text:
HEIDE II
7 TEMPLESTOWE ROAD BULLEEN, Manningham City
Statement of Significance •
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HEIDE II SOHE 2008
Last updated on - May 19, 1999
Designed by David McGlashan of the firm McGlashan & Everist, Heide II was built in 1967 as 'a gallery that could be lived in' for art patrons John and Sunday Reed who had been living on the property since 1935 in Heide I. In the same landscape that captivated the Heidelberg painters some 50 years before, they had established a garden and parkland of exotic trees, and had opened their home with great enthusiasm to artists and writers to fan a new creative spirit in the form of Australian modernism. The building of Heide II and its associated native plantings initiated a further phase in the Reeds' quest to advance modernism, with the house providing the foundation for its future use as a public art gallery and park. Built of Mt Gambier limestone, the house represents a rare and romantic distillation of diverse post-war influences in design to form a unique sculptural whole that is carefully integrated into the parkland. The Reeds moved into the house in 1968 and resided there until 1980. It opened as a public museum in 1981. An aboriginal scarred Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Site No. 7922-28) in the grounds (marked A) is protected by State and Commonwealth legislation.
Heide II is of architectural, historical, cultural, aesthetic, and scientific (horticultural) importance to the State of Victoria.
Heide II is historically and culturally important as the combined home and art gallery of pioneering modern art patrons, John and Sunday Reed. The Reeds were instrumental in shaping the forces that produced Australian modernism, and they were the first to envision the formation of a museum of contemporary art in this country. Heide II is a living tribute and memorial to the Reeds' extraordinary lives, and an icon to the modern creative spirit. The commemorative planting in 1989 by Maudie Palmer of a Manchurian Pear (Pyrus ussariensis) to the memory of Sweeny Reed is of historic interest.
Awarded the 1968 RAIA (Victorian Chapter) Bronze Medal, Heide II is architecturally significant as one of the finest contemporary houses in the State. A masterly work in design, it marks a high point in the development of this country's post-war domestic architecture, uniting two seemingly irreconcilable traditions, romanticism and mannered rationalism, to express purity of form in a geometric, sculptural whole. The movable furnishings that remain within the house reinforce this design aesthetic in fabric and form.
The stone remains of the early Ricardo house ruins in the grounds of Heide II is of archaeological significance.
Heide's surrounding landscape has aesthetic importance for its informally planted parkland of conifers, broadleaf and deciduous trees, shrubs and plants. The formally delineated kitchen garden of herbs, perennials and roses, is aesthetically appealing for its haphazard luxuriance, while the row of 14 Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera) trees is important for contributing to the design concept of the house. The three windbreak rows of Osage Orange and the English Holly hedge are prominent landscape plantings, and the three sections of post and rail fence are important landscape features.
Heide II's arboretum and parkland of mature plantings is of horticultural (scientific) significance for its outstanding collection of exotic trees, some of which are rare in cultivation. The planting includes a valuable collection of Quercus, Crataegus, Carya, Fraxinus and Fagus species. Of particular importance are three rows of Maclura pomifera x29, Quercus macrocarpa, Quercus nigra, Quercus acutissima, Quercus ilex, Quercus canariensis x5, Quercus cerris, Crataegus pubescens f. stipulacea, Crataegus spp. x2, Carya glabra, Carya ovata, Carya sp., Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Fraxinus spp. x2, Fagus sylvatica, Fagus sylvatica f. laciniata x2, Fagus sylvatica 'Pendula', Maytenus boaria x2, Populus x canescens x2, Sequoia sempervirens x3, Parrotia persica x2, Euonymus lucida, Podocarpus neriifolius, Carpinus betulus x6, Morus rubra, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Corylus avellana x3, Castanea sp., and Viburnum sp.
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Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number
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HO161
Extent of Registration
As Executive Director for the purpose of the Heritage Act, I give notice under section 46 that the Victorian Heritage Register is amended in that the Heritage Register Number 1494 in the category described as a Heritage Place is now described as:
Heide II, 7 Templestowe Road, Bulleen, Manningham City Council.
1. All of the buildings or structures marked B1 on Diagram 600876 held by the Executive Director; B-1 (house/gallery, and 1993 museum extension), B-2 (restaurant, formerly garage), B-3 (archaeological remnant of former residence), and B-4 (Potting Shed).
2. Movable objects related to Heide II: 1 terrazzo tile-topped table, 4 stemmed chairs, 2 bench seats, 4 club chairs, 1 coffee table, 1 wool rug, 8 wool cushions, 1 fire-grate (all located in B-1 interior), and 1 stone birdbath (located B-1 exterior).
3. All of the trees planted during the Reeds' occupation 1935-1981 and the 1989 commemorative tree and marked as follows on Diagram 600897 hend by the Executive Director:
T-1 Maytenus boaria x 2; T-2 Maclura pomifera (row x 14); T-3 Maclura pomifera (row x 10, part of an avenue x 20); T-4 Euonymus lucida; T-5 Maclura pomifera (row x 5); T-6 Quercus cerris; T-7 Quercus ilex; T-8 Podocarpus ?neriifolius; T-9 Quercus nigra; T-10 Castanea sp.; T-11 Quercus acustissima; T-12 Carpinus betulus (x 6); T-13 Quercus macrocarpa; T-14 Crataegus sp.; T-15 Crataegus sp. (x 2); T-16 Carya sp.; T-17 Crataegus pubescens f. stipulacea; T-18 Carya ?glabra; T-19 Fraxinus sp.; T-20 Fagus sylvatica flaciniata (x 2); T-21 Crataegus sp.; T-22 Fraximus ?pennsylvanica; T-23 Fraximus sp.; T-24 Fagus sylvatica ÔPendulaÕ; T-25 Populus x canescens (x 2); T-26 Carya ovata; T-27 Sequoia sempervirens (x 3); T-28 Quercus canariensis (x 5); T-29 Morus ?rubra; T-30 Metasequoia glyptostroboides; T-31 Viburnum sp.; T-32 Corylus avellana (x 3); T-33 Parriota persica (x 2); T-34 Fagus sylvatica; T-35 Ilex aquifolium (hedge); T-36 Pyrus ussariensis.
4. The landscape features and structures marked as follows on Diagram 600876 held by the Executive Director:
P-1 Main Path; P-2 North Path; P-3 Gallery Path/Drive; P-4 Rear Gallery Paths; P-5 Path system, bed layout and arbours of the Kitchen Garden; P-6 Kitchen Garden timber paling fence and two gates; P-7 Post and Rail Fence (3 sections).
5. All of the land marked L1 on Diagram 600876 held by the Executive Director being all of the land in Crown Reserve Rs 114021.
Dated 5 November 1998.
RAY TONKIN
[Victoria Government Gazette G 47 26 November 1998 pp.2891-2892]
Year Construction Started
VHR Registration
Amendment to Registration
Late Twentieth Century (c.1960-c.2000) International
McGlashan, David
Heritage Act Categories
Parks, Gardens and Trees
Residential buildings (private)
Additional Place Information
HEIDE II - History
Contextual History: History of Place:
The turbulent years that spanned from the Great Depression to the end of the 1940s plunged Australian art and culture into a period that was 'more sombre-hued' and intellectually both tougher and more abrasive than ever witnessed before. A new intelligentsia emerged that comprised poets, painters, social critics, and writers. Some painters were also writers, some ideologues also painters, the boundaries were blurred; the act of inquiring into the contemporary world as a prelude to changing it was the challenge that linked them. The trauma of war and depression, the return of Australian students from abroad, and the arrival of immigrants and refugees from fascism fuelled the growth of this movement.
In Melbourne the most dynamic members of this generation included Albert Tucker, Sidney Nolan, Max Harris, Noel Counihan, John and Sunday Reed, John Perceval, Arthur Boyd and Joy Hester. They revolted against the established artistic orthodoxies promoted by academic art schools and critical opinion. Melbourne's National Gallery School had become a bastion of conservative values where modernism in art was seen as symptomatic of a social and cultural decline in a wider modern world. For many conservatives, real Australian art was exemplified by the seemingly timeless truths and high virtues expressed in the canvases of Arthur Streeton, Tom Roberts or Hans Heyson. The works of the new angry generation re-evaluated the 'authentic' Australian cultural tradition as expressed in the nationalist imagery of these late nineteenth century artists and were utterly blasphemous to the old school.
One of the earliest talents on the Melbourne contemporary art scene was Sam Atyeo, a student of Bernard Hall's at the Gallery School. A painting he submitted for the school's travelling scholarship prize of 1932 caused a sensation when Hall refused to accept it on the grounds that its style contravened entry regulations. The work, depicting nude art students and a caricature of Hall, was subsequently displayed in a Collins Street shop window, and in the wake of the publicity Atyeo held his first exhibition in a modern furniture and design shop owned by Cynthia Reed. She in turn introduced him to her brother and sister-in-law, John and Sunday Reed. In the early 1930s he was one of the most dynamic forces among the new Melbourne artists.
Many progressive artists bypassed conventional training, preferring instead to attend the untutored life drawing classes held at the Victorian Artists Society during this time. Often they could be found in Gino Nibbi's Leonardo Art Shop in Little Collins Street, in Risti's cafe, the Melbourne Public Library or in one of the nearby jazz clubs. Painter Justus Jorgensen and his students favoured the Mitre Tavern at the other end of Little Collins Street, while tonalist Max Meldrum and his followers frequented the Swanston Family Hotel. Their studios were invariably in cheap city rentals or in shared lofts in Little Collins Street, but some ranged to rooms and garages in Carlton. Most survived by working in various short-term jobs such as commercial art for advertising firms or printers. With the prospect of overseas travel low on their horizon, journals and books became their main source of information on international movements. Peter Bellew imported these through his Hill of Content bookshop in Collins Street, as did Gino Nibbi. The reality was that most students had to rely on libraries or on copies from wealthier friends.
While the city with its favoured haunts remained popular as a stimulus, some artists congregated in places like Warrandyte and Eltham. In the early 1920s Penleigh Boyd established a studio in Warrandyte by converting an old wattle and daub barn. In the 30s it was bought by Connie Smith, a patron of emerging artists who used it as an exhibition venue for group shows. Justus Jorgensen moved to Eltham and began constructing his beloved Montsalvat, and Danila Vassilieff built his rough-hewn house Stonygrad in the late 1930s. Another artist, Adrian Lawlor, lived in Warrandyte at Broom Warren. After his house was destroyed by fire in 1939 he built a modernist house that was based on a design by Walter Gropius. The Boyd family lived at 'Open Country' in Murrumbeena, providing another creative hub. In 1935 John and Sunday Reed moved from their flat at 27 Marne Street, South Yarra to an old weatherboard farmhouse, formerly a dairy farm, set in fifteen acres of pasture and river flats at Heidelberg, near the Yarra River, that they had purchased the previous year. Heide, as the property came to be known, evolved into an important gathering place and informal education setting for some of Melbourne's most experimental modern artists, whom the Reeds championed.
History of Place:
Early History of Heide's Farmland
Heide was originally part of farm allotments 25 and 26 purchased in the 1840s by one-time MLA Sidney Ricardo from Campbell's Carlton Estate. By 1860 Ricardo's 150 acre farm was reported by the Department of Agriculture to be the richest farm in South Bourke. Ricardo, a Londoner, was an outspoken defender of the small farmer and the need for Victorian farmers to adapt to Australian conditions.
Ricardo sold the property in the 1870s to Thomas J Dowd, a farmer, whose house, which is recorded in the 1875 Shire of Bulleen Rate Books, may have been incorporated into the timber, Heide farmhouse. An increase in the valuation of Dowd's house in 1889 from £260 to £580 suggests substantial alterations at that time for the new occupiers, James and William Lang. The Langs were the owners of the property from 1893.
In 1934 John and Sunday Reed purchased the property. This section of the Yarra River and its environs had captivated the Heidelberg School artists late in the previous century, and fifty years on, the same landscape was to be the backdrop to another important chapter in Australian art history. Part of Heide's great contribution was that it fuelled the re-invention of the Australian landscape by modernism through the discussions, friendships and associations sustained and generated there.
