text:
2.5 St. Michael to Eureka
Thanks to my Aunt Ruth for the family photos. Click to see this map; it's a long one showing about 18 months of Hayes bouncing around recuperating from the rigor of his trip down the Yukon and getting back on his feet financially.
July 23, 1908 – November 21,1909
Just before arriving at St. Michael, Hayes and Feodor were so hungry they tried catching sandhill cranes, "or anything we might find to take the slack out of our stomachs." Feodor chased an old bird trailing a wing until he was a dot on the horizon. Hayes caught a young bird, but after a fierce struggle, didn't have the heart to wring the bird's neck.
Alaska Sandhill Crane
Both men must have been hoarding just enough money for fare from St. Michael to Nome and then south down to Seattle. Among "the goodly number of ex-gold hunters" joining them aboard the Ohio only one requires a straight-jacket but eleven others "have been so despondent their minds have been clouded." Hayes, Feodor and the others "considered rational enough to be left to our own resources" joke about the hardships and misfortunes. "If we could not do this we too would be insane."
Sailing south out of Nome, a passenger named John Rosene tried to recruit the best of the gold miners for a venture in Siberia. Hayes figures that the Russians would have long since exploited any real prospects in Siberia – and he's had enough of the cold: "Africa, Australia, any place but this bleak land where all is moss, snow, ice, bitter wind and no food."
Looking at the map, you can see Hayes getting back on his feet in familiar fashion after one of his devastating adventures: knocking about the western United States getting a stake together before setting off to some new corner of the world.
The mountains of Idaho are beautiful, "but a working man can't live on beauty." In August of 1908 he sold magazines for one day, then landed sawmill work in Raymond Washington. At $25 per month, this job lasted until October when he left to visit his Uncle Jim (and Aunt Mary, great-great-grandparents of the author of this blog) in Riverton, Oregon. Always oppressed by family, and too proud to tell them he's down to his last 80¢, he beats it out of Riverton to another mill job in North Bend that pays $2 a day.
James Manley Perkins and Mary Lucretia Covey Perkins
At North Bend he finds some kindness from a young people's meeting called Christian Endeavor. "To be met as a human being … to be asked to return makes it seem like I was still a man." Nevertheless, he demurs: "they have seen me only when it is dark and do not realize how poor I am. … Until I get some decent clothes it is out."
Finally, in November of 1908, with a better position as log hauler for the mill at North Bend, Hayes can afford to send to Montgomery Ward for an order of clothing to replace those he'd been calling rags ever since the Yukon. With the new clothing, "I have crashed the crème de la crème of the town and even the mill bosses speak when we meet on the street." The big boss at North Bend is 87 year-old L.M. Simpson whose vast lumber empire initially was "built up by cutting corners, as have all the big fortunes of the West." According to Hayes, "No man could hold a job here thirty years ago unless he first took up a homestead. This would be located in the finest timber, and must be sold to Simpson when proved upon."
Apparently Simpson lived a colorful life. One of his close friends, Peter B. Kyne, "has builded a story of romance founded on the factual experiences of this remarkable man" titled Cappy Ricks. "Of course, the romantic part of it had to be injected into the tale but Simpson's life is truly portrayed in this book as it has been lived." (Cappy Ricks or The Subjugation of Matt Peasley has recently been posted as a free ebook.)
The job at North Bend lasted until March of 1909 but Simpson had the bad habit of shutting down the mills "just to make us realize he is boss" so Hayes moved north to another mill job surrounded by "Finns, Swedes, Norwegians and other Scandinavians" in driving rain at Aberdeen Washington. By June he was east in Pomeroy haying with a threshing gang. Then in August, a little farther east harvesting wheat at Nez Perce with "money piling up." By September, he was fit and flush enough to begin hearing the call of far places again. "I still have some faint remembrance of a river called the Yukon, and of a stormy corner called Cape Stiff by sailormen. But it seems to be the best part of my life, overcoming these hardships and dangers, and here goes."
But first to Seattle for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific world's fair.
Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, Washington's First World's Fair: A Timeline History
by Alan J. Stein
Hayes is not surprised that the "hurry gurdy part" attracts most people: "Not so different from the Barbary Coast, a suspicion of naughtiness without the blatant obscenity that portrays the Barbary."
After seeing the fair up north, Hayes made a quick jaunt down to California – San Francisco, San Pedro, then out to "Cinco, far out in the desert beyond Mojave" to check on a job. The foreman courteously asked Hayes to work seven days a week; Hayes as politely declined. "No man can do justice to himself and his employer and work every day, to say nothing of pushing the helpless mules he drives."
Leaving the desert, Hayes returned briefly to Oregon for a few week's farm work for Cousin Joe Donaldson at Riverton. (Minnie Louisa Perkins, daughter of James Manley Perkins, so first cousin to Hayes, married Joseph Duncan Donaldson. Minnie and Joseph Donaldson are the great-grandparents of the author of this blog.) In November of 1909 Hayes bid goodbye to his uncles in Oregon: "Somehow I feel encouraged to try for Australia."
Joseph Duncan Donaldson and Minnie Louisa Perkins Donaldson
With his health restored a year-and-a-half after the arduous row down the Yukon, it's time for another big jump. His experience in the California logging mills assures Hayes that cargo ships regularly sail lumber west from Eureka to Australia. Surely at Eureka a short-handed steamer will welcome an experienced seaman for a work-away to the unvisited continent down under.
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2.4 Rowing down the Yukon
When I talk to friends about Hayes Perkins, this Alaskan adventure is always one of the first stories I tell: nine hundred miles down the Yukon River in a row boat in twelve days.
July 7 1908 – July 19, 1908 (12 days)
If you are stuck at Fort Gibbon in the center of Alaska, 900 miles from the mouth of the Yukon, without enough money for fair downriver to St. Michael where you can catch a steamer to Seattle, no job, surrounded by a thousand unemployed men, what do you do?
To begin with, find a companion. Hayes found Feodor Romanoff, a Bulgarian with soft hands who "says he has a good education, does not need to do physical labor. He has no other outfit than a small leather handbag, and in this are cosmetics such as a lady has in her boudoir. Small sort of puff balls, powders and perfumes."
Then a boat: Four prospectors pull up in a rowboat from White Horse looking to sell cheap so they can get inland to the diggings fast. Hayes' assessment? "Our boat is seaworthy, though rather clumsy. She is the product of the small shipyard at White Horse…. She is constructed of whipsawed lumber, strips of kerosene tins nailed over the moss filled seams. She does not leak, and strangely runs well for so heavy a craft. One oar is hewn out of a spruce limb, the other is a straight stick with a piece of lumber nailed to it. All round I am satisfied with the boat."
Lake Bennett Boats
And provisions: The miners were in a hurry; Hayes worked them a little. Five dollars bought the boat, together with, "twenty pounds of flour, eleven pounds of bacon and two pounds of prunes. A coffee pot, a frying pan, two tin plates, some knives, forks and spoons. What more does a man want on the Yukon?" Well, Feodor had his cosmetics bag and Hayes had a change of underwear and two blankets.
One of the blankets and a stick found on a gravel bar make a passable sail and the journey starts fast: 140 miles to Kokrines in "eighteen hours and twenty minutes, actual timing." Of course Feodor's hands won't let him row more than an hour even if he did know how, but Hayes teaches him to steer with an oar when wind fills the sail, so Hayes can get a little sleep. "Feodor does not realize the seriousness of our position." Not yet anyway.
Between Bennett and Lindeman Alaska; not exactly the right place, but the right image
Ten miles below Nulato, 290 miles below Fort Gibbon, out "two days and ten hours," the wind whipped around to the west (head on) and chopped the river rough as open sea. Hayes and Feodor put in to a small native village trying to buy some fish. Hayes, Feodor and the native men find they have only the word "hooch" in common. "We had none, and they lost interest." But a woman from the village who had learned English at the native school at Holy Cross approached with two small children suffering from "the hordes of mosquitoes." Hayes gave her some carbolic salve and, when she asked if they had anything to read, could only offer some Salvation Army tracts a man gave him at Fairbanks. Attention to the children bought them a load of fish, "that we accepted with thanks, but threw over the side when we turned the first bend." Cultural differences on how long fish remains edible.
Hayes describes the mosquitoes as truly ferocious. Here is the once daily drill with the flour and bacon: "I take the oars and drive for a (sand) bar at full speed. Feodor stands in the bow, and when the boat strikes the sand, he leaps out, runs to the drift with a bundle of birch bark in his hands and has a fire going by the time I have moored the boat and got the grub box ashore. We light several fires as quickly as possible, fighting mosquitoes the while. Then I fry bacon and flapjacks and make a spot of coffee, which we eat while sitting in the smoke. Then, after cooking enough for the rest of the day we get more bark for the next stop, take the grub box and run for it again." Out in the middle of the mile wide river, the mosquitos aren't so bad, "and when the wind blows we escape them."
The sun sets for a couple of hours each night but never to darkness. Feodor is afraid of the Northern Lights; Hayes is afraid of the empty native villages they pass one after another. He writes, "hooch peddlers float down the Yukon each spring behind the ice. Then they can sweep up the furs in every Indian village and encampment… The bootlegger has done his work well. Selling all their furs to buy booze, there was nothing left for flour and other provisions, so they starved when winter came."
Above Kaltag, Hayes and Feodor pull ashore at another village escaping the rain. A native family takes them into a fine cabin (abandoned by woodcutters) but won't sell them salmon for money. Furthermore, "something about our appearance aroused their mirth, for without any movement on our part the three boys of the family would laugh loud and long." In this instance, a stitch kit was more valuable than money. Hayes fixed a pair of shoes for a young woman then gave her the tools. She reciprocated with a well-cooked salmon dinner.
Below Anvik, they meet a priest, "a humble man, living with the Indians as one of them" who could interpret for one of the elders: "When the Russians were here, they brought us good clothing and other goods, but the price was very high. Now the Americans bring us poor material, and the price is still high. The Russians brought no hoochino, but the Americans have ruined our people with it. During the Russian occupation we were many. There were four people then to where there is one now. In a few years we will all be gone." (Hayes' quote.)
Now that Feodor's hands are hardened to rowing, Hayes thinks about making a smudge to keep the mosquitoes off – Maybe a little later, Feodor rows better when he has to move to keep the bugs off.
July 15, eight days on the river and precious little flour and bacon remain in the grub box. Hayes hears a beckoning from shore and pulls in to find a grey-haired prospector who leads him to a tent where his once gigantic friend lies withered and broken. "During the previous winter he had been frozen, his feet are now black and gangrened." Hayes' admiration for these hardy men merits exclamation marks: "But with splendid spirit his partner has cut wood and is trying to sell this [to passing steamships] to pay their passage to the states. No seeking relief for these self-reliant men! They are trying against almost hopeless odds to pay their way as they go." Despite Feodor's protests, Hayes leaves half the flour and bacon with the two prospectors. "It is the right of any prospector to ask for food, for he may be asked himself under the same circumstances." Hayes also left the last of the Salvation Army literature with no recorded complaint from Feodor.
Hayes and Feodor left the two prospectors shorter on food but longer on information. "We were soon in the maze of the delta channels after passing Andreafski, which is 180 miles above St Michaels (sic). It was fortunate we met the two old miners, else we would never have know which way to go." Following the miners' directions they came to a group of Eskimo men fishing. One wanted passage north to an Eskimo camp at the Pastolik River mouth for which he eventually paid "a splendid king salmon." Perhaps more importantly, the local man showed Hayes a path to the end of the Yukon on the Norton Sound.
The Eskimo men let Hayes and Feodor rest in their shaman house, sold them half cured salmon they'd put up for the dogs and offered them a kind of mulligan stew made from all but the tail and wing feathers of some wild fowl boiled in seal blubber. "Neither of us could force it down." The locals had better food but apparently Hayes had a gold-filled tooth that lead them to believe the two travelers could pay more handsomely than they would.
After more than 800 miles down the Yukon, only forty miles separate the mouth of the Pastolik from St. Michael – forty miles of open sea. "It has been the worst passage I have ever made." A lull had come to the previous day's storm but the wind freshened immediately after their small boat crossed the "rough bar." Hayes hoisted their blanket sail while Feodor lay helplessly seasick moaning in the bottom of the boat. "The wind blew stronger as we kept on. Billows broke about us, over us, and for a time I managed to get the now desperate Feodor back to man the steering oar while I bailed for life." After 13 hours at the oars, the blanket sail, and the bailing bucket Hayes spied a tall pole "some kindly hand" has placed showing where to tuck safely in behind Egg Island. Safe from the storm but completely lost: "Channels, one after another, lead off here and there, and we wonder whither we are going."
