text:
U.S. v. White
U.S. v. Wood
Id. at 910. If the defendant has committed criminal acts that do not lead to convictions, these may be taken…
U.S. v. Restrepo
Three circuits have so held after explicitly discussing the relationship between the relevant conduct rules…
Full title:UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE/CROSS-APPELLANT, v. WILLIAM…
Court:United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit
Date published: Oct 25, 1989
888 F.2d 490 (7th Cir. 1989)
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit
holding that the defendant was responsible for amount originally in package because "[t]he nature and seriousness of [the defendant's] conduct [was] the same no matter how much of the cocaine the DEA took out" of the package prior to delivery
Summary of this case from U.S. v. Fullilove
Nos. 89-1313, 89-1487.
Argued September 18, 1989.
Decided October 25, 1989.
Thomas M. Durkin, David Glockner, Asst. U.S. Attys., Office of the U.S. Atty., Chicago, Ill., and John Vandreuil, Asst. U.S. Atty., Office of the U.S. Atty., Madison, Wis., for the U.S., plaintiff-appellee.
Allan A. Ackerman and Louis B. Garippo, Susan F. Feibus, and Thomas A. Moore, Chicago, Ill., for William V. White, defendant-appellant.
Charles W. Giesen, Morris D. Berman, Giesen Berman, Madison, Wis., and Allan A. Ackerman, Chicago, Ill., for Michael Roe, defendant-appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.
Before CUMMINGS, CUDAHY and EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judges.
EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge.
Two unrelated criminal cases present a common question concerning the application of the Sentencing Guidelines: whether drugs that were not part of the offense of which the defendant was convicted must be included in the amount used to compute the base offense score. The Ninth Circuit has held that only quantities entailed in counts of which the defendant has been convicted may be used. United States v. Restrepo, 883 F.2d 781 (9th Cir. 1989). Five other courts have held that all quantities that "were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction" must be added together as a result of Guidelines § 1B1.3(a)(2). E.g., United States v. Williams, 880 F.2d 804 (4th Cir. 1989); United States v. Taplette, 872 F.2d 101 (5th Cir. 1989); United States v. Ykema, 887 F.2d 697, 699 (6th Cir. 1989); United States v. Allen, 886 F.2d 143 (8th Cir. 1989); United States v. Scroggins, 880 F.2d 1204 (11th Cir. 1989). We agree with these decisions and disagree with the Ninth Circuit.
Customs officials intercepted two packages from Peru addressed to William White and found that each contained magazines hollowed out and filled with cocaine base, a substance that can be smoked or converted into cocaine hydrochloride, the powdery form in which cocaine usually is taken. They turned the packages over to the Drug Enforcement Administration, which removed 300 grams of the cocaine base and left two grams in one of the packages, adding sugar to make up bulk and a transmitter to signal the opening of the package. Maintaining watch after dropping one package in White's post office box, agents saw him pick it up and make a beeline for a storage locker that was later found to contain a substantial quantity of mannitol, a laxative often used to cut (dilute) cocaine and provide bulk. White then went about his business, leaving the package, unopened, in his car. Agents arrested him as he was on his way to play tennis early in the evening. The car contained not only the package and tennis gear but also a loaded semi-automatic pistol in the tray between the front seats.
An indictment charged White with conspiring to possess cocaine with intent to distribute, with possessing 157 grams of cocaine base (the amount originally in the delivered package) with intent to manufacture and distribute it, and with using a firearm in relation to a drug offense. After a bench trial, the district judge convicted White of the count charging possession with intent to manufacture and distribute but acquitted him of the counts charging conspiracy and possession of a gun in relation to a drug offense. The judge said that the prosecution had not demonstrated that White conspired with anyone in particular, and that White had not used the gun "to facilitate the commission of these offenses".
The base offense score under the Sentencing Guidelines depends on the quantity of drugs involved in the offense. Quantity could have been derived in three ways here: the 1.88 grams of cocaine base in the package placed in White's box, translating to a level of 18; the 157 grams that had been in the package when it arrived at the border, translating to a level of 34; and the 302 grams that had been in both packages, yielding the same level of 34 (everything from 150 to 499 grams of cocaine base is in that category, along with 15-49.9 kilograms of cocaine hydrochloride). White maintained that level 18 is proper while the prosecution argued for level 34.
The district judge found that the amount of cocaine White possessed with intent to distribute was 1.88 grams. White never got control of any other quantity and therefore could not have possessed it, even constructively. Although the prosecutor argued that the whole 302 grams should be included because the two packages were part of a single course of conduct, the judge disagreed, stating:
I, in being a rather jealous guardian of my function and role, asked the rhetorical question. Why did I make specific findings of fact if some bureaucratic computation is going to throw them out the window? And I asked [the probation officer] to recompute the offense level based upon 1.88 grams, the amount [White] was found to be in possession of, and without a gun, . . . because I found it very difficult to see that he should be punished for even more than he was charged with let alone about found guilty of. . . .
Without discussing the language of the Sentencing Guidelines, the judge then sentenced White to 33 months' imprisonment, the upper limit of the 27-33 month range prescribed for a base offense level of 18. The range for a base offense level of 34 is 151-188 months; if the level had been set at 36 because of the gun (as the prosecutor requested, see Guidelines § 2D1.1(b)(1)), the range would have been 188-235 months.
White's appeal challenges the conviction. The United States, appealing on the authority of 18 U.S.C. § 3742(b)(2), asks us to instruct the district judge to resentence White on the basis of an offense level of 34. Part II takes up the government's appeal. White submits that the evidence was insufficient to support the conviction. He didn't open the package and, he says, had no idea that cocaine base was hidden in a hollowed-out magazine to which he subscribed. The prosecution replies that producers do not send 300 grams of cocaine base — which the Guidelines treat as equivalent to 30 kilograms of cocaine — to randomly selected names on magazine subscription lists. White traveled to Peru frequently, the prosecution established, though he says the trips were innocent and concerned unspecified "mining interests". On receiving the package, White visited a storage locker containing 20 pounds of mannitol, used as a laxative or a cutting agent; White does not suffer constipation of that severity, leaving the sinister inference. Cocaine base is processed before consumption; this requires ether and hydrochloric acid. White and his brother had purchased these chemicals in quantity, under assumed names, a few years earlier. Witnesses reported smelling the fumes of these chemicals from what may have been a processing operation under White's control. Although this evidence affords only circumstantial proof that White knew the contents of the envelope from Peru, it is sufficient to support the inference the district judge drew.
If so, White contends, this shows only that the evidence concerning the purchases and use of ether and hydrochloric acid should not have been admitted in evidence. Such bad-act evidence may not be admitted to show character, Fed.R.Evid. 404(b), which is how the prosecution used it here, White believes. See United States v. Beasley, 809 F.2d 1273 (7th Cir. 1987). The district court believed, however, that the evidence had been used to show White's knowledge of the contents of the packages, a permissible use. Because the judge as trier of fact was in the ideal position to know the purpose for which the evidence was used, we are most reluctant to say that he abused his discretion in admitting it. Ether and hydrochloric acid are not contraband or even regulated; neither is having an open window through which a fan blows their fumes. Yet such deeds may reflect on a person's knowledge about the contents of a package that is useful only to those who can get (and know what to do with) ether and hydrochloric acid. Judge Marovich was entitled to use the evidence as he did. Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681, 108 S.Ct. 1496, 99 L.Ed.2d 771 (1988).
An indictment charged Michael Roe with three drug offenses. Count I alleged that during January to May 1986 Roe was a member of a conspiracy transporting cocaine from Florida to Wisconsin; Roe twice served as courier, for which he received small quantities of the drug. Count II charged that on May 18, 1988, Roe sold one ounce of cocaine. Count III charged that on June 30, 1988, Roe used the telephone to plan a sale of cocaine (the deal fell through).
Roe and the prosecutor signed an agreement under which Roe would plead guilty to Count II and cooperate with the prosecution of other cases; the United States Attorney pledged to dismiss the other counts. This agreement stated: "The cocaine involved in Count II weighed 27.778 grams. The United States and the defendant stipulate and agree that the charges in Counts I and III will not be included in the sentencing guidelines computation."
The parties presented this agreement to Chief Judge Crabb, who deferred accepting it until receiving the presentence report. After reading the report, she informed Roe that the Guidelines did not permit a stipulation excluding consideration of related illegal acts. See Ykema, 887 F.2d at 699. She therefore accepted the plea "conditionally" — equivalent to rejecting the proposed plea agreement, see Fed.R.Crim.P. 11(e)(4), while accepting the plea — explained how she proposed to compute the sentence and its anticipated total (33 months), and told Roe that he could withdraw his plea and proceed to trial. After considering the subject overnight, Roe reiterated his plea of guilty to Count II, this time without benefit of the stipulation.
Chief Judge Crabb then imposed sentence. She added the one ounce on Count II, the four ounces Roe had discussed selling (the basis of Count III), and the portions of the amounts in the Count I conspiracy that she deemed "fairly attributable" to Roe — apparently the amount he carried, which counsel said was less than two pounds. This yielded a total between 0.5 and 1.9 kilograms, with a base offense score of 26 and a sentencing range of 63-78 months. Judge Crabb granted Roe a two-level reduction for accepting responsibility, Guidelines § 3E1.1(a), and an additional two-level reduction for his minor role in the Count I conspiracy, § 3B1.2(b). This produced an adjusted offense level of 22, from which the judge departed downward by two more levels because of Roe's substantial cooperation with the prosecution. Level 20 meant a range of 33-41 months, and the judge imposed a sentence of 33 months, the bottom of the range. Had the court considered only the 28 grams covered by Count II, the base offense score would have been 14 and the sentencing range 15-21 months. In explaining why she included amounts attributable to Counts I and III, the judge did not quote or analyze the language of the Guidelines. She said, however, that inclusion "was the appropriate view of the total offense behavior."
These and other Sentencing Guideline cases require a close analysis of the evidence presented to the district court and the reasons the judge gives in support of the sentence. Every sentence under the Guidelines must be supported by reasons. "The court, at the time of sentencing, shall state in open court the reasons for its imposition of the particular sentence". 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c). "Reasons" means something more than conclusions — a distinction important not only to the defendant whose future is at stake but also to the appellate process, for once the judge passes on contested issues of fact, and application of law to fact, our review is deferential. 18 U.S.C. § 3742(e), as amended and renumbered by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, Pub.L. 100-690; United States v. Wright, 873 F.2d 437, 443-44 (1st Cir. 1989) (Breyer, J.); United States v. Mejia-Orosco, 868 F.2d 807 (5th Cir. 1989).
The dominant role of the sentencing judge's findings and reasons means that we need ready access to them. Seventh Circuit Rule 30(a) requires the appellant to "submit, bound with the main brief, an appendix containing the judgment under review and any opinion, memorandum of decision, findings of fact and conclusions of law, or oral statement of reasons delivered by the trial court . . . upon the rendering of that judgment" (emphasis added). Rule 30(a) thus requires counsel to attach to the brief the "reasons" that § 3553(c) obliges the judge to state, together with any findings of fact and conclusions of law that support these reasons.
Circuit Rule 30(c) requires counsel for any appellant to certify that the brief contains the materials specified in Circuit Rule 30(a). Although counsel for White and Roe made the necessary certificate, neither brief contains the judge's statement of reasons for the selection of sentence. The United States, which filed a brief as appellant when challenging White's sentence, did not even make the required certificate; the Clerk's Office should have rejected this brief. Being an appellee on one aspect of the case (as the United States is on White's appeal) does not eliminate the need to perform an appellant's duties. The deficiencies in these two cases are not unusual; fewer than half of the appellants in recent cases under the Guidelines have furnished the materials for which Rule 30(a) calls.
Because none of the three appellants supplied the district judges' statements of reasons, either attached to the brief or in a separate appendix, we scrounged the record for them independently. We hope we have found them all. Because sentencing proceedings may be lengthy and spread over several appearances (as Roe's was), counsel's aid in collecting the district court's reasons is especially important. (It would help, too, if district judges marshall their findings and reasons in sentencing cases in the same way they do when making oral findings and conclusions under Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a).) Briefs must contain these statements of reasons. Although we understand the difficulties counsel face if the district judges' explanations are scattered through transcript, this is no excuse for failure even to try to present the necessary materials. False certificates and missing explanations are adequate reasons summarily to affirm the judgments without attempting to reconstruct the missing materials. See Teitelbaum v. Curtis Publishing Co., 314 F.2d 94 (7th Cir. 1963); Sparrow v. Yellow Cab Co., 273 F.2d 1 (7th Cir. 1959).
II A
Before the Guidelines, judges routinely took related bad acts into account when imposing sentence. Practices differed from judge to judge, however, and the Sentencing Commission tried to provide standards for considering such circumstances as part of the program of uniform sentences for similar conduct. Although it is simple to tell the judge to consider all conduct for which the defendant has been convicted, it is harder to determine how convictions should be combined (is one sale of 2 kilograms of cocaine to be treated the same as two sales of a kilogram each? twice as severely as two sales of 500 grams?), and harder still to decide how to treat conduct of which the defendant was not convicted. If the Guidelines require the court to take all criminal activity into account — a program of "real offense sentencing" — it may be necessary to engage in extensive fact-finding, an inquisition into the defendant's life, even though the charge is simple. If on the other hand the Guidelines require the court to consider only the precise activity of which the defendant stands convicted — a program of "charge offense sentencing" — identically situated persons will receive very different sentences depending on the prosecutor's decisions.
The Sentencing Commission struck a compromise. See Policy Statement 4(a) (United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual 1.5-1.6 (October 1987)); Stephen Breyer, The Federal Sentencing Guidelines and the Key Compromises Upon Which They Rest, 17 Hofstra L.Rev. 1, 8-12, 25-28 (1988). In the main, the Guidelines base the sentence on the charges of which the defendant has been convicted. See United States v. Missick, 875 F.2d 1294, 1302 (7th Cir. 1989). If the defendant is convicted on multiple related charges, these are treated as one offense, Guidelines § 3D1.2; if the defendant is convicted on unrelated charges, each group of related counts leads to additional punishment, but each additional group receives a lesser weight than the last, § 3D1.4. If the defendant has committed criminal acts that do not lead to convictions, these may be taken into account in choosing a sentence within the range otherwise appropriate, § 1B1.4. This charge-offense approach has an important exception:
[S]olely with respect to offenses of a character for which § 3D1.2(d) would require grouping of multiple counts, all such acts and omissions that were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction [shall be considered].
Guidelines § 1B1.3(a)(2). Section 3D1.2(d) in turn provides that
[c]ounts are grouped together if the offense level is determined largely on the basis of the total amount of harm or loss, the quantity of a substance involved, or some other measure of aggregate harm, or if the offense behavior is ongoing or continuous in nature and the offense guideline is written to cover such behavior.
Putting § 1B1.3(a)(2) together with § 3D1.2(d) produces the conclusion that when the Guidelines provide tables that cumulate the amount sold or stolen, any acts that "were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction" should be included in the computation of the amount on which the offense level depends, whether or not the defendant was convicted of selling or stealing these additional amounts. This is the holding of Williams, Taplette, Ykema, Allen, and Scroggins.
Restrepo came to a different conclusion because § 1B1.3(a)(2) points to a provision ( § 3D1.2) that deals with the cumulation of convictions. Reading § 1B1.3(a)(2) as covering only "offenses . . . for which § 3D1.2(d) would require grouping", the Ninth Circuit invoked the "plan meaning" rule. Section 3D1.2(d) never "requires", or even allows, grouping unless the defendant has been convicted. It added that even if § 1B1.3(a)(2) made § 3D1.2(d) ambiguous, the "rule of lenity" would interdict reliance on conduct not supporting a conviction.
Section 1B1.3(a)(2) has a "plain meaning", but not the one Restrepo ascribed to it. It calls for inclusion of amounts in "offenses of a character for which § 3D1.2(d) would require grouping" (emphasis added). The subjunctive ("would") indicates a contrary-to-fact condition. When offenses are "of a character" described in § 3D1.2(d) — that is, when the base offense score depends on the quantity sold, stolen, etc. — and when these offenses "would" be grouped in the event of conviction, then the amounts are added whether or not there has been a conviction. Any doubt left by the text is resolved by Application Note 2, specifying that "multiple convictions are not required." The Sentencing Commission's application notes are contemporaneous explanations of the Guidelines by their authors, entitled to substantial weight. United States v. Pinto, 875 F.2d 143, 144 (7th Cir. 1989).
The "Background" information supplied by the Commission at Guidelines Manual 1.19 (Jan. 1988) reiterates the point. "The distinction is made on the basis of § 3D1.2(d), which provides for grouping . . . all counts charging offenses of a type covered by this subsection. However, the applicability of subsection (a)(2) does not depend upon whether multiple counts are alleged." The Commission then offers a reason for departing from charge-offense sentencing: crimes "often involve a pattern of misconduct that cannot readily be broken into discrete, identifiable units that are meaningful for purposes of sentencing." Indeed so. Embezzlers may filch $200 per day or drug dealers sell 30 grams per day; the number of counts into which the offense is broken (and how many of them the prosecutor elects to charge and press) have almost nothing to do with the seriousness of the offense, which depends on total quantity. To treat likes alike, the Commission sums up repeated sales. Anything else allows what is fundamentally the same conduct to get very different treatment according to how the offense is parcelled among counts, an essentially arbitrary choice. Yet the Commission recognized that the goal of equivalence could not be pressed too far without embroiling the courts in studies of defendants' entire lives. Thus the limit in § 1B1.3(a)(2) to transactions that "were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction".
The rule of lenity is a tie-breaker when there is an otherwise-unresolved ambiguity. It therefore does not come into play here. We doubt that it has much role to play in interpreting the Guidelines. Although the rule may be useful in understanding statutory minimum and maximum penalties as well as in defining the elements of offenses, Bifulco v. United States, 447 U.S. 381, 387, 100 S.Ct. 2247, 2252, 65 L.Ed.2d 205 (1980), the Guidelines set neither maximum nor minimum penalties. They structure and confine the ways in which judges exercise discretion in sentencing, but circumstances may call for departures. So far judges have been imposing sentences within the ranges in 82% of the cases and departing in the other 18%. Sentencing Commission, 1988 Annual Report 37-38 (1989). Before the Guidelines, judges routinely took into account other bad acts of which the defendants had not been convicted. The use they made of this information was all but unreviewable on appeal. Defendants had no expectations about the degree to which this information would enter the lists against them and could not have invoked the rule of lenity to prevent its use. The Guidelines make more uniform among defendants and sentencers a use that has been customary for many generations of judges. We are not at risk of imposing penalties greater than Congress authorized, or of inducing the ultracautious to abstain from lawful activities that might be confused with the subjects of the statute; we are not worried about the adequacy of notice. The "purposes underlying the rule of lenity [are] to promote fair notice to those subject to the criminal laws, to minimize the risk of selective or arbitrary enforcement, and to maintain the proper balance between Congress, prosecutors, and courts". United States v. Kozminski, ___ U.S. ___, 108 S.Ct. 2751, 2764, 101 L.Ed.2d 788 (1988). As none of these is in play, the rule does not apply.
Judge Marovich sentenced White within the level 16 range because he believed that only the drug included within the offense of conviction should be counted. Guidelines § 1B1.3(a)(2), which for reasons just given calls for the inclusion of amounts not covered by any conviction, requires the judge to add all quantities that "were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction". White's "course of conduct" was receiving a package of cocaine base — presumably after ordering and paying for it. Although as the district judge emphasized White received only 1.88 grams, that was fortuitous. Had the packages slipped by the Customs Service, white would have received 302 grams; had the DEA decided to make a controlled delivery of the original packages instead of removing most of the drug, the same 302 grams would have arrived. The nature and seriousness of White's conduct is the same no matter how much of the cocaine the DEA took out.
A case such as this illustrates a function of § 1B1.3(a)(2). It would perpetuate irrational distinctions in sentencing to make the difference between 33 months (the maximum sentence for a level 18 offense) and 151 months (the minimum sentence for a level 34 offense) depend on the DEA's decision to drain most of the cocaine from the packages bound for White. If the DEA had added an extra 200 grams to the original 302, this would not bump White's offense up in seriousness; why should the decision to remove cocaine reduce it? If investigatory agencies can secure higher sentences by allowing drugs to be delivered despite detection, they will be tempted to do this, creating a risk that larger flows will reach consumers if the "controlled delivery" becomes uncontrolled and the drugs disappear.
White embarked on a single "course of conduct": ordering and receiving a shipment of cocaine base. The amount in the packages when they entered the country is the total that must go into the base offense level under § 1B1.3(a)(2). Although the district judge emphasized that White's crime was possessing 1.88 grams, the seriousness of this particular crime, and therefore the appropriate sentence, depends on the original quantity. To base the sentence on the larger amount is not to punish White for a crime he didn't commit; it is to use consistent criteria to choose the sentence for the crime he did commit. Scroggins, 880 F.2d at 1212-13.
White has two potential ways out. First, he argues that Judge Marovich acquitted him of possessing any amount greater than 1.88 grams — either when finding that he possessed only 1.88 grams or when entering an acquittal on the conspiracy charge. Second, White observes that any amounts greater than 1.88 grams are at best an attempt to obtain possession. Having failed to procure the drug, he should not be sentenced as if he had succeeded.
These are two variations on a theme. Questions of knowledge to one side, there were no factual disputes at White's trial. The parties agreed that the packages originally contained 302 grams of cocaine base. Judge Marovich acquitted White of conspiracy not because the package as delivered contained 1.88 grams rather than 157 or 302, but because the prosecutor did not establish the identity of any other conspirator. He found that White possessed 1.88 grams because that is all the DEA let him receive. Because there is no general federal offense of attempt, White's efforts to get 302 rather than 2 grams were not a separate crime.
Had the judge found, expressly or implicitly, that the prosecutor failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the packages contained 302 grams at the border, we would have a difficult case. Differences in the burden of persuasion might allow a court to include drugs in a sentencing computation if persuaded that the prosecutor established the defendant's connection to them by a preponderance of the evidence even though not beyond a reasonable doubt. The Guidelines' standard for resolving disputes is a preponderance of the evidence, not reasonable doubt. Wright, 873 F.2d at 441-44. Cf. United States v. One Assortment of 89 Firearms, 465 U.S. 354, 104 S.Ct. 1099, 79 L.Ed.2d 361 (1984) (civil forfeiture is proper despite earlier acquittal); Jones v. Thieret, 846 F.2d 457 (7th Cir. 1988) (the Constitution does not establish the prosecutor's burden in sentencing). Several courts of appeals, including ours, have allowed district judges to augment sentences after concluding that the defendants really did things of which they had been acquitted. United States v. Cardi, 519 F.2d 309, 314 n. 3 (7th Cir. 1975); see also United States v. Bernard, 757 F.2d 1439, 1444 (4th Cir. 1985) (collecting cases); cf. United States v. Dowling, 855 F.2d 114 (3d Cir. 1989) (prosecution may use as substantive evidence under Fed.R.Evid. 404 offenses of which the defendant has been acquitted), cert. granted, ___ U.S. ___, 109 S.Ct. 1309, 103 L.Ed.2d 579 (1989). On the other hand, it might make sense to treat an acquittal as a bar in order to avoid both nice questions of proof and the appearance of inconsistency. Because the court did not find, directly or as an implication of the acquittal on the conspiracy charge, that the packages originally contained less than 150 grams of cocaine base (the minimum for level 34), the problem does not arise in White's case. We would need to resolve it if the prosecutor had appealed with respect to the two-point enhancement for possessing a gun during the commission of the offense, despite the acquittal on the charge under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), see United States v. Juarez-Ortega, 866 F.2d 747, 748-49 (5th Cir. 1989), but the Solicitor General's decision to confine the scope of the appeal makes the subject moot.
Although everyone concedes that White did not succeed in obtaining the 302 grams, that amount must be included because Guidelines § 2D1.4(a) provides that when the defendant is convicted of "an attempt to commit any offense involving a controlled substance, the offense level shall be the same as if the object of the . . . attempt had been completed." As Judge Marovich found the facts, White tried to obtain 302 grams of cocaine base but succeeded in possessing only 1.88 grams. The whole amount therefore counts. Although White might have responded that § 2D1.4(a) may not be used in this fashion because it refers to convictions for attempt, while he was not convicted of anything beyond the 1.88 grams, this would be functionally the same argument as the Ninth Circuit's in Restrepo that because § 1B1.3(a)(2) refers to a rule ( § 3D1.2) about grouping convictions, only the amounts in convictions may be aggregated. The Guidelines treat success and failure, conviction and no conviction, alike in drug cases, so long as the amounts are ascertainable. Because § 1B1.3(a)(2) calls for consideration of "all such acts and omissions that were part of the same course of conduct", and because there is no basis for saying that the 1.88 grams White obtained were part of a course of conduct or scheme different from the 300 grams the DEA extracted, the sentence must be vacated and the case remanded so that the court may impose a new sentence starting from a base offense level of 34.
Having held that § 1B1.3(a)(2) receives the scope its language portends, we must be equally scrupulous to ensure that it receives no more than that. The Sentencing Commission rejected real-offense sentencing in favor of a charge-offense approach modified in quantity-based crimes to include amounts that "were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction". Sentence must be based on the sales that were part of one "common scheme or plan" (such as a single conspiracy) or a single "course of conduct" (the unilateral equivalent to the conspiracy). Offenses of the same kind, but not encompassed in the same course of conduct or plan, are excluded.
Roe was charged with participating in a conspiracy lasting between January and May 1986, with selling one ounce of cocaine to an informant in May 1988, and with discussing a further sale of four ounces to the same informant in June. Under the indictment's own terms, the conspiracy of 1986 was not "the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense" of selling cocaine in 1988. Roe's sources of cocaine in 1988 were not the conspirators of 1986, and his customer also differed. Chief Judge Crabb did not find that the offenses were related in any way other than by the nature of the drug. The one-ounce sale and the contemplated four-ounce deal may well have been part of a single course of conduct. Roe told the informant that he had five ounces of cocaine for sale; the informant bought one ounce and later tried to purchase the other four but apparently was outbid. Although § 1B1.3(a)(2) requires the aggregation of these two amounts if they were related as the evidence suggests, the district judge did not make the necessary finding.
The prosecutor does not contend that the 1986 conspiracy and the 1988 sales were part of a single scheme or course of conduct. Nonetheless, according to the prosecutor, all should be included because they are "of the same or similar character", Fed.R.Crim.P. 8(a), and therefore were properly joined in the same indictment. Rule 8(a) serves functions other than sentencing, and to use it as the basis of aggregation would be to choose a stripe of real-offense sentencing that the Sentencing Commission rejected. The Guidelines ask judges to seek a common thread to identify a single "real offense" and then stop. Rule 8(a) asks a totally different question, concerning degrees of confusion or prejudice if there should be a joint trial. The Guidelines do not refer to Rule 8(a); although the "common scheme or plan" language of § 1B1.3(a)(2) may be found in Rule 8(a), the "same course of conduct" language is the Sentencing Commission's invention, different words to serve a different function. Guidelines § 3D1.2(d) requires grouping of all drug offenses; § 1B1.3(a)(2) calls for inclusion of amounts on which there has been no conviction only if § 3D1.2(d) would require grouping and the transactions are part of one plan or course of conduct. The United States Attorney's approach would delete that second requirement from § 1B1.3(a)(2).
We wonder why the prosecutor should want a rule that requires addition even in the absence of a single course of conduct. That would require much leg-work and fact-finding, and it would deprive the government of an important concession used in plea bargaining, one it found advantageous in this very case. No matter; the Sentencing Commission, not the prosecutor, has made the fundamental choice, and in consequence the amounts involved in the 1986 conspiracy may not be used as the basis of a sentence on the 1988 sale. Whether the two 1988 transactions should be aggregated is a question open for decision on remand under the standards we have articulated.
The sentence in Roe's case (No. 89-1745) is vacated, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. The conviction in White's case (No. 89-1313) is affirmed, and the sentence (No. 89-1487) is vacated and the case remanded with instructions to impose a new sentence starting from a base offense score of 34.
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In White we specifically declined to follow the Ninth Circuit's decision in United States v. Restrepo, 883 F.2d 781 (9th Cir. 1989), withdrawn, 896 F.2d 1228 (9th Cir. 1990), which held that only conduct resulting in a criminal conviction may be considered in determining the offense level under the Multiple Counts section of the Guidelines.
Summary of this case from U.S. v. Pollard
In United States v. White, 888 F.2d 490 (7th Cir. 1989), the defendant attempted to obtain two packages containing 302 grams of cocaine base but succeeded in possessing only 1.88 grams because the government removed the other grams from the containers and replaced them with sugar.
Summary of this case from U.S. v. Leiva
In United States v. White, 888 F.2d 490, 493 (7th Cir. 1989), we held that Guidelines §§ 1B1.3(a)(2) and 3D1.2(d) "provide for cumulation of amounts of drugs from any acts that `were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction,' whether or not the defendant was convicted of possession or distribution of these additional amounts."
Summary of this case from U.S. v. Baldwin
In White, we determined that under the Guidelines, drugs, although not included in the offense for which a defendant was convicted, were to be included in the amount used to compute the base offense score.
Summary of this case from U.S. v. Atterson
indicating the substantial deference owed to the commentary's explanations of the Sentencing Guidelines
Summary of this case from United States v. Eske
In White, the defendant argued that his sentence should have been based upon the trace amount, or representative sample, used for purposes of a controlled delivery, rather than the total amount of cocaine originally in the package intercepted by customs officials.
Summary of this case from United States v. Rey
interpreting guidelines section 1B1.3
Summary of this case from U.S. v. Heilprin
In United States v. White, 888 F.2d 490 (7th Cir. 1989), we joined the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Eleventh Circuits in holding that in order to determine the offense level for a drug offense, §§ 1B1.3(a)(2) and 3D1.2(d) of the Guidelines allow a court to aggregate the amounts of drugs from any acts that "were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction" whether or not the defendant was charged or convicted of possessing or distributing these additional amounts.
Summary of this case from U.S. v. Franklin
interpreting Guidelines §§ 1B1.3 and 3D1.2
equating "common scheme or plan" with "single conspiracy"
Summary of this case from U.S. v. Woolford
interpreting Guidelines sections 1B1.3 and 3D1.2
Summary of this case from U.S. v. Salva
In White this Circuit joined the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Eleventh Circuits in holding that Sections 1B1.3(a)(2) and 3D1.2(d) of the Guidelines provide for cumulation of amounts of drugs from any acts that "were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction," whether or not the defendant was convicted of possession or distribution of these additional amounts.
Summary of this case from U.S. v. Vopravil
directing district courts to identify distinctive similarities between the offense of conviction and conduct sought to be included as relevant conduct
Summary of this case from U.S. v. Schaefer, (S.D.Ind. 2002)
In White, although there were no ex post facto concerns, the court held that drug quantities that were not part of the count of conviction but were part of the same course of conduct as the offense of conviction must be included as relevant conduct.
Summary of this case from U.S. v. Tucker
In U.S. v. White, 888 F.2d 490 (7th Cir. 1989), the Seventh Circuit's latest pronouncement on this issue, the court did postulate that "it might make sense to treat an acquittal as a bar to avoid both nice questions of proof and the appearance of inconsistency."
Summary of this case from U.S. v. Bertucci