John Reed (1901-1981), of Anglo-Australian parentage, came from a wealthy Tasmanian pastoral family. He studied law at Cambridge and returned to Australia to work for the prominent Melbourne law firm, Blake & Riggall, and by 1932 he was a partner. Two years earlier (1930) he had been introduced to divorcee, Sunday Baillieu Quinn at a Toorak tennis party, and they were married in fine style at St Paul's Cathedral in 1932.
Being a Baillieu, Sunday belonged to Melbourne's most prominent establishment family, who had amassed their fortune through real estate and mining. After a privileged upbringing, Sunday emerged as an independent woman with a strong sense of personal style. In 1926 her engagement was announced to reputed American businessman, Leonard Quinn. Apart from the marriage ending in disaster, it left her with venereal disease and an inability to have children.
The Reeds' involvement in the modernist movement began soon after their marriage, with their interest particularly stimulated by their friendship with the brilliant young artist Sam Atyeo. His activities ranged from painting to design and architecture, as well as dynamic intellectual discussion. With Atyeo's encouragement Sunday developed her interest in modernism and aesthetics by briefly studying painting at George Bell's Bourke Street studio school in 1933, but she did not continue to paint and never referred to herself as an artist. Left-wing politics was another primary concern of the Reeds, and life-long friendships were forged with political leaders and intellectuals such as the judge and parliamentarian H V Evatt.
Heide I
When the Reeds moved to Heidelberg they set about creating a home in the French provincial style and developing a self-sufficient way of life.
They remodelled the weatherboard house, adding a modern bathroom and kitchen, along with extensive bookshelves in the library. They also began an ambitious gardening program. Birches, willows, lindens, poplars, walnuts, golden ash, oaks, alders and larches were among the first trees planted. A vegetable garden was started and masses of flowers were planted, too. At Heide John and Sunday could welcome friends such as Atyeo and painter Moya Dyring who would be enticed to help in the garden. John and Sunday were generous, enlightened hosts and Heide soon became the focus for many involved in Melbourne's avant-garde.
The well-stocked Heide library, and its larder, were twin delights for the visitor. Art books, volumes of poetry, new novels, classics, books about birds and gardens, and the latest journals were all available for the Reeds' mostly impecunious guests. Paintings were everywhere at Heide, hanging on walls, and propped against desks and bookshelves. The garden as provider for the table and as an exquisite environment, was Sunday's lifelong commitment, a balance of work and pleasure.
Heide was open house to all cultural forms, yet attendance was by invitation only. John and Sunday Reed were there to be responsive to the creative act, not indulgently but not dogmatically, and in the context one had to produce qualities of mind and creativity to which their responses could be made.
By the end of the 1930s John Reed had helped found the Contemporary Art Society and he went on to become the driving force behind its survival. In 1943 John Reed ceased practicing law and ventured into publishing. With the young writer Max Harris the Reeds established Reed & Harris, the publishing firm that produced Angry Penguins, the most controversial vehicle for modern art at that time, and later Ern Malley's Journal. They also supported and helped establish artists such as Albert Tucker, Arthur Boyd, John Perceval, Danila Vassilieff, Joy Hester and Sidney Nolan. Sidney Nolan came into the Reeds' lives in 1938, unashamedly seeking their patronage. It was at Heide that he painted his celebrated Ned Kelly series of 1946-47, and where Joy Hester produced some of her most important drawings.
A Contemporary Art Museum
In the 1950s many of the artists the Reeds supported travelled abroad and were replaced by a new generation of artists that included Charles Blackman, John Brack, Edwin Tanner and Bob Dickenson. During these years John Reed worked to re-establish the Contemporary Art Society, which went into hiatus after the war, and on 1 June 1956 he opened the Gallery of Contemporary Art (GCA), in Tavistock Place, Melbourne. He and Sunday were its directors. It was a momentous occasion, the gallery coming into being 'rather magically, because the situation and the time required it'. In 1958 the GCA became the Museum of Modern Art of Australia, with John as its director until not long before its demise in 1966 after years battling a lack of financial support and other internal problems. Initially situated upstairs in the same premises as the GCA, the museum consisted of two small galleries whose most distinctive features, designed by local architect, Peter Burns, were the glass entrance doors, and the long lengths of wire mesh on which the works were hung. The inaugural exhibition comprised works gifted to the museum by the Reeds' artist friends. In 1962 the museum moved to an unused floor of the Ball & Welch department store in Flinders Street. The Reeds' commitment to Australian modernism had 'resulted in what was surely the largest and finest private collection of contemporary Australian art'.
As the encroachment of subdivision and traffic began to threaten the tranquillity of the old farmhouse on Templestowe Road in Heidelberg, the Reeds resolved to build a new house on Heide land that would double as a gallery for the display of their collection. They commissioned the architect David McGlashan of McGlashan & Everist to design 'a gallery that could be lived in'. Within this concept further guidelines specified that the new building had to be romantic and ageless, with a sense of mystery; that it had to combine a quality of space and natural light appropriate to a gallery; that the walls should be the most significant building elements; and that they should extend into the garden.
To create an environment that did not compete with art works, the fabric of the building needed to provide a neutral background. McGlashan chose a limited palette of material including Mt Gambier limestone in sawn ashlars. The floors and horizontal surfaces including worktops, benches and tables were to be of white terrazzo tile, while outside surfaces were pebble concrete. Ceiling surfaces were of pine boards and windows were to be set directly into stone walls without frames. There were to be no decorative or detailed finishes, and for the most part there were to be no doors. Privacy was to be achieved by walls which turn to shield room entrances.
Heide is the epitome of the post-war International Style as practised by contemporary architects like Neil Clerehan, Robin Boyd and Graeme Gunn. Its interlocking geometry is typical of the European Modernists, especially those associated with the De Stijl movement, although its chief influence comes from Japanese architecture, particularly the traditional Japanese house. This is illustrated by the use of wall planes and frameless expanses of glass in preference to a formal external skin. Many of the wall planes appear as free-standing rectanguloids or projecting blade-like slabs. The roof is concealed as a flat or near flat deck clad with aluminium. Situated on a gentle hillside, the space in the house is contrived to conform to the gradient in its descent through various floor levels. Sliding glass doors unite the landscape with the interior and its courtyards. Every room was designed with a wall of glass fronting onto a courtyard or garden. Space flows over internal and external walls, and the absence of internal doors contributes to this flow of space, as does the unity of fabric.
The house was completed in 1967, and the Reeds moved down from the farmhouse in 1968, the year Heide II, as it is known, won the RAIA (Victorian Chapter) Bronze Medal for the 'Building of the Year' award (all categories). The Reeds lived in Heide II for twelve years, and then moved back to Heide I in 1980. From 1975 they had been discussing the future of Heide II and its art collection with the State Government, the MMBW, and the National Trust. A few months after they moved back to Heide I it was announced that Heide II was to be purchased by the State Government, along with part of their personal collection of art. By now the Reeds were in their late seventies, they had laid the foundation for a public enterprise in the park and museum, and John was not well.
After a long illness John Reed died just a few days short of his eightieth birthday, on 5 December 1981. Ten days later Sunday died, of what one may assume was a broken heart or a lack of will to go on living without her husband, with whom she had enjoyed a remarkable and enduring partnership. Barrett Reid, poet, critic, librarian, and associate editor of Overland, lived at Heide I until his death in 1995.
Heide II as Art Museum
It took six months to convert Heide II into a museum. It was opened in November 1981. The architect David McGlashan, the original designer, instructed on the conversion. The guest flat on the south side of the house was converted into an office and storage area, the house foyer became the gallery entrance, with the body of the house taken over as exhibition space. The carport became a restaurant. Domestic fittings, fixtures, appliances and installations were removed, and new artificial lighting suitable for exhibition purposes was added. Some of the furniture designed by McGlashan, such as the table and chairs setting, was retained. The inclusion of a caretaker's cottage as well as public toilets was necessary, and a 'Merchant Builder' house was constructed for this purpose which repeated some of the materials and characteristics of Heide II. A public car park was also added.
The original collection of 112 works was expanded by the Reed bequest of a further 388 works. Since the museum opened the collection has expanded with a focus on Australian art of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
In March 1991 the Historic Buildings Council approved the design for a new gallery to be added to the original Heide II building. The design, by architect Andrew Andersons, had been in progress since May 1989. The extension opened in 1993. A further redevelopment of Heide III in 2005-6 was designed by O'Connor + Houle Architecture, incorporating the addition of the Albert & Barbara Tucker Gallery. Its black titanium zinc facade strikingly contrasts with the white limestone of Heide II. The related Sidney Myer Education Centre was conceived by the architects as an 'art cabin' and built from the same materials as the Heide III extension. In November 2009, the new Heide cafe was completed and opened to the public. Designed by Chris Connell Design, the cafe sits in an elegant glass pavilion allowing visitors to connect with the beautiful surrounds of Heide while dining.
Crescent House, a beautiful, small pavilion designed by architect Andrew Burns, was installed in 2013. Its symmetrical geometry comprises two intersecting arcs within a rectangular structure that frames the ever-changing garden view.
David Stewart McGlashan
David McGlashan was born 19 September 1927, and died aged 70 on 19 December 1997, the day after he and his partner, Neil Everest, officially retired from their architectural practice. He grew up in Brighton and lived in Toorak for most of his married life. The McGlashan Everest firm produced a great number of well-designed buildings in Melbourne, Geelong and other parts of regional Victoria. After graduating at Melbourne University in 1951 McGlashan established his partnership with Everest in 1953. Their early commissions were for houses, but in 1962 they were engaged by Geelong College, and they later worked for other colleges, notably Wesley. More commissions came for residential projects on the Mornington peninsula, and in 1964 the firm's Grimwade house at Rye won the Victorian Architecture Medal. In later years his firm designed the Deakin University buildings at Waurn Ponds.
The Landscape and Garden
When the Reeds moved to the property in 1935 it was a badly run down dairy farm. John described the landscape as 'bare, except for a few boxthorn hedges, a thin line of trees along the river and some old and mostly halfdead pine trees around the house', and a magnificent 400 year old scarred river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) standing just north of the farmhouse.
Stimulated by the potential of the landscape, the Reeds started planning and carrying into effect a garden and parklike concept to embrace the whole area. Even in these early days the idea had occurred to the Reeds that a major part of their parkland would become, in some way, available to the public in the future. 'In this context we saw that, ultimately, Heide could take its place as a public garden-park complex, fitting into the surrounding flats and slopes, and we have always worked with this thought in mind'.
From the start, the gardening program was high on the agenda. Birches, willows, lindens, poplars, walnuts, golden ash, oaks, alders and larches were among the first trees put in. A vegetable garden was established and countless flowers planted. The garden/ landscape as both provider for the table and 'exquisite environment', was 'Sunday's lifelong commitment, a balance of work and pleasure'. Tending the garden and gathering from its bounty was part of the Reeds' daily round. This ran to a strict routine, often to the surprise of the artistic of Bohemian friends in residence. Meals were served at regular hours, household chores and shopping were dispensed with in the morning, then lunch and a short siesta followed before going into the garden for the rest of the day. Two or three days a week, or if there was nothing else on, John Reed would attend to the many native and exotic trees he had planted, while Sunday Reed would work in the kitchen garden.
