now, there is nothing to warrant the imposition of any undue restriction. If there would be any, then against that an appeal could be preferred, and that would be decided by our Supreme Court which would be composed of great experts in India. That is why I feel that we should welcome this article and that it would be wrong to give an impression that it curtails our freedom in any sense. We should realise that our country is now a free country. I agree with my Friend, ShriAlguRaiShastri that, along with rights, certain obligations and responsibilities have also come upon us. If we do not stand by those obligations then our freedom would be the freedom of the jungle. That freedom, I think, would not be such as to merit a welcome from us. Therefore, I think, this article as amended, should be accepted by us. We should realise that it forms the basis of our constitution, and it is a thing of which we can rightly feel proud and which will raise us in the estimation of the whole world.
Pandit Thakur DassBhargava has moved an amendment saying that if any restrictions have to be imposed upon these rights that have been guaranteed in clause (1), they must all be reasonable. I believe that that amendment would sufficiently meet the situation.
Very often defence is offence in the hands of strong young men whose blood is very warm like that of my friend. Mr. Kamath'sdefence very often means offence.
An enquiry was made of me as to how I have tried to conduct the proceedings of this House. I refused to supply the information at that time, because I thought it might be left to my discretion to explain how I conduct the proceedings. I see that I have not been able to satisfy all the members who desire to speak. At the present moment I have here 25 notes from 25 different gentlemen all anxious to speak. There is no doubt that each one of them will be able to contribute something to the discussion. But the discussion cannot be prolonged indefinitely. This does not take into account those other gentlemen equally competent to give their opinion who stand up and who have denied to themselves theopportunity of sending me notes. I have tried to get the views of the House as a whole. If Honourable Members will kindly go through the list of speakers who have already addressed the House they will find that every province has been represented and every so-called minority from every province has been represented. In my view, in spite of what Pandit L. K. Maitrasays, Bengalees are a majority. In my view therefore the question has been fully discussed. But, as always, I would like to know whether it is the wish of the House that we should close this discussion.
Mr. Vice-President, Sir, among the many amendments that have been moved to this article 13, I propose to accept amendment No. 415, No. 453 as amended by amendment No. 86 of Mr. Munshi, and amendment No. 49 in list I as modified by Mr. Thakur DassBhargava's amendment to add the word 'reasonable'.
Then I accept No.453 as modified by amendment No. 86, and amendment No. 49 in List I as modified by the amendment of Pandit Thakur DassBhargava which introduces the word `reasonable'.
With regard to the general attack on article 13 which has cent red on the sub-clauses to clause (1), I think I may say that the House now will be in a position to feel that the article with the amendments introduced therein has emerged in a form which is generally satisfactory. My explanation as to the importance of article8, my amendment to the phrase "existing laws" and the introduction of the word "reasonable" remove, in my judgment, the faults which were pointed out by honourable members when they spoke on this article, and I think the speeches made by my friends,Professor ShibbanLalSaksena and Mr. T. T. Krishnamachari and Mr. AlguRaiShastri, will convince the House that the article as it now stands with the amendments should find no difficulty in being accepted and therefore I do not want to add anything to what my friends have said in support of this article. In fact I find considerable difficulty to improve upon the arguments used in their speeches in support of this article.
I will therefore take up the other points. Most of them have also been dealt with by my friend, and if, Sir, you had not called upon me, I would have said that his speech may be taken as my speech, because he has dealt with all the points which I have noted down.
Now, the only point which I had noted down to which I had thought of making some reference in the course of my reply was the point made by my friend,Professor K. T. Shah, that the fundamental rights do not speak of the freedom of the press. The reply given by my friend, Mr. AnanthasayanamAyyangar, in my judgment is a complete reply. The press is merely another way of stating an individual or a citizen. The press has no special rights which are not to be given or which are not to be exercised by the citizen in his individual capacity. The editor of a press or the manager are all citizens and therefore when they choose to write in newspapers, they are merely exercising their right of expression, and in my judgment therefore no special mention is necessary of the freedom of the press at all.
Now, coming to the question of the scheduled tribes and as to why I substituted the word "scheduled" for the word "aboriginal" the explanation is this. As I said, the word "scheduled tribe" has a fixed meaning, because it enumerates the tribes, as you will see in the two Schedules. Well, the word "Adibasi" is really a general term which has no specific legal de jureconnotation, something like the Untouchables. It is a general term. Anybody may include anybody in the term `untouchable'. It has no definite legal connotation. That is why in the Government of India Act of 1935, it was felt necessary to give the word `untouchable' some legal connotation and the only way it was found feasible to do it was to enumerate the communities which indifferent parts and in different parts and in different areas were regarded by the local people as satisfying the test of untouchability. The same question may arise with regard to Adibasis. Who are the Adibasis. Who are the Adibasis? And the question will be relevant, because by this Constitution, we are conferring certain privileges, certain rights on these Adibasis. In order that, if the matter was taken to a court of law there should be a precise definition as to who are these Adibasis, it was decided to invent, so to say, another category or another term to be called 'Scheduled tribes' and to enumerate the Adibasis under that head. Now I think my friend, Mr. Jaipalsingh, if he were to take the several communities which are now generally described as Adibasis and compare the communities which are listed under the head of scheduled tribes, he will find that there is hardly a case where a community which is generally recognised as Adibasis is not included in the Schedule. I think, here and there, a mistake might have occurred and a community which is not an Adibasi community may have been included. It may be that a community which is really an Adibasi community has not been included, but if there is a case where a community which has hitherto been treated as an Adibasi Community is not included in the list of scheduled tribes, we have added, as may be seen in the draft Constitution, an amendment whereby it will be permissible for the local government by notification to add any particular community to the list of scheduled tribes which have not been so far included. I think that ought to satisfy my friend,Mr. Jaipal Singh.
"That in sub-clause (d) of clause (1) of article 13, after the words "move freely" the words "in a lawful manner" be inserted.".
"(9) No existing law shall operate after the commencement of the Constitution so far as the same affects adversely the right guaranteed under sub-clause (i) of clause (1) of this article and no law shall be passed by the Parliament or any State which may adversely affect the right guaranteed under sub-clause (i) of clause (1) of this article."
(ii) in clause (6) of article 13, after the words "in particular" the words "nothing in the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it prescribesor empowers any authority to prescribe, or prevent the State from making any law, be inserted."
Mr. Vice-President: As regards amendment No. 505, I can allow the Member to move the second part of it. Pandit Thakur DassBhargava.
Dr. Ambedkar,Mr. Naziruddin demands your wholehearted attention. He says that if you say "No", the House will say "No". (Laughter).
"A person who has been once tried by a Court of competent jurisdiction for an offence and convicted or acquitted of such offence, shall, while such conviction or acquittal remains in force, not be liable to be tried again for the same offence".
I think, Sir, this is the proper form. It may be argued that the Criminal Procedure Code is a sufficient safeguard against injustice, but if you introduce it here it is a justiciable right, and we have already provided that any violation of any fundamental right is justiciable and would nullify all existing laws contrary, and therefore it will have the effect of abolishing or rather nullifying the wholesome law as laid down in sub-section (1) of section 403. I submit that the clause has got to be very carefully considered and, if necessary, should be re-drafted.
