text:
# ampersand-view

A set of common helpers and conventions for using as a base view for ampersand.js apps.

What does it do?

1. Gives you a proven pattern for managing/binding the contents of an element.
2. Simple declarative property/template bindings without needing to include a template engine that does it for you. This keeps your logic out of your templates and lets you use a string of HTML as a fully dynamic template or just a simple function that returns an HTML string.
3. The view's base element is replaced (or created) during a render. So, rather than having to specify tag type and attributes in javascript in the view definition you can just include that in your template like everything else.
4. A way to render a collection of models within an element in the view, each with their own view, preserving order, and doing proper cleanup when the main view is removed.
5. A simple way to render sub-views that get cleaned up when the parent view is removed.

<!-- starthide -->
Part of the [Ampersand.js toolkit](http://ampersandjs.com) for building clientside applications.
<!-- endhide -->

## Install

```
npm install ampersand-view
```

## API Reference

Note that this is a fork of Backbone's view so most of the public methods/properties here still exist: [http://backbonejs.org/#View](http://backbonejs.org/#View).`AmpersandView` extends [`AmpersandState`](https://github.com/ampersandjs/ampersand-state) so it can have it's own `props` values for example and can be bound directly to the template without a backing model object.

### extend `AmpersandView.extend([properties])`

Get started with views by creating a custom view class. Ampersand views have a sane default render function, which you don't necessarily have to override, but you probably will wish to specify a [`template`](http://ampersandjs.com/docs#ampersand-view-template), your declarative [event handlers](http://ampersandjs.com/docs#ampersand-view-events) and your [view bindings](http://ampersandjs.com/docs#ampersand-view-bindings).

```javascript
var PersonRowView = AmpersandView.extend({
    template: "<li> <span data-hook='name'></span> <span data-hook='age'></span> <a data-hook='edit'>edit</a> </li>",

    events: {
        "click [data-hook=edit]": "edit"
    },

    bindings: {
        "model.name": {
            type: 'text',
            hook: 'name'
        },

        "model.age": {
            type: 'text',
            hook: 'age'
        }
    },

    edit: function () {
        //...
    }
});
```

### template `AmpersandView.extend({ template: "<div><input></div>" })`

The `.template` is a property for the view prototype. It should either be a string of HTML or a function that returns a string of HTML or a DOM element. It isn't required, but it is used as a default for calling `renderWithTemplate`.

The important thing to note is that __*the returned string/HTML should not have more than one root element*__. This is because the view code assumes that it has one and only one root element that becomes the `.el` property of the instantiated view.

For more information about creating, and compiling templates, [read the templating guide](http://ampersandjs.com/learn/templates).

### autoRender `AmpersandView.extend({ autoRender: true })`

The `.autoRender` property lets you optionally specify that the view should just automatically render with all the defaults. This requires that you at minimum specify a [template](http://ampersandjs.com/docs#ampersand-view-template) string or function.

By setting `autoRender: true` the view will simply call `.renderWithTemplate` for you (after your `initialize` method if present). So for simple views, if you've got a few bindings and a template your whole view could just be really declarative like this:

```javascript
var AmpersandView = require('ampersand-view');

module.exports = AmpersandView.extend({
    autoRender: true,
    template: '<div><span id="username"></span></div>',
    bindings: {
        name: '#username'
    }
});
```

**Note:** if you are using a template function (and not a string) the template function will get called with a context argument that looks like this, giving you access to `.model`, `.collection` and any other props you have defined on the view from the template.

```javascript
this.renderWithTemplate(this, this.template);
```

### events `AmpersandView.extend({ events: { /* ...events hash... */ } })`

The events hash allows you to specify declarative callbacks for DOM events within the view. This is much clearer and less complex than calling `el.addEventListener('click', ...)` everywhere.

* Events are written in the format `{"event selector": "callback"}`.
* The callback may either be the name of a method on the view, or an actual function.
* Omitting the `selector` causes the event to be bound to the view's root element (`this.el`).
* The events property may also be defined as a function that returns an *events* hash, to make it easier to programmatically define your events, as well as inherit them from parent views.

Using the events hash has a number of benefits over manually binding events during the `render` call:

* All attached callbacks are bound to the view before being handed off to the event handler, so when the callbacks are invoked, `this` continues to refer to the view object.
* All event handlers are delegated to the view's root el, meaning elements changed when the view is updated don't need to be unbound and rebound.
* All events handlers are cleanly removed when the view is [removed](http://ampersandjs.com/docs#ampersand-view-remove).

```
var DocumentView = AmpersandView.extend({

  events: {
    //bind to a double click on the root element
    "dblclick"                : "open",

    //bind to a click on an element with both 'icon' and 'doc' classes
    "click .icon.doc"         : "select",

    "contextmenu .icon.doc"   : "showMenu",
    "click .show_notes"       : "toggleNotes",
    "click .title .lock"      : "editAccessLevel",
    "mouseover .title .date"  : "showTooltip"
  },

  open: function() {
    window.open(this.model.viewer_url);
  },

  select: function() {
    this.model.selected = true;
  },

  //...

});
```

Note that the `events` definition is not merged with the superclass definition. If you want to merge
`events` from a superclass, you have to do it explicitly:
```
var SuperheroRowView = PersonRowView.extend({
  events: _.extend({}, PersonRowView.prototype.events, {
    'click [data-hook=edit-secret-identitiy]': 'editSecretIdentity'
  })
});
```

### bindings

The bindings hash gives you a declarative way of specifying which elements in your view should be updated when the view's model is changed.

For a full reference of available binding types see the [ampersand-dom-bindings](http://ampersandjs.com/docs#ampersand-dom-bindings) section.

