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International Journal of Biomaterials
International Journal of Biomaterials / 2009 / Article
AbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionConclusionAcknowledgmentsReferencesCopyright
M. Jayabalan, "Studies on Poly(propylene fumarate-co-caprolactone diol) Thermoset Composites towards the Development of Biodegradable Bone Fixation Devices", International Journal of Biomaterials, vol. 2009, Article ID 486710, 10 pages, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/486710
Studies on Poly(propylene fumarate-co-caprolactone diol) Thermoset Composites towards the Development of Biodegradable Bone Fixation Devices
M. Jayabalan1
1Polymer Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, India
Academic Editor: Thomas Webster
Received15 Jul 2008
Revised10 Oct 2008
Accepted24 Nov 2008
Published25 Feb 2009
The effect of reinforcement in the cross-linked poly(propylene fumarate-co-caprolactone diol) thermoset composites based on Kevlar fibres and hydroxyapatite was studied. Cross-linked poly(propylene fumarate-co-caprolactone diol) was also studied without any reinforcement for comparison. The reinforcing fibre acts as a barrier for the curing reaction leading to longer setting time and lesser cross-link density. The fibre and HA reinforced composites have almost the same compressive strength. Nonreinforced material undergoes greater degree of swelling. Among the reinforced materials, the hydroxyapatite reinforced composite has a much higher swelling percentage than the fibre reinforced one. The studies on in vitro degradation of the cured materials reveal hydrolytic degradation in Ringer's solution and PBS medium during aging. All the three materials are found to swell initially in Ringer's solution and PBS medium during aging and then undergo gradual degradation. Compression properties of these cross-linked composites increase with aging; HA reinforced composite has the highest compressive strength and compressive modulus, whereas the aged fibre-reinforced composite has the least compressive strength and modulus.
Metal plates and screws have been commonly used in the operative treatment of bone fracture to stabilize the fracture site [1]. The metals, most commonly used for internal plate fixation, are 316 stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, titanium and its alloys. They allow maintenance of good contact between bone fragments. Metal plates prevent primary callus formation due to the absence of mechanical stimulation at the fracture site and decrease bone density. Similarly adequate screw fixation in osteoporotic bone is a difficult and challenging surgical problem due to screw loosening and subsequent implant failure [2]. Since metal plates are more rigid than bone they transmit the majority of the stress received by the bone-plate system, resulting in localised bone atrophy and osteoporosis during latter stages of fracture healing. Stress shielding interferes with blood circulation and the weaker bone may fracture again after implant removal [3]. The eventual surgical removal of metal plates and screws after they have served their stabilisation function is, therefore, required. Thus plates which exert less stress protection on bone and more flexible fixation of fracture are of increasing interest.
An ideal fracture fixation device should have optimal mechanical properties during the two stages of healing [4]. Initially, the implant must have sufficient stiffness to allow bony union without angulations [5]. Some degree of mechanical stimulation at the fracture site is desired to allow the formation of cortical callus, the most rapid way to achieve bony union and restore the strength of the broken bone to its original level [6]. During the second stage of fracture healing, the implant must deform sufficiently under a given load to increase the strain within the bone, permitting remodelling to occur and avoid the effects of stress protection.
Bone fixation devices present a challenging area for the application of composite technology due to the nature of the process of bone formation and resorption. Bone plates of reinforced polymer composites have shown some success in the prevention of this stress protection phenomenon [7]. Fibre reinforced polymer composites of high volume fraction and perfect alignment possess a wide range of properties such as specific strength and stiffness. Biodegradable polymer matrix not only sparks new bone growth over time, but also provides mechanical strength and breaks down into natural metabolites that are then excreted from the body. The advantages that draw on the heterogeneity and anisotropy of synthetic composite biomaterials can be easily anticipated. The elastic properties of composites can be accurately controlled and be tailor-made to closely match to the elastic property of host bone tissue. Anisotropy can be used to advantage in biomedical structures which require specific stress and stiffness like longitudinal and transverse rigidities for bone replacement application. Heterogeneity can be utilised in a partially biodegradable composite implant, where the matrix will be gradually resorbed to make room for the regenerated natural tissue. The latter will grow on to the reinforcement which serves as a permanent scaffold.
Though biodegradable plates offer a viable method to overcome the adverse effects of metal plates, they are presently unsuitable for bone fixation because of insufficient mechanical properties and optimum biostability. Biodegradable plate suffers from warping, hollowing, or substantial erosion inherent with the process of degradation. To solve the problem of insufficient mechanical strength, polymers with high crystallinity have been explored [8]. Reinforcing elements such as fibres of crystalline polymers, fibres of carbon in polymeric resins, and particulate fillers have also been studied [9]. Recently interpenetrating network in a biodegradable implant was reported for improving the mechanical strength [10].
Composites of containing Kevlar polyaramide fibre or inorganic hydroxyapatite in conjunction with unsaturated polyester resins offer composites with high strength to weight ratio; such composites are more promising materials for orthopedic applications such as bone plates and screws for fracture fixation. The inorganic material Kevlar fibre is biostable and does not elicit adverse host reactions. Studies on tissue compatibility of Kevlar aramid 49 (du Pont) fibres and aramid-polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) composites reveal tissue compatibility [11]. Salmonella-microsome assay (Ames) and mammalian cell cultures showed no evidence for any cyto- or genotoxic effects of aramid fibres have been observed with aramid fibres [12]. The inorganic hydroxyapatite is a resorbable. As a part of the development of biodegradable unsaturated polyester resins for various orthopedic uses, oligomers of poly(propylene fumarate)-based resins, which can cross-link in situ with n-vinyl pyrrolidone comonomer, were synthesised by Jayabalan et al. [13]. The paper deals with the studies on the effect of reinforcement in the cross-linked poly(propylene fumarate-co-caprolactone diol) thermoset composites on the biodegradation and biomechanical stability under simulated physiological conditions.
2.1. Preparation and Characterization of Oligomeric Resins
Carboxy terminated-poly(propylene fumarate-co-capro-lactone diol), PPF-PL, was synthesized by the direct esterification and cocondensation of maleic anhydride, 1-2, propylene glycol and polycaprolactone diol2000 at high temperature and vacuum conditions. The initial condensation reaction between maleic anhydride and 1-2, propylene glycol was followed by condensation with polycaprolactone diol2000 in a single continuous step. The reaction was catalyzed by sodium acetate and morpholine. The reaction product was dissolved in acetone and then washed with 25% aqueous methanol to remove unreacted reactants. The polymer was reprecipitated in petroleum ether, filtered, and dried under vacuum to highly viscous, yellowish brown, and transparent resin, and analysed by IR and 1HNMR spectral studies.
2.2. Preparation and Characterization of Cross-Linked Materials
Comonomer n-vinyl pyrrolidone (Fluka Chemie AG, Buchs, Switzerland) was used for curing of the oligomers. Kevlar fibre 49 (Dupond De Nemours and Company, Singapore) and hydroxyapatite of (125- particle size) were used as reinforcing fillers for polymeric composites. The setting time and exothermic temperature of the oligomeric resin and n-vinyl pyrrolidone (n-vp) with and without reinforcing fillers were determined as per ISO 5833/1-1999 E Standard. The average temperature was determined by taking half the sum of ambient temperature and exothermic setting temperature. The time taken to reach the average temperature was found as setting time.
Cross-linked and reinforced composite material, PPF-PL/nVp/KF, was prepared by cross-linking PPF-PL oligo-meric resin (6 g) with n-vinyl pyrrolidone (3.768 g) and reinforcing filler crystalline Kevlar fibre (2% the weight of resin) in the presence of initiator benzoyl peroxide (0.03 g) and accelerator N,N-dimethyl aniline (1 l) as per the formulation given in Table 1. Cross-linked and reinforced composite material with 125-m hydroxyapatite (equal to the weight of resin), PPF-PL/nVp/HA, and cross-linked PPF-PL (without reinforcing fillers), PPF-PL/nVp, was also prepared for comparative study.
Cross-linked material Weight of the constituent of the cross-linked material (g)
PPF-PL resin n-Vinyl pyrrol idone Kevlar fibre Hydroxyapatite Benzoyl peroxide N,N-dimethyl aniline ( l)
PPF-PL/nvp 6 3.768 — — 0.03 1
PPF-PL/nvp/KF 6 3.768 0.12 — 0.03 1
PPF-PL/nvp/HA 6 3.768 — 6 0.03 1
Formulation of the cross-linked material.
Surface properties of the cross-linked materials were analyzed using attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy. The IR spectrum of the cross-linked materials was recorded using a Nicolet Impact 410 FT-IR instrument with ATR spectroscopic accessory. The surface morphology was investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The samples were fractured by immersing in liquid nitrogen and the cross-sectional area of the fractured sample was analysed after critical point drying (CPD) and gold sputtering.
The effective cross-link density (mol/cm3) and the number of the average molecular weight between cross-links () of the cured material were determined as reported elsewhere [14]. Initially the swelling coefficient () was determined by subjecting the polymer sheet to attain equilibrium swelling in different solvents with different solubility parameters. The solvent in which the polymer showed maximum swelling was used for determining the swelling coefficient (Q). In the present polymers, maximum swelling was observed in dimethyl formamide. Therefore, the accurately weighed polymer materials were allowed to swell in it for 2 days and the increase in weight was measured. The swelling coefficient (Q) is the ratio of volume of solvent in the swollen polymer to that of swelled polymer,
The volume fraction of the polymer in the swollen polymer () was calculated from swelling coefficient. The solubility parameter of dimethyl formamide solvent (), which imparts maximum swelling, was taken as the solubility parameter of the polymer (). The effective cross-link density and molecular weight between cross-links [] of swollen polymers were determined by using modified Flory-Rehner's equation, where is the volume fraction of the polymer, is density of the polymer, is polymer–solvent interaction parameter (lattice constant 0.34 for (s-solvent, p-polymer)), and is molar volume of the solvent.
The cross-linked materials were also molded in the form of cylindrical pellets of 6 mm in diameter by 12 mm height for mechanical testing. Compressive testing was done with an Instron model series IX automated materials testing system at cross-head speed of 5 mm/min at room temperature in accordance with the ASTM F451-86 specification. Hardness was measured based on the resistance of the cured materials to the penetration of an intender of a specific dimension measured in the calibrated dial of a Shore D durometer as per ASTM standard D 2240-81. The data reported were the mean of 12 measurements.
The thermal behaviour of the cross-linked materials was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The samples were heated to a maximum temperature range of at the heating rate of /min in inert nitrogen atmosphere. A Universal VI. 12E TA instrument was used.
2.3. Studies on Biodegradation of Cross-Linked Materials
Dimensional stability of the material was evaluated by measuring the percentage of swelling. Cross-linked materials were weighed accurately () and then placed in distilled water at room temperature. The swollen cross-linked materials at equilibrium swelling were removed to measure the final weight (). The percentage of swelling was determined by Percentage of swelling gives a measure of dimensional stability of the material.
The biodegradation of the cross-linked materials was studied by in vitro aging in various simulated biological media. The media used were phosphate buffered saline (PBS) of pH 7.4 and Ringer's solution of pH 8.3, prepared as per standard procedure [15]. 0.2 M disodium hydrogen phosphate (28.4 g of anhydrous Na2HPO4. in 1000 mL) and 0.2 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate (27.6 g of NaH2PO4H2O in 1000 mL) in 0.9% saline solution were prepared separately and mixed in the ratio 77:23 (v/v) to prepare PBS (pH 7.4). Ringer's solution was prepared by dissolving sodium chloride (9 g), sodium hydrogen carbonate (0.42 g), calcium chloride (0.24 g), and glucose (1 g) in 1000 mL distilled water. Pellets (dimension 6 mm 12 mm ) were accurately weighed and immersed in different media (25 mL) in screw capped vials and kept at . In alternate days, the samples were taken out and weighed for 7 days without changing the media. The percentage of weight change was plotted against duration of exposure. The compressive testing was also carried at wet condition as in the previous case and variation in compressive strength and modulus was evaluated. The surface morphology of the aged samples in simulated biological media was investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM).
A major advantage of the use of biodegradable implants is that the removal of such implants from the body after they have fulfilled their purposes is not necessary. This has been accomplished by the incorporation of hydrolytically labile or enzymatically cleavable bonds leading to nontoxic degradation products [16]. The degradation of the majority of the polyesters is thought to occur by bulk hydrolysis of the ester bonds [17]. Bulk degradation as observed in most polyesters is characterized by the penetration of water into the polymer matrix, where after hydrolysis of the ester bonds starts and the molecular weight to decrease. Weight loss will start when the molecular weight of the polymer chains has sufficiently decreased [18]. For the hydrolytic degradation of aliphatic polyesters, the presence of comonomers plays an important role on the properties of the cured polyesters. Unsaturated poly(propylene fumarate) copolymerised with biodegradable macrodiols, namely, poly(caprolactone diol) displays variable properties as biodegradable materials.
3.1. Synthesis and Characterisation of Poly(propylene fumarate-co-caprolactone diol) Resin (PPF-PL)
Oligomeric resin, poly(propylene fumarate-co-caprolactone diol), was synthesized. The equilibrium condensation reactions between maleic anhydride and 1,2 propylene diol along with polycaprolactone diol (2000) in a typical experimental procedure resulted in the formation of a random oligomer as shown in Scheme 1.
Scheme 1
Synthesis of poly(propylene fumarate-co-caprolactone diol) resin.
The formation of oligomeric copolymer, PPF-PL, was confirmed by FT-IR spectrum. The spectral analysis indicates the presence of ester group ( stretching) at 1727.2 and unsaturated double bond () at 1645.3 and 982.03 in oligomeric copolymer (see Figure 1). The spectral analysis also indicates frequencies at 3537.8 (, hydrogen bonded), 2945.7 , and 2868.3 (aliphatic ), 1457.7 (–CH2–), 1300.3 (OH), 1155.1 (CO) for the presence of polycaprolactone unit. The 1H NMR spectrum of oligomeric resin PPF-PL is given in Figure 2. The peaks were assigned based on the similar oligomer containing poly(propylene fumarate) and polyethylene glycol [19]. The olefinic protons absorb at 6.8 ppm (doublet) and the methyl protons absorb at 1.2–1.4 ppm (multiplet). The protons of the terminal propyl methine group and the methylene group absorb at 4.1 ppm and 4.0 ppm, respectively, whereas that of the internal propyl methylene group and methine group absorb at 4.1–4.3 ppm (multiplet) and 5.2–5.3 ppm, respectively. The ethylene group of caprolactone unit gives a peak at 3.65 ppm, whereas the ethylene group near ester gives a peak at 3.7 ppm. Peaks near 4.0–4.2 ppm are due to the hydrogen of OCH2 which is coming from the polycaprolactone blocks in the polymer chain [20]. The UV-visible spectrum of the resin in THF showed absorption maximum around 235 nm corresponding to and transitions due to and groups.
FT-IR spectrum of poly(propylene fumarate-co-caprolactone diol).
'H-NMR spectrum of poly(propylene fumarate-co-caprolactone diol).
The pale yellow viscous resin has shown an acid value of 102.81, a higher value compared to that of similar copolymeric resins containing polyethylene glycols with molecular weight 600, 1000, and 2000 instead of polycaprolactone diol 2000 [13]. The studies on inherent viscosity of resin revealed the inherent viscosity as 0.572 (dl/g).
3.2. Setting Characteristics of the Oligomeric Resin in the Presence of Reinforcing Fillers
Setting characteristics of the oligomeric resin with comonomer n-vinyl pyrrolidone, with and without reinforcing fillers (Kevlar and hydroxyapatite), was carried out as per the formulation given in Table 1. The setting reaction involved is a cross-linking reaction of unsaturated poly(propylene fumarate-co-caprolactone diol) with n-vinyl pyrrolidone as given in Scheme 2. Cross-linking of PPF-PL with n-vinyl pyrrolidone takes place via free radical polymerisation mechanism. After the addition of the vinyl monomer n-vinyl pyrrolidone, cross-linking begins on the introduction of an initiator, benzoyl peroxide, and accelerator, N,N-dimethyl aniline. The cross-linking takes place between the double bonds of the vinyl groups of n-vinyl pyrrolidone to form random copolymer. The data on setting characteristics of resin with and without fillers is given in Table 2. The setting times for PPF-PL/nVp and PPF-PL/nvp/HA were found to be the same while the setting time of PPF-PL/nvp/KF has increased greatly even with the presence of just 2% Kevlar fibre. This indicates that fibres can act as a barrier for the reaction between PPF-PL and n-vinyl pyrrolidone while hydroxyapatite (1.250 ) would not. The setting temperature and maximum exothermic temperatures were found to be more or less the same irrespective of the presence and nature of the reinforcing fillers.