W005MG JGD Miniature single phase glass passivated bridge rectifier. Max recurrent peak reverse voltage 50 V. Max average forward rectified current 1.5 A.
KBU810G JGD Single phase 8.0 A glass passivated bridge rectifier. Max recurrent peak reverse voltage 1000V.
SR104 JGD Schottky barrier rectifier. Max recurrent peak reverse voltage 40 V. Max average forward current 1.0 A.
3EZ43D3 JGD 3 W, silicon zener diode. Nominal voltage 43 V, current 17 mA, +-3% tolerance.
1N957A JGD 0.5W, silicon zener diode. Zener voltage 6.8V. Test current 18.5mA. +-10% tolerance.
1N4752C JGD 1W zener diode. Nominal zener voltage 33V. 2% tolerance.
1N5940B JGD 1.5 W, silicon zener diode. Zener voltage 43V. Test current 8.7 mA. +-5% tolerance.
SMAJ13C JGD 400 W peak pulse power. Surface mount transient voltage suppressor. Working peak reverse voltage 13 V. Bidirectional.
1N958C JGD 0.5W, silicon zener diode. Zener voltage 7.5V. Test current 16.5mA. +-2% tolerance.
KBU808 JGD Single phase 8.0 A silicon bridge rectifier. Max recurrent peak reverse voltage 800V.
1N5536 JGD 0.4 W, low voltage avalanche diode. Nominal zener voltage 16.0 V. Test current 1.0 mAdc. +-20% tolerance.
SMBJ7.5A JGD Surface mount transient voltage suppressor. Breakdown voltage 8.33 V (min), 9.21 V (max). Test current 1.0 mA.
1EZ120D5 JGD 1 watt silicon zener diode. Nominal zener voltage 120V at 2.0mA.
SMBJ5944 JGD 1.5W silicon surface mount zener diode. Zener voltage 62 V. Test current 6.0 mA. +-20% tolerance.
HER105G JGD 1.0A, glass passivated high efficiency rectifier. Max recurrent peak reverse voltage 400V.
SMAJ120C JGD 400 W peak pulse power. Surface mount transient voltage suppressor. Working peak reverse voltage 120 V. Bidirectional.
SMBJ5929D JGD 1.5W silicon surface mount zener diode. Zener voltage 15 V. Test current 25.0 mA. +-1% tolerance.
S2M JGD Surface mount rectifier. Max recurrent peak reverse voltage 1000 V. Max average forward rectified current 1.5 A.
1N5929D JGD 1.5 W, silicon zener diode. Zener voltage 15V. Test current 25 mA. +-1% tolerance.
SMAJ28C JGD 400 W peak pulse power. Surface mount transient voltage suppressor. Working peak reverse voltage 28 V. Bidirectional.
3EZ17D5 JGD 3 W, silicon zener diode. Nominal voltage 17 V, current 44 mA, +-5% tolerance.
SMBJ5941B JGD 1.5W silicon surface mount zener diode. Zener voltage 47 V. Test current 8.0 mA. +-5% tolerance.
1N4617 JGD 500mW low noise silicon zener diode. Nominal zener voltage 2.4V.
1N4742C JGD 1W zener diode. Nominal zener voltage 12V. 2% tolerance.
P6KE250C JGD 400 Watt peak power. Transient voltage suppressor diode. Nominal voltage 250 V. Bidirectional.
SF33G JGD Glass passivated super fast rectifier. Max recurrent peak reverse voltage 150 V. Max average forward current 3.0 A.
ZMM5234D JGD Surface mount zener diode. Nominal zener voltage 6.2 V. Test current 20 mA. +-20% tolerance.


