text:
\section{Introduction}

The equation of state (EOS) of nuclear matter, characterizing the relation between energy
density and pressure of the system,
has been the cornerstone in defining the structure of rare isotopes \cite{Brown:2000pd},
collective properties in nucleus-nucleus collisions \cite{Li:2008gp,Tsang:2008fd},
and the structure of neutron star \cite{Lattimer:2004pg,Oertel:2016bki}.
Yet the predictions of these observables are largely restricted due to incomplete
knowledge of the EOS.

While a first principle calculation of finite density quantum
choromodynamics in lattice gauge theory is plagued by the sign problem
\cite{deForcrand:2010ys}, sophisticated nuclear many-body theories
\cite{Dutra:2014qga,Oertel:2016bki,Lattimer:2015nhk} have served as a promising prospect.
These calculations by design reproduce the nuclear matter properties at the saturation density. As a consequence,
the lower and higher density predictions of these EOSs are very diverse and
remain largely unconstrained.
Particularly uncertain is the supranuclear density behavior of nuclear symmetry energy
$E_{\rm sym}(\rho)$ and thus the EOS of neutron-rich matter
\cite{Brown:2000pd,Li:2008gp,Lattimer:2004pg}.

The first major observational constraint of the EOS at supra-saturation densities came from
the precise measurements of two massive neutron stars (NS) of masses $(1.928\pm0.017)M_\odot$
\cite{Fonseca:2016tux} and $(2.01\pm0.04)M_\odot$ \cite{Antoniadis:2013pzd}.
This would effectively exclude unduly soft EOSs where the matter pressure is
not sufficient enough to support stars of maximum mass $M_{\rm max} \geq 1.97M_\odot$
against gravitational collapse. Conversely, a stiff EOS with large energy
density and pressure offers an intriguing possibility to produce exotic phases
comprising of hyperons \cite{Maslov:2015msa,Char:2015nea} and quarks \cite{Alford:2004pf}.

The historic detection of gravitational waves (GW) on August 17, 2017 by the
LIGO and Virgo collaborations from the binary neutron star (BNS) merger event GW170817
\cite{TheLIGOScientific:2017qsa} marks the opening of a new possibility to explore the EOS
at large densities. The GW signal encodes the information of tidal deformation induced
by the strong gravitational field of each star on its companion during the inspiral phase.
The tidal deformability, which depends inherently on the properties of neutron star,
can be quantified at the leading-order as \cite{Hinderer:2009ca}
\begin{eqnarray}\label{deform}
\Lambda = \frac{2}{3} k_2 \left( \frac{Rc^2}{GM} \right)^5,
\end{eqnarray}
where $k_2$ is the tidal Love number that depends on the EOS.
The large sensitivity of the tidal deformability
on the star radius is expected to impose severe constraint on the EOS.

The LIGO-Virgo collaborations inferred a bound on $\Lambda_{1.4} \leq 800$ for
neutron stars of mass $M = 1.4 M_\odot$ from Bayesian analysis of the GW data under
the assumption that each star may have a different EOS \cite{TheLIGOScientific:2017qsa}.
Since then, different analysis techniques and model studies
were undertaken in an effort to constrain the radii and/or maximum mass of neutron stars and the associated EOSs
\cite{Margalit:2017dij,Radice:2017lry,Fattoyev:2017jql,Annala:2017llu,Most:2018hfd,Nandi:2017rhy,Zhang:2018vrx}
by using the reported $\Lambda_{1.4}$ upper bound.
Recently, an improved analysis of this data, using a common EOS
for both the stars and with more realistic waveform models, provides
$\Lambda_{1.4} = 190^{+390}_{-120}$ that translates to a stringent bound of
$\Lambda_{1.4} \leq 580$ at the $90\%$ confidence level \cite{Abbott:2018exr}.

Complementary laboratory measurements of skin thickness of neutron-rich heavy nuclei
can provide further important checks on the EOS at subsaturation densities
\cite{Horowitz:2000xj,RocaMaza:2011pm,Sharma:2009zzk}.
Remarkably, the neutron-proton asymmetry pressure that determines the skin
in a nucleus of radius $R_{\rm nuc} \sim 10$ fm is essentially the same pressure
that dictates the radius $R \sim 10$ km of a neutron star \cite{Brown:2000pd}.
The PREX measurement at the Jefferson Laboratory \cite{Abrahamyan:2012gp}
for the neutron-skin thickness of $^{208}$Pb, $R^{208}_{\rm skin} = 0.33^{+0.16}_{-0.18}$ fm,
may well be employed to impose additional constraints.
However, a definitive data-to-theory comparison would require a substantial reduction
in the statistical error as planned in the future PREX-II experiment.

The synergy between low and high density physics of nuclear matter can be suitably explored
using the relativistic mean field (RMF) theory that provides a natural Lorentz
covariant extrapolation from sub- to supra-saturation densities
\cite{Dutra:2014qga,Lattimer:2015nhk}. The RMF models offer a comprehensive
framework that successfully describes several finite nuclei
properties and finds large applications in studies of NS structure.

In this article we have extensively analyzed 269 various EOSs predicted by the RMF models by
using the latest observational bounds on neutron stars and measured finite nuclei properties.
From the analysis we infer plausible bounds on the radius of neutron stars.
We further show that the recent stringent bound on tidal deformability can be reconciled
with the appearance of quark phase inside the neutron stars. New relativistic parametric sets
are introduced that simultaneously describe the finite nuclei properties and high-density
observational constraints.

\section{Set-up}

In the original RMF model \cite{Walecka:1974qa,Boguta:1977xi,Serot:1997xg}, the interaction between the
nucleons is described via the exchange of scalar-isoscalar $\sigma$ meson and vector-isoscalar $\omega$ meson.
Over the years, the model has been refined by including other mesons (such as vector-isovector
$\rho$ meson and scalar-isovector $\delta$) and introducing non-linear self-interaction as well as
cross-coupling terms for all the mesons
\cite{Horowitz:2000xj,Lalazissis:1996rd,Centelles:1997wy,Typel:1999yq,Liu:2001iz,Horowitz:2002mb,
Bunta:2003fm,ToddRutel:2005fa,Chen:2014mza}.

Based on the form of the interactions in the Lagrangian density, the 269 RMF models
\cite{Oertel:2016bki,Dutra:2014qga} are broadly recognized as:
NL-type (with nonlinear $\sigma$ term) \cite{Centelles:1997wy,Liu:2001iz},
NL3-type (NL3 and S271 families with additional $\sigma-\rho$ and $\omega-\rho$ couplings)
\cite{Lalazissis:1996rd,Horowitz:2002mb},
FSU-type (FSU and Z271 families with an additional nonlinear $\omega$ coupling)
\cite{Bunta:2003fm,ToddRutel:2005fa,Chen:2014mza},
BSR-type (BSR and BSR* families with more nonlinear couplings; BSR does not have nonlinear $\omega$ coupling)
\cite{Dhiman:2007ck,Agrawal:2010wg},
and DD (with density-dependent couplings) \cite{Typel:1999yq}.
The associated coupling constants are obtained by sophisticated fitting
procedures to the binding energies and charge radii of finite nuclei and/or to the nuclear
matter properties at the saturation density $\rho_0$.

The total energy per nucleon, i.e. the EOS,
$E(\rho,\delta) = E_0(\rho) + E_{\rm sym}(\rho)\delta^2$, is sum of the
symmetric nuclear matter (SNM) energy per nucleon $E_0(\rho)$ and nuclear symmetry energy $E_{\rm sym}(\rho)$,
where $\delta = (\rho_n-\rho_p)/\rho$ is the isospin asymmetry and $\rho_n$, $\rho_p$ and $\rho$
are respectively the neutron, proton and nucleon densities \cite{Li:2008gp,Tsang:2008fd}.
Large-scale comparison \cite{Oertel:2016bki} of experimental data from finite nuclei and
heavy-ion collisions with various model calculations
have provided reliable bounds on incompressibility of SNM
$210 \leq K_\infty = 9\rho_0 |\partial^2 E/\partial\rho^2|_{\rho_0} \leq 280$ MeV, symmetry energy
$28\leq E_{\rm sym}(\rho_0) \leq 35$ MeV and its slope parameter
$30 \leq L= 3\rho_0 |\partial E_{\rm sym}(\rho)/\partial\rho|_{\rho_0}\leq 87$ MeV at the
saturation density $\rho_0$. By imposing these current experimental bounds,
67 RMF models out of 269 sets are found to survive. We will examine the impact of observational
bounds and measured neutron-skin thickness on these EOSs without altering the
parameters in each model.

\section{Results}

Figure \ref{fig:Mmax} presents the prediction of tidal deformability
$\Lambda_{1.4}$  (for mass $M=1.4M_\odot$) as a function of maximum mass $M_{\rm max}$
of stars for the 67 RMF EOSs.
Models those do not support stars of $M_{\rm max}=1.97M_\odot$ have essentially soft
isospin-symmetric nuclear matter EOS $E_0(\rho)$ which largely dictates NS mass at
high density. In contrast, the deformability $\Lambda \sim R^5$ (hence NS radius)
is sensitive to the density-dependent symmetry energy $E_{\rm sym}(\rho)$
at $\rho \sim 2\rho_0$. The tidal deformability constraint
$\Lambda_{1.4} \leq 800$, inferred from the first analysis of GW170817 event
\cite{TheLIGOScientific:2017qsa}, combined with the lower bound on maximum mass
allow sizable number of RMF EOSs to survive, as can be seen from Fig. \ref{fig:Mmax}.
The current tight bound on $\Lambda_{1.4} \leq 580$ \cite{Abbott:2018exr}
rules out majority of the EOSs and supports only three existing models with
rather soft $E_{\rm sym}(\rho) \sim 46$ MeV at $\rho\approx 2\rho_0$, namely
NL$\rho$ \cite{Liu:2001iz} (NL-type EOS with $\sigma$ self-couplings),
HC \cite{Bunta:2003fm} (FSU-type EOS with nonlinear $\omega,\rho$), and
TW99 \cite{Typel:1999yq} (a density-dependent EOS). We also note that TW99
set provides a tidal deformability of $\Lambda_{1.4} \approx 400$.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{Lambda_grp.eps}
\caption{Tidal deformability $\Lambda_{1.4}$ of neutron star of mass $1.4M_\odot$
versus maximum mass $M_{\rm max}$ for all the RMF EOSs.
The horizontal and vertical lines respectively refer to the recent upper bound
$\Lambda_{1.4}=580$ of GW170817 data \cite{Abbott:2018exr}
and lower bound $M_{\rm max}=1.97M_\odot$ from the observed pulsar PSR J0348+0432
\cite{Antoniadis:2013pzd}.}
\label{fig:Mmax}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{mrt_all_mphys.eps}
\caption{Mass-radius relation of neutron stars predicted for all the RMF
EOSs that fulfill various $\Lambda_{1.4}$ bounds.}
\label{fig:mr}
\end{figure}