Over the years the Reeds employed a number of gardeners. One was the painter and potter Neil Douglas, who stayed at Heide for a while and helped Sunday with some landscaping after she had been impressed with the style of his own garden in Bayswater. Douglas was consulted in the early 1940s when the row of Osage orange (Maclura pomifera) was planted by the Reeds as a windbreak. These trees were popular in the prairie states of America in the 1880s as a hedgerow plant for stock control, but unusual in Australia. The row was later incorporated as a landscape feature into the design of Heide II. In front of Heide II stands a pinetum planted by John Reed. The long holly hedge that stands on the river flat was planted by John and Sidney Nolan in the early 1940s as a refuge for birds escaping from Sunday's many Siamese cats.
Two great English gardening writers, Gertrude Jekyll and William Robinson, were influential on Sunday's approach to gardening, from 1935 through to the 1960s. Jekyll's approach to cottage gardening is clearly seen at Heide in the kitchen garden and in the informal, slightly unkempt appearance of the wider garden. Today this verdant park of seemingly randomly planted trees, unruly shrubs, old roses, and rampant creepers, would appear to achieve the Reeds' aesthetic aim of informality.
The wider acreage was John Reed's principal preoccupation. Many of the conifers, broadleaf and deciduous trees were rare in cultivation when John planted them. In the early years of living here the Reeds tended to plant exotic trees, however in the late 1950s and through to the 1970s their interest in Australian native species became predominant, particularly after the construction of Heide II.
After Heide II was built a new kitchen garden was established on a section of former cow paddock and a low picket fence was erected. Since the Reeds' deaths the raised mounds of plants have been timber-edged, and paths have been gravelled to cope with the throngs of today's visitors who love to ramble around the jumble of roses, herbs and vegetables. The row of old roses extending from the kitchen garden were transplanted from other parts of the garden after Heide II became a museum. The Rose Walk Pavilion, constructed in 1991 of Queensland cypress-pine and western red cedar, was designed by Melbourne architect, Gregory Burgess, constructed by G Berrill and A Otto and is a gift of the Friends of Heide with assistance from the Victorian Ministry of the Arts.
The scarred tree, Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum) is identified as an Aboriginal archaeological site, No.7922-28, and is protected by the State, Archaeological and Aboriginal Relics Act (1972) and the Commonwealth, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Heritage Protection Act (1984).
On completion Heide II was regarded by many as the finest modern house in the state.
The later domestic work of architect Richard Neutra (1892-1970), for example his Kaufmann House (1947) at Palm Springs, USA, and the work of Frank Lloyd Wright (1869-1959), notably Falling Water (1937--39) at Bear Run, Pennsylvania, USA, are the closest international parallels. In Melbourne, Graeme Gunn's Molesworth Street, Kew, townhouses, and Neil Clerehan's Domain Road and Walsh Street houses, South Yarra, are all similar.
Associated People: John & Sunday Reed; -See more at: http://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/180#sthash.wKryZIKJ.dpuf
Plaque Citation
HEIDE II - Plaque Citation
Art patrons John and Sunday Reed lived in Heide I from 1935 until 1967 when Heide II was built as their home and gallery. The surrounding garden and parkland were established by the Reeds.
HEIDE II - Permit Exemptions
EXEMPTIONS FROM PERMITS:
(Classes of works or activities which may be undertaken without a permit under
Part 4 of the Heritage Act 1995)
The purpose of the exemptions is to allow works which do not affect the stated
cultural significance of the structures, objects, parkland and garden
associated with John and Sunday Reed.
1. All exempted alterations are to be planned and carried out in a manner
which prevents damage to the fabric of the registered place or object.
2. Should it become apparent during further inspection or the carrying out of
alterations that original or previously hidden or inaccessible details of the
place or object are revealed which relate to the significance of the place or
object, then the exemption covering such alteration shall cease and the
Executive Director shall be notified as soon as possible.
3. If there is a conservation policy and plan approved by the Executive
Director, all works shall be in accordance with it.
4. Nothing in this declaration prevents the Executive Director from amending
or rescinding all or any of the permit exemptions.
Nothing in this declaration exempts owners or their agents from the
responsibility to seek relevant planning or building permits from the
responsible authority where applicable.
Electrical rewiring is exempt provided that all original switches outlets and
electrical devices are maintained during rewiring.
No other alterations are exempt without an approved Conservation Plan.
1993 Art Gallery Extension
All interior alterations which do not alter the external appearance of the
building.
Restaurant (former garage)
Unregistered Buildings
Alterations which cannot be classed as 'development' and demolition is permit
All registered movable objects
Nil exemptions, except for conservation treatment undertaken to AICCM
* The process of gardening; mowing, hedge clipping, bedding displays, removal
of dead plants, disease and weed control, emergency and safety works and
landscaping and planting to retain the existing landscape character.
* The replanting of plant species to conserve the landscape character of
conifers, deciduous and evergreen exotics, Osage Orange rows and Australian
natives.
* Management of trees in accordance with Australian Standard; Pruning of
amenity trees AS 4373.
* Removal of plants listed as State Prohibited and Regionally Controlled Weeds
in the Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994.
* Repairs, conservation and maintenance to hard landscape elements, gravel
paths and driveway, bridges, paving, steps, arbours edging, fences and gates.
* Installation, removal or replacement of garden watering and drainage systems
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categories: Finance
In the second article of our Fall 2018 issue we present an edited version of Wei Jiang's keynote address at the Financial Management Association's Annual Conference last October. Wei begins by noting that shareholder turnover in U.S. public companies has increased sharply during the past four decades, rising from a low in the mid-1970s of around 10%—which implies an average holding period of 10 years—to its current level of over 350%, or a holding period of some three or four months. But this increase in average share turnover in recent decades has also been accompanied by a remarkable growth of long-term investors.
In a recent study, the author and two colleagues used quarterly holdings information from Form 13F to identify short-term investors—which they defined as having annualized turnover rates over 100%, implying a holding period of less than a year—and long-term investors—those with a turnover rate below 33%, with holding periods longer than three years. Defined in this way, the presence of long-term institutional investors in the average public company's shareholder base has more than doubled since the early 2000s.
What's more, in an attempt to determine whether the market encourages corporate short-termism by putting too high a discount rate on—and so undervaluing—earnings or cash flows that are expected to appear in the distant future, the author points to the findings of two studies by others. In the first of the two, an examination of the pricing of a relatively new derivative known as "dividend strips" shows that the implied discount rate for such "incremental" dividends has actually been higher than the rate applied to the long-term residual value, suggesting that the market undervalues near-term cash flows relative to more distant ones. The second of the two cited studies reports that companies with high levels of R&D spending—in other words investments with distant payoffs—are fairly priced in the sense that their future stock returns are comparable to those earned by other companies in the same risk class.
In response to the claim that shareholder activists force companies to pursue near-term profits at the expense of the corporate future, the author cites her own study (with two colleagues) that examines the stock returns of targeted companies from three years before the announcement of an activist's taking a position in the stock to three years after. What they find is that the targets significantly underperformed the market and their competitors in the period leading up to the activists' involvement—and that, after a 5% jump in share prices in response to the announcement, the average performance of the targets was roughly equivalent to their competitors' during the next three years. And, as if reflecting this 5% net gain, the operating performance of these companies, as measured by ROA, improved significantly during this three-year period.
To be sure, there is some evidence that activists discourage corporate R&D. But, as the author (and her three co-authors) shows in a study published this past year in the Journal of Financial Economics, although corporate spending on R&D does fall (by an average of $15 million per company) in the year following the appearance of activists, R&D as a percentage of total assets remains unchanged, reflecting the tendency of companies to sell assets; and the smaller R&D function becomes more productive, accounting for 15% increases in both new patents and citations during the next three years.
Authored by Wei Jiang
Are U.S. Companies Too Short-Term Oriented? Some Thoughts
In the first article of our Fall 2018 issue Steve Kaplan notes that today's widespread criticism of U.S. companies as shortsighted and ever willing to sacrifice their future for near-term profit is by no means new. As the author of this article shows, such charges of short-termism have a long history that goes back at least 40 years. But as he goes on to point out, if these claims were warranted, then the effects we have been warned about all these years would surely have shown up by now.
But it is difficult to find evidence of such effects. For example, a short-term orientation has not been reflected in any erosion of corporate profitability over time. As the author reports, the ratio of U.S. corporate profits as a percentage of U.S. GDP has not only been on a generally upward trend since the early 1980s, but has never been higher than in the past few years. And corporate spending on R&D has also gone up sharply during this period, from 1.1% of GDP in 1977 to 1.7% in 2016. What's more, evidence of short-termism has not shown up in either higher amounts of investment, or higher rates of return, by venture capitalists and private equity firms, which are both in a good position to profit from widespread corporate failure to pursue valuable growth opportunities.
Nor do stock market investors appear to encourage corporate short-termism, given their willingness to fund IPOs of companies with no previous earnings, and to assign high price-earnings multiples to companies, like Amazon and Tesla, whose reported earnings have been modest at best. What's more, the fact that today's P/E and CAPE ratios are at relatively high levels suggests that the market continues to expect significant rates of growth by U.S. companies.
Some critics, to be sure, have argued that the high level of corporate buybacks and other distributions of cash, when combined with today's near-record corporate cash holdings, provide clear evidence of a widespread failure of companies to invest in their future. But as the author notes, such distributions in fact represent a fairly small fraction—only around 20%—of after-tax corporate net income after infusions of new debt and equity capital are also taken into account.
Authored by Steve Kaplan
Do Large Blockholders Reduce Risk?
How Has Takeover Competition Changed Over Time?
The Early Returns to International Hedge Fund Activism: 2000-2010
Does Mandatory Shareholder Voting Prevent Bad Acquisitions? The Case of the United Kingdom
The Effect of Shareholder Approval of Equity Issuances Around the World
Ben Bernanke's Blog | Brookings Institution
Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: draw() missing 1 required positional argument: 'surface' Python Version: 3.4
PyGame?: Yes
Alright so I'm using Python and PyGame aswell as following a tutorial on youtube since I'm new to programming.
I've tried multiple things like adding a_block to the parameters aswell with my game_display but then it says that my object Block has no sprite thing called.
I've also tried searching this up multiple times but I haven't found anything useful yet. The tutorial I believe was done in Python 2.
Block Class:
# Creates a class for our block
class Block (pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    # Creates an object
    def __init__(self,colour = blue,width = 64,height = 64):