Fortunately the two lost adventurers stumbled across one more kind stranger who knew the river. In return for the last sweepings from their flour can, the head of a native family gathering berries drew Hayes "an accurate map of our route, placing all the false channels and drawing a line across each."
After one more short stretch rowing on open sea, Hayes drove hard onto the sand at St. Michael where, "Feodor leaped ashore and without a word cleared up town." Hayes sold the boat ("I had gotten a real affection for our boat, a clumsy craft on whose bow someone had inscribed 'Mary Ann of White Horse'") for two dollars, gave away their gear, then went looking for Feodor, former half-owner of the Mary Ann, "and gave him his buck."
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2.3 Dawson to Fort Gibbon
I've included two maps this week. The first shows this episode with Hayes traveling down the Yukon river into the very center of Alaska where he finds a brief bit of work. The second shows his path in the previous 18 months.
June 17, 1908 – July 5, 1908
Hayes seems to have been on a sightseeing trip rather than seriously seeking work up the Yukon. Still, he's got to find a paycheck somewhere; the price of food alone has flattened his purse. A moose steak dinner costs a dollar and the least meal is fifty cents, "and I have eaten no higher."
With Dawson "rapidly fading into a ghost city" of no more than 3,000 people where 35,000 bustled ten years ago, Hayes decides to press upriver to Fairbanks, "despite the rumors I hear it's futile."
Dawson City 1908
At Fort Yukon, the river winds briefly north across the arctic circle so, "It is midnight, yet the sun is shining. It is low on the horizon, and for fifteen days does not go below the horizon." Their stern-wheel steamer Sarah, "one of three great river boats, the Susie, Sarah, and Hannah," makes slow progress in this sixty-mile wide swampy portion of the Yukon River where a boat could easily be lost.
Stern-wheel steamer Sarah
"Somehow one feels depressed and gloomy by the magnitude of the river. It sweeps silently and forever onward, as relentlessly as the progress of the sun."
Bending south below the Arctic Circle, the Sarah arrives at Rampart: "Just another Yukon town. A mile long, one street wide, many dogs, a few women, many ragged men who show the signs of hardship and the toil of futile seeking after gold." Hayes estimates that not one man in 500 will leave Alaska with more money than he took in. "So it will be with me doubtless, but the experience no one can rob me of."
At "Tanana, or Weare, or Fort Gibbon, take your choice and call it what you like," Hayes describes the river as "lacustrine." Somewhere along his rough and tumble life he learned some big words. Tanana is the end of the line for the Sarah; she's too large to navigate up the smaller Tanana River, tributary to the Yukon.
By 1908, Fairbanks had replaced Tanana as center of trade for this region. The mining at Fairbanks remained active but deep: "From fifty to 160 feet overburden, then the pay streak in gravel three or four feet in depth." Even in summer the ground never thaws more that three or four feet deep so the miners force steam pipes through the "frozen muck" to reach the gravel pay streak. "It is said that at Fairbanks one mine put a shaft down 600 feet and did not get through the ice."
Pay is $2.25 for a ten-hour day running crouched over a wheelbarrow of steam-thawed gravel in a low ice-tunnel more than fifty feet underground. About 3,000 men work the mines with 2,000 idling about town and more arriving on every boat from the south. The mining company placed the "flattering advertisements" Hayes saw in Seattle to achieve precisely this end: lots of unemployed men each keeping a man with a job working at top speed. Passage back to Seattle from Fairbanks, overland in winter or by river in summer, costs $125. Hayes doesn't say how much he has in pocket but it's not $125.
June 28: "No job, no chance of a job." Except… "There is a river steamer here, the Relief, and I have asked the mate for a chance." The mate replied, "Nuthin' doin!" (Hayes' quote.)
Stern-wheel steamer Relief
Still, "inside advice" says the Relief is short a man. Hayes is determined that man will be him. In the meantime, he observes the locals: "pimps, gamblers, prostitutes, musicians about the dance halls, prize fighters, politicians and other shady characters," all living off the toil of the 3,000 men behind the wheelbarrows.
July 1: Hayes got the job on the Relief steaming back down the Tanana River to Fort Gibbon/Tanana/Weare. His protestation, "Look here, I'm a sailor!" (Hayes' quote) finally elicited from the mate, "All right, I'll try yuh out. If you're no good, I'll fire yuh at Gibbon." Competence as a sailor won't be the issue; cases of whiskey almost entirely fill the cargo hold of the Relief – Hayes will be expected to unload it all at Gibbon.
The mate's surprised reply when Hayes explained his unwillingness to handle alcohol? "Why I'm a Christian, and I handle booze." At Gibbon, Hayes wrestled all the general cargo from the hold, refused to lift the whiskey, locked eyes with the mate, gathered his belongings and walked ashore with no word exchanged. Half a dozen men jumped for his place, the mate chose one, and the Relief steamed out of sight round a bend in the river leaving Hayes high and dry 900 miles up the Yukon.
1 Comment | Diary, geo-biography, google earth, Google Maps, History, Travel | Tagged: Fairbanks, steamer relief, stern-wheeler, Tanana, yukon gold rush | Permalink
2.2 Holtville to Dawson
Once Hayes got his health back working in the American west, the old wanderlust grabbed him again. Though he knows the Alaska gold rush is played out, in the spring of 1908 he decided to go up and see the country for himself. By June he's at Dawson halfway down the Yukon river in the heart of Alaska.
Once again, the length of the map of his travels in eight months is remarkable. Click on the title of the post to go to the site.
October 16,1907 – June 14,1908
Today, flat rectangular fields checker the Imperial Valley where the Colorado River feeds some of the most productive agriculture land in the world. Every drop of the river finds its way to one of the squares on the board; none reaches the sea.
Imperial Valley, California
In 1907, the Imperial Valley rose and fell in hummocks cut willy-nilly by flash floods seeking the Pacific Ocean. Hayes and his mule team driven four abreast had a small hand in leveling this vast desert filled by "sands gouged out of the Grand Canyon."
Imperial Valley, California 1901
But not much – he drove the team for a month and 10 days. Drinking water from the newly formed Salton Sea caused a kind of dysentery and the pay was low. The company offered $50 for seven days a week but reduced Hayes to $45 when he refused to work Sundays. The dysentery combined with lingering malaria pushed him back to Los Angeles: "I am more desirous of health than a job just now.
Back outside Los Angeles, Hayes now sees "plenty to do here if a man is not particular what he does." He quickly found work – driving four mules again, "this time two span instead of four abreast" – hauling clay in a brickyard with a Mexican crew. This job lasted two weeks. Simons, the boss, cut the pay without notice. All the men held on until payday then promptly quit. Hayes caught a smile from the pay clerk when cashing out but only understood the clerk's dark scowls directed to the other men after learning that two of Simons' barns had burned the previous night.
Over in San Pedro, he found a couple weeks' work at the Salt Lake Railway docks in San Pedro under a brute of a boss and the sting of fair weather friends mocking his penury. "It is a temporary job at best, and where oh where will I go?"
To Eureka of course – to ask George Glenn for his old job back at the mill. When Glen asked, "Will you promise to stay on?" (Hayes' quote) Hayes couldn't lie to him, so he went on north to Little River where 300 giant Canadians were cutting trees, laying rails, and building a new sawmill in the constant rain. At least the food is good.
But his heart isn't in the work and a thirtieth birthday sinks his spirits even lower. "A man is supposed to have done something toward finding his place in life at that age, yet I am still a drifter, and likely always will be." Still, when he spies Mike Mulcahy, a friend from his brief stint at business college, now far out-ranking him at this Canadian company, he writes, "I wouldn't care to be Mulcahy just the same. None of the men like him, he is a "company" man. That is, the company is always right, no matter what happens." Hayes is a man who knows what he wants, respects himself as a principled working-man, and accepts the consequences of sticking to his own standards – even if he gets a little blue on his birthday.
In March of 1908 Hayes writes eloquently of what he admires perhaps most in life: hard work, done well. "The snatch teams that haul timber from the small mill to us flounder deep in the mire, but such skilled men are handling them they are never stuck. This timber business is a marvelous thing. Each man must know his work, he is a skilled man, yet is counted a laborer." Of course, he goes on about how the company fails to recognize these skills and his skills in particular, but Hayes can see the beauty of work well done even if the bosses cannot.
Nevertheless, Hayes lasted only from December 1907 to April 1908 at the lumber camp. The lumberjacks had a good medical facility, but the mill owners set up a company hospital intending to force their workers to subscribe to substandard care at $1.50 a month. All the men vowed to strike, but when the edict arrived only Hayes and Mike Mulcahy's brother refused. Two striking men are the same as two men quitting. Hayes thinks maybe he'll go north.
The Klondike gold rush began in 1897 and was essentially over in 1899. In those two years, thousands of soft-handed city men poured into the Yukon feverish to sluice out an easy fortune.
Chilkoot Pass September 1898
Ten years later, when Hayes went north, a few large companies had already bought up any promising strike. At Seattle in 1908, Hayes reads, "many adds telling of the wonderful opportunities of employment at Fairbanks, and there are others posted by the miners union saying the place is already crowded out with men and no jobs for them." Still, Seattle is dull, mill work is "everlasting," and "the call is on me and I am persuaded to go." Characteristically, boredom with the familiar and curiosity about the edge of the wild drew Hayes open-eyed to one of the most amazing feats of his life – his exit from Alaska to be described in the segment 2.4 of this synopsis of his diary.
At Skagway, miners returning to softer climes after years "inside" the Yukon basin tell Hayes stories of hardship, poverty, even death. For about a minute, he thinks about selling the remainder of his ticket and returning south – In another week, he's working the dock for the White Pass and Yukon Railway, saving for supplies to get "inside," and telling tales of Soapy Smith's death and burial outside the town limits.
May 22, Hayes writes that he has a "girl friend" in Skagway who "urges me to work for her dad, who has a place of business in town." (That's 'girl friend' not 'girlfriend.') Her proposition gets about a minute's consideration too; his ticket shows he's shipped his baggage on the train to White Horse – in fact, Hayes, travelling light as always, shipped baggage for an overloaded greenhorn under his name, a detail omitted from the girl friend – sadly he must follow at least that far north to claim his possessions.
Steel Cantilever Bridge on the White Pass and Yukon Route
The magnificent railway from Skagway to White Horse (still operating as a tourist attraction today) draws only passing mention from Hayes. He's more interested in the "men of a low type" playing exquisite baseball at White Horse while waiting to go "inside" to positions at the Yukon Gold Company "which belongs to the Guggenheim interests." The company pays fare for the men from Vancouver plus $2.25 a day while at work, and, if they last four months, passage back to Vancouver. Quit early and pay your own way back – if you can.
When the ice finally breaks, the run to Fort Selkirk is uneventful: stuck a few hours at a shallow in Lake Lebarge, some fast water slapping the steamer around, tales of "toughs who will not work" robbing prospectors then slipping their corpses into blow holes in the frozen Yukon – the usual for Hayes.
At Dawson, the picks and shovels of the earliest days of the gold rushhave given way to the enormous dredges of the Yukon Gold Company.
Klondike Mining 1899
Dredge and Thawing System 1908
Hayes immediately spots the Guggenheim's swindle: men with four-month contracts are fired at three and a half months so the thrifty company saves return fare on men not fulfilling their contracts. The Canadian Mounted Police seem to be trying to do something about the company racket but their hands are full with more important matters: Ned Elfors, one of murderous"toughs" Hayes mentioned, only creased the cheek of Anderson, a companion and would-be victim. Apparently Elfors had been more accurate with a second companion named Bergman. Anderson's story, together with a doctor's testimony that all the bullets removed from Bergman's body came from Elfors' gun, condemned Elfors to hang.
Six weeks in the washed-out Alaskan gold rush already has Hayes writing: "I find nothing in Dawson to keep me here."
2 Comments | Diary, geo-biography, google earth, Google Maps, History, Travel | Tagged: Eureka, Imperial Valley, Klondike, Ned Elfors, Skagway, Soapy Smith, White Pass and Yukon Route | Permalink
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***Cops & Campers registration is now open. Please visit the Community Programming link on the the police department website to register.
Cops and Campers youth summer camp is FREE to all students selected and includes activities and games as well as age appropriate lessons. Each weekly camp will also feature guest speakers and a field trip. The camps are run by the School Resource Officers from the Sachse Police Department in conjunction with select high school students and PTA members.


