Indy's Historic Lockerbie Square neighborhood is popular for downtown neighborhood living. So many beautiful gardens, quaint cobblestone roads, later paved by bricks, historic homes and new construction. The movement to buy the downtown homes revitalized a once struggling city.
Just west of Lockerbie is the Murat Theatre. I spent Mother's Day enjoying The Phantom of the Opera. It was my first show but will not be the last. The music well known has been woven into a fantastical story in my head. Magnificent! Bravo!


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Suspect!?!
So for some time now, well since I've been at U of M, the issue of race and crime reporting comes up. In today's Daily David Betts throws his hat in the ring about what's wrong and what should be done. As you know, I personally love how almost every Black man available within 40 miles is indicted by each crime alert. But Betts tries to go a little deeper in his editorial. I appreciate the effort, but his call to action, is nothing more than a restatement of what he said he wasn't interested in doing.
He opens up with...
"I was really psyched up to write my column for this week. I was going to blast the Department of Public Safety for the vague suspect descriptions and general emphasis on making sure black people don't act up while white members of the campus community are allowed to run relatively free."
And draws the piece to a close with...
"what we need to be doing is going to DPS and the AAPD and asking them, "What goes into a suspect description?" We need to explain to them why "baggy, hip-hop clothes" is an ineffective, racist remark. We need to ask them, "Why there is so much emphasis on having a presence at every black function?" We need to dedicate a lot of the energy spent on complaining to making sure the gentleman that was accidentally shot is OK."
I agree with Betts that there are no easy answers. I think the answer is going to lie in a multi-fold approach institutionally: (communicating and pressuring DPS and AAPD to work on the descriptions they present), socially (fighting against stereotypes of Black men), and communally (being accountable for our actions). We can't sacrifice anyone in this fight.
The new "Hotter Trotter"(tm)
Hate Crimes, Black Writers, etc...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Ans: Fertilisers are different from manure in following manner.
(i) It is prepared by organic substances.
(ii) It is rich in all nutrients.
(i) It is prepared by chemical substances.
(ii) It is rich in particular nutrients.
(iii) Urea, Potash and ammonium sulphate etc.
Ques: What is irrigation? Describe two methods of irrigation which conserve water.
Ans : The supply of water to crops at different intervals is called irrigation.
There are two modern methods of irrigation which conserve water.
(i) Sprinkler system – This system is more useful on the uneven land where sufficient water is not available.
(ii) Drip system – In this system, the water falls drop by drop just at the position of the roots. So it is called drip system. It is the best technique for watering fruit plants, gardens and trees.
Ques: If wheat is sown in the kharif season, what would happen? Discuss.
Ans: In kharif season, there have a lot of rainfall. Where, wheat does not need the heavy rainfall. It will be destroyed as well as water logging.
Ques: Explain how soil gets affected by the continuous plantation of crops in a field.
Ans: Continuous plantation of crops makes the soil deficient in certain nutrient in a field. Further the crops do not grow well. To avoid this, the following practices should be done.
Ques: What are weeds? How can we control them?
Ans : Many other undesirable plants may grow naturally along with the crop. These undesirable plants are called weeds. Weeds are harmful for crops. These take all nutrients water and light from soils which are added for crops. Weeds can be removed manually or by using weedicides. Manually there is used a Khurpi while by using weedicides we use chemical substances like 2, 4-D, which damage only weeds and do not harm to crops.


MIRAI – Connecting Swedish and Japanese universities through research, education and innovation is a three-year project funded jointly by STINT, seven Swedish and eight Japanese universities and with financial support from the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS). The project is a continuation of the initiatives launched at the University Presidents' Summit in Tokyo October 2015, to strengthen academic collaboration between Sweden and Japan.
MIRAI is specifically directed at researchers at an early stage of their career, to lead future joint activities between universities in the two countries. The topic and focus of the project are within the broader context of Ageing, Materials Science and Sustainability. Both Sweden and Japan have a long tradition of innovation and are heavily investing in large-scale facilities to be at the forefront of science and research (e.g. MAX IV, ESS, SciLifeLab, J-PARC, NIMS, AIST, KEK, Spring-8).
The MIRAI project will provide a platform for particularly junior researchers to contribute to expanding and strengthening academic collaborations between Sweden and Japan.


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Ensuring that to the extent practicable the agency maximizes the use of data in the agency, including for the production of evidence (i.e., information produced as a result of statistical activities conducted for a statistical purpose), cybersecurity, and the improvement of agency operations.
Increased access to data and the use of rigorous evidence is essential to optimizing government services that improve the lives of American citizens. In recent years, though, many Federal Government agencies have become deluged by vast and expanding volumes of information that complicate their ability to manage, analyze, and integrate the data to inform public policy deliberations. Most Federal agencies do not yet have a senior official empowered to, and responsible for, coordinating the active use of data within their agencies. Consequently, and consistent with legislation signed into law by President Trump on January 14, 2019, the Administration will prioritize the appointment of a Chief Data Officer (CDO) at each CFO-Act agency. Each designated CDO will be required to possess the right level of competencies, experience, and training in – and will be responsible for improving the respective agency's performance of – the suite of issues pertaining to data management, governance, collection, analysis, protection, use, and dissemination.
The recent increased attention on the role of the CDO within public sector organizations is an important development, especially when viewed through the lens of organizations achieving optimal information governance (IG) in maturing their overall IG programs. Ideally, public sector CDOs will work hand-in-hand with other senior agency officials, including those with oversight over records management, privacy, security, e-discovery, and FOIA access issues, to incorporate the best elements of an overall IG strategy while working to achieve the aims of the recent open data legislation and initiatives as discussed herein.


