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Q: Implementing sum of integers up to N in Verilog I am trying to Design hardware that will produce the following sequence, F = sum of the first N whole number, that is, 1+2...+N.
(e.g. If N=3, F=1+2+3=6). I am implementing a module that whenever its input N changes, it produces F, at latest N clock cycles later. N will be any 4-bit number (meaning that F has to be 7 bits long). N will not change while new a new F is being calculated. Here is my attempt:
module Fib (clock, reset, N, Fib);

input clock, reset;  input [3:0] N;
output [6:0] Fib;

reg [6:0] Fib;
// local vars
reg [2:0] Nprev;
reg [2:0] count;
reg  state, next_state;

// control lines
reg [1:0] Fmux, Cmux;

//status line
wire zero, equal;

parameter wait4newN=1'b0,
  wait4Zero=1'b1;

// Datapath
always@(posedge clock)
  case(Fmux)
    2'h0 : Fib <= N;
    2'h1 : Fib <= Fib + count;
  endcase

always@(posedge clock)
 case (Cmux)
    2'h0 : count <= N-1;
    2'h1 : count <= count - 1;
  endcase

assign zero = (count == 0);
assign equal = (Nprev==N);

// Controller
always@(posedge clock)
  Nprev <= N;

always@(posedge clock)
  if (reset) state <= wait4newN;
    else
      state <= next_state;

always@(*)
  begin
    Fmux = 0; Cmux = 0;
    case (state) // synopsys full_case parallel_case
      wait4newN :
           if (!equal)
             begin
               Fmux = 0; Cmux = 0;
               next_state=wait4newN;
             end
           else
              begin
                Fmux = 1; Cmux = 1;
                next_state=wait4Zero;
              end
      wait4Zero :
          if(!zero)
              begin
                  Fmux = 1; Cmux = 1;
                  next_state = wait4Zero;
              end
          else
            begin
                Fmux = 0; Cmux =0;
                next_state =wait4newN;
            end
      default:
         $display("why am I here?");
      endcase
  end
 endmodule

My test fixture is
// Testbench
module test;

reg  clk, reset;
reg [3:0] N;
reg [6:0] Fib;

  // Instantiate device under test
Fib fibInstance(.clock(clk),.reset(reset), .N(N), .Fib(Fib));

  initial begin
    // Dump waves
    $dumpfile("dump.vcd");
    $dumpvars(1, test);

    clk = 0;
    reset = 1;
    N = 5;
    $display("wait4newN N: %0h, Fib: %0h",
      N, Fib);

    toggle_clk;
    $display("wait4Zero N: %0h, Fib: %0h",
      N, Fib);

    toggle_clk;
    $display("wait4Zero N: %0h, Fib: %0h",
      N, Fib);

    toggle_clk;
    $display("wait4Zero N: %0h, Fib: %0h",
      N, Fib);

    toggle_clk;
    $display("wait4Zero N: %0h, Fib: %0h",
      N, Fib);

    toggle_clk;
    $display("wait4Zero N: %0h, Fib: %0h",
      N, Fib);

    toggle_clk;
    $display("wait4newN N: %0h, Fib: %0h",
      N, Fib);
  end

  task toggle_clk;
    begin
      #5 clk = ~clk;
      #5 clk = ~clk;
    end
  endtask

endmodule

The result of simulation is XX for F.
[2017-10-21 20:17:23 EDT] iverilog '-Wall' '-g2012' design.sv testbench.sv  && unbuffer vvp a.out
VCD info: dumpfile dump.vcd opened for output.
wait4newN N: 5, Fib: xx
wait4Zero N: 5, Fib: xx
wait4Zero N: 5, Fib: xx
wait4Zero N: 5, Fib: xx
wait4Zero N: 5, Fib: xx
wait4Zero N: 5, Fib: xx
wait4newN N: 5, Fib: xx
Done

What am I doing wrong please?
Thank you very much for you time in advance.

A: The problem seems due to reset. Here is a plain explanation for what is happening:
In your Fib module, you are not initializing variables on reset. When reset is applied, the state goes from 'X' to 'wait4newN'. Now the combinational block gets triggered on same clock and the case statement is executed. Thereby FMux goes from X->1 directly. As a result the equation "Fib <= Fib + count" always yields 'X' since Fib was never initialized to zero.
Apart from this, you are never deasserting reset to zero from your testbench. So the FSM state never changes.
In the Fib module, use the reset in sequential blocks.
always @(posedge clk) begin // Assuming synchronous reset
  if(reset) begin
    // Reset variables
  end else begin
    // other logic
  end
end

More information about handling resets is available at this site and Cummings Reset related Paper.