To explore the impact of tidal deformability constraint on the entire structure of a
star, we display in Fig. \ref{fig:mr} the mass-radius relation of stars for all the
EOSs that are subjected to various $\Lambda_{1.4}$ bounds.
The resulting correlation between $\Lambda_{1.4}$ and radius $R_{1.4}$ (for a
$1.4M_\odot$ star), computed for the EOSs that support maximum mass larger than $1.97M_\odot$,
is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:skin}(a).
In general, the increase of $R_{1.4}$ with $\Lambda_{1.4}$ has the natural explanation
that $\Lambda$ quantifies the deviation of gravitational field of a star relative to that
of a point-mass object \cite{Hinderer:2009ca}.
The exceedingly stiff NL3-type EOSs \cite{Lalazissis:1996rd,Horowitz:2002mb} generate
stars with large $M_{\rm max} \approx 2.7M_\odot$ but have fairly large
 $R_{1.4} \approx 13.7$ km (albeit within a narrow range).
Hence, these stars give $\Lambda_{1.4}>800$ and can be clearly ruled out by the present
GW data. Interestingly enough, a bound of $580 <\Lambda_{1.4} <800$ suggests
quite a large variation in the maximum mass
$2.0 \lesssim M_{\rm max}/M_\odot\lesssim 2.5$ but reasonably tight correlation
between deformability and radii $12.9\lesssim R_{1.4}/{\rm km}\lesssim 13.50$
for these moderately soft EOSs. A plausible stringent
LIGO-Virgo bound $400 \leq \Lambda_{1.4} \leq 580$ favors EOSs that posses much
softer $E_{\rm sym}(\rho)$ at density $\rho \sim 2\rho_0$. However, due to super-soft
total pressure at high densities, most of these EOSs are excluded by the
$M_{\rm max} \geq 1.97M_\odot$ constraint. As also seen in Fig. \ref{fig:Mmax},
only three EOSs:
NL$\rho$ \cite{Liu:2001iz}, HC \cite{Bunta:2003fm} and TW99 \cite{Typel:1999yq},
are just stiff enough to qualify the combined observational and maximum mass constraints.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth,angle=-90]{multi_skin.eps}
\caption{(a) Correlation between tidal deformability $\Lambda_{1.4}$ and radius $R_{1.4}$
of neutron stars of mass $M=1.4M_\odot$. The solid line represents the fit
$\Lambda_{1.4} = 1.53\times 10^{-5} (R_{1.4}/{\rm km})^{6.83}$.
(b) Correlation between neutron-skin thickness of $^{208}$Pb nuclei $R_{\rm skin}^{208}$
and $R_{1.4}$.
The results are for EOSs that support stars with $M_{\rm max} \geq 1.97M_\odot$.}
\label{fig:skin}
\end{figure}

One important upshot of $M-R$ relation of Fig. \ref{fig:mr} is the large spread
of radius $R_{1.4}$ when all the stars are considered irrespective of their
$M_{\rm max}$. The maximum mass bound [as shown in Fig \ref{fig:skin}(a)]
enforces a tight correlation of the form
$\Lambda_{1.4} = 1.53\times 10^{-5} (R_{1.4}/{\rm km})^{6.83}$ which suggests the possibility
to constrain the radius \cite{Fattoyev:2017jql,Annala:2017llu}
and perhaps the $E_{\rm sym}(\rho)$.
Thus the bound $\Lambda_{1.4} \leq 800$, estimated from the first analysis
of GW170817 \cite{TheLIGOScientific:2017qsa}, translates to $R_{1.4} \leq 13.49$ km,
and the recent stringent constraint $\Lambda_{1.4} \leq 580$
\cite{Abbott:2018exr} provides a strict upper limit of $R_{1.4} \leq 12.87$ km.
Interestingly, the tidal deformability in NL$\rho$ \cite{Centelles:1997wy}
is close to the inferred current upper bound and predicts $R_{1.4}\lesssim 12.81$ km.
Albeit, the radius of a NS is known to receive considerable contribution
from the low density crustal equation of state.

It may be mentioned that all the 67 RMF EOSs  are found to be consistent with
the pressure bound at twice the saturation density of $P(2\rho_0)=3.5_{-1.7}^{+2.7}\times10^{34}$ dyn/cm$^2$
(at the $90\%$ confidence level) as extracted from GW170817 data \cite{Abbott:2018exr}.
Hence, this bound is not very useful to constrain the EOS. In contrast, the bound
$P(6\rho_0)=9.0_{-2.6}^{+7.9}\times10^{35}$ dyn/cm$^2$ at
$\rho=6\rho_0$ rules out overly soft RMF EOSs. However, this
estimated bound is more than the central pressures
of the binary components of GW170817 event \cite{Abbott:2018exr} and therefore should be
used with caution.

Complementary and crucial information on $E_{\rm sym}(\rho)$, (i.e the EOS) at subsaturation
densities can be obtained from analysis of skin thickness $R_{\rm skin} = R_n-R_p$ of nuclei,
defined as the difference between the rms radii of neutrons and protons
\cite{RocaMaza:2011pm,Sharma:2009zzk}.
Figure \ref{fig:skin}(b) shows correlation between neutron-skin thickness
$R_{\rm skin}^{208}$ of heavy $^{208}$Pb and the stellar radius $R_{1.4}$.
A stiff $E_{\rm sym}(\rho)$ (large slope $L$) induces large values for both
the skin and star radius. Although the $R_{\rm skin} - R_{1.4}$ correlation is
strong within the same family of EOS \cite{Fattoyev:2017jql},
the spread is quite large when all the EOSs from RMF theory are included.
This relates to the fact, that apart from the slope $L$, the SNM compressibility
$K_\infty$ also contribute to the $R_{\rm skin}$ and NS radius \cite{Fortin:2016hny}.
This also suggests that constraints on symmetry energy and its slope $L$
from measurements of neutron-skin and tidal deformability would be model-dependent.

The large statistical uncertainty in the current PREX measurement:
$R_{\rm skin }^{208}=0.33^{+0.16}_{-0.18}$ fm \cite{Abrahamyan:2012gp}, however,
prevents any definite constraint on the EOSs. For reference, we note that
while all the parameter sets that predict $R_{\rm skin}^{208} \sim 0.20-0.25$ fm
are excluded by the observational $\Lambda_{1.4} < 580$ bound,
the three EOSs \cite{Liu:2001iz,Bunta:2003fm,Typel:1999yq} allowed by this bound
have $R_{\rm skin}^{208} = 0.18-0.20$ fm.
Should future PREX-II experiment confirms central value of skin thickness
$R_{\rm skin}^{208} > 0.20$ fm with a significantly small statistical error as envisioned,
then the observationally constrained EOSs: NL$\rho$, TW99, and HC, would be excluded.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth,angle=-90]{nuclei.eps}
\caption{Binding energy and charge radius of nuclei calculated for
viable RMF sets and compared with data; see text for details.}
\label{fig:nuclei}
\end{figure}

Any parametric EOS, designed to reproduce nuclear matter properties,
should also give good description of finite nuclei properties.
To ascertain this, we have calculated the binding energies and charge radii
of some light and heavy nuclei for the three parameter sets that satisfy both
the observational bounds.  The TW99 set which was obtained by including the saturation
properties of nuclear matter as well as binding energies of some
finite nuclei in the fitting protocol obviously has the best agreement
as seen in  Fig. \ref{fig:nuclei}. In contrast, the other two sets (HC and NL$\rho$)
which have been fitted to only the nuclear matter saturation properties, fail
to provide reasonable description of finite nuclei properties.

\section{Implications}

Various parametrizations of RMF model have been generated in the last five decades
that are consistent with nuclear and neutron star properties.
The tension of RMF models with the current observational data poses intriguing questions:
Are the GW data an evidence of exotic phases such as quarks inside the NS?
Is there still scope to device new parameter sets by accommodating all the constraints?
We will next explore these interesting possibilities.

\begin{figure}
 \centering
 \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{L14vsMmax_q.eps}
 \caption{Correlations between $R_{1.4}-\Lambda_{1.4}$ (left scale)
 and $M_{\rm max}-\Lambda_{1.4}$ (right scale) for EOSs with hadron-quark phase transition
 constructed from RMF model for the hadronic phase and bag model for the quark phase.
 In each individual RMF set shown, the bag parameter is varied \cite{Nandi:2017rhy}
 to generate different EOSs with first-order phase transition using Gibbs conditions.}
 \label{fig:R14vsL14}
\end{figure}

The gravitational waves from the merger of binary neutron stars have the
potential to investigate the possible existence of deconfined quark phase at high densities
\cite{Radice:2016rys,Most:2018hfd,Most:2018eaw,Bauswein:2018bma}.
The appearance of quarks (or any new degrees of freedom) inside the star
at $\rho > \rho_0$ softens the EOS resulting in decrease of $M_{\rm max}$ and radius.
Thus a hadronic EOS which produces $M_{\rm max}\gtrsim 2M_\odot$ for a neutron star could
be a possible candidate for the inclusion of exotic phases.
Such hadronic EOSs can be identified by inspection of Fig. \ref{fig:mr}.

A phase transition from hadron to quark matter in the NS interior, consistent
with the earlier $\Lambda_{1.4}\leq 800$ constraint,
was recently shown to prevail \cite{Nandi:2017rhy} for realistic parameters in the bag model
that provides phenomenological description of the quark phase \cite{Bandyopadhyay:1997kh}.
Following the methodology described in Ref. \cite{Nandi:2017rhy}, we generate EOSs with phase
transition by considering one representative
hadronic EOS from each family of RMF models that gives $M_{\rm max} \geq 1.97M_\odot$ and
by continuously varying the bag pressure in the range $B_{\rm eff}^{1/4}\simeq 145-200$ MeV.
A small value of $B_{\rm eff}^{1/4}$ causes early appearance of the quark phase resulting in
small $M_{\rm max}$ and $R_{1.4}$.
Figure \ref{fig:R14vsL14} illustrates the $\Lambda_{1.4}-R_{1.4}$ and $\Lambda_{1.4}- M_{\rm max}$
correlations obtained from these EOSs with hadron-quark phase transition.
Remarkably, for all these hadronic EOSs (except for NL3v6) we find a range of bag pressures which
are consistent with the stringent bound of $\Lambda_{1.4}\leq 580$ and
maximum mass constraint $-$ a possible indication of quark-hadron phase transition in the
neutron star core. Moreover, these EOSs predict a radius of $R_{1.4} \lesssim 12.94$ km
close to that found from pure hadronic EOSs.

