Total domestic vehicle sales in Japan for 2017 were reported as 5.23 million units, higher by 5.3% from the 4.97 million of the previous year. Japan is the world's third largest individual car market after China and the US. Passenger car sales were up by 5.8% for the year to 4.39 million units, while commercial vehicles including trucks and buses rose 2.9% y/y.
Domestic sales for the month of December actually declined marginally, down 0.8% from the comparable period of last year at 394,254 vehicles, with a similar drop in passenger car sales to 330,300 units. December vehicle sales also fell 3.1% m/m. For comparison, the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association reported total sales of 5.05 million units in 2015. A strengthening economy could portend further increases in Japanese domestic car sales through 2018.
The Bank of Japan tapered its monthly purchases of long-dated bonds by ¥20 billion last week, less than 4% of the normal buying level, sparking speculation that monetary policy could begin to see some modest tightening later in the year. But the slight reduction in purchases may be little more than an interim adjustment and not a precursor of policy change. In 2016 the BoJ stated that short-term interest rates would remain at -0.1% and that yields on the 10-year bond would be fixed at zero percent with a goal to reflate the economy. The most recent report on consumer inflation of 0.9% is still well short of the 2% target inflation rate set by the BoJ. The Japanese economy grew at an annualized 2.5% in the latest 3rd quarter 2017 data, exceeding earlier projections of 1.7% in calendar 2017; the Japanese economy posted growth of only 1.0% in 2016.


text:
Updated 24 December, 2020 - 19:35 Joanna Gillan
The Ancient Origins of Santa Claus
Every year millions of children around the world anxiously wait for the arrival of Santa Claus. Parents tell stories of the man with the white beard, red coat, and polished boots who travels the world with his reindeer bearing gifts for all those who were well-behaved. Perhaps one day, parents will also tell the story of the real Santa Claus – a man who dedicated his life to charity and gift-giving.
The Real Santa Claus
The real story of Santa Claus begins with Saint Nicholas (270 – 343 AD), who was born in the village of Patara, an area which was once Greek but is now part of Turkey. He was born to wealthy parents, who died in an epidemic while Nicholas was still young. Nicholas used his entire inheritance to assist the needy, the sick, and the suffering.
One account of Nicholas says that he presented three impoverished daughters with dowries so that they would not have to become prostitutes. On three different occasions, the bags of gold providing the dowries appeared in their home. They had been tossed through an open window and are said to have landed in stockings or shoes left before the fire to dry. This led to the custom of children hanging stockings or putting out shoes, eagerly awaiting gifts from Saint Nicholas.
Portrait of Saint Nicholas. Source: BigStockPhoto
Gift Giving Customs Linked to Saint Nicholas
Nicholas was made Bishop of Myra while still a young man. He became known throughout the land for his generosity to those in need and his love for children. Thus began the tradition of gift-giving in honor of Saint Nicholas, whose modern name Santa Claus, comes from the Dutch 'Sinterklaas'.
Saint Nicholas died on December 6th, 343 AD and on the eve of his death children were bestowed gifts in his honor. December 6th is still the main day for gift giving in many countries in Europe. For example, in the Netherlands, Sinterklaas is said to arrive on a steamboat or horse from Spain. On the night of December 5th, Dutch children traditionally put their shoes on the hearth, or the central heating duct, hoping that he will fill them with sweet rewards rather than a reprimand for any poor behavior during the year .
In the Netherlands, Sinterklaas is said to arrive on a steamboat or horse from Spain. ( georgpfluegl /Adobe Stock)
In other countries, the day of gifts was moved to December 24th and 25th, in the course of the Reformation and its opposition to the veneration of saints. But Saint Nicholas' concern for children helped him maintain his link to the gift-giving tradition that was moved to Christmas.
Ancient Origins of Favorite Christmas Traditions PLUS Those You May Never Have Heard About
The Holly and the Mistletoe: Ancient Roots of Christmas Symbols
Christkind: How Does this Christmas Gift-Bringer Differ from Santa Claus?
Where is Saint Nicholas' Tomb?
Nicholas' tomb in Myra became a popular place of pilgrimage. Because of the many wars and attacks in the region, some Christians were concerned that access to the tomb might become difficult. So in 1087, most of his bones were moved to Bari in Italy, where they remain to this day. A basilica was constructed the same year to store his remains and the area became a pilgrimage site for the devout.
An anatomy professor from the University of Bari who catalogued, measured, and photographed the saint's remains in 1957 tried to sketch what Nicholas would have looked like if soft tissues were present on the skull. In 2004, a facial reconstruction anthropologist attempted to create a likeness of the famous saint by applying the latest computer diagnostic techniques to the data gathered in 1957. The results can be viewed here.
Fresco of Saint Nicholas. Source: BigStockPhoto
In 2017, Turkish archaeologists claimed St Nicholas' remains are not in Bari, but located in the church of Saint Nicholas in Demre. They discovered another sarcophagus dating to the fourth century in the church, which they claim contains the saint.
Other historians suggest that the whole story of the movement of the saint's bones was just a way to "advertise a new pilgrimage center in the 11th century." To date, "nothing in the shrine at Bari proves that the bones inside belong to the fourth-century Bishop Nicholas," according to Professor of History & Religion, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, Lisa Bitel.
How Old is the Popular Santa Claus Image?
Several of the modern ideas of Santa Claus have been attributed to the poem by Clement Clarke Moore, "A Visit from St. Nicholas" (better known today as "The Night Before Christmas"), which appeared in the Troy, New York, Sentinel on December 23, 1823.
Many of Santa's modern attributes are established in this poem, such as riding in a sleigh that lands on the roof, entering through the chimney, and having a bag full of toys. St. Nicholas is described as being "chubby and plump, a right jolly old elf" with "a little round belly", that "shook when he laughed like a bowlful of jelly", in spite of which the "miniature sleigh" and "tiny reindeer" still indicate that he is physically diminutive.
The reindeer were also named in this poem: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder, and Blixem. Dunder and Blixem came from the old Dutch words for thunder and lightning, which were later changed to the more German sounding Donner and Blitzen.
Since then, the image of Santa Claus has been popularized through television, movies, and children's story books. While some dislike the idea of gift-giving at Christmas, believing that the lavish celebrations are not in line with their faith, or that Santa has become a symbol of materialism, others believe that it continues to honor the life and deeds of Saint Nicholas, an individual beloved and revered as a protector and helper of those in need.
Top Image: There was a real man who inspired the Santa Claus story. Source: Andrey Kiselev /Adobe Stock
By Joanna Gillan
Updated on December 24, 2020.
Saint Nicholas
Joanna Gillan is a Co-Owner, Editor and Writer of Ancient Origins.
Joanna completed a Bachelor of Science (Psychology) degree in Australia and published research in the field of Educational Psychology. She has a rich and varied career, ranging from teaching... Read More
Zucchini wrote on 3 January, 2021 - 11:16
To describe Santa Claus the figure I see the subject as The Many Evolution of Jolly St. Nick. Growing up however, as a child I never really liked Santa Claus.
I had been told that somewhere in History there really was an St. Nicholas aka St. Nick figure He I had no problem accepting.
The figure of Santa Claus scared me this one time I think I was 5 or 6 Year's old; I saw one walking down a Hall to a Community Meeting an well I screamed an I hid or rather tried too. So Santa just didn't appeal to me.
As I got older, I began learning a little more through the Night Before Christmas poem and The Polar Express I admit it was The Book The Polar Express illustrations that drew me in learning of Santa Claus.
I think what stuck out to me was that Santa Claus at one time was described as an Elf, he was decisively taller than the Elves that ran around the Toy Shop building gifts.
Hearing of the Elf angle that I read up on I found out that some Elves were supposedly good and other Elves, did not have the best interests at heart towards people.
I also discovered that it was believed Elves had certain abilities; probably why Santa Claus using magic, is so appealing to children and the young at heart. You know I often, wondered if they got Elves confused with Gnomes.
An then Horror comedy movie Krampus was introduced to Movie theaters and until that time I'd never heard of any Krampus beforehand. So it made me think what if Krampus an Elf was the true story of Santa Claus?
Perhaps the original story was edited for understandable purposes because the real one was to horrifying to think of at all and that would make Krampus an Evil Elf, then somewhere down the line the story was changed to Jolly St. Nick, a song comes along like "Up on the Housetop" like a warning of who was coming to one's house and not in a good way.
For Example, in 1347, we know the Black Death arrives by boat on Sicily, Italy and from there Hell was definitely Earth at that Time Period. Out of The Black Death a few ballads, Nursery Rhymes, and Poems were written to commemorate the Event.
One such Nursery Rhymes children do them to this day...
"Ring-a-round the Rosey,
pocket-full-of-toesies;
ashes, ashes we all fall down"
After, a Special on PBS I heard the original Nursery Rhyme, it was interchanged to the one children say today. It's important to know the original came from children to begin with, and Feel free to laugh but, I've forgotten how it went, I do know
that it's purpose told the story of The Black Death.
The children described The Diseased Body of the unfortunate, victim stricken by the Virus.
Like that of the Nursery Rhyme Ring-a-round the Rosey; this is what I think happened with the Oral Story of Krampus who becomes Santa Claus and has an Evil-double who does the opposite of Santa Claus.
Thus what we're left with is the image of Santa Claus we know today.
In the case of my mother when she grew up the family didn't do Christmas because they were Seventh Day Adventist; my maternal grandfather on the other hand did observe the practice I think done in The Netherlands; or possibly Holland, It involved a pair of Cobbler Shoes or Wooden Shoes?
My Mom always cried when reminiscence those gift giving days.
This is what I think of when considering The Origins of Santa Claus.
Pedro Picapiedra wrote on 4 April, 2015 - 01:35
In The Netherlands Sinterklaas is celebrated on December 5th. Not on the 6th. From the official arrival of Sinterklaas from Spain (televised) till December 5th. children put their shoes besides the chimney with a carrot for the horse, or a bit of straw, and got sweets or small presents in their shoes in exchange. The important presents are given to children on December 5th. Often Sinterklaas and his helpers, Zwarte Pieten, visit the childrens' homes. Sinterklaas is also an important educational tool as he has a big book describing the every child's good and bad behaviour during the past year. You had behaved badly, a Zwarte Piet would dole out birching and could even put the child into his sack to be taken away to Spain.
Sinterklaas has nothing to do with Christmas or Santa Claus. Santa Claus is a distorted and commercial invention of the US. Ah, that also goes for Halloween.
Common Sense wrote on 27 December, 2014 - 10:30
St. Nicholas or Dutch: "Sinterklaas" was the patron saint of Amsterdam already for centuries. Immigrants from Holland in the 17th century took Sinterklaas with them to New Amsterdam in the new world. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam That thriving town later - when the Britts took over - was renamed New York. Sinterklaas already in the 17th century had become the patron saint of New Amsterdam as well.
http://www.history.com/topics/christmas/santa-claus
"... Sinter Klaas Comes to New York
St. Nicholas made his first inroads into American popular culture towards the end of the 18th century. In December 1773, and again in 1774, a New York newspaper reported that groups of Dutch families had gathered to honor the anniversary of his death.
The name Santa Claus evolved from Nick's Dutch nickname, Sinter Klaas, a shortened form of Sint Nikolaas (Dutch for Saint Nicholas). In 1804, John Pintard, a member of the New York Historical Society, distributed woodcuts of St. Nicholas at the society's annual meeting. The background of the engraving contains now-familiar Santa images including stockings filled with toys and fruit hung over a fireplace. In 1809, Washington Irving helped to popularize the Sinter Klaas stories when he referred to St. Nicholas as the patron saint of New York in his book, The History of New York. ..."
N.B.: "... The scholarly conclusion has largely been that the settlement of New Amsterdam is much more like current New York than previously thought. Cultural diversity and a mind-set that resembles the American Dream were already present in the first few years of this colony. Writers like Russell Shorto argue that the large influence of New Amsterdam on the American psyche has largely been overlooked in the classic telling of American beginnings, because of animosity between the English victors and the conquered Dutch. ..." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam
rbflooringinstall wrote on 25 December, 2014 - 17:33
I would like to know what countries are stilling giving gifts on Dec. 6. America needs to ditch the annoying BS that we've applie to christmas and go back to our roots. Start giving gifts on the Dec. 6 and recognize the solstice!
Ricky.
Frustaz wrote on 25 December, 2014 - 08:29
You really dropped dropped the ball on this one. The legend only begins with that saint nonsense once Christians got a hold of it.
(16 Comments)
24 December, 2021 - 21:20 Alessandra Filiaci
Babbo Natale And Befana: The Italian Santa Claus Duo
Christmas and Epiphany are undoubtedly two of the most popular holidays for Italian children. Children love to be told fantastic stories and excitedly await the arrival of Babbo Natale and the Befana...
Read more about Babbo Natale And Befana: The Italian Santa Claus Duo
24 December, 2021 - 00:48 dhwty
Christkind is a Christmas gift-bringer in certain European countries. Like its more famous counterpart, Santa Claus, Christkind is said to leave presents for children under the Christmas tree on the...
Read more about Christkind: How Does this Christmas Gift-Bringer Differ from Santa Claus?
The Historic Growth of the Christmas Tree
François Lévêque / The Conversation A few hundred years ago, who would have dreamed that the humble Christmas tree would one day be an immense global success? Certainly not Martin Luther, who is said...
Read more about The Historic Growth of the Christmas Tree
27 December, 2018 - 17:00 Charles Christian
Come Over to the Dark Side of Christmas
The Festive Season - a time of peace and goodwill to all men. It is a message people in the Western World have grown up with since childhood. Except it is not. It one forgets the saccharine...
Read more about Come Over to the Dark Side of Christmas
21 December, 2018 - 17:18 nrushton
Santa Claus – A Siberian Shaman on a Magic Mushroom Trip?
The idea that there is a direct link between our modern representation of Santa Claus and historic shamanic practice in Siberia is not new. It seems to have been first suggested by the historian of...
Read more about Santa Claus – A Siberian Shaman on a Magic Mushroom Trip?
Every year as December rolls in, some 2 billion people start to feel the Christmas cheer. While the celebration is primarily a Christian one honoring the birth of Jesus, its traditions merge with the...
Read more about Ancient Origins of Favorite Christmas Traditions PLUS Those You May Never Have Heard About