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Revision as of 10:08, 18 November 2021 by WikiSysop (talk | contribs)
High Plains Mystery
Greg Tucker, July 2021
The central United States contains one of the longest hills in the world. Start off in Davenport, Iowa, where route 80—the highway connecting New York and San Francisco—crosses the Mississippi River. The river here sits about 170 m above sea level. As you drive west on an 800-mile journey toward the Rocky Mountains, the land steadily rises. Des Moines, Iowa, 250 m. Omaha, Nebraska, 360 m. Ogallala, Nebraska 980 m. Kimball, Nebraska, 1,440 m. Cheyenne, Wyoming, 1,850 m, and finally, another 20 miles west past Cheyenne takes you to the first dark, crystalline rocks of the Rockies, at 2,200 m above sea level. Not for nothing are the lands east of the Rockies known as the High Plains.
The last 450 miles of your journey—since passing through Seward, Nebraska—have carried you across the Ogallala Group. The name sounds like a midwestern insurance agency, but in fact it belongs to a geologic unit: a thin but widespread deposit of sand and gravel left behind by east-flowing streams between about 12 to 6 million years ago. What the Ogallala lacks in thickness (no more than a few hundred meters in most places), it makes up in spatial extent. The deposits drape across eight states, from Texas to South Dakota, spanning 11 degrees of latitude and covering an area of 450 thousand square kilometers (Figure 1). Pick a point at random in the lower 48 and you have a 1 in 20 chance of landing on the Ogallala Group.
Map of the Ogallala Group (from Wobus et al., 2010).
The Ogallala's fame comes from its water. The tiny but well-connected gaps between the grains of sand and gravel, known as pores, collectively hold a Great Lake's worth of fresh water. Since the invention of central-pivot irrigation in the 1950s, mining that underground water source has made a breadbasket of the semi-desert (though perhaps not for much longer; for more on that, see William Ashworth's wonderful book Ogallala Blue).
Where did the Ogallala come from? At one level, the answer is simple: its sediments were deposited mainly by east-flowing streams rising in the Rocky Mountains, over a period of several million years during the middle to late Miocene period. Understanding why is harder. Normally, sediments accumulate in places where the Earth has created space to hold it. The Mississippi River unloads its dirt in the Gulf of Mexico. The powerful rivers draining the Himalayas leave some of theirs in the Ganges and Brahmaputra valleys before dropping the rest in the Bay of Bengal. Geologists call these deep (Bay of Bengal, Gulf of Mexico) or sinking (Ganges valley, Mississippi delta) places sedimentary basins, and speak in terms of their accommodation space: the volume available to catch and hold sediment.
But in the case of the Ogallala, there's no vacancy—at least, not much. The region is not today, and was not in the Miocene, a deep ocean basin. We know this from a combination of clues: mammal bone fossils, river sediments, ancient buried soils. Clearly the Ogallala formed entirely on land. Nor do the Ogallala sediments sit in a sedimentary basin, at least not in the usual sense. A sedimentary basin can form where the weight of an adjacent growing mountain range pushes down the surrounding crust, creating a depression known as a foreland basin (imagine a person sitting on a trampoline: their weight bends down the surface of the mat around them). Basins can also form where tectonic stretching splits the crust into county-sized slivers, some of which sink relative to the others, creating long narrow basins separated by mountain ranges. That stretching process has created the iconic basin-and-range landscape that spans from eastern California to central Utah. But there's no evidence that any of these things were happening in the central plains at the time those Miocene rivers were spreading their sands across the continent.
The region encompassing the High Plains, southern Rockies, and Colorado Plateau forms a nation-sized swell across the western United States. Gordon Eaton, who served as the 12th Director of the US Geological Survey, pointed out in a 2008 article that when you average over the peaks and valleys, the region around the southern Rockies forms the highest terrain by far in North America: a mile-high, nation-sized bump in the continent that Eaton called the "Southern Rocky Mountain Epeirogen" (Figure 2; Eaton, 2008). Geologists continue to debate the basic question of when this swell first became swollen. Multiple clues suggest the region has been elevated to some degree for the last 40 million years. Some argue that the region kept on rising progressively since that time; others, that the swell accomplished most of its growth early on. Regardless, there's a general consensus that high elevations have existed in this region for millions of years, and beyond the sediments themselves, there is no evidence for widespread sinking of the western plains. But high elevation regions tend to erode, as gravity relentlessly moves material down slopes. So why the Ogallala? Why do we have deposits from a time and region that ought to have been slowly eroding?
Figure 2: Smoothed topographic map of the United States, highlighting the "swell" of high topography around the southern Rocky Mountains (SRM) and western High Plains. Although the Sierra Nevada (SN) form higher peaks, the average topography is higher around the Rockies. From Eaton (2008).
The literature does not lack for speculation. Charles Chapin, New Mexico State Geologist emeritus, suggested in 2008 that "…the changing climate had become so arid by 12 [million years ago] that there was no longer adequate stream flow to carry erosional detritus from the region" (Chapin, 2008). In other words, the rivers ran out of water, and had to drop their loads on the plains. But where then was the water to mobilize the debris in the mountains? Jon Pelletier of the University of Arizona offered an alternative idea: as the climate cooled, more snow accumulated in the mountains, and its meltwater provided the energy for enhanced erosion. He noted that the "erosion would have triggered widespread deposition downstream from those [river] basins, which is broadly consistent with the magnitude, timing, and spatial distribution of the Ogallala Formation" (Pelletier, 2009). A potential objection is that melting snow tends to pack less erosive power than rainstorms, because the landscape releases its water gradually rather than in an abrupt punch. Still, if a cooler climate also brought more total water to the mountains, the net effect could increase erosion there, and deposition downstream. A related concept involves thermal effects: when the temperature falls near or a bit below freezing, growing ice in the ground can shatter rock, and the alternate swell and collapse of soil provides an efficient conveyor belt to carry the remnants downhill. Jill Marshall of the University of Arkansas showed in a recent paper that this process of "frost cracking" would have been surprisingly extensive across the western US during the last ice age, and presumably in prior ice ages as well (Marshall et al., 2021). Perhaps then the cooling of the high country provided the debris and the water, while the drying of the plains starved rivers of the flow needed to carry it all the way to the Mississippi.
If the Ogallala's birth presents one mystery, its demise offers another. The age of its youngest deposits seems to fall somewhere between 7 million years (to the south) and 5 million years (to the north). The shape of the unit in map view hints strongly that the deposits once covered an even larger area (Figure 1). In parts of the Front Range, geologists have identified patches of rounded river gravel of unknown age that might represent a time when the Ogallala sediments stretched up some of the major valleys in the mountains. To the east, across Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, finger-like valleys where the unit is absent suggest that rivers have cut through it. To the west, the Ogallala stretches all the way to the Rockies in only one place: a tongue-like peninsula known as the "Gangplank" that stretches across western Nebraska and southeast Wyoming to meet the Front Range (and incidentally, provides a conveniently gentle ramp for the railroad and interstate route 80). Elsewhere, the sediments appear to have been carved away by the major rivers draining the Front Range, including (from north to south) the North Platte, South Platte, Arkansas, and Canadian. Apparently, several million years ago, the rivers switched from draping the plains in sediment, to carving away at their former deposits, eating at them simultaneously from upstream and downstream, leaving the middle intact (Figure 1). Along the way, in cutting into the soft sediments along the mountains' edge, they stimulated the carving of deep canyons in the hard rocks along the fringes of the Colorado Front Range: Cache La Poudre, Big Thompson, St. Vrain, Boulder, Clear, and so on southward.
Why? The two most obvious culprits are tectonics and climate. Rocky Mountain geologists had long inferred, based on the Ogallala's demise and the rejuvenation of canyons, that the Rockies rose again during the last several million years. But if so, the range grew without creating the expected faults up which a growing mountain range would normally climb. Furthermore, several clues—from fossil leaves to "clumped" isotopes to bubbles in ancient lava flows—imply that the region gained at least some of its famous altitude long before the rivers abandoned the Ogallala sediments. Still, other clues point to tectonic unease in the western High Plains. For example, a study of ancient river channels by University of Arkansas geologist Beth McMillan and colleagues revealed that the Ogallala deposits on Wyoming's Gangplank have been tilted up to the west since they were first laid down (McMillan et al., 2002): more so than can be accounted for by the expected natural rebound of the crust as erosion gradually lightens its load (Leonard, 2002). Perhaps, then, broad regional uplift and tilting lent the rivers extra transport power, which led them to carve today's valleys in the westernmost High Plains. Yet the mechanics behind this idea aren't as obvious as they sound: a steeper region could, hypothetically, produce more sediment in its headwaters, leading to even more deposition downstream.
Climate stands among the suspects too. In a 2010 paper, Cameron Wobus and colleagues suggested, using computer simulations of an idealized High Plains river, that either an increase in water supply or a decrease in sediment supply from the mountains could drive erosion in the plains downstream, in much the same way that the clear water released below a dam tends to scour the river bed (Wobus et al., 2010). But the mechanisms to produce such changes remain speculative.
One lesson we can draw from the growth and demise of the Ogallala is how challenging it can be to predict environmental systems based on intuition alone. In the case of river networks, our intuition struggles with the delicate balance between water and sediment that dictates whether a particular channel will carve a canyon or build a deposit. Mathematical and computer simulation models provide one answer to this dilemma. They can keep precise track of all the comings and goings of water and sediment—to balance the budgets in a way our unaided human brains cannot—and thereby simulate how a river network and its landscape would evolve, given a hypothetical set of circumstances. To that end, University of Colorado geologist Vanessa Gabel recently embarked on a computer-modeling study of river network and landscape evolution in an idealized setting similar to that of the southern Rocky Mountains and adjacent High Plains. She aims to discover what circumstances of regional tectonic warping and/or climate change could produce observed erosion patterns like those experienced by the Ogallala over the past several million years.
For now, the forces that created and now have begun to destroy the Ogallala remain mysterious. By running simulation model experiments, Gabel hopes to identify what essential ingredients are needed to make and then abandon this type of thin but expansive sediment drape. By discovering these basic recipes, we can at least begin to narrow down the list of suspects.
Acknowledgements: thanks to Vanessa Gabel for perceptive comments and suggestions on this post.
Ashworth, W. (2006). Ogallala Blue. WW Norton & Co.
Chapin, C. E. (2008). Interplay of oceanographic and paleoclimate events with tectonism during middle to late Miocene sedimentation across the southwestern USA. Geosphere, 4(6), 976-991. DOI: 10.1130/GES00171.1
Eaton, G. P. (2008). Epeirogeny in the Southern Rocky Mountains region: Evidence and origin. Geosphere, 4(5), 764-784. DOI: 10.1130/GES00149.1
Leonard, E. M. (2002). Geomorphic and tectonic forcing of late Cenozoic warping of the Colorado piedmont. Geology, 30(7), 595-598. DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0595:GATFOL>2.0.CO;2
Marshall, J. A., Roering, J. J., Rempel, A. W., Shafer, S. L., & Bartlein, P. J. (2021). Extensive frost weathering across unglaciated North America during the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(5), e2020GL090305. DOI: 10.1029/2020GL090305
McMillan, M. E., Angevine, C. L., & Heller, P. L. (2002). Postdepositional tilt of the Miocene-Pliocene Ogallala Group on the western Great Plains: Evidence of late Cenozoic uplift of the Rocky Mountains. Geology, 30(1), 63-66. DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0063:PTOTMP>2.0.CO;2
Pelletier, J. D. (2009). The impact of snowmelt on the late Cenozoic landscape of the southern Rocky Mountains, USA. GSA today, 19(7), 4-11. DOI: 10.1130/GSATG44A.1
Wobus, C. W., Tucker, G. E., & Anderson, R. S. (2010). Does climate change create distinctive patterns of landscape incision? Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 115(F4). DOI: 10.1029/2009JF001562
Building An Inclusive Community
Greg Tucker, February 2021
A recent report on Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusivity (JEDI) in the geosciences began like this:
"A glance around any large gathering of scientists quickly reveals that the number of black Americans and other minorities active in the sciences is vanishingly small, almost to the point of nonexistence … [and] geoscience societies are no exception to this pattern."
The report went on to state, however, that "one novel feature of the geosciences … is a movement afoot within the profession" to promote and assist broader participation in the geosciences among Black, Latinx, and Native American students. The movement seeks "to reach population parity in a little more than a generation from now."
But I am using the term "recent" in a geological sense, not a calendric one. The article—by Robert Gillette, discussing efforts by the US Geological Survey, Geological Society of America, and American Geological Institute to promote broader participation—was published in 1972, before a great many of today's CSDMS members were even born (Gillette, 1972). The target time frame for achieving parity was to have been somewhere between 2002 and 2012.
Did we reach this target? Not even close. In a review of geoscience PhDs granted in the US between 1973 and 2016, Bernard and Cooperdock (2018) found that, as the title of their paper put it, there has been "no progress on diversity in 40 years" in the geosciences. As a result, the entire field has continued to miss out on an enormous pool of talent and energy.
The American cultural and political turmoil over the past year provides yet another lesson in how deeply inequity can run in a complex society. Caste and tribalism are depressingly common facets of the human experience, and in the United States, the past year highlighted some uniquely American forms of that experience. A (calendrically) recent piece by New York Times columnist Thomas Edsall [1] describes an unfortunate characteristic of many societies: when historically marginalized groups begin to achieve greater social equality, there can be a backlash of dominant-group grievance that unscrupulous politicians are all too eager to stoke for their own gain. Such has been the American experience—both recent and historical.
But from my perspective (which is admittedly limited to that of a white male professor), I see reasons for hope, and reasons to believe that the global geoscience community can grow to become a more inclusive and diverse community. My optimism is grounded, first of all, in witnessing positive social change within my lifetime. When I was a child in the 1970s, a woman in the United States could still legally be fired simply for becoming pregnant, and prior to the 1974 Equal Opportunity Credit Act, banks could refuse to grant her credit, solely on the basis of gender. The geosciences at that time, and for many years afterward, were overwhelmingly male-dominated—meaning, among other things, that the science lost the potential contributions and talents of nearly half of humanity.
When I started graduate school in the early 1990s, my academic department of 40-some faculty included just one female (assistant) professor. But today, at the dawn of 2021, I'm proud to work in a department that boasts a 50/50 gender balance among early and mid-career faculty (the balance is currently about 40/60 female/male among all faculty). Nor is my department at CU Boulder an outlier. The silver lining in the data presented by Bernard and Cooperdock (2018) is that the geosciences have neared gender equality in the granting of PhDs (45/55 female/male as of 2016).