I submit that double punishment for the same offence in such cases does not in fact work injustice. What happens in such cases is that the punishment already suffered or inflicted is taken into account or adjusted in giving the final punishment in a re-trial. That is the effect of this amendment.
Do you intend to move amendment No.509?
No, Sir. It deals with the same principle and I do not wish to move it.
I have found from the last two days' experience that 9.30 A.M. is too early an hour for many Members of the House. They seem to think that others will come at the proper time and they need not come, with the result that there is difficulty in starting our work at the proper time. I have therefore decided that from tomorrow we shall start at 10 A.M. and break up at 1.30 P.M.
The Assembly then adjourned till Ten of the Clock on Friday the 3rd December, 1948.


Does your dog 'smile' when he's happy? Fido is super cute when he looks content! While our canine pals aren't exactly known for having minty-fresh breath and pearly-white teeth, it is important to take care of your pet's choppers. Below, a Grayson, GA vet discusses doggy dental care.
Dogs can develop many of the same dental problems as people, including gum disease; cracked, broken, or misaligned teeth; and abscesses. Fido can't tell you if his teeth hurt, so it's up to you to watch for signs of dental problems. Some common ones are bad breath; ropy, bloody, or excessive drool; swelling; and tartar buildup. Your pooch may also take longer eating than he once did, or may chew on one side of his mouth. Dogs with dental issues sometimes don't like their mouths being touched, so your pup may shy if you try to touch his face. Crankiness is another warning sign. Contact your vet immediately if you notice any of these symptoms.
Just like people, dogs really benefit from regular brushing. To get Fido accustomed to the process, you'll want to start by just rubbing his teeth and gums with your finger. Give him a yummy snack afterwards, so he forms a good association with dental care. Next, add some pet toothpaste. The last step is to start using a doggy toothbrush. Once your pooch is used to the process, just make it part of your pet care regimen. You don't have to do your dog's entire mouth every day: just do one quadrant at a time, and keep rotating.
If Fido doesn't like having his teeth handled, ask your vet about using dental-formula treats, kibble, and chews. These will remove plaque and tartar, which will help keep your pup's mouth healthy. It's also important to make sure your dog always has fresh water and suitable chew toys.
Fido should have his choppers checked at least once a year. If your canine pal has tartar buildup, he may need a good deep cleaning to get rid of that gunk and fight off bacteria and infections. If your pup has dental problems, your vet will be able to offer treatment options once a diagnosis has been made.
Do you know or suspect that your pooch has dental issues? Contact us, your Grayson, GA pet hospital, today!


text:
Facebook app news
Facebook Messenger payments: How to send and receive money in the UK
Elyse Betters | 6 November 2017
Best broadband deals for July 2019: Free £100 M&S voucher and £40 Mastercard, 50Mb for £31.99/m on BT
- The feature arrives in the UK after launching in the US in 2015
Facebook Messenger has launched a new feature for UK users.
The feature, peer-to-peer payments, has been available to Messenger users in the US since 2015. It essentially allows you to send and receive money from Facebook friends - all via Messenger, and without having to exit a conversation thread. Here's how it works.
What is Facebook Watch and which shows are available?
Facebook Personal Fundraisers: What are they?
What's the point of Snapchat and how does it work?
What is Facebook Live, how does it work, and which devices support it?
What is Facebook Messenger payments?
Have you ever gone somewhere with a friend and been in the position of forgetting your wallet, leaving your friend to pay for your coffee, drink, meal, or whatever? Or maybe you've taken a cab with a friend and had to split the fare with cash. There are an endless number of situations you might find yourself in, where you need to quickly send money to a friend, or maybe even receive money from said friend.
You could use a peer-to-peer payments service to send that friend money, which is handy if you never have cash on you. In the US, popular services include Venmo, Square Cash, and Facebook Messenger. Yes, that's right, Messenger is a convenient and secure way to send and receive money, and now, it's come to the UK. Messenger has also added a falling animation of £££s for some fun, Facebook said.
This is the first time Messenger has extended payments since launching in the US. David Marcus, head of Messenger, said that, in the US, most people use payments in Messenger to send less than $50 at a time. It'll be interesting to see if the same happens in the UK.
How does Facebook Messenger payments work?
The Messenger payments system is simple to figure out. In a chat with a friend, press the blue + icon and select the payments option. On the first payment, you will need to enter your bank information (Visa and Mastercard are supported) and the amount to be paid (the largest payment can be up to £2,500, though there's a rolling 30-day limit of £10,000). The money is then transferred in up to three business days.
To send money:
Start a message with a friend
Tap the blue + icon and then tap the green Payments icon
Set up your payment account (only the first time)
Enter the amount you want to send
Tap Pay and then add your debit card
Watch the amount of money you sent rain down on the screen
To receive money:
Open the conversation from your friend
Tap Add Card in the message
Add your debit card and setup your account to accept money for the first time
The money sent is transferred right away (it may take one to three business days)
Note: If the friend hasn't set the system up, they'll be asked to enter their card details to get the payment.
Is Facebook Messenger payments free?
Yes. Facebook said it does not charge people to transfer money and does not directly handle the money itself.
Is Facebook Messenger payments secure?
Facebook said the system is encrypted. Also, a pin can be enabled to allow money to be sent.
When will Facebook Messenger payments be available?
It's already available in the US. It will roll out in the UK over the coming weeks.
Anything else you should know?
To make it even easier to send and receive money, Facebook is also rolling out M suggestions for payments. M is Messenger's assistant, which you can read all about from here. It will recognise when you and a friend are discussing payments and gives an option to send money in those instances. For more information on how Facebook Messenger payments work, check out Facebook's help center here.
Sections Facebook Apps

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Donal Byrne of is a news editor at RTÉ who is responsible for news planning.
Then that vile euphemism: Known to Gardaí. 'Deserved it' in other words.
Derek O'Toole died when he was struck by an off-duty garda's car in Lucan Co Dublin in March 2007. Within hours of his death, and without naming their sources, RTÉ accused him of being 'known to gardaí'. It later emerged that he had no criminal record or criminal associations whatsoever, and GSOC concluded that unknown gardaí had supplied false information to journalists.
RTÉ journalism guidelines state that "We should be reluctant to rely on a single source especially if the information from that source has been given on condition of anonymity." If what Donal Byrne said is true, it is remarkable that in both cases RTÉ and other media outlets all secured multiple sources giving incorrect but identical information within the very few hours between the death of each and the accusation being made on-air.
Donal suggested that 'being criticised by both sides' was an indication that RTÉ is, in fact, objective. Leaving aside this logical fallacy, it is clear that outside RTÉ, Paul Reynolds is widely viewed as a reporter sympathetic to garda management, for example here, here, here, here and here.
I said that there was a virtual news blackout on RTÉ about the case of the firing of Gemma O'Doherty, as witnessed by the Guardian, a British newspaper publishing many times more stories on the case than RTÉ. RTÉ's few stories on the case are mostly insipid bare-bones statements of the fact that a case had been lodged, and later settled, without any background or analysis.
RTÉ's effective news blackout on the story itself became international news with headlines such as Ireland's media ignore Irish Independent editor's annulled penalty points and Irish investigative reporter lashes media bosses for newsroom timidity by high-profile journalist Roy Greenslade.