text:
// See docs in ../ops/array_ops.cc.

#if defined(INTEL_MKL)
#define EIGEN_USE_THREADS

#if !defined(INTEL_MKL_DNN_ONLY)
#include "mkl_trans.h"
#endif

#include "tensorflow/core/kernels/transpose_functor.h"
#include "tensorflow/core/kernels/transpose_op.h"

#include "mkldnn.hpp"
#include "tensorflow/core/util/mkl_util.h"

using mkldnn::stream;

namespace tensorflow {

// output = TransposeOp(T<any> input, T<int32> perm) takes a tensor
// of type T and rank N, and a permutation of 0, 1, ..., N-1. It
// shuffles the dimensions of the input tensor according to permutation.
//
// Specifically, the returned tensor output meets the following condition:
// 1) output.dims() == input.dims();
// 2) output.dim_size(i) == input.dim_size(perm[i]);
// 3) output.tensor<T, N>(i_0, i_1, ..., i_N-1) ==
//      input.tensor<T, N>(j_0, j_1, ..., j_N-1),
//    where i_s == j_{perm[s]}
//
// REQUIRES: perm is a vector of int32.
// REQUIRES: input.dims() == perm.size().
// REQUIRES: perm is a permutation.

namespace {
#if !defined(INTEL_MKL_DNN_ONLY)
template <typename T>
Status MKLTranspose2D(const char trans, const Tensor& in, Tensor* out);

// Documentation here: https://software.intel.com/en-us/node/520863
// Parameters: (ordering:row-major, operation:transpose, num_rows, num_cols,
//              alpha (for scaling), array, dist_bet_adjacent_cols/rows
//              (source), array, dist_bet_adjacent_cols/rows (dest))

#define INSTANTIATE(T, PREFIX)                                                \
  template <>                                                                 \
  Status MKLTranspose2D<T>(const char trans, const Tensor& in, Tensor* out) { \
    mkl_##PREFIX##omatcopy('R', trans, in.dim_size(0), in.dim_size(1), 1,     \
                           in.flat<T>().data(), in.dim_size(1),               \
                           out->flat<T>().data(), in.dim_size(0));            \
    return Status::OK();                                                      \
  }

INSTANTIATE(float, s)
INSTANTIATE(double, d)

#undef INSTANTIATE

template <>
Status MKLTranspose2D<complex64>(const char trans, const Tensor& in,
                                 Tensor* out) {
  const MKL_Complex8 alpha = {1.0f, 0.0f};
  mkl_comatcopy(
      'R', trans, in.dim_size(0), in.dim_size(1), alpha,
      reinterpret_cast<const MKL_Complex8*>(in.flat<complex64>().data()),
      in.dim_size(1),
      reinterpret_cast<MKL_Complex8*>(
          const_cast<complex64*>(out->flat<complex64>().data())),
      in.dim_size(0));
  return Status::OK();
}

template <>
Status MKLTranspose2D<complex128>(const char trans, const Tensor& in,
                                  Tensor* out) {
  const MKL_Complex16 alpha = {1.0, 0.0};
  mkl_zomatcopy(
      'R', trans, in.dim_size(0), in.dim_size(1), alpha,
      reinterpret_cast<const MKL_Complex16*>(in.flat<complex128>().data()),
      in.dim_size(1),
      reinterpret_cast<MKL_Complex16*>(
          const_cast<complex128*>(out->flat<complex128>().data())),
      in.dim_size(0));
  return Status::OK();
}

static const char kMKLTranspose = 'T';
static const char kMKLConjugateTranspose = 'C';