        super(Block,self).__init__()

        self.image = pygame.Surface((width,height))
        self.image.fill(colour)
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect()

    def set_position(self,x,y):
        self.rect.x = x
        self.rect.y = y

Part of my Main Game Loop:
# Main game loop
if (__name__ == "__main__"):
    # Initilizes all the sub modules inside of pygame.
    pygame.init()

    # Shortens what would be 2 window sizes into 1 variable
    window_size = window_width, window_height = 640,480
    # Takes the window size variable called display_size and makes the window
    game_display = pygame.display.set_mode(window_size)
    # Sets the window/caption name/title
    pygame.display.set_caption("Game")

    # Sets the game FPS(Frames Per Second)
    clock = pygame.time.Clock()
    FPS = 60

    # block sprite group
    block_group = pygame.sprite.Group

    a_block = Block()
    a_block.set_position(window_width/2,window_height/2)

    block_group.add(a_block)

    # Draws the sprite group called block to the game_display
    block_group.draw(game_display)

A: lock_group = pygame.sprite.Group() # instantiate the class to create an object

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Bemis webinar on bonding attracts 200-plus attendees
SHIRLEY, Mass. – Bemis Associates Inc., a leading manufacturer of thermoplastic films, tapes and adhesives for bonding, hosted two webinars on the basics of bonding, its technology and application information.
Participants learned the origination of bonding; the importance of it and how to use bonding on materials such as fabric, metal and wood. Bemis' experts shared insights about adhesives and how each is unique and engineered for different materials and performance requirements. The presentation also showed the differences between chemical and mechanical bonding; critical factors in adhesion and various machinery used in the processes.
The post-webinar survey responses indicated that participants really appreciated the demonstration given by the company's strategic design manager Stephanie Lohman, and the fact that she showed live examples of half-bonded samples so participants could gain a clear understanding of what section of the application was Bemis and what section was the substrate. The survey also indicated that viewers liked hearing from three different company experts, all of which spotlighted their individual field of expertise.
A total of 230 people attended the webinars from across the globe, including Asia, Europe and the United States. More than 77 brands were represented from 22 different countries.
Feedback included:
"I loved Stephanie's overview of design suggestions of how to incorporate Bemis products into garments."
"I most enjoyed seeing examples of finished items using Bemis film."
"I like how the process of selecting the right adhesive was explained. It will definitely help cut down on back and forth (with customers) emails in the future."
"We're so pleased to see the incredible response and high rate of participation to our webinar series," said Scott Wood, director, Product and Marketing. "We have a subsequent webinar scheduled for the near future that will take a deeper dive into the more technical aspects of bonding."
To view a recording of the webinar, click here.
Source: Bemis Associates