The Guardian were by no means the only international press to cover the story, it has been carried by The Irish Post, the Sunday Times, Yahoo News and others.
The Guardian and The Irish Post also reported the bombshell story that former Commissioner Martin Callanan had been called as a witness in Gemma O'Doherty case, a story that RTÉ entirely blacked out. RTÉ did, however find space to report the fact that Nanci Creedon, daughter of John, had established a dog-grooming business.
The Broadcasting Authority of Ireland defines sponsorship as "Any contribution made by a public or private undertaking to the financing of television and/or radio programmes with a view to promoting its name, its trade mark, its image, its activities, its products or its services." I understand that the AA pays the salaries of the presenters and pays the rent on the studios from which they broadcast.
I also understand that guests on RTÉ radio programmes, including Conor Faughnan, introduced as 'from a city centre studio' are, in fact speaking from the AA studios, in direct contravention of the BAI's total ban on the sponsorship of news and current affairs programmes.
Despite what Donal said, Conor Faughnan has often been referred to as "Conor Faughnan of AA Roadwatch" on-air on RTÉ when he is campaigning against speed limits, for reducing taxes on the motor industry and for more road building, using the credibility afforded by the 158 broadcasts per week that he supplies to RTÉ. The High Court ruled in 1998 that prohibited political advertisements include "any advert directed towards: procuring changes in the laws of this country, or countering suggested changes in those laws", and the BAI make it clear that the same rules apply to sponsored programmes.
The AA on its website states clearly that it is "a campaigning organisation", and often highlights its political campaigns and commercial activities. Listeners are directed to this website in each traffic bulletin.
Donal disputed my assertion that the AA gets vastly disproportionate coverage on RTÉ, compared to other transport lobbying groups. At the time of writing, there are 332 pages on the RTÉ website mentioning Conor Faughnan, almost all of them publicising his lobbying activities. By contrast the Irish Road Haulage Association gets a mention on 60 pages and the Dublin Cycling campaign gets 18. These numbers are likely to change as RTÉ updates its website.
I mentioned that AA Roadwatch is frequently cited in Dáil speeches, where mentions on AA Roadwatch is cited as evidence of the need for road-building. A simple search throws up many examples of this such as here, here, and here.
Donal suggested that I should ask RTÉ corporately what exactly is AA Roadwatch, and I have done so. So far, I have not received any response. I will update this page if it arrives.


Lovely 4 Bedroom Townhouse close to DC in a quiet friendly neighborhood.
Fantastic 3 level 4 bedroom 2 1/2 bath home recently tastefully renovated from top to bottom. All new appliances in the kitchen area.
Open floor plan middle level with plenty of space to eat, relax and watch TV. Master bedroom with it own private bath. Large basement can be used as bedroom or common area.
This private townhouse is conveniently located near major malls and shopping centers, great access to highway, yet far enough from the main roads for a comfortable and quiet stay . Diverse neighborhood with kids, young adults and established adults.
This beautiful home is great for families on vacation, business traveler. Flexible length of stays- from 2 nights to monthly lease .
rom ale and is great for families and even just a group of friends.
Most of the things you will need are provided; including clean linen, towels, and basic appliances.
high speed Wifi and cable TV and Netflix are also provided.
There are 2 parking spaces in front of the house. The bus stop is less than a 5 minute walk. This also connects to the metro subway ( Shady Grove terminal) with safe access to downtown DC and Baltimore. If you want to drive your car, The Beltway is within a few minutes away .
PRIVATE BETHESDA LOWER LEVEL APARTMENT, WALK TO BUS OR METRO, NIH, WALTER REED.
Extremely Clean Private Room in Clarksburg MD..


Smallest in the range at 75cm high.
Lovely red colour with flame design.
Size:	Diameter 300 H750 mm	Highest/widest points approx.
Part of the Elements range of chimineas, the gorgeous Gardeco Small Elements Fire Clay Chiminea with its red finish and fire design will create a superb feature for your garden.


Sanol Engineering Consultants is a conglomerate of seasoned engineers of various Engineering disciplines with high experience gained over the years in their chosen fields of specialization.
The firm began operation in the year 1995 and was registered with Corporate Affairs Commission in the year 1999 as Sanol Blessed Ventures. It was subsequently re-registered as Sanol Engineering Consultants in the year 2004 and finally incorporated with Corporate Affairs Commission in the year 2006. It presently has several qualified engineers and professionals.
Our ability to deliver to time a good quality work has endeared us to our numerous clients over the years.


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Any Price (52) Under $100 (46) $100-499 (6)
publisher: CONACULTA
12º. CATÁLOGO DE ILUSTRADORES DE PUBLICACIONES INFANTILES Y JUVENILES
México: CONACULTA, 2002. color plates, bios., ind., pict. wrps. Art by illustrators of children's books from festival in Mexico. Includes prizewinners such as Claudia Legnazzi Lameiro, "Así quieres las ciudades?" (b. Argentina, 1956), El Milagrito [Yazmín Nájar, Alfonso Ordóñnez y Adrián Rubio], "Querida hija I", and Héctor Raúl Morales Mejía.....
ARTES VISUALES DE NAYARIT Y PRODUCTOS CULTURALES.; Kaiser, Miriam...[et al]
Tepic, Nayarit: Fonca, Conaculta, Gobierno del Estado para la Cultura y las Artes de Nayarit, (2004). b/w, duo tone and color plates, bios,/chron., color pict. fldg. wrps. Papers presented during the Encuentro de Artes Visuales 2000 by various specialists documenting the rich artistic and cultural patrimony of the state of.....
CATALOGO COMENTADO DEL ACERVO DEL MUSEO NACIONAL DE ARTE. ESCULTURA. SIGLO XIX, TOMO II.; Esther Acevedo, Jaime Cuadriello, et. al.
México: Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, IIE-UNAM; CONACULTA, Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, 2001. b/w plates, facs., port., cat., indices, illus. endpapers, color pict. wrps. (Plus supplement 88p Tomo II). Exhibition catalogue of the museum's permanent collection of 19th century sculpture. The museum houses one of.....
CATALOGO COMENTADO DEL ACERVO DEL MUSEO NACIONAL DE ARTE. ESCULTURA. SIGLO XIX, TOMO I, II.; Esther Acevedo, Jaime Cuadriello, et. al.
México: Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, IIE-UNAM; CONACULTA, Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, 2000; 2001. b/w plates, facs., port., cat., indices, illus. endpapers, color pict. wrps. (Plus supplement 88p Tomo II). Exhibition catalogue of the museum's permanent collection of 19th century sculpture. The museum houses one.....
CREACION EN MOVIMIENTO. JÓVENES CREADORES. DÉCIMA GENERACIÓN 1998-1999.
Mexico: Centro Nacional de las Artes, CONACULTA, FONCA, 2000. b/w and color plates, cat., pict. fldg. wrps. Exhibit on art scholarship winners. Art works represent all or part of the production during the 1 long award. Includes a variety of mediums, styles. Good resource for emerging artists. Some participants include.....
EL PALACIO DE BELLAS ARTES: ALBUM HISTÓRICO, 1904-1934.; 1. ed. facsimilar
México, D.F: Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, INBA; CONACULTA, 2010. b/w and color plates, port., plans, facs., bibl., color pict. wrps. Texts and illustrations of the architecture and history of the former Teatro Nacional. Facsimile edition of a book of the same title published 76 years ago with the addition.....