#endif  // if !defined(INTEL_MKL_DNN_ONLY)

// MKL-DNN based Transpose implementation
template <typename T>
Status MKLTransposeND(OpKernelContext* ctx, const Tensor& in, Tensor* out,
                      const gtl::ArraySlice<int32>& perm);

static inline memory::dims ReorderStrides(const memory::dims& strides,
                                          const gtl::ArraySlice<int32>& perm) {
  memory::dims reordered_strides;
  reordered_strides.resize(strides.size());
  for (size_t i = 0; i < strides.size(); ++i) {
    reordered_strides[perm[i]] = strides[i];
  }
  return reordered_strides;
}

// Transpose of N-dimensional tensor using MKL-DNN
template <typename T>
Status MKLTransposeND(OpKernelContext* context, const Tensor& in_tensor,
                      Tensor* out_tensor, const gtl::ArraySlice<int32>& perm) {
  try {
    engine cpu_engine = engine(engine::cpu, 0);
    MklDnnData<T> in(&cpu_engine);
    MklDnnData<T> out(&cpu_engine);

    memory::dims in_dims = TFShapeToMklDnnDims(in_tensor.shape());
    memory::dims out_dims = TFShapeToMklDnnDims(out_tensor->shape());
    memory::dims in_strides = CalculateTFStrides(in_dims);
    // Reorder output strides based on permutation requested.
    memory::dims out_strides =
        ReorderStrides(CalculateTFStrides(out_dims), perm);

    in.SetUsrMem(in_dims, in_strides, &in_tensor);
    // Output dimensions are same as input dimensions. We adjust the layout
    // using strides.
    out.SetUsrMem(in_dims, out_strides, out_tensor);

    std::vector<primitive> net;
    net.push_back(FindOrCreateReorder<T>(in.GetUsrMem(), out.GetUsrMem()));
    stream(stream::kind::eager).submit(net).wait();
    return Status::OK();
  } catch (mkldnn::error& e) {
    string error_msg = "Status: " + std::to_string(e.status) +
                       ", message: " + std::string(e.message) + ", in file " +
                       std::string(__FILE__) + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__);
    return errors::Aborted("Operation received an exception:", error_msg);
  }
}

}  // namespace

Status MklTransposeCpuOp::DoTranspose(OpKernelContext* ctx, const Tensor& in,
                                      gtl::ArraySlice<int32> perm,
                                      Tensor* out) {
#if !defined(INTEL_MKL_DNN_ONLY)
  if (in.dims() == 2) {
    if (perm[0] == 0 && perm[1] == 1) {
      return Status::OK();
    }
    switch (in.dtype()) {
      case DT_FLOAT:
        return MKLTranspose2D<float>(kMKLTranspose, in, out);
      case DT_DOUBLE:
        return MKLTranspose2D<double>(kMKLTranspose, in, out);
      case DT_COMPLEX64:
        return MKLTranspose2D<complex64>(kMKLTranspose, in, out);
      case DT_COMPLEX128:
        return MKLTranspose2D<complex128>(kMKLTranspose, in, out);
      default:
        break;
    }
  }
#endif

  // MKL-DNN has limit on the maximum number of dimensions in a tensor.
  // Fallback to Eigen for not supported cases.
  if (in.dims() <= TENSOR_MAX_DIMS) {
    switch (in.dtype()) {
      case DT_FLOAT:
        return MKLTransposeND<float>(ctx, in, out, perm);
        break;
      // TODO(nhasabni): support other types such as INT8.
      default:
        break;
    }
  }

  // Fallback to eigen if transpose parameters not supported by MKL or MKL-DNN
  typedef Eigen::ThreadPoolDevice CPUDevice;
  return ::tensorflow::DoTranspose(ctx->eigen_device<CPUDevice>(), in, perm,
                                   out);
}

Status MklConjugateTransposeCpuOp::DoTranspose(OpKernelContext* ctx,
                                               const Tensor& in,
                                               gtl::ArraySlice<int32> perm,
                                               Tensor* out) {
#if !defined(INTEL_MKL_DNN_ONLY)
  if (in.dims() == 2 && perm[0] == 1 && perm[1] == 0) {
    // TODO(rmlarsen): By setting lda and ldb, we could use the MKL kernels
    // for any transpose that can be reduced to swapping the last two
    // dimensions in a rank-3 tensor. We can even run each outer dimension in
    // a separate thread.
    switch (in.dtype()) {
      case DT_FLOAT:
        return MKLTranspose2D<float>(kMKLTranspose, in, out);
      case DT_DOUBLE:
        return MKLTranspose2D<double>(kMKLTranspose, in, out);
      case DT_COMPLEX64:
        return MKLTranspose2D<complex64>(kMKLConjugateTranspose, in, out);
      case DT_COMPLEX128:
        return MKLTranspose2D<complex128>(kMKLConjugateTranspose, in, out);
      default:
        break;
    }
  }
#endif

  // MKL-DNN has limit on the maximum number of dimensions in a tensor.
  // Fallback to Eigen for not supported cases.
  if (in.dims() <= TENSOR_MAX_DIMS) {
    switch (in.dtype()) {
      case DT_FLOAT:
        return MKLTransposeND<float>(ctx, in, out, perm);
        break;
      // TODO(nhasabni): support other types such as INT8.
      default:
        break;
    }
  }

  // Fallback to eigen if transpose parameters not supported by MKL or MKL-DNN
  typedef Eigen::ThreadPoolDevice CPUDevice;
  return ::tensorflow::DoConjugateTranspose(ctx->eigen_device<CPUDevice>(), in,
                                            perm, out);
}

}  // namespace tensorflow

#endif  // INTEL_MKL

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I'm a 40 years old and work at the college (Anthropology and Sociology).
In my free time I try to teach myself Norwegian. I have been twicethere and look forward to returning anytime soon. I love to read, preferably on my beloved Kindle. I really love to watch The Vampire Diaries and 2 Broke Girls as well as docus about nature. I enjoy Darts.
This page was last edited on 30 January 2019, at 18:49.