For example, with a model like this:

```javascript
var Person = AmpersandModel.extend({
    props: {
        name: 'string',
        age: 'number',
        avatarURL: 'string'
    },
    session: {
        selected: 'boolean'
    }
});
```

and a template like this:

```html
<!-- templates.person -->
<li>
  <img data-hook="avatar">
  <span data-hook="name"></span>
  age: <span data-hook="age"></span>
</li>
```

you might have a binding hash in your view like this:

```javascript
var PersonView = AmpersandView.extend({
    templates: templates.person,

    bindings: {
        'model.name': {
            type: 'text',
            hook: 'name'
        },

        'model.age': '[data-hook=age]', //shorthand of the above

        'model.avatarURL': {
            type: 'attribute',
            name: 'src',
            hook: 'avatar'
        },

        //no selector, selects the root element
        'model.selected': {
            type: 'booleanClass',
            name: 'active' //class to toggle
        }
    }
});
```

Note that the `bindings` definition is not merged with the superclass definition. If you want to merge
`bindings` from a superclass, you have to do it explicitly:
```
var SuperheroRowView = PersonRowView.extend({
  bindings: _.extend({}, PersonRowView.prototype.bindings, {
    'model.secretIdentity': '[data-hook=secret-identity]'
  })
});
```

### el `view.el`

All rendered views have a single DOM node which they manage, which is acessible from the `.el` property on the view. Allowing you to insert it into the DOM from the parent context.

```
var view = new PersonView({ model: me });
view.render();

document.querySelector('#viewContainer').appendChild(view.el);
```

### constructor `new AmpersandView([options])`

The default `AmpersandView` constructor accepts an optional `options` object, and:

* Attaches the following options directly to the instantiated view, overriding the defaults: `model`, `collection`, `el`.
* Sets up event bindings defined in the `events` hash.
* Sets up the model bindings defined in the `bindings` hash.
* Initializes any subviews defined in the `subviews` hash.
* Calls `initialize` passing it the options hash.
* Renders the view, if `autoRender` is true and a template is defined.

Typical use-cases for the options hash:
* To initialize a view with an `el` _already_ in the DOM, pass it as an option: `new AmpersandView({ el: existingElement })`.
* To perform extra work when initializing a new view, override the `initialize` function in the extend call, rather than modifying the constructor, it's easier.

### initialize `new AmpersandView([options])`

Called by the default view constructor after the view is initialized. Overwrite initialize in your views to perform some extra work when the view is initialized. Initially it's a noop:

```javascript
var MyView = AmpersandView.extend({
    initialize: function (options) {
        console.log("The options are:", options);
    }
});

var view = new MyView({ foo: 'bar' });
//=> logs 'The options are: {foo: "bar"}'
```

If you want to extend the `initialize` function of a superclass instead of redefining it completely, you can
explicitly call the `initialize` of the superclass at the right time:
```
var SuperheroRowView = PersonRowView.extend({
  initialize: function () {
    PersonRowView.prototype.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
    doSomeOtherStuffHere();
  })
});
```

### render `view.render()`

Render is a part of the [Ampersand View conventions](http://ampersandjs.com/learn/view-conventions). You can override the default view method when extending AmpersandView if you wish, but as part of the conventions, calling render should:

* Create a `this.el` property if the view doesn't already have one, and populate it with your view template
* or if the view already has a `this.el` attribute, render should either populate it with your view template, or create a new element and replace the existing `this.el` if it's in the DOM tree.
* Not be a problem if it's called more than once.

The default render looks like this:

```javascript
render: function () {
    this.renderWithTemplate(this);
    return this;
}
```

If you want to extend the `render` function of a superclass instead of redefining it completely, you can
explicitly call the `render` of the superclass at the right time:
```
var SuperheroRowView = PersonRowView.extend({
  render: function () {
    PersonRowView.prototype.render.apply(this, arguments);
    doSomeOtherStuffHere();
  })
});
```

ampersand-view triggers a `'render'` event for your convenience, too, if you want to set listeners for it.  The `'render'` and `'remove'` events emitted by this module are merely convenience events, as you may listen solely to `change:rendered` in order to capture the render/remove events in just one listener.

### renderCollection `view.renderCollection(collection, ItemView, containerEl, [viewOptions])`

* `collection` {Backbone Collection} The instantiated collection we wish to render.
* `ItemView` {View Constructor | Function} The view constructor that will be instantiated for each model in the collection or a function that will return an instance of a given constructor. `options` object is passed as a first argument to a function, which can be used to access `options.model` and determine which view should be instantiated. This view will be used with a reference to the model and collection and the item view's `render` method will be called with an object containing a reference to the containerElement as follows: `.render({containerEl: << element >>})`.
* containerEl {Element | String} This can either be an actual DOM element or a CSS selector string such as `.container`. If a string is passed ampersand-view runs `this.query('YOUR STRING')` to try to grab the element that should contain the collection of views. If you don't supply a `containerEl` it will default to `this.el`.
* `viewOptions` {Object} [optional] Additional options
    * `viewOptions` {Object} Options object that will get passed to the `initialize` method of the individual item views.
    * `filter` {Function} [optional] Function that will be used to determine if a model should be rendered in this collection view. It will get called with a model and you simply return `true` or `false`.
    * `reverse` {Boolean} [optional] Convenience for reversing order in which the items are rendered.

This method will maintain this collection within that container element. Including proper handling of add, remove, sort, reset, etc.

Also, when the parent view gets `.remove()`'ed any event handlers registered by the individual item views will be properly removed as well.

Each item view will only be `.render()`'ed once (unless you change that within the item view itself).

The collection view instance will be returned from the function.