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DP World wins 30-year Congo port concession
25 March 2018 Comments (0) Actualites, Africa, Infrastructure, Middle East Like
DUBAI (Reuters) – DP World said on Sunday it had won a 30-year management and development concession for a greenfield, multi-purpose port in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
The Dubai-owned port operator will set up joint venture with the Central African country's government to manage and invest in the Atlantic Coast's Port of Banana, it said in a bourse statement.
An initial $350 million will be invested to construct a 600-metre quay and a 25-hectare yard extension with a container capacity of 350,000 TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units) and 1.5 million tons for general cargo.
Congo has long looked to develop a port along its less than 50 km (30 miles) of coastline to handle larger vessels than those that can reach its existing shallow ports up the Congo River.
Construction is expected to start this year and take two years to complete. A total project cost of over $1 billion, spread over four phases, will be dependent on market demand.
DP World will control 70 percent of the joint venture with the government of the DRC retaining the remaining 30 percent, the statement said.
The award includes an option to extend the concession for an additional 20 years.
(Reporting by Alexander Cornwell. Editing by Jane Merriman)
2020 World Expo Dubai: a first for the region
6 November 2017 Comments (0) Non classé Like
The World Expo will be held in Dubai in 2020, meaning that the MENA & SA (Middle East and North Africa & South Asia) region will host the event for the first time. The Expo began in London back in 1851, and once every 5 years a new location plays host to the global event. Hosting such a prestigious event comes as a huge boon for Dubai's continually growing economy, and marks a breakthrough for the region as a whole. The event demands a lot of planning, not just for the initial hosting, but for the long term use for all the investments.
A long road to completion
The process of securing the right to host the 2020 World Expo began back in 2011, when 5 cities made the final shortlist. These cities were Sao Paulo in Brazil, Yekaterinburg in Russia, Izmir in Turkey, and Dubai of the UAE. Dubai's bid was titled "Connecting Minds, Creating the Future", and in 2013 it was announced that Dubai had won.
The Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) are the body responsible for selecting the winning bid, and after 164 member nations had voted, Dubai was the runaway victor with 116 votes.
Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid, Vice President and Ruler of Dubai, said at the time "I am proud of our teams who earned this victory for Dubai with two years of hard work, dedication and commitment."
The process to build the infrastructure for the Expo then began; as the 6 month event will see millions of visitors arrive, with the potential to generate an additional $40 billion of revenue for the economy, as 277,000 new jobs are created. The main site for the event is named Al Wasl, which means "The Connection" in Arabic, and the 4.38 sq km site will feature a 65 meter tall dome that includes a 360 degree screen to project images to the thousands of visitors.
Every nation that is appearing at the Expo will have its own pavilion, and there will also be 3 main pavilions for the central themes of the event, which are "sustainability", "mobility" and "opportunity". Contracts for the construction of these 3 key sites will be awarded later this year.
The UAE is only 45 years old as a nation, but the history of the people and the region is obviously far deeper. To try and illustrate this point, the 2020 Expo's logo was based upon a ring that was discovered at a 4,000-year-old archaeological site in the Al Marmum area of Dubai.
Sheikh Mohammed said that the logo "represents our message to the world that our civilization has deep roots. We were and will always be a pot that gathers civilizations and a center for innovation."
Many major global events lead to their hosts finding that they are left with large debts rather than long term growth. The Olympic Games and soccer World Cup have often proved a cost, rather than an economic boost, to their host cities. However, Dubai's planners are confident that they are building for sustained growth.
Aside from the new jobs created to prepare for the Expo, the organizers say that 80% of the buildings created for the event will continue to be used once it has ended. An additional 28,000 hotel rooms will have been built by 2018, and this should help continue Dubai's growing tourism trade.
In addition, major expansion of the Al Maktoum International Airport is planned to carry on after the Expo, with the works to finish in 2025. The 2020 Dubai Expo is also aiming to be the first one in which more than 70% of the visitors are from overseas, which should again help sell Dubai as a tourist destination to many people new to the region.
A new city is being built in the Dubai South region, a city which will eventually host 1 million residents and 500,000 jobs. Long term contingency plans for the various developments used at the Expo are in place, and already Siemens has announced that, from 2021, it will use Expo site as its global logistics base.
The arrival of the 2020 World Expo should dovetail well with the government's Vision 2021 plans, and Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid has promised "to astonish the world in 2020."
StartUps Flourish Across the Middle East
25 September 2017 Comments (0) Economy, Technology Like
The Middle East is overcoming cultural barriers, and political and financial challenges, to become a paradise for potential investors. Emerging local technology companies are flourishing and giants from the US, Europe and Asia are taking notice. From the arrival of business angels, to the sale of Souq.com to Amazon, the region is showing greater creditability for investment projects and successful business ventures.
Growing Markets
Although there are huge obstacles facing the business markets of some countries across the region, the six Gulf Cooperation Council countries (UAE, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Kuwait) plus Egypt, Lebanon and Jordan are emerging as an economic hub. According to venture capital site Beco Capital, there are over 160 million people in the region, 85 million who are online, and 50 million who are adult digital consumers with disposable income. These countries have the highest value consumers, enterprises and entrepreneurs, as well as, the youngest populations and high smartphone and broadband usage. This largely untapped market, is becoming the breeding ground for local technology startups, and big players from abroad, who wish to tap into it.
So far, only 8% of businesses in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) have digital presence (as opposed to 80% in the United States) and only 1.5% of the region's retail sales are digitally transacted, meaning there is still plenty of growth to come. According to Beco Capital, each digital job is estimated to create two to three more jobs in the economy, meaning the digital market could add up to $95 billion in annual gross domestic product by 2020. The business landscape of the region therefore, shows a lot of promise to foreign investment.
Emerging Startups
According to research house MAGNiTT, there are now over 3,000 startups across the region, with $870 million spent in startup investment last year. The top 100 startups raised over $1.42 billion in funding and each startup has raised over $500,000 individually. Some 68% of startup founders come from the Middle East, although many hold dual citizenship, 12% of successful startup founders are female, and the UAE hosts 50% of the most funded startups in the region. These figures have attracted foreign investment from abroad.
According to Bloomberg, Amazon's recent acquisition of Dubai based, online market retailer Souq.com, shows that e-commerce in the Middle East is set to take off. Out-bidding Emaar Malls PJSC, which owns the world's largest shopping center, at $800 million, Amazon is actively looking for new areas of growth, and seems to have found it in the Middle East. According to Bloomberg, Souq.com has 23 million online visits a month, employs over 3,000 people and sells more than 400,000 products, from electronic goods to household products and clothes.
An angel investor is usually an affluent individual or professional investor who provides startup capital for a new venture in return for shares in the business. In a report drafted by Harvard Business School experts, angels increase creditability to projects and increase possibilities for success. The report found possibilities for success increased by 10 to 17% when initial investment was done outside the US. According to the National back in 2012, enthusiasm for angel investment was growing across the Middle East. High speed internet connections enable the regions businesses to reach a global audience, meaning companies can grow without need for crippling overheads previously associated with foreign investment.
Executive chairman of Oasis500, a Jordan based investment program, Usama Fayyad said the Middle East was a unique opportunity for investors to participate in companies who could easily grow in value two to ten times over in a matter of months. Business angels may also have valuable knowledge and experience to help struggling startups. Serial entrepreneurs, who have started their own business can mentor local companies to ensure successful management strategies.
Startup Ecosystem
Despite the war and poverty stories emanating from across the region on the nightly news, the Middle East is well on its way to becoming a global hub for investment. Even with numerous challenges, this has not stopped the region, as a whole, from overcoming the first phases of business development to build a promising startup ecosystem.
Sources: (1), (2), (3), (4).
John Lewis to open in Dubai as retail surges in the UAE
6 February 2016 Comments (0) Business, Featured, Middle East Like
UK-based department store John Lewis is set to launch in Dubai as the UAE becomes a top global market for retailers
Taking the middle class favorite across the globe, UK-based department store John Lewis has announced plans to open shop in the Middle East with the launch of a home department in Dubai. Scheduled to open in spring 2017, the shop-in-shop will take prime position in the new flagship Robinsons Department Store in the Dubai Festival City Mall, both owned by UAE-based conglomerate the Al-Futtaim Group. The 15,000 square feet shop will be John Lewis's largest outlet oversees, and will stock a range of own-brand furniture, cookware, textiles, glassware, and bedroom, bathroom, living, and gifting assortments.
The agreement extends the current partnership between the Al-Futtaim Group's Robinsons Department Store and John Lewis in Singapore. As part of the announcement, the duo also confirmed the opening of a 630 square feet John Lewis shop-in-shop in the Kuala Lumpur Robinsons store in Malaysia. Both new outlets will be designed by John Lewis's in-house team.
Andy Street, John Lewis's managing director, comments: "We're delighted to be working with Robinsons again on two new ventures. The success of our existing international shop-in-shops has given us the confidence to open in the Middle East and increase both the scale of the space and product assortment. This is an exciting time for Al Futtaim's Dubai Festival City Mall and we're pleased that John Lewis will be a part of the next phase of its redevelopment."
Building a stable home market
The announcement follows a failed Middle Eastern expansion attempt by John Lewis in 2011. Again working with the Al-Futtaim Group, plans had been drawn up to open several stores across the region, including in Dubai and Egypt. But at the time, much of the British high street was struggling, and so John Lewis pulled out, commenting that a focus on the home market was the first priority.
Now the employee-owned John Lewis operates 46 shops across the UK, of which 32 are department stores. And it is performing well relative to the market, posting particularly strong results for the important Black Friday, Christmas, and post-Christmas trading period with total sales of $1.38 billion (£951 million). Its viral "Man on the Moon" ad also triggered a 5.1% jump in online sales year-on-year. Although the company has warned that 2015 profits will be down, it has blamed this on higher pension charges, and on the whole, John Lewis is in good health.
John Lewis has also been busy building a portfolio of overseas stores, including 14 shop-in-shops across Singapore and the Philippines, seven in South Korea, and a further seven shop-in-shops set to launch in De Bijenkorf department stores across the Netherlands.
Booming retail market in the Middle East
But emerging markets are playing an increasingly important role. Reportedly about 70% of the world's growth is likely to come from emerging markets in the coming years. With a rising population, a growing middle class, and rapid urbanization, the Middle East is a particularly attractive and largely untapped burgeoning market.
According to an Arcadis index ranking of 50 international markets, the UAE is the eighth most attractive market globally for retailers, with the UAE ranked first in the region thanks to strong infrastructure and ease of operation. Dubai is at the center of that market, with the second largest number of global brands after London, rising local purchasing power, a wealthy expatriate community, and a thriving tourism sector with plenty of foreign luxury consumers. Currently Dubai alone commands around 30% of the Middle East luxury market.
Modern retail concepts, including the Dubai Mall which claims around 50% of Dubai's luxury purchases and hosted a record 54 million visitors during the annual Dubai Shopping Festival, also provide ideal conditions for growth. Developments capitalizing on the successful Expo 2020 bid and new mall openings are also expected to reinforce Dubai's position at the center of a Middle Eastern retail in the coming years.
But with religion tied so closely to both society and business, the Middle Eastern market does also come with risks. Dano-Swedish brand Arla Foods (owner of Lurpak, Puck, and Arla) is a good example. In the early 2000s it was a major player in the Arab world, dominating the Middle Eastern markets for butter, cheese, and cream. But in 2005, and again in 2008, the publication of cartoons unflatteringly depicting Islam's prophet in Danish newspapers led to boycotts of Danish goods, and sales plummeted. Arla Foods has never quite recovered.
Good chances of success
This partnership between John Lewis and Al Futtaim has a good chance of success. John Lewis has a strong reputation, voted the retailer with the best reputation in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa in a survey by the Reputation Institute (2013 and 2014). This will make it attractive to the Middle Eastern market. And Al Futtaim has the expertise and knowledge of the local culture. As Paul Delaoutre, President of Al Futtaim Retail, comments: "Al Futtaim's solid regional retail infrastructure, know-how and reputation seamlessly blend with John Lewis's global appeal as a renowned retailer in a long-awaited exclusive partnership designed to offer discerning UAE consumers even more choice and options."
Dubai's Sheikh Mohammed connects on social media
4 January 2016 Comments (0) Featured, Middle East, Politics 1
The pioneering ruler of Dubai is conquering a new frontier – social media.
Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum has built a global social media following of millions of people and he is using social channels to connect with his citizenry and beyond.
He has 5.2 million Twitter followers and 3 million Facebook "likes" plus thousands of additional followers on LinkedIn, Instagram and other social media platforms. (By way of comparison, U.S. President Barak Obama has 5.5 million Twitter followers on his official POTUS account and 46 million "likes" on his Facebook page.)
Mohammed is @HHShkMohd on Twitter, HHSheikhMohammed on Facebook and HH Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum on LinkedIn.
Known for being the force behind Dubai's rapid development as a major global business and air transport hub as well as for his love of horse racing, Mohammed, 66, has been Emir of Dubai and Vice President and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates since 2006.
Connecting with young people
In recent years, the ruler has encouraged his countrymen to embrace social media as means to connect with young people and encourage innovation.
"The significance of these (social media) channels lies in their ability to reach out easily to all members of the society through personal devices," he said at a Social Media Influencer Summit, which he convened in 2015 to discuss legislation to insure the "best use of social media platforms."
"It is our duty to help our young people and future generations by building a knowledge platform to protect them from any destructive and negative thoughts that affect their full potential and create constructive paths for Arab societies," he said.
Discussing national and global issues
Mohammed has initiated a number of discussions on social media about issues facing the country and the world.
"We want every man, woman and child to join us in the biggest ever national brainstorming session to find new ideas for health and education," he tweeted in 2013. "Education and health concern all of us, so I invite all of UAE society to think collectively of creative solutions."
In 2015, during Ramadan, he used social media to launch a UAE Water Aid campaign to provide clean drinking water to people in poor countries. "Statistics show that 3.4 million people die every year because they lack clean drinking water," Sheikh Mohammed said on Twitter. The campaign raised nearly $50 million in a month.
Emphasis on youth, Dubai development
Mohammed also posts frequent updates on both Twitter and Facebook describing his activities, which often focus on the need to develop the country and its young people.
One recent Tweet showed a photo of him meeting with students. "I had the pleasure today of meeting a group of students of the Mohammed bin Rashid school for communication. Positive and ambitious and persevering," he tweeted.
"I told them constant communication with the people and listen to them … and the removal of barriers with them is the most important characteristic of a successful leader and media also successful," he said in a follow up tweet.
Another has a photo of Mohammed in the cockpit of an airplane with the tweet: "UAE carriers have 530 aircraft worth $160 bn on their order books. UAE is a major growth driver for global aviation."
UAE carriers have 530 aircraft worth $160 bn on their order books. UAE is a major growth driver for global aviation pic.twitter.com/EP9t9RqFF5
— HH Sheikh Mohammed (@HHShkMohd) November 8, 2015
Dubai transformation began in the 1970s
Air transport was a first major step in Dubai's rapid development and transformation into a major global city starting in the 1970's.
Mohammad as a young man oversaw expansion of the state-owned Dubai International Airport beginning in 1974. A decade later, he would oversee the launch of Emirates airline, which has become the largest airline in the Middle East and a strong competitor in the global airline industry.
Under Mohammed's leadership, Dubai has become the air and financial hub of the Gulf. After he lifted a ban on foreign land ownership in 2002 and allowed the creation of special economic development zones, Dubai was able to attract significant development and multinational companies flocked to state.
Touting government efficiency
According to his LinkedIn profile, Mohammed's "vision for the UAE has been proven successful through achieving unprecedented rankings on global indexes and has lately achieved number one worldwide for government efficiency, according to IMD data."
More recently, it says, Dubai has developed as a humanitarian center.
"The UAE is not just a financial and economic nucleus, neither is it just a tourism hub: we are also a nerve centre of a global humanitarian work." These words of Sheikh Mohammed physically manifest in the many charity and humanitarian foundations established by HH (Mohammed), which are major local and international players providing assistance and opportunities to the less fortunate around the globe.
Horse racing and poetry
Mohammed's passion for horseracing is widely known. In 1992, he founded Godolphin, a family-owned enterprise that has become the largest thoroughbred racing stable in the world. The family-owned enterprise has farms in the United States, Ireland, England and Australia.
With an estimated net worth of $4 billion, he is also a well-regarded poet and has published books on leadership.
Social media for governance
On social media, however, his focus is on governance and using new technologies to improve Dubai and its people.
"The world is moving at a very fast pace and technology is evolving dramatically. We all remember how the traditional media emerged modestly but it quickly gained momentum driven by technology to become a force that impacted governments, changing the course of their work. It transformed the world into a small village."
False Alarms During Dubai's Second « Property Crash »
25 May 2015 Comments (0) Business Like
In mid- January 2015, many real-estate developers and financial experts were worried: with Dubai World's debt-restructuring talks looming overhead, a stock market meltdown and subsequently devastating property crash seemed almost inevitable. (more…)