Finally, we demonstrate how one can generate new EOSs consistent with both the observational
and experimental data.
Let us consider the original IU-FSU parameter set \cite{Fattoyev:2010mx} which
provides good description of finite nuclei and nuclear saturation properties. We recall that the model
predicts $\Lambda_{1.4}\simeq 512$, well within the GW170817 bound and $M_{\rm max}=1.94M_\odot$
slightly below the $M_{\rm max}$ constraint. The nonlinear self-coupling term
for $\omega$-meson, with coupling constant $\zeta=0.03$, mainly determines the stiffness
of EOS at high densities \cite{Fattoyev:2010mx}. By fine-tuning $\zeta$ to 0.025 and 0.020,
for example, and refitting other parameters to reproduce the nuclear properties at $\rho_0$,
we construct two new parameter sets: dubbed as IU-FSU1 and IU-FSU2.
Both these sets now generate
$M_{\rm max}>1.97M_\odot$ and $\Lambda_{1.4}<580$. The resulting correlations involving
$\Lambda_{1.4}$ with $M_{\rm max}$ and $R_{1.4}$ are displayed in
Figs. \ref{fig:Mmax}, \ref{fig:skin}. As expected, these new sets provide
reasonable description of finite nuclear properties as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:nuclei}.
Interestingly, the NS radii for IU-FSU1 and NL$\rho$ nearly match which may suggest
that $\Lambda_{1.4}\leq 580$ bound translates to $R_{1.4} \lesssim 12.81$ km.

\section{Conclusions}

We have employed observational data from gravitational wave event GW170817 and neutron star
mass $M_{\rm max}\geq 1.97M_\odot$ in conjunction with laboratory measurements of neutron
skin thickness to constrain the EOSs within RMF theory. The maximum mass bound excludes several EOSs
that predict diverse values of NS radius and provides a tight correlation between $R_{1.4}$ and
$\Lambda_{1.4}$. Whereas, the first inferred bound $\Lambda_{1.4} \leq 800$ translates to a NS radius
with an upper limit $R_{1.4} < 13.50$ km, the recent improved bound $\Lambda_{1.4} \leq 580$ provides
$R_{1.4} < 12.88$ km. The strict bound on $\Lambda_{1.4}$ rules out all EOSs, but a few with
soft $E_{\rm sym}$ at density $\rho \approx 2\rho_0$. If stars have hadron to quark phase transition,
several EOSs are shown to be consistent with all the measured bounds. Complementary precise estimate of skin
thickness of nuclei that is sensitive to slope of $E_{\rm sym}$ should provide further important checks.

It may be noted that though the phenomenological RMF approach provides a reasonable description of
the EOS over a wide density range, it does not incorporate the realistic microscopic many-body nuclear
interactions \cite{Hebeler:2010jx,Rrapaj:2015zba}.
Moreover, the RMF models do not contain the essential features of strong interaction described by
QCD such as chiral symmetry and broken scale invariance \cite{Hanauske:1999ga} at finite
nuclear matter densities. It will be interesting to compare our predictions obtained within
the RMF models with that in the microscopic models.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
UPDATE: October 5, 2016
Last night, the full Oakland City Council met. Council Member Rebecca Kaplan said she planned to move to bring the cannabis licensing out of Public Safety Committee to the full Council, but then said it was being addressed in a different way. The Clerk clarified that three members of the Council had called for a special City Council meeting on Novenber 14 to address cannabis licensing. This would bypass the Public Safety Committee (which Council Member Brooks chairs), and where amendments the cannabis licensing ordinances and its equity program have been stalled. Look for a big showdown on November 14.
Last night, the Public Safety Committee of the Oakland City Council held a meeting and heard testimony on potential amendments to Oakland's cannabis licensing ordinances.
By way of background, Oakland passed cannabis licensing ordinances in May. California Legalized provided a summary of its key terms. The most controversial aspect of the licensing ordinance was the equity program. This program requires that 50% of new licensees to owned at least 50% by either (a) a resident of specified police beats in certain parts of East Oakland; or (b) individuals incarcerated for a marijuana-related offense as a result of a conviction arising out of Oakland in the last ten years. The stated goal of the program is to address damage done by the war on drugs. As a practical matter, the equity program as drafted would limit the grant of licenses to non-equity applicants because each non-equity applicant could only receive a license after matching equity applicant received a license, on 1:1 ratio. Many existing businesses feared they would not be able to obtain a license as a result.
Various amendments have been proposed to the ordinances, and the city officials responsible for the licensing program announced that the City "will not begin issuing applications for medical cannabis permits" pending resolution of those proposed amendments.
THE FOUR SETS OF PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO OAKLAND'S CANNABIS LICENSING
A number of amendments to Oakland's licensing program have been put forward. Many of them are not controversial, and there is some common ground among them. Below are the key areas of controversy, which largely concern the equity program and residency requirements.
First, the Oakland Cannabis Regulatory Commission recommended changes to the ordinance, including expanding the equity program eligibility to additional people and demonstrating a path to a license for cannabis businesses already in good standing with the City of Oakland.
Second, Council Member Desley Brooks, the primary advocate for the equity program, also proposed other changes to the cannabis licensing. Joined by Council Members Gallo and Reid, Brooks proposed requiring licensees to give 25% ownership of their business to the City of Oakland. After that was harshly criticized as illegal and unconstitutional, Brooks, Gallo, and Reid proposed instead requiring licensees who were in operation before July 2016 to agree to give the City 25% of their profits in perpetuity, as well as allow the City to control a seat on the business's board of directors. Money raised in this way would be put into an equity fund for specified purposes, including training programs, a loan fund for equity applicants, an activities fund, and city clean-up/beautification. These Council Members also proposed a five-year residency requirement for any Oakland cannabis license.
Third, Council Members Kalb, Guillen, and Campbell Washington also released recommendations for changes to the licensing ordinance. Their preferred approach is to eliminate restrictions on licensing, and instead to create a fund to support equity-eligible individuals and businesses, as well as measures to make it easier for equity-eligible individuals to get a cannabis business licensed and operating in Oakland. They also proposed clarifying that existing businesses in Oakland would have a path to licensure.
Fourth, Council Member Kaplan put forward another set of proposed amendments. Kaplan suggested cannabis businesses in operation before 2016 should be allowed a license without a matching equity applicant, but only if they pay double the amount of any back fees and taxes, and agree to pay the City 10% of gross receipts in perpetuity. These funds, as well as 20% of all cannabis taxes received by the City, would go into an equity fund to be used in ways similar to Council Member Brooks' proposal. Kaplan also recommended expanding equity program eligibility, and suggested she might support a residency requirement.
THE SEPTEMBER 26, 2016 PUBLIC SAFETY COMMITTEE MEETING
The Public Safety Committee is chaired by Council Member Books and also includes Council Members Gallo, Guillen, and Kalb. As demonstrated by their proposed amendments, Brooks and Gallo, on one hand, and Kalb and Guillen, on the other, are sharply divided on the equity program.
The Committee took testimony from many members of the public, including many from the cannabis industry. Council Member Kaplan also attended and spoke in support of her proposed amendments.
After those comments, the members of the Committee debated the amendments and next steps. Those comments were largely in line with their written discussions, but two comments stand out. First, Council Member Brooks stated that her proposed requirement of pre-existing business to pay 25% of profits to the City was "obviously too high." Second, Council Member Guillen voices support for adding veterans to the equity program.
California Legalized live-tweeted the hearing, and additional details and commentary can be found at @Calilegalized. Video is also available from the City.
Ultimately, the members of the Committee were deadlocked on next steps. Council Member Brooks moved that the Public Safety Committee take up the matter further at a future meeting. Brooks and Gallo voted in favor, Guillen and Kalb against.
Council Member Guillen moved to send the matter to the full City Council. Guillen and Kalb voted in favor; Brooks and Gallo voted against.
At the conclusion of this portion of the meeting, Council Member Brooks stated that the Committee would consider the matter again.
All that is clear at this point is that no resolution of proposed amendments to the licensing ordinance is going to happen any time soon. The next Public Safety Committee meeting is not until October 25, and that will not be the end of the process.
Seven of the eight members of the Council have supported written amendments. Council Members Brooks, Gallo, and Reid are on one side of the debate, with an equity program that limits licensing and seeks extraordinary payments from existing businesses to obtain a license. Council Members Kalb, Guillen, and Washington are on the other side of the debate, seeking open licensing with financial support to equity eligible candidates. Council Member Kaplan's proposal is somewhere in the middle. Only Council President Gibson McElhaney has not issued a written statement, as of yet.
Moreover, the City staff has not yet announced whether it will reconsider the decision to put licensing on hold until the amendments are resolved.
Why Oakland's Proposed 25% City Ownership of Cannabis Licensees Is Unconstitutional
California Legalized September 23, 2016

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Responsible for the promotion of crop production, as well as promoting improved human nutrition. The department's major activity is to provide an agricultural extension service that advises farmers on improved farming systems and technologies that will assure increased productivity and improve their standards of living.
The department as its mandate has programs and activities that are centered around the promotion of a sustainable agriculture production, conservation tillage system and home economics for the sustainable utilization of natural resources and the capacity building of farmers through the extension service for improved crop productivity and reduced food insecurity.


text:
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Disciplina] (
    [id]                   INT            IDENTITY (1, 1) NOT NULL,
    [nome]                 VARCHAR (100)  NOT NULL,
    [observacao]           VARCHAR (500)  NULL,
    [conteudoProgramatico] VARCHAR (2000) NULL,
    CONSTRAINT [PK_Disciplina] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ([id] ASC)
);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


With the release of Spyro Reignited Trilogy I had to revisit the title themes from Spyro, Spyro: Ripto's Rage and Spyro: Year of The Dragon. I really hope you enjoy them as much as I did arranging them!
Save my Spyro Spotify Playlist below!
Listen, purchase or stream 'Spyro: Orchestrated' below.