Cross-linked material Setting time (minutes) Setting temperature ( ) Maximum exothermic temperature ( )
PPF-PL/nvp 3.50 38.7 44.2
PPF-PL/nvp/KF 7.75 39.5 47.0
PPF-PL/nvp/HA 3.75 39.5 48.0
Setting characteristics.
Crosslinking reaction of poly(propylene fumarate-co-caprolactone diol) with n-vinyl pyrrolidone.
3.3. Evaluation of Cross-Linked Materials
3.3.1. Cross-Link Density and Molecular Weight between Cross-Links
All the present cross-linked materials were found to swell in common organic solvent such as toluene, hexane, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, and dimethyl acetamide. Maximum swelling was observed in DMA, as the solubility product of DMA was close to that of the polymer. The molecular weight between cross-links and the cross-link density is given in Table 3. A higher cross-link density is observed in the case of nonreinforced cross-linked material in comparison with the reinforced cured composites. From this, it is clear that the reinforcing fillers act as a barrier for the cross-linking reaction between the unsaturated polyester and the vinyl monomer, n-vp. The cross-link density in the case of Kevlar fibre reinforced composites was found to be less than that of hydroxyapatite reinforced composites. This is attributed to the more heterogeneity of fibre reinforced composites compared to that of the particulate filler reinforced composites. The relation between swelling and cross-link density is directly proportional up to a limiting cross-link density above which it is indirectly proportional. Since the Kevlar fibre inhibits the cross-linking reaction between PPF-PL and n-vinyl pyrrolidone, cross-link density is rated in the following order: cured PPF-PL/nvp PPF-PL/nvp/HA PPF-PL/nvp/KF.
Cross-linked Density Swelling Cross-link density ( ) Molecular weight between
material (g/cc) coefficient ( ) (mol/cc) ( ) cross-links ( )
PPF-PL/nvp 1.2232 0.1960 1.2369 80.847
PPF-PL/nvp/KF 1.2176 0.2741 0.9064 110.329
PPF-PL/nvp/HA 1.550 0.1977 0.9681 103.593
Physical properties of cross-linked products of PPF-PL-based resin.
3.3.2. IR Spectral and SEM Studies
The IR spectrum of PPF-PL/nvp cross-linked material (see Figure 3) showed the disappearance of the peak at 1645 due to cross-linking at the group. The peak at 1420 can be attributed to the aliphatic –CN– vibrations and those at 1662 and 1720 can be attributed to the vibrations of group of nvp and fumarate, respectively. The SEM analysis of cross-linked material reveals the presence of microvoids in virgin composites and the lack of strong interfacial adhesion in Kevlar fibre reinforced composites in comparison with hydroxyapatite filler reinforced composite. Hydroxyapatite filler reinforced composite exhibits good interfacial adhesion. Representative SEM microphotograph of hydroxyapatite filler reinforced composite is given in Figure 4.
FT-IR spectrum of cross-linked PPF-PL/nvp material.
SEM pictures of cross-linked PPF-PL/nvp/HA material.
3.3.3. Mechanical Properties
The compressive test data for the reinforced polymeric composites with fibre and hydroxyapatite are given in Table 4. Cross-linked PPF-PL/nvp material has shown a compressive strength of 177.25 MPa and compressive modulus 1157.96 MPa. Reinforced polymeric composites with Kevlar fibre and hydroxyapatite have shown almost the same compressive strength, 174.14 MPa and 173.67 MPa, respectively. However, the compressive modulus of PPF-PL/nvp/HA increased drastically compared to PPF-PL/nvp/KF and PPF-PL/nvp. The high modulus of PPF-PL/nvp/HA system may be due to the high filler content (resin: HA = 1:1). The compressive modulus of PPF-PL/nvp system is greater than that of fibre reinforced composites. This may be due to low cross-link density of the latter as well as low interfacial bond strength at the resin-fibre interface. However, the Shore D hardness is found to be greater in the case of PPF-PL/nvp/KF (55) when compared to that of PPF-PL/nvp/HA (40.75) and PPF-Pl/nvp (45.13).
Cross-linked material Load at maximum (kN) Compressive strength (MPa) Compressive modulus (MPa) Hardness shore D
PPF-PL/nvp 5.012 0.0036 177.254 0.1315 1157.958 63.97 45.13 0.83
PPF-PL/nvp/KF 4.924 0.002 174.135 0.066 794.683 105.438 55 0.93
PPF-Pl/nvp/HA 4.910 0.003 173.669 0.093 1850.886 311.361 40.75 0.89
Mechanical properties of cross-linked products of PPF-based resin.
3.3.4. Thermal Analysis
The TGA-DTA curves of PPF-PL/nvp, PPF-Pl/nvp/KF, and PPF-Pl/nvp/HA are given in Figures 5, 6, and 7. The weight percentage of the remaining resin, after the decomposition at , in PPF-PL/nvp, PPF-PL/nvp/KF, and PPF-PL/nvp/HA is 30, 24, and 53, respectively. Thus, the hydroxyapatite reinforced composite has greater thermal stability than the nonreinforced polymer, which has greater thermal stability than the Kevlar fibre reinforced composite. The softening temperature () of PPF-PL/nvp is found to be higher () than the reinforced composites (see Table 5). Obviously, this is due to the higher cross-link density of the nonreinforced cross-linked material when compared to that of the reinforced composites. The softening temperature of PPF-PL/nvp/KF and PPF-PL/nvp/HA is found to be the same. All the three cross-linked materials show predominant decomposition peaks, suggesting multistage degradation.
Cross-linked materials Softening temperature ( ) Decomposition temperature ( )
Td1 Td2 Td3
PPF-PL/nvp 56.80 160.55 275 340.66
PPF-PL/nvp/KF 50 140 208.76 358.34
PPF-PL/nvp/HA 50 139.68 210.96 365.24
Differential thermal analysis data.
TGA-DTA thermograms of cross-linked PPF-PL/nvp material.
TGA-DTA thermograms of cross-linked PPF-PL/nvp/KF material.
TGA-DTA thermograms of cross-linked PPF-PL/nvp/HA material.
3.3.5. Swelling Behaviour
The swelling percentage value calculated in terms of the weight of water absorbed per 100 g of dry polymer is a measure of dimensional stability [10]. As the swelling index value increases, dimensional change increases. Among the cross-linked materials, PPF-PL/nvp system has shown higher percentage of swelling, 6.25 compared to reinforced composites, 1.775 for PPF-PL/nvp/KF and 4.8319 for PPF-PL/nvp/HA. PPF-PL/nvp/KF has the least percentage of swelling indexes due to low cross-link density and low interfacial bond strength at fibre-resin interface. PPF-PL/nvp/HA has higher dimensional stability in comparison with that of PPF-PL/nvp. This is due to its higher cross-link density in comparison with other cross-linked materials.
3.4. In Vitro Biodegradation
The in vitro biodegradation of the cross-linked materials was studied using Ringer's solution and PBS medium at . The weight loss and pH data clearly indicate a hydrolytic degradation in all the cross-linked materials. The pH of the solution decreased and stabilised to more or less a constant value (see Table 6). The alkaline hydrolysis of the ester linkages in the cross-linked polymer PPF-PL/nvp leads to the release of acidic components, which could further cause acid-catalysed ester group hydrolysis. All the three cross-linked materials are found to swell initially in both media (Ringer's and PBS) and then undergo gradual degradation (see Figures 8 and 9). The degradation is found to be much faster in Ringer's solution than in PBS medium. Maximum swelling is found in the case of nonreinforced cured PPF-PL/nvp when compared to the reinforced cured composites. This might be because of the higher cross-link density of PPF-PL/nvp than that of the reinforced cross-linked materials. Similarly, PPF-PL/nvp/HA which has a higher cross-link density when compared to that of PPF-PL/nvp/KF is found to swell more. The compressive test data of these aged cross-linked materials (7 days aging) is shown in Tables 7 and 8. Among the three aged cross-linked materials, hydroxyapatite reinforced composite has the highest compressive strength and compressive modulus, whereas fibre reinforced composite has the least compressive strength and modulus in both media (see Figures 10 and 11). All the three cross-linked materials are found to have greater compressive strength and modulus in Ringer's solution than in PBS medium. The present studies reveal the slow degradation of the polymeric matrix; such degradation leads to the formation of a scaffold structure that has been revealed by the SEM analysis. Representative SEM microphotograph for the aged cross-linked-PPF-PL/nvp/HA material in PBS medium is given in Figure 12. Kevlar fibre remains unaffected in the medium during aging. The scaffold formation in the cross-linked is more favourable for bone growth and anchorage with the host bone.
Cross-linked materials Ringer's solution PBS medium
Initial pH Final pH Weight change after 7 days (%) Initial pH Final pH Weight change after 7 days (%)
PPF-PL/nvp 8.3 6.21 6.4633 7.4 7.13 8.7379
PPF-PL/nvp/ KF 8.3 5.42 3.4395 7.4 7.09 3.5347
PPF-PL/nvp/ HA 8.3 5.2 6.0203 7.4 7.1 4.1783
In vitro biodegradation of cross-linked products in hydrolytic media.
Cross-linked materials Load at maximum (kN) Compressive strength (MPa) Percentage loss of compressive strength Compressive modulus (MPa) Percentage loss of compressive modulus
PPF-PL/nvp 1.060 0.07 37.491 2.46 78.84 473.207 57.76 78.84
PPF-PL/nvp/KF 0.654 0.09 23.117 3.13 86.72 97.459 13.78 86.72
PPF-PL/nvp/HA 1.959 0.36 69.300 12.69 60.09 713.691 116.36 60.09
Mechanical properties of cross-linked materials aged in Ringer's solution.
Cross-linked materials Load at maximum (kN) Compressive strength (MPa) Percent age loss of compressive strength Compression modulus (MPa) Percentage loss of compressive modulus
PPF-PL/nvp 0.474 0 .07 16.754 2.32 90.55 182.129 74.16 84.27
PPF-PL/nvp/K F 0.384 0 .07 13.587 2.39 92.19 78.723 10.13 90.09
PPF-PL/nvp/HA 1.849 0 .42 65.388 15.03 62.23 421.877 51.07 77.21
Mechanical properties of cross-linked materials aged in PBS medium.
Degradation of cross-linked materials in Ringer's solution.
Degradation of cross-linked materials in PBS medium.
Change in compressive strength of aged crosslinked materials.
Change in compressive modules of aged crosslinked materials.
Degradation and formation of scaffold structure in cross-linked PPF-PL/nvp/HA material in PBS medium.
The data on setting studies and cross-link density reveal that the Kevlar fibre acts as a barrier for the completion of cross-linking reaction. The compressive modulus of the hydroxyapatite containing composite is higher than that of the nonreinforced one, which is higher than the fibre reinforced composite. Hardness follows the reverse order. Thermal studies of cured reinforced composites exhibit a mild softening at around , whereas the nonreinforced composites soften at around . From the swelling data of the cured materials, it is observed that the nonreinforced material has the highest swelling, which is due to its high cross-link density. Among the reinforced materials, the hydroxyapatite reinforced composite has a much higher swelling percentage than the fibre reinforced one. The studies on in vitro degradation of the cured materials reveal hydrolytic degradation in Ringer's solution and PBS medium during aging. All the three materials are found to swell initially in both the aging media and then undergo gradual degradation. The lowering of pH of the aging media, dimensional instability, and the weight change supports faster degradation. The compressive test data indicate that the aged hydroxylapatite reinforced composite has the highest compressive strength and compressive modulus, where as the aged fibre reinforced composite has the least compressive strength and modulus.
In conclusion, these polymers are suitable biodegradable materials for application as bioabsorbable polymeric fixation devices. The properties of the composites can be altered by varying the amount of the filler content, depending on the intended end use. Kevlar fibre reinforced composites show a much lower rate of weight change when compared to the hydroxyapatite reinforced composites. The rate of biodegradation is the highest in the case of the nonreinforced polymer. So depending on the required lifespan of the biomaterial, the appropriate filler can be chosen.
The author is grateful to the Director of Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology and the Head of Biomedical Technology Wing (SCTIMST), Trivandrum, for providing the support and facilities. The author also acknowledges the laboratory help of T. A. P. Paulose and technical assistance of Mr. Vinoy Thomas.
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Copyright © 2009 M. Jayabalan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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text:
Sat, Mar 21, 2015 - Page 1 News List
World will face water crisis: UN report
DRIER AND DIRE:The report said that the world's water resources need to be monitored and managed better, or it could face a 'global water deficit' by 2030
AFP, PARIS
Without reforms, the world will be plunged into a water crisis that could be crippling for hot, dry countries, the UN warned yesterday.
In an annual report, the UN said abuse of water was now so great that on current trends, the world will face a 40 percent "global water deficit" by 2030 — the gap between demand for water and replenishment of it.
"The fact is there is enough water to meet the world's needs, but not without dramatically changing the way water is used, managed and shared," it said in its annual World Water Development Report.
"Measurability, monitoring and implementation" are urgently needed to make water use sustainable, said Michel Jarraud, head of agency UN-Water and the World Meteorological Organization.
Surging population growth is one of the biggest drivers behind the coming crisis, the report said.
The Earth's current tally of approximately 7.3 billion humans is growing by about 80 million per year, reaching a likely 9.1 billion by 2050.
To feed these extra mouths, agriculture, which already accounts for about 70 percent of all water withdrawals, will have to increase output by approximately 60 percent.
The report pointed to a long list of present abuses, from contamination of water by pesticides, industrial pollution and runoff from untreated sewage, to over-exploitation, especially for irrigation.
More than half of the world's population takes its drinking supplies from groundwater, which also provides 43 percent of all water used for irrigation.
About 20 percent of these aquifers are suffering from perilous over-extraction, the report said.
By 2050, global demand for water is likely to rise by 55 percent, mainly in response to urban growth.
"Cities will have to go further or dig deeper to access water, or will have to depend on innovative solutions or advanced technologies to meet their water demands," the report said.
The overview, scheduled for release in New Delhi, draws together data from 31 agencies in the UN system and 37 partners in UN-Water.
It placed the spotlight on hot, dry and thirsty regions which are already struggling with relentless demand.
In the North China Plain, intensive irrigation has caused the water table to drop by more than 40m in some places, it said.
In India, the number of so-called tube wells, pulling out groundwater, rose from less than a million in 1960 to nearly 19 million 40 years later.
"This technological revolution has played an important role in the country's efforts to combat poverty, but the ensuing development of irrigation has, in turn, resulted in significant water stress in some regions of the country, such as Maharashtra and Rajasthan," the report said.
Water expert Richard Connor, the report's lead author, said the outlook was bleak for some areas.
"Parts of China, India and the United States, as well as in the Middle East, have been relying on the unsustainable extraction of groundwater to meet existing water demands," he said.
"In my personal opinion this is, at best, a short-sighted plan B. As these groundwater resources become depleted, there will no plan C, and some of these areas may indeed become uninhabitable," he said.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tabitha Blog
The 12th annual Subaru Share the Love® Event will help deliver nutritious meals and compassion to Lincoln neighbors
Tabitha is proud to announce that it will be participating in the 2019 Subaru Share the Love Event as a member of Meals on Wheels America—one of four national Share the Love charitable partners supported through the campaign. From November 14, 2019, through January 2, 2020, Subaru of America will donate $250 for every new Subaru vehicle purchased or leased to the customer's choice of participating charities.
"Tabitha Meals on Wheels is grateful to Subaru and its support of our Lincoln program," said Michaela Johanns Young, Executive Director, Tabitha Foundation. "With 81 percent of Lincoln recipients unable to afford the cost of the meal, we rely on community-minded partners like Subaru to keep delivering meals and independence to 500 neighbors each day of the year."
Tabitha Meals on Wheels will receive a share of the donations raised by Subaru in Nebraska. This local program has partnered with Duteau Subaru in Lincoln, Nebraska, to raise awareness for the popular year-end sales and giving event and drive support for Meals on Wheels.
"Meals on Wheels America is proud to partner with Subaru of America for the 12th consecutive year to enable more seniors to live with independence and dignity," said Ellie Hollander, President and CEO, Meals on Wheels America. "Since 2008, the Subaru Share the Love Event has helped deliver more than 2.2 million meals and friendly visits to vulnerable seniors nationwide. We're enormously grateful to Subaru and its retailers for their long-standing commitment to Meals on Wheels and the millions of seniors who depend on it for nourishment and companionship."
Over the last 11 years, Subaru of America and its participating retailers have donated more than $145 million to its charity partners. This year's Subaru Share the Love Event is on track to bring that total to over $170 million, proving there's no limit to the amount of love we can all share.
By purchasing or leasing a new Subaru during the Subaru Share the Love Event and selecting Meals on Wheels as your charity of choice, you can help deliver nutritious meals and other important services to neighbors in need right here in Lincoln.
For more information, visit www.Tabitha.org/ShareTheLove.