To be sure, as the 2020 film Picture a Scientist illustrates, women in science continue to face a host of issues that they should not have to contend with—the metaphorical body of the iceberg beneath the tip. Progress on gender equality in science can feel agonizingly, frustratingly slow. But the enormous positive change in the span of a generation demonstrates that such change is possible, and worth fighting for. Much the same can be said of LGBTQ rights: a seemingly maddening, exhausting struggle, and yet one that over the past generation or so has yielded real and meaningful progress.
One might argue that progress on women's and LGBTQ rights does not necessarily suggest grounds for optimism when it comes to combating racism. After all, one of the striking lessons of Bernard and Cooperdock's study is the contrast between the geosciences' substantial progress on gender diversity, and its lack of progress on racial diversity: a finding that suggests that the challenge of equity and inclusion for BIPOC scientists is even more daunting than that of gender equity. The barriers are many; they are complex, interwoven, intersectional (e.g., Dutt, 2020). Even so, I feel a sense of cautious optimism. Over the past 30 years there have been many efforts and programs designed to improve inclusivity in science, but never before in my professional life have I witnessed anything like the energy and focus that has arisen following the public outcry over the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis last summer. Where before there were institutional and funding agency programs, and project-level contributions encouraged by incentives like NSF's Broader Impacts criterion, now these are joined by a sense of much wider grassroots engagement. Geoscientists are forming reading and discussion groups on JEDI issues, seeking an actionable understanding (see for example the Unlearning Racism in Geosciences project). Faculty are pressing their institutions to re-double their commitment to equitable recruitment, hiring, and retention. Not all these efforts are new, and it is important to recognize the many groups and individuals who were already working hard to build a more inclusive science community, ranging from grassroots community efforts like GeoLatinas to undergraduate engagement programs like RESESS, SOARS, and RECCS, among many. Nonetheless, I believe that the new injection of awareness and commitment that we saw in 2020 represents an important acceleration of momentum, and although it's too soon to know where it will lead—the characteristic time scale of a professional population being measured in years or decades rather than months—I believe it is here to stay.
At the 2021 Annual (virtual) Meeting this coming May, the CSDMS community will have an opportunity to learn about practices and resources for contributing to JEDI progress. Nicole Gasparini, Chair of the CSDMS Terrestrial Working Group, will be offering a clinic on Building a More Inclusive Research Unit. In addition, community members Bec Batchelor, Anne Gold, and Diana Acero-Allard will be leading a clinic on Inclusive Mentoring. I'm grateful to all of these community volunteers for leading these events. And for those CSDMS members who have not already seen it, I highly encourage you to watch last summer's opening lecture for the CSDMS Summer Science Series, by Dr. Brandon Jones of NSF, on Challenges and Opportunities for Increasing Participation of Underrepresented Groups in the Geosciences – highlighting, among other things, the vital importance of an "all hands on deck" approach.
In that vein, it's worth noting another small but meaningful way that academic members of the CSDMS can contribute. Many of us are educators, and have the privilege of introducing students to the geosciences. I'm sure that a great many students have seen likenesses of James Hutton, Alfred Wegner, Henri Darcy, or Alexander von Humboldt flash by in lecture halls. Why not also include some contemporary practicing geoscientists as well? This can send an important message: geoscience is a living field, with real and (at least somewhat) diverse people who take joy in studying nature and solving problems. Along the way, it doesn't hurt to point out the diversity in the kinds of work and career that this vast science embodies. Many people imagine geoscientists as people who roam the wilderness with a rock hammer, or sit beside oil wells and take measurements. The perception of geoscience as almost exclusively field-based, which draws so many outdoor enthusiasts to the profession, may be a source of discouragement for people from marginalized communities, who might not necessarily feel welcome or safe in all environments. Teachers in the CSDMS community are well positioned not just to bust the "cowboy geologist" myth, but also to make our students aware of the many different career paths that a background in computational geoscience in particular can support: research, environmental consulting, scientific computing, geospatial tech, and data science, to name just a few.
Carl Sagan likened science to carrying a candle in the dark (Sagan, 1995). If that flame is to endure, the call to illuminate our world with understanding must be open to everyone. Bernard and Cooperdock's study reminds us that the task of becoming a truly inclusive scientific community is not a trivial one. But the recent history of positive social change gives reason to hope, and reason to keep working.
Bernard, R. E., & Cooperdock, E. H. (2018). No progress on diversity in 40 years. Nature Geoscience, 11(5), 292-295. DOI: 10.1038/s41561-018-0116-6
Dutt, K. (2020). Race and racism in the geosciences. Nature Geoscience, 13(1), 2-3. DOI: 10.1038/s41561-019-0519-z
Gillette, R. (1972) Minorities in the Geosciences: Beyond the Open Door. Science, 177, 4044, pp. 148-151. DOI: 10.1126/science.177.4044.148
Sagan, C. (1995) The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark. Random House.
CSDMS as a Teenager
Greg Tucker, September 2020
The year 2020 marks the 13th birthday of the Community Surface Dynamics Modeling System. Following a series of community workshops and white papers, CSDMS (the acronym is often pronounced affectionately as "systems") became an entity in April 2007, when NSF awarded a five-year grant led by Prof. Jaia Syvitski to establish a new facility at the University of Colorado, Boulder. The early vision expressed the ambition of a hopeful community:
CSDMS is envisioned as a modeling environment containing a community-built and freely available suite of integrated, ever-improving software modules predicting the transport and accumulation of sediment and solutes in landscapes and sedimentary basins over a broad range of time and space scales -- Syvitski et al., 2004
The vision built on the notion that the earth's surface is the environment, and that to understand water and sediment dynamics quantitatively—and ultimately forecast behavior—would require a computationally centered community effort.
Like most 13-year-olds, CSDMS has come a long way since birth, but has plenty more growth and development ahead before reaching full maturity and potential. And like a typical adolescent, CSDMS' development has come at different speeds in different dimensions: late-blooming in some aspects, and precocious in others.
One of the surprises has been the growth of community. The makeup of CSDMS' first executive committee gives a sense of the early disciplinary scope: sedimentary geologists, geomorphologists, and sediment-oriented oceanographers. I sat on that committee as a chair of the Terrestrial Working Group, and at the time the working groups were envisioned as just that: small teams that would actually create and manage software. But after the first few years of operation, it became clear that interest in CSDMS extended way beyond its original core of sedimentary processes. In response to the surge of interest from related communities, CSDMS established Focus Research Groups, with topics ranging from solid-earth geodynamics to ecosystems and human dimensions. Today, CSDMS has nearly 2000 members, divided among a dozen different Working and Focus Research Groups. Even the smallest group now has over 100 members, while the largest—Terrestrial, chaired by Nicole Gasparini of Tulane University and Leslie Hsu of the US Geological Survey—numbers over 900 members. The annual all-hands meetings are popular, especially with early career scientists, and full of enthusiastic buzz. The buzz remained even when the meeting was forced online by the COVID-19 pandemic: the May 2020 event had over 400 individual attendees. CSDMS may have set out to build software, but it ended up building a community.
CSDMS has also helped nurture a new culture of code sharing. When the facility first launched, model codes were mostly trade secrets: kept within lab groups and close networks of collaborators. A common attitude was that a computer model is like a lab; as Randy Leveque of the University of Washington put it, sharing code could be seen as "like inviting every scientist in the world to come use your carefully constructed lab apparatus free of charge." But while that view has merit in some situations, Randy went on to note that there are many good reasons to share code anyway. For one thing, funding agencies require open sharing of software and data. But even if that weren't the case, the fear of being scooped by your own software is almost always unwarranted. The reality is that no one understands your code better than you do (in fact, to create a research code that's as accessible to outsiders as it is to its creator would be a rare and remarkable feat). And there's no shortage of important questions that a well-crafted code can help address. In my experience, a much more common outcome from code sharing is new collaborations and contributions, as other researchers seek to build on what you've started.
But that wasn't the prevailing view in the earth-surface community when the CSDMS Model Repository was first created as a platform for open sharing of version-controlled model software and metadata. The question was (to paraphrase Field of Dreams): if you built a repository, would they come? The answer turned out to be a resounding "yes": the CSDMS Model Repository now catalogues over 370 models and tools, and continues to grow.
The same spirit of generosity took hold in the sharing of technical expertise. For the past ten years, community members have volunteered their time and energy to offer hands-on "clinics" at the CSDMS annual meetings, on topics ranging from techniques like machine-learning to the use of particular models.
Meanwhile, the vision of a comprehensive, multi-scale, and ever-improving modeling environment posed a computational challenge worthy of a tech giant. Simply constructing a single numerical model, perhaps global in scale, would have been challenging enough. But the community made their wishes clear: a single model could never hope to encompass all the scales, processes, and concepts that lie at the forefront of the earth-surface sciences. The modeling system would have to be modular, with the ability to swap in alternative sub-models. It would have to address processes ranging from glacial erosion on high peaks to mud transport on submarine fans. And would have to embrace time scales ranging from storm events to geologic periods.
A small facility with just two or three research software engineers could never hope to build all of this, from scratch, by themselves. The key to success therefore lay in taking full advantage of existing resources, and making it an open community-wide project. It would be a "stone soup" vision: the facility provides the kettle, while the community brings the ingredients. The Integration Facility began with technology fronted by a graphical user interface. The CSDMS Modeling Tool displayed community-developed modules as graphical icons, which were coupled by drawing lines to connect inputs and outputs. Once assembled, the resulting model would run on a remote high-performance computing cluster. It was cloud computing before that term even existed.
The development team quickly discovered the need for two additional elements: a standard interface through which to operate and query each module, and a standard vocabulary—an ontology—for naming variables in a consistent way. The vocabulary standard addressed the proliferation of different names for the same thing ( "discharge" and "stream flow," for example), as well as similar names for different quantities (means annual versus instantaneous discharge, for instance). Scott Peckham designed the ontology pattern, first as the CSDMS Standard Names, and later, with Maria Stoica, in an expanded version known as the Scientific Variables Ontology.
To meet the need for a standard programmatic interface, CSDMS developed the Basic Model Interface (BMI). In order to have a numerical model act as a modular component—a software "building block" that can be initialized, advanced, queried, given new data, and combined with other components—that model code needs to provide a consistent set of interface functions. The BMI specifies what these functions should look like: their names, their signatures, and their return types, as well as the syntax specific to particular programming languages. A model equipped with a BMI becomes interactive. You can advance it, pause execution, interrogate state variables, plot data—and exchange values with another model, which becomes the key to model coupling. Beyond that, the BMI provides a standardized operating mechanism: like the steering wheel and accelerator in a car, it offers a set of standardized controls that are the same from model to model, making the learning curve much simpler. And BMI is catching on. It's now used, for example, in models developed by researchers at Deltares, the US Geological Survey, and the Netherlands eScience Center.
The CSDMS framework tool that makes use of BMI has continued to evolve. We learned that many, perhaps most, model coupling and model-data integration projects need a level of programmatic finesse that can only be handled by scripting. In response to this need, the script-based machinery behind the graphical front end was brought forward into a user-facing product: the Python Modeling Tool (pymt). With the 1.0 release in 2019, pymt recognizes the explosive growth in the popularity of Python in the geoscience community, and provides access to a collection of BMI-enabled components and tools, alongside Jupyter notebooks that provide hands-on tutorials. Pymt has already been used to power research ranging from permafrost to river and coastal morphodynamics.
Pymt provides a standardized, accessible pathway to legacy models and model-integration tools, but what about creating new models? New data and ideas drive new and refined theory, and that in turn requires adaptation of the numerical software that embodies these ideas. To meet the need for efficient creation and modification of numerical models, CSDMS supports the Landlab Toolkit. Landlab is a Python-language programming library that promotes standardization and re-use by providing interoperable process components that can be assembled, together with a grid object, to create complete integrated models. Since its 2016 debut, Landlab has featured in more than two dozen publications, with applications that collectively span hydrology, geomorphology, tectonics, ecology, basin stratigraphy, landslide hazards, and ecohydrology.
Still, much remains to be done to fully realize the CSDMS community's vision. One challenge—not just in the geosciences, but across the sciences—lies in training. Many scientists report spending a large fraction of their research time in developing software, yet they also report being largely self-taught. Self-taught scientific programmers are less likely to be aware of tools and best practices that can significantly improve software reliability, transparency, reusability, and productivity. Clearly, geoscientists should not be expected to possess the complete skill set of a software engineer, yet some level of training beyond the status quo is essential if we are to have a computationally fluent scientific workforce. Domain-science facilities like CSDMS have an important role to play. To this end, in 2020 CSDMS launched a new summer institute for early career scientists (albeit initially a virtual one, due to the COVID-19 pandemic). Similarly, CSDMS continues to provide opportunities for community members to work directly with, and learn from, professional Research Software Engineers.
Likewise, a sustainable cyber-ecosystem requires rewards and incentives for contribution. The emergence of new software journals like the Journal of Open Source Software helps a lot here, by providing a formal review and publication venue for well-designed, tested, and documented research software. Domain-based awards that recognize software contributions, like the CSDMS Syvitski Student Modeler Award, are important ingredients as well.
Plenty of opportunities and challenges remain on the technology front. The increasing capability of cloud computing presents a potentially valuable resource for research, given the flexibility in hardware resources that it offers. And a critical frontier lies in discovery through data-model integration: a need that CSDMS has begun to address with a standard programmatic interface for accessing and sub-setting datasets, and a library of access functions known as Data Components. There is plenty of room to grow the library of BMI-enabled model components that can operate in frameworks like pymt. And Landlab has just begun to scratch the surface, with lots of potential for new capabilities such as automated matrix configuration tools, performance enhancement, visualization, and 3D gridding.
Looking back, it's heartening see a growing and thriving community, and the roots of connection across interests and disciplines that have grown around it. CSDMS isn't fully grown yet but it's come a long way. Welcome to the teen years.
Retrieved from "https://csdms.colorado.edu/csdms_wiki/index.php?title=Between_the_Bytes&oldid=346316"