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Good morning! I'm avoiding writing a very complicated press release by writing the bio that will be going up on my org's website at some point soon-ish. This is my first job in my field, and it will be a very sad bio if I don't kick things up a bit, but I'm concerned about being misleading.
I got a master's working under one supervisor, and then did about a year and a half in a PhD program at the same school before deciding that academia was not my destiny. However, during my time in the PhD program I worked with a different supervisor - an academic rock star. If I said "Bel received her graduate degree from So-and-So University, where she was supervised by Academic Rock Star" is that terrible? I did get a degree from the school and I did work with that person. I just didn't get the degree for the work I did with him. Alternatively, would "Bel attended So-and-So University, where she was supervised by Academic Rock Star" be better?
Also, I do have a lot of intern and volunteer experience that's pretty cool. If I said "Bel also worked with A, B, and C" instead of "Bel interned with A, B, and C" would that be very misleading?


text:
Correction – August 2002
CORRECTION: In the July issue of Access Press, "Recollections of Justin Dart" on page 10 stated: "He [Dart] took a […]
CORRECTION: In the July issue of Access Press, "Recollections of Justin Dart" on page 10 stated: "He [Dart] took a personal risk as a lifelong Republican, possibly alienating himself from some disability rights advocates, in becoming involved in the Clinton campaign. Bill Clinton made the commitment to Justin Dart that, as president, he would further the rights of children and people with disabilities during his administration. Justin urged people with disabilities to support the Democratic Party rather than supporting George Bush, Sr., who had signed the Americans with Disabilities Act."
Yoshiko Dart wrote in to clarify, saying: "Justin did support George Bush, Sr. all the way in the 1992 election. He supported Clinton with his healthcare campaign in 1994 and then in the 1996 presidential election rather than Bob Dole."


Wahl announces the release of its Hot Lather Machine, an attractive, updated and efficient appliance for barbers or stylists who want to offer hot lather services for their clients.
The new machine is part of the Wahl '19 line, which focuses on men's grooming and finishing needs for all hair and skin types. It completely heats lather in 50 minutes, comes with an extra pump and is easy to maintain.
The Hot Lather Machine's electrical components are protected so the liquid lather never comes into contact with them. The machine is also easy to maintain and manage. To wash, simply remove the lather reservoir and rinse with hot water.
The machine also comes with a 12 oz. bottle of Wahl '19 Liquid Lather. While other lathers are concentrate and have to be mixed with distilled water, Wahl's lather is premixed and ready to pour with no measuring, mixing or worrying about separation.
Another benefit to Wahl's '19 liquid lather is that it will not dry out skin. The lather itself is self-lubricating, which allows the razor to glide evenly over the skin without pulling or skipping and leaves skin moisturized.
In addition to facial shaves, the lather can be used for neck trims and line ups, as well as for ladies' grooming.


text:
This Presidential Candidate Quit, So You Have Six Left To Choose From
by Andrei Medina | Feb 2, 2016
Joel Santos - Facebook/Joseph Estrada
The national elections this May will be one presidential candidate less after the standard-bearer of Manila Mayor Joseph Estrada's Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino party decided to quit.
In a press conference on Monday, Romel Mendoza said he initially joined the presidential race as Estrada's placeholder in case he decided to run again for the country's top post, the Inquirer reported.
"Mayor Estrada earlier declared his intention to run for president if Senator Grace Poe is disqualified from the race or if Vice President [Jejomar] Binay is jailed," he said.
"I filed my candidacy to pave the way for this option for our former President and also as a sign of support by Kampil [Kalipunan ng Masang Pilipino]" he added.
But Mendoza who is also the secretary-general of Kampil said he found no more reason to be Estrada's placeholder as it seemed he was set on his reelection bid as Manila's mayor.
"For this, I am informing my countrymen that I am withdrawing my candidacy for president and we will make this official with the COMELEC [Commission on Elections] so that my name will be removed from and not cause confusion in the official ballot for the 2016 elections," he said.
However, Mendoza announced immediately after that they were now endorsing Binay's bid for the presidency.
"We believe that he is competent and he has the professional track record to lead the Philippines," he said.
Mendoza's move leaves six choices for president including Poe, Binay, Davao City Mayor Rodrigo Duterte, Liberal Party standard-bearer Mar Roxas II, Senator Miriam Defensor-Santiago and party-list Rep. Roy Señeres.
The number of choices may further whittle down as Poe and Duterte are facing disqualification cases. Binay for his part is battling corruption charges while Santiago has health issues.
Comelec,
candidate,