text:
Australasia at the Olympics
Australasia at the
Australasian Olympic Flag
IOC code
Summer appearances
Other related appearances
Australia (1896–1904, 1920–)
Australasia was a combined team of athletes from Australia and the Dominion of New Zealand that competed together at the 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics. When the Olympic Games resumed in 1920 after World War I, the two nations sent separate teams to the Games, and have done so ever since.
See also: Australia at the Olympics and New Zealand at the Olympics
1 Medal tables
1.1 Medals by Games
1.2 Medals by sport
2 List of medalists
Medal tables[edit]
Medals by Games[edit]
Gold Silver Bronze
1908 London 32 1 2 2 5
1912 Stockholm 26 2 2 3 7
Medals by sport[edit]
Swimming 2 3 3 8
Rugby union 1 0 0 1
Boxing 0 1 0 1
Athletics 0 0 1 1
Tennis 0 0 1 1
List of medalists[edit]
The Australasia team won a total of twelve medals in the two Olympiads in which they competed, mostly in swimming. One New Zealander won a medal in 1908 (Harry Kerr a bronze in athletics[1]), and two New Zealanders (Malcolm Champion a gold in swimming,[2] Anthony Wilding a bronze in tennis[3]) won medals in 1912; all other medalists for Australasia were Australians.
Gold Australia national team1 1908 London Rugby union Men's competition
Silver Snowy Baker 1908 London Boxing Men's middleweight
Silver Frank Beaurepaire 1908 London Swimming Men's 400 m freestyle
Bronze Harry Kerr 1908 London Athletics Men's 3500 m walk
Bronze Frank Beaurepaire 1908 London Swimming Men's 1500 m freestyle
Gold Fanny Durack 1912 Stockholm Swimming Women's 100 m freestyle
Gold Cecil Healy
Malcolm Champion
Leslie Boardman
Harold Hardwick 1912 Stockholm Swimming Men's 4 × 200 m freestyle relay
Silver Cecil Healy 1912 Stockholm Swimming Men's 100 m freestyle
Silver Mina Wylie 1912 Stockholm Swimming Women's 100 m freestyle
Bronze Harold Hardwick 1912 Stockholm Swimming Men's 1500 m freestyle
Bronze Harold Hardwick 1912 Stockholm Swimming Men's 400 m freestyle
Bronze Anthony Wilding 1912 Stockholm Tennis Men's indoor singles
1 Rugby players who competed at the 1908 Games: Phil Carmichael, Charles Russell, Daniel Carroll, Jack Hickey, Frank Smith, Chris McKivat, Arthur McCabe, Thomas Griffen, Jumbo Barnett, Patrick McCue, Sydney Middleton, Tom Richards, Malcolm McArthur, Charles McMurtrie, Robert Craig
^ "Harry Kerr". New Zealand Olympic Committee. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
^ "Malcolm Champion". New Zealand Olympic Committee. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
^ "Anthony Wilding". New Zealand Olympic Committee. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
"Results and Medalists — Australasia". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee.
"Olympic Medal Winners". International Olympic Committee.
"Australasia". Sports-Reference.com.
Medal Count for ANZ at DatabaseOlympics.com
Nations that have competed at the Olympic Games
Nations at the Summer Olympics
Nations at the Winter Olympics
tropical nations
Korea (unified)
Independent Olympians
Refugee Olympic Team
Republic of China
United Team of Germany
Mixed teams
Unified Team
Australasia at the Summer Olympics
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australasia_at_the_Olympics&oldid=833318742"
Australia at the Olympics
New Zealand at the Summer Olympics
Australia–New Zealand sports relations