If you're a Central Illinois driver looking longingly at the 2016 Chevy Cruze mpg ratings, we want to make sure you know about the Cruze's competitors. While the small car world is fierce, perhaps the most competitive model in the class is the 2016 Honda Civic. Available now at a Central Illinois Honda Dealer near you, the new Civic sedan has one of two different engine options, both of which deliver more power and a better fuel economy than the Chevy Cruze.
It sounds too good to be true, doesn't it? Read on to see the specs for yourself.
Each 2016 Chevy Cruze earns 36 mpg highway and 25 mpg city for 29 mpg combined—that's on their basic L trim level with a manual transmission.
The 2016 Cruze only manages 138 hp and 125 lb-ft of torque, which would be enough to compete with a subcompact like the Honda Fit.
The 2016 Civic LX's 2.0L 4-cylinder is rated at 158 hp and 138 lb-ft of torque.
Upgrading to the new turbocharged engine brings the power of the Civic up to 173 hp and 162 lb-ft of torque.
We've only just looked at the differences in the engines between the Civic and the Cruze; there is so much more that we can compare for you. Visit a Central Illinois Honda Dealer near you today and take a test drive of the Civic to see it in action for yourself.


Wardell: No, no, now see, wait a minute; first, that was the hardest hittin', fastest, baddest, little black man of colored descent, I have ever seen in my life; but I had him on the run, didn't I, 'Home'?"
Steve: Didn'tcha. Now wait a minute, what did he hit me with, his foot or his hand?
Wardell: Both of them, at the same time.
What a fun movie. This is a highly entertaining comedy that's being marketed as if it were "blaxploitation," but it's really a higher-budget (and higher quality) black buddy movie. Sidney Poitier both directs and stars, and is joined by a wide ensemble of black actors of the period: Bill Cosby, Richard Pryor, Flip Wilson, Harry Belafonte, Calvin Lockhart, Roscoe Lee Browne, Paula Kelly, and Harold Nicolas. Although there are elements (both in plot and the all-star nature of the picture) that might seem reminiscent of It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, this is a rather different caper, and a good deal funnier to boot.
Bill Cosby, playing the character Wardell Franklin and his unsophisticated pal, Steve Jackson (Sidney Poitier), get in a pinch while trying to put a little innocent excitement into their routine but happy married lives. Wardell convinces his buddy Steve to accompany him to a private club where Wardell hopes to get an innocent taste of the high life, consisting of ogling "gorgeous girls". Well, it's never that simple, now, is it? Girls and craps tables in private clubs inevitably lead to no good. And if the two innocent newcomers suffer the "no good", well....before long the chase is on. It's a fairly mellow chase, but a chase nonetheless.
This movie takes place in the mid 1970s and the scenes of everyday black life are happily and whimsically sketched. The church picnic is one that anyone would be lucky to visit for an hour or two. The characters who are involved in various shenanigans are done with a light touch. Practically everything about this movie is kindly yet funny, including the fight scenes. The costumes, particularly the men's suits, seem to be way over the top if not self-conscious parodies, but then, this was the '70s, after all: the decade of sartorial excess. These polyester wide-lapel suits might not have drawn snickers back then, but rather, envious glances. Seeing them now is quite amusing.
This movie is full of famous actors, although I did not recognize Harry Belafonte until the second viewing. Flip Wilson is excellent as a determined but soulful black Reverend, preaching about keeping one's mouth shut against other members of the church. Richard Pryor is also excellent in a brief scene as a private eye trying hard to go on the lam himself. The women who star are uniformly good. Rosalind Cash, as Steve's other half, Sarah, is excellent as the kindly and understanding wife, giving a portrayal of stand-by-your-man loyalty that would put Tammy Wynette to shame. Except when she gets a notion, that is. Paula Kelly plays Leggy Peggy, the wife of Congressman Lincoln (Roscoe Lee Browne). She is naturally eyecatching, in the true sense of the words; charming with her vivacity and energy. She is certainly the most interesting and animated woman here and just plain fun to watch.
This was the first of three "Black Buddy" movies that Poitier and Cosby did together; the others being Let's Do It Again and A Piece of the Action. I've not seen the other two movies, but I don't see that there is much room left for any improvement in character development or plot. One of the motivating factors for Poitier to make such a movie, which didn't feature him as his usual stuffy upper-class character, was to ensure that he wouldn't lose his appeal to the black community. While this role might not have exactly established a street cred for Poitier, he's plenty credible in a working class, "average guy" role in this movie.
The humor is warm-hearted and genuinely funny, with character taking precedence over slapstick for the most part. To top it all off, there's a killer score by legendary jazzman Tom Scott, making it a pleasure for the ears as well. Definitely worth checking out.
Image Transfer Review: For a thirty-year-old picture, this looks quite good indeed. The picture is detailed with excellent color and black levels. Shadow details and textures are generally quite strikingly good. There is some aliasing and minor dot crawl at times, but it's not terrible. There's some nominal speckling, but otherwise the source print is flawless.
Audio Transfer Review: The audio is a decent 1.0 mono that seems to accurately reproduce the original sound. Music tends to be a shade on the thin side in the bass area, and is occasionally slightly tinny and compressed sounding. There's some moderate hiss and noise but nothing beyond what's to be expected in a low-budget film of this vintage. It's by no means a home theater showpiece but it's adequate. This would have been an excellent disc for an isolated music track, but alas none is to be found.
Extras Review: "What I like about this movie that I think is better than a lot of black comedies that you see now is that the humor in here is really smart...intelligent...not just guffaws...physical comedy; not the sort of Stepnfetchit, eye-rollin', head scratchin', and speech-slurred jeffin' that you see with some individuals."
The commentary and retrospective are additional pleasures. Informal and chatty but not to the point of being irritating, Dr. Todd Boyd, professor at USC School of Cinema and Television (or as he calls himself on the track, "Dr. B"), gives us all sorts of background and information about the context, the history of similar black movies, and the actors. I won't spoil the pleasure of his tidbits or especially his closing shtick. He does have a habit of injecting "You know" a couple of times into nearly every sentence, and from time to time falls into the trap of narrating the movie.
In addition to an anamorphic trailer in nice shape, there's a featurette retrospective, The Lowdown on Uptown, comprised of an interview with writer Richard Wesley and additional comments by James Earl Jones and Armond White, NY press critic. Each provides interesting information about the creation of the movie. Wesley tells who the roles were originally intended for and how the actors determined the final assignments. The short (7m:06s) retrospective is yet another quality addition to this package.
An excellent, kindly, feel-good comedy that aims more toward family film entertainment than blaxploitation film fans; this is a gem!


Well presented and spacious 2 bed ground floor flat, quiet cul-de-sac close to local amenities, handy for bus routes to Huddersfield town centre. Gas c/h, d/g, shared garden, parking space. ideal for mature person/s.
Situated in a quiet cul-de-sac in a popular residential area is this well presented and spacious 2 bed ground floor flat which has a private entrance lobby, dining kitchen with appliances, lounge, 2 bedrooms and a bathroom (3 piece suite with shower over bath). Having 2 generous storage cupboards tothe ineer hallway, the flat also has gas central heating, double glazing, a parking space and shared garden.
Ideally suited to the mature person/persons, the flat is conveniently placed for local shops and amenities within Crosland Moor with good bus routes to Huddersfield town centre (approx 2 miles).
Viewing essential to fully appreciate and can be arranged evenings/weekends.
Sorry no dogs (a single cat may be accepted).
Bond & references required (application fee only £50).


The Drake vs. Lil Wayne Tour is so very 21st century.
It plays out like a reality TV show, pitting two charismatic celebrities against each other in contrived yet intriguing ways. A winner is declared at each stop on the tour. Any guesses on how that's done?
Yes, there's an app for that. Fans actually download the Drake vs. Lil Wayne app, then vote for the rapper who they think delivered the best performance of the night. The votes are quickly tallied, and the results are announced before the encore.
That's pure genius on several levels. For one, the app makes the whole experience feel very interactive and gives the audience a sense of control. Also, the quick proclamation of a victor plays into the public's need for instant gratification. Finally, and most significantly, it gives fans license to stare at their smartphones during the show.
Voters had their say during the tour's local stop — Tuesday at Shoreline Amphitheatre in Mountain View — and they declared that the 27-year-old Drake topped the 31-year-old Lil Wayne. However, Lil Wayne still leads on the overall tour, 15-14.
As for the actual live show, it was excellent in many ways — the rappers sounded great, delivered fine set lists and found much synergy together onstage. The show was well-organized and well-executed, with each hip-hop hero getting ample chance to shine before a packed house of about 20,000 fans.
Yet it failed to deliver the type of battle promised by the tour's title. Indeed, Lil Wayne and Drake came across more like bosom buddies than sworn enemies as they shared jokes and traded compliments throughout the two-hour-plus set.
"Tonight, I'm here with my boss, my mentor, the reason I'm up here onstage," said Drake, who is signed to Lil Wayne's Young Money Entertainment record label.
There was a little bit of verbal jousting between songs, but it was the kind that fraternity brothers might trade during a game of beer pong. The only real edge to the battle came in the computer graphics displayed on the big screens, as Lil Wayne and Drake were shown as characters in the famed "Street Fighter" video game (Capcom, the game's creator, is a sponsor of the tour).
The show was organized in similar fashion to the blockbuster doubleheaders we've seen recently with Jay Z, who toured with Kanye West in 2011, Justin Timberlake in 2013 and wife Beyoncé this year. Instead of playing individual sets, Drake and Lil Wayne simply wove their performances together — trading time in the spotlight.
Lil Wayne was absolutely mesmerizing, delighting fans with his witty wordplay and uncanny delivery as he rolled through his mighty catalog, finding the best results whenever he stopped at his 2008 multiplatinum offering, "Tha Carter III," which is one of the best records in hip-hop history. He also took the time to fire up the crowd for his forthcoming "Tha Carter V," due out in late October.
In all, Lil Wayne made a convincing case that he deserves to be ranked among the genre's all-time best.
After trading turns at center stage, Lil Wayne and Drake finally would share microphones for the encore. That's really what these fans came to see, and the result certainly didn't disappoint.