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text:
import os.path as op
import warnings

from nose.tools import assert_true, assert_equal
from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal
import numpy as np

from mne.io import read_raw_fif
from mne.io.proj import make_projector, activate_proj
from mne.preprocessing.ssp import compute_proj_ecg, compute_proj_eog
from mne.utils import run_tests_if_main

warnings.simplefilter('always')  # enable b/c these tests throw warnings

data_path = op.join(op.dirname(__file__), '..', '..', 'io', 'tests', 'data')
raw_fname = op.join(data_path, 'test_raw.fif')
dur_use = 5.0
eog_times = np.array([0.5, 2.3, 3.6, 14.5])

def test_compute_proj_ecg():
    """Test computation of ECG SSP projectors."""
    raw = read_raw_fif(raw_fname).crop(0, 10)
    raw.load_data()
    for average in [False, True]:
        # For speed, let's not filter here (must also not reject then)
        projs, events = compute_proj_ecg(
            raw, n_mag=2, n_grad=2, n_eeg=2, ch_name='MEG 1531',
            bads=['MEG 2443'], average=average, avg_ref=True, no_proj=True,
            l_freq=None, h_freq=None, reject=None, tmax=dur_use,
            qrs_threshold=0.5, filter_length=6000)
        assert_true(len(projs) == 7)
        # heart rate at least 0.5 Hz, but less than 3 Hz
        assert_true(events.shape[0] > 0.5 * dur_use and
                    events.shape[0] < 3 * dur_use)
        ssp_ecg = [proj for proj in projs if proj['desc'].startswith('ECG')]
        # check that the first principal component have a certain minimum
        ssp_ecg = [proj for proj in ssp_ecg if 'PCA-01' in proj['desc']]
        thresh_eeg, thresh_axial, thresh_planar = .9, .3, .1
        for proj in ssp_ecg:
            if 'planar' in proj['desc']:
                assert_true(proj['explained_var'] > thresh_planar)
            elif 'axial' in proj['desc']:
                assert_true(proj['explained_var'] > thresh_axial)
            elif 'eeg' in proj['desc']:
                assert_true(proj['explained_var'] > thresh_eeg)
        # XXX: better tests

        # without setting a bad channel, this should throw a warning
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
            warnings.simplefilter('always')
            projs, events = compute_proj_ecg(
                raw, n_mag=2, n_grad=2, n_eeg=2, ch_name='MEG 1531', bads=[],
                average=average, avg_ref=True, no_proj=True, l_freq=None,
                h_freq=None, tmax=dur_use)
        assert_true(len(w) >= 1)
        assert_equal(projs, None)

def test_compute_proj_eog():
    """Test computation of EOG SSP projectors."""
    raw = read_raw_fif(raw_fname).crop(0, 10)
    raw.load_data()
    for average in [False, True]:
        n_projs_init = len(raw.info['projs'])
        projs, events = compute_proj_eog(raw, n_mag=2, n_grad=2, n_eeg=2,
                                         bads=['MEG 2443'], average=average,
                                         avg_ref=True, no_proj=False,
                                         l_freq=None, h_freq=None,
                                         reject=None, tmax=dur_use,
                                         filter_length=6000)
        assert_true(len(projs) == (7 + n_projs_init))
        assert_true(np.abs(events.shape[0] -
                    np.sum(np.less(eog_times, dur_use))) <= 1)
        ssp_eog = [proj for proj in projs if proj['desc'].startswith('EOG')]
        # check that the first principal component have a certain minimum
        ssp_eog = [proj for proj in ssp_eog if 'PCA-01' in proj['desc']]
        thresh_eeg, thresh_axial, thresh_planar = .9, .3, .1
        for proj in ssp_eog:
            if 'planar' in proj['desc']:
                assert_true(proj['explained_var'] > thresh_planar)
            elif 'axial' in proj['desc']:
                assert_true(proj['explained_var'] > thresh_axial)
            elif 'eeg' in proj['desc']:
                assert_true(proj['explained_var'] > thresh_eeg)
        # XXX: better tests

        # This will throw a warning b/c simplefilter('always')
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
            warnings.simplefilter('always')
            projs, events = compute_proj_eog(raw, n_mag=2, n_grad=2, n_eeg=2,
                                             average=average, bads=[],
                                             avg_ref=True, no_proj=False,
                                             l_freq=None, h_freq=None,
                                             tmax=dur_use)
        assert_true(len(w) >= 1)
        assert_equal(projs, None)

def test_compute_proj_parallel():
    """Test computation of ExG projectors using parallelization."""
    raw_0 = read_raw_fif(raw_fname).crop(0, 10)
    raw_0.load_data()
    raw = raw_0.copy()
    projs, _ = compute_proj_eog(raw, n_mag=2, n_grad=2, n_eeg=2,
                                bads=['MEG 2443'], average=False,
                                avg_ref=True, no_proj=False, n_jobs=1,
                                l_freq=None, h_freq=None, reject=None,
                                tmax=dur_use, filter_length=6000)
    raw_2 = raw_0.copy()
    projs_2, _ = compute_proj_eog(raw_2, n_mag=2, n_grad=2, n_eeg=2,
                                  bads=['MEG 2443'], average=False,
                                  avg_ref=True, no_proj=False, n_jobs=2,
                                  l_freq=None, h_freq=None, reject=None,
                                  tmax=dur_use, filter_length=6000)
    projs = activate_proj(projs)
    projs_2 = activate_proj(projs_2)
    projs, _, _ = make_projector(projs, raw_2.info['ch_names'],
                                 bads=['MEG 2443'])
    projs_2, _, _ = make_projector(projs_2, raw_2.info['ch_names'],
                                   bads=['MEG 2443'])
    assert_array_almost_equal(projs, projs_2, 10)

run_tests_if_main()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Reference .net core dll in .net framework WCF So I have a .net core 3.1 project and a WCF in .net framework 4.7.2.
I need to reference the .net core dll in the WCF project but I get this error:

Project targets 'netcoreapp3.1'. It cannot be referenced by a project that targets '.NETFramework,Version=v4.7.2'.

I tried to add a .net standard project to communicate with both projects but I still get an error:

Project  targets 'netcoreapp3.1'. It cannot be referenced by a project that targets '.NETStandard,Version=v2.0'.

What can I do to reference .net core dll in WCF .net framework?

A: Based on your comment. You do not need to add references to the frameworks. Each layer is a seperate solution.
Business layer

*

*.net core

*talks to databace using EF Core

*Offers a REST API using WEB API Core

Service layer

*

*.net framework 4.7.2

*Calls Business layer using a REST call

*Offers a WCF Service

Note unless you have specific requirements that say you must offer a WCF layer, I would drop it. The WEB API on your business layer would be your service layer.

A: There is no possibility to use .NET Core DLL in .NET Framework project - however, you can reference a .NET Standard 2.0 DLL in both .NET Core 3.1 and .NET Framework 4.7.2 projects.
You can also consider using gRPC for .NET instead of WCF. It is often recommended as WCF replacement.
https://github.com/grpc/grpc-dotnet

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Shan plateau is nestled in the southern foothills of the Burmese Himalayas. One of the oldest tea-producing regions in the world, the plateau is home to tea plantations that account for nearly 70,000 hectares of planted land and provide work for nearly 500,000 Palaung people. Despite being the nation's largest regional producer of tea, the local industry faces many ongoing challenges. In 2011 harvest prices plummeted by 50 percent, forcing many laborers to look elsewhere, often towards China, for income.


text:
Q: How to flatten nested references into a simple target? I am using spring data jdbc with MapStruct. The POJOs are aligned with the table structure with all "internal-only" data like surrogate keys, audit information etc while the Domain object is hierarchical and contains only business relevant data.
I have to map between a table specific POJO (flat structure) and a Domain object with nested objects. How can I best do this with MapStruct 1.2.0 ?
// Pojo for table
public class PersonsRecord {
    @Id
    private Integer surrogateKey; // should not be mapped

    private String loginId;
    private String name;
    private Timestamp memberSince;

    // address columns
    private Integer houseNumber;
    private String addressStreet;
    private String addressCity;
    private String country;

    // getters and setters
}

// Domain object
public class PersonDto {
    private String loginId;
    private String name;
    private Timestamp memberSince;

    private Address address;
}

@Mapper(uses = MapperUtils.class)
public interface PersonMapper {

    PersonDto toPersonDto(PersonRecord person);

    Address toAddress(PersonRecord person);
}

The generated code for the toPersonDto ignores the Address and does not call the toAddress method like MapStruct reference mentions. May be because both methods takes the same input type? The generated code for toAddress looks good. Just that it is not automatically wired by MapStruct generation.
The reverse mapping generation is similar. No automatic call.
Is there a way to make this automatic (without custom methods, or decorators etc) ? I have similar pattern in many places.
Note : The MapperUtils is used for instantiating DTOs with immutable fields.
Update: I used the answer by Filip for mapping from PersonRecord to PersonDto including the Person.Address. For the reverse mapping I did the following:
@Mapper(uses = MapperUtils.class)
public abstract class PersonMapper {
    @Mapping(target = "address", source = "person")
    public abstract PersonDto toPersonDto(PersonRecord person);

    protected abstract Address toAddress(PersonRecord person);

    public abstract PersonRecord toRecord(PersonDto dto);

    public abstract void updateAddress(PersonDto dto, @MappingTarget PersonRecord person);

    @AfterMapping
    protected void updateAddress(PersonDto dto, @MappingTarget PersonRecord record) {
        updateAddress(dto, record);
    }
}

That worked without issues. Thanks Filip for providing the direction.