text:
Q: Why do I get "permission denied" in PHP when trying to rename a directory? I chmod'ed the directory to 777, same with the directory contents. Still, I get a "permission denied" error. Does PHP throw this error if apache is not the group/owner, regardless of the file permissions? Here's the call that's failing:
rename('/correct/path/to/dir/1', '/correct/path/to/dir/2');

A: Thats probably because apache is not the owner of the parent directory. Renaming (or moving) a file is basically the same thing as creating a new file.

A: to clarify, php can only rename directories it has actual ownership over:
-rwxrwxrwx user   user   temp/
-rwxr-xr-x apache apache temp2/
-rw-r--r-- user   user   script.php

assume script.php is trying to rename these two directories:
// this operation fails as PHP (running as apache) does not own "temp",
// despite having write permissions
rename('temp', 'temp.bak');

// this operation is successful as PHP owns "temp2"
rename('temp2, 'temp.bak');

A: You're editing the higher level directory, so the PHP user needs to have write access to that directory.

A: Another thing that might help these kinds of situations is to try actually lowering permissions.  I've seen occasions where apache denies an application permission to do something because its permissions are set too high.  My guess is that this is to encourage good security practice.

A: Try running the following script:
print_r(posix_getpwuid(getmyuid()));
print_r(pathinfo($YOUR_PATH));

And see what that returns.