#### Example:

```javascript
// some views for individual items in the collection
var ItemView = AmpersandView.extend({ ... });
var AlternativeItemView = AmpersandView.extend({ ... });

// the main view
var MainView = AmpersandView.extend({
    template: '<section class="page"><ul class="itemContainer"></ul></section>',
    render: function (opts) {
        // render our template as usual
        this.renderWithTemplate(this);

        // call renderCollection with these arguments:
        // 1. collection
        // 2. which view to use for each item in the list
        // 3. which element within this view to use as the container
        // 4. options object (not required):
        //      {
        //          // function used to determine if model should be included
        //          filter: function (model) {},
        //          // boolean to specify reverse rendering order
        //          reverse: false,
        //          // view options object (just gets passed to item view's `initialize` method)
        //          viewOptions: {}
        //      }
        // returns the collection view instance
        var collectionView = this.renderCollection(this.collection, ItemView, this.el.querySelector('.itemContainer'), opts);
        return this;
    }
});

// alternative main view
var AlternativeMainView = AmpersandView.extend({
    template: '<section class="sidebar"><ul class="itemContainer"></ul></section>',
    render: function (opts) {
        this.renderWithTemplate(this);
        this.renderCollection(this.collection, function (options) {
            if (options.model.isAlternative) {
                return new AlternativeItemView(options);
            }

            return new ItemView(options);
        }, this.el.querySelector('.itemContainer'), opts);
        return this;
    }
});
```

### renderWithTemplate `view.renderWithTemplate([context], [template])`

* `context` {Object | null} [optional] The context that will be passed to the template function, usually it will be passed the view itself, so that `.model`, `.collection` etc are available.
* `template` {Function | String} [optional] A function that returns HTML or a string of HTML.

This is shortcut for the default rendering you're going to do in most every render method, which is: use the template property of the view to replace `this.el` of the view and re-register all handlers from the event hash and any other binding as described above.

```javascript
var view = AmpersandView.extend({
    template: '<li><a></a></li>',
    bindings: {
        'name': 'a'
    },
    events: {
        'click a': 'handleLinkClick'
    },
    render: function () {
        // this does everything
        // 1. renders template
        // 2. registers delegated click handler
        // 3. inserts and binds the 'name' property
        //    of the view's `this.model` to the <a> tag.
        this.renderWithTemplate();
    }
});
```

### query `view.query('.classname')`

Runs a [`querySelector`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/document.querySelector) scoped within the view's current element (`view.el`), returning the first matching element in the dom-tree.

notes:
- It will also match agains the root element.
- It will return the root element if you pass `''` as the selector.
- If no match is found it returns `undefined`

```javascript
var view = AmpersandView.extend({
    template: '<li><img class="avatar" src=""></li>',
    render: function () {
        this.renderWithTemplate(this);

        // cache an element for easy reference by other methods
        this.imgEl = this.query(".avatar");

        return this;
    }
});
```

### queryByHook `view.queryByHook('hookname')`

A convenience method for retrieving an element from the current view by it's `data-hook` attribute. Using this approach is a nice way to separate javascript view hooks/bindings from class/id selectors that are being used by CSS.

notes:
- It also works if you're using multiple space-separated hooks. So something like `<img data-hook="avatar user-image"/>` would still match for `queryByHook('avatar')`.
- It simply uses `.query()` under the hood. So `.queryByHook('avatar')` is equivalent to `.query('[data-hook~=avatar]')`
- It will also match to root elements.
- If no match is found it returns `undefined`.

```javascript
var view = AmpersandView.extend({
    template: '<li><img class='avatar-rounded' data-hook="avatar" src=""></li>',
    render: function () {
        this.renderWithTemplate(this);

        // cache an element for easy reference by other methods
        this.imgEl = this.queryByHook('avatar');

        return this;
    }
});
```

### queryAll `view.queryAll('.classname')`

Runs a [`querySelectorAll`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/document.querySelectorAll) scoped within the view's current element (`view.el`), returning an array of all matching elements in the dom-tree.

notes:
- It will also include the root element if it matches the selector.
- It returns a real `Array` not a DOM collection.

### queryAllByHook `view.queryAllByHook('hookname')`

Uses `queryAll` method with a given `data-hook` attribute to retrieve all matching elements scoped within the view's current element (`view.el`), returning an array of all matching elements in the dom-tree or an empty array if no results has been found.

### cacheElements `view.cacheElements(hash)`
A shortcut for adding reference to specific elements within your view for access later. This is avoids excessive DOM queries and makes it easier to update your view if your template changes.  It returns `this`.

In your `render` method. Use it like so:

```javascript
render: function () {
  this.renderWithTemplate(this);

  this.cacheElements({
    pages: '#pages',
    chat: '#teamChat',
    nav: 'nav#views ul',
    me: '#me',
    cheatSheet: '#cheatSheet',
    omniBox: '[data-hook=omnibox]'
  });

  return this;
}
```

Then later you can access elements by reference like so: `this.pages`, or `this.chat`.

### listenToAndRun `view.listenToAndRun(object, eventsString, callback)`
Shortcut for registering a listener for a model and also triggering it right away.

### remove `view.remove()`

Removes a view from the DOM, and calls `stopListening` to remove any bound events that the view has `listenTo`'d.  This method also triggers a `remove` event on the view, allowing for listeners (or the view itself) to listen to it and do some action, like cleanup some other resources being used.  The view will trigger the `remove` event if `remove()` is overridden.

```javascript
initialize : function() {
  this.listenTo(this,'remove',this.cleanup);
  // OR this, either statements will call 'cleanup' when `remove` is called
  this.once('remove',this.cleanup, this);
},

cleanup : function(){
  // do cleanup
}

```

### registerSubview `view.registerSubview(viewInstance)`

* viewInstance {Object} Any object with a "remove" method, typically an instantiated view. But doesn't have to be, it can be anything with a remove method. The remove method doesn't have to actually remove itself from the DOM (since the parent view is being removed anyway), it is generally just used for unregistering any handler that it set up.