text:
December 2020 – Employee of the Month
Junior Football Update & Kit Collection
Members Guests & Reciprocal Members now welcome!
NOVEMBER EMPLOYEE OF THE MONTH – GETRUDE
YOU CAN NOW LEAVE TIPS WITH YOUR MEMBERSHIP CARD
JUNIOR FOOTBALL COACHES WANTED!
Junior Sport & Tekkers Returns
Christmas Box Appeal – Donate now!
MANOS Festive Menus
Festive Calendar 2020
Long Term Guests
Televised Sport
Special offers from our Sponsors
Senior Rugby Presentation
1st XV Squad
Senior Gaelic
Junior Gaelic
Senior Netball
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Junior Football Academies
Senior Cricket
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SPORTS AND CLASSES TIMETABLES
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Manos Restaurant
Our Club Exposure
Why Become a Sponsor?
BRFC Kit Shop
Bahrain Rugby Football Club
Bahrain RFC's Executive Committee is elected for four-year terms in line with Bahraini Government requirements. It consists of a Chairman and seven elected Executive Committee Members plus two appointed Executive Members, who are annually appointed from within the Club's Rugby and Sports fraternities.
MIKE CUNNINGHAM
Before joining BRFC, Mike played for Bahrain Golden Oldie's arch-rivals Al Khobar and also enjoyed a short spell in UAE playing for the Arabian Potbellies (aka Dubai Sharks). Mike has a history of playing at both senior and veteran level in competitions across the region and has a deep love for the game of Rugby.
Despite being brought up in the Rugby League heartland of Northern England, Mike has adapted with reasonable success to the game of Rugby Union. In similar fashion, Mike is adapting his experience of managing a power company to his role as Chairman of BRFC, but hopefully without the need of his legendary pink scrum cap.
BRUCE AITKEN
Our Vice-Chairman hails from Zimbabwe, Bruce has had a lifelong passion for rugby and all things Bokke. A member of the club, and Executive Committee, a voice of reason. For many years Bruce is always available to help and advise when required.
A focal point for the local South African Community, Bruce can often be seen corralling fellow SpringBokke supporters in front of one of the TV's whilst making sure everyone is happy and well taken care of, he is also the man behind our annual South Africa Day and Potjies Competition.
MARK BURNELL
Mark is the older son of longtime member Richard and, alongside his brother Paul, has graduated the Club's Junior Programs before representing the First XV.
A feisty lock Mark leads from the front with ruthless efficiency, skills which he has transferred into his opening stint on the Club's Executive Committee. Mark finds himself with every Rugby players dream being the committee's representative for the clubhouse and events allowing him to lead the club's social scene.
SANNE SMITH
Asst. General Secretary
A Danish woman with a passion for golf, Former Club Reception Head Sanne currently oversees the rather daunting Membership Portfolio for the Executive Committee. The Rugby Connection comes from her Welsh husband and talented son who have dragged her into a role she now excels in.
Sanne is also the Executive Committee's go-to lady for all things decorative turning a combination of a talent for interior and exterior design with a welcome woman's touch in the Rugby Clubs male-dominated world.
SAM GALE
One of the younger members of the Executive Sam answered the call when it went out to request a sound financial head to guide the club through what is rapidly becoming a transition from 'small club' to 'large business' mentalities.
As a result, much of Sam's work happens behind the scenes but has resulted in a considerable contribution to our ability to put together a large fighting fund to construct new facilities. A keen Cricketer Sam turns out for the clubs Cricket Team whenever possible.
Coach, Referee, Sports Committee Guru, and long time Executive Committee Member Andrew's main contributions are numerous off the field. That said stints as Senior Squad Manager, first XV stand in, Golden Oldies Vice Captain and Touch Rugby Organiser add an impressive playing contribution too.
Much to his wife Caroline's frustration the kids followed him in to the sport which has seen daughter Laura excel in the UK meaning an extended period gracing the fields and bars surrounding our grand old sport around the world. Look for Andrew and Caroline leading our Senior Teams International Cheer squad and providing us with much needed live scores and updates.
MIKE STAPLETON
Our President Mike 'Sheets' Stapleton has lived and breathed Bahrain Rugby Football Club for well over thirty years and has held previous positions on the Committee. He has graced the field in all of our representative sides, both regionally and as far afield as the infamous Hong Kong 7s. Few know better, what it takes to build a successful club culture in the region having co-coached a number of championship winning Bahrain sides.
Mike has also provided two talented sons for our first team – Shane and Ross who earnt the honour of representing the Arabian Gulf 7s and Arabian Gulf 15s teams respectively. A more rugby focused family you will be hard pressed to meet, as Mike continues to be integral to keeping the sport at the heart of BRFC.
TOM HAM
New father Tom is a product of the club's first endeavours into recruiting players from the UK to improve the senior rugby team. As a result, he has now represented BRFC for over a decade, working his way from the backline through to the forwards, with a stint as team captain.
As fatherhood, age and work commitments gradually restrict his playing days, Tom spends his time making sure that the club's administrative world is in order, which is a fair achievement for a lad who has found the world of Disaster Recovery & domesticity via the rugby fields of Coventry, Wales and Bahrain.
ADAM WALLACE
1st XV Representative
Senior Squad Captain Adam is another product of the club's willingness to bring players from the UK to bolster its squads. Adam is perhaps the club's leading success story as he has gone on to a tremendous career with RCSI, lead the first team resurgence and made a significant impact with the Mike Ballard Conquistadors on their overseas tours.
Adam helps bring sense to our administration and media whilst keeping a professional, watchful eye on all things sport related.
Our Silver Sponsors
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Thank you to all of our sponsors, who have trusted and supported us over the years. Each of you is part of our success.
Click here to discover more about our sponsorship opportunities.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