A: You must change the permissions of the folder and the files contained in it recursively.
You need to do this from ssh as root user and then run the following command:
chown -R www-data:www-data /directory/path/to/apply/chown

then you can execute the chown statement without any problems.
I found this way after researching, testing for several hours.
Remember that a folder or root owner file cannot be manipulated by another user (delete, rename, move, change properties), while root can do so above any user.
Best regards

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


LYNN HAVEN � The artist Mark Rothko (1903-1970) rejected classification, even as critics began calling him an �abstract expressionist.� He thought in terms of mythology, using swaths of color to associate his oversized paintings with dramatic, epic emotions.
�Red,� the award-winning play about a season of Rothko�s work and life, captures the turbulence, emotion and visceral nature of the color in its title. It is the latest play of Kaleidoscope Theatre�s autumn �Shadow Season,� directed by longtime Kaleidoscope volunteer Charlie Wilson, and starring Doug Gilliland and Samuel Lourcey.
The play takes place in 1958-59, as Rothko (Gilliland) is working on a series of murals for the Four Seasons, a new restaurant being opened in New York City. He hires an assistant (Lourcey), who is also an aspiring artist, and he treats the assistant poorly.
Wilson said the two actors fully realize the roles.
The two men are the whole of the cast, though the paintings are like a third character between them.
Wilson personally recreated 20 Rothko paintings for use in the show.
Wilson said he discovered �Red� while looking for an intimate play to produce, and he decided to read it when he saw that it had won the Tony Award in 2010.


text:
Security becomes main cost in GMO crop trials
1.Security becomes main cost in GMO crop trials
2.SCIENTISTS DEMAND GREATER PROTECTION FOR GM TRIALS
NOTE: Although neither of the following pieces directly says so they both originated in a briefing organised by the Science Media Centre in London this morning at which the 3 scientists quoted were brought together by the SMC with selected journalists.
This tactic of trying to polarise the debate into scientists versus 'eco-extremists' exactly mirrors the approach of the SMC's sister lobby group Sense About Science. During the public debate in 2002, SAS generated similar articles by press releasing surveys of GM scientists on vandalism, and encouraging claims of all kinds of threats and intimidation which went entirely unsubstantiated.
The fact that both the Science Media Centre and Sense About Science have directors who closely connect to the very heart of the LM network is doubtless a coincidence :-)
For more on the Science Media Centre's revealing record on climate change and GM, see the journalist Andy Rowell's submission to the SMC's Board.
http://www.lobbywatch.org/archive2.asp?arcid=7761
It may be useful to read this in conjunction with the George Monbiot interview about the LM group that LobbyWatch published at http://www.lobbywatch.org/archive2.asp?arcid=7748
Reuters, July 28 2008
http://uk.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUKL866497820080728
Security has become by far the largest cost for field trials of genetically modified crops in Britain as researchers seek to protect sites against vandalism, a scientist said on Monday.
Howard Atkinson of Leeds University, who has been running a field trial on GMO potatoes, said the trial itself cost 25,000 pounds but there was a "six figure" bill for security around it.
Atkinson is due to meet with Phil Woolas, the UK minister responsible for GMO crops, in early September. He said he would ask Woolas for either the government to no longer give the location of small-scale trials or pay a share of security costs.
He told reporters at a media briefing that it was difficult for universities to justify such a large security cost "to protect against zealots."
There has been significant opposition to genetically modified crops in Britain with concerns centred on both food safety and possible environmental impacts and many trials have been vandalised by activists.
GMO crops are, however, grown widely in both North and South America.
The government does not publish the exact site of a GMO field trial but provides sufficient information for opponents to locate them.
Jim Dunwell of Reading University said there has been a sharp drop in the number of GMO crop trials in Britain over the last few years with just one application for this year, down from about 20 to 30 a year at one stage.
He said, in contrast, there were about 1,000 trials a year in the United States.
Wayne Powell, director of the National Institute of Agricultural Botany, said as a result of vandalism to a GMO field trial last year "we now have 24-hour security, we have fences around materials."
The field trials at Leeds University are for GMO potatoes which are more resistant to nematode worms while the NIAB trials are for potatoes resistant to blight.
(Reporting by Nigel Hunt; Editing by Michael Roddy)
By Emily Beament
Press Association, 28 Jul 2008
Field trials of GM crops in the UK need better protection to allow researchers to assess the benefits of genetic modification technology, scientists said today.
Professor Howard Atkinson of the University of Leeds suggested the location and details of small-scale trials could be kept from the public, as they are in Canada, to prevent them being vandalised by anti-GM protesters.
Other options could include a national, secure field testing site for GM crops or that universities conducting trials should not have to bear the costs of security measures such as fences or guards, researchers said.
Speaking at a press briefing in London today, scientists said the number of field trials had declined in recent years because of sabotage, damaging the UK's ability to inspire innovation and commercial investment.
Professor Jim Dunwell, of the University of Reading, said GM crops were being created which would be more drought-resistant or would take up nitrogen more efficiently, cutting the need for increasingly expensive chemical fertilisers.
Field trials were an important part of developing the "exciting opportunities" GM was presenting to tackle rising food prices and agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, he said.
Prof Atkinson's study into resistance to crop-damaging nematodes in potatoes - which he said could be developed for Africans who depend on plantains for food - at Leeds University was destroyed last month.
There is currently just one GM trial in the UK, into genetic solutions to potato blight, which was vandalised last year.
Protesters are able to find the sites in the UK because their location is publicly available under rules brought in to allow farmers to know what was being grown near them - but in Canada small-scale trials which are judged not to have environmentally damaging consequences are not publicised.
Professor Wayne Powell of the National Institute of Agricultural Botany, which is running the trial into potato blight, said current rules "should be reassessed in the face of global challenges we face and the potential benefits of GM".


text:
Jealous thug is jailed for kicking ex unconscious
Robert Maguire arrives at the Central Criminal Court for sentencing
Sonya McLean and Declan Brennan
A thug who falsely imprisoned his ex-girlfriend and kicked her unconscious because he was suffering from sexual jealousy has been jailed for two years.
The 30-year-old woman woke up in her bed to find Robert Maguire (34) standing over her and spitting on her.
He threatened to kill her before kicking her in the genitals and beating her into unconsciousness as her children screamed at the bedroom door.
Maguire, of Colthurst Gardens, Huntington Glen, Lucan, Dublin, had admitted assault causing harm and false imprisonment at the woman's Dublin home on January 14, 2012.
Defenceless
Mr Justice Paul Butler told the Central Criminal Court it was a violent attack on an entirely defenceless woman in front of her children.
He imposed a four-year sentence on each offence to run concurrently, but suspended the last two years on condition that Maguire keep the peace for that period. He also ordered that Maguire have no contact with the victim for that period.
When the case was heard in March, the woman wept in court as Garda Mairead Scanlon gave details of the attack.
The court head how she was asleep in bed when she received "a bang" to the face and saw Maguire standing over her, spitting and shouting.
He hit her and pushed her back down on the bed when she tried to get up and then kicked her in the side. At this stage the victim's baby, who was in a cot in the room, started crying and her older children were at the bedroom door screaming. The woman then realised Maguire had locked the bedroom door.
He wouldn't let her go to the baby. Instead he picked the baby up from the cot, opened the door and gave her to the oldest son. Maguire locked the door again and told her he was going to kill her "stone dead". He then started kicking her until she went unconscious.
A neighbour called gardai but Maguire had fled by the time they arrived. The woman was taken to Tallaght Hospital but had to return the next day as the wait was too long. She was treated for extensive cuts and bruising. Maguire was later arrested and admitted the assault.
Michael O'Higgins SC, defending, said it was a "ferocious but brief" attack which must have been humiliating for the victim. He said Maguire was offering an "unequivocal apology".
Mr O'Higgins said the motive for the attack was that Maguire had found out the woman was in a new relationship. He said it was a case of "sexual jealousy".
Maguire had been in an on-off relationship with the woman for more than ten years before they broke up for good in late 2011. He is the father of three of her children.


The International Federation of Medical Students' Associations, supported by the International Association of Dental Students, commits to achieving Health for All through Universal Health Coverage, a global effort to promote health and prevent, diagnose, treat and palliate diseases.
Primary healthcare is an essential pillar of Universal Health Coverage. It is well suited to address more than just the treatment of disease, being a platform through which we can eliminate health inequities caused by social, political and commercial determinants of health. Discrimination in accessing healthcare is prevalent in many settings and must be eliminated, with primary health care being an excellent candidate to accomplish it.
Primary healthcare is a cost-effective way to provide care, with telemedicine, m- and e-Health representing new opportunities to streamline primary healthcare delivery. In fact, youth is particularly suited to promote and develop healthcare technologies.
Scaling up the health workforce to achieve Universal Health Coverage will require a comprehensive plan of action that takes into account education, employment, migration, social and economic conditions, and the need for increased and sustainable investments in healthcare. Creating interprofessional teams and including youth are crucial elements that must be taken to achieve UHC.
We congratulate the health community for the Astana Declaration. However, we were saddened by the exclusion of the role of youth from the outcome document. In order to build a strong primary healthcare network, it is of the utmost importance to include all relevant stakeholders, including future health professionals. We urge future initiatives not to forget any stakeholder and look forward to the meaningful engagement of young people at the High-Level Meeting in September.
We already have the tools; if we find the political will, we can achieve Health for All.


text:
Adam Larsen Kwarasey, właśc. Adambathia Larsen Kwarasey (ur. 12 grudnia 1987 w Oslo) – ghański piłkarz pochodzenia norweskiego występujący na pozycji bramkarza. Zawodnik klubu Vålerenga Fotball.

Kariera klubowa
Larsen Kwarasey urodził się w Oslo jako syn Norweżki i Ghańczyka. Seniorską karierę rozpoczął w 2006 roku w Vålerenga Fotball z Tippeligaen. Spędził tam sezon 2006, w ciągu którego nie rozegrał tam jednak żadnego spotkania. W 2007 roku podpisał kontrakt ze Strømsgodset IF, także grającym w Tippeligaen. Zadebiutował tam 6 maja 2007 roku w zremisowanym 1:1 meczu z Lyn Fotball. W 2010 roku zdobył z zespołem Puchar Norwegii. W 2015 przeszedł do Portland Timbers. Następnie grał w Rosenborgu i Brøndby IF, a w 2017 wrócił do Vålerengi.

Kariera reprezentacyjna
W 2008 roku Larsen Kwarasey rozegrał 1 spotkanie w reprezentacji Norwegii U-21.

2 września 2011 roku w wygranym 2:0 meczu eliminacji Pucharu Narodów Afryki 2012 z Suazi zadebiutował w reprezentacji Ghany.