### renderSubview `view.renderSubview(viewInstance, containerEl)`

* viewInstance {Object} Any object with a `.remove()`, `.render()` and an `.el` property that is the DOM element for that view. Typically this is just an instantiated view.
* containerEl {Element | String} This can either be an actual DOM element or a CSS selector string such as `.container`. If a string is passed ampersand-view runs `this.query('YOUR STRING')` to try to grab the element that should contain the sub view. If you don't supply a `containerEl` it will default to `this.el`.

This method is just sugar for the common use case of instantiating a view and putting in an element within the parent.

It will:

1. fetch your container (if you gave it a selector string)
2. register your subview so it gets cleaned up if parent is removed and so `view.parent` will be available when your subview's `render` method gets called
3. call the subview's `render()` method
4. append it to the container
5. return the subview

```javascript
var view = AmpersandView.extend({
    template: '<li><div class="container"></div></li>',
    render: function () {
        this.renderWithTemplate();

        //...

        var model = this.model;
        this.renderSubview(new SubView({
            model: model
        }), '.container');

        //...

    }
});
```

### subviews `view.subviews`

You can declare subviews that you want to render within a view, much like you would bindings. Useful for cases where the data you need for a subview may not be available on first render. Also, simplifies cases where you have lots of subviews.

When the parent view is removed the `remove` method of all subviews will be called as well.

You declare them as follows:

```javascript
var AmpersandView = require('ampersand-view');
var CollectionRenderer = require('ampersand-collection-view');
var ViewSwitcher = require('ampersand-view-switcher');

module.exports = AmpersandView.extend({
    template: '<div><div></div><ul data-hook="collection-container"></ul></div>',
    subviews: {
        myStuff: {
            selector: '[data-hook=collection-container]',
            waitFor: 'model.stuffCollection',
            prepareView: function (el) {
                return new CollectionRenderer({
                    el: el,
                    collection: this.model.stuffCollection
                });
            }
        },
        tab: {
            hook: 'switcher',
            constructor: ViewSwitcher
        }
    }
});
```

subview declarations consist of:

* selector {String} Selector that describes the element within the view that should hold the subview.
* hook {String} Alternate method for specifying a container element using its `data-hook` attribute. Equivalent to `selector: '[data-hook=some-hook]'`.
* constructor {ViewConstructor} Any [view conventions compliant](http://ampersandjs.com/learn/view-conventions) view constructor. It will be initialized with `{el: [Element grabbed from selector], parent: [reference to parent view instance]}`. So if you don't need to do any custom setup, you can just provide the constructor.
* waitFor {String} String specifying they "key-path" (i.e. 'model.property') of the view that must be "truthy" before it should consider the subview ready.
* prepareView {Function} Function that will be called once any `waitFor` condition is met. It will be called with the `this` context of the parent view and with the element that matches the selector as the argument. It should return an instantiated view instance.

### delegateEvents `view.delegateEvents([events])`

Creates delegated DOM event handlers for view elements on `this.el`. If `events` is omitted, will use the `events` property on the view.

Generally you won't need to call `delegateEvents` yourself, if you define an `event` hash when extending AmpersandView, `delegateEvents` will be called for you when the view is initialize.

Events is a hash of  `{"event selector": "callback"}*`

Will unbind existing events by calling `undelegateEvents` before binding new ones when called. Allowing you to switch events for different view contexts, or different views bound to the same element.

```javascript
{
  'mousedown .title':  'edit',
  'click .button':     'save',
  'click .open':       function (e) { ... }
}
```

### undelegateEvents `view.undelegateEvents()`

Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view with `delegateEvents`.
You usually don't need to use this, but may wish to if you have multiple views attached to the same DOM element.

## Changelog

- 8.0.0 Improve `rendered` property behavior.  `rendered` now set after calling render()/remove() fns, vs. old strategy which simply checked for `view.el`
- 7.0.0 Replacing use of `role` in lieu of `data-hook` for [accessibility reasons discussed here](https://github.com/AmpersandJS/ampersand/issues/21)
- [insert period of poor changelog management here], this will not happen again now that ampersand is public.
- 1.6.3 [diff](https://github.com/HenrikJoreteg/ampersand-view/compare/v1.6.2...v1.6.3) - Move throw statment for too many root elements inside non `<body>` case.
- 1.6.2 [diff](https://github.com/HenrikJoreteg/ampersand-view/compare/v1.6.1...v1.6.2) - Make `getByRole` work even if `role` attribute is on the root element. Throws an error if your view template contains more than one root element.
- 1.6.1 [diff](https://github.com/HenrikJoreteg/ampersand-view/compare/v1.6.0...v1.6.1) - Make sure renderSubview registers the subview first, so it has a `.parent` before it calls `.render()` on the subview.
- 1.6.0 [diff](https://github.com/HenrikJoreteg/ampersand-view/compare/v1.5.0...v1.6.0) - Adding `getByRole` method
- 1.5.0 - Adding bower.json, adding missing dev dependencies, other small bugfixes.
- 1.4.1 - Removing elements without using jQuery's `.empty()` in renderCollection. (fixes: https://github.com/HenrikJoreteg/ampersand-view/issues/13)
- 1.4.0 - Adding `parent` reference to subviews registered via registerSubview

<!---starthide-->

## Test coverage?

Why yes! So glad you asked :)

* Run `npm test` to run the tests in a headless phantom browser.
* Run `npm start` to start a webserver with the test harness, and then visit http://localhost:3000 to open and run the tests in your browser of choice.