ESCULTURA MEXICANA DE LA ACADEMIA A LA INSTALACION
México: INBA, CONACULTA, Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes, Landucci Editores, 2000. color plates, bios., cat., bibl., cloth boards w/color pict. d.j. Published outside of commerce. Stupendous study on Mexican sculpture from 19th century to installation art.
LASAR SEGALL. UN EXPRESIONISTA BRASILEÑO; MALBA - Colección Costantini Museo de Arte Latinoamericano de Buenos Aires y Museu Lasar Segall - IPHAN, Ministério da Cultura, San Pablo en coordinación con el Museo de Arte Moderno, del CONACULTA - INBA, México.
São Paulo: 6 de marzo al 2 de junio de 2002, Museo de Arte Moderno, CONACULTA - INBA, México. 11 de julio al 15 de septiembre de 2002 MALBA - Colección Costantini (Museo de Arte Latinoamericano de Buenos Aires), 2002. b/w, color and sepia plates, b/w ports., cat., bio/chorns., bibl......
LOS CUADERNOS DE LA MIERDA: FRANCISCO TOLEDO
México: CONACULTA, Gob. del Edo. de Oaxaca, SAT, SHCP, Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Oaxaca, 2001. color plates, cat., color pict. fldg. wrps. Presentation of drawings by noted artist Francisco Toledo (b. Mexico), taken from 27 notebooks given by the artist to the Secretaría de Hacienda as a payment (pago.....
LUNA CORNEA. NÚM. 37.; La iconosfera Monsiváis.
México, D.F: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, CONACULTA, Centro de la Imagen, 2021. b/w and color plates, facs., color pict. endpapers, color pict. fldg. wrps. ISSN: 0188-8005.
MELANIE SMITH: PARRES
México, D.F: Turner; A&R Press; Galeria OMR; Conaculta; Inba, 2008. color plates, facs., bio./chron., color pict. boards, OCLC: 216939580. Born in the UK in 1965, Melanie Smith has lived and worked in Mexico City since 1989 Since 1989, life in the world's third largest urban center has profoundly impacted her.....
MEMORIA CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL DE MURALISMO; San Ildefonso, cuna del Muralismo Mexicano: reflexiones historiográficas y artistícas
México: Antiguo Colegio de San Idelfonso, UNAM; CONACULTA, 1999. b/w plates, ports., facs., draws., bibl., fldg. wrps. Papers presented at the international conference on murals. IMPORTANT REFERENCE. Highlights:1. Reinterrpretaciones en Torno a la "Creación de Diego Rivera: Recuento Historiográfico";2. Después de San Ildefonso. Cambio en el Quehacer Mural-satico y su.....
METAMORFOSIS.; First edition
Zapopan, Museo de Arte de Zapopan, ...Oaxaca, MACO; San Muigel Allende, Centro Cultural... CONACULTA; FONCA, 2004-2005. color plates, cat., appens., wrps. Metamorphosis is a pictorial project developed by 61 plastic artists where format and theme have been unified; the theme is based on Ovidius' metamorphosis. Each artist has taken a......
MÉXICO EN ARCO '05
México;Madrid: CONACULTA; Turner Publicaciones, 2005. b/w and color plates, facs, plans, draws., filmography, appen., ind., chron., advts., color fldg. wrps. Catalogue of the 2005 prestigious Spanish contemporary art fair ARCO where the guest of honor was México. This extraordinary cultural event included 20 venues and 34 events involving the participation.....
MÉXICO ETERNO: ARTE Y PERMANENCIA
México: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, CONACULTA, 1999. color plates, ind., cat., bibliographical references (p. 296), d.j. Retrospective of Mexican art from Pre-Columbian through the end of the 20th century. Mounted in celebration of the 21st century. 382 full color photographs of paintings, ceramics, installations, tapestries, sculptures.....
MIRADAS CONVERGENTES. ALVAREZ BRAVO, CARTIER-BRESSON, WALKER EVANS
México: Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes; Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, CONACULTA; Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, INBA, del 13 de noviembre de 2002 al 2 de marzo de 2003. b/w plates, cat., boards, tipped-in title plate. Photography by three leading photographers of different nationalities of.....
MURALES DEL PALACIO DE BELLAS ARTES.; Director, Juan Mora Catlett; productor, Jorge Prior; guión para video, Juan Mora Catlett ; fotografía, Marco Antonio Ruiz. Locución, Gisela Casillas, Carlos Canales
México: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, CONACULTA; Instituo Nacional de Bellas Artes, INBA, (1997). 1 VHS videocassette (60 min.) : sd., b&w and col. ; 1/2 in. Documentary on the exceptional murals by Rivera, Siqueiros, Orozco, Rufino Tamayo, Roberto Montenegro, Manuel Rodríguez Lozano and Jorge González Camarena.....
ORGANICA: REALIDADES DE LA FRONTERA
Tijuana: CECUT; CONACULTA; Gobierno del Estado de Baja California, (2006). color plates, illus., cat., duo tone pict. wrps. Exhibition celebrates the 24th anniversary of the Centrol Cultural Tijuana. It was originally conceived as an exhibition for New York and a previous editon of Orgánica, Realidades de la Frontera in England.....
QUIMERA DE LOS MURALES DEL PALACIO DE BELLAS ARTES.; Mercedes Iturbe, et al
México: Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes; Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, CONACULTA; Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, INBA, DGE/Equilibrista, 2004. b/w and color plates, ports., facs., appen., bios., chron., cat., color pict. fldg. wrps. An exhibition that commemorates the 70th anniversary of the inauguration of the.....
RIESGO DE LO ABSTRACTO: EL MODERNISMO MEXICANO Y EL ARTE DE GUNTHER GERZSO; Luis-Martín Lozano, et al
México: CONACULTA, 2003. color plates, cron., bibl., cat., color pict. d.j. MAJOR MONOGRAPH in Spanish language on one of the masters of abstract art . Gerzso's (b. Mexico, 1915-2000) work and life are presented in great detail with 122 selected works on paper and oil paintings from private and public.....
TERRITORIOS DE DIÁLOGO: ESPAÑA, MÉXICO, ARGENTINA, 1930-1945: ENTRE LOS REALISMOS Y LO SURREAL.; Coordinación editorial, Sandra Benito Vélez. Diana B. Wechler...[and others]
México: Museo Nacional de Arte, MUNAL; Instituto Nacional de Bellas Ares, INBA; CONACULTA; Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, IIE-UNAM, 2006. b/w and color plates., ports., facs., cat., bios/chrons., ind., bibliographical references, color d.j. Major exhibition containing 9 major essays, 130 art works consisting of paintings, photographs.....
Alcántara-G., Martirene
MISIONES FRANCISCANAS DE FRAY JUNIPERO SERRA.; Colección Círculo de Arte, arquitectura
México: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes CONACULTA, 2005. color plates, b/w port. frontis, bibl, color pict. boards. The brief overview of the architecture and decoration of Franciscan missions established by Junípero Serra.
Ashida, Carlos.
FERNANDO GONZÁLEZ GORTÁZAR: SÍ, AÚN.; Colección Círculo de Arte.