Bibliografia

Reprezentanci Ghany w piłce nożnej
Norwescy piłkarze
Norwegowie pochodzenia ghańskiego
Piłkarze Vålerengi Fotball
Piłkarze Strømsgodset IF
Piłkarze Portland Timbers
Piłkarze Rosenborg BK
Piłkarze Brøndby IF
Uczestnicy Pucharu Narodów Afryki 2012
Uczestnicy Pucharu Narodów Afryki 2013
Urodzeni w 1987
Uczestnicy Mistrzostw Świata w Piłce Nożnej 2014
Ludzie urodzeni w Oslo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
<?php

namespace Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Tests\Encoder;

use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Encoder\EncoderAwareInterface;
use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Encoder\EncoderFactory;
use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Encoder\MessageDigestPasswordEncoder;
use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Encoder\MigratingPasswordEncoder;
use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Encoder\NativePasswordEncoder;
use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Encoder\SodiumPasswordEncoder;
use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\User\User;
use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\User\UserInterface;

class EncoderFactoryTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testGetEncoderWithMessageDigestEncoder()
    {
        $factory = new EncoderFactory(['Symfony\Component\Security\Core\User\UserInterface' => [
            'class' => 'Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Encoder\MessageDigestPasswordEncoder',
            'arguments' => ['sha512', true, 5],
        ]]);

        $encoder = $factory->getEncoder($this->getMockBuilder('Symfony\Component\Security\Core\User\UserInterface')->getMock());
        $expectedEncoder = new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha512', true, 5);

        $this->assertEquals($expectedEncoder->encodePassword('foo', 'moo'), $encoder->encodePassword('foo', 'moo'));
    }

    public function testGetEncoderWithService()
    {
        $factory = new EncoderFactory([
            'Symfony\Component\Security\Core\User\UserInterface' => new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha1'),
        ]);

        $encoder = $factory->getEncoder($this->getMockBuilder('Symfony\Component\Security\Core\User\UserInterface')->getMock());
        $expectedEncoder = new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha1');
        $this->assertEquals($expectedEncoder->encodePassword('foo', ''), $encoder->encodePassword('foo', ''));

        $encoder = $factory->getEncoder(new User('user', 'pass'));
        $expectedEncoder = new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha1');
        $this->assertEquals($expectedEncoder->encodePassword('foo', ''), $encoder->encodePassword('foo', ''));
    }

    public function testGetEncoderWithClassName()
    {
        $factory = new EncoderFactory([
            'Symfony\Component\Security\Core\User\UserInterface' => new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha1'),
        ]);

        $encoder = $factory->getEncoder('Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Tests\Encoder\SomeChildUser');
        $expectedEncoder = new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha1');
        $this->assertEquals($expectedEncoder->encodePassword('foo', ''), $encoder->encodePassword('foo', ''));
    }

    public function testGetEncoderConfiguredForConcreteClassWithService()
    {
        $factory = new EncoderFactory([
            'Symfony\Component\Security\Core\User\User' => new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha1'),
        ]);

        $encoder = $factory->getEncoder(new User('user', 'pass'));
        $expectedEncoder = new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha1');
        $this->assertEquals($expectedEncoder->encodePassword('foo', ''), $encoder->encodePassword('foo', ''));
    }

    public function testGetEncoderConfiguredForConcreteClassWithClassName()
    {
        $factory = new EncoderFactory([
            'Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Tests\Encoder\SomeUser' => new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha1'),
        ]);

        $encoder = $factory->getEncoder('Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Tests\Encoder\SomeChildUser');
        $expectedEncoder = new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha1');
        $this->assertEquals($expectedEncoder->encodePassword('foo', ''), $encoder->encodePassword('foo', ''));
    }

    public function testGetNamedEncoderForEncoderAware()
    {
        $factory = new EncoderFactory([
            'Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Tests\Encoder\EncAwareUser' => new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha256'),
            'encoder_name' => new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha1'),
        ]);

        $encoder = $factory->getEncoder(new EncAwareUser('user', 'pass'));
        $expectedEncoder = new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha1');
        $this->assertEquals($expectedEncoder->encodePassword('foo', ''), $encoder->encodePassword('foo', ''));
    }

    public function testGetNullNamedEncoderForEncoderAware()
    {
        $factory = new EncoderFactory([
            'Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Tests\Encoder\EncAwareUser' => new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha1'),
            'encoder_name' => new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha256'),
        ]);

        $user = new EncAwareUser('user', 'pass');
        $user->encoderName = null;
        $encoder = $factory->getEncoder($user);
        $expectedEncoder = new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha1');
        $this->assertEquals($expectedEncoder->encodePassword('foo', ''), $encoder->encodePassword('foo', ''));
    }

    public function testGetInvalidNamedEncoderForEncoderAware()
    {
        $this->expectException('RuntimeException');
        $factory = new EncoderFactory([
            'Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Tests\Encoder\EncAwareUser' => new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha1'),
            'encoder_name' => new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha256'),
        ]);

        $user = new EncAwareUser('user', 'pass');
        $user->encoderName = 'invalid_encoder_name';
        $factory->getEncoder($user);
    }

    public function testGetEncoderForEncoderAwareWithClassName()
    {
        $factory = new EncoderFactory([
            'Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Tests\Encoder\EncAwareUser' => new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha1'),
            'encoder_name' => new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha256'),
        ]);

        $encoder = $factory->getEncoder('Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Tests\Encoder\EncAwareUser');
        $expectedEncoder = new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha1');
        $this->assertEquals($expectedEncoder->encodePassword('foo', ''), $encoder->encodePassword('foo', ''));
    }

    public function testMigrateFrom()
    {
        if (!SodiumPasswordEncoder::isSupported()) {
            $this->markTestSkipped('Sodium is not available');
        }

        $factory = new EncoderFactory([
            'digest_encoder' => $digest = new MessageDigestPasswordEncoder('sha256'),
            SomeUser::class => ['algorithm' => 'sodium', 'migrate_from' => ['bcrypt', 'digest_encoder']],
        ]);

        $encoder = $factory->getEncoder(SomeUser::class);
        $this->assertInstanceOf(MigratingPasswordEncoder::class, $encoder);

        $this->assertTrue($encoder->isPasswordValid((new SodiumPasswordEncoder())->encodePassword('foo', null), 'foo', null));
        $this->assertTrue($encoder->isPasswordValid((new NativePasswordEncoder(null, null, null, \PASSWORD_BCRYPT))->encodePassword('foo', null), 'foo', null));
        $this->assertTrue($encoder->isPasswordValid($digest->encodePassword('foo', null), 'foo', null));
        $this->assertStringStartsWith(\SODIUM_CRYPTO_PWHASH_STRPREFIX, $encoder->encodePassword('foo', null));
    }

    public function testDefaultMigratingEncoders()
    {
        $this->assertInstanceOf(
            MigratingPasswordEncoder::class,
            (new EncoderFactory([SomeUser::class => ['class' => NativePasswordEncoder::class, 'arguments' => []]]))->getEncoder(SomeUser::class)
        );

        $this->assertInstanceOf(
            MigratingPasswordEncoder::class,
            (new EncoderFactory([SomeUser::class => ['algorithm' => 'bcrypt', 'cost' => 11]]))->getEncoder(SomeUser::class)
        );

        if (!SodiumPasswordEncoder::isSupported()) {
            return;
        }

        $this->assertInstanceOf(
            MigratingPasswordEncoder::class,
            (new EncoderFactory([SomeUser::class => ['class' => SodiumPasswordEncoder::class, 'arguments' => []]]))->getEncoder(SomeUser::class)
        );
    }
}

class SomeUser implements UserInterface
{
    public function getRoles(): array
    {
    }

    public function getPassword(): ?string
    {
    }

    public function getSalt(): ?string
    {
    }

    public function getUsername(): string
    {
    }

    public function eraseCredentials()
    {
    }
}

class SomeChildUser extends SomeUser
{
}

class EncAwareUser extends SomeUser implements EncoderAwareInterface
{
    public $encoderName = 'encoder_name';

    public function getEncoderName(): ?string
    {
        return $this->encoderName;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I created this UDF (User defined Function) to help you in arranging all the Words of a String in Reverse Order. It will put the Words in a reverse Order. Letters of each words will remain in same (proper) order.
Put the below code inside your Regular Module. Then you can use this Formula anywhere in your Workbook.
ReverseWords = ReverseWords & InputArray(i) & " "