## Like this?

Follow [@HenrikJoreteg](http://twitter.com/henrikjoreteg) on twitter and check out my recently released book: [human javascript](http://humanjavascript.com) which includes a full explanation of this as well as a whole bunch of other stuff for building awesome single page apps.

## license

MIT

<!---endhide-->


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text:
Sunday - January 29,2023
The latest deaths of schoolchildren at an unmanned rail crossing highlight why the Railways Act should be amended. Due April, a bus with school children collided with a train at an unmanned railway degree crossing, close to Kushinagar in Uttar Pradesh. Thirteen of them died. This isn't the primary time that an incident of this nature has passed off, so some questions want to be asked. Is there any mandate for manning all-degree crossings? In an incident including this, in which the bus motive force become reportedly negligent, is the railway administration accountable even though the educated engine driving force cannot be faulted?
Legal Troubles
Need for continuous audit
Have an amended regulation
We can search for some answers in a 1997 Supreme Court judgment (Union of India v. United India Insurance). In May 1979, at Akaparampa in Kerala, forty passengers and the motive force of a passenger bus that were employed have been killed when the automobile turned into a hit by way of a educate at an unmanned degree crossing. Cases were filed before the Motor Accidents Claims Tribunal, Ernakulam, claiming compensation in opposition to the proprietor and coverage employer of the bus and the Indian Railways.
The Tribunal offered compensation to the proprietor. The legal responsibility of the coverage corporation turned into restricted to a measly ₹500 in keeping with sufferer on the idea of restriction of legal responsibility contained in terms of the coverage. In appeals taken to the High Court, the Railways become liable for negligence in not making provisions for a gate and employees to mind the gate. Aggrieved, the Railways went to the Supreme Court. The prison issues addressed via the Supreme Court are instructive for what the Railways turned into required to do.
A declaration for damages for the defendant's negligence falls inside the area of a civil incorrect known as a tort motion. To claims for railway accidents, the Railways Act presents for fixed compensation on predetermined scales. It also presents a discussion board for passengers to make claims in Railway Claims Tribunals located in extraordinary parts of India. But there may be an obstacle. Only a passenger on a train can make a declaration before the Tribunal. Passengers of a bus or motor vehicle who a collision with a educate may have additionally harmed can best approach the Motor Accidents Claims Tribunal. However, this tribunal can entertain the Railways' claim as a joint tortfeasor if the negligence of the Railways is set up.
In the direction of the judgment, the Supreme Court borrowed the neighborhood principle articulated in Donoghue v. Stevenson (1932). It said that care for the Railways extends no longer best to individuals who use the Railways' services but also to people who are "neighbors" — specifically, users of motors on roads that intersect with tracks. Consequently, there is a commonplace law legal responsibility for the railway management for an accident at an unmanned crossing, even inside the absence of specific provisions inside the Railways Act, where the Central government can direct the administration to put manned crossings. A motion at commonplace law may be filed for nonfeasance because the Railways turned into worried in what is acknowledged as dangerous operations and therefore is certain to attend to street customers.
It took up the problem of whether or not there can be any breach or a common-law responsibility on the part of the Railways if it does now not take observe of the increase within the extent of rail and motor traffic at the unmanned crossing, and if it does not take ok steps such as placing up gates with a guard to save you injuries at such a factor. It stated that there existed a precedent from England that the House of Lords tested — that the Railways needed to take all precautions to lessen the threat to the minimum. It permitted the estimate made in Lloyds Bank Ltd. V. Railway Executive (1952) that if seventy-five to one hundred motors crossed the level crossing in line with a day, the Railways owed an obligation of care at commonplace law to provide for a gate with a security guard.
If this kind of duty can be seen from a genuine situation, the corollary shall be that non-exercising of the energy of the authorities to direct the Railways to lay gates will be construed as irrational. Alternatively, if the plaintiff had no concept of specifically depending upon the exercising of electricity by using the authority in his favor but is a matter of standard reliance, society ought to, with the aid of preceding experience, expect the exercise of such strength and if such an expectation stood belied, then to a end could be drawn that the non-exercise of electricity by way of the authority became irrational. The running of trains by way of the Railways, as mentioned in Commissioner for Railways v. Mc Dermott (1966), has been inherently perilous and creates a fashionable expectation that the railway management took safety measures.
The Railways' decision to equip all degree crossings in India with gates with the aid of 2020 does not mean that unmanned gates might be relegated to history. After all, these gates have no longer come about because the Railways laid tracks throughout roads and saved those locations unguarded. On the alternative hand, due to the operations of the Railways, wherein tracks are laid throughout massive tracts of land, there may be more human movement in those regions; in flip, roads are laid throughout tracks on each side.
The railway administration ought to have a non-stop audit of tracks; whilst new roads come on either side, visitors must be calibrated, ok infrastructure built, and protection measures put in location. The Railways Act 1989 (via Section 124) provides compensation on a strict legal responsibility basis. This approach that "while a twist of fate happens in the course of operating a railway" (a collision between trains, or when one is a educate sporting passengers, or derailment, or another coincidence with a teacher or any part of a train sporting passengers), then whether or not there has been any wrongful act, forget about, or default on the part of the railway administration, an injured passenger or one that has suffered a loss can lawfully hold a motion and recover damages.
On instructions from the essential Bench in Delhi, in each of the predominant accidents in India between 2016 and 2017, the families of victims have been contacted through the Tribunals in which the families resided and applications for compensation filed. There was brief adjudication for payments. In the incident of a stampede on a foot overbridge at Elphinstone Road station in Mumbai in 2017, the Bombay Bench of the Railway Claims Tribunal provided reimbursement quantities with no contest for Railways. Hitherto, responses to claims for reimbursement arising out of injuries have been on an advert hoc basis. However, it's time the government amends the Railways Act to offer compensation on a proactive foundation without riding victims or their families to file programs in Tribunals. The ex gratia payments will then be substituted via rights-based compensation regimes to sensitize the Railways to manage their operations with extra awareness on public safety. It is also crucial to include inside Section 124 of the Railways Act a provision for a claim from a "neighbor to a passenger" within how the Supreme Court recognizes, particularly, an avenue person of a motor automobile.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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About CQCI
To provide researchers, clinicians, and the people of Utah with the most advanced quantitative and molecular imaging technologies, including radiopharmaceuticals and instrumentation to enable the highest quality research and assist clinicians in diagnosing disease and monitoring therapy.
Patients participating in clinical trials and receiving state-of-the-art cancer care at Huntsman Cancer Institute (HCI) will be provided with quantitative imaging methods and techniques to accurately stage disease and measure response to therapy. The increasing number of oncologic therapeutic strategies currently available in clinical trials has generated a need for reliable and reproducible methods for prediction or assessment of therapeutic response. The Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging (CQCI) at HCI is responsible for assuring the imaging performed on our clinical trial patients is state of the art and of the highest quality.
History of the Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging
HCI and the University of Utah (U of U) made commitments to develop a molecular imaging program that supported the research and clinical efforts of HCI and the U of U. The program began with the purchase of a GE Advance PET scanner and later with the building of a cyclotron facility. In 2009 a dedicated PET imaging research facility was built housing the GE Advance PET scanner and a new research GE Discovery ST PET/CT scanner. In the spring of 2013 the GE Advance scanner was retired and a new GE Discovery PET/CT 710 time of flight scanner was installed. The current resources for molecular imaging in the CQCI are primarily oriented around capabilities in PET imaging. A complete and detailed listing of our infrastructure is provided elsewhere on this website. The state-of-the art infrastructure initially focused on the production of fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) and PET imaging of patients with cancer and for assessment of patients with dementia. Several other investigational research compounds are now available for research studies:
Current IND Imaging Agents
IND 76843 3'-deoxy-3'-[F 18]fluorothymidine:[F-18]FLT
IND 104035 [11C]-PIB (N-Methyl-[11C] 2-(41-methylaminophenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole
IND 109760 18F-39-F-6-OH-BTA1 also known as 18FGE067 (Flutemetamol) or 18F-PIB
IND 111064 1H-1-(3-[18F]-fluoro-2-hydroxy-propyl)-2-nitro-imidazole [18F]-fluoromisonidazole [18F]FMISO, FMISO
IND 113183 11C-Acetate or [C-11] Sodium Acetate
IND 113529 H215O ([O-15] Water)
IND 113858 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG)
IND 136875 [18F] Fluciclovine
In the summer of 2005, John M. Hoffman, MD, was recruited to be the director of the Molecular Imaging Program. The program has grown and expanded to encompass all aspects of quantitative cancer imaging. In the summer of 2013, Jeffrey Yap, PhD, was recruited as the associate director of the center to expand efforts in tumor metrics for patients on clinical trials and expansion of preclinical imaging.
The program was renamed as the Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging in the summer of 2013 to more appropriately reflect the broad efforts of imaging taking place within the center and at HCI. View the CQCI organizational chart.