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Tag Archives: Birch Bayh
Title IX in the Indiana State Library's Manuscript Collections
Posted on June 16, 2022 by indianastatelibrary
June 23 marks the 50th anniversary of the 1972 passing of Title IX, a crucial section of the Education Amendment of 1972 that prohibits sex discrimination in education for institutions receiving federal funding. Hoosiers, of course, have a special connection to the law as it was formally introduced in Congress by Indiana Senator Birch Bayh. Born in Terre Haute in 1928, he served in the Indiana House of Representatives from 1954-62 and the U.S. Senate from 1963-81 and his work during this time had a powerful and lasting impact on this country. Remembered also for authoring the 25th and 26th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution – which laid out presidential succession and lowered the voting age to 18 – as well as the Bayh-Dole Trademark act, he is best known for his work on equal rights for women. His support went beyond his role as co-author of Title IX, which was co-authored by Representatives Patsy Mink and Edith Green.
The collections at the Indiana State Library Rare Books and Manuscripts Division provide a number of contemporary artifacts that help make the culture that led to the passing of Title IX more tangible 50 years on.
Senator Bayh
The State Library's holdings include both the Birch E. Bayh, Jr. collection (S0083) and photographs of him in the General Photograph Collection (P000). Though the collection does not include materials directly related to the passing of Title IX, the Birch E. Bayh, Jr. collection (S0083) contains campaign materials from 1975-76 that emphasize his continued commitment to equal rights for women, declaring "No other member of Congress can equal Bayh's active and effective support for women's rights legislation."
1975 campaign materials, Birch E. Bayh, Jr. collection (S0083)
The photographs of Bayh in the General Photograph Collection mirror Bayh's commitment to family, which has always informed the way he viewed women. He has said that commitment to equal rights was strengthened by his wife Marvella Hern Bayh.
He said of her:
"From time to time, she would remind me what it was like to be a woman in a man's world. Without her, I would not have been in a leadership role."
After Marvella died of breast cancer in 1979, Bayh married another formidable woman: Katherine "Kitty" Halpin, an ABC news executive, who continues her husband's work to educate the public on the importance of Title IX in his absence.
Marvella and Birch Bayh in the 1970s, General Photograph collection (P000)
First-hand reactions to Title IX survive among the Indiana State Library's manuscript collections and provide insight into the number of misconceptions there were about the law. The Earl F. Landgrebe papers (L625) contain numerous letters from concerned constituents. As a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1969-74, Landgrebe received correspondence from organizations and private citizens on the subject. They provide an interesting snapshot of fears which time has proven false. One such letter, for example, states: "one of the apparent effects of the Title IX requirement is that athletic departments will not be able to spend as much money as they previously had on athletic programs offered to men." This was a common cry from detractors of the law, which also went further to suggest that Title IX would destroy college sports altogether. Yet, 50 years on the business of college sports continues to thrive.
Earl F. Landgrebe letter to constituent, Earl F. Landgrebe collection (L625)
Fears about sharing equal funds between athletes are expected; less obvious were fears that Title IX would prohibit all manner of programs frequently separated by sex: sororities and fraternities, men's choruses, women's clubs, scholarships and other programs created explicitly to aid women, and even separate sex education for young boys and girls. This reflected a basic misconception of how the law would be applied and, like college sports, Greek life and sex-based organizations continue today unharmed.
Letter from constituent to Earl F. Landgrebe, Earl F. Landgrebe collection (L625)
Most people have grown accustomed to a post-Title IX America and many are not old enough to remember education before its passing. It is difficult to talk about the impact because no statistics truly reflect the way in which it has changed the day-to-day reality of education and subsequently high school and collegiate sports. In remarks published in the Fordham Law Review, Katherine Bayh said "Title IX grew out of listening," listening to stories of women's struggles for sometimes basic access to education.
Christopher, Katherine and Birch Bayh at the dedication of the newly-named Birch Bayh Federal Building and United States Courthouse, Oct. 24, 2003.
She recalls that he was touched by a story from a constituent whose daughter was rejected from Purdue Veterinary School on the basis of sex. It's something that is unthinkable now, but even after American universities began admitting women, many instituted limitations on how many could be in a given class. What's more, even once women were admitted, the expectations for them were lower and women lived with the stereotype that higher education was merely a place to find a husband.
Graduation postcard, Agnes E. Hinkle Ostrom collection (L692)
The nature of archives is that they provide primary sources that can be used to better understand history. These snapshots of the past are only a small part of the story. For more information, the Indiana Historical Bureau will be celebrating a whole week of Title IX facts spanning the June 23 anniversary date. Don't miss it! Follow IHB on Facebook and Twitter @in_bureau.
Bayh, K. (2020). Remarks. Fordham Law Review, 89, 13-20. http://fordhamlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Bayh_October-.pdf
This post was written by Victoria Duncan, Rare Books and Manuscripts supervisor.
Posted in Rare Books & Manuscripts | Tagged Birch Bayh, Education, Title IX, Women
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Video: TEGNA
Final Four: Virginia beats Auburn on 3 free throws in final second
The Virginia Cavaliers beat the Auburn Tigers 63-62 after one of the wildest Final Four finishes you'll ever see.
Author: RALPH D. RUSSO AP College Sports Writer
Published: 7:21 PM CDT April 6, 2019
Updated: 11:03 PM CDT April 6, 2019
MINNEAPOLIS — Hard to call Virginia basketball boring after the last two games. And the Cavaliers have pretty much put the choker label to rest, too.
From one-and-done to NCAA Tournament miracle men, Virginia will play for the national title for the first time after pulling off another last-second stunner. Kyle Guy made three free throws with 0.6 seconds left, steadily swishing each one as debate immediately started over the sequence that sent him to the line, and Virginia beat Auburn 63-62 Saturday in the Final Four.
A year after becoming the first No. 1 seed to lose to a No. 16, these top-seeded Cavaliers now look like destiny's team.
"It's a great story," Virginia coach Tony Bennett said. "It is."
The Cavaliers (34-3) will face Texas Tech on Monday night.
RELATED: Final Four: Texas Tech beats Michigan State to reach title game
RELATED: Wauconda Forever! Native of 'Black Panther' town leads Tech
Bennett has built a powerhouse program in 10 years in Charlottesville on a style of play that is often about as exciting as a trip to the campus library. The Cavaliers have gotten straight A's in the regular season with stingy defense and walk-it-up offense, but NCAA success has been hard to come by. Blown leads and early exits have been their story — never more than when the Cavaliers lost to UMBC, a commuter school known for chess, not hoops.
Something has gotten into these Wahoos the last two weeks, though. They reached the Final Four for the first time since 1984 with a wild buzzer-beater by Mahmadi Diakite to send their Elite Eight game against Purdue to overtime. Beating the Tigers took an even crazier finish.
Fifth-seeded Auburn (30-10) had erased a 10-point deficit in the final five minutes and taken a 4-point lead. The Tigers led 61-60 after Guy made an off-balance 3 with 7.6 seconds left. The shot snapped a drought of more than five minutes by the Cavaliers, who then immediately sent Jared Harper to the line.
Harper made one and Auburn, with fouls to give, did so twice. On one of them, it looked as if Ty Jerome might have double-dribbled into a decisive turnover. But there was no whistle.
"We knew there was a disruption," Auburn coach Bruce Pearl said of the possible missed call.
With 1.5 seconds left and in need of some magic, Virginia got the ball to Guy in the corner. He turned and fired and Samir Doughty, hands straight up in the air, bumped into Guy's hip. The shot was short, bouncing off the rim. Game over? Auburn started to celebrate and the PA announcer in U.S. Bank Stadium even announced the Tigers had won.
Guy pulled his jersey over his face. But not in angst. He said he exactly knew why official James Breeding had blown his whistle.
"I heard him call it right away," Guy said. "That was me focusing."
Meanwhile, Pearl lost it on the sideline, pumping his fist and screaming.
"We kind of thought we had it sealed," said Bryce Brown, who led the Auburn comeback with three 3s in the final 4:30. "It's not why we lost the game. I just didn't agree with the call."
Pearl said he didn't want the final call to define a great game, but he did say the officials seemed to be letting physical play go throughout.
"My advice ... if that's a foul, call it," Pearl said. "Call it at the beginning of the game, call it in the middle of the game, call it at the end of the game. Don't call it any more or less at any other time during the game."
Guy swished the first two free throws to tie it and Auburn called a timeout to ice him. Didn't work. He hit one more for the lead.
"I just literally told myself that we dream of these moments, and to be able to make one happen was special," Guy said.
Auburn threw a long inbound pass to Brown, but his desperation 3 was short.
The Cavaliers mobbed Guy on one end. Brown sat on the court, head hanging on the other. Auburn, in the Final Four for the first time, had its 12-game winning streak and season end in a most painful way.
Jerome scored 21 points for Virginia and De'Andre Hunter had 10 of his 14 in a stellar second half.
Doughty led Auburn with 13 points and Brown had 12 for Auburn, which nearly beat Virginia at its own game — with tough defense and big shots in the halfcourt.
But the team that made UMBC a household name — at least for a little while — in the first round of last year's tournament would not be denied. Being on the receiving end of maybe the most humbling NCAA Tournament upset ever has been Virginia's cross to bear all season. Even after beating Auburn, the Cavaliers had to recall the feeling of their offseason routine starting unexpectedly early last year.
"I feel like I get asked this question every single round, every round we advance, and every round I say the same thing almost," Jerome said, "and it feels a little bit sweeter, a little bit sweeter."
Then Guy said: "Not much to add. Just you guys can ask that question again on Monday."