A: The reason why the toAddress method is not picked up is that MapStruct doesn't know that it needs to map the toPersonDto parameter to the PersonDto.address. You are also most likely getting a warning that the address is not mapped.
In order to do the mapping you need to tell MapStruct how to map the address. You can do that by using @Mapping. Your mapper will then look like
@Mapper(uses = MapperUtils.class)
public interface PersonMapper {

    @Mapping(target = "address", source = "person")
    PersonDto toPersonDto(PersonRecord person);

    Address toAddress(PersonRecord person);
}

Update I forgot to add how to perform the reverse.
One way to perform the reverse mapping would be with custom @Mapping annotation, you will have to do this for each entry in Address. This is a bit cumbersome. There is an open Pull Request for MapStruct to allow this mapping to be done more easily. The PR is mapstruct/mapstruct#1686.
Another way would be to use multi source parameter mapping. This can look like:
@Mapper(uses = MapperUtils.class)
public interface PersonRecordMapper {

    default PersonRecord toPersonRecord(PersonDto personDto) {
        if (personDto == null) {
            return null;
        }

        return toPersonRecord(personDto, personDto.getAddress());
    }

    @Mapping(target = "surrogateKey", ignore = true)
    PersonRecord toPersonRecord(PersonDto personDto, Address address);

}

This is going to work without manual @Mapping if and only if the names properties in the Address match the ones in PersonRecord. Otherwise you will still need to define @Mapping.


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Congress president Rahul Gandhi chaired his first CWC meeting as the party president, and hit out at Prime Minister Narendra Modi over various issues like the 2G spectrum case, demonetisation, GST and the Rafale deal.
A day after a special court acquitted all the accused in the 2G scam, an upbeat Congress, led by party president Rahul Gandhi, launched an attack on Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the BJP for "spreading lies to win elections".
Gandhi drew a parallel between the campaign initiated by the BJP against his party over the 2G scam in 2014 and Modi's allegation that former PM Manmohan Singh had colluded with Pakistan ahead of the recent Gujarat elections.
"The entire foundation of BJP is based on lies, the whole structure is about lies," Gandhi said after chairing the first meeting of the Congress Working Committee (CWC), party's highest executive body, as the Congress chief.
The 47-year-old maintained that the 2G verdict, in which A Raja —telecom minister in the UPA government— also got a clean chit was a vindication of the party's stand.
Although the Congress was not able to dethrone the BJP in Gujarat, the party president continued to attack Modi's 'Gujarat Model' of development.
"If you see the 'Modi Model' in Gujarat, it was clearly a lie… When we went to Gujarat and spoke to the people, they said there is no model. What is going on is a theft of Gujarat people's resources. That is their (BJP's) design," Gandhi said.
Party's chief spokesperson Randeep Surjewala later said that Gandhi had remarked in the meeting that people can go to any extent to achieve political gains.
The grand old party also wanted to know why Modi, finance minister Jaitley and other BJP leaders should not be held accountable for 'selling lies and allegations' akin to a scam. It also accused the BJP of wasting the exchequer's money by stalling the Parliament through its protests.
Congress sources said during the meeting, a few leaders urged partymen to be more disciplined while making statements, a remark that was taken to be a veiled dig at Mani Shankar Aiyar and Kapil Sibal.
Gandhi also told party leaders to reach out to the people and oppose the BJP more at the ground-level. While the party brass reiterated that they should strengthen block-level organisation, a few leaders highlighted the need to counter BJP's 'shoot and scoot' policy.
The CWC also passed a resolution praising former party chief Sonia Gandhi for her "guidance and leadership through challenging times". Former PM Manmohan Singh praised Sonia during the meet and spoke about the challenges the party may continue to face from the BJP.
Were Modi-Shah the 'Sikandars' of Gujarat and Rahul Gandhi the 'Baazigar'?


Items where Author is "Trofimova, Tamara"
In: Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, (Springer Earth System Sciences), Heidelberg [u.a.], Springer, 251 p., ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0 .
3rd International Sclerochronology Conference,	Caernarfon, Wales, UK, 2013 - unspecified .
This list was generated on Mon Apr 22 04:28:38 2019 CEST.


In the course of a nurse's career, there are times that favour professional advancement and moments that call for maintaining the status quo.
There are many prudent ways to approach taking one's nursing career to the next level when, and if, the time is right.
While it's true that moving from one type of nursing to another is a professional advancement, such a move is also deeply personal. Whether going back to school or pursuing certification in a specialty, the professional is also personal in nature.
Looking at nursing career advancement through a holistic lens, we can see that a major career decision can have far reaching ramifications. The pursuit of an advanced nursing degree will impact family, social life, parenting and marriage, leisure, and other aspects of one's lifestyle. Similarly, a promotion to director, manager or nurse executive equally puts pressure on the nurse in the form of harder work and longer hours, stress, and increased responsibility.
When making career advancement decisions, one must globally assess the potential impact of certain decisions, including how one's workstyle and lifestyle may need to change in response to a new phase of one's career.
On the professional side, advancing one's nursing career can be a positive and empowering choice.
As mentioned above, a promotion into management carries certain ramifications, including increased self-esteem, a sense of accomplishment and the accumulation of skills and knowledge.
Similarly, the achievement of an advanced degree may lead to a broader range of experience, as well as increased autonomy of practice in certain settings.
Certifications are another strategy for increasing one's marketability and attractiveness in the job marketplace.
Career advancement can also be achieved without returning to school or seeking certification. On-the-job training can lead to new possibilities; for example, becoming a super-user of a new electronic medical record can potentially lead to opportunities in the IT department. Nurses with facility for computers and new technologies can often be tapped for special projects, research, or initiatives.
There are times during a career when assertively seeking professional advancement makes sense. A motivated nurse with the desire to move up the ladder or achieve recognition can use his or her desire as a powerful springboard.
On the other hand, there are moments when professional advancement is furthest from our minds. When a new baby is born, professional growth may take a back seat to the joy and stress of parenthood. If a nurse is caring for a disabled spouse or aging parent, work may be something that simply gets done in order to put food on the table.
We must all recognise the various phases of our nursing careers and make choices about professional advancement that make sense for ourselves, our families, and our chosen way of living.
There are no rules about moving our nursing careers forward. A nurse will generally know in their heart or gut when the time for forward momentum arrives. There's an itch, a yearning, a desire for more that simply cannot be denied. It's a calling, and we respond when we're ready.
Nursing career advancement is personal, professional, and highly impactful. Career advancement is different for each nurse because every nurse's journey is highly personal and idiosyncratic.
Tune into your career, your desires, and your motivations, and then act accordingly. Since there are indeed no rules, you can simply make the choice that works best for you in the interest of creating the career you desire and deserve.


text:
The Tales of Rowan Hood are a series of five books by Nancy Springer. The first book, which was published in 2001 by Philomel Books, focuses on a young girl who dresses as a boy and goes to join Robin Hood's men, in part because her father is Robin Hood.

Plot

Rowan Hood: Outlaw Girl of Sherwood Forest (2001)
The book features a girl named Rosemary, the daughter of Robin Hood and a healer. When her mother, Celandine, is burned alive in her home as a witch, Rosemary disguises herself as a boy, adopts the name Rowan, and leaves to find her father. Along the way she meets a dog she names Tykell, and the minstrel Lionel. She is accidentally spotted by Guy of Gisborne, who is enraged when she refuses to give her bow and arrows to him.

Lionclaw: A Tale of Rowan Hood (2001)
Lionel's father wants to kill and places a bounty on Lionel. Bounty hunters learn that Lionel and Rowan are friends, so capture and torture Rowan to draw out Lionel.

Outlaw Princess of Sherwood: A Tale of Rowan Hood (2003)
Ettarde escapes an arranged marriage and rescues her mother from her abusive husband.

Wild Boy: A Tale of Rowan Hood (2004)
Tod, the son of the sheriff of Nottingham, is captured by Robin Hood's group, and caught in a man trap.

Rowan Hood Returns: The Final Chapter (2005)
After learning the identities of the four people who killed Celandine, Rowan sets out with the others on a journey to kill them for revenge.

References

Series of children's books
Robin Hood books
Children's historical novels
American children's novels
2000s children's books
Novels by Nancy Springer
Parallel literature