NEW YORK––Mayor Bill de Blasio today announced that the City is two years ahead of schedule to meet his OneNYC goal, which aims to award $16 billion to minority- and women-owned business enterprises (M/WBEs) by the end of Fiscal Year (FY) 2025. The City has awarded approximately $7.8 billion to M/WBEs since the goal was established in 2015 – $1.8 billion more than initial projections. As a result, the Mayor will increase his OneNYC goal to award $20 billion to M/WBEs by the end of FY 2025.
Today the Mayor also announced an increase in the loan cap on the City's Contract Financing Loan Fund, a program that allows M/WBEs and small businesses to access affordable loans. Currently, M/WBEs and small businesses have access to loans totaling $500,000. Beginning this summer, M/WBEs and small businesses will be able to access loans totaling up to $1 million per year at a low three-percent interest rate.
These two announcements come on the heels of the 2018 Disparity Study which analyzed the disparity between the availability of firms owned by minorities and women in the market area where the City does business and the utilization of those firms for procurements by City agencies.
Since the launch of the Contract Financing Loan Fund in March of 2017, the City has loaned more than $6 million to over 30 businesses, allowing these businesses to perform on over $37 million worth of work. Approximately 90-percent of these businesses are City-certified M/WBEs.
Increasing access to affordable loans for M/WBEs supports the Mayor's $20 billion M/WBE OneNYC goal, which is part of the City's broader OneNYC plan to become the most resilient, equitable, and sustainable city in the world. The increased loan limit will allow M/WBEs to perform on more City contracts, improving their ability to hire more workers and purchase materials as they ramp up to work on City projects.
These two announcements come on the heels of the 2018 Disparity Study which found a higher percentage of M/WBEs among businesses available to work with the City of New York compared to the 2012 Study. In 2012, when the previous Study was completed, the City found a 37-percent availability rate of M/WBEs within the City's market area. The 2018 Study has found an M/WBE availability rate of approximately 50-percent in the City's market area.
In a change from the previous Study, the 2018 Disparity Study supports the setting of participation goals for Asian-American businesses in Professional Services – one of the four industry classifications – and for Native-American businesses in all industry classifications, including professional services, construction services, standard services, and goods.
As of the end of quarter two of FY 2018, the City reached a 20-percent utilization of M/WBEs, meaning that M/WBEs were awarded 20-percent of the value of City contracts from July 1 2017-December 31, 2017. The City currently has a goal to award 30 percent of the value of City contracts to M/WBEs by end of FY2021, a goal the Disparity Study supports.
The City is continuing to certify available firms as per the Mayor's goal of City-certifying 9,000 M/WBEs by end of FY 2019. Currently, the City boasts nearly 6,000 certified M/WBEs in its Program, a roughly 50-percent increase since the beginning of the Administration.
The Administration is reviewing all findings and recommendations of the Study as it relates to the current City-wide M/WBE program.
The full Study and Executive Summary can be found here.
"I applaud Mayor de Blasio's increased goal to help city M/WBE's. When I led the Banking Committee in the Senate, I learned the struggles that M/WBE's across the City and State face when trying to obtain finances to grow in capacity. Anything we can do to assist the growth of these important businesses is welcomed," said State Senator Diane J. Savino.
"As a City, we must make investments to support minority- and women-owned business enterprises as they create jobs and equity within our communities as far too many are under-represented, under-resourced and significantly challenged by a lack of financial resources," said Assembly Member Michael Blake. "In The Bronx, we are committed to closing disparities between M/WBEs and other firms by focusing on the nuanced challenges M/WBEs face, providing them with greater access to capital, contracting opportunities, and counseling along with more efficient payment systems with local government. We're pleased to find the study underscored the growth of Asian-owned businesses and that M/WBEs were awarded 20 percent of contracts, but much more needs to be done to increase the amount of companies that are awarded and the sizes of the awards. Investing in M/WBEs will spur business growth, continue #BuildingABetterBronx, and will put the people first."
"M/WBEs are an integral part of our city's economy. I am pleased with the progress that the City has made towards its OneNYC goal as well as its expansion of affordable loans available to small businesses. Through this year's Disparity Study, we can also evaluate the work that still needs to be done so that all New Yorkers have access to economic and business opportunities. Prior to this year, on the City level, Asian Americans as a minority were limited from qualifying for the M/WBE program. Since this was not the case on the State level, there was a disconnect between the City's Disparity Studies and those conducted by the State. It is critical that we paint a clear picture of where resources are needed, and this wouldn't have been possible if Asian-Americans were continued to be left out. I commend the City for listening to these concerns over many discussions with my office, and I look forward to the implementation of these programs," said Assembly Member Yuh-Line Niou.
"Finding new and better ways to give more New Yorkers the opportunity to benefit from the vast resources the City spends on contracting is critical to making New York the fairest big city in America. Both facets of today's announcement are important steps in exactly that direction," said Council Member Robert Cornegy, Chair of the Task Force on M/WBEs and Chair of the Committee on Housing and Buildings.