text:
Frontiers in Marine Science
Oceanobs19: An Ocean of Opportunity View all 114 Articles
John Siddorn
Met Office, United Kingdom
Jun She
Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Denmark
James R. Fishwick
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, United Kingdom
Ocean Observations
Ocean Modeling
Data, Tools, and Delivery
Toward an Integrated NZ-OOS
Front. Mar. Sci., 26 March 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00143
Developing an Integrated Ocean Observing System for New Zealand
Joanne O'Callaghan1*, Craig Stevens1,2, Moninya Roughan3,4, Chris Cornelisen5, Philip Sutton1,6, Sally Garrett7, Giacomo Giorli1, Robert O. Smith8, Kim I. Currie1,9, Sutara H. Suanda10, Michael Williams1, Melissa Bowen2,6, Denise Fernandez1, Ross Vennell5, Benjamin R. Knight5, Paul Barter5, Peter McComb10, Megan Oliver11, Mary Livingston12, Pierre Tellier13, Anna Meissner14, Mike Brewer1, Mark Gall1, Scott D. Nodder1, Moira Decima1, Joao Souza4, Aitana Forcén-Vazquez4, Sarah Gardiner4, Kura Paul-Burke1, Stephen Chiswell1, Jim Roberts1, Barb Hayden1, Barry Biggs1 and Helen Macdonald1
1National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Auckland, New Zealand
2Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
3School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
4MetService, Wellington, New Zealand
5Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
6School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
7New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF), Wellington, New Zealand
8Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
9Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
10MetOcean Solutions Ltd., New Plymouth, New Zealand
11Greater Wellington Regional Council, Wellington, New Zealand
12Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
13Ministry for the Environment, Wellington, New Zealand
14Land Information New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
New Zealand (NZ) is an island nation with stewardship of an ocean twenty times larger than its land area. While the challenges facing NZ's ocean are similar to other maritime countries, no coherent national plan exists that meets the needs of scientists, stakeholders or kaitiakitanga (guardianship) of NZ's ocean in a changing climate. The NZ marine science community used the OceanObs'19 white paper to establish a framework and implementation plan for a collaborative NZ ocean observing system (NZ-OOS). Co-production of ocean knowledge with Māori will be embedded in this national strategy for growing a sustainable, blue economy for NZ. The strengths of an observing system for a relatively small nation come from direct connections between the science impetus through to users and stakeholders of an NZ-OOS. The community will leverage off existing ocean observations to optimize effort and resources in a system that has historically made limited investment in ocean observing. The goal of the community paper will be achieved by bringing together oceanographers, data scientists and marine stakeholders to develop an NZ-OOS that provides best knowledge and tools to the sectors of society that use or are influenced by the ocean.
New Zealand (NZ) is an island nation with stewardship of an ocean area twenty times its landsize, yet it does not currently have an ocean observing system (OOS). NZ's marine space spans the subtropics to the subantarctics with islands to the north, south and east far beyond its two main islands (Figure 1). The shelf sea environment includes broad plateaus, narrow steep shelves and wide continental shelves incised with submarine canyons. Warm, saline subtropical water (STW) arrives in NZ from the north via the South Pacific Gyre and East Auckland Current (EAUC). From the south, subantarctic water (SAW) with lower salinity and temperature flow near NZ in the Southland Current adjacent to the South Island and in the northernmost branches of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (Chiswell et al., 2015). Dynamic processes in the shelf seas include strong tidal flows in Central NZ, large internal tides and significant terrestrial inputs of freshwater, sediment and carbon after storms (Zeldis and Swaney, 2018; Stevens et al., 2019).
Figure 1. Map of New Zealand (NZ) with observational assets are overlaid on the bathymetry. Assets shown are wave buoys (blue dots), coastal buoys (orange dots), NZOA-ON (yellow dots), SST network (green dots) and the Southern Ocean wave buoy (black dot).
In dollar terms, NZ's marine economy is estimated to be worth around $NZ four billion (Ministry for the Environment [MfE], 2016). NZ's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) underpins an emerging blue economy; it is globally recognized to support high biodiversity of seabirds and marine mammals, a productive fisheries sector and a growing aquaculture industry. Stewardship of this large area's resources and values requires robust scientific knowledge and understanding to ensure sustainable management of marine ecosystems, which are influenced by multiple stressors and a changing climate.
Indigenous perspectives are a key aspect of NZ's policy and science landscape and are particularly relevant in developing effective ocean stewardship that is informed by an NZ-OOS. The government's Vision Mātauranga (VM) policy was developed to unlock the potential of Mātauranga Māori, which is broadly defined as Māori or traditional knowledge, comprehension or understanding of the universe (Ministry of Research Science and Technology [MoRST], 2007). Guardianship or kaitiakitanga of Aotearoa's (te reo Māori for NZ) land and sea is an intrinsic concept in Māori science. Joint efforts between Mātauranga Māori and western science practices are becoming more common providing a holistic, inclusive, system-wide knowledge of the natural world.
The Why and Why Now
New Zealand faces similar challenges – managing multiple stressors, climate change, sea-level rise, ocean acidification, and impacts from changing terrestrial fluxes – as other maritime countries. A sense of urgency exists to understand, predict and mitigate, at a national scale, the ocean and ecosystem responses to these global problems (Stevens and O'Callaghan, 2015). Figure 2 outlines high-level themes of interest for users and beneficiaries of an NZ-OOS and its integrated data products. Underlying these themes are six key issues identified by the NZ community as kaitiakitanga priorities.
Figure 2. Framework for the NZ-OOS building on existing efforts in NZ. The proposed structure illustrated has been adapted from that used for the Southeast Coastal Ocean Observing Regional Association.
1. Land-sea connectivity and associated stressors (e.g., sedimentation, contaminants).
2. Coastal and bluewater carbon budgets.
3. Sustainable extraction of marine resources (e.g., seabed mining, tidal energy).
4. Sustainable seafood sector including both wild caught fisheries and aquaculture.
5. Multi-scale drivers and response of the ocean state.
6. Maritime safety and transport optimization.
The concept of an OOS is not new to NZ; factors relating to national priorities and NZ's policy and science systems, combined with limited resources have inhibited the development of an NZ-OOS. Resources commensurate with a population of ∼5 million people and a dominant agricultural sector for many years underpinned a landward focus (Hendy and Callaghan, 2013). Long term coastal warming (Shears and Bowen, 2017) and recent variability in fish stocks and impacts on aquaculture along with extremes in ocean temperature have prompted an urgent rethink of how marine sectors will respond to changing environmental drivers (Salinger et al., 2019).
The NZ Science System
The NZ science system is small, which can be both advantageous and limiting in terms of developing and implementing an OOS. The OECD Research & Development (R&D) survey identified R&D as a percentage of GDP as 1.263 and researchers per thousand employment (FTE) as 7.94 (OECD, 2018). The R&D expenditure proportion is around half the OECD average. Several significant changes have taken place in the NZ science system sector over the last three decades. In 1991 Crown Research Institutes (CRIs) were formed, essentially restructuring the Government science sector from a single research provider (the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, DSIR) into several institutes that were built around a hybrid business and public-good model.
Marine scientist capacity is modest across NZ. Major employers in the sector are the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA, a CRI), four (out of seven) universities, Meteorological Service of New Zealand (MetService), MetOcean Solutions and the Cawthron Institute (independent research organization). Research foci of the national institutes has evolved over the past 25 years from public-good science to stakeholder "co-production." Current hallmarks of the funding landscape include (1) separation between climate science and ecosystem research, (2) under-valuing of sustained monitoring of the ocean and (3) inability to support long term (greater than 5 years) projects. Funding for the development and implementation of an NZ-OOS will require a combination of long-term government investment, organizational co-investment and private sector contributions.
NZ-OOS Planning Workshop
A successful workshop with multi-institutional support was held in August 2018. Participant organizations were NIWA, Cawthron, MetService, Centre for Space Science Technology (CSST), Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI), Ministry for the Environment (MfE), Department of Conservation (DOC), NZ Navy, Defence Technology Agency (DTA), Auckland and Otago Universities, and the Coastal Special Interest Group (C-SIG) that represents the national network of regional councils with jurisdiction out to 12 nautical miles. NIWA's Pou Hononga for Māori and the Marine Environment provided a Mātauranga Māori contribution. Outcomes from workshop discussions form the basis of this white paper.
Present State of NZ Observations
The two longest sea surface temperature (SST) monitoring sites are from opposite ends of Aotearoa, with the Portobello station (University of Otago) started in 1953, followed by Leigh (University of Auckland) in 1967. Growth and reduction of a coastal SST monitoring network has occurred over intervening years (Greig et al., 1988) and as of writing there are five coastal SST stations (Figure 1). Other long term observations are the sea level network around NZ1, which has also had to rationalizatise the number of sites in recent years. Two biophysical moorings were located at 41°S, 178°30′E and 46°40′S, 178°30′E in STW and SAW for 10 years from 2002 to 2012 to resolve oceanic carbon budgets (Nodder et al., 2016).
University of Otago and NIWA established the NZ Ocean Acidification observing network (NZOA-ON) with 14 sites around NZ, linked to the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON). The NZOA–ON expands on the successful Munida transect off the coast of the South Island established in 1998 that is the southern hemisphere's longest-running record of pH (Bates et al., 2014) and surface variability across STW and SAW (Currie et al., 2011).
There are few wave and coastal moorings considering the length (15,000 km) and variability of NZ's coastline. The Firth of Thames mooring is the longest at 20 +years (1998 to now, Zeldis and Swaney, 2018). Sampling durations are typically shorter (<10 years), generally deployed by regional councils in conjunction with Cawthron or NIWA and tend to have a focus on surface coastal water quality issues and sedimentation (Figure 1). Passive acoustics moorings to characterize marine mammal migratory pathways have also been deployed for 12 months in Central NZ. Recently, ocean gliders have been used to observe NZ shelf seas processes with 20 missions since 2015 (O'Callaghan, pers comm).
Bluewater observations have historically been dominated by mooring deployments of less than 2 year duration and voyage-based hydrographic surveys to characterize boundary currents around NZ. For example, Tasman Sea boundary experiments (Stanton and Moore, 1992), and variability studies of the East Auckland Current (EAUC) (e.g. Stanton et al., 1997; Fernandez et al., 2018, and many others), Norfolk Ridge (Sutton and Bowen, 2014) and, Southland Current (Sutton, 2003).
New Zealand has been an important part of the Global Argo program since the early 2000s with NIWA's vessel R/V Kaha Ora deploying 1287 floats in the Pacific, Indian and Southern Oceans. NIWA's RV Tangaroa has deployed a further 147 floats. The most southerly wave buoy in the world has been maintained by the MetService since 2016 at 52.7°S. EXpendable Bathy Thermographs (XBTs) have been deployed along two tracks ending in NZ roughly four times per year (Sutton et al., 2005). XBTs are also routinely deployed by the NZ Navy.
Plans for a Future Observational Network
Building on the framework of existing observations, a series of workshops will be held with scientists and key stakeholders in regulatory agencies, CRIs and universities. These workshops will define the mix of what infrastructure is most likely to address the key research themes in an ambitious and affordable way for the next 1, 5 and 10 years. With international experience to draw on, we are well placed to implement an NZ-OOS in a cost-effective manner to achieve meaningful and sustained observational coverage with potential to grow strategically in the future.
We propose a number of sentinel sites (analogous to the National Reference stations in the Australian IMOS context) that are physically occupied at adequate frequency for biogeochemical and physical water sampling of essential ocean variables (EOVs). Sentinel sites will be instrumented appropriately to develop environmental baselines in a changing climate. In addition, we will identify a backbone network of high frequency (HF) radar and glider deployments to provide boundary current data, and context for model data assimilation.
A creative approach will be required to get meaningful coverage across NZ's large EEZ. It is recognized that the NZ seafood sector provides an opportunistic pathway for data collection and effort is already being made with this sector. The NZ Navy has plans to facilitate oceanographic data collection. By using vessels of opportunity, we can optimize data coverage while minimizing costs to NZ-OOS.