México, D.F: Consejo Nacional Para la Cultura y las Artes CONACULTA, 2000. frontis. port., plus (31p.), b/w, color plates, color pict. boards. Retrospective on Mexican born architect, urban planner, architectural sculptor and artist González Gort zar (b. 1942), noted for his flawless integration of projects that harmonize with the environment.....
Benítez Dueñas, Issa Ma. (Coord)
HACIA OTRA HISTORIA DEL ARTE EN MÉXICO, TOMO IV: DISOLVENCIAS (1960-2000).; Arte e Imágen
México: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, CONACULTA; Curare, A.C., 2004. b/w and color plates, facs., cat., bibl., color pict. fldg. pict. wrps. Volume 4 is the last of a series dedicated to study of art historiography in Mexico, this volume in particular analyses how the political and.....
Blanco, Alberto
RODOLFO NIETO: LOS AÑOS HEROICOS.; Colección Círculo de Arte
México: CONACULTA, 2002. frontis, 31 color plates, color pict. boards. Retrospective of Rodolfo Nieto (b. Mexico 1936, d. 1985) and his work. Includes a sketch of his career and art up to 1970. Also includes numerous examples of his abstract paintings and drawings (several of which are of his trademark.....


During vulnerability assessment or penetration testing, identifying the input vectors of the target application is a primordial step. Sometimes, when dealing with Web application testing, verification routines related to SQL injection flaws discovery are restricted to the GET and POST variables as the unique inputs vectors ever. What about other HTTP header parameters? Aren't they potential input vectors for SQL injection attacks? How can one test all these HTTP parameters and which vulnerability scanners to use in order to avoid leaving vulnerabilities undiscovered in parts of the application?
A result of a comparison of 60 commercial and open-source black box web application vulnerability scanners was released and titled: « The Scanning Legion: Web Application Scanners Accuracy Assessment & Feature Comparison ». This benchmark, realized by the security researcher Shay Chen in 2011, focused on testing commercial and open source tools that are able to detect (and not necessarily exploit) security vulnerabilities on a wide range of URLs.
HTTP Query String Parameters (GET): input parameters sent in the URL.
HTTP Body Parameters (POST): input parameters sent in the HTTP body.
HTTP Cookie Parameters: input parameters sent in the HTTP cookie.
HTTP Headers: HTTP request headers used by the application.
This chart shows obviously that 75% of Web application scanners couldn't discover HTTP Headers parameters related flaws. Furthermore, 70% of these scanners failed inspecting HTTP Cookies vulnerabilities else. These rates refer exactly to the ability of the scanners to scan the input vector, not simply to interpret it. Comparing to the reasonable score made for GET and POST, some automated testing tools may lead to unsatisfied results when dealing with HTTP header as an SQL injection input vector.
As a matter of fact, HTTP Headers and Cookies should not be underestimated. Therefore, these two vectors should be taken into consideration during testing plan. Yet, when the vulnerability scanners used are not supporting these features, we should think about testing these parameters manually.
We can consider the HTTP Cookies, when are stored in databases for sessions identification, as the first potential HTTP variables which should be tested. We will see next in an example of Cookie based SQL injection. There are also other HTTP headers related to the application.
X-Forwarded-For is an HTTP header field considered as a de facto standard for identifying the originating IP address of a client connecting to a web server through an HTTP proxy or load balancer.
We will see an example of this flaw basing of a form submission.
The variable login is correctly controlled due to the sanitize() method.
Let us inspect the ip variable. It is allocating the output of the ip_addr() method.
Obviously, the IP address is retrieved from the HTTP header X_FORWARDED_FOR. This later is controlled by the preg_match which verifies if this parameter does hold at least one IP address. As a matter of fact, the environment variable HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR is not properly sanitized before its value being used in the SQL query. This can lead to run any SQL query by injecting arbitrary SQL code into this field.
will lead to bypass the authentication control.
User agent is an HTTP header field gives the software program used by the original client. This is for statistical purposes and the tracing of protocol violations. It should be included. The first white space delimited word must be the software product name, with an optional slash and version designator.
Not all applications are written to capture the user-agent data, but sometimes applications are designed to store such information (ex: shopping cart providers) to make use of it. In this case, it's worth investigating the user-agent header for possible issues.
Referer is another HTTP header which can be vulnerable to SQL injection once the application is storing it in database without sanitizing it. It's an optional header field that allows the client to specify, for the server's benefit, the address ( URI ) of the document (or element within the document) from which the URI in the request was obtained. This allows a server to generate lists of back-links to documents, for interest, logging, etc. It allows bad links to be traced for maintenance.
As we all know, injection flaws are ranked the first in The OWASP Top 10 Web Application Security Risks. Attackers are increasingly seeking for injection points to get full access of your databases. No matter the injection input vector's type, whether it's a GET, POST, Cookie or other HTTP headers; the important for intruders is always to have at least one injection point which let them start the exploitation phase.
In this section, we will introduce some methods of inspecting HTTP Cookie variables.
Cookie Manager+ allows view, edit and create new cookies. It also allows show extra information about cookies and allows edit multiple cookies at once, as well as backup/restore them.
After installing it, from the Tools menu, select Cookies Manager+.We select a Cookie variable related to the target application.
content of the variable language_id.
This database error is alerting us for a susceptible SQL injection flaw.
The advantage of using Cookies Manager+ is that it's simple to use, act directly on the cookie and saves the previous edited value of the cookie.
We will try to determine the number of column using another Firefox plug-in.
Tamper Data is a powerful Firefox add-on to view and modify HTTP/HTTPS headers and post parameters.
After installing it, from the Tools menu, select Tamper Data. Start tampering HTTP request by clicking the button Start Tamper.
When launching any request from the target application, Tamper Data pops up a box and asks if we want to tamper the current HTTP request just sent.
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We add: order by 4 into the HTTP cookie variable as shown in the previous screenshot. The response is normal from the application.
So we can conclude that the number of columns is 4.
The exploitation may need sometimes advanced SQL injection techniques.
Sqlmap is a popular open source penetration testing tool that automates the process of detecting and exploiting SQL injection flaws and taking over of database servers.
Authentication based upon cookies when the web application requires that.
Detection and exploitation of SQL injection on such header values.
By default sqlmap tests all GET parameters and POST parameters. When the value of –level is set to 2 or above it tests also HTTP Cookie header values. When this value is set to 3 or above, it tests also HTTP User-Agent and HTTP Referer header value for SQL injections. It is however possible to manually specify a comma-separated list of parameter(s) that you want sqlmap to test. This will bypass the dependence on the value of –level too.
For instance, to test for GET parameter id and for HTTP User-Agent only, provide -p id,user-agent.
This is an example of how we can test the parameter named security of an HTTP Cookie of the DVWA (Damn Vulnerable Web Application).
The flag –string compare between the valid pages and the invalid one (due to the injection). In the other hand, the flag –dbs is used to enumerate the database management systems. Finally, the flag –p force the testing of the PHPSESSID variable.
Tools for testing SQL injection: choose by its detection accuracy or by its input vector coverage?