As we look at the polls, the argument over the Electoral College raises its head again. My wife mentioned this to me the other evening and stated the argument succinctly. The Electoral College is a remnant of a time when we did not have an informed democracy. That "our Democracy" has advanced beyond those days and there is no reason to have the EC.
There is the argument, pure and simple. I was informed that just because the founders felt this way is no reason to stick with that system. I replied that there was a reason for my position and I can explain it. It does not matter which candidate wins the popular or electoral vote. And I am not driven by democracy as such—the dictatorship of fifty percent plus one is still a dictatorship.
There were several proposals regarding the selection of the Executive. One was selection by the legislative branch, another by popular vote, another by the Governors. And the compromise was the electoral college. The idea was to balance population with representation of the States, from whom the united States derived its existence and powers. By giving each state a vote in the electoral college equal to its number of Senators and Representatives, the small states were not neglected.
Those favoring the idea of a national democracy rather than a federal constitutional republic see the states as irrelevant—or at best a laboratory for national policy. Those from the District of Columbia complain that their votes count less than those in Wyoming—I did not ever vote on giving electoral votes to DC and would not be upset if they were repealed. The fact is, that with both the popular vote and the electoral vote the current president was elected by those residing in less than ten percent of the landmass of the United States.
It is a token of the Republic that we still have an electoral college, that we still make a distinction of states. As long as we can do this, there is hope that we may recapture the Republic and our basic rights.
NOTE: This is going out on 3 July 2012 because that was the vote for freedom. They postponed the signing so Matlack could make a clear copy. The Flags went up today although there were about four flags in use, none which had stars and stripes. Two had stripes, two had snakes, two had the Union Jack. I am also including a glossary that wlll define certain terms in bold letters. Acknowledgement is due to Thomas Jefferson. Benjamin Franklin and John Adams who produced the significant text of this article.
Actually the wording had been agreed upon the previous day and taken to the scrivener, Timothy Matlack. Matlack had been selected by Franklin as someone who could be trusted. Although he had been read out of meeting for pursuing education rather than learning a trade, he was a devout Quaker and would be instrumental in founding the Free Quaker Meeting for those believing in a defensive war.
There were those in Congress who had misgivings with following Sam Adams and Ben Franklin down the road to revolution. There are also interpreters who said the revolution had already occurred and this was merely its revelation to the world and statement that it would now defend itself.
For today's Liberty Movement, it is somehow perceived as "we did it once and we will do it again." And there are those who believe it to be a cake walk—look how we're defending liberty in …. whereever. It is not. Our troops are supporting empire. Our revolution was the beginning of the end of the British Empire. What we are seeking is a freedom that has been compromised by those who came after and decided to change the system to be more democratic. With these changes, there has been an expansion of governmental power and a shrinking of individual rights.
Ready to sign? John Hancock was but the Royal Navy already had a noose with his name on it. Are conditions so bad that you are ready and willing to take arms against an army that has you outgunned? Do you think that your First Amendment rights protect you?
In 1956 there was a national revolt in Hungary against the Soviet Union. 3000 were killed and more than 1200 incarcerated. In May of l968 Alexander Dubcek announced relaxation of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia. In August the Warsaw Pact tanks rolled in. Some were arrested, there were no deaths and Moscow had reasserted authority.
In June 1989 the Chinese reacted to unarmed protestors with military force. The death toll is in the thousands. In Moscow, military units defected, giving the protestors armed force to overthrow the Soviet Union.
Still ready to sign? NDAA2012 suspended the Posse Comitatus Act and US troops may be used on dissidents. The troops in Iraq and Afghanistan are being desensitized about firing on civilians. Additionally, there are federal police in the Departments of Justice, Homeland Security, HUD, HHS, Energy and Agriculture. They have the latest military weapons and training. And then there are the reeducation camps where you learn to fit in.
Are you ready for the long soft war? Are you ready to do your research and talk to people, taking over the political structure on precinct at a time. Be aware that the forces of Tyranny are ready to defend their turf and perquisites. Be aware that a deliberately created underclass will rise up to support the power structure.
BUT REMEMBER: The patriots had minority of the population. They were outgunned and outprovisioned. But eventually they prevailed. And we will prevail.
Democratic: By popular vote and majority rule. It is a good way to elect representatives but there is a need for checks and balances.
unalienable Rights: That is rights conferred by Nature and Nature's God and cannot be taken away by government whim under any pretext.
Right of the People to alter or to abolish it: The people have the right to change the government by any means available.
repeated injuries and usurpations: The justifications list as causes for separation and rebellion.
Petitioned for Redress: Made request formally to the governing powers to alleviate the conditions listed.
mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor: This means everything, jobs, benefits, family, possessions.
James Franklin opened the lock and pushed the door open to the New England Courant. There was no sign of his apprentice Ben. Looking down he saw a folded paper and picked it muttering about that "Dogood woman." As he walked to his desk he began reading. When he got to "As for Idleness, if I should Quaere, Where are the greatest Number of its Votaries to be found, with us or the Men? it might I believe be easily and truly answer'd, With the latter," he noticed Ben slipping into the room and moving behind the press.
James Franklin did not know the identity of Silence Dogood. Goodwife (pronounced "Goody") Dogood slipped interesting letters under the door of his print shop in Boston. They poked at the customs and what was happening in the colony from a decidedly puritan point of view although in a strangely familiar style.
James Franklin was a busy man. He had no time to go around looking for a middle-aged woman who would probably lecture him on his habits. And it would do no good to send his 16-year-old apprentice Ben who would most certainly use the time in sport and idleness with his contemporaries.
Ben had spent eight months in school as his father wished him to prepare for the Anglican clergy. And being bored he dropped out. Ben could read the Bible and the Prayer Book (even though it was disapproved by his dissenting family). And he began running with a crown of idlers who read the latest journals that had been discarded. The Spectator from London included the best essayists in England and occasionally Dean Swift from Dublin. They even tried writing articles in the styles of the writers. And they got good, but the best was was Ben Franklin, the chandler's son.
Someday James would teach Ben to write, but not now. Ben offered and was scolded for idleness. But Ben spent spare time writing commentaries. He heard James and his friends discussing the affairs of the day them and heard gossip in taverns or coffee houses on his way home and occasionally managed to snag an unused periodical or book. And every so often he would slip a commentary under the door.
James Franklin was a busy man. He had no clue as to the identity of Silence Dogood. He was furious when told.
New England Courant The first regular newsletter in the colonies. Published by James Franklin except when incarcerated. It was transferred by letter to his former apprentice, Benjamin Franklin, to prevent its seizure by forces of the Crown. James, upon release from custody, found a letter from Ben transferring back as Ben was striking out in the world—eventually landing in the great port of Philadelphia where he would also have trouble with the authorities. James, himself, departed Boston and published in Providence as the dissenter Roger Williams had done in 1634.
Quaere Ask or inquire. The term is still used by law professors and their former students but spelled query.
Silence Dogood One of many noms de plume of Benjamin Franklin. It mocks the naming of women in Puritan society and "Do good" is a command.
Dissenting Josiah Franklin was a Congregationalist as opposed to the Church of England which was epiacopalian in governance. Churches other than the CofE were called dissenting bodies.
Dean Swift Jonathan Swift, the Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin, was a brilliant essayist and a disgruntled clergyman. Remember this when reading Gulliver's Travels or any of his politically incorrect essay.
Chandler Candle maker. Although a dissenter, Josiah Franklin plied his trade for the Anglican churches which could better afford his wares than the Meeting Houses where he worshipped. His desire that Ben be an Anglican clergyman was a desire for upward mobility.