text:
Amendment of the Criminal Law Act 1967
Amendment of the Criminal Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1967
Short title and extent
Bill 18
amend section 3 of the Criminal Law Act 1967 and section 3 of the Criminal
Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1967 in relation to the use of force in the
prevention of crime or in the defence of persons or property.
Be it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and
consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present
Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
The Criminal Law Act 1967 (c. 58) is amended as follows.
In section 3 (use of force in making arrest, etc.), after subsection (1), insert—
Where a person uses force in the prevention of crime or in the defence
of persons or property on another who is in any building or part of a
building having entered as a trespasser or is attempting so to enter, that
person shall not be guilty of any offence in respect of the use of that
force unless—
the degree of force used was grossly disproportionate, and
this was or ought to have been apparent to the person using
such force.
No prosecution shall be brought against a person subject to subsection
(1A) without the leave of the Attorney General.
(1C)
In this section 'building or part of a building' shall have the same
meaning as in section 9 of the Theft Act 1968 (c. 60) (burglary)."
The Criminal Law Act (Northern Ireland) (c. 18 (NI)) is amended as follows.
Bill 18 54/1
meaning as in section 9 of the Theft Act (Northern Ireland) (c. 16 (NI))
(burglary)."
This Act may be cited as the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2005.
The amendments made by this Act have the same extent as the provisions
thereby amended.
Revised 28 November 2005


text:
Q: Why is my java process using much more heap space than specified? I'm running a Java application on Solaris using the -Xmx256M switch. When I connect via JMX, the JVM tells me the application is using about 50Mb of heap, and correctly states the maximum heap size is around 250Mb.
However, Solaris is telling me a very different story. When running pmap, for example, I get:
 ~ > pmap -S 10124 | grep heap

0002C000    3920    3920 rwx--    [ heap ]
00400000  815104  815104 rwx--    [ heap ]

Showing an incredible 800Mb of memory being used for heap space.
ps confirms the memory usage:
ps -eo vsz,rss,pid,args | sort -n

939368 925576 10124 /apps/../java -Xmx256M xxxx

I've read https://plumbr.eu/blog/why-does-my-java-process-consume-more-memory-than-xmx, but the article describes JVM using memory other than heap (i.e. stack, native libraries and threads) - but in my case, the JVM is actually using much more heap than specified.
My java version is:
java version "1.6.0_31"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.6.0_31-b04)
Java HotSpot(TM) Server VM (build 20.6-b01, mixed mode)

To add to the mystery, I have other Java applications running on the same box, using the same JVM with the same settings, that behave perfectly fine. What makes this application "special" is that it connects to an external third party application (RET LBN, if that helps). It does not run any JNI or native code - so why is the third party library not respecting the JVM's startup parameters?
I'm at my wits end - any help or pointers will be greatly appreciated.

A: The Java heap is a block of memory that holds java objects.
"pmap" shows the Operating System process heap. This is the memory used to run the java process. This includes all the java code, plus all the C code that makes up the java run time environment.
To show the java heap try Memory tab of jconsole, or jmap or jstat.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


When millions of people across the country were excited to become part of the world's largest electoral exercise with the commencement of the seven-phase Lok Sabha elections on Thursday, Meerut resident Braj Mohan could not cherish the moment. He was bewildered to see his late father featuring in the voter list, but not him.
Several cases of dead voters featuring in the electoral rolls and names of active voters going missing cropped up during the polling in Meerut constituency, which is just 80 km from the national capital.
Braj Mohan had filed an application with the election authorities, urging them to remove the name of his father Murarilal, who died three years back, from the voter list.
"I had asked them to remove my father's name from the list. However, it is still there. What is more shocking is that they have deleted my name instead. I was shocked to see my name in the deleted list, and that too with different photograph," Braj Mohan told IANS.
Murarilal's voter identification number is UP/80/396/0450226.
In the same Sadanpuri area lived a woman named Shobha (Voter ID number CNR2561307), who died two years ago. But the election authorities still consider her to be an eligible voter.
Another resident of the area, Nand Kumar (24), said that Shobha's family members tried to delete her name from the voter list several times, but nothing has happened.
"There are many such cases in our area. Many people who are not alive have been named in the voter list," said Nand Kumar, who also found his name in the list of deleted voters. He said he had voted in the 2016 Assembly elections and was excited to cast his vote in the Lok Sabha polls.
Another voter, Shakil Rajput, said that not just him, but his entire family of four members found their names missing from the electoral rolls despite all of them being regular voters.
Ex-armyman Mohan Singh Bhandari came all the way from Delhi along with his wife to exercise their voting rights. But he never thought that his excitement would turn into anguish.
"I spent almost three hours going through the voter list to check my name. However, I could not find it. How can the names of regular voters go missing," asked Bhandari, who now works as a manager at a five-star hotel in Delhi.
The Lodhi family in Purva Ahiran area of the city has names of its three members in the list who are no more. Among them is Rajiv Lodhi (Voter ID no HDM2653228), who passed away over five years ago. The other two are Dalchand and Sanjay, both of whom died a year back.
Gangasharan, Mohanlal, Vinod Kumar, Rajendra, Heeradei and Mukesh Lodhi are among the other dead people from the area who still feature in the list as active voters.
"These names have been found in just one area. If a proper investigation is made into the matter, we are sure that hundreds of such ghost voters would surface," said Avadhesh Kumar, a property dealer.
Commenting on the blunders in the voter list, sitting BJP MP from Meerut Rajendra Agrawal said they could be due to "human error" or even "conspiracies by the workers".
"There is human error. But there can also be a conspiracy behind the entire episode as the numbers are big. Some workers can work as per their prejudices.
"It must be investigated and there must be a fool-proof arrangement in place from the next elections. Voting is a sacred, fundamental right and the Election Commission and the entire nation is bound to protect it," Agrawal said.
A polling officer from the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) alleged that out of around eight thousand voters in his ward, a number as high as 30-35 per cent were missing from the voter list.
In another booth in Takshila Public School in Shradhapuri, close to 500 names were missing.
However, a booth level officer (BLO) from Nateshpuram explained why many people's names were missing from the electoral rolls.
"For those who have voted before, there are different lists for 'sabhasad' (Municipal Corporation) and Assembly and Lok Sabha elections. They are thinking that if they make it to one list, the others will be updated automatically. But they have to get them remade.