In order to answer this question, we have exploited the results of the benchmark provided by sectoolmarket.com. We have take in hypothesis that the detection accuracy of the candidate scanners has the same importance as input vectors coverage and support. We have considered GET, POST, HTTP Cookie and HTTP Headers as the input vectors that should be supported. When all these parameters are supported, the scanners make a rate 100% of coverage (4/4).
We suggest the equation below of arithmetic mean to adapt a balancing score for vulnerability scanners.
We can show a chart representing the vulnerability scanners by their balanced score which defined both their detection accuracy for SQL injection flaws and their input vector coverage.
Cookies and other stored HTTP headers should be treated by developers as another form of user input and be subjected to the same validation routines.


Aesop Rock & TOBACCO are Malibu Ken - "Acid King"
Compositor for Aesop Rock & TOBACCO are Malibu Ken - "Acid King".
Compositing and Mocap done in Nuke.
American Lung Assoc. - "Meet the Scan"
Sr. Compositor and Colorist for American Lung Assoc. - "Meet the Scan".
Dairy Farmers Of Canada - "Merry Christmas"
We Bare Bears - "Wilderness Man"
Compositor for Honda - Dream Commute.
Sr. Compositor and Colorist for Micro Cura - T3 campaign.
Compositing done in Nuke. Color done in Resolve.
ArcBest - "Welcome To Simplistics"
Sr. Compositor for ArcBest - "Welcome to Simplistics" campaign.
Compositor for FX - "Baskets"
This was various invisible effects done for various shots over the two seasons including; animal leash removal, take stitching, reflection touch ups, and more.
Compositor for Honda - "Utility"
This project was composited using deepEXR which provided an added layer of polish to the Depth of Field, to help achieve the miniature look of the spot.
Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer - "The 4-D Experiece"
Lead Compositor and Colorist for Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer - "The 4-D Experiece"
This was a 11 min UHD Stereoscopic Remake of the original 1964 Rudolph.
Capn Kith - "Ahoy", "Kithified", "Thru The Looking Glass", and "Kings Of Their Castles"
Lead Compositor and Colorist for Capn Kith - "Ahoy", "Kithified", "Thru The Looking Glass", and "Kings Of Their Castles"
This was mostly adding lighting and shadows to the scenes as well as camera sweetening and overall color.
Rice Krispies - "Pop To Life" & "Spring To Life"
Lead Compositor and Colorist for Rice Krispies - "Pop To Life" & "Spring To Life"
This involved a complete 3D camera re-projection of all the stop-motion scenes in order to get the radically different cameras to track properly.
AT&T - "Favor For Santa", "Reindeer Games" and "Abominable Snowman"
Lead Compositor and Colorist for AT&T - "Favor For Santa", "Reindeer Games" and "Abominable Snowman"
VFX Supervisor on The Lotus Gun directed by Amanda Milius. Work involved the removal of unwanted elements from shots such as power lines, tire tracks and buildings.
Compositor/Colorist for Hallmark - "Polariffic".
Composited in Nuke, Colored in Resolve.
Compositor for Nike - "Always Advance".
Compositor on a number of web shorts for Boston Pizza.
VFX Supervisor for Butterfy Dust directed by Anthony Bushman. Work involved muzzle flashes, practical FX enhancement, unwanted element removal, and label replacement.
Lead Compositor and Colorist for the Nike - "FlyKnit" Product Shoot. Featured on their website HERE.


text:
Cox $29.99 10 - 300 Mbps Cable 93%
CenturyLink $45 12 - 140 Mbps DSL 95%
Phoenix Internet $50 7 - 15 Mbps Wireless 100%
Provider: Cox
Cable - 93%
Fiber - 0.000%
At 100%, broadband coverage in the 85043 ZIP code is slightly higher than the rest of Arizona - 84%, and comparable to broadband coverage across the U.S. - 95%.
The vast majority of those living in the 85043 ZIP will have access to DSL, which covers 100% of households. Cable internet is also an option for many, offering service to 93% of the area. No fiber-optic providers are currently available in Phoenix, but satellite or fixed-wireless providers may offer broadband options in your area.
There are four internet providers serving the 85043 area, and 93.36% of households will have internet options from more than one provider. Among four internet providers in 85043, prices start at $29.99 and available download speeds reach up to 300 Mbps.
The largest internet providers serving the 85043 ZIP code are Cox, CenturyLink, and HughesNet bringing cable, DSL, and satellite options to the area.
Cable internet from Cox is available to nearly all in the 85043 ZIP code, covering 93% of households. Many will also have the option of DSL from CenturyLink, which covers 95% of the area. Phoenix's third most-available internet provider, HughesNet, offers satellite to around 100% of residents in the 85043 ZIP code.
Cox cable internet
Cable from Cox offers broadband to nearly all households in the 85043 ZIP code, covering 93% of the area.
Cox's cable network is likely to offer faster speeds than DSL or satellite service, but 85043 residents in densely populated areas may experience slowed speeds during peak usage times.
Internet prices for Cox start at $29.99/mo.*, which is significantly lower than the average starting price for internet in Phoenix, $46.24.
Cox customers who choose the lowest-priced plan can expect speeds up to 10 Mbps, which comes to an estimated $3.00 per Mbps, about the same as the average cost per Mbps for the lowest priced plans in Phoenix, $3.30.
For those who value internet speed as much as cost, Cox offers download speeds up to 300 Mbps and upload speeds up to 30 Mbps in 85043 ZIP code. These download speeds are available to 93% of the area, and are much faster than the average max speeds from all Phoenix's providers, 120 Mbps.
CenturyLink DSL internet
DSL from CenturyLink offers broadband to nearly all households in the 85043 ZIP code, covering 95% of the area.
DSL internet from CenturyLink uses telephone lines to deliver service, which often leads to lower prices and higher availability, though download speeds are likely to be slower than cable or fiber-optic internet.
Internet prices for CenturyLink start at $45/mo.*, which is about the same as the average starting price for internet in Phoenix, $46.24.
CenturyLink customers who choose the lowest-priced plan can expect speeds up to 12 Mbps, which comes to an estimated $3.75 per Mbps, about the same as the average cost per Mbps for the lowest priced plans in Phoenix, $3.30.
For those who value internet speed as much as cost, CenturyLink offers download speeds up to 140 Mbps and upload speeds up to 40 Mbps in 85043 ZIP code. These download speeds are available to 95% of the area, and are about the same as the average max speeds from all Phoenix's providers, 120 Mbps.
HughesNet satellite internet
Satellite from HughesNet offers broadband to all households in the 85043 ZIP code, covering 100% of the area.
HughesNet satellite internet offers reliable connection throughout the 85043 ZIP where other internet types may not be available, but service is likely to come with low monthly data allowances and high latency, making streaming binges and real-time online gaming impractical.
Internet prices for HughesNet start at $59.99/mo.*, which is significantly higher than the average starting price for internet in Phoenix, $46.24.
HughesNet customers who choose the lowest-priced plan can expect speeds up to 25 Mbps, which comes to an estimated $2.40 per Mbps, about the same as the average cost per Mbps for the lowest priced plans in Phoenix, $3.30.
For those who value internet speed as much as cost, HughesNet offers download speeds up to 25 Mbps and upload speeds up to 3 Mbps in 85043 ZIP code. These download speeds are available to 100% of the area, and are slightly slower than the average max speeds from all Phoenix's providers, 120 Mbps.