A few days ago, we wrote how the Minecraft community (read: lots of misinformed 12 year-olds) went into a dizzy over Mojang apparently forcing servers that were powered by donations to shut down. This never happened, never will, and was never an issue.
You are allowed to charge players to access your server (as long as everyone pays the same price, and all players must pay it).
You are allowed to accept donations, so long as they do not affect gameplay and don't give any special treatment.
You are allowed to provide in-game advertising or sponsorship opportunities.
You are allowed to sell in-game items, so long as they don't affect gameplay and are purely cosmetic (excluding capes).
You cannot charge real-world cash for in-game currency.
Servers must state who the donation money is going to, that it is in no way associated with Mojang, and provide a purchase history/contact details.
"People send me "my server will die". I read "my server is crap". The changes allow more ways (some) to make money than before (none). If you have to ask the question "is ... allowed or not" about the changed rules, you can safely assume it's not. Most times that's true. I'm also not the right person to talk to if you feel the need to discuss any EULA related topics. The most you can get from me is my opinion. There will be a grace period, but as I don't know the details, I can't really tell you how long. My guess is a few weeks."
"So far 20% of my mentions are "everybody hates this you're destroying the 1 good thing about the game", the rest "fantastic it's about time." Now that 20% is more like 5%, but are much more angry at hearing they don't speak for the majority. I should stop statistic tweeting."
It is important to note that the EULA has never changed the entire time this has been going on. But for now at least, the matter is closed.
Yay no more unfair gameplay in pvp worlds!
Omg this is soooo great!