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I thought we were past this but apparently not. Now that Paul Feig's Ghostbusters film is coming to digital and Blu-ray next month, reports have started to circulate that the title has suddenly been changed. This isn't true—mainly because the film's real title was Ghostbusters: Answer the Call even before it was released.
If you saw the film in theaters, you may have noticed the end credits clearly refer to the movie as Ghostbusters: Answer the Call. And there's a very simple explanation.
If it makes people feel better, "Answer the Call" wasn't always part of the film's title; early marketing materials just called the film Ghostbusters. But as the release got closer, it was quietly changed by the studio and started showing up in commercials and posters.
So, that's that. There's no conspiracy theory. The movie has been and is still called Ghostbusters: Answer the Call for cataloging purposes. That doesn't mean we have to call it that. You don't call Raiders of the Lost Ark by its official title, Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark, right? You don't call Birdman it's full name Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) every time, right? This kind of thing happens.


We will take every measure to ensure that your procedure is in no way uncomfortable or painful. If treatment is needed, we will inject a small amount of anesthesia to gently numb a concentrated area of your mouth. For most patients, the feeling of numbness usually subsides after a few hours.
Yes, for most root canal treatments, we recommend that patients return to the office one year after the procedure was finished. Our office will send a reminder notice to you when you are due for your follow-up appointment. In the meantime, it is of the utmost importance that you see your general dentist to have the tooth permanently restored as soon as possible after treatment is completed in our office.
While x-rays will be necessary during your endodontic treatment, we use an advanced non-film computerized system, called digital radiography, that produces radiation levels up to 90 percent lower than those of already low dose conventional dental x-ray machinery. These digital images can be optimized, archived, printed and sent to cotherapists via e-mail or CD-ROM.
Yes. This is a very frequently asked question. For the procedure, you will be given local anesthetic, similar to what you would experience with any other type of dental procedure, such as a crown or filling. We do have nitrous oxide available for your comfort, for an additional fee. If this is an option you are interested in, please feel free to let us know when you make your appointment.
Will I experience pain following the procedure?
Most patients will experience mild soreness, particularly to biting or chewing, for a few days. Everyone's rate of healing is different; some patients have discomfort for one day, some for a week. However, if you experience anything beyond mild discomfort, or if you develop any facial swelling, please call the office.
We recommend that you take an anti-inflammatory, such as ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin) following your procedure. If you cannot take ibuprofen, than acetaminophen (Tylenol) would be the next best thing. In certain instances, Dr. Kasper or Dr. Bell will prescribe you an antibiotic, and/or possibly a stronger pain medication for pain. All instructions regarding medication will be thoroughly reviewed with you before you leave, and you will also be given written instructions.
Can I go back to work or school after my visit?
Yes! In fact many of our patients ask for the first appointment in the morning, or even come on their lunch break. The area of your mouth that is worked on will be numb for a few hours following your procedure, but it should not interfere at all with your day to day activities.
You can and should eat, but slowly and with caution. Your mouth will be partially numb, so care should be taken to not bite your cheek, tongue or lip. Most patients are comfortable eating something soft. It is a good idea to have food in your stomach before taking medication, so if you are not planning on eating afterwards, be sure and have breakfast or lunch beforehand.
Yes. You will not be sedated for your appointment. Local anesthetic will be administered, similar to how you would feel for a typical dental visit such as a crown or filling.
We recommend that you call your restorative dentist as soon as possible to make your follow-up appointment. Dentists' schedules tend to book quickly. It is recommended that you have your permanent restoration placed ASAP, but not longer than one month after the procedure. This step is imperative for the long-term prognosis of your tooth.
The filling placed in the biting surface of your tooth is designed to last ideally two to four weeks, not longer than six to eight weeks. It is crucial to see your general dentist for a permanent restoration. Waiting longer than eight weeks can cause your temporary filling to leak, thus contaminating your newly completed root canal therapy.
Why does the doctor use a microscope during treatment?
The increased magnification of the microscope allows Dr. Kasper and Dr. Bell to minimize the size of the operative site, thereby minimizing healing time.
The microscope allows Dr. Kasper and Dr. Bell to identify tooth canals and locate problems such as cracks and root fractures.
Dr. Kasper and Dr. Bell are not members of any insurance network plans. However, as long as you are in a plan that allows you to see a dentist of your choice (PPO), we will file your insurance for you and maximize your benefits.
Our office accepts Care Credit. You can learn more about Care Credit at www.carecredit.com or by calling them toll free at (800) 365.8295. We accept Care Credit's 6 month & 12 month, zero interest plans. We do not offer any in-office financing or payment plans.
We are always happy to file your insurance for you. Be aware that your estimated deposit is due at the time dental treatment is initiated.