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This is new for me, in more ways than one. I'm not only the FNG at Wheels (which I'm assured stands for Fantastic New Guy), but barely a week had elapsed at my new desk before I was on my way to collect my brand new long-termer from the new car delivery garage at Audi Centre Melbourne, which was only recently renewed.
Like the barely dry ink on my business cards, everything on my box-fresh Audi TT Sport, from its unblemished leather-and-microfibre upholstery to its glossy solid white paint, is fresh, sparkling and pristine. How long will it take for the lustre to fade? I'll have six months to find out.
On day one, though, it was time for induction. Salesman James put me through the standard customer-delivery process to give me a taste of what new Audi buyers experience before getting the keys. I'm glad that he did. Though I'm no stranger to the TT, getting an in-depth one-on-one tutorial on the car was invaluable.
With just one screen in the TT's slick cabin, every infotainment function and settings menu must be accessed from what is otherwise the car's instrument panel. It's the ultimate digi-dash. Audi named it Virtual Cockpit, but I call the TT's 12.3-inch TFT screen a potential minefield for tech novices. Even as a seasoned car tester, I learned about sub-menus I never knew existed and features that would have taken weeks to figure out on my own.
But does having just one screen in a car make sense when it needs to display critical information to the driver and be the primary interface for phone, audio and sat-nav? Sure, so long as you don't want to reset your home address while driving and you're comfortable with the idea that your passenger might, at any moment, start fooling around with what's displayed on your screen. I admire Audi's commitment to making the TT as driver-centric as possible, but lord help the poor passenger who dares touch that MMI dial while I'm driving.
It looks damn cool, though. The Virtual Cockpit display wouldn't look out of place in a concept car, which is exactly where it came from (the Audi Allroad Shooting Brake Concept from the 2014 Detroit auto show).
Is it a menu-laden nightmare? Not really once you get used to the way the interface works. If you can get the hang of how an iPhone works, mastering the TT's infotainment system should come naturally.
"Absolutely not," he says firmly.
I'm normally the kind of guy who avoids reading the owner's manual when I buy a new TV, but I paid close attention as James showed me how to call my mum using the voice controls before educating me on how to adjust the dwell time on the exterior lights after the car is locked. As intuitive as the interface is, I'm happier learning its finer points in the comfort of a showroom garage instead of while I'm barrelling down a highway.
After four weeks behind the wheel there's not a whole lot to complain about. The Sport's 169kW/320Nm 2.0-litre turbo-petrol four may not have the extra muscle of the TT S variant, but it's a willing performer at almost any point on the tacho – especially in its torque-laden mid-range.
I wish I had a manual transmission, but it's simply not available in the TT Sport quattro. That's a shame because I'm struggling to warm to the sometimes-excellent, sometimes-frustrating dual-clutch six-speed auto. A crack in the facade already? Let's give it some time.
Luxury marques are fond of piling on the extras when they spec cars for press duty, so it was a breath of fresh air when I saw the as-tested sheet for my TT. Only two options: metallic paint and LED headlights. No big wheels, no exxy unicorn-skin upholstery, no megadollar high-end audio. At the risk of sounding a bit dull, I wouldn't have it any other way.
The standard leather/alcantara seats are superb, the ride on the 18-inch alloys (the smallest wheels you can spec for a TT) is surprisingly decent for a sports coupe, and Audi has already gifted the TT with a quality stereo.
Adding options would just add distractions from the core experience. But there's one option that should be standard: a digital radio receiver. Sliding behind that gloriously futuristic instrument panel only to discover there's no DAB+ tuner seems a touch strange. I'd happily trade the LED lamps and metallic paint for digital radio.
This article was originally published in Wheels magazine November 2016.


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text:
Mario Lopez To Join Eva Longoria At Padres Contra el Cancer Gala
Mario Lopez will support Padres Contra el Cancer (PADRES) in their mission to "improve the quality of life for Latino children with cancer and their families".
The Actor and TV Host will join PADRES National Spokesperson, Eva Longoria as Master of Ceremonies at the organization's 13th annual fundraising gala.
"Anytime I can support my girl Eva and one of her incredible causes, it's an honor and pleasure," said Mario Lopez. Mario has supported the organization in previous years. He has hosted drives for PADRES families who are in need and also served as Master of Ceremonies at the 2010 'El Sueno De ESPERANZA' Gala.
The event promises to be a noteworthy occasion, as two of the biggest names in Latin music and entertainment, Alejandra Guzman and Joan Sebastian will be honored with the organization's 'Champion of HOPE' Award, for personifying courage against cancer with strength, determination, dignity and most of all HOPE.
More than 400 celebrities and leaders in business, entertainment and philanthropy are expected to attend. Invited guests include George Lopez, Edward James Olmos, Amaury Nolasco, Cristian de la Fuente, Angelica Castro, William Levy, Victoria Justice, Constance Marie and Andy Garcia among others.
PADRES along with National Spokespersons, Eva Longoria and Beto Cuevas invite supporters from across the nation to join the 13th Annual 'El Sueno de Esperanza' Gala. The event will take place on September 24, 2013 at Club Nokia at L.A. Live and will include a celebrity red carpet, cocktail reception, VIP lounge, gourmet cuisine and beverages by Wolfgang Puck Catering and special performances by world renowned flamenco singer and percussionist, Antonio Carmona and international flamenco entertainers Manuel Gutierrez and Fanny Ara.
Official 13th Annual Gala Sponsors include: Verizon; BlackBerry; Anschutz Entertainment Group; Delta and L'Oreal, whose generous support will directly increase the number of children and communities that PADRES is able to serve as part of its National expansion throughout California, South Florida, New York and Nevada.
Source: PR Newswire
Constance Marie
Padres Contra el Cancer
Family/Parent Support
The RIDE Foundation's Third Annual Gala Event To Benefit No Kid Hungry Dec 23, 2019
amfAR's Charity Poker Tournament Raises Funds for AIDS Research Dec 5, 2019
5th Annual LAPMF Heroes for Heroes Celebrity Poker Tournament Nov 12, 2019
Edward James Olmos Says Fireworks Displays Are No 'Blast' for Animals
What Do You Care About? #VoteYourFuture
ANIMAL WELLNESS PSA


BEIRUT (AP) — The Latest on the Syrian conflict (all times local): 2:15 p.m. Syrian President Bashar Assad has issued a decree amending a controversial law that allowed authorities to seize property left behind by civilians who fled the civil war.
The amendment, published by state news agency SANA late Sunday, says residents now have a full year instead of one month to prove they own property in redevelopment zones in order to receive shares in the projects. Otherwise, the ownership will be transferred to the local government.
Turkey's state-run news agency says a car-bomb explosion in a Turkish-controlled town in northern Syria has killed one person and wounded 24.
The Anadolu Agency says the explosion occurred Monday in front of a school in the town of Jarablus. Five of the wounded were in serious condition and were evacuated to Turkey for treatment.
The town is part of a swath of territory in northern Syria that has been under Turkish control since 2016, when Syrian rebels backed by Turkey drove out Islamic State militants.