text:
World lights candles for WWII veterans
8 May, 2011 09:08
Memorial for the Russian soldiers fallen during World War II in Berlin Treptow on May 8, 2011 (AFP Photo / John Macdougall) © AFP
Throughout the world May 8 is celebrated as Victory in Europe Day, or VE Day – triumphal festivities will take place in Western Europe and the USA a day before the victory over Nazi Germany is commemorated in Moscow.
The act of Germany's unconditional surrender was signed in Karlshorst (a quiet residential district on the outskirts of Berlin) in the canteen of a military engineering school – one of the few buildings that had miraculously stayed intact. This significant event happened on May 8, at 10.43pm central European time; it was already early morning of May 9 in Moscow.European capitals, among them Paris, London, Berlin and others, will see solemn ceremonies on Sunday. It has become a tradition in Berlin to lay wreaths to the Soviet liberator monument in Treptower Park on May 8, which is called the Day of Memory and Grief. Parisians lay wreaths to the monument to the Unknown Soldier on the Champs-Élysées. In the UK, where May 8 is not a public holiday, war veterans and military organizations still celebrate it.In Moscow President Medvedev has laid a wreath to the Eternal Light and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in commemoration of the Victory Day. Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, head of presidential administration Sergey Naryshkin, and the heads of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and EMERCOM, Rashid Nurgaliev and Sergey Shoigu, were among the officials who participated in the ceremony.People worldwide bring flowers and candles to monuments dedicated to the Victory Day and lay flowers on the graves of their ancestors who died in WWII.In Rio de Janeiro Brazilians marked Victory Day with artillery shots fired from the coastline and from Brazil's patrolling vessel in the ocean, reports RIA Novosti news agency. Defense minister Nelson Jobim together with all the commanders-in-chief and hundreds of residents and tourists attended Victory Day celebrations at the WWII memorial in Rio.In Georgia, the foreign minister, Grigol Vashadze, laid flowers at the monument of the Unknown Soldier in Tbilisi. "The whole civilized world celebrates May 8 as the day of victory over fascism, the ugliest phenomenon in the history of mankind," Vashadze told journalists, congratulating "the people of Georgia, the people of Russia and the peoples of other countries on Victory Day," as cited by ITAR TASS news agency. The main celebrations in Georgia are planned for May 9.In France, President Nicolas Sarkozy took part in the traditional ceremony of honoring the monument to Charles de Gaulle in Paris. After laying flowers at the monument, he set off to Port-Louis in the province of Brittany to commemorate the 69 members of Brittany's Resistance who were shot there by a fascist squad in 1944. Sarkozy praised Brittany's Resistance saying that "in the years when everything seemed lost, these people did not capitulate and finally gained victory and saved France's honor," reports ITAR TASS.
Running for WWII veterans
Russia gets ready for Victory Day parade
Moscow holds last rehearsal of Victory Day parade


text:
Cycling Weekly
Tour Down Under 2018 attracts record number of spectators and generates $63.7million
Australian WorldTour stage race breaks its previous record for number of spectators and visitors, and the amount of revenue generated by the January event
(Image credit: Yuzuru Sunada)
The 2018 Tour Down Under, staged in South Australia in January, generated a record amount of revenue and attracted over 800,000 spectators and visitors.
The 2018 edition of the six-stage race has been hailed a great success by both the race's organiser and the local South Australia government.
"The 2018 Santos Tour Down Under saw 810,000 spectators lining the streets of Adelaide and surrounding regions and we've now ticked over 10 million spectators since the event began 20 years ago," said Trade, Tourism and Investment Minister David Ridgeway.
It is estimated that the event had a positive Aus$63.7 million economic impact on the area, significantly up on the previous year's $56.5m.
In addition to those who turned up to watch the race in person, the 2018 Tour Down Under generated 27,500 items of media coverage which had a potential audience of 558 million people worldwide.
>>> Tour Down Under: Latest news and race info
The 2018 edition of the race was won by South African Daryl Impey (Mitchelton-Scott). Road race world champion Peter Sagan (Bora-Hansgrohe) was one of the big names to attend the race alongside fellow world-class sprinters André Greipel (Lotto-Soudal), Elia Viviani (Quick-Step Floors) and Caleb Ewan (Mitchelton-Scott).
Race director Mike Turtur commented: "We were delighted to welcome back the rainbow jersey with UCI World Road Champion Peter Sagan taking to the start line alongside TDU champion Andre Greipel making his return to the race," Turtur said.
"We could not have scripted a better result, with Greipel, Viviani, Sagan, Ewan and [Richie] Porte all taking stage wins, Daryl Impey taking ochre overall meaning the competition on the bike was fierce and the party atmosphere around the race electric."
The 2019 edition of the men's and women's Tour Down Under will be part of an 11-day cycling festival over January 10-20.
Provisionally, the 2019 women's TDU takes place from January 10-12, the men's over January 15-20 and the single-day People's Choice Classic criterium on January 13.
Can anyone beat Richie Porte on Willunga Hill at the Tour Down Under?
Richie Porte looks to be in a commanding position heading into the penultimate stage of the Tour Down Under up Willunga Hill, but who can challenge him?
By Henry Robertshaw • Published 20 January 17


text:
package rewrite

import (
	"encoding/binary"
	"encoding/hex"
	"fmt"
	"net"
	"strconv"
	"strings"

	"github.com/coredns/coredns/request"
	"github.com/miekg/dns"
)

// edns0LocalRule is a rewrite rule for EDNS0_LOCAL options
type edns0LocalRule struct {
	mode   string
	action string
	code   uint16
	data   []byte
}

// edns0VariableRule is a rewrite rule for EDNS0_LOCAL options with variable
type edns0VariableRule struct {
	mode     string
	action   string
	code     uint16
	variable string
}

// ends0NsidRule is a rewrite rule for EDNS0_NSID options
type edns0NsidRule struct {
	mode   string
	action string
}

// setupEdns0Opt will retrieve the EDNS0 OPT or create it if it does not exist
func setupEdns0Opt(r *dns.Msg) *dns.OPT {
	o := r.IsEdns0()
	if o == nil {
		r.SetEdns0(4096, true)
		o = r.IsEdns0()
	}
	return o
}

// Rewrite will alter the request EDNS0 NSID option
func (rule *edns0NsidRule) Rewrite(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) Result {
	result := RewriteIgnored
	o := setupEdns0Opt(r)
	found := false
Option:
	for _, s := range o.Option {
		switch e := s.(type) {
		case *dns.EDNS0_NSID:
			if rule.action == Replace || rule.action == Set {
				e.Nsid = "" // make sure it is empty for request
				result = RewriteDone
			}
			found = true
			break Option
		}
	}

	// add option if not found
	if !found && (rule.action == Append || rule.action == Set) {
		o.SetDo()
		o.Option = append(o.Option, &dns.EDNS0_NSID{Code: dns.EDNS0NSID, Nsid: ""})
		result = RewriteDone
	}

	return result
}

// Mode returns the processing mode
func (rule *edns0NsidRule) Mode() string {
	return rule.mode
}

// GetResponseRule return a rule to rewrite the response with. Currently not implemented.
func (rule *edns0NsidRule) GetResponseRule() ResponseRule {
	return ResponseRule{}
}

// Rewrite will alter the request EDNS0 local options
func (rule *edns0LocalRule) Rewrite(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) Result {
	result := RewriteIgnored
	o := setupEdns0Opt(r)
	found := false
	for _, s := range o.Option {
		switch e := s.(type) {
		case *dns.EDNS0_LOCAL:
			if rule.code == e.Code {
				if rule.action == Replace || rule.action == Set {
					e.Data = rule.data
					result = RewriteDone
				}
				found = true
				break
			}
		}
	}

	// add option if not found
	if !found && (rule.action == Append || rule.action == Set) {
		o.SetDo()
		var opt dns.EDNS0_LOCAL
		opt.Code = rule.code
		opt.Data = rule.data
		o.Option = append(o.Option, &opt)
		result = RewriteDone
	}

	return result
}

// Mode returns the processing mode
func (rule *edns0LocalRule) Mode() string {
	return rule.mode
}

// GetResponseRule return a rule to rewrite the response with. Currently not implemented.
func (rule *edns0LocalRule) GetResponseRule() ResponseRule {
	return ResponseRule{}
}

// newEdns0Rule creates an EDNS0 rule of the appropriate type based on the args
func newEdns0Rule(mode string, args ...string) (Rule, error) {
	if len(args) < 2 {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("too few arguments for an EDNS0 rule")
	}

	ruleType := strings.ToLower(args[0])
	action := strings.ToLower(args[1])
	switch action {
	case Append:
	case Replace:
	case Set:
	default:
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid action: %q", action)
	}

	switch ruleType {
	case "local":
		if len(args) != 4 {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("EDNS0 local rules require exactly three args")
		}
		//Check for variable option
		if strings.HasPrefix(args[3], "{") && strings.HasSuffix(args[3], "}") {
			return newEdns0VariableRule(mode, action, args[2], args[3])
		}
		return newEdns0LocalRule(mode, action, args[2], args[3])
	case "nsid":
		if len(args) != 2 {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("EDNS0 NSID rules do not accept args")
		}
		return &edns0NsidRule{mode: mode, action: action}, nil
	case "subnet":
		if len(args) != 4 {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("EDNS0 subnet rules require exactly three args")
		}
		return newEdns0SubnetRule(mode, action, args[2], args[3])
	default:
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid rule type %q", ruleType)
	}
}

func newEdns0LocalRule(mode, action, code, data string) (*edns0LocalRule, error) {
	c, err := strconv.ParseUint(code, 0, 16)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	decoded := []byte(data)
	if strings.HasPrefix(data, "0x") {
		decoded, err = hex.DecodeString(data[2:])
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	return &edns0LocalRule{mode: mode, action: action, code: uint16(c), data: decoded}, nil
}

// newEdns0VariableRule creates an EDNS0 rule that handles variable substitution
func newEdns0VariableRule(mode, action, code, variable string) (*edns0VariableRule, error) {
	c, err := strconv.ParseUint(code, 0, 16)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	//Validate
	if !isValidVariable(variable) {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported variable name %q", variable)
	}
	return &edns0VariableRule{mode: mode, action: action, code: uint16(c), variable: variable}, nil
}

// ipToWire writes IP address to wire/binary format, 4 or 16 bytes depends on IPV4 or IPV6.
func (rule *edns0VariableRule) ipToWire(family int, ipAddr string) ([]byte, error) {

	switch family {
	case 1:
		return net.ParseIP(ipAddr).To4(), nil
	case 2:
		return net.ParseIP(ipAddr).To16(), nil
	}
	return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid IP address family (i.e. version) %d", family)
}

// uint16ToWire writes unit16 to wire/binary format
func (rule *edns0VariableRule) uint16ToWire(data uint16) []byte {
	buf := make([]byte, 2)
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(buf, uint16(data))
	return buf
}

// portToWire writes port to wire/binary format, 2 bytes
func (rule *edns0VariableRule) portToWire(portStr string) ([]byte, error) {

	port, err := strconv.ParseUint(portStr, 10, 16)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return rule.uint16ToWire(uint16(port)), nil
}