We are thrilled to host the following teachers for 2019 retreats at Bardouly! Please contact the teacher directly for more details + to reserve your space.
Retreat leaders: we are now taking bookings for 2020/21. If you are interested in hosting a group at Chateau de Bardouly, please contact Lisa directly through the Bookings page.
Join us in the countryside of South-West France and explore what your unlimited self feels like. Align with your purpose and highest potential.
Join us for an amazing holiday guaranteed to restore your spirit and reinvigorate your yoga practice. This retreat is a balanced blend of practice, relaxation and exploration.
Join me for a journey into your true self. Join me for the unearthing of deep, inexplicable joy. Join me for the transformation you've been waiting for. Come as you are.
Lisa's retreat is WAITLIST ONLY – visit Lisa's website for more details.
Jelayna is a passionate yoga teacher who's classes seek to embody all aspects of yoga. Physical, mental, emotional and spiritual elements are infused into anatomically wise, dance like flows. Join her for a retreat created to recover inner balance through the enjoyment of movement, travel, food, and wine!
Please contact Joe directly for more information on his upcoming retreat.
Join Kevin, owner of Push Studios London for a retreat filled with Pilates, Ballet fit, Dance fit, Aqua fit & Walking.
This retreat will be a place where every single participant experience the power of women rising together, supporting each other, lifting each other up to realize their own power and strength; whether it be yoga or in life! I want every participant coming home from this retreat to feel relaxed, renewed yet strong, healthy and with an understanding of their own power and potential.
This retreat is currently sold out. Read more about Kassandra here.
A retreat to awaken, elevate and unite the feminine.
3 passionate Yoga Teachers with over 30 years of teaching experience between us, joining forces to offer you a truly unique weeklong retreat.
Join us for a 7 day luxury Yoga Retreat + experience in beautiful southern France that will bring you back to your balance through adventure + rest.
A retreat to restore, renew and explore. Surrounding yourself in the beauty of Southwestern France.