Cox is the fastest internet provider in the 85043 ZIP code with download speeds up to 300 Mbps. These speeds are available to 93% of households in 85043. The next fastest internet provider in the 85043 ZIP code is CenturyLink, offering download speeds up to 140 Mbps to 95% of the area.
Cox offers the cheapest internet in the 85043 ZIP with service starting at $29.99/mo. This is significantly less than the average starting price for internet in Phoenix, $46.24.
Home page Arizona Phoenix 85043


text:
Stellenangebote in Cypern
Τhe Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
EXTENSION TO THE APPLICATION DEADLINE
ANNOUNCEMENT OF ACADEMIC POSITIONS
University of Cyprus. Excelling with the excellent.
The University of Cyprus was officially founded in 1989 and started operating in Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, in 1992. Within a short time, the University of Cyprus managed to achieve international recognition through an impressive course of development. Today, it is ranked 64th young university (under 50 years) and #351-400 worldwide by the Times New Higher Education Rankings.
These great distinctions are the result of our dedication to excellence and continuous development. The University of Cyprus managed to stand out and receive awards for the new paths it has opened up in particularly demanding and dynamic contexts of research.
The University of Cyprus becomes better every year; therefore it wishes to attract the best employees.
To this end, the University constantly develops its programs of study and recruits high-caliber staff who will contribute significantly to the design of new curricula, both at undergraduate and graduate level. One of the strategic aims of the University of Cyprus is the further promotion and development of research, in which new staff are expected to play an essential role.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) is one of the four departments of the Engineering School that was founded in 2002. Since its creation, the Department has expanded rapidly, and is further expanding, with the hiring of new faculty and an increasing number of admitted undergraduate and graduate students. Through this development phase, the laboratory and information technology infrastructure necessary to support our mission of providing high quality educational and research programs was created. In the last international assessment by Times Higher Education World University Rankings, the University of Cyprus ranked in the first 200 universities in Europe amongst more than 6000 European universities. The Department premises will be hosted in the brand new building complex of the Engineering School, which upon completion, will become the largest building complex for education and research in the history of the country.
Further information regarding the CEE Department can be found at:
http://www.ucy.ac.cy/cee/en
The University of Cyprus invites applications for one (1) tenure–track academic position at the rank of Lecturer or Assistant Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, in the field of «Coastal Engineering».
For all academic ranks, an earned Doctorate from a recognized University is required.
Requirements for appointment depend on academic rank and include: prior academic experience, research record and scientific contributions, involvement in teaching and in the development of high quality undergraduate and graduate curricula.
The minimum requirements for each academic rank can be found at the webpage: www.ucy.ac.cy/acad.staff.procedures.
The official languages of the University are Greek and Turkish. For the above positions knowledge of Greek is necessary.
Citizenship of the Republic of Cyprus is not a requirement.
In case the selected candidate does not have sufficient knowledge of the Greek language, it is the candidate΄s and the Department΄s responsibility to ensure that the candidate acquires sufficient knowledge of the Greek language within 3 years of appointment. Each Department sets its own criteria for the required level of adequacy of knowledge of the Greek language.
The annual gross salary (including the 13th salary) for full time employment, according to the current legislation, is:
Assistant Professor: (Scale Α13-Α14) - €58,296.21-€78,619.65
Lecturer: (Scale Α12-Α13) - €44,309.63-€72,101.30
From the above amounts, employee contributions to the various governmental funds will be deducted.
Applicants are invited to submit their application and upload the following documents in PDF form, by Friday the 30th of August 2019, at the following link: https://applications.ucy.ac.cy/recruitment
Curriculum Vitae - should be written in Greek or in Turkish
Curriculum Vitae - should be written in one international language, preferably in English
Copy of ID/Passport
Copies of Degree certificates
Summary of previous research work and a statement of plans for future research (up to 3 pages) - should be written in Greek or in Turkish,
Summary of previous research work and a statement of plans for future research (up to 3 pages) - should be written in one international language, preferably English
Representative publications (up to 3 publications which should be individually uploaded). The submission of representative publications is non-mandatory for the rank of Lecturer
The names and e-mails of three academic referees, who, upon submission of the application, will be automatically notified to provide recommendation letters (in the English language) up to seven days past the submission application deadline
Documents 1-9 must be individually uploaded as separate PDF documents
Selected candidates will be required to submit copies of degree certificates officially certified by the Ministry of Education (for certificates received from Universities in Cyprus) or from the Issuing Authority (for foreign Universities).
Applications, supporting documents and reference letters submitted in response to previous calls in the past will not be considered and must be resubmitted.
Applications not conforming to the specifications of the Call i.e.-do not include all the required items/documents as requested via the electronic submission system, will not be considered.
It is the applicant's responsibility to ensure that their application has successfully been submitted. Upon successful submission, the candidate will receive an automated confirmation e-mail.
For more information, candidates may contact the Human Resources Service (tel.: 00357 2289
4189/ 4155) or the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, (+357 2289 2200/2249).
University of Cyprus
Universitätslektor
Lecturer/Assistant Professor in Steel Structures
Cypern Veröffentlicht: 2019-06-10


text:
December 2, 2015 by Peter Bronski 1 Comment
Our corner of Colorado has a rich heritage of agriculture and ranching.
It was about a week ago that I was browsing the New York Times in the days leading up to Thanksgiving, reading this article and that about food and agriculture. I stumbled across a fascinating article, "Agriculture Linked to DNA Changes in Ancient Europe." The article—based on recently published new research in the journal Nature—went on to explain how the human genome rapidly evolved in the wake of the arrival of farming in Europe about 8,500 years ago.
I began the article out of pure intellectual interest. But I also couldn't help but think of the potential implications for the Paleo diet that's so popular right now. We're gluten-free but decidedly not Paleo, and if you're reading this blog, I'll bet you aren't either. We cook with gluten-free grains such as rice, corn, quinoa, and amaranth, which are all big "no nos" for the Paleo diet. One of the fundamental premises of the Paleo perspective is that the advent of agriculture changed the human diet far faster than humans evolved to adapt to that diet, hence advocating a return to "pre-agricultural" diets. But this new research showed just how quickly the human genome evolved to adapt to an agriculture-based diet, potentially poking a big hole in the Paleo theory.
One good example is the amino acid ergothioneine, a powerful antioxidant. Wheat is relatively poor in ergothioneine (for example, mushrooms have about 12 times as much per serving), but then a funny thing happened, researchers found. A gene that increased humans' absorption of the amino acid became much more prominent, adapting our gut and our bodies to this new agricultural wheat-based diet.
Upon reading the full research article in Nature, another finding jumped out at me—one related to celiac disease. The same segments of DNA that code of ergothioneine absorption also have common variants associated with increased risk for ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, and … celiac disease. Hence, researchers concluded celiac disease "may have hitchhiked to high frequency as a result."
(As I write about in The Gluten-Free Edge, the first written description of celiac disease from Greece and earliest archeological remains believed to have been celiac disease from Italy both date to the first century AD, roughly 2,000 years ago. It's intriguing to think that humans' genetic predisposition for celiac disease could have arisen hundreds or even thousands of years earlier.)