// Family returns the family of the transport, 1 for IPv4 and 2 for IPv6.
func (rule *edns0VariableRule) family(ip net.Addr) int {
	var a net.IP
	if i, ok := ip.(*net.UDPAddr); ok {
		a = i.IP
	}
	if i, ok := ip.(*net.TCPAddr); ok {
		a = i.IP
	}
	if a.To4() != nil {
		return 1
	}
	return 2
}

// ruleData returns the data specified by the variable
func (rule *edns0VariableRule) ruleData(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) ([]byte, error) {

	req := request.Request{W: w, Req: r}
	switch rule.variable {
	case queryName:
		//Query name is written as ascii string
		return []byte(req.QName()), nil

	case queryType:
		return rule.uint16ToWire(req.QType()), nil

	case clientIP:
		return rule.ipToWire(req.Family(), req.IP())

	case clientPort:
		return rule.portToWire(req.Port())

	case protocol:
		// Proto is written as ascii string
		return []byte(req.Proto()), nil

	case serverIP:
		ip, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(w.LocalAddr().String())
		if err != nil {
			ip = w.RemoteAddr().String()
		}
		return rule.ipToWire(rule.family(w.RemoteAddr()), ip)

	case serverPort:
		_, port, err := net.SplitHostPort(w.LocalAddr().String())
		if err != nil {
			port = "0"
		}
		return rule.portToWire(port)
	}

	return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to extract data for variable %s", rule.variable)
}

// Rewrite will alter the request EDNS0 local options with specified variables
func (rule *edns0VariableRule) Rewrite(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) Result {
	result := RewriteIgnored

	data, err := rule.ruleData(w, r)
	if err != nil || data == nil {
		return result
	}

	o := setupEdns0Opt(r)
	found := false
	for _, s := range o.Option {
		switch e := s.(type) {
		case *dns.EDNS0_LOCAL:
			if rule.code == e.Code {
				if rule.action == Replace || rule.action == Set {
					e.Data = data
					result = RewriteDone
				}
				found = true
				break
			}
		}
	}

	// add option if not found
	if !found && (rule.action == Append || rule.action == Set) {
		o.SetDo()
		var opt dns.EDNS0_LOCAL
		opt.Code = rule.code
		opt.Data = data
		o.Option = append(o.Option, &opt)
		result = RewriteDone
	}

	return result
}

// Mode returns the processing mode
func (rule *edns0VariableRule) Mode() string {
	return rule.mode
}

// GetResponseRule return a rule to rewrite the response with. Currently not implemented.
func (rule *edns0VariableRule) GetResponseRule() ResponseRule {
	return ResponseRule{}
}

func isValidVariable(variable string) bool {
	switch variable {
	case
		queryName,
		queryType,
		clientIP,
		clientPort,
		protocol,
		serverIP,
		serverPort:
		return true
	}
	return false
}

// ends0SubnetRule is a rewrite rule for EDNS0 subnet options
type edns0SubnetRule struct {
	mode         string
	v4BitMaskLen uint8
	v6BitMaskLen uint8
	action       string
}

func newEdns0SubnetRule(mode, action, v4BitMaskLen, v6BitMaskLen string) (*edns0SubnetRule, error) {
	v4Len, err := strconv.ParseUint(v4BitMaskLen, 0, 16)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	// Validate V4 length
	if v4Len > maxV4BitMaskLen {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid IPv4 bit mask length %d", v4Len)
	}

	v6Len, err := strconv.ParseUint(v6BitMaskLen, 0, 16)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	//Validate V6 length
	if v6Len > maxV6BitMaskLen {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid IPv6 bit mask length %d", v6Len)
	}

	return &edns0SubnetRule{mode: mode, action: action,
		v4BitMaskLen: uint8(v4Len), v6BitMaskLen: uint8(v6Len)}, nil
}

// fillEcsData sets the subnet data into the ecs option
func (rule *edns0SubnetRule) fillEcsData(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg,
	ecs *dns.EDNS0_SUBNET) error {

	req := request.Request{W: w, Req: r}
	family := req.Family()
	if (family != 1) && (family != 2) {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to fill data for EDNS0 subnet due to invalid IP family")
	}

	ecs.Family = uint16(family)
	ecs.SourceScope = 0

	ipAddr := req.IP()
	switch family {
	case 1:
		ipv4Mask := net.CIDRMask(int(rule.v4BitMaskLen), 32)
		ipv4Addr := net.ParseIP(ipAddr)
		ecs.SourceNetmask = rule.v4BitMaskLen
		ecs.Address = ipv4Addr.Mask(ipv4Mask).To4()
	case 2:
		ipv6Mask := net.CIDRMask(int(rule.v6BitMaskLen), 128)
		ipv6Addr := net.ParseIP(ipAddr)
		ecs.SourceNetmask = rule.v6BitMaskLen
		ecs.Address = ipv6Addr.Mask(ipv6Mask).To16()
	}
	return nil
}

// Rewrite will alter the request EDNS0 subnet option
func (rule *edns0SubnetRule) Rewrite(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) Result {
	result := RewriteIgnored
	o := setupEdns0Opt(r)
	found := false
	for _, s := range o.Option {
		switch e := s.(type) {
		case *dns.EDNS0_SUBNET:
			if rule.action == Replace || rule.action == Set {
				if rule.fillEcsData(w, r, e) == nil {
					result = RewriteDone
				}
			}
			found = true
			break
		}
	}

	// add option if not found
	if !found && (rule.action == Append || rule.action == Set) {
		o.SetDo()
		opt := dns.EDNS0_SUBNET{Code: dns.EDNS0SUBNET}
		if rule.fillEcsData(w, r, &opt) == nil {
			o.Option = append(o.Option, &opt)
			result = RewriteDone
		}
	}

	return result
}

// Mode returns the processing mode
func (rule *edns0SubnetRule) Mode() string {
	return rule.mode
}

// GetResponseRule return a rule to rewrite the response with. Currently not implemented.
func (rule *edns0SubnetRule) GetResponseRule() ResponseRule {
	return ResponseRule{}
}

// These are all defined actions.
const (
	Replace = "replace"
	Set     = "set"
	Append  = "append"
)

// Supported local EDNS0 variables
const (
	queryName  = "{qname}"
	queryType  = "{qtype}"
	clientIP   = "{client_ip}"
	clientPort = "{client_port}"
	protocol   = "{protocol}"
	serverIP   = "{server_ip}"
	serverPort = "{server_port}"
)

// Subnet maximum bit mask length
const (
	maxV4BitMaskLen = 32
	maxV6BitMaskLen = 128
)