Present Status
Physical and biogeochemical ocean modeling is undertaken by a number of organizations with each team having their preferred model (ROMS, Schism/SELFE, SWASH, SWAN, WW3, Gerris, and Basilisk), domain (coastal to global scale), grid (structured, unstructured, curvilinear or adaptive), timeframe (days, weeks to years) and parameters (physics, biogeochemistry, sediment transport, waves). Typically these models have been developed either for specific process studies (e.g., Hadfield et al., 2007), or in response to stakeholder requirements and resource consent applications. Operational forecasts of waves, storm surge and barotropic circulation exist at the national scale.
An OOS is acknowledged as incomplete without a nationally coordinated ocean modeling program. The benefits are 2-fold: observational design is optimized from model simulations while modeling efforts are constrained by relevant observations. The Australian Integrated Marine Observing system (IMOS) program did not initially include funding for ocean modeling. Australian Coastal and Oceans Modeling and Observations (ACOMO) was born 5 years after IMOS and provides a valuable national perspective on modeling and observational networks. It is considered prudent to incorporate an integrated modeling system in NZ-OOS from the outset.
Plans for Ocean Modeling and Data Assimilation
Close connections between the NZ science community and stakeholders means that knowledge relevant to industry is paramount. A national modeling framework that assimilates new and historic observations is essential for an integrated NZ-OOS. In this way the observations and modeling initiatives are intimately coupled. A high resolution coastal ocean reanalysis (ocean state estimate) is being developed by MetOcean Solutions2. This modeling system will include a 25-year data assimilating physical model and will provide open access daily coastal ocean forecasts in the next 1 to 3 years. Model hindcasts of physics and biogeochemistry are being developed by NIWA at the EEZ scale. Observation impact experiments (Kerry et al., 2018) and observing system simulation experiments (Kourafalou et al., 2015) provide both context for ongoing model development and the evolution of the observing system.
Open Data and Legacy Data Issues
Open access to data underpins OOS frameworks globally and success of the proposed NZ-OOS will be intertwined with availability of data, data uptake and publications. The necessary shift in perspective is underway in NZ but is happening against a backdrop of a better understanding of what open data means and resourcing open data. The proprietary nature of data from commercial projects is questionable, particularly if they were collected with resources and capacity co-supported by government funding.
Open data is universally recognized as a "good thing" (Schmidt et al., 2016), however, there remain issues relating to quality assurance and usage restrictions. Stronger mandates from the funding agencies will strengthen the requirements for data sharing. New Zealand Government Open Access and Licensing [NZGOAL], 2019 provides a framework for open data to apply to all sector data.
In 2017 the New Zealand Ocean Data Network (NZODN)3 was launched, modeled on the Australian Open Data Network (AODN). It is now a collaboration between NIWA and Land Information New Zealand (LINZ). The AODN Portal provides access to all available Australian marine and climate science data and provides the primary access to IMOS data. A key point of difference is that IMOS is national collaborative research infrastructure, supported by Australian Government – no equivalent exists yet in the New Zealand system, although this is our aspiration. The NZODN and AODN are regional reflections of a growing international trend for open data resources.
Data Science Products and Tools
The evolution of useful data products becomes iterative as users tend to be resourceful and can use data in ways not obvious in the initial planning. This ad hoc co-production can be enhanced through better and wider end-user input to the design phase. The impact of the NZ-OOS will be enhanced if it provides easy pathways for uptake, manipulations and re-dissemination from the outset. Stakeholders are likely users of tools and while uptake may be slow they will provide robust interrogation of the results whereas the public are likely to be fast and idiosyncratic in their usage. Both pathways provide connections between science product and government policy.
Mātauranga Māori
It is possible that NZ can be among the world leaders in the integration of traditional knowledge with western science into an NZ-OOS. Mātauranga-a-iwi is being advanced through Treaty settlements legislation and other negotiated agreements, which is creating co-management arrangements and increased participation by Māori in all areas of ocean research, policy and management. Māori are seeking Mātauranga and science advice to address aspirations in halting ocean degradation through adaptive management strategies, inclusive of both traditional and contemporary forms of kaitiakitanga. There is potential for non-sacred traditional knowledge to be shared through knowledge platforms such as Māori environmental forums and Rûnanga (a recognized iwi or tribal authority) therefore enhancing uptake and integration.
The NZ-OOS is a bottom-up community-driven initiative and its success depends on a joint, inclusive approach. Overcoming longstanding limitations established by the hybrid science model over nearly 30 years will require ongoing and meaningful cross-institutional engagement. With collaborative governance, broad participation, and sustainable central government funding, NZ is fully capable of implementing a world-leading OOS that provides effective kaitiakitanga of its vast EEZ in a changing climate. This white paper is the first step in the implementation process. Figure 2 provides the framework for the proposed NZ-OOS from governance through to details of data collection platforms. Ecosystem-based management tools that are being developed in National Science Challenges (aligned efforts) will allow integration of monitoring components at the 10-year time scale.
Without doubt the biggest hurdle to overcome is sufficient and sustained resourcing of the proposed NZ-OOS. Often the limiting factor in the development of a highly sophisticated ocean observing system such as the one detailed here is the available funding mechanisms. Observational data streams obtained via existing research programs from central government funding will be the backbone of NZ-OOS in the short- to medium term. Resources to support working group progress will come from individual organizations. Long-term funding was identified by the community as much more difficult to secure. Ultimately, this will require a business case to be submitted to the NZ government to fund future ocean infrastructure.
By the end of the first year, we aim to develop a draft strategic plan built on a well-designed framework and collaborative governance structure. With a sound plan in place, a business case for funding an NZ-OOS will be developed. Many of the elements, both observational and modeling, already exist in NZ. It is encouraging that the NZ-OOS framework has begun to provide, since the August 2018 workshop, a mechanism for new connections of aligned efforts from organizations (Figure 2).
To achieve the year 1 objective, we will establish:
1. A pan-NZ steering committee and governance board.
2. Four working groups focused on estuaries to shelf, bluewater, data systems, and communications. The scope of each group will be expansive to overcome organization and science discipline silos.
3. A catalog of observational assets and existing marine data for NZ (Figure 1).
4. A strategy for implementing Mātauranga Māori in an NZ-OOS.
After 5 years, the NZ-OOS could include:
1. A widely subscribed data system built around the NZ-Ocean Data Network (NZ-ODN) providing data to a wide range of users.
2. A network of coastal monitoring assets in key regions across a range of organizations that follow standardized data exchange protocols.
3. Access to model hindcast and reanalysis products for simulating and visualizing NZ's EEZ.
4. The ability for rapid response for forecasting coastal hazards, oil spill trajectories, and biosecurity risk.
5. Implementation of a network of sentinel sites for observing EOVs along latitudinal and anthropogenic gradients.
6. Develop and implement sentinel fish and marine megafauna data collection programs that indicate ecosystem change.
After ten years, the NZ-OOS could include:
1. A widely accessible OOS visualization system that enables society to engage with ocean data in new and exciting ways.
2. Data assimilating operational models providing near-real time forecasting of our entire EEZ.
3. Commitment from the seafood industry, with the entire fishing fleet and aquaculture farms established as observing platforms.
4. Integration of ecological layers and the inclusion of, biogeochemical and molecular ocean data through aligned sampling programs.
5. Successful integration of Mātauranga Māori into a national OOS framework.
To summarize, with the integration of Mātauranga Māori, NZ's science, technologies and closely connected community provides a timely opportunity to develop an exemplary NZ-OOS that will provide a world-leading example of ocean stewardship, and enable ocean knowledge, data and tools to be openly accessed for the benefit of NZ's economy, social well-being and ocean health.
JO led the writing and NZ-OOS workshop. CS, MR, and CC contributed to respective sections of the manuscript. All other authors either participated in the August workshop or provided feedback on various versions of the manuscript.
The NZ-OOS workshop and resources for manuscript was funded by NIWA under Coasts and Oceans Research Program 2 (2018/19 SCI).
^ https://www.niwa.co.nz/our-services/online-services/sea-levels
^ https://www.moanaproject.org/
^ https://nzodn.nz/
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Ministry of Research Science and Technology [MoRST] (2007). Vision Mātauranga: Unlocking the Innovation Potential of Māori Knowledge, Resources and People. Available at: https://www.mbie.govt.nz/assets/9916d28d7b/vision-matauranga-booklet.pdf
New Zealand Government Open Access and Licensing [NZGOAL] (2019). New Zealand Government Open Access and Licensing. Available at: https://www.data.govt.nz/manage-data/policies/nzgoal [accessed February 27, 2019].
Nodder, S. D., Chiswell, S. M., and Northcote, L. C. (2016). Annual cycles of deep-ocean biogeochemical export fluxes in subtropical and subantarctic waters, southwest Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 121, 2405–2424. doi: 10.1002/2015JC011243
OECD (2018). Main Science and Technology Indicators. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/sti/msti.htm
Salinger, J. M., Behrens, E., Mullan, B. A., Diamond, H. J., Renwick, J., Sirguey, P., et al. (2019). The unprecedented coupled ocean-atmosphere summer heatwave in the New Zealand region 2017/18: drivers, mechanisms and impacts. Environ. Res. Lett. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab012a
Schmidt, B., Gemeinholzer, B., and Treloar, A. (2016). Open data in global environmental research: the Belmont Forum's open data survey. PLoS One 11:e0146695. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146695
Shears, N. T., and Bowen, M. M. (2017). Half a century of coastal temperature records reveal complex warming trends in western boundary currents. Sci. Rep. 7:14527. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14944-2
Stanton, B., and Moore, M. (1992). Hydrographic observations during the Tasman boundary experiment off the west coast of South Island, New Zealand. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 26, 339–358. doi: 10.1080/00288330.1992.9516528
Stanton, B. R., Sutton, P. J. H., and Chiswell, S. M. (1997). The East Auckland current, 1994–95. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 31, 537–549. doi: 10.1080/00288330.1997.9516787
Stevens, C., and O'Callaghan, J. (2015). When the holiday is over: being clever in New Zealand's marine domain. J. R. Soc. N. Z. 45, 89–94. doi: 10.1080/03036758.2015.1014377
Stevens, C., O'Callaghan, J., Chiswell, S., and Hadfield, M. (2019). Review of NZ Shelf Seas oceanography. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. doi: 10.1080/00288330.2019.1588746
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Sutton, P. J. H., and Bowen, M. (2014). Flows in the Tasman front south of Norfolk Island. J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 119, 3041–3053. doi: 10.1002/2013JC009543
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Keywords: ocean observation network, ocean modeling, marine community, Mātauranga Māori, changing ocean climate
Citation: O'Callaghan J, Stevens C, Roughan M, Cornelisen C, Sutton P, Garrett S, Giorli G, Smith RO, Currie KI, Suanda SH, Williams M, Bowen M, Fernandez D, Vennell R, Knight BR, Barter P, McComb P, Oliver M, Livingston M, Tellier P, Meissner A, Brewer M, Gall M, Nodder SD, Decima M, Souza J, Forcén-Vazquez A, Gardiner S, Paul-Burke K, Chiswell S, Roberts J, Hayden B, Biggs B and Macdonald H (2019) Developing an Integrated Ocean Observing System for New Zealand. Front. Mar. Sci. 6:143. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00143
Received: 16 November 2018; Accepted: 06 March 2019;
John Siddorn, Met Office, United Kingdom
Jun She, Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Denmark
James Richard Fishwick, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2019 O'Callaghan, Stevens, Roughan, Cornelisen, Sutton, Garrett, Giorli, Smith, Currie, Suanda, Williams, Bowen, Fernandez, Vennell, Knight, Barter, McComb, Oliver, Livingston, Tellier, Meissner, Brewer, Gall, Nodder, Decima, Souza, Forcén-Vazquez, Gardiner, Paul-Burke, Chiswell, Roberts, Hayden, Biggs and Macdonald. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Joanne O'Callaghan, joanne.ocallaghan@niwa.co.nz