Beyonce has been fielding off pregnancy rumors at least once a month over the course of the last year or so, but the latest round of speculation that she's expecting baby number two seems to be here to stay.
Just under a week after dominating the stage as the headliner for the 2015 Global Citizen Fest in NYC, Mrs. Carter headed west to Las Vegas for a surprise private gig that sent the baby bump theories into over drive. Per the usual, Bey performed in several skin-tight catsuits before an intimate crowd and a handful of photos from the performance had many questioning whether or not a pregnancy announcement is on the horizon.
The Carters have never quite been known to shut down many rumors outright, but the couple did seem to be sending a subtle response to all the new pregnancy speculation with this photo posted to Beyonce's Instagram yesterday.
Can you spot a baby bump in the pic?


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Rapsody Says Forget Best Female MC. She Wants The Top Spot (BET Hip Hop Cypher)
Cypher Season is upon us, as the 2017 BET Hip Hop Awards is ahead. With one of the most lauded and overall talked about albums of the moment in Laila's Wisdom, Rapsody sets off a grouping of MCs who happen to be women—and DJ Premier resumes his post as cypher DJ.
With EPMD's "You're A Customer" playing, Rapsody gets the final two minutes of the cypher to herself. She looks dead into the camera, "I'm better than all y'all / I been better than all y'all / I'm M.J., Kobe, K.D., and 'Bron in one, while y'all talkin' LaVar Ball," she begins. The North Carolina MC is not speaking about her stage collaborators, but a crop of Rap talent that she seemingly out-works, out-writes, and out-raps. "I've been humble too long," she contends, swinging bars in every direction, under complete control. Her verse salutes Mobb Deep's Prodigy, addresses O.J. Simpson's release from prison, David and Goliath, and then shouts out a who's who in 2017 female Rap artists. She suggests that an olive branch and air of peace is best, given her skills. However, that is not just an address to one section or gender among MCs. Rapsody warns all: "Screaming 'Go JamRoc / F*ck 'Best Female,' I'm comin' for your top spot / Top five, top two ni**as grabbin' they crotch / Feelin' insecure / Hi Issa Rae / King crowned by queens, shout to 9th, Gu', and Jay." She references Royce 5'9″'s famous "hi Rihanna" break in the 2011 Shady 2.0 cypher, while stating a bigger thesis. Rapsody's last line is "ain't no competition," summarizing her place at the top, and welcome to challengers.
A host of great MCs from Busta Rhymes to Scarface, Jay to Black Thought have cosigned this patient artist. Neither sales nor props appear to satisfy Rapsody's hunger though. She is out for history.
Hosted by DJ Khaled, the 2017 Hip Hop Awards air Tuesday October 10 at 8pm EST.
#BonusBeat: In 2015, Rapsody narrated Ambrosia For Heads original "Finding The GOAT: Why Are Women Excluded From Talks About Hip-Hop's Greatest MCs?"
Subscribe to our YouTube channel.


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Q: Differential equation to describe an RC circuit with a sine wave
In this image Vin is a sine wave , sin(ωt), and I am trying to get the differential equation that I will then be able to solve.
I am having troubles trying to find the current through the power supply and I no sure weather I am not taking the correct approach to solving this.

A: The image below shows methods to find expressions for magnitude and phase of gain of RC low pass filter:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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ALL THE MOMS
Umbilical cord jewelry? Inside the latest parental trend
Sonja Haller
Parents of yesterday kept their baby's hair and the first tooth their kid lost. They cherished them in boxes or taped them inside baby books that were kept in closets or the garage.
Today, some parents are taking that sentimentality to a whole new level.
Like turning their offspring's umbilical cord – you know, the crusty nugget that falls off a few days after baby comes home – into a piece of jewelry.
Kind of strange? OK. But more celebrities by the day are blending the sleep sac of their newborn into placenta smoothies. So keep that in mind.
More:There's more than one way moms are eating placenta. Here's why and how they're doing it
From crunchy to stunning
What's more curious is that these jewelry pieces can be quite stunning. You know, for having been created from what looked like old food found between the couch cushions. Case in point, this piece from Speckled Milk:
Does the umbilical cord have to be new?
Actually, no. Artisans say the age of the umbilical stump doesn't matter. It can be from an infant born a month ago or decades earlier.
Speckled Milk jewelry maker Nianna Rodriguez created a piece of umbilical jewelry for a mother who had stowed the stump in a baby book for 17 years.
"It was just as beautiful," Rodriguez told All the Moms. "It's amazing how you shave off the top layer and that's where you get this beautiful amber color that translates wonderfully into jewelry."
Pick a design, stick the stump in the mail
Crafters like Rodriguez sell their wares online. Mothers interested in a wearable memory choose from one of the artist's designs and follow the packing instructions for the stump and send it off in the mail.
Jeweler Ruth Avra of Sarasota, Florida fell into making the organic jewelry by accident. A mom friend asked her to create something using her baby's umbilical cord stump. The jeweler since 2003 had no idea what to make. Then, she placed it beside her son's own stump on a table.
"It was sort of like a lightening bolt struck," said Avra, who owns A La Avra. "Now I understand what I'm supposed to do."
Avra created her first piece of cord jewelry in 2012.
Now, demand is rising on the time-consuming pieces. At any one time, she can be working on as many as 10 orders, she said. Each one takes about 4-6 weeks to complete, from the time parents send off the stumps to when they get jewelry back.
Avra uses a process called lost wax carving to create a singular piece using the shape of the stump to determine the jewelry's design. She also has begun taking requests for shapes, such as a heart.
She makes rings, bracelets and cufflinks, but her silver umbilical cord necklace, which sells for $195, is her best seller.
No client who calls her on the phone or sends her an email is typical, she said.
"They're actually from all over. A lot are from the U.S. but a lot are international, too, from as far away as Hong Kong and Australia and Europe."
'They are close to my heart'
Marialejandra Beltran from Miami has been Avra's client four times.
Beltran spotted Avra at a booth at a baby-wearing festival and decided to buy a necklace made from her then 9-month-old son's umbilical cord stump. Two years later, she held the necklace in the delivery room with her as she birthed her daughter.
"I was having a C-section and I was so nervous and it helped me to feel that connection with my son while I was in there," she said.
Avra combined both her children's umbilical cords into a single necklace.
For the third time, she returned to have angel wings etched onto the necklace of the child she miscarried before her son and daughter were born.
She never takes the necklace off.
"I have a connection with my children wherever I go. Whatever they are doing, they are close to my heart," Beltran said. "Holding the necklace makes me feel calm. It's something so beautiful, so simple, that's part of the human body."
When Beltran's sister visited from Venezuela, she connected her to Avra who made a piece of heart-shaped jewelry from her niece's umbilical cord.
Remember those baby teeth?
Avra says she's found there exists a jewelry market for those, too.
Although we're not sure how parents explain to young children who thought the tooth fairy whisked their teeth away in the dead of night when mom's wearing one on her finger.
"This is just sort of a fun way to treasure the bond between parent and child and do something with those things that are special that you just don't know what to do with," Avra said, adding, "It's not for everyone."
There's more than one way moms are eating placenta. Here's why and how they're doing it
Hilary Duff drank her placenta in a smoothie following birth of daughter, Banks
Why Chrissy Teigen ate her placenta after the birth of her son, Miles
Mom, breast cancer survivor posts perfect 'no breastfeeding zone' sign for hospital staff