text:
How to combat
Greedy Few
NewsStop China Pollution - News
China's top two steel producing cities to extend output curbs
BEIJING, April 1 (Reuters) - Steel mills in the two biggest steelmaking cities in China - Tangshan and Handan - will be required to continue production restrictions in the second quarter as part of local governments' efforts to improve air quality, multiple industry sources said.
Mills in the two cities will have to cut back the operations at about 20 percent of their blast furnaces under the restrictions for the April to June period, down from 30 percent for the restrictions during the November to March period, according to the five sources who spoke to Reuters on Friday and Saturday.
Industrial emissions are a major source of air pollution. Local governments in smog-prone northern China have ordered factories during the past two years to cut output during the Northern Hemisphere winter to meet air quality targets set by Beijing.
"We received oral notices from the local government to carry on production restrictions in the second quarter, but the enforcement will be more sophisticated," said one of the sources, an executive at a steel mill in Tangshan with output of 11 million tonnes per year.
Steel mills in Tangshan will be divided into three regions and each region will take turns curbing output, the executive said. A manager at another steel company in the city and an official from the Tangshan Iron & Steel Association confirmed the plan.
"Based on our calculation, the average production cuts would be around 20 percent throughout April to June," the executive said.
Two managers at steel companies in Handan also said they were told to continue to trim operations in the second quarter by at least 20 percent, but the restrictions will be removed after June.
The governments of Tangshan and Handan did not immediately respond to requests for comments.
Beijing has reiterated its determination to tackle air pollution despite increasing economic downturn pressure.
However, a Reuters study of official data found a majority of 39 northern Chinese cities, including Tangshan and Handan, have failed to meet anti-pollution targets during the winter cuts.
"Local officials often show up at our mills to check if we are complying with the curbs...We can tell they are under huge pressure," said a manager in charge of emission monitoring at a steel company in Tangshan.
Public health warning for Hong Kong as Air Quality Health Index reaches 'serious' category, the highest pollution level in city
Pollution levels reached high alert in Hong Kong after the government warned of a serious risk to public health and advised members of the public to reduce or avoid physical exertion to a minimum. Levels of ozone and particulates are higher than normal. The health risk is very high for children, the elderly and people with existing heart or respiratory illnesses.
Source: South China Morning Post
By cutting ozone pollution now, China could save 330,000 lives by 2050
Results have shown that if China takes strong measures now to reduce its ozone pollution, it could save hundreds of thousands of lives according to a new study led by Columbia University. The article states that Air pollution is a major issue in China and is a serious health risk. Research has shown that in 2015 pollution has caused 67,000 premature deaths however, a new study, published today in Environmental Research Letters, finds that the situation could become quite a bit worse in the future.
Source: Science Daily
Young people who live in cities may have billions of toxic air pollution particles in their hearts
According to the World Health Organisation, 90% of the world's population live with toxic air pollution. The issue has been declares as a 'global health emergency'. China has been referenced alongside India, which have some of the world's most polluted cities. China has long faced some of the worst air pollution in the world, blamed on its reliance of coal for energy and factory production, as well as a surplus of older, less efficient cars on its roads. Inadequate controls on industry and lax enforcement of standards have worsened the pollution problem.
Source: Desert News
Stop China Pollution team © 2019


text:
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Charts

Requirements

Cyclops uses Chartist.js for displaying simple, responsive charts. To display a chart, include the Chartist script file.

<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/chartist.js/latest/chartist.min.js"></script>

    Then use either the cyclops jQuery function or the knockout binding to create your chart. The
    knockout binding uses the jQuery function under the covers and thus shares all the same options,
    chart API documentation.

// jQuery
$('.myChart').chart({type: 'Line', data: data, chartOptions: {}})

<!-- knockout binding -->
<div class="myChart" data-bind="chart:{ type: 'Line', data: data, chartOptions: {} }"></div>

{{> charts/interactive }}
{{> charts/lineChart }}
{{> charts/barChart }}
{{> charts/pieChart }}

Aspect Ratio

In order for a chart element to scale properly and be responsive, apply an aspect ratio (e.g. 4:3, 3:2, 16:9 etc.) rather than specifying a fixed width and height. Specify the ratio directly on the container without the need to calculate any fixed dimensions. In order to create a chart that is using the aspect ratio of a golden section you can  add the .ct-golden-section to the container where chart is initialized.

          class name

          ratio

.ct-square	1

.ct-minor-second	15:16

.ct-major-second	8:9

.ct-minor-third	5:6

.ct-major-third	4:5

.ct-perfect-fourth	3:4

.ct-perfect-fifth	2:3

.ct-minor-sixth	5:8

.ct-golden-section	1:1.618

.ct-major-sixth	3:5

.ct-minor-seventh	9:16

.ct-major-seventh	8:15

.ct-octave	1:2

.ct-major-tenth	2:5

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.ct-major-twelfth	1:3

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Якуб Усеинович Усеинов () — советский архитектор. Первый архитектор Пензы (1946—1952). Член Союза архитекторов СССР (1937).

Биография
Родился 29 декабря 1895 года в деревне Коуш. Оставшись сиротой, воспитывался в семье учителя Исмаила Ариф Мемет-Оглу из деревни Дерекой.

Окончил школу в Ялте. Во время Новой экономической политики заведовал рестораном на ялтинской набережной.

В 1930 году поступил в Московский архитектурный институт, где учился у Алексея Щусева, братьев Весниных и Ивана Жолтовского. Его одногрупником был другой крымскотатарский архитектор Садык Нагаев.

Окончив институт в 1935 году Усеинов, переехал в Симферополь, где стал сотрудником Крымгоспроекта в мастерской архитектора Вебера. Делегат от Крыма на Первом Всесоюзном съезде советских архитекторов в Москве. С 1938 по 1941 год — председатель Крымского отделения Союза архитекторов СССР.

Усеинов — автор проектов жилых и общественных зданий на улице Франко в Симферополе и других городах полуострова. Занимался разработкой проекта крымскотатарского театра, который в итоге не был реализован. Совместно с К. Галевым был автором памятника на братской могиле членов правительства Республики Тавриды в Алуште, открытом в 1940 году. Входил в состав комиссий по возведению памятника Героям Перекопа 1920 года (1940 год), по углублённому обследованию Бахчисарайского музея (1937 год), по согласованию эскизного проекта лёгкого корпуса санатория «Красное Знамя» в Ялте (1938 год).

После начала Великой Отечественной войны как доброволец ушёл на фронт. Являлся командиром сапёрного батальона. Во время Будапештской операции 1944 года получил ранение, после которой он был комиссован и отправился в Москву, где проживала его супруга.

12 февраля 1946 года Усеинов стал главным архитектором Пензы, став первым на этой должности. В Пензе после войны имелся ряд проблем: дефицит жилья, отсутствие водопровода и канализации, нехватка электричества, малое количество замощённых дорог. В штате Усеинова работала пять сотрудников. Под его руководством была проведена реконструкция заводов «САМ», компрессорный, пивной, 2-й арматурный, «Пензмаш» и «Счётмаш», фабрики «Маяк Революции». Было начато строительство заводов «Пензхиммаш» и «Пензадизельмаш». В 1948 году был запущен первый троллейбус для которого было построено троллейбусное депо по ул. Суворова. Также в 1948 году было начато асфальтирование центральных улиц города. В течение 1949—1952 годов был построен Сурский водопровод и канализация.

В 1952 году Совет министров СССР утвердил разработанный ведомством Усеинова план реконструкции и развития Пензы. В период пребывания Усеинова в должности архитектора Пензы в городе появились ряд общественных зданий в стиле сталинского ампира: Центральный вход в ЦПКиО им. В. Г. Белинского, Дом знаний (ул. Лермонтова), кинотеатр «Москва», Пензенский приборостроительный техникум и городской роддом (оба — ул. Пушкина), поликлиника МВД (ул. Плеханова) и Управление автодороги «Москва-Куйбышев» (ул. Горького). Среди жилых домов можно выделить: здание на ул. Московской (напротив мясного пассажа), здание на ул. Калинина и здание на ул. Октябрьской. Усеинов также стал автором перестройки польского костёла под Дом учителя (ул. Володарского).

Усеинов был уволен с должности 25 ноября 1952 года. Позже, он отрицательно относился к постановлению «Об устранении излишеств в проектировании и строительстве». После этого работал в Пензенском инженерно-строительном институте.

В 1960 году вместе с сыном Владимиром приезжал в Алушту. Скончался 14 января 1967 года в Пензе.

Семья
Супруга — Марфа Харитоновна. Сыновья — Владимир и Александр.