Bad news for all Belgian cross-border travellers: the roadworks on the E411 will continue until April 2019.
The initial end date for the roadworks was December 2018, but many people were sceptical that this end date would be adhered to.
Now it is official, the roadworks will in fact last well into 2019.
The roadworks between Arlon and Sterpenich are resurfacing the motorway surface as well as creating a third lane for those who opt in to car-sharing.
Sofico, the authority in charge of financing infrastructure projects in Wallonia, announced the news on Thursday.
In the announcement, Sofico explained that it will be impossible for construction workers to finalise works before winter conditions set in. As a result, the amended end date is April 2019.
Why is it the roadworks, which started on the 17 of September, are taking so long to finish? According to Sofico, the road has required additional repair works.
Although initially the construction workers expected to pour 10,000 square metres of concrete to improve the state of the road surface, they will now need to use 25,000 square metres of concrete.
Unfortunately for commuters, this means that travelling towards Luxembourg will remain a slow and difficult process for another six months.
Outside of rush hours, there will only be one lane open towards Luxembourg if the weather allows the workers to continue. In advers weather conditions, two lanes will be open with a reduced speed limit enforced.
From mid-December, road conditions towards Brussels will return to normal (120 kilometres per hour).
Toutes les photos des travaux sur l'E411 en Belgique.