text:
An application programming interface (API) is a source code
In computer science, source code is text written using the format and syntax of the programming language that it is being written in. Such a language is specially designed to facilitate the work of computer programmers, who specify the actions to be performed by a computer mostly by writing source...
based specification intended to be used as an interface by software components to communicate with each other. An API may include specifications for routines
In computer science, a subroutine is a portion of code within a larger program that performs a specific task and is relatively independent of the remaining code....
, data structure
In computer science, a data structure is a particular way of storing and organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently.Different kinds of data structures are suited to different kinds of applications, and some are highly specialized to specific tasks...
s, object classes, and variables.
An API specification can take many forms, including an International Standard such as Posix
POSIX , an acronym for "Portable Operating System Interface", is a family of standards specified by the IEEE for maintaining compatibility between operating systems...
or vendor documentation such as the Microsoft Windows API
The Windows API, informally WinAPI, is Microsoft's core set of application programming interfaces available in the Microsoft Windows operating systems. It was formerly called the Win32 API; however, the name "Windows API" more accurately reflects its roots in 16-bit Windows and its support on...
, or the libraries of a programming language, e.g. Standard Template Library
Standard Template Library
The Standard Template Library is a C++ software library which later evolved into the C++ Standard Library. It provides four components called algorithms, containers, functors, and iterators. More specifically, the C++ Standard Library is based on the STL published by SGI. Both include some...
in C++
C++ is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm, compiled, general-purpose programming language. It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language features. It was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell...
or Java API.
An API differs from an ABI
Application binary interface
In computer software, an application binary interface describes the low-level interface between an application program and the operating system or another application.- Description :...
(Application Binary Interface) in that the former is source code based while the latter is a binary interface. For instance POSIX
is an API, while the Linux Standard Base
Linux Standard Base
The Linux Standard Base is a joint project by several Linux distributions under the organizational structure of the Linux Foundation to standardize the software system structure, including the filesystem hierarchy, used with Linux operating system...
is an ABI.)
An API can be:
language-dependent, meaning it is only available by using the syntax and elements of a particular language, which makes the API more convenient to use.
language-independent, written so that it can be called from several programming languages. This is a desirable feature for a service-oriented
Service-orientation is a design paradigm to build computer software in the form of services. Like other design paradigms , service-orientation provides a governing approach to automate business logic as distributed systems...
API that is not bound to a specific process or system and may be provided as remote procedure call
Remote procedure call
In computer science, a remote procedure call is an inter-process communication that allows a computer program to cause a subroutine or procedure to execute in another address space without the programmer explicitly coding the details for this remote interaction...
s or web service
A Web service is a method of communication between two electronic devices over the web.The W3C defines a "Web service" as "a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network". It has an interface described in a machine-processable format...
s. For example, a website that allows users to review local restaurants is able to layer their reviews over maps taken from Google Maps, because Google Maps has an API that facilitates this functionality. Google Maps' API controls what information a third-party site can use and how they can use it.
The term API may be used to refer to a complete interface, a single function, or even a set of APIs provided by an organization. Thus, the scope of meaning is usually determined by the context of usage.
An API may describe the ways in which a particular task is performed.
In procedural languages
Procedural programming
Procedural programming can sometimes be used as a synonym for imperative programming , but can also refer to a programming paradigm, derived from structured programming, based upon the concept of the procedure call...
like C language
C (programming language)
C is a general-purpose computer programming language developed between 1969 and 1973 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system....
the action is usually mediated by a function call.
Hence the API usually includes a description of all the functions/routines
it provides.
For instance: the math.h include file for the C language
contains the definition of the function prototype
Function prototype
A function prototype in C, Perl or C++ is a declaration of a function that omits the function body but does specify the function's return type, name, arity and argument types...
s of the mathematical functions available in the C language library for mathematical processing (usually called libm).
This file describes how to use the functions included in the given library: the function prototype
is a signature that describes the number and types of the parameters to be passed to the functions and the type of the return value.
The behavior of the functions is usually described in more details in a human readable format in printed books or in electronic formats like the man pages: e.g. on Unix
Unix is a multitasking, multi-user computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna...
systems the command
man 3 sqrt
will present the signature of the function sqrt in the form:
double sqrt(double X);
float sqrtf(float X);
sqrt computes the positive square root of the argument. ...
On success, the square root is returned. If X is real and positive...
That means that the function returns the square root of a positive floating point number (single or double precision) as another floating point number.
Hence the API in this case can be interpreted as the collection of the include files used by the C language and its human readable description provided by the man pages.
Many program development environments provide the documentation associated with an API in some digital format, e.g. perl comes with the tool perldoc:
$ perldoc -f sqrt
sqrt EXPR
sqrt #Return the square root of EXPR. If EXPR is omitted, returns
#square root of $_. Only works on non-negative operands, unless
#you've loaded the standard Math::Complex module.
python comes with the tool pydoc
Pydoc
Pydoc is a documentation module for the programming language Python. Similar to the functionality of Perldoc within Perl, Pydoc allows Python programmers to access Python's documentation help files, generate HTML pages with documentation specifics, and find the appropriate module for a particular job...
$ pydoc math.sqrt
Help on built-in function sqrt in math:
math.sqrt = sqrt(...)
sqrt(x)
Return the square root of x.
ruby comes with the tool ri:
$ ri Math::sqrt
------------------------------------------------------------- Math::sqrt
Math.sqrt(numeric) => float
Returns the non-negative square root of _numeric_.
Java comes with the documentation organized in html pages (JavaDoc
Javadoc is a documentation generator from Sun Microsystems for generating API documentation in HTML format from Java source code.The "doc comments" format used by Javadoc is the de facto industry standard for documenting Java classes. Some IDEs, such as Netbeans and Eclipse automatically generate...
format), while Microsoft
Microsoft Corporation is an American public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions...
distributes the API documentation for its languages (Visual C++
Microsoft Visual C++ is a commercial , integrated development environment product from Microsoft for the C, C++, and C++/CLI programming languages...
, C#, Visual Basic
Visual Basic is the third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development environment from Microsoft for its COM programming model...
, F#, etc...) embedded in Visual Studio's help system.
API in object-oriented languages
In object-oriented languages, an API usually includes a description of a set of class
Class (computer science)
In object-oriented programming, a class is a construct that is used as a blueprint to create instances of itself – referred to as class instances, class objects, instance objects or simply objects. A class defines constituent members which enable these class instances to have state and behavior...
definitions, with a set of behaviors associated with those classes. A behavior is the set of rules for how an object, derived from that class, will act in a given circumstance. This abstract concept is associated with the real functionalities exposed, or made available, by the classes that are implemented in terms of class methods (or more generally by all its public components hence all public methods, but also possibly including any internal entity made public, like fields, constants, nested objects, enums...).
The API in this case can be conceived as the totality of all the methods publicly exposed by the classes (usually called the class interface). This means that the API prescribes the methods by which one interacts with/handles the objects derived from the class definitions.
More generally, one can see the API as the collection of all the kinds of objects one can derive from the class definitions, and their associated possible behaviors. Again: the use is mediated by the public methods, but in this interpretation, the methods are seen as a technical detail of how the behavior is implemented.
For instance: a class representing a Stack
Stack (data structure)
In computer science, a stack is a last in, first out abstract data type and linear data structure. A stack can have any abstract data type as an element, but is characterized by only three fundamental operations: push, pop and stack top. The push operation adds a new item to the top of the stack,...
can simply expose publicly two methods push (to add a new item to the stack), and pop (to extract the last item, ideally placed on top of the stack).
In this case the API can be interpreted as the two methods pop and push, or, more generally, as the idea that one can use an item of type Stack that implements the behavior of a stack: a pile exposing its top to add/remove elements. The second interpretation appears more appropriate in the spirit of object orientation.
This concept can be carried to the point where a class interface in an API has no methods at all, but only behaviors associated with it. For instance, the Java language and Lisp (programming language) API include the interface Serializable, which requires that each class that implements it should behave in a serialized
In computer science, in the context of data storage and transmission, serialization is the process of converting a data structure or object state into a format that can be stored and "resurrected" later in the same or another computer environment...
fashion. This does not require to have any public method, but rather requires that any class that implements it to have a representation that can be saved (serialized) at any time (this is typically true for any class containing simple data and no link to external resources, like an open connection to a file, a remote system, or an external device).
Similarly the behavior of an object in a concurrent (multi-threaded
Thread (computer science)
In computer science, a thread of execution is the smallest unit of processing that can be scheduled by an operating system. The implementation of threads and processes differs from one operating system to another, but in most cases, a thread is contained inside a process...
) environment is not necessarely determined by specific methods, belonging to the interface implemented, but still belongs to the API for that Class of objects, and should be described in the documentation.
In this sense, in object-oriented languages, the API defines a set of object behaviors, possibly mediated by a set of class methods.
In such languages, the API is still distributed as a library. For example, the Java language libraries include a set of APIs that are provided in the form of the JDK used by the developers to build new Java programs. The JDK includes the documentation of the API in JavaDoc
notation.
The quality of the documentation associated with an API is often a factor determining its success in terms of ease of use.
API libraries and frameworks
An API is usually related to a software library: the API describes and prescribes the expected behavior while the library is an actual implementation of this set of rules.
A single API can have multiple implementations (or none, being abstract) in the form of different libraries that share the same programming interface.
An API can also be related to a software framework: a framework can be based on several libraries implementing several APIs, but unlike the normal use of an API, the access to the behavior built into the framework is mediated by extending its content with new classes plugged into the framwork itself.
Moreover the overall program flow of control can be out of the control of the caller, and in the hands of the framework via inversion of control
Inversion of Control
In software engineering, Inversion of Control is an abstract principle describing an aspect of some software architecture designs in which the flow of control of a system is inverted in comparison to procedural programming....
or a similar mechanisms.
API and protocols
An API can also be an implementation of a protocol
Communications protocol
A communications protocol is a system of digital message formats and rules for exchanging those messages in or between computing systems and in telecommunications...
In general the difference between an API and a protocol
is that the protocol defines a standard way to exchange requests and responses based on a common transport and agreeing on a data/message exchange format, while an API (not implementing a protocol) is usually implemented as a library to be used directly: hence there can be no transport involved (no information physically transferred from/to some remote machine), but rather only simple information exchange via function calls (local to the machine where the elaboration takes place) and data is exchanged in formats expressed in a specific language.
When an API implements a protocol it can be based on proxy
Proxy pattern
In computer programming, the proxy pattern is a software design pattern.A proxy, in its most general form, is a class functioning as an interface to something else...
methods for remote invocations that underneath rely on the communication protocol.
The role of the API can be exactly to hide the detail of the transport protocol.
E.g.: RMI
Java remote method invocation
The Java Remote Method Invocation Application Programming Interface , or Java RMI, is a Java application programming interface that performs the object-oriented equivalent of remote procedure calls ....
is an API that implments the JRMP
JRMP
JRMP, or Java Remote Method Protocol is the Java technology-specific protocol for looking up and referencing remote objects. It is a wire level protocol running at the level under Remote Method Invocation and over TCP/IP.-Details:...
protocol or the IIOP as RMI-IIOP
RMI-IIOP
RMI-IIOP denotes the Java Remote Method Invocation interface over the Internet Inter-Orb Protocol , which delivers Common Object Request Broker Architecture distributed computing capabilities to the Java 2 platform...
Protocols are usually shared between different technologies (system based on given computer programming languages in a given operating system) and usually allow the different technologies to exchange information, acting as an abstraction/mediation level between the two worlds. While APIs can be specific to a given technology: hence the APIs of a given language cannot be used in other languages, unless the function calls are wrapped with specific adaptation libraries.
Object API and protocols
An object API can prescribe a specific object exchange format, an object exchange protocol can define a way to transfer the same kind of information in a message sent to a remote system.
When a message is exchanged via a protocol between two different platforms using objects on both sides, the object in a programming language can be transformed (marshalled and unmarshalled
Marshalling (computer science)
In computer science, marshalling is the process of transforming the memory representation of an object to a data format suitable for storage or transmission...
) in an object in a remote and different language: so, e.g., a program written in Java invokes a service via SOAP
SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks...
or IIOP written in C# both programs use APIs for remote invocation (each locally to the machine where they are working) to (remotely) exchange information that they both convert from/to an object in local memory.
Instead when a similar object is exchanged via an API local to a single machine the object is effectively exchanged (or a reference
Reference (computer science)
In computer science, a reference is a value that enables a program to indirectly access a particular data item, such as a variable or a record, in the computer's memory or in some other storage device. The reference is said to refer to the data item, and accessing those data is called...
to it) in memory: e.g. via the memory allocated by a single process, or among multiple processes using shared memory
In computing, shared memory is memory that may be simultaneously accessed by multiple programs with an intent to provide communication among them or avoid redundant copies. Depending on context, programs may run on a single processor or on multiple separate processors...
or other sharing techologies like tuple spaces.
API sharing and reuse via virtual machine
Some languages like those running in a virtual machine
A virtual machine is a "completely isolated guest operating system installation within a normal host operating system". Modern virtual machines are implemented with either software emulation or hardware virtualization or both together.-VM Definitions:A virtual machine is a software...
(e.g. .NET CLI compliant languages in the Common Language Runtime
Common Language Runtime
The Common Language Runtime is the virtual machine component of Microsoft's .NET framework and is responsible for managing the execution of .NET programs. In a process known as just-in-time compilation, the CLR compiles the intermediate language code known as CIL into the machine instructions...
and JVM compliant languages in the Java Virtual Machine
A Java virtual machine is a virtual machine capable of executing Java bytecode. It is the code execution component of the Java software platform. Sun Microsystems stated that there are over 4.5 billion JVM-enabled devices.-Overview:...
) can share APIs.
In this case the virtual machine
enables the language interoperation thanks to the common denominator of the virtual machine
that abstracts from the specific language using an intermediate bytecode
Bytecode
Bytecode, also known as p-code , is a term which has been used to denote various forms of instruction sets designed for efficient execution by a software interpreter as well as being suitable for further compilation into machine code...
and its language binding
Language binding
In computing, a binding from a programming language to a library or OS service is an API providing that service in the language.Many software libraries are written in systems programming languages such as C or C++...
Hence this approach maximizes the code reuse
Code reuse
Code reuse, also called software reuse, is the use of existing software, or software knowledge, to build new software.-Overview:Ad hoc code reuse has been practiced from the earliest days of programming. Programmers have always reused sections of code, templates, functions, and procedures...
potential for all the existing libraries and related APIs.
When used in the context of web development
Web development is a broad term for the work involved in developing a web site for the Internet or an intranet . This can include web design, web content development, client liaison, client-side/server-side scripting, web server and network security configuration, and e-commerce development...
, an API is typically a defined set of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request messages, along with a definition of the structure of response messages, which is usually in an Extensible Markup Language (XML
Extensible Markup Language is a set of rules for encoding documents in machine-readable form. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification produced by the W3C, and several other related specifications, all gratis open standards....
) or JavaScript Object Notation (JSON
JSON , or JavaScript Object Notation, is a lightweight text-based open standard designed for human-readable data interchange. It is derived from the JavaScript scripting language for representing simple data structures and associative arrays, called objects...
) format. While "Web API" is virtually a synonym for web service
, the recent trend (so-called Web 2.0
The term Web 2.0 is associated with web applications that facilitate participatory information sharing, interoperability, user-centered design, and collaboration on the World Wide Web...
) has been moving away from Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP
) based services towards more direct Representational State Transfer
Representational State Transfer
Representational state transfer is a style of software architecture for distributed hypermedia systems such as the World Wide Web. The term representational state transfer was introduced and defined in 2000 by Roy Fielding in his doctoral dissertation...
(REST) style communications. Web APIs allow the combination of multiple services into new applications known as mashups
Mashup (web application hybrid)
In Web development, a mashup is a Web page or application that uses and combines data, presentation or functionality from two or more sources to create new services...
Use of APIs to share content
The practice of publishing APIs has allowed web communities to create an open architecture for sharing content and data between communities and applications. In this way, content that is created in one place can be dynamically posted and updated in multiple locations on the web.
Photos can be shared from sites like Flickr
Flickr is an image hosting and video hosting website, web services suite, and online community that was created by Ludicorp in 2004 and acquired by Yahoo! in 2005. In addition to being a popular website for users to share and embed personal photographs, the service is widely used by bloggers to...
and Photobucket
Photobucket is an image hosting, video hosting, slideshow creation and photo sharing website. It was founded in 2003 by Alex Welch and Darren Crystal and received funding from Trinity Ventures. It was acquired by Fox Interactive Media in 2007....
to social network sites like Facebook
Facebook is a social networking service and website launched in February 2004, operated and privately owned by Facebook, Inc. , Facebook has more than 800 million active users. Users must register before using the site, after which they may create a personal profile, add other users as...
and MySpace
Myspace is a social networking service owned by Specific Media LLC and pop star Justin Timberlake. Myspace launched in August 2003 and is headquartered in Beverly Hills, California. In August 2011, Myspace had 33.1 million unique U.S. visitors....
Content can be embedded, e.g. embedding a presentation from SlideShare
Slide hosting services
A slide hosting service is a website that allows users to upload, view, comment, and share slideshows created with presentation programs. According to Alexa and Compete rankings, the most popular slide hosting services include websites such as Slideshare, MyPlick , Slideboom, and SlideServe.- Main...
on a LinkedIn
LinkedIn is a business-related social networking site. Founded in December 2002 and launched in May 2003, it is mainly used for professional networking. , LinkedIn reports more than 120 million registered users in more than 200 countries and territories. The site is available in English, French,...
profile.
Content can be dynamically posted. Sharing live comments made on Twitter
Twitter is an online social networking and microblogging service that enables its users to send and read text-based posts of up to 140 characters, informally known as "tweets".Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey and launched that July...
with a Facebook account, for example, is enabled by their APIs.
Video content can be embedded on sites which are served by another host.
User information can be shared from web communities to outside applications, delivering new functionality to the web community that shares its user data via an open API. One of the best examples of this is the Facebook Application platform
Facebook Platform
The Facebook Platform provides a set of APIs and tools which enable third-party developers to integrate with the "open graph" — whether through applications on Facebook.com or external websites and devices...
. Another is the Open Social platform.
The POSIX
standard defines an API that allows a wide range of common computing functions to be written in a way such that they may operate on many different systems (Mac OS X
Mac OS X is a series of Unix-based operating systems and graphical user interfaces developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. Since 2002, has been included with all new Macintosh computer systems...
, and various Berkeley Software Distribution
Berkeley Software Distribution
Berkeley Software Distribution is a Unix operating system derivative developed and distributed by the Computer Systems Research Group of the University of California, Berkeley, from 1977 to 1995...
s (BSDs) implement this interface); however, making use of this requires re-compiling
A compiler is a computer program that transforms source code written in a programming language into another computer language...
for each platform. A compatible API, on the other hand, allows compiled object code
Object code
Object code, or sometimes object module, is what a computer compiler produces. In a general sense object code is a sequence of statements in a computer language, usually a machine code language....
to function without any changes to the system implementing that API. This is beneficial to both software providers (where they may distribute existing software on new systems without producing and distributing upgrades) and users (where they may install older software on their new systems without purchasing upgrades), although this generally requires that various software libraries implement the necessary APIs as well.
has shown a strong commitment to a backward compatible API, particularly within their Windows API
(Win32) library, such that older applications may run on newer versions of Windows using an executable-specific setting called "Compatibility Mode".
Apple Inc. has shown less concern, breaking compatibility or implementing an API in a slower "emulation mode"; this allows greater freedom in development, at the cost of making older software obsolete.
Among Unix-like
Unix-like
A Unix-like operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification....
operating systems, there are many related but incompatible operating systems running on a common hardware platform (particularly Intel 80386
Intel 80386
The Intel 80386, also known as the i386, or just 386, was a 32-bit microprocessor introduced by Intel in 1985. The first versions had 275,000 transistors and were used as the central processing unit of many workstations and high-end personal computers of the time...
-compatible systems). There have been several attempts to standardize the API such that software vendors may distribute one binary application for all these systems; however, to date, none of these have met with much success. The Linux Standard Base
is attempting to do this for the Linux
Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution. The defining component of any Linux system is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released October 5, 1991 by Linus Torvalds...
platform, while many of the BSD Unixes, such as FreeBSD
FreeBSD is a free Unix-like operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via BSD UNIX. Although for legal reasons FreeBSD cannot be called "UNIX", as the direct descendant of BSD UNIX , FreeBSD's internals and system APIs are UNIX-compliant...
, NetBSD
NetBSD is a freely available open source version of the Berkeley Software Distribution Unix operating system. It was the second open source BSD descendant to be formally released, after 386BSD, and continues to be actively developed. The NetBSD project is primarily focused on high quality design,...
, and OpenBSD
OpenBSD is a Unix-like computer operating system descended from Berkeley Software Distribution , a Unix derivative developed at the University of California, Berkeley. It was forked from NetBSD by project leader Theo de Raadt in late 1995...
, implement various levels of API compatibility for both backward compatibility (allowing programs written for older versions to run on newer distributions of the system) and cross-platform compatibility (allowing execution of foreign code without recompiling).
Release policies
The two options for releasing API are:
Protecting information on APIs from the general public. For example, Sony
, commonly referred to as Sony, is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan and the world's fifth largest media conglomerate measured by revenues....
used to make its official PlayStation 2
The PlayStation 2 is a sixth-generation video game console manufactured by Sony as part of the PlayStation series. Its development was announced in March 1999 and it was first released on March 4, 2000, in Japan...
API available only to licensed PlayStation developers. This enabled Sony to control who wrote PlayStation 2 games. This gives companies quality control privileges and can provide them with potential licensing revenue streams.
Making APIs freely available. For example, Microsoft makes the Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is a series of operating systems produced by Microsoft.Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal...
API public, and Apple releases its APIs Carbon and Cocoa
Cocoa (API)
Cocoa is Apple's native object-oriented application programming interface for the Mac OS X operating system and—along with the Cocoa Touch extension for gesture recognition and animation—for applications for the iOS operating system, used on Apple devices such as the iPhone, the iPod Touch, and...
, so that software can be written for their platforms.
A mix of the two behaviors can be used as well.
ASPI for SCSI
Small Computer System Interface is a set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices. The SCSI standards define commands, protocols, and electrical and optical interfaces. SCSI is most commonly used for hard disks and tape drives, but it...
device interfacing
Carbon and Cocoa
for the Macintosh
Microsoft DirectX is a collection of application programming interfaces for handling tasks related to multimedia, especially game programming and video, on Microsoft platforms. Originally, the names of these APIs all began with Direct, such as Direct3D, DirectDraw, DirectMusic, DirectPlay,...
for Microsoft Windows
EHLLAPI
Emulator High-level Language Application Program Interface is an enhanced version of HLLAPI. It was introduced in 1986 by the IBM company and it provided functions that can access the user interface data for text-based applications....
Java APIs
Open Database Connectivity
In computing, ODBC is a standard C interface for accessing database management systems . The designers of ODBC aimed to make it independent of database systems and operating systems...
OpenGL is a standard specification defining a cross-language, cross-platform API for writing applications that produce 2D and 3D computer graphics. The interface consists of over 250 different function calls which can be used to draw complex three-dimensional scenes from simple primitives. OpenGL...
cross-platform graphics API
OpenAL is a cross-platform audio API. It is designed for efficient rendering of multichannel three dimensional positional audio. Its API style and conventions deliberately resemble those of OpenGL.- History :...
cross-platform sound API
OpenCL is a framework for writing programs that execute across heterogeneous platforms consisting of CPUs, GPUs, and other processors. OpenCL includes a language for writing kernels , plus APIs that are used to define and then control the platforms...
cross-platform API for general-purpose computing for CPUs & GPUs
OpenMP is an API that supports multi-platform shared memory multiprocessing programming in C, C++, and Fortran, on most processor architectures and operating systems, including Linux, Unix, AIX, Solaris, Mac OS X, and Microsoft Windows platforms...
API that supports multi-platform shared memory multiprocessing programming in C, C++ and Fortran on many architectures, including Unix and Microsoft Windows platforms.
Simple DirectMedia Layer
Simple DirectMedia Layer is a cross-platform, free and open source multimedia library written in C that presents a simple interface to various platforms' graphics, sound, and input devices....
(SDL)
Talend is an open source software vendor that provides data integration, data management and enterprise application integration software and solutions. Headquartered in Suresnes, France and Los Altos, California, Talend has offices in North America, Europe and Asia, and a global network of...
integrates its data management
Data management comprises all the disciplines related to managing data as a valuable resource.- Overview :The official definition provided by DAMA International, the professional organization for those in the data management profession, is: "Data Resource Management is the development and execution...
with BPM
Business process management is a holistic management approach focused on aligning all aspects of an organization with the wants and needs of clients. It promotes business effectiveness and efficiency while striving for innovation, flexibility, and integration with technology. BPM attempts to...
from Bonita Open Solution
Bonita Open Solution
Bonita Open Solution is an open-source BPM and Workflow suite, created in 2001.It was started in French National Institute for Research in Computer Science, and then had incubated several years inside of the French computer science company Bull...
Language bindings and interface generators
APIs that are intended to be used by more than one high-level programming language
High-level programming language
A high-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer. In comparison to low-level programming languages, it may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or be from the specification of the program, making the process of...
often provide, or are augmented with, facilities to automatically map the API to features (syntactic or semantic) that are more natural in those languages. This is known as language binding
, and is itself an API. The aim is to encapsulate most of the required functionality of the API, leaving a "thin" layer appropriate to each language.
Below are listed some interface generator tools which bind languages to APIs at compile time
In computer science, compile time refers to either the operations performed by a compiler , programming language requirements that must be met by source code for it to be successfully compiled , or properties of the program that can be reasoned about at compile time.The operations performed at...
SWIG is an open source software tool used to connect computer programs or libraries written in C or C++ with scripting languages such as Lua, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Ruby, Tcl, and other languages like C#, Java, Modula-3, Objective Caml, Octave, and Scheme...
open-source interfaces bindings generator from many languages to many languages (Typically Compiled->Scripted)
F2PY: Fortran to Python
Python (programming language)
Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language whose design philosophy emphasizes code readability. Python claims to "[combine] remarkable power with very clear syntax", and its standard library is large and comprehensive...
interface generator.
– ABI
Calling convention
In computer science, a calling convention is a scheme for how subroutines receive parameters from their caller and how they return a result; calling conventions can differ in:...
Comparison of application virtual machines
This article lists some software virtual machines that are typically used for allowing application bytecode to be portably run on many different computer architectures and operating systems. The application is usually run on the computer using an interpreter or just-in-time compilation...
Common Object Request Broker Architecture
The Common Object Request Broker Architecture is a standard defined by the Object Management Group that enables software components written in multiple computer languages and running on multiple computers to work together .- Overview:CORBA enables separate pieces of software written in different...
a cross platform-language standard for intercommunication
The Document Object Model is a cross-platform and language-independent convention for representing and interacting with objects in HTML, XHTML and XML documents. Aspects of the DOM may be addressed and manipulated within the syntax of the programming language in use...
(DOM)
Double-chance function
In software engineering, a double-chance function is a software design pattern with a strong application in cross-platform and scalable development. It is easiest to explain it with an example....
Foreign function interface
A foreign function interface is a mechanism by which a program written in one programming language can call routines or make use of services written in another. The term comes from the specification for Common Lisp, which explicitly refers to the language features for inter-language calls as...
List of 3D graphics APIs
Name mangling
In compiler construction, name mangling is a technique used to solve various problems caused by the need to resolve unique names for programming entities in many modern programming languages....
Open Service Interface Definitions
Open Service Interface Definitions are programmatic interface specifications describing services. These interfaces are specified by the Open Knowledge Initiative to implement a Service-Oriented Architecture to achieve interoperability among applications across a varied base of underlying and...
(OSID)
Platform-enabled website
A platform-enabled website is a website in which additional functionality can be seamlessly integrated by means of an external application programming interface . The platform should provide integration points...
Software Development Kit
A software development kit is typically a set of software development tools that allows for the creation of applications for a certain software package, software framework, hardware platform, computer system, video game console, operating system, or similar platform.It may be something as simple...
(SDK)
– opensource interfaces bindings generator from many languages to many languages
XPCOM is a cross-platform component model from Mozilla. It is similar to Microsoft COM and CORBA. It has multiple language bindings and IDL descriptions so programmers can plug their custom functionality into the framework and connect it with other components.-The model:XPCOM is one of the main...
(Cross-Platform Component Object Model) is a cross-platform component model from Mozilla
Mozilla is a term used in a number of ways in relation to the Mozilla.org project and the Mozilla Foundation, their defunct commercial predecessor Netscape Communications Corporation, and their related application software....
How to design a good API and why it matters-PDF
How to Write an API. Practical example with detailed code and motivation.