There are many causal factors behind celiac disease, but genetic predisposition is undoubtedly a central one. These new findings have potentially big implications for how maligned wheat is—or isn't—in today's food systems. There are some people on an extreme end of the spectrum who hold that wheat is bad for everyone. On the other end of the spectrum are those who hold that wheat is bad for certain populations with medically diagnosed conditions such as celiac disease that demand strict avoidance of wheat and equally strict adherence to a gluten-free diet. But—at least evolutionarily—it appears that on the level of celiac disease, wheat wasn't all that bad for us historically. Instead, as humans evolved and got better at digesting and absorbing wheat's nutrients, we also—through unfortunate but coincidental correlation—increased our risk for getting sick from the grain that ultimately became a staple of the Western diet.
If, like me, you have celiac disease today, this information doesn't much change anything. But it's at least intriguing to know that the prevalence of celiac disease today came about in part because, ironically, we got better at eating wheat, and not simply because we started eating it (and more of it) in the first place or because it was inherently bad for us.
Filed Under: Health & Nutrition
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AllerGenie says
Fascinating history and information. Thanks for sharing!


text:
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Cabinas Marielos is set in Tamarindo, 12 km from Playa Conchal and 35 km from Playa Hermosa. Free WiFi is offered throughout the property and free private parking is available on site.
Each room has a private bathroom. A TV is provided.
There is a shared kitchen at the property.
Playa Grande is 2.2 km from Cabinas Marielos, while Nosara is 41 km from the property. The nearest airport is Daniel Oduber Quirós International Airport, 46 km from the property.
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Opener Rohit Sharma and skipper Virat Kohli scored blistering centuries to help India thrash the West Indies by eight wickets in the first One-Day International match here on Sunday.
The century helped Kohli become the fastest batsman to 60 worldwide tons and took him within touching distance of the 10000-run mark in ODIs as well.
The century was the 29-year-old's 20th in successful chases, moving him further away from fellow Indian great Sachin Tendulkar's 14, and it was his eighth while chasing at least 300 runs. Whenever he gets there, Kohli will be the fastest to do so and again beat Tendulkar to the record.
Valverde attempted to cool the speculation surrounding Neymar , insisting that "We aren't in the market to sign players". It is less than two years since Neymar left Barca for the French capital in a shock world-record £199m move.
While Rohit Sharma's innings was typical, Kohli played an innings where he dominated from the word go. "At the half way stage I thought we had a par score but we were probably 30 runs short", Holder said at the post-match press conference.
"Among the top three, I mostly take the anchor role because both Rohit and Shikhar are good stroke-makers. They are two legends and when they are playing like this, it sometimes feels like they are playing PS4", said the leg-spinner.
All 15 members of the Indian Women's World T20 squad, led by Harmanpreet Kaur, will now feature in the three matches on October 22, 24 and 26 to be played at the Bandra-Kurla Complex in Mumbai.
The last time there was an El Nino event, in the winter of 2015-2016, the Mid-Atlantic was hit by a blockbuster snowstorm. The Climate Prediction Center (a division of NOAA ) has released their early outlook for the winter 2018-2019 season.
"Got to get them out, that's the only way to stem the flow of runs", West Indies captain Jason Holder said after the match.
"We enjoy watching them and being on the winning side". Kohli has taken only 386 innings to 60 centuries taking 40 innings fewer than Tendulkar.
The centurion for West Indies, Shimron Hetmeyer, thought his team had a defendable score after getting to 322 in their allotted fifty overs. After dismissing Dhawan for a paltry 4, Thomas as expected was celebrating.
An official familiar with the Saudi operation said: 'There were no orders for them to kill him or even specifically kidnap him. Al-Qahtani then worked as an adviser to the deputy chief of the royal court, before becoming adviser to the court in 2012.
Prince Harry and his wife Meghan are on day three of their 16-day tour of Australia and the South Pacific. That look of love from Prince Harry to Meghan Markle .
Because many of those people, a fairly big percentage of those people are criminals, and they want to come into our country. Mr Trump, who has threatened to close down the U.S. border, said the military would be called upon if needed.
Salah expressed his honest thanks to King Salman and Crown Prince for their condolences, according to SPA. A security guard stands outside Saudi Arabia's consulate in Istanbul on Saturday.
But someone is over $38,000 richer this morning after purchasing a winning Florida Lottery Fantasy 5 ticket in Davisville. The current Mega Millions jackpot has been growing since July, when a group of California office workers won $543m.
But Warren wasn't the only political figure Haley took shots at in her speech. The annual dinner is known for giving politicians a chance to crack jokes.
Trump has blamed the market's big sell-off on rising rates and has described the Fed as being "out of control". Earlier this month, Trump said he thought the Fed was "making a mistake" by raising interest rates.
Apple has never been very vocal on advertising its battery, the reason being the lower capacity than its industry rivals. The two flagship devices from Apple go up for pre-order starting tomorrow, 19 October 2018 (3.01PM).
Real Madrid reached the worst scoring drought in its history in a 2-1 home loss to Levante in the Spanish league on Saturday . At half-time, there were a scattering of white handkerchiefs - the traditional expression of discontent - but more whistles.
For example, if the USA were to halt or reduce production, the implications would be big because the price increase could be high. Brent crude oil has now dropped below $80 a barrel.
NBC News reports the Mexican government sent 500 officers to the country's border with Guatemala ahead of their approach. Police deployed pepper spray after some migrants tried to push their way through the Mexican side.
Luke Shaw earned himself a new contract at Manchester United , prompting Jose Mourinho to praise the defender for his attitude. We conceded from two set-pieces, but that is a way to score goals and you have to be able to defend against that.
The back is a mix of magnesium and aluminum (only on the kickstand) but in a matching finish that keeps things looking uniform. The device is marketed as an "always on, always connected PC" just like any other Windows 10 device based on Qualcomm's chips.
Putin revealed the programme, and other missile systems he said were unbeatable, during his re-election campaign in March. In Washington, the United States military cast doubt on Putin's claims, the Reuters news agency reported.
Amid criticism from Cruz about his position toward impeachment, O'Rourke was asked if he\ had changed his mind. "He's dishonest. "We can disagree while treating each other with respect, while treating each other with civility", he said.
Cristiano Ronaldo scored his fifth goal for Juventus but Genoa rallied for a 1-1 draw in Serie A action on Saturday. Ronaldo is set to feature at Old Trafford following his one-game ban in the European competition.


Yesterday, recently elected Austrian Chanellor Sebastian Kurz has announced that he has succeeded in making a coalition with the controversial far-right Freedom Party.
Approximately two months after Sebastian Kurz of the conservative People's Party (OVP) was elected as the new Austrian Chancellor at the age of 31, yesterday (Friday), Kurz announced that he has managed to form a coalition with the controversial far-right Freedom Party (FPO).
The FPO, which is a vocal opponent of Austria's current immigration policy, won 26.7% of the votes in the last elections. Austria is home to over half a million Muslim immigrants. The party's former leader, Jörg Haider, was often accused of anti-Semitism and Nazi sympathy.
Since 2008, the FPO has grown more and more powerful, as it continues to position itself as a party that is moving closer and closer to the center, thus attracting new voters. Today, the party is led by Heinz-Christian Strache, who has, on more than one occasion, spoken out against the "Islamization" of the country. Strache is expected to become a senior-level minister in the new coalition.