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Andy Beckerman (host of the Beginnings podcast/writer for The Pete Holmes Show) returns all this week to answer some racism questions with Andrew. Today they talk about recognizing history without having the symbols of the worst parts of history up front in center in culture. Be sure to call us at (323) 389-RACE to ask if anything is racist.


California Whistleblower Attorneys: Whistleblower Victory - Evans Law Firm, Inc.
Many California whistleblower/qui tam cases are brought under the False Claims Act when the whistleblower (also known as a "relator") has information of false claims being made for government payments or reimbursements. In order to dissuade whistleblowers from bringing such enforcement actions, corporations often file a lawsuit known as a strategic lawsuit against public participation (SLAPP). A SLAPP is intended to silence whistleblowers by so burdening them with the cost of defending against a lawsuit that they are forced to abandon their whistleblower efforts. Many States, including California, allow the whistleblower to bring an anti-SLAPP motion or defense in order to protect their free speech rights and allow their enforcement qui tam to continue.
A recent California appeals decision shows just how effective a whistleblower's anti-SLAPP motion and/or defense can be. The decision is discussed below. The California whistleblower attorneys at Evans Law Firm represent whistleblowers in False Claims Act cases and know how to pre-empt and/or defend against corporations who attempt to silence whistleblowers/relators with SLAPP lawsuits. If you have credible information of a false claim against the government, call the California whistleblower attorneys at Evans Law Firm, Inc. today at (415)441-8669.
This latest whistleblower victory came in the case of MMM Holdings, Inc. v. Reich, Case No. 053739 (Calif. Ct. App. March 12, 2018). In the case, a corporation brought a SLAPP lawsuit against a relator's attorney alleging that the attorney wrongfully received and retained over 26,000 electronically stored documents from the relator, who took the documents when the corporation terminated his employment for his opposition to what he perceived were fraudulent activities by the employer.
The Court also determined that the company had not established a probability of prevailing in its defense against the false claims allegations, which a company must show in order to proceed with a SLAPP lawsuit. The Court rejected the argument that the relator's conduct in obtaining the documents was unlawful: "California courts consistently hold that defendants may satisfy their burden to show that they were engaged in conduct in furtherance of their right of free speech under the anti-SLAPP statute, even when their conduct was allegedly unlawful," citing the California Supreme Court in Taus v. Loftus, 40 Cal. 4th 683, 706-707 (2007.
Whistleblowers/relators should continue to exercise caution in how they accumulate documentation, especially if the documents are arguably privileged. However, unprivileged documents may be used to back up the relator's claims. The decision in MMM Holdings demonstrates how far courts will go in protecting relators under California's anti-SLAPP law. In short, a wrongdoer's SLAPP lawsuit can backfire. The anti-SLAPP statute also entitles the relator to attorneys' fees for successfully opposing the SLAPP action. If you have credible information and documentation of false claims against the government do not hesitate to seek the advice of counsel, such as the California whistleblower attorneys at Evans Law Firm, in how to proceed with your case. Our attorneys know how to confront a corporation's SLAPP lawsuits and advance your false claims whistleblower/qui tam action.
If you or someone you love has information regarding a whistleblower/qui tam case in San Francisco or elsewhere in California involving False Claims Act cases, the Securities and Exchange Commission Whistleblower Program, the Internal Revenue Service Whistleblower Office, or the FINRA Whistleblower Office or other illegal activity, contact the California whistleblower attorneys at Evans Law Firm, Inc. at (415) 441-8669, or by email at info@evanslaw.com. Our attorneys have experience with complex financial contracts and large insurance companies. We can help guide your case through a jury trial or toward an equitable settlement. We also handle cases involving financial elder abuse, whole life insurance and universal life insurance, and indexed, variable, and fixed annuities.
 Evans Law Firm, Inc. was not involved in the case, but our whistleblower attorneys followed it as the case is an important victory for whistleblowers against corporate tactics to silence them.


Who said you can have too many cooks in the kitchen?
Cooking is one of those wonderful experiences that engage all of your senses. With something as simple as making a pizza, one gets to feel the soft dough in his hands, see the toppings turn into a masterpiece, smell the hot dough fresh out of the oven and hear the crunch when taking the first bite!
Every child loves to create something in the kitchen. K2 Kitchen Adventures makes cooking together for children with disabilities and their parents fun!
K2 Adventures Foundation provides this program in partnership with celebrated Argentinian Chef Titina Pacheco.
K2 Kitchens is the pure joy of making food with a dash of community!
This one-of-a-kind event gives children and their parents the opportunity to participate in a fun indoor event. Children get to make their own pizza and a healthy salad. For dessert, they get to decorate cookies or cupcakes! While waiting for their pizza to bake, children design boxes in which they take their leftovers home.
K2 Kitchen Adventures began in 2016 and we host this cooking extravaganza six times a year, once every two months.
With your support, we can continue to provide children and their families the opportunity to engage their creativity and express themselves through cooking.


text:
Alice Ruth Bolton (born May 25, 1967), known as Ruthie Bolton,  is an American former professional women's basketball player. Born in Lucedale, Mississippi, she played at the collegiate, Olympic and professional levels of women's basketball. Bolton played in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) from 1997 through 2004 with the Sacramento Monarchs. She played collegiately at Auburn University, teaming with her older sister, Mae Ola Bolton. She was inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2011. Bolton has also served as a first lieutenant in the United States Army Reserves as a transportation officer.

Professional career
Bolton started her professional career for the Visby Ladies in Sweden during the 1990–91 season. The following season, she played in Hungary, becoming the first USA woman to play professionally in the country. She spent the 1992–93 season with C.A. Fainzia in Italy, averaging 26 points per game.

In 1994, Bolton moved to Italy to play for Erreti Faenza. During the 1993–94 season, she averaged 28 points and 7.1 rebounds per game. She stayed with Faenza the following season where she averaged 25.5 points and 6.0 rebounds per game. During the 1995–96 season, Bolton played in Turkey.

She went on to play eight seasons in the WNBA with the Sacramento Monarchs.

WNBA career statistics

Regular Season

|-
| align="left" | 1997
| align="left" | Sacramento
| 23 || 23 || 35.3 || .402 || .344 || .768 || 5.8 || 2.6 || 2.3 || 0.0 || 2.5 || 19.4
|-
| align="left" | 1998
| align="left" | Sacramento
| 5 || 4 || 26.6 || .293 || .154 || .607 || 2.2 || 1.2 || 1.2 || 0.0 || 1.4 || 11.0
|-
| align="left" | 1999
| align="left" | Sacramento
| 31 || 30 || 31.3 || .364 || .321 || .798 || 4.3 || 2.4 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 1.4 || 13.6
|-
| align="left" | 2000
| align="left" | Sacramento
| 29 || 29 || 29.9 || .361 || .313 || .762 || 3.7 || 2.0 || 1.2 || 0.0 || 1.6 || 13.1
|-
| align="left" | 2001
| align="left" | Sacramento
| 31 || 0 || 18.8 || .338 || .364 || .692 || 3.0 || 1.8 || 0.9 || 0.0 || 1.3 || 7.2
|-
| align="left" | 2002
| align="left" | Sacramento
| 32 || 1 || 23.0 || .396 || .326 || .727 || 2.9 || 1.2 || 1.4 || 0.1 || 1.1 || 10.9
|-
| align="left" | 2003
| align="left" | Sacramento
| 33 || 0 || 15.8 || .314 || .192 || .769 || 1.7 || 1.1 || 1.0 || 0.1 || 0.6 || 4.5
|-
| align="left" | 2004
| align="left" | Sacramento
| 34 || 4 || 13.8 || .370 || .405 || .737 || 1.4 || 0.9 || 0.7 || 0.0 || 0.4 || 4.7
|-
| align="left" | Career
| align="left" | 8 years, 1 team
| 218 || 91 || 23.4 || .367 || .319 || .746 || 3.1 || 1.6 || 1.2 || 0.0 || 1.2 || 10.0