text:
Categories: CommunityHome
Chilliwack one of the first cities in B.C. to pilot new anti-childhood-obesity program
The Chilliwack YMCA is one of 10 B.C. communities offering the latest pilot program offered by the Childhood Obesity Foundation to deal with overweight children and youth: the Healthy Family Living Program is due to start in late September. (Submitted photo)
While obesity isn't a new problem, the rate at which it's affecting children has become so alarming, the provincial government is pairing up with the Childhood Obesity Foundation (COF) to implement province-wide programming to curb unhealthy habits.
Founded in 2004 by a B.C. pediatrician and lawyer who wanted to reduce unhealthy weights in Canadian children, the COF now works directly with the B.C. Ministry of Health and Provincial Health Services Authority to help create the societal shift towards healthy eating and active lifestyles for people of all ages, including our children and youth.
"There is an epidemic of unhealthy weights of the people in North America," said Dr. Tom Warshawski, who's a pediatrician and COF Board member.
"In childhood, one in three (kids) have an unhealthy weight, or unhealthy weight trajectory. By adulthood, 60 per cent of adults are either overweight or obese, and that's a result of our habits," added the doctor.
READ MORE: Program promotes healthy living in children
However, this September, Chilliwack joins nine other B.C. communities to become the first in the province to pilot the Family Healthy Living Program, which has set its sights at reducing obesity-related chronic diseases through prevention and education early on.
"The goal of the program is that people generally have an idea of what they should be doing, but struggle with the doing," explained Warshawski.
"With this free program, we're hoping to help people (not only) increase their (health) knowledge, but most importantly, make those positive behaviour changes.
"Weight isn't even mentioned (in the program)," continued Warshowski. "If you get the habits right, the weight will follow. This is about embracing healthy habits for the whole family that can last a life time."
Based on the previously implemented MEND program, which was harvested from the UK, Warshawski says the Family Healthy Living program takes best practices from around the world and puts a Canadian spin on them for British Columbians.
Targeted at school-aged children who have a BMI-for-age greater than the 85th percentile, the Healthy Family Living program is for the entire family, and will cover topics such as grocery shopping and budgeting, physical activity, healthy eating and nutrition, positive parenting practices, and mental health.
READ MORE: Olympian Patrick Chan helps B.C.'s 'SuperChefs' celebrate 10th anniversary
Running for 10 weeks, the program features 20 sessions: a 90-minute in-person session at the Neighbourhood Learning Centre on Wednesdays for the whole family, and a weekly, hour-long session to be completed online by parents at their convenience.
"First off, everyone—parents, children, siblings—meets together, then there are some fun games for the kids while the parents get more information around the topics of the night," said Warshawski of the new program.
"It's not just about healthy weight, it's (also) about the mental health of the whole family," added the experienced pediatrician.
However, besides enrolling in the Healthy Family Living Program, Warshawski says there are plenty of other things families can do to maintain their health.
"The single most important (thing that can be done) is eliminating sugary drinks, the pop, the iced tea, the juice. You shouldn't drink your fruit: you should eat your fruit and drink your water," said Warshawski.
Also, cut back or eliminate processed foods—all the white stuff—and eat as many vegetables as possible at all meals. Breakfast shouldn't be "sugar-bomb" cereals, says the doctor, as they contribute to weight gain, and last, but not least, eating at home as a family unit.
"But there's a strong correlation between fast food, or restaurant meals, and unhealthy weight gain," continued Warshawski. "And being as physically active as possible and reducing screen time. That's really the bulk of what we want people to learn and do."
Chilliwack's Healthy Family Living Program is set to start in late September. For program details, dates, and registration information, visit its website at FamilyHealthyLiving.ca.
Sarah Gawdin
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text:
The Samoanische Zeitung (), later known as the Samoa Times, was a newspaper in Samoa published in both English and German.

History
The paper was first published on 6 April 1901, and was a successor to the Samoa Weekly Herald, which had ceased publication on 28 August 1900. The new newspaper initially ran with the first half in German edited by Emil Luebke and the second in English edited by F. Muller. Muller was replaced as the English language editor by James Ah Sue in 1910. After the occupation of Samoa by New Zealand at the start of World War I, it was renamed the Samoa Times and switched to printing primarily in English, with a German supplement. Sue bought the newspaper in 1916, but died in 1918. The Times ceased publication on 28 February 1930, and was replaced by the Samoa Herald and then the Western Samoa Mail.

References

Publications established in 1901
Newspapers published in Samoa
History of Samoa
German-language newspapers published in Oceania
Publications disestablished in 1901
1901 establishments in Samoa
1930s disestablishments in Western Samoa Trust Territory


text:
YouCAN in Action: Candice Wilson-McCain
by Tre Johnson posted on December 12, 2017 December 11, 2017
Connecticut is a long way from North Carolina, but the distance didn't matter to Candice Wilson-McCain; she was close to her grandparents and her family roots are in the South. Born in Bridgeport, CT and spending her early childhood years there, Candice headed south with her grandparents when they moved, with her own mother following her down shortly after.
As a student, Candice struggled to take her high school classes seriously, and college seemed like a non-starter for her. "I didn't want to do more school," Candice shared, and her hiccupy path during her high school years (she repeated her freshman year—though she ended up graduating with her original class), called to mind a young person digging in their heels because the potential, expected path looked so uncertain.
Yet what pulled her forward was her consistent need to want to help people. It's not clear where that drive came from, but it was enough to push her to take her studies more seriously. As her grades improved, so did her outlook and planning; by her junior year she was talking about becoming a business owner, a move that she knew would require going to college. Eventually, Candice enrolled at North Carolina A&T, a historically black university located in Greensboro.
Her time at NC A&T was pivotal, and sounds like something akin to experience of Ta-Nehisi Coates at Howard University as he recounts in Between the World and Me: an African-American mecca where students are exposed to the spectrum of black potential, talent and identities. Once there, Candice focused her plans, pursuing a business marketing degree instead of the more broad business management field. "I saw the opportunity to tell stories through commercials," she says, remembering the uncanny ways that commercials that she grew up with wormed their way into her brain and made the idea of creating situations that were relatable to everyday people.
But after finishing school, Candice went into management and spent four years managing property for a real estate company and a retail pharmacy. The work was both challenging and a great way to build skills that would serve her later in life. Still, it wasn't as rewarding as she wanted it to be; four years into it and Candice found herself wondering what difference she was making.
While repeatedly asking herself that question she was simultaneously developing a relationship with one of her company's tenants. Ms. Tally was a teacher and always stopped by and candidly shared her latest adventures, challenges and rewards working in the classroom. Candice remembers, "I started looking forward to her coming by every day to hear those stories." The effect was twofold: it encouraged and inspired her while also making it clear that she wasn't having the impact she wanted to in her career.
"I didn't see how I could become a teacher since I didn't have a teaching degree," Candice remembered. But then Ms. Tally told her about Teach For America, a program that seemed to Candice as too "prestigious" to get into, but she figured she would apply and try to get in all the same. What was there to lose, after all?
Since making that choice (and getting accepted in the TFA corps in 2007), Candice spent three years working in schools in Atlanta and Charlotte as a teacher and an intervention coach,eventually adding in part-time work in an after-school program. "I was seeing what could happen for students from an achievement sense," Candice shared, "but still saw that in middle school, there was a consistent love-hate divide for young women and math that seemed connected to confidence and community at times."
That realization led to the creation of the FLY Math Club (which stands for "financial literacy for youth"), an afterschool program Candice started to create a space where middle school women of color can collaboratively learn and build their math confidence through experiential learning and community impact projects.
Started in 2012, FLY Math Club combines not just the leadership and training Candice gained working in various after-school programs, but also her increased focus on supporting STEM teachers and classrooms as a teacher leadership development manager on the Teach For America staff in North Carolina.
In a typical convening, FLY Math Club brings together young women between the ages of 10-14 at a Saturday program, summer camp session or the signature "Girls Love Math 2" summit to promote the young women's confidence and skills in STEM education. That's made a world of difference for the students and their families participating in the program. To date, dozens of young women have come through the organization's services; at their most recent Summit, over 50 students and nearly 40 parents and family members attended the day-long program which included everything from gallery walks to speeches from professional women in STEM careers to integrated problem-solving for math in everyday situations. In one session on healthy eating and managing a budget for an upcoming party, Candice remembers "a girl [who] realized she could save money by texting people thank you instead of sending thank you cards."
These sessions help make the sometimes abstractness of math feel not only relatable, but doable. Perhaps more importantly, it helps remove the barriers and stigmas that Candice saw firsthand from having worked in schools, but is also backed up by data. The STEM field is comprised of only 25 percent women, with the number dropping even lower for women of color. It's why the aforementioned gallery walk—an exposure to professional women that have made it and thrived in the STEM industry—has also mattered.
The work often feels like an echo of Candice's own epiphanies on NC A&T campus. A common bond exists between her past and these young women's future: that seeing is truly believing.
Tre Johnson is a writer, educator, advocate and part-time superhero. If you've been working in education or activism and would like to share your story, contact him at tre.johns@gmail.com
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Interview with Meredith Olson
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Interview with Josh Phillips
posted on July 22, 2021 July 22, 2021 by Marc Porter Magee


text:
Q: How can I make my bash script open cat for input, and then save input to a variable in the script I am trying to make a simple email script so that other users can email me from the terminal.
The script is being made partly as a learning experience, and party because the other users are not very linux savvy, so I want them to easily be able to email from terminal, without having to learn the programs, and syntax.
I have ubuntu 16.04.1 Server
So far this is what I am working with:
clear
echo -e "Please Enter Subject of email:\n "
read subject

echo -e "\n\nFrom: $USER\nTo: Adminstrator\nSubject: $subject\n\nEnter body of email: \n "
read body
echo -e "\nYour message is as follows:\n"
echo -e "\nFrom: $USER\nTo: Administrator\nSubject: $subject\n\n"
echo -e "$body \n\n"

read -p "Send to Administrator (y/n)?" choice
case "$choice" in
  y|Y ) echo "$body" | mail -s "$subject" email@gmail.com;;
  n|N ) echo "Roger Dodger. Email canceled";;
    * ) echo "invalid";;
esac

Things it can do:

*

*request input for subject and body

*send input to their respective variables.

*call those variables, and send the email.
Things I want it to be able to do:

*

*Allow pressing enter to go to a new line

*Allow backspace
I have been everywhere twice, and I assume I am missing something, or lack some fundamental knowledge about how I can incorporate these features.
I have tried using read with delimiters, cat with delimiters while loops (whatever that is) I have setup variable, aliases.
I have read man pages http://tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/html/sect_08_02.html
http://ss64.com/bash/read.html
I have tried piping it and substituting with $() I have tried sending the input to a file and calling that file.
Iam running out of ideas.
I could not get the terminal provide a a section to type in at all when using cat, but I could get it to provide the prompt with read.
I am thinking I want similar to
cat >> SEND && echo | ${BODY)

and then where the script calls for it, just provide the ${BODY} variable.
In a terminal by itself, I successfully ran:
cat << SEND && echo | ${BODY} && echo "${BODY}"

which allowed me to type multiple lines, until I typed SEND, and the pasted the ${BODY} variable whos output was correct.
Any ideas are apreciated.