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Here's What To Do When You Can't Sleep, According To Science
by sarah kester - August 11, 2021
Nighttime issues affect 50 to 70 million Americans each night. Whether you're overthinking tomorrow's meeting, scrolling through TikTok or too wired from that third cup of coffee, the struggle to fall asleep is real.
You may even be up late searching, "what to do when you can't sleep." If so, you've come to the right place! There's no sheep to count here — just science- and expert-approved tips that help you get some quality shut-eye.
Vital Note: This article has been made available for informational and educational purposes only. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or another qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Your licensed healthcare professional can best provide you with the diagnosis and treatment of any medical condition and assist you as well in deciding whether a dietary supplement will be a helpful addition to your regimen.
What to do if you can't fall asleep?
Staring at the ceiling gets old real fast. So the next time you can't fall asleep, try these tried-and-true sleep hacks.
1. Focus on breathing and muscle relaxation
If you've ever fallen asleep during a meditation or savasana, you know this works.
"Slow, controlled breathing is an effective way to relax, which is a crucial step towards falling asleep," explains Alex Savy, a Certified Sleep Science Coach and Founder of SleepingOcean.
"It can also help users distract from any unwanted, often anxious thoughts that might be keeping them awake." The muscle relaxation technique is easy — simply tense groups of muscles and release them, one by one.
"Most users prefer starting with their face and moving down through the shoulders, arms, back, stomach, thighs and so on," says Savy.
2. Get out of bed
"The tossing and turning might increase your anxiety and frustration, making it even harder to fall asleep," explains Dr. Chris Airey, M.D., Medical Director at Optimale.
No staying in your bedroom, either. Dr. Airey recommends doing relaxing activities beyond those four walls, such as reading a book or organizing your things — basically anything to avoid spending time on your phone or laptop screens. These devices emit blue light, which is a sleep buzzkill that disrupts your natural sleep rhythm. When you feel sleepy again, Dr. Airey says you can return to bed.
3. Take a warm shower
Taking a warm shower washes stress down the drain and prepares the body for rest. "Warm water has a relaxing, often calming effect," says Savy. "Therefore, taking a shower right before bed can prepare users for sleep." It doesn't have to be a long shower; just a few minutes will do. If you have extra time, treat yourself to a bubble bath.
4. Take Sleep Gummies
Slip into better sleep and wake up feeling rested with Vital Proteins® Sleep Gummies.** Containing dreamy ingredients like melatonin, L-theanine and vitamin B6, each bite is here to shield your nighttime wellness routine. Just take 1-2 melatonin gummies before bedtime to join the slumber party.
Vital Fact: It's a favorite of our in-house functional nutritionist, Olivia Peláez. "Sleep Gummies have become a staple in my wellness routine," she tells Lively. "I love the combination of melatonin and L-theanine that helps me to relax and get a good night's sleep.**"
Why can't I sleep even though I'm tired?
From the moment you wake up to the moment you lay your head on the pillow at night, a lot can disrupt your sleep. Your circadian rhythm (your sleep-wake cycle) is a sensitive one.
According to Savy, this can be disrupted by several factors, such as going to bed and waking up at inconsistent hours, using devices before sleep and drinking too much caffeine (in general and too close to bedtime). "Any of these scenarios can disrupt the body's natural hormonal regulation responsible for stable sleep patterns, which often leads to an inability to fall asleep even when feeling tired," he says.
Stress and anxiety are another culprit. If you haven't noticed already, anxiety and poor sleep go hand in hand. "Chronic stress often leads to increased production of cortisol, the notorious stress hormone," shares Savy. "In its turn, cortisol can suppress the production of melatonin, the sleep-inducing hormone, causing difficulty falling asleep and other issues."
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How long can you go without sleep?
It's no secret that you need your sleep (just try and make conversation with someone who slept poorly). But how long can you go without sleep, exactly?
Dr. Airey says that people can go 48 hours without sleep before they start to experience what's called "microsleeps." This is when your "brain goes into a state similar to sleep involuntarily." No surprise here: After 72 hours you may experience a strong urge to sleep, he says.
What are the 3 types of insomnia?
If sleep is a nightly struggle, you might have insomnia. There are three types of the common sleep disorder: acute, transient and chronic insomnia.
Acute insomnia: Savy calls this the most common type. It lasts for a few days or up to a few weeks. This type typically occurs in response to external factors such as stress, life changes, certain medications, pain, changes in the sleeping environment or excessive use of caffeine," he says.
Transient insomnia: This is the shortest type of insomnia, typically lasting for less than a week, says Dr. Airey. Jetlag is a huge cause, as is occasional stress and interrupted sleep cycles due to unusual events (such as holidays), adds Savy. So the next time you get horrible sleep while sleeping at your aunt's house during the holidays, blame transient insomnia.
Chronic insomnia: This is the big one, characterized by long-term recurring sleep issues. "It can be associated with mental health issues, poor sleep hygiene, or underlying physical problems," explains Dr. Airey. It's most common in the older population, women, and people suffering from psychiatric illnesses, adds Savy.
What to do if you can't sleep because of anxiety?
By now, you know that anxiety keeps you from your precious zzz's. So, what to do if you can't sleep because of anxiety? Instead of turning to your Instagram feed, Savy says the key is relaxation (both mental and physical).
"The most popular (and effective) anti-anxiety tools are meditation, breathing exercises, massages, visualization exercises, yoga (or light stretching if it's a pre-bedtime routine), journaling, listening to nature sounds or sleep music," he says.
The relief doesn't stop there — Dr. Airey recommends a diffuser to clock in some aromatherapy time (lavender is a relaxing oil). Herbal teas like chamomile can also help those eyelids get heavy.
So, Is 2 hours of sleep better than no sleep?
Here's the scene: It's 4 a.m., you're still awake and you must be up at 6 a.m. Is 2 hours of sleep better than no sleep? According to Savy, the answer is yes.
He explains that the two-hour window of shut-eye allows your body to go through one sleep cycle (this usually lasts for around 90 minutes). "This should give the body a chance to restore to at least some extent and get a little energy boost," he explains.
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Home/World News/Colonial pipes recorded security operations before the attack | Business and Financial Issues
Colonial pipes recorded security operations before the attack | Business and Financial Issues
The task of writing the head of the cybersecurity Pipeline of the Colonial Pipeline is still on its page Wednesday, five days after the company responded to the cyber.
Colonial Pipeline, a US company that is at the peak of the major redemptions it has brought fat loss worsens and rising fuel prices across the country, he hired security officials a few weeks before the bombing.
The program of employment The Colonel's "cyber security guard" is still on the website Wednesday, five days after the company responded to this.
In a statement, Colonial described Alpharetta, Georgia as "responsible for the management of a team of cyber security experts and experts including but not limited to technical networks, SCADA & network engineers and cyber security engineers".
The position requires a "personal ambassador" who has a bachelor's degree in computer science, information security or other related fields or a combination of work experience and education, depending on the submission. Followers can have up to five years or more for technical research plus five years or more for practical purposes.
"As a Supervisor, you will lead the development of security business strategies; will oversee the implementation of cyber security standards and procedures; facilitate recovery in security situations; and regulate law enforcement, "the document said.
The Colonial Pipeline claims to be the largest commercial pipeline in the US, carrying 2.5 million barrels a day of various fuels, diesel fuel, home heating, jet fuel and oil to U.S. military lines in a 5-mile down line.
It also stated in a statement that the commission submitted was not linked to the conspiracy.
"Cyber protection has not been created because of recent eagles," the company said in an email to Bloomberg news. "We have a number of open positions as part of the process of temporary growth around skills, as we are only gaining high-level skills across all areas of our business."
A major US pipeline company says it has been forced to suspend all pipelines after cyber security
The company said it exports about 45% of all edible oil off the coastal coast of the East Coast, supplying oil to 50 million Americans.
On Saturday, the colonists handed over a certificate of authenticity "Victim of cybersecurity" and that the event involves redemption.
Ransom is a type of malware that stores data, blocking users from outside the system until a ransom is paid.
The company said it "took other offline systems to address threats, which temporarily suspended all pipeline operations, and affected some of our IT systems" and partnered with a third-party security company as well as law enforcement agencies and government agencies.
On Monday, the FBI confirmed that the pipeline attack had taken place by a terrorist group called DarkSide.
"The FBI confirms that the Darkside ransomware program was responsible for the disruption of the colonial Pipeline," the FBI said. "We will continue to work with the company and our government partners on research."
Colonials said Monday is holding "the goal of Resetting work at the end of the week ".
A few days later, many pipelines are still online and oil shortages have swept away parts of the U.S., with drivers in some states lined up for hours to fill their tanks or not find "oil-free" signs attached to local pumps.
At least four U.S. governors, in Virginia, Florida, North Carolina and Georgia, have declared a state of emergency over the shortage.
The global oil price hit six years Wednesday, standing up over $ 3 per gallon, according to information from the AAA traffic management agency.
In a statement sent to his office on Tuesday evening, the Colonials said they were "still making progress in our pilot project to get our work back".
The White House has a press conference on pipeline planning Wednesday evening.
But although the colonists could resume pipeline operations Wednesday, U.S. Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm acknowledged it could take several days to "increase operations".
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Latest update January 21st, 2020 4:35 PM
13 parties present lists to contest March 02 Elections
ExxonMobil makes 15th oil discovery offshore Guyana at Mako-1 Well– Dr. Bynoe
FIRST OIL!
Govt. guaranteed profits in agreement with ExxonMobil
Inspections of oil and gas vessels on the rise
Guyana strengthening chemical management
Desilting of drains in Alexander Village alleviating flooding
No price increase for land, housing even with economic boom
Ambassador of Japan Commends Focus on Renewable Energy
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Cabinet discussing Exxon contract -President says no prospect of intention to review at present time
Feb 15, 2018 Government, Ministry of the Presidency, News, Press Releases
Editorial Editor
editors@dpi.gov.gy
Georgetown, Guyana – (February 14, 2018) President David Granger, today, said that there is no immediate intention to to review the contract between Guyana and ExxonMobil, indicating, however, that the matter is before Cabinet. Speaking to members of the media at the conclusion of the swearing in ceremony for the new Appellate Court Judge at State House today, the Head of State said that the matter is one that must be approached carefully.
H.E. David Granger, President of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana.
"These matters are before Cabinet and it depends on what determination Cabinet arrives at but the Contract is an agreement between two parties and these things that have to be approached very carefully. There is no prospect at the present time that it is the intention of Cabinet to review it, but as I said it is before Cabinet," he said.
Meanwhile, Minister of Natural Resources, Mr. Raphael Trotman, in an invited comment, said that the Government is committed to receiving the best possible advice as it works to develop the oil and gas sector, noting that the administration is in receipt of support from a number of agencies. While there is a lot of commentary on the matter, Minister Trotman said that Government is receiving a broad range of advice from qualified sources, adding that the Ministries of Natural Resources, Finance, Public Infrastructure and other sector agencies have been working with international organisations such as the Commonwealth, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Mexican Petroleum Institute and the Chatham House.
"In addition to [Advisor to the President on Petroleum], Dr. [Jan] Mangal's advice, we have, over the last two years, been steadily building capacities and we have to start with the Energy Government Capacity Initiative, which is coming through the US [United States] Government. They have been here working with both Ministries of Finance and Public Infrastructure and to some extent the Ministry of Natural Resources. That is an ongoing project. We have Chatham House, the Royal Institute of International Affairs and they have held several seminars and have been providing support and advice to us on all aspects of the industry. We have a [Memorandum of Understanding] signed with the Government of Mexico and the world famous Mexican Petroleum Institute, which has been providing support, advice and even some scholarships to Government. We also have support coming from Government of Canada, UNDP; we are in talks with Trinidad and Tobago to lend some support. We are also receiving support from Brazil so there is no end of experts," he said.
Support at the national level also includes the work of the Commonwealth Secretariat and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), as well as, the International Monetary Fund (IMF). "In particular we have the Commonwealth Secretariat drafting Laws for the last few years. We have completed drafts for the Petroleum Commission to be established, a review of the Petroleum Exploration and Production Act and we have regulations, which we have sent out to the various Ministries. There are a host of advisors all of who are working overtime. We also have teams from the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Government is receiving support and advise from a range of sources and not necessary from one person or one entity. These are all ongoing engagements," he said.
Minister Trotman also reaffirmed Government's commitment to transparency and accountability in the sector, noting that the administration is cognisant of the need for accountability to the Guyanese people. "It was this Government that decided to take us into membership of the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (EITI). In September 2017, we became the 53rd member of the EITI and that shows that we are not just talking but that we are making moves and it was in record time that we were accepted. We have also attended conferences for the Open Government Partnership. We are in the process of releasing the other contracts from this weekend. The people can see what obtained in the past and what obtains now," he said.
Last week President Granger made it clear that it is Government that has to assess the advice it receives and balance those against national priorities to define policy for the good of all Guyanese.
2018, Cabinet, DPI, EITI, ExxonMobil, IDB, IMF, Minister of Natural Resources, Mr. Raphael Trotman, President David Granger, UNDP
Author Details Shaquille Bourne Author email shaquille.bourne@dpi.gov.gy DPI, Guyana, Tuesday, January 21, 2020 With the advent of the oil and gas sector, the Maritime Administration is exercising its regulatory duties over vessels operating within a new industry; since there has been an increase...
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Commentary. This is the core of Charlie's story, and the point that has so far divided doctors, judges and parents: Is the experimental treatment being proposed an aggressive therapy or not?
The difficult search for the best interest of Charlie
written by Massimo Villone
The final decision of the British courts on Charlie Gard's case is close, but perhaps not immediate. First, there could be a medical debate with doctors willing to test a therapy that, according to some, opens new possibilities for the rare and incurable genetic disease that is leading Charlie to death.
In any case, it has not been said that the decision already taken, against her parents' wishes, to unplug the life support machines will be reversed.
We do not find conflicting interests at the base of this incident, with one faction pro-life and another pro-death. The doctors at the Great Ormond Street Hospital, judges and Charlie's parents are actually divided on the interpretation of the same point: What is Charlie's "best interest?"
The legal systems differ in the details and applications. But eventually they converge in the sense that the objective is to look for the patient's best interest. The case of Teresa Schiavo in the United States, the cases of Welby and Englaro in Italy, and now Charlie Gard in Britain, prove it. The common ground is in the principle that medical care must not result in aggressive therapy.
It is a well-established principle. The code of medical ethics states in Article 16 that the physician "does not undertake nor insist on clinically inappropriate and ethically out of proportion diagnostic procedures and therapeutic interventions, from which we can not validly expect genuine health benefits and/or an improved quality of life."
The Catechism of the Catholic Church (III.2.2278) states that "the interruption of medical procedures that are burdensome, dangerous, extraordinary or disproportionate to the expected outcome can be legitimate. In this case, "aggressive therapy" can be waived. It is not our will to cause death; we agree not to impede it."
Aggressive treatment cannot and should not be practiced. And it is a principle that we can connect to Article 32 of the Italian Constitution, which establishes an absolute limit on the respect for the human person in protecting the right to health.
It is precisely this respect that is not kept in cases of aggressive measures.
The same applies to the British system, and it is summed up in the "best interest" formula. This is the core of Charlie's story, and the point that has so far divided doctors, judges and parents: Is the experimental treatment being proposed an aggressive therapy or not?
We must consider at least three points.
First, may the medical treatment in question be effective in the specific case of Charlie?
Second, how severe is the damage already suffered by Charlie?
Third, if it were effective, would the treatment allow for a recovery, or might it only prevent further damage?
From the information available, on the first point, some believe, although more evidence is needed, that the treatment could be effective; on the second and third points, there is an essentially unanimous medical opinion that the brain and muscle damage suffered is very serious, and there is no chance of recovery. Even the letter from the Italian researchers of Bambino Gesù center does not go beyond a possibility on the first point.
On the third, only the American neurologist who recently joined the case does not exclude the possibility of a partial recovery.
This is the scenario the judges face, summoned to judge on the differing positions between the doctors and the ethics committee of the Great Ormond Street and the express will of his parents.
Here is the most difficult question. If parents want to keep the machines on, how can the hospital go against their will? But this is answered with another question: Are we sure that their opinion is really the one most oriented to Charlie's "best interest"? Or is it otherwise biased by their own parental love?
Until a few decades ago, there was no medical knowledge and technology for extending life by artificial means. Without the internet, we would not have the overall resonance that is crucial today in Charlie's case. New problems of the new world. But we can imagine that many vicissitudes of life and death will still consume a few in private pain.
It seems fairer.
Massimo Villone
Originally published in Italian on July 16, 2017https://ilmanifesto.it/la-difficile-ricerca-del-miglior-interesse-di-charlie/