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Per Hippe primarily works within transaction-related communications and investor relations. Per has worked on several high-profile M&A and IPO cases, as well as with day-to-day IR support for listed companies.
He has experience from working with clients in several sectors including real estate, pulp & paper and TMT. Per has previous experience from working as a Public Affairs and Corporate Communications consultant as well as an internship at an M&A boutique.
Per holds a BSc in Business and Economics from the Stockholm School of Economics.


The title of this blog might surprise you because I'm not an acupuncturist. Sure, I can talk about my experience with acupuncture, but, I want to share more than just how I discovered it and how it has helped me.
That being said, I went straight to the source. Tatiana Martins is a registered acupuncturist based in Winnipeg, Manitoba and she helped me with today's blog post!
I always say that yoga and meditation are incredible tools to help manage stress and anxiety. But, what about when yoga and meditation aren't enough? What about when life throws us that curveball we weren't expecting and all of a sudden our little meditation cushion stops working?
Acupuncture is another amazing tool to help with stress, anxiety and so much more.
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"Qi, in regards to the body, is a Chinese term used to describe bodily processes, for example "Heart Qi" is another way of describing the cardiovascular system. Qi in other terms can be used to describe "energy."
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One of the things we pride ourselves the most upon at Maven, is the wide range of athletes we have. Maven has always had a very competitive gym. We have sent at least one individual, as well as a team, to Regionals all of the seven years Maven has been open. We have also sent two teenagers to the Games in the last two years. Although we take great pride in our competitive achievements, we are just as honored to be the home of over 150 individuals who all share the common goal of living a healthy and active lifestyle. Regardless of who you are, what your background is, or what your fitness level is, Maven is the place for you. Take a look these pictures and video of just a few that call themselves Mavens.


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Home / Uncategorized / Want To Quit Smoking? Partner Up!
Want To Quit Smoking? Partner Up!
A study into the influence of partner behavior shows that you are more likely to lead a healthier lifestyle if your partner is making the commitment with you.
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Home > Blog > Cell Phone Bans Help Motorists Avoid Jonesboro Rear-End Collisions
Cell Phone Bans Help Motorists Avoid Jonesboro Rear-End Collisions
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text:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
        "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">

<title>S5: An Introduction</title>

<meta name="generator" content="S5" />
<meta name="version" content="S5 1.1" />
<meta name="presdate" content="20050128" />
<meta name="author" content="Eric A. Meyer" />
<meta name="company" content="Complex Spiral Consulting" />

<meta name="defaultView" content="slideshow" />
<meta name="controlVis" content="hidden" />

<link rel="stylesheet" href="ui/default/slides.css" type="text/css" media="projection" id="slideProj" />
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="ui/default/print.css" type="text/css" media="print" id="slidePrint" />
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S5 Testbed

Your computer • Today's date

S5 Testbed

Eric A. Meyer

Complex Spiral Consulting

What Is S5?

It's a Simple Standards-based Slide Show System

One XHTML document provides all of the slide show's content

CSS handles the layout and look of the slides

JavaScript handles the dynamic aspects of the show

That's all there is to it!  (skip to summary; demonstrates links internal to the slide show)

Operatic Origins

Opera 4 introduced Opera Show, a projection-mode style sheet technology (link demonstrates external link styling and window spawning)

Allows a single XHTML document to be turned into a PowerPoint-like slide show

Adding screen and print style sheets allows for multi-medium views of a single document

Highly efficient, but highly browser centric...

Incremental Display

Keep hitting/clicking "next" as long as it isn't the control link (»)

Bullet points are revealed one by one

All based on class name of inc

Lists can be classed to make items appear individually

Individual items can be classed as well to create "animations"; see Derek Featherstone's example

Let's try it again, but without the first bullet point being pre-highlighted...

Incremental Display II

Keep hitting/clicking "next" as long as it isn't the control link (»)

Bullet points are revealed one by one

All based on class name of incremental

Lists can be classed to make items appear individually

Individual items can be classed as well to create "animations"; see Derek Featherstone's example

Notice how the sub-list was part of the parent bullet point; that was done on purpose

Now to move on to other test slides!

PNG Alpha Tests

DIV with PNG background followed by foreground PNG

DIV with PNG background followed by foreground PNG

S5 Default File Structure

S5 Themes

(one way of presenting multiple graphics)

Incremental S5 Themes

(one by one!)

Incremental Animation

A demonstration of just one of the many ways to accomplish simple animation-like effects (using a diagram from "XFN and...")

In Summary

With minimal scripting, we have recreated and improved upon a (currently) browser-specific technology, making it cross-browser in the process

The S5 format is OSF 1.0 compatible

S5 is a very flexible and lightweight slide show system available for anyone to use

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