text:
Trial record 32 of 118 for: DUTASTERIDE
Dutasteride to Treat Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy (SBMA)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (CC)
This study will determine if the drug dutasteride can improve weakness, mobility, functioning, nerve function, and quality of life in patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). Patients with this inherited disease have an abnormal androgen receptor protein. The male hormones testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) bind to this abnormal receptor, causing damage to nerve cells that innervate muscle and leading to weakness. Dutasteride decreases DHT production. Lowering DHT levels may decrease the harmful effects of DHT to the nerves and improve strength in people with SBMA.
Males 18 years of age and older with SBMA who have neurological symptoms and can walk 100 feet (with or without assistive devices) may be eligible for this study. Candidates are screened with a blood test and a review of their medical records and genetic studies.
Participants undergo the following procedures:
Blood and urine tests, history and physical examination, assessment of muscle strength
Quality-of-life questionnaire
Tests to assess functional abilities, such walking up steps, keeping the head up while lying down, and other measures
Nerve conduction study and motor unit number estimation to assess nerve damage. A probe placed on the skin delivers small electrical impulses and wires taped to the skin record the impulses.
Quantitative muscle testing to measure strength. The subject pushes and pulls levers attached to a gauge. Strength is recorded by a computer.
Medication. Participants are divided into two groups. One group is given the study drug, dutasteride; the other receives a placebo (sugar pill). All participants take their assigned medication once a day for 24 months.
Follow-up evaluations. Every 6 months for 2 years, participants return to NIH to repeat the tests described above to determine the effects of the dutasteride. Nerve and quantitative muscle testing is not done at the 6- and 18-month visits.
In addition to their follow-up appointments here at the NIH every 6 months, participants will also have blood tests and a physical examination performed after 3, 9, 15 and 21 months of treatment by the patient's local physician.
Kennedy's Disease Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy Drug: Dutasteride Drug: Placebo Phase 2
Show detailed description
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Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) or Kennedy's disease is a slowly progressive, X-linked motor neuron disease for which there is currently no treatment. It is caused by a mutation in the androgen receptor that results in a polyglutamine repeat expansion. Recent animal studies have demonstrated that decreasing endogenous androgen levels leads to functional improvement and increased survival. Studies have also shown that high levels of 5 alpha-reductase, the enzyme that converts testosterone to the more potent dihydrotestosterone (DHT), are present in the ventral spinal cord, while low levels of this enzyme are found within skeletal muscle. Thus, by selectively decreasing levels of DHT with dutasteride, a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, it is hypothesized that there will be a selective protection of motor neurons, without the adverse effects of reducing the anabolic effects of androgen on muscle.
This will be a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial examining the safety and efficacy of the 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor dutasteride in inhibiting the progression of neurodegeneration in patients with Kennedy's disease. Natural history data will also be obtained from the placebo control arm.
Study Population:
We aim to enroll 50 men with genetically confirmed Kennedy's disease.
Our objective is to examine the safety and efficacy of dutasteride given at a dose of 0.5 mg a day for 2 years in an outpatient setting. This will be a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 25 subjects in each arm. The subjects will be evaluated neurologically and endocrinologically every 6 months at the NIH Clinical Center. In addition to their clinical visits at the NIH, subjects will also be examined by their primary physician after 3, 9, 15, and 21 months of treatment. The primary objective is to examine the effects of dutasteride on inhibiting or reversing the rate of progression of weakness as measured by quantitative muscle testing. Following informed consent, patients will undergo an initial medical history and physical followed by testing of specific neurological and endocrinological measures over a two-day outpatient visit. Patients will provide blood samples for analysis of hormonal levels and extent of muscle damage every three months. In addition, at the initial, one-year, and two-year follow-up visits patients will have nerve conduction studies as well as quantitative and functional strength evaluation. Each patient will be randomized to the treatment or placebo arm and will be given a 3 month supply of the study drug or a matched placebo at each visit. In between clinic visits, the NIH clinical pharmacy will send an additional 3 month supply to each subject until the subsequent visit.
Outcome Measures:
The primary outcome measure used will be quantitative muscle testing (QMT). Secondary outcome measures include the Adult Myositis Assessment Tool (AMAT), 2-minute walk, a quality of life measure (Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Version 2, SF-36v2), neurophysiological testing (sensory nerve action potentials, and statistical motor unit number estimation). Changes in hormone levels (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, estradiol), and creatine kinase levels will also be measured and correlated with changes in strength. Evaluation of disease severity and course as related to CAG repeat length and androgen levels will also be assessed.
Future Directions:
The results of this phase II study will assist us in developing a multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial. In addition, natural history data will be obtained from the control arm that will be important in future clinical trials of SBMA.
Official Title: Phase II Clinical Trial to Examine the Efficacy and Safety of Dutasteride in Patients With Kennedy's Disease (Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy)
Study Start Date : March 2006
Genetics Home Reference related topics: Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy
Drug Information available for: Dutasteride
Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center resources: Kennedy Disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Active Comparator: Dutasteride
Dutasteride 0.5 mg/day
Drug: Dutasteride
Other Name: Avodart
Placebo Comparator: Placebo
Matched placebo
Drug: Placebo
Muscle Strength Change From Baseline [ Time Frame: 0, 12, and 24 months ]
Quantitative muscle assessment (QMA) was done with a fixed frame dynamometer, a strain gauge tensiometer, and a computer-aided acquisition system. Maximal voluntary isometric muscle contractions were measured twice, the average was calculated, and the results were summed over 22 muscle groups (11 on each side). The total force was scaled for body weight and expressed as percent change from baseline. Measurements were performed at 0, 12, and 24 months. The calculated percent changes at 12 and 24 months are shown.
Creatine Kinase, Change From Baseline [ Time Frame: 0, 12, and 24 months ]
Serum creatine kinase was determined in venous blood samples analyzed at the Department of Laboratory Medicine of the NIH Clinical Center.
Manual Muscle Testing, Change From Baseline. [ Time Frame: 0, 12, and 24 months ]
Manual muscle testing was performed using a modified Medical Research Council (MRC) scale (0=worst, 5=best); the average muscle score was based on 22 muscle groups.
Adult Myopathy Assessment Tool, Change From Baseline [ Time Frame: 0, 12, and 24 months ]
The Adult Myopathy Assessment Tool rates physical function and muscle endurance, with higher scores indicating better performance; it includes 7 timed functional tasks and 6 endurance tasks (0=worst, 45=best).
Timed 2-minute Walk, Change From Baseline [ Time Frame: 0, 12, and 24 months ]
The subjects did the 2-minute walk in a 50-foot (15.2-meter) corridor three times, and the average distance was calculated. The subjects were allowed to use an assistive device and rest between the trials.
Swallow Score Average, Change From Baseline [ Time Frame: 0, 12, and 24 months ]
Modified barium swallow studies were done at 0, 12, and 24 months. Twenty-five domains were assessed, and six were chosen for final analysis based on the abnormal findings in subjects evaluated at baseline: vallecular pooling and repeated-swallow, each assessed with thin liquids, purees, and solids (rated 1-4, abnormal to normal).
Bulbar Rating Scale, Change From Baseline [ Time Frame: 0, 12, and 24 months ]
The Bulbar Rating Scale includes eight domains each rated on a 1-4 scale, abnormal to normal. The original 8-32 point scale was transformed to a 0-100% scale to represent the responses as percentages.
Sensory Nerve Action Potential Average, Change From Baseline [ Time Frame: 0, 12, and 24 months ]
Nerve conduction studies were done on four sensory nerves (median, ulnar, radial, sural), and the amplitudes of the evoked responses were averaged. Loss of amplitude indicates impairment of conduction.
Median Compound Muscle Action Potential, Change From Baseline [ Time Frame: 0, 12, and 24 months ]
Nerve conduction studies were done on the median motor nerve, and the compound muscle action potential amplitude was determined. Loss of amplitude indicates impairment of conduction.
Peroneal Compound Muscle Action Potential, Change From Baseline [ Time Frame: 0, 12, and 24 months ]
Nerve conduction studies were done on the peroneal nerve, and the compound muscle action potential amplitude was determined. Loss of amplitude indicates impairment of conduction.
Motor Unit Nerve Estimation, Change From Baseline [ Time Frame: 0, 12, and 24 months ]
Motor unit number estimation (MUNE) was done with a statistical MUNE program, on the abductor pollicis brevis. All subjects were evaluated on the right side unless severe atrophy produced very low compound muscle action potentials; in this case, the left side was investigated or the abductor digiti minimi was substituted. A decrease in MUNE indicates a loss of motor units.
Activities of Daily Living, Change From Baseline [ Time Frame: 0, 12, and 24 months ]
Subjects rated their daily activity with a modified 9-question Activities of Daily Living (ADL) questionnaire (0-4, fully impaired to normal).
Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Version 2 (SF-36v2) Physical Component Summary, Change From Baseline [ Time Frame: 0, 12, and 24 months ]
Subjects completed the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Version 2 (SF-36v2), in which they rated their physical quality of life over the preceding 4 weeks. Raw SF-36v2 scores were converted to norm-based scales and component summaries using the scoring code provided by QualityMetric (mean=50, standard deviation (SD)=10).
Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Version 2 (SF-36v2) Mental Component Summary, Percent Change From Baseline [ Time Frame: 0, 12, and 24 months ]
Subjects completed the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Version 2 (SF-36v2), in which they rated their mental quality of life over the preceding 4 weeks. Raw SF-36v2 scores were converted to norm-based scales and component summaries using the scoring code provided by QualityMetric (mean=50, standard deviation (SD)=10), and percent change in the norm-based scale was calculated.
International Index for Erectile Function (IIEF), Change From Baseline [ Time Frame: 0, 12, and 24 months ]
Sexual function was rated using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). The total IIEF score (5-75, worst-best) was reported as the percent maximum (0-100%).
Sexes Eligible for Study: Male
Genetically confirmed SBMA
Neurological symptoms of SBMA
Ability to ambulate 100 feet with or without the use of assistive devices
Willingness to participate in all aspects of trial design and follow-up
Age less than 18 years
A history of hypersensitivity to dutasteride or 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors.
Exposure to 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors, anti-androgens, testosterone, or steroids in the preceding 6 months
Patients who are taking potent cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitors for over 4 weeks
Patients with any pre-existing liver disease
Alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase, or direct bilirubin greater than 1.5 times the upper limit of normal
Alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase greater than 1.5 times upper limit of normal in subjects with normal creatine kinase levels
Creatinine greater than 1.5 times the upper limit of normal
Platelet count, white blood cell count or hemoglobin below the lower limit of normal
Other clinically significant medical disease that, in the judgment of the investigators, would expose the patient to undue risk of harm or prevent the patient from completing the study
United States, Maryland
National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892
Principal Investigator: Kenneth Fischbeck, M.D. NINDS, NIH
NIH Clinical Center Detailed Web Page
Rhodes LE, Freeman BK, Auh S, Kokkinis AD, La Pean A, Chen C, Lehky TJ, Shrader JA, Levy EW, Harris-Love M, Di Prospero NA, Fischbeck KH. Clinical features of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Brain. 2009 Dec;132(Pt 12):3242-51. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp258.
Fernández-Rhodes LE, Kokkinis AD, White MJ, Watts CA, Auh S, Jeffries NO, Shrader JA, Lehky TJ, Li L, Ryder JE, Levy EW, Solomon BI, Harris-Love MO, La Pean A, Schindler AB, Chen C, Di Prospero NA, Fischbeck KH. Efficacy and safety of dutasteride in patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2011 Feb;10(2):140-7. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70321-5. Epub 2011 Jan 6.
Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):
Harris-Love MO, Fernandez-Rhodes L, Joe G, Shrader JA, Kokkinis A, La Pean Kirschner A, Auh S, Chen C, Li L, Levy E, Davenport TE, Di Prospero NA, Fischbeck KH. Assessing function and endurance in adults with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy: validity of the adult myopathy assessment tool. Rehabil Res Pract. 2014;2014:873872. doi: 10.1155/2014/873872. Epub 2014 May 5.
Responsible Party: Kenneth H. Fischbeck, M.D./National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health
Other Study ID Numbers: 060113
06-N-0113 ( Other Identifier: NINDS IRB protocol number )
First Posted: March 16, 2006 Key Record Dates
Results First Posted: June 22, 2010
Last Update Posted: January 27, 2011
Keywords provided by National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (CC):
Motor Neuron
Polyglutamine
Ligand Dependency
Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy
Kennedy Disease
Dutasteride
Muscular Atrophy
Bulbo-Spinal Atrophy, X-Linked
Pathological Conditions, Anatomical
Neuromuscular Manifestations
Neurologic Manifestations
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal
Spinal Cord Diseases
Heredodegenerative Disorders, Nervous System
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Motor Neuron Disease
Genetic Diseases, X-Linked
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors
Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors
Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action
Hormone Antagonists
Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists
Physiological Effects of Drugs