Литература
 Тюстин, А. В., Шишкин И. С. Пензенская персоналия. Славу Пензы умножившие. Т. 3 (У-Я), дополнения (А-Т): [биогр. слов.] / Тюстин А. В., Шишкин И. С. — М. : Локус Станди, 2013. — 224 с.: ил. — с. 117—118.
 Деятели крымскотатарской культуры (1921—1944 гг.) : Биобиблиографический словарь / Т. В. Куриленко // Українська біографістика. — 1999

Примечания

Ссылки
 Ваапова Заррина. Генплан Пензы разработал крымский татарин Якуб Усеинов // Crimeantatars.club (31.03.2018)

Архитекторы СССР
Члены Союза архитекторов СССР
Архитекторы Симферополя
Архитекторы Пензы
Сапёры Великой Отечественной войны
Преподаватели Пензенского университета архитектуры и строительства

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text:
Showing 1 to 12 of 461568 entries
Malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in childhood. Retrospective analysis of 34 cases. Malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in childhood. Retrospective analysis of 34 cases.
Helvetica paediatrica acta
Wagner HP, Bleher EA, Bürki K, Delaleu B, Grétillat P, Kühner U, Pedrinis E.
Helv Paediatr Acta. 1977 Nov;32(4):331-42.
Of 47 children with an initial diagnosis of lymphosarcoma, reticulosarcoma or Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), 13 had to be excluded at the histologic reevaluation: in 10 an undifferentiated sarcoma, in 2 Hodgkin lymphoma was found; in one patient no definite...
Wagner HP, Bleher EA, Bürki K, et al. Malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in childhood. Retrospective analysis of 34 cases. Helv Paediatr Acta. 1977;32(4):331-42
Wagner, H. P., Bleher, E. A., Bürki, K., Delaleu, B., Grétillat, P., Kühner, U., & Pedrinis, E. (1977). Malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in childhood. Retrospective analysis of 34 cases. Helvetica paediatrica acta, 32(4), 331-42.
Wagner, H P, et al. "Malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in childhood. Retrospective analysis of 34 cases." Helvetica paediatrica acta vol. 32,4 (1977): 331-42.
Wagner HP, Bleher EA, Bürki K, Delaleu B, Grétillat P, Kühner U, Pedrinis E. Malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in childhood. Retrospective analysis of 34 cases. Helv Paediatr Acta. 1977 Nov;32(4):331-42. PMID: 617979.
[Diagnostic difficulties in conversion neuroses]. [Diagnostic difficulties in conversion neuroses].
Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960)
Pawlak Z, Chrzanowski J.
Wiad Lek. 1976 Mar 15;29(6):541-5.
Pawlak Z, Chrzanowski J. Trudności rozpoznawcze w nerwicach konwersyjnych [Diagnostic difficulties in conversion neuroses]. Wiad Lek. 1976;29(6):541-5
Pawlak, Z., & Chrzanowski, J. (1976). Trudności rozpoznawcze w nerwicach konwersyjnych [Diagnostic difficulties in conversion neuroses]. Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960), 29(6), 541-5.
Pawlak, Z, and Chrzanowski, J. "Trudności rozpoznawcze w nerwicach konwersyjnych" [Diagnostic difficulties in conversion neuroses]. Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960) vol. 29,6 (1976): 541-5.
Pawlak Z, Chrzanowski J. Trudności rozpoznawcze w nerwicach konwersyjnych [Diagnostic difficulties in conversion neuroses]. Wiad Lek. 1976 Mar 15;29(6):541-5. Polish. PMID: 1266234.
Radiologic features of ameloblastoma in Nigerians. Radiologic features of ameloblastoma in Nigerians.
Oral surgery, oral medicine, and oral pathology
Lagundoye SB, Akinosi JO, Obisesan AA, Oluwasanmi O.
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1975 Jun;39(6):967-75. doi: 10.1016/0030-4220(75)90119-x.
Radiology plays an important role in preoperative diagnosis and postoperative assessment of ameloblastoma. The postoperative appearances, including complications as well as radiologic features of recurrence, are discussed. The differential diagnosis of the unilocular lesion is difficult, and particularly noteworthy...
Lagundoye SB, Akinosi JO, Obisesan AA, et al. Radiologic features of ameloblastoma in Nigerians. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1975;39(6):967-75doi: 10.1016/0030-4220(75)90119-x.
Lagundoye, S. B., Akinosi, J. O., Obisesan, A. A., & Oluwasanmi, O. (1975). Radiologic features of ameloblastoma in Nigerians. Oral surgery, oral medicine, and oral pathology, 39(6), 967-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(75)90119-x
Lagundoye, S B, et al. "Radiologic features of ameloblastoma in Nigerians." Oral surgery, oral medicine, and oral pathology vol. 39,6 (1975): 967-75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(75)90119-x
Lagundoye SB, Akinosi JO, Obisesan AA, Oluwasanmi O. Radiologic features of ameloblastoma in Nigerians. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1975 Jun;39(6):967-75. doi: 10.1016/0030-4220(75)90119-x. PMID: 1055981.
Computed axial tomography localization of intra-orbital foreign body. Computed axial tomography localization of intra-orbital foreign body.
Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie
Mandelcorn MS, Brown M.
Can J Ophthalmol. 1978 Jul;13(3):213-5.
Conventional radiographs in a patient with an intra-orbital foreign body showed that it was close to the back of the globe. Computed axial tomography showed that it lay beside a swollen and probably lacerated optic nerve. The advantages of...
Mandelcorn MS, Brown M. Computed axial tomography localization of intra-orbital foreign body. Can J Ophthalmol. 1978;13(3):213-5
Mandelcorn, M. S., & Brown, M. (1978). Computed axial tomography localization of intra-orbital foreign body. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie, 13(3), 213-5.
Mandelcorn, M S, and Brown, M. "Computed axial tomography localization of intra-orbital foreign body." Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie vol. 13,3 (1978): 213-5.
Mandelcorn MS, Brown M. Computed axial tomography localization of intra-orbital foreign body. Can J Ophthalmol. 1978 Jul;13(3):213-5. PMID: 698891.
Classification of depressive states. Classification of depressive states.
Canadian Psychiatric Association journal
Lehmann HE.
Can Psychiatr Assoc J. 1977 Nov;22(7):381-90. doi: 10.1177/070674377702200709.
Lehmann HE. Classification of depressive states. Can Psychiatr Assoc J. 1977;22(7):381-90doi: 10.1177/070674377702200709.
Lehmann, H. E. (1977). Classification of depressive states. Canadian Psychiatric Association journal, 22(7), 381-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674377702200709
Lehmann, H E. "Classification of depressive states." Canadian Psychiatric Association journal vol. 22,7 (1977): 381-90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/070674377702200709
Lehmann HE. Classification of depressive states. Can Psychiatr Assoc J. 1977 Nov;22(7):381-90. doi: 10.1177/070674377702200709. PMID: 589552.
[Diagnostic difficulties in primary bronchial carcinoma imitating multicentric carcinoma]. [Diagnostic difficulties in primary bronchial carcinoma imitating multicentric carcinoma].
Gruzlica i choroby pluc; tuberculosis et pneumonologia
Ossowska K, Kamiński Z.
Gruzlica. 1975 Jul;43(7):669-73.
Ossowska K, Kamiński Z. Trudności diagnostyczne w pierwotnym raku oskrzela naśladujacym raka dwuogniskowego [Diagnostic difficulties in primary bronchial carcinoma imitating multicentric carcinoma]. Gruzlica. 1975;43(7):669-73
Ossowska, K., & Kamiński, Z. (1975). Trudności diagnostyczne w pierwotnym raku oskrzela naśladujacym raka dwuogniskowego [Diagnostic difficulties in primary bronchial carcinoma imitating multicentric carcinoma]. Gruzlica i choroby pluc; tuberculosis et pneumonologia, 43(7), 669-73.
Ossowska, K, and Kamiński, Z. "Trudności diagnostyczne w pierwotnym raku oskrzela naśladujacym raka dwuogniskowego" [Diagnostic difficulties in primary bronchial carcinoma imitating multicentric carcinoma]. Gruzlica i choroby pluc; tuberculosis et pneumonologia vol. 43,7 (1975): 669-73.
Ossowska K, Kamiński Z. Trudności diagnostyczne w pierwotnym raku oskrzela naśladujacym raka dwuogniskowego [Diagnostic difficulties in primary bronchial carcinoma imitating multicentric carcinoma]. Gruzlica. 1975 Jul;43(7):669-73. Polish. PMID: 1140618.
Algodystrophy. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. Algodystrophy. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome.
Clinical rheumatology
Doury P.
Clin Rheumatol. 1988 Jun;7(2):173-80. doi: 10.1007/BF02204451.
Algodystrophy, which is commonly called "reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome" in English literature, is a common but very often unrecognized disease of the locomotor apparatus. This condition is characterized by pain with a transient, inconstant pseudo-inflammatory appearance, affecting to a...
Doury P. Algodystrophy. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. Clin Rheumatol. 1988;7(2):173-80doi: 10.1007/BF02204451.
Doury, P. (1988). Algodystrophy. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. Clinical rheumatology, 7(2), 173-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02204451
Doury, P. "Algodystrophy. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome." Clinical rheumatology vol. 7,2 (1988): 173-80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02204451
Doury P. Algodystrophy. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. Clin Rheumatol. 1988 Jun;7(2):173-80. doi: 10.1007/BF02204451. PMID: 3046825.
[Penicillamine nephropathy]. [Penicillamine nephropathy].
ZFA. Zeitschrift fur Allgemeinmedizin
Henningsen B, Maintz J, Buchholz K, Harders H.
ZFA (Stuttgart). 1976 Jan 20;52(2):77-9.
Henningsen B, Maintz J, Buchholz K, et al. Die Penicillamin-Nephropathie [Penicillamine nephropathy]. ZFA (Stuttgart). 1976;52(2):77-9
Henningsen, B., Maintz, J., Buchholz, K., & Harders, H. (1976). Die Penicillamin-Nephropathie [Penicillamine nephropathy]. ZFA. Zeitschrift fur Allgemeinmedizin, 52(2), 77-9.
Henningsen, B, et al. "Die Penicillamin-Nephropathie" [Penicillamine nephropathy]. ZFA. Zeitschrift fur Allgemeinmedizin vol. 52,2 (1976): 77-9.
Henningsen B, Maintz J, Buchholz K, Harders H. Die Penicillamin-Nephropathie [Penicillamine nephropathy]. ZFA (Stuttgart). 1976 Jan 20;52(2):77-9. German. PMID: 1266313.
Double-contrast artifacts. Double-contrast artifacts.
Gastrointestinal radiology
Gohel VK, Kressel HY, Laufer I.
Gastrointest Radiol. 1978 Jun 25;3(2):139-46. doi: 10.1007/BF01887054.
With the increasing use of double-contrast technique in radiological evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract, certain artifacts peculiar to this mode of examination need to be identified. These artifacts arise because of: (a) the characteristics of the barium suspensions used...
Gohel VK, Kressel HY, Laufer I. Double-contrast artifacts. Gastrointest Radiol. 1978;3(2):139-46doi: 10.1007/BF01887054.
Gohel, V. K., Kressel, H. Y., & Laufer, I. (1978). Double-contrast artifacts. Gastrointestinal radiology, 3(2), 139-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01887054
Gohel, V K, et al. "Double-contrast artifacts." Gastrointestinal radiology vol. 3,2 (1978): 139-46. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01887054
Gohel VK, Kressel HY, Laufer I. Double-contrast artifacts. Gastrointest Radiol. 1978 Jun 25;3(2):139-46. doi: 10.1007/BF01887054. PMID: 669178.
Pain and deception: use of verbal pain measurement as a diagnostic aid in differentiating between clinical and simulated low-back pain. Pain and deception: use of verbal pain measurement as a diagnostic aid in differentiating between clinical and simulated low-back pain.
Leavitt F.
J Psychosom Res. 1985;29(5):495-505. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(85)90083-2.
The pain reports of 553 patients with low back pain and 347 healthy subjects faking low back pain were compared to determine if pain language can be employed as diagnostic aids in differentiating between clinical groups and groups attempting...
Leavitt F. Pain and deception: use of verbal pain measurement as a diagnostic aid in differentiating between clinical and simulated low-back pain. J Psychosom Res. 1985;29(5):495-505doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(85)90083-2.
Leavitt, F. (1985). Pain and deception: use of verbal pain measurement as a diagnostic aid in differentiating between clinical and simulated low-back pain. Journal of psychosomatic research, 29(5), 495-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(85)90083-2
Leavitt, F. "Pain and deception: use of verbal pain measurement as a diagnostic aid in differentiating between clinical and simulated low-back pain." Journal of psychosomatic research vol. 29,5 (1985): 495-505. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(85)90083-2
Leavitt F. Pain and deception: use of verbal pain measurement as a diagnostic aid in differentiating between clinical and simulated low-back pain. J Psychosom Res. 1985;29(5):495-505. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(85)90083-2. PMID: 2933515.
Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver. Report of six cases and review of the literature. Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver. Report of six cases and review of the literature.
Rougier P, Degott C, Rueff B, Benhamou JP.
Gastroenterology. 1978 Aug;75(2):169-72.
The authors report the cases of 6 adult patients suffering from nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver, an uncommon lesion characterized by small-sized hepatocytic nodules scattered throughout the liver, with no or slight fibrosis. The histological recognition of nodular...
Rougier P, Degott C, Rueff B, et al. Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver. Report of six cases and review of the literature. Gastroenterology. 1978;75(2):169-72
Rougier, P., Degott, C., Rueff, B., & Benhamou, J. P. (1978). Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver. Report of six cases and review of the literature. Gastroenterology, 75(2), 169-72.
Rougier, P, et al. "Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver. Report of six cases and review of the literature." Gastroenterology vol. 75,2 (1978): 169-72.
Rougier P, Degott C, Rueff B, Benhamou JP. Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver. Report of six cases and review of the literature. Gastroenterology. 1978 Aug;75(2):169-72. PMID: 669201.
[Relapsing polychondritis]. [Relapsing polychondritis].
Duodecim; laaketieteellinen aikakauskirja
Saario R.
Duodecim. 1988;104(3):200-5.
Saario R. Uusiutuva polykondriitti. [Relapsing polychondritis]. Duodecim. 1988;104(3):200-5
Saario, R. (1988). Uusiutuva polykondriitti. [Relapsing polychondritis]. Duodecim; laaketieteellinen aikakauskirja, 104(3), 200-5.
Saario, R. "Uusiutuva polykondriitti." [Relapsing polychondritis]. Duodecim; laaketieteellinen aikakauskirja vol. 104,3 (1988): 200-5.
Saario R. Uusiutuva polykondriitti. [Relapsing polychondritis]. Duodecim. 1988;104(3):200-5. Finnish. PMID: 3046915.
Page 1250100 Showing 1 to 12 of 461568 entries
UIINDEX - Diagnosis, Differential