text:
Hague court pushed to probe Israeli crimes in Gaza
A group seeking to end Israel's crippling blockade on the Gaza Strip is pressing the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague to probe Israel's crimes in the occupied Palestinian territories.
A letter signed by social and civil rights activists with the Freedom Flotilla Coalition (FFC) in various countries will be submitted to ICC Chief Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda on Dec. 10, the International Day of Human Rights, said a written statement by Rumbo a Gaza, a division of the coalition NGO.
A request for an investigation has been stuck in a "preliminary analysis" by the court for five years, the group stressed.
Israel's 13-year-old blockade of the Gaza Strip has shattered the coastal enclave's economy and deprived its 2 million inhabitants of free movement in and out from Gaza, preventing the entry of many basic amenities.
As of the end of 2016, a total of 1.3 million Gazans were depending on international aid in order to survive, while nearly half of the families in Gaza lacked access to secure food supplies, according to the UN's Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
Every year for eight years now, the Freedom Flotilla Coalition has launched a new campaign to challenge the Israeli blockade on the Palestinian seaside enclave.
On May 31, 2010, Israeli commandos killed nine Turkish activists in the Mavi Marmara boat convoy in international waters. The convoy, which was part of the Freedom Flotilla Coalition, was headed for Gaza to deliver humanitarian aid. Another activist later succumbed to his injuries.
Last week the ICC's prosecutor's office rejected a request to launch an investigation into the attack and closed the file for the third time.
8:42 AM | December 20, 2019
Israel launches airstrikes on Gaza
3:15 PM | November 02, 2019
Israeli jets strike Hamas observation posts in Gaza
Israel starts exporting natural gas to Egypt
Soleimani's daughter says father's 'martyrdom' will bring 'dark days' to US, Israel
Abbas Raza
Implementing tariff policy
Dr M Ali Hamza
Digital promise: Another import
We sank the Khukri - PART-I
Rupee Appreciation
Odd Opposition
Ignoring Renewable Energy
Hockey fiasco