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text:
Climate Scientist Andrew Weaver wins the first ever Green party seat in BC election
Andrew Weaver, Newly elected Green Party MLA for Oak Bay-Gordon Head
The British Columbia Green Party just made history, voters in the riding of Oak Bay-Gordon Head elected Andrew Weaver, Canada Research Chair in Climate Modelling and Analysis at the University of Victoria, and a lead author for a chapter of the IPCC AR4, to the Legislative Assembly.
Andrew Weaver is the first Green party member ever to be elected to the legislative Assembly; his election continues the trend started by Elizabeth May, who was the first ever federal Green party member to be elected to the Canadian Parliament in the 2011 election.
Aside from the historic aspect of having a green party member elected to government, an aspect I find more important is having a practising scientist working in the Legislative Assembly. Scientists, often look at the world through a different lens; a lens that gives them a unique perspective and the ability to find innovative solutions to difficult problems. But this is a lens that is underrepresented in most governments and though it is still underrepresented here in British Columbia, Andrew Weaver's victory ensures that the scientific lens will be a little more represented going forward. A trend I hope catches on elsewhere.
In the end, despite polls showing that the left-of-centre NDP had a sizeable lead, the right-of-centre BC Liberals retained their majority in the legislative assembly. The NDP retained their status as official opposition.
What is perhaps of more interest to readers of Planet3.0 is what the BC election will mean for climate policy.
In 2008 the BC Liberals (which are not affiliated with the federal Liberals) introduced North America's first revenue neutral Carbon tax. This was a dramatic turnaround for the Liberals; before introducing the tax they were not seen as a government that cared for the environment, quite the opposite actually. In the 2009 election the NDP, who generally had the support of environmental organizations, ran an 'axe the tax' campaign to repeal the carbon tax, this caused a dramatic reversal which saw the BC NDP with the lose that environmental support and subsequently lose the election.
After the defeat the NDP learned to accept the tax. So this time around there was little chance that the carbon tax would be repealed. In fact the only party who wanted to repeal the carbon tax was the BC Conservatives (which are not affiliated with the federal Conservatives), but their support in the election was minimal and they failed to win any seats.
That being said none of the parties were talking about increasing the carbon tax which currently sits at $30/tonne.
The other major climate related issue affecting BC are the pipeline proposals to transport diluted bitumen from the Alberta tar sands to the BC coast.
The BC Liberals have said that since BC is taking on most of the risk of spills, BC should receive a decent chunk of the revenue generated by the pipelines. That proposal has been flatly rejected by Alberta, so there is little chance the BC government will accept the pipelines. But the truth is that the Government of British Columbia, strangely, doesn't have much of a say in either approving or disapproving the pipeline proposals.
In Canada pipelines fall under federal jurisdiction, and the Canadian Government has essentially rewritten the entire canon of Canadian environmental law in order to ensure that the pipelines are approved. Currently the biggest hurdle to the pipelines are the various First Nations groups that are opposed to having the pipeline traverse their territories. Their opposition could easily tie up the pipeline proposals in court for years.
Ultimately this election, aside from Andrew Weaver's win, wasn't really about climate change. British Columbia is already ahead of the curve in regards to climate policy and it seems as if there is little appetite from our politicians to move even further ahead of everyone else.
Planet3.0
A right wing defence of pure science funding by governments
Taylor Wilson: My radical plan for small nuclear fission reactors
3 thoughts on "Climate Scientist Andrew Weaver wins the first ever Green party seat in BC election"
G.R.L Cowan says:
A scientist in an MPP's chair seems a little out of place. Congratulations, best wishes, hope he doesn't get eaten.
A scientist in the Green party?! Yikes.
Being a scientist, does he support Nuclear Power?
The Montreal Protocol that saw the phase out of ozone destroying CFCs was a success because there was a viable alternative available.
The viable alternative to Fossil Fuels is Nuclear Power.
Until we accept this, we will never stop burning fossil fuels.
G.R.L. Cowan says:
I am utterly opposed to any use of nuclear power in British Columbia, he says, adding,
… Elsewhere? That's not something I will pre-judge …


Described in a handful of words and phrases, I'd be something like... apprentice wordsmith (writer by both training and inclination, now a crowdfunded author), one-time would-be journalist strayed faaaar from the actual field, orator and amateur actress, SouConer now and forever and darn what the server says, Millimun, gigantic, nearly shameless science fiction and fantasy geek, major oldtime and modern radio fan, DXer of all bands and active QSLer, technician class amateur radio operator (callsign shared on request), multiple variety synaesthete, literature, language and history nerd, budding gardener girl (heh, budding), catlady, increasingly interested cycling fan (in the States, who knew?), borderline socialist (more like social/liberal Democrat, if this were Europe), American liberal, progressive social and political activist, and demi-ish biromantic demi-homosensual charcoal grey-bisexual verging on ace. Oh, and just so you know, I'm not at all shy about my views on any of those last four subjects, especially where politics and homophobia collide. Whew, but that's a lot of words and phrases! There should be one more on that list. In the words of my father: Chatty Kathy. Ahem.
Also, just for info, I am, for all practical purposes, totally blind. I'm completely comfortable sharing any and all blindness-related details, so if anyone's curious about any references that might be made, feel free to ask me. On a related subject, the cute cream-colored fuzzball in one of my icons is my guide dog, Bosco the mellow yellow lab, September 5, 2000-July 29, 2013. I love you, mellow yellow.
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2. KOT Void History page gives items deleted while making a sale along with the reason (optional while voiding a KOT) and bill details.
To view the bill which contains voided KOT, click on the particular Bill NO.


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Instruct with us
How To Handle Situations With A Confident, Controlled And Calm Approach
Enroll in Course for £16.66
From time to time many of us will face conversations which we anticipate will be difficult and which we may feel ill-equipped to handle. We may also occasionally be involved in amicable conversations that suddenly turn sour. Having the knowledge and confidence to deal with these situations can mean the difference between a relationship fortified and a relationship lost, or a sale made, and a sale lost. Those who have mastered the art of dealing with difficult conversations know very well that it is rarely an overnight phenomenon. It takes years of experience to hone. The stark reality is that dealing with difficult conversations is fraught with pitfalls almost guaranteed to unhinge the novice.
This course is designed to equip you with both the skillset and the confidence you need to successfully manage difficult conversations and ensure that both sides have the best chance of leaving the encounter feeling happy.
This course aims to be CONCISE and ACTIONABLE. It is jam packed with tips and tricks. You will learn how to:
Understand the circumstances that lead to difficult conversations
Learn ways of handling difficult conversations
Understand how to use empathy to facilitate a conversation
Ask open and supportive questions
Focus on facts, not personalities
Use tone and body language to great effect
Handle challenges whilst remaining calm
Learn how to reach agreement and close the conversation gracefully
Alan is a reputation expert who was Past President of the Global Speakers Federation and is the director of MediaCoach. He is also an author and journalist, and both a TV presenter and expert interviewee. He has been speaking remotely since 1998, and created a Facebook group for fellow professionals who wish to speak remotely. It's called, unsurprisingly, Remote Speaking. His clients include politicians, TV presenters and sports stars as well as companies including Virgin, Google, The Beverly Hills Hotel, BMW and Mumm Champagne. The Independent newspaper listed him as "one of the top 10 media experts in the UK".
Introduction - Welcome from Alan Stevens (2:05)
Why Are Some Conversations Difficult? (1:59)
Preparation (1:59)
Set-Up and Room Layout (2:35)
How to Start the Conversation (2:22)
Active Listening and Responding (1:55)
Ask Open and Supportive Questions (2:03)
Focus on Facts, Not Personalities (1:23)
Use of Tone and Body Language (1:44)
Exploring Alternative Solutions (1:27)
Handling Challenge (2:41)
How to Close a Difficult Conversation (1:46)
Summary - What We've Covered (1:13)
Thank You and Next Steps (0:37)
New pricing Coupon Discount
© The Expert Academy 2022


It is now less than five months until the XXI Commonwealth Games begin on the Gold Coast of Australia, on Wednesday 4 April 2018. The fifth time Australia has hosted the games, the multi-sport event has been held every four years since 1930, when it was known as the British Empire Games.
Following a similar format to the Olympics, the Commonwealth Games sees the 52 member states of the Commonwealth send a total of 70 teams, due to the fact several dependent territories send their own teams, to compete in a number of disciplines, some of them only played widely in these countries.
Sports such as cricket, squash, lawn bowls, and netball feature due to their popularity throughout the Commonwealth, whereas they are nowhere to be found in the Olympics. It also differs from its larger cousin by including para-sports in the main programme of events, allowing disabled athletes to compete during the same fortnight as their able-bodied counterparts.
In 2018, the Overseas journal will be devoting an entire edition to sport to coincide with the Games to continue ROSL's connection with the event. Take a look below at an article from 1982, from Sandy Duncan, then honorary Secretary of the Commonwealth Games Federation.


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Siemens wins gas turbines supply contract for Belarus power plants
Umesh 1 month ago
Five SGT-800 gas turbines will be provided from Siemens factory in Finspång (Sweden). Credit: www.siemens.com/press.
Siemens has secured a gas turbines supply contract from RUE Vitebskenergo, a state-owned power utility company in the Republic of Belarus.
Siemens has agreed to supply five SGT-800 gas turbines from its factory in Finspång, Sweden. The Siemens power generation equipment will also include generators, gas receiving stations, booster compressors, high-medium-low voltage equipment and the PCS7 control system.
The gas turbines will be installed at the new 150MW peaking power station at the Lukomlskaya plant and at 100MW peaking power station at the Novopolotskaya plant.
Siemens Gas and Power Europe and CIS Power Generation head Olaf Kreyenberg said: "Siemens has a broad range of energy solutions that supports the optimisation of the energy mix for our customers.
"We are committed to supporting the decarbonisation strategy in Belarus by complementing the grid with our highly efficient and flexible peaker plants that will help ensure the reliability and stability of the power generation system in the country."
The upgrade will operate in conjunction with the existing Lukomlskaya and Novopolotskaya power plants, with the new gas turbine plants improving the Belarusian power grid's reliability and flexibility, and provide fast peaking power.
The new power plants are expected to begin operations by the end of 2021.
Siemens noted that the new plants would run around 700 hours annually and serve as a backup for the country's future wind, solar and nuclear power plants.
In November, Siemens secured a contract to upgrade the Hiep Phuoc 1 steam power plant in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam to a combined cycle power plant.
Midwest Valves & Controls
Midwest Valves & Controls deals with customers Australia-wide, selling a...
Midwest Valves & Controls deals with customers Australia-wide, selling a huge range of products, including industrial valves, pumps, hoses, industrial instruments, pipe fittings, pneumatically operated equipment and food-grade polyethylene tanks.
SMEP Industries
SMEP Industries is a specialist in producing high-performance mechanical parts...
SMEP Industries is a specialist in producing high-performance mechanical parts for machining, fastening and thread rolling for turbine and power stations.
HSP Hochspannungsgeräte GmbH
HSP produces quality tailor-made products and services such as transformer...
HSP produces quality tailor-made products and services such as transformer bushings, switchgear bushings, generator bushings, HVDC bushings and SF6-bushings up to the highest service voltage, as well as service and maintenance work for HSP equipment, service and maintenance work for other equipment and training for customers.


Six children were among at least 15 civilians killed in overnight bomb attacks by government and rebel forces in the divided city of Aleppo, a monitoring group said Monday.
"At least nine civilians, three of them children, were killed in barrel bombs (dropped by regime aircraft) in Shaar," an eastern district, said the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.
The Britain-based group, which relies on an extensive network of medical, military and activist sources on the ground, warned the death toll could rise because of the large number of people of seriously wounded.
"Six more civilians, including three children and a woman, were killed in mortar shelling by rebels" of the government-held district of Jabiriyeh, the Observatory said.
The northern metropolis of Aleppo, once Syria's commercial capital, has been divided since 2012 into western sectors held by the government and rebel-held areas.
Hundreds of people have died in near-daily regime air raids, many with the use of crude and inaccurate barrel bombs, despite repeated condemnation by the international community.
The latest bloodshed came at the start of the Eid al-Fitr feast which marks the end of the Muslim fasting month of Ramadan.
In Damascus, President Bashar al-Assad received a warm welcome from the congregation as he joined Eid prayers Monday at a mosque in Muhajarin, although the Observatory said the area was struck in the morning by rebel shellfire.