A: I don't think what you're asking for is possible. When using read, you only have access to very minimal text editing abilities, it simply isn't designed for what you want it to do. Even if you can find a way to allow backspace and newlines, it is still a very cumbersome way of asking your users to provide input. It is very rarely a good idea to expect your users to type text directly into the running program. I suggest an alternative:

*

*Have your script read the subject from the command line.

*Have it read the body from an input file.

That way, your user doesn't need to type everything out manually, your script can be automated to send multiple emails, greatly increasing its usefulness and your users don't need to start everything again from scratch if they make a typo. Finally, they can format the email body as they want. So, for example, you can do something like this:
#!/bin/bash
## Parse command line options.
while getopts ":s:f:" opt; do
  case $opt in
            s)
                subject="$OPTARG"
                ;;
            f)
                file="$OPTARG"
                ## Exit if the file isn't a file or isn't readble
                if [[ ! -r "$file" && ! -f "$file" ]]; then
                    echo "File doesn't exist or isn't readble"
                        exit
                fi
                ;;
    \?)
      echo "Invalid option: -$OPTARG" >&2;;
  esac
done
## Read the email body
body=$(cat "$file")

## Inform the user. The "\033[1m" starts bold formatting and the
## "\033[0m" ends it. Remove them if you don't want bold.
echo -e "\033[1mYour message is as follows:\033[0m"
cat<<EoF

From: $USER
To: Administrator
Subject: $subject

$body

------------------
EoF

read -p "Send to Administrator (y/n)?" choice
case "$choice" in
  y|Y ) echo "$body" | mail -s "$subject" email@gmail.com;;
  n|N ) echo "Roger Dodger. Email canceled";;
    * ) echo "invalid";;
esac

Then, you give it the subject and an input file. For example, if you have a file called message with the following contents:
$ cat message
Dear John,

I hope this email finds you well. I am writing to inquire about the
price of the bridge you are selling. I would love to have a bridge
like that in my garden since I think it would make my cows look
larger.

Looking forward to hearing from you,

best,

Jack.

You would run the script like this:
$ foo.sh -s "about that bridge..." -f message
Your message is as follows:

From: terdon
To: Administrator
Subject: about that bridge...

Dear John,

I hope this email finds you well. I am writing to inquire about the
price of the bridge you are selling. I would love to have a bridge
like that in my garden since I think it would make my cows look
larger.

Looking forward to hearing from you,

best,

Jack.

------------------
Send to Administrator (y/n)?

Alternatively, if you insist on having the users write the message on the fly, you could use the default editor available on your system:
#!/bin/bash

clear
echo -e "Please Enter Subject of email:\n "
read subject

## create a temp file
tmpfile=$(mktemp)

cat<<EoF

Press Enter to open an editor where you can write the body of the email.
When finished, save and exit.
EoF
read

## Open the editor
"$EDITOR" "$tmpfile"

## Read the body and delete the tmp file
body=$(cat "$tmpfile")
rm "$tmpfile"
## Inform the user. The "\033[1m" starts bold formatting and the
## "\033[0m" ends it. Remove them if you don't want bold.
echo -e "\033[1mYour message is as follows:\033[0m"
cat<<EoF

From: $USER
To: Administrator
Subject: $subject

$body
EoF

read -p "Send to Administrator (y/n)?" choice
case "$choice" in
  y|Y ) echo "$body" | mail -s "$subject" email@gmail.com;;
  n|N ) echo "Roger Dodger. Email canceled";;
    * ) echo "invalid";;
esac

Finally, if you insist on making your life and that of your users more difficult than it needs to be, you can use cat > $tmpfile to write the body to the tmpfile, tell your users to hit Ctrl+D when they've finished writing:
#!/bin/bash

clear
echo -e "Please Enter Subject of email:\n "
read subject

## create a temp file
tmpfile=$(mktemp)
## Enter the body
printf '\nPlease enter the body of the email below. Hit Ctrl+D when done.\n\n'
cat > $tmpfile
body=$(cat "$tmpfile")
rm "$tmpfile"
## Inform the user. The "\033[1m" starts bold formatting and the
## "\033[0m" ends it. Remove them if you don't want bold.
echo -e "\033[1mYour message is as follows:\033[0m"
cat<<EoF

From: $USER
To: Administrator
Subject: $subject

$body
EoF

read -p "Send to Administrator (y/n)?" choice
case "$choice" in
  y|Y ) echo "$body" | mail -s "$subject" email@gmail.com;;
  n|N ) echo "Roger Dodger. Email canceled";;
    * ) echo "invalid";;
esac


Looking for other Manalapan condos?
The Villages @ Meadow Creek Manalapan is a community of 300 luxury townhouses. Between 2007 and 2009, these homes were built by Hovnanian.
Three models are offered in Meadow Creek. The Purdue has three bedrooms, 2.5 baths, a one car garage, with 1929 sq ft. Another model, the Temple has three bedrooms, 2.5 baths a two car garage and has 2050 sq ft. The Williams has three bedrooms, 2.5 baths a two car garage and has 2155 sq ft. And some of the homes have a basement. Prices range from around $400,000 to over $500,000.
Because FHA financing is approved in Meadow Creek, purchasing a home with an FHA loan is possible. However, there are other alternatives that will a;so allow you to purchase with a low down payment. If you call us at 732-598-7700 we can discuss this further.
Amenities in Meadow Creek Manalapan include an outdoor swimming pool, kiddie pool, basketball court, tennis and a community clubhouse. Meadow Creek's homeowners association assesses a monthly fee. The fee includes lawn maintenance, snow removal, use of the common areas and exterior maintenance of the buildings.
School age children from Meadow Creek who are in grades kindergarten through eighth will attend schools in the Manalapan Englishtown Regional School District.
When students are ready to attend high school they will attend Manalapan High School, which is part of the Freehold Regional High School District. Students in high school also have the opportunity to attend one of the magnet schools in the Freehold Regional High School District. Each of the six high schools offers a unique course of studies for motivated and talented students. However, there is a competitive admission process to get into these schools.
Another option when students enter high school is that they may also apply to one of the five high schools in the Monmouth County Vocational School District. Specialized courses are available in fields such as computer science, and biotechnology. Also courses in the medical and science fields are available, among others.


Home Tags Posts tagged with "Ory Florals"
Elizabeth and Christopher met through mutual friends at their church in Washington, DC, Grace Meridian Hill Presbyterian in 2014. Christopher proposed on the beach at sunset three years later in Mancora, Peru.
Beth is a visual stylist for Chanel and Chris is an attorney at King & Spalding. They currently reside in Washington, DC.
90 guests were in attendance for their June outdoor nuptials at Ceresville Mansion, including five bridesmaids and five groomsmen.
The couple chose a color palette of white, pink and blue for their decor.
Olga is in finance and Fernando is in consulting. They currently reside in Arlington, Virginia.


Lottery is a game that many people like to play because it gives them the opportunity to win money that can help change their lives. To play, one needs to pick certain numbers from the given set. Players are free to choose whichever number they want to wager their money on. Thus, many players bet on their lucky lotto numbers. To find a number that will bring you luck, there are several ways that one may implement.
According to mathematicians, numbers can be solely used in describing the universe. Numerologists claim that the numbers in one's life can be quite useful in describing who you really are, whatever you do in life or even help bring luck into your life. According to Numerology, there are four core numbers in a person's life.
This number can be calculated by finding the sum of each number in the date of your birthday until you get just one digit number. This is the number is said to describe the life path you will take and also the premises that will influence it. Suppose your birthday is June 12, 1979, you need to add the digits together: 6+1+2+1+9+7+9 =35. Remember that you need a one digit number so you still have another addition to perform: 3+5 and you will get 8. There is an exception to the one-digit number rule. There are master numbers used in numerology, 11 and 22. Should you get any of these two numbers on your first addition, you can already stop there.
This number is calculated by getting the sum of each of the values of the letters of your complete birth name. You need to find the value of each of your name's letters and add them together. Expression number will tell you all about your talents and even your flaws.
Numerical values of alphabet letters are as follows: A, I, J, Q and Y is 1; B, K, R is 2; C, G, L, S are 3; D, M, T are 4, E, H, N and X are 5; U, V, W are 6; O and Z are 7; and F, and P are 8.
Suppose your name is ANDREA SY, get the numerical value of each letter and sum it up: 1+5+4+2+5+1+3+1=22. You need a single digit so 2+2=4.
It is computed by adding the values of only the vowels in your name. It is also called the heart's desire or soul's desire number. It is the number that will help you in understanding what compels your inner self. It is the number that tells what you really want to be and what you want to achieve. For the name ANDREA SY, the vowels are E, E and A. You need to add 5+5+1 to get 11. Here, you got the number 11. It is a master number so you need not add 1 and 1 anymore.
For your birthday number, there is no computation involved unless it is a two-digit number. If you were born on July 3, your birth number is 3. If it is July 31, then you should add 3+1. Birthday numbers are commonly used by many lottery players in their lotto tickets. They choose birthday numbers of family members and other important people in their lives.


text:
Q: SELECT INSERT INTO Is it possible to insert data from select statement into a a dynamically created table? I will not know how many columns are there in select statement until I run the query. It has to create the appropriate number of columns at run time.
Thank you,
Smith

A: Just use the SELECT INTO syntax:
SELECT *
INTO NewTable
FROM MyTable
WHERE ...

The new table NewTable will be created with the same columns as your select statement.

A: You can use a CTAS pattern for this
USE AdventureWorks
GO
----Create new table and insert into table using SELECT INSERT
SELECT FirstName, LastName
INTO TestTable
FROM Person.Contact
WHERE EmailPromotion = 2
----Verify that Data in TestTable
SELECT FirstName, LastName
FROM TestTable
----Clean Up Database
DROP TABLE TestTable
GO

Have a look at This Article on CTAS

A: -- This creates temporary table
select *
into #newtable
from YourTable
select * from #newtable
-- This creates physical table in the DB
select *
into newtable
from YourTable
select * from newtable


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