text:
Police appeal for dashcam footage after woman sexually assaulted in park
Police have put extra patrols in the area.
Scotsman Reporter
Police are seeking dashcam footage of streets surrounding a park where a woman was sexually assaulted.
The 33-year-old was attacked in Doocot Park, Elgin, at around 1am on Friday.
She was not injured but was left shaken by the incident.
Police said they are following a positive line of inquiry regarding the suspect.
They issued a fresh appeal for people with information to get in contact.
Detective Inspector David Howieson said: "I would like to thank all those who have assisted with our investigation so far and would also continue to ask anyone with information which hasn't been provided to police yet to get in touch.
READ MORE: 'Disgraceful' rapist used knife in sex attack
"Do you remember seeing or hearing anything unusual in the area around the time in question? Did you see a man going into or leaving Doocot Park?
"I would also continue to urge anyone with dashcam footage of the area and surrounding streets captured between 11pm on Thursday and 1.30am on Friday to get in touch as soon as possible.
"A man we would like to speak to is aged in his twenties, of a slim build, around 5ft 7in to 6ft and was wearing a black hooded top.
"He was last seen walking into Doocot Park."
Mr Howieson added: "Incidents of this nature are extremely rare so I can understand the concern local residents have.
"Please be assured that every effort is being made to identify the person responsible."
Police catch hundreds of drink-drivers in crackdown on 'reckless' road users
Extra patrols have been carried out in the area.


text:
<?php

namespace WPCore\Exceptions;

/**
 * WP exception
 *
 * @author Louis-Michel Raynauld <louismichel@pweb.ca>
 */
class WPHttpException extends WPexception
{
}