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Q: Trying to export videos from AE into xdcam hd 422 codec format with .mp4 Here the requirement specs
 * 16:9 aspect ratio, 1920*1080 pixels, .MP4
 * Frame rate: 25
 * fps Bit rate: 50Mbit/s CBR
 * Codec: XD CAM HD 422
 * Sound: Stereo track 1 & 2, 10dp to -12dp4

As you see in above specs, I am trying to achieve it. I have tried exporting from AE (its where I am animating and compositing) but always end up with .mxf files. Also have tried doing same in Media Encoder still no success.
Does anyone knows how to achieve .mp4 wrapper for give codec or is there any other workflow that might help. Thank you!


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By SMC Partners July 18, 2019 New Employee
Cassidy Sequin is excited to join SMC as a Business Analyst after graduating with high distinction from Worcester Polytechnic Institute. She received a Bachelor's degree in Industrial Engineering with a minor in Social Entrepreneurship, all while holding a position as captain of the cheerleading team. During her time at WPI she studied abroad in Paraguay where she learned a ton of Spanish by working with impoverished communities to help them learn about recycling and waste management. Originally from Yarmouth, MA, she is very passionate about fitness (especially outdoor activities) and loves to travel to new places (especially for the food). She has always wanted to live in a city and is very eager to settle into Hartford!
Isabella Fiorita joins SMC as a Business Analyst with internship experience in technology development. Isabella is from Greenwich, CT and just graduated from Lafayette College with a B.A. degree in International Affairs and Chinese, with concentrations in Economic Development and Asia. While at Lafayette, she was a member of the Alpha Phi sorority, an Orientation Leader, sang in an acapella group and studied abroad in Shanghai, China. In her free time, Isabella loves photography and art, as well as cooking!
Chris Burns joins SMC as a Business Analyst. Chris is a recent graduate of Lafayette College where he was a double major in Economics and Government & Law. While at Lafayette, Chris was the Vice President of the club ski team, a tutor through America reads, and an Orientation Leader. He's made the big move down to Connecticut from Hebron, Maine, a small town that's in the Western part of the state. During the warmer months, Chris is an avid golfer and during the colder months you can find him on the ski slopes on any given weekend.
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Pop quiz: Sarah Palin, in a speech during the 2008 presidential campaign, famously accused candidate Barack Obama of "palling around with terrorists." Who were these terrorists she was referring to?
Bonus question: How did at least one of these said terrorists handle all of the attention, much of it threatening, that blossomed during the campaign?
Answer: Bill Ayers is one of them, of course, who has spent many a summer hiding in broad sunshine in our North Coast mountains, eating good food with family and friends, and writing.
Bonus answer: If you read Ayers' new book, Public Enemy: Confessions of an American Dissident, you'll get a thorough account of his feelings and thoughts on that whole affair and other moments in his life post-fugitive. Public Enemy is the sequel to Ayers' Fugitive Days: Memoirs of an Anti-War Activist, a chronicle of his and his wife, Bernardine Dohrn's, 10 years on the run following their involvement in the radical-left Weather Underground in the late 1960s and the 1970s.
"These were different times with new responsibilities and unique demands, to be sure. But I had a good job and work to do that I thought was important, and I was deeply connected with a sturdy network of brilliant students and a huge community of agitators, activists, dissidents, and outcasts — lepers in a metaphorical sense, or at least folks who'd been forced out of the camp for 'having issues' — as well as organizers and engaged colleagues. I had a cast of heroes, sheroes, weirdoes, and queeroes in my life, I knew who my friends were, and I knew I wasn't alone. So under the bus or tied to the railroad tracks, I was feeling OK — pretty great in fact. The best in the world, as my dad would have said."
Public Enemy goes on sale starting tomorrow, Oct. 8. Northtown Books in Arcata says it will have copies. A news release from Ayers says, "Several Tea Party brothers have written to tell Bill they will take the book to the Annual Rush Limbaugh Book Burning Party — so extra copies are in order!" Ahem.
The North Coast Journal interviewed Ayers and Dohrn in Arcata in 2009. You can read that here.


Meet the XV-HD, the newest adventure-loving, off-road-conquering beast from Colorado-based EarthRoamer. The XV-HD (which stands for Xpedition Vehicle – Heavy Duty) is the antithesis of the traditional RV. Unlike RVs, XVs are entirely independent of external power, water and sewer hookups. That means while RVs are tethered to RV parks and campgrounds for utility hookups, you'll be free to get as far off the grid as humanly possible — whether that involves traversing frigid Alaskan tundra or 120-degree African deserts.


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Friheds- og demokratidagen er en national helligdag i Tchad, som fejres den 1. december. Regeringens kontorer og forretninger lukker. Helligdagen fejrer Idriss Débys væltning af Hissène Habré i 1990.

Noter og referencer

Mærkedage
Tchad

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Chef Andrew Wood of Russet is a pig expert.
The first SideTour event in Philadelphia started with house-made Limoncello, which one diner quietly remarked tasted like Tostitos Hint of Lime. But he had no complaints about the next four courses brought out by chef/owner Andrew Wood at the Center City restaurant Russet, which included umbrian-style salami and a slow-roasted suckling pig.
And everyone seemed pleased by what the chef presented as an digestif, after overhearing a few guests debate their edibility: the pig's ears.
The Russet dinner, a multi-course, pig-themed extravaganza complete with detailed explanations of the food and a tour of Wood's charcuterie-preservation room, was a preview of the type of events SideTour is bringing to the city. The company, officially launching in Philly on Monday, already has a presence in New York, Chicago and Boston, where it "scouts hosts who are passionate about something, and helps them put together experiences," says Andrea Li of SideTour.
Those hosts might be restaurateurs like Wood, muralists, blacksmiths, historians, or something else entirely. In New York, one regular host is a former investment banker who became a monk. He invites small groups to share a meal in his East Village monastery and learn about…monk life.
SideTour helps schedule, set up and market the events — and takes a cut of the profits — but hosts decide how often to hold events, how many people to invite, and how much to charge.
Toast to Tiki culture while learning how to make daiquiris and mai tais with Mike Treffehn of Franklin Mortgage and Investment Co.
Indulge in a suckling pig feast at Russet, with chef and owner Andrew Wood.
Paint with Mural Arts Program artist Betsy Casanma.
Tour Old City's Colonial taverns and sip craft beers with beer historian Rich Wagner.
Get the insider scoop at the Philadelphia Museum of Art with artist Craig Stover.
Prices for SideTour events range from $20 to $80; the average is about $50. To see what's on tap, go to http://www.sidetour.com/cities/philly.