Inspired by the writings of ethicist Peter Singer, British playwright Mark Ravenhill's text sits at the core of this chilling new collaboration led by composer David Chisholm.
The Experiment brings together a group of artists at the height of their disciplinary power, in a contemporary examination of human nature, thought and action.
Unravelling in a fragmented narrative structure, The Experiment is a musical monodrama that explores the psychological nature of trauma and memory and delivers a provocative horror story for our times.
In a confronting reimagining of Ravenhill's 21st century monodrama, Chisholm and his collaborators radically transform the 2009 Grand Guignol monologue into a technology saturated 60-minute solo work for virtuoso guitarist Mauricio Carrasco.
The performance begins as a traditional musical monodrama, with Carrasco speaking the text, over music. Gradually layers of the speaker's own voice begin to collapse and the composition builds in texture, moving from acoustic echoes to the introduction of electronic sounds and integrated digital video elements.
The nine-stage performance, experimenting with the dark side of memory and identity, features the visceral imagery of painter and video artist Emmanuel Bernadoux, in an immersive audio-visual scenography designed by Matthew Gingold.
"A darkly ingenious essay on the ambiguity of memory, expressed through a story of Mengele-esque experiments on children."
"An informed and adventurous creative mind at full stretch."


Social production of habitat is a phenomenon that emerged during the 70´s in Latin America under a set of multiple experiences of communities looking to produce their own place to live. Consequently, SPH has a material transformation related to housing and/or habitat, as well as a socio-political impact because it represents a different form of appropriation of the city and the urban space. This paper analyses the experience of SPH processes in a sub-African context specifically in Mashimoni-Nairobi and reflects about its effects on new forms of substantive citizenship as well as the possible use of the SPH as a tool for advocacy in an African context.
In order to analyse the relationship between SPH and citizenship, the reflection is guided by four dimensions; (1) the everyday practices of use and appropriation of the urban space; (2) participation processes; (3) the community relationships and strategies; and (4) the identity and sense of belonging. The discussion shows that, regarding SPH in Mashimoni, there has been relevant achievements as well as fractures. It can be said that SPH can trigger deeper ways of citizenships, nonetheless, the analysis opens fundamental questions about SPH processes in relation to possible exclusions, tensions, and limitations that talks about the fragility of SPH processes and participation in general.
Finally, the paper argues that SPH can effectively be a tool for the advocacy of movements and community leaders in Africa, as a way to simplify and legitimize the processes that different communities and citizens are leading every day in the urban space.


As conservatives continue to point out the absurdity of those who would erase history by asking, as President Trump did, if we must do away with memorializing great but flawed figures like George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, some liberals are attempting to draw the distinction between those men and Confederate heroes like Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee.
On Wednesday, liberal Hardball host Chris Matthews interviewed historian Jon Meacham, who had just written an op-ed on the subject.
As a historian, Meacham undoubtedly knows that attitudes about race were just as backwards, by 2017 standards, in the North as well as the South.
Matthews, Meacham, and others can try to draw a distinction, but when it comes to erasing history, Leftists, just like their ISIS counterparts in the Middle East, will NEVER truly stop – not until every monument is destroyed and every real and imagined enemy is dead.