Redmi note 6 pro is going to launch in India at an event, which is scheduled for November 22 in New Delhi. The china based smartphone company has now revealed that the phone will be sold on Flipkart and mi.com from November 23 . The phone will be sold as company's first ever black Friday sale , which is the following and popular trend in US . The phone was first launched in Thailand in last month .
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text:
Home Top Stories Guyanese diplomats fail to declare assets to Integrity Commission
Guyanese diplomats fail to declare assets to Integrity Commission
In a public notice issued on Saturday, February 2, 2019, the Office of the Integrity Commission published the names of 66 persons who are required by law to declare their assets but failed to submit their declarations. Among the names of the identified defaulters whom the Integrity Commission publicly called out were 20 of Guyana's diplomats. The published names were in accordance with Section 19 of the Integrity Commission Act, the Integrity Commission and the deadline was listed as January 25, 2019.
The diplomats included Guyana's Ambassador to Brazil, George Talbot, Ambassador to Belgium, David Hales; Ambassador to Cuba, Halim Majeed; Ambassador to Kuwait, Dr Shamir Ally; Ambassador to Suriname, Keith George; Ambassador/Permanent Representative to United Nations, Michael Ten-Pow; Ambassador/Permanent Representative to Switzerland, John Ronald Deep Ford; Venezuelan Ambassador Cheryl Miles, and Ambassador to the United States of America, Dr Riyad Insanally. Meanwhile, the High Commissioners named were Clarissa Riehl (Canada); Hamley Case (London); Dr Kenneth Hunte (South Africa); Bishwaishwar Ramsaroop (Trinidad & Tobago).
Other Counsel Generals were also identified as defaulters. Within the Legal Affairs Ministry, former Solicitor General Joycelin Kim Kyte-Thomas and Deputy Permanent Secretary (DPS), Tamika Barkoye were named by the Integrity Commission. There was one official each from the Indigenous Peoples' Affairs Ministry, Education Ministry and Social Protection Ministry identified while six Ministry of the Presidency (MOTP) defaulters were named including Head of Political Division, Fredrick McWilfred and Political Assistant Ronald Backer.
Six Public Infrastructure Ministry officials secured places on the list while four from the MOTP's Department of Social Cohesion, Culture, Youth and Sport garnered places. The Director of Dance at the National Dance School and the acting Administrator of the National Cultural Centre were identified. Additionally, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Small Business Bureau, Lowell Porter made the list.
There were 14 officials from the Communities Ministry who did not submit declarations to the Integrity Commission while one of the largest Ministries, the Agriculture Ministry, had six officials failing to meet the January 25 deadline.
This included former Permanent Secretary George Jervis who now functions as Director of the Agricultural Sector Development Unit. Chairman of Guyana Fisheries Limited, Mohamed Khan was also named as a defaulter.
In the past, Members of Parliament (MPs) including Government Ministers had been listed among those who did not honour obligations as set out in Section 19 of the Integrity Commission Act. The law, in fact, states: "Where a person who is required to do so fails to file a declaration in accordance with this Act or to furnish particulars under section 18, the Commission or the President, as the case may be, shall publish the fact in the Gazette and in a daily newspaper."
The Commission has the mandate to improve public confidence in the integrity of persons in public office by ensuring that they submit their declarations in compliance with the Integrity Commission Act.
The Commission is responsible for the accountability of persons holding public office but prior to February 2018, the Body had been reportedly functioning with skeletal staff after the resignation of the Commission's Chairman, Bishop Randolph George in 2006. Its current Commissioners are Chairman Kumar Doraisami, Rabindranauth Persaud, Rosemary Benjamin-Nobel and Thandi McAllister.
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Christof Ehrhart took over as head of corporate communications at Deutsche Post DHL in 2009. Since then he has established an integrated strategic approach for the Group combining reputation building and stakeholder engagement in order to build social capital.
Before joining DHL, Ehrhart was head of corporate communications at EADS, and he has worked in senior communications roles at a number of German and overseas multinationals, including Bertelsmann and later AOL Bertelsmann, JT International Germany, and Schering AG.
The most recent one was when in March 2017, we introduced a zero emission target for 2050 which was developed and communicated by my team. This is not only good for the planet but also a great customer acquisition tool for our sales teams.
Right now digitalisation poses a significant challenge and great opportunity at the same time. Corporate communications as a discipline has to find the right balance between total disruption and mere complementation.
By working in permament crisis mode (processes) and by digesting big data (algorithm-based) and small data (androrithm-based) at the same time.
By reading, doing all kinds of sports preferably outdoors and above all by spending time with my family.
researching the societal contribution of professional communication in the age of VUCA and teach the next generation of communicators and leaders.


A localized list of countries choose box. The value binds to the country ISO 3166 code. This is the same code as for java.util.Locale.getCountry(). The official codes list is available here : http://www.iso.ch/iso/en/prods-services/iso3166ma/02iso-3166-code-lists/list-en1.html Unless otherwise specified, all attributes accept static values or EL expressions.
binding org.apache.myfaces.custom.selectOneCountry.SelectOneCountry Only EL Identifies a backing bean property (of type UIComponent or appropriate subclass) to bind to this component instance. This value must be an EL expression.
emptySelection String Yes Integer equals to the maximum number of characters in the country name.
maxLength Integer Yes Integer equals to the maximum number of characters in the country name.


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.../ Ites functional Area: Sales, Retail, Business Development role Category: Corporate Sales role: Sales Executive/officer Bangalore, Newwave Computing Pvt.
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