Postseason

|-
| align="left" | 1999
| align="left" | Sacramento
| 1 || 1 || 32.0 || .400 || .167 || 1.000 || 1.0 || 4.0 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 2.0 || 15.0
|-
| align="left" | 2000
| align="left" | Sacramento
| 2 || 2 || 35.0 || .382 || .286 || 1.000 || 4.5 || 3.5 || 2.0 || 0.0 || 2.5 || 19.5
|-
| align="left" | 2001
| align="left" | Sacramento
| 5 || 0 || 24.2 || .386 || .391 || .923 || 4.4 || 1.8 || 0.8 || 0.0 || 2.0 || 11.0
|-
| align="left" | 2003
| align="left" | Sacramento
| 6 || 0 || 15.2 || .214 || .250 || .000 || 1.7 || 1.0 || 0.3 || 0.0 || 0.8 || 2.5
|-
| align="left" | 2004
| align="left" | Sacramento
| 6 || 0 || 8.8 || .167 || .000 || .750 || 0.7 || 0.5 || 0.7 || 0.0 || 0.5 || 1.5
|-
| align="left" | Career
| align="left" | 5 years, 1 team
| 20 || 3 || 18.4 || .324 || .266 || .929 || 2.3 || 1.5 || 0.8 || 0.0 || 1.3 || 6.7

USA Basketball

Bolton was named to the team representing the US at the World University Games held during July 1991 in Sheffield, England. While the USA team had won gold in 1983, they finished with the silver in 1985, in fifth place in 1987, and did not field a team in 1989. The team was coached by Tara VanDerveer of Stanford. After winning opening games easily, the USA faced China in the medal round. The USA shot only 36% from the field, but limited the team from China to 35%, and won 79–76 to advance to the gold medal game. There they faced 7–0 Spain, but won 88–62 to claim the gold medal. Bolton was the team's leading scorer with 14 points per game, just ahead of Lisa Leslie's 13 points per game.

In 1994, Bolton-Holifield was named to the national team which competed in the World Championships in Sydney, Australia. The team was coached by Tara VanDerveer. The team won their early games, then advanced to the medal rounds and faced Brazil. Despite  17 points from Bolton-Holifield and 29 from Katrina McClain, the USA fell 110–107 when Brazil hit ten of ten free throws in the final minute. The USA went on to defeat Australia 100–95 to claim the bronze medal.

Bolton continued with the national team to the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. Bolton was the leading scorer in the game against the Ukraine, with 21 points. She helped the team win all eight games to win the gold medal for the USA team. Bolton averaged 12.8 points per game and led the team in steals with 23.

The national team traveled to Berlin, Germany in July and August 1998 for the FIBA World Championships. The USA team won a close opening game against Japan 95–89, then won their next six games easily. In the semifinal game against Brazil, the USA team was behind as much as ten points in the first half. Bolton hit a three pointer in the second half to give her team the lead, as part of a 16-point scoring effort, and the USA went on to win 93–79. The gold medal game was a rematch against Russia. In the first game, the USA team dominated almost from the beginning, but in the rematch, the team from Russia took the early lead and led much of the way. With under two minutes remaining, the USA was down by two points when Bolton  hit a three pointer to give the USA a lead. Russia tied the game, but Bolton hit another three to give the USA a lead they would not give up. The USA held on to win the gold medal 71–65.

Bolton continued with the national team to the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, Australia. The USA won all eight games, including the gold medal game against host Australia to win the gold medal. Bolton averaged 5.0 points per game.

Auburn statistics
Source

Current activities

After being released by the Monarchs as an active player in 2005, she returned to the Monarchs to work in their front office, specializing in public relations. In 2004 and 2005, she served as the head coach for the women's basketball team at William Jessup University, a California Pacific Conference school in Rocklin, California. Currently Bolton is the head coach for women's basketball at Vacaville Christian High School in Vacaville, California; she also dabbles in gospel singing.

Ms. Bolton has also been an active participant in the Sport Diplomacy Sports Envoy program for the U.S. Department of State. In this function, she has traveled to Armenia, Australia, China, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Papua New Guinea, and Saudi Arabia to conduct basketball clinics for approximately 1300 youth and women worldwide. In so doing, Bolton helped contribute to the Sport Diplomacy's mission to promote greater understanding and inclusion through sport and supported the U.S. foreign policy goal of advancing the status of women and girls around the world.

She currently lives in Sacramento, California.

Ruthie Bolton continues to work with the Golden State Warriors participating in many of their youth camps.  She also continues to do her 'AIM HIGH' program at many junior high and high schools throughout Sacramento County and beyond.  Ruthie Bolton is now endorsing the opening of "Ruthie's Place" which will be located in the Oak Park area of Sacramento.  Ruthie's Place will be a place for (1) Trauma Informed Domestic Violence Support Center for women and families (2) The first youth drop in support services center for girls and LGBTQ youth that are being exploited and sex trafficked throughout Sacramento County  (3) Boutique Thrift Center that is a social renewal model (Teach one, reach one).  Ruthie is collaborating with A Community For Peace (ACFP) on Ruthie's Place. www.acommunityforpeace.org.

In 2014, Ruthie was inducted into the Multi-Ethnic Sports Hall of Fame.

Ruthie Bolton is a published author who has written two books (1) From Pain to Peace and (2) The Ride of a Lifetime.

References

External links

WNBA player profile
Coaching profile at William Jessup University
January 7, 2006 Sacramento Bee article

1967 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Hungary
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Sweden
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American women's basketball coaches
American women's basketball players
Auburn Tigers women's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Mississippi
Basketball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from Mississippi
Galatasaray S.K. (women's basketball) players
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball
People from Lucedale, Mississippi
Sacramento Monarchs players
Shooting guards
Sportspeople from Elk Grove, California
Universiade gold medalists for the United States
Universiade medalists in basketball
Women's National Basketball Association All-Stars
Medalists at the 1991 Summer Universiade
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
United States women's national basketball team players
United Service Organizations entertainers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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This article provides suggestions for activities you can do with young children to interest them in astronomy. All children develop differently and at different rates so not all these activities will be of interest to all children and no specific age to complete these activities has been given for this reason. These activities should be suitable for most children between the ages of 2 and 7 but this is flexible depending on the child.
In early childhood, a child's brain is primed for learning which, teamed with an inbuilt curiosity, provides an ideal opportunity for involving them in astronomy and potentially setting them up for a lifelong hobby and interest. However, what also needs to be considered is that their attention span may be considerably less than an older child, particularly in the under 5 age range. Their logic and patterns of thought are also different to an adult, so it is important not to overload them with information that may be hard for them to process.
Basic astronomy can be tied into everyday life by making it an exiting part of the bedtime routine for your child. Choose a point in their routine, for example after brushing their teeth, to take them outside for a while - 10 minutes is a good starting point to build up from once you have gauged their level of interest and attention span.
On the first few trips outside, keep it reasonably simple as you are 'testing the waters' to see how your child reacts to the new part of the routine. Take some time to just look at the moon and stars, point out Polaris or make it a game by asking them to find the brightest star. On subsequent trips out you can begin to introduce other constellations and talk about the changing shape of the moon if you feel your child is ready for more information. There is no need to buy any equipment for children, but if you have your own binoculars or telescope to hand you may wish to let them have a quick look each night. When you go back inside you could also tie the evening together with an astronomy themed bedtime story if you have any.
Craft activities are generally popular with children and can be done independently or with other members of the family as a fun bonding session. They are incredibly versatile and adaptable, making them a perfect choice as an astronomy based activity as they can be modified to suit any child.
Simple colouring pictures with an astronomy based theme can be found easily through an internet search engine, or those who are more creative may wish to trace a picture or draw their own. These can then be given to a child to colour in. Pictures of planets can help children with colour recognition and number skills in addition to giving you a platform for teaching the names of the planets. Providing a book will allow the child to try and copy the colours and patterns onto the paper, or you can let them colour 'freestyle'.
Colouring pictures also make a great base for collage activities - just put out a mixture of different colours and textures such as foil, different papers, fabric etc., and some child-friendly glue and see where your child's imagination takes them. Collages are a great activity if your child has any sensory impairments as there are many different textures and colours for them to explore if you provide a good range.
Three dimensional projects can also interest and excite children and can be made using many different mediums, so can be tailored to what you have to hand or what materials your child likes to play with. Toilet and kitchen roll tubes make the great basis for rocket building and your child can either draw or stick decorations onto their rocket to personalise. To give them somewhere to 'fly' the rocket to, you could fill a tray with dry sand and rocks and provide a few people figurines as astronauts as an optional extension to the activity. Play-dough, salt dough and clay are alternative materials that can be used in model building.
Many children enjoy baking and helping out with food preparation. Getting them involved in an imaginary journey to space with a 'picnic on the moon' will not only get them thinking about astronomy, but also provides an opportunity get the whole family together having fun. Some ideas of food to serve would be meteors (rock cakes), gingerbread astronauts, Moon cheese and sandwiches cut into star or rocket shapes. If the picnic is held in the evening, it will give the family a chance to sit and watch the sun go down together and watch the first stars coming out.