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Anonymous asked in TravelCanadaOther - Canada · 7 years ago
Are Canadians less racist then Americans?
I live in America, but Americans tend to be quite racist, mentioning race and stuff. Do Canadians do the same? labeling people? I heard in Canada , Canadians are Blind to race?
capitalgentleman
Canadians are MUCH less racist than Americans. It's not that there is no racism, but, we are the least racist country in the world.
As a Canadian, I find the levels of racism in the USA shocking when I go there in trips. In Canada, there are no racial "enclaves" in cities; people live wherever they can afford. Mix-raced couples are common, and no-one even comments on them.
My daughter is certainly blind to race. When she would meet someone new in school, she would describe them in detail - and never mention their race. It never occurred to her. This is really common, especially amongst younger people.
In the USA, you fill our race on applications for jobs, school, etc. That is actually illegal in Canada.
Walther5 years agoReport
Filling race type on job applications illegal in Canada? I am a new (black) immigrant to Canada and am ALWAYS asked to indicate if I am from a "visible minority group" in more than 95% of job applications.. this includes being asked if I am "Aboriginal or black" etc Are you sure its illegal?
Not only it's racist but also discriminatory, New law came into effect where Canadian citizens would be considered second class. If a person decides to move to another country after becoming a citizen, the Gov't can accuse him/her of having no intent of staying in Canada at the time he applied for citizenship. How messed up is this? Did it ever occur to gov't that people move out mostly out of desperation after having working menial jobs despite having education and experience from back in their country of origin. There is a lot more clause in this new law, google it and you would know what i am talking about.. Instead of investing money in economy by lowering taxes and giving incentives to employers to recognize foreign degrees, the Gov't further oppresses it's citizens. I guess opening bunch of "Employment centers" where you can use internet and fax service boosts Canadian economy to the max.
There's racism everywhere... there will always be people that are either afriad of "the other" or have preconceived notions of "the other". The US has more of a history, particularly between black and white, that Canada doesn't have. That said, I live on the prairies... there's racism here against native people. Anyone that tells you there isn't is either ignorant or lying. There are alot of French Canadians that don't like English Canadians (and vice versa), there's stereotypes against immigrants and whatnot....
That said, racism is very discouraged here. In the US I've noticed that people do have animosity towards one another (against Mexicans, blacks, natives... and vice versa), and that people are a little more segregated economically. But... I'm sure it's alot better down there than it was even 20 years ago. I'm white, so obviously I'm not going to encounter much racism in the US, but whenever I go down there I don't see racism as a very prevalent thing.
A country where Neo-Nazis march in the street doesn't qualify as even remotely 'least racist'. Canadians _SEEM_ less racist only because they are passive-aggressive and most are not brave enough to actually attack people.
Ironic that Maclean's (a Canadian magazine) puts out an article about how not racist Canadians are, when they also put out this article an article called "Too Asian?", asking if Canadian universities have too many Asians.
Source(s): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_Guard
Sam Chopra
Well I don't know about USA I am in canada for almost four years.
In terms of social interactions they don't show their insight
But you can see their true colours when you look for work and when you work with them they are not less than others probably might be beating others
you will go through real tough time and get rejected everyday by Human Resources/ Operational Managers because of skin colour and look origin and age .
I haven't lost the hope yet but four years are getting too much of a time to find the true human society at this part of the world.
True talk.. feeling the same heat 1 year after migration with 1 degree, 1 masters and an almost completed an MBA from UK... I doubt its this difficult to get employed for native Canadians... :)
Canadians are also racist, but they are much MUCH less racist than the US. You can actually feel "at home" when in Canada, but in the US, it feels like a white supremacist concentration camp for me.
Source(s): Brown-skinned man
Every nationality has its share of racists, but when comparing I guess you can say Canadians are less racist beacuse in Canada you never hear things like "The Latino vote" or "The Black vote" during election times like you do in the US.
Actually surprisingly Canadians tend to be more racist i wouldn't say they are racist as in hating and being mean to other races and neither are Americans the thing is the culture of canada is what makes them more racist as in making fun and pointing out other peoples races think of it like this in america its a melting pot of everyones culture as in everyone is american they look at each other as american they emphasize on being a cultural melting pot whereas in canada its more like a salad bowl in the sense of the word with lots of cultures that are more separate so people tend to stick to there old cultures rather than become canadianized (if thats even a word) its just not so in canada so like i said they tend to be more racist and say oh its because he is indian or muslim or asian or whatever if you have been to both countries you will be completely surprised canada is extremely racist but like i said before its not to the point of hate just kidding and nagging and there very open about it.
Source(s): I'm a Citizen of both countries and have lived in both for at least 15 years each in different provinces and states
Shawn Robin
Canada's the least racist nation on the whole damn planet:
'Canadians are the most tolerant people in the developed world: report'
Link - http://www2.macleans.ca/2011/04/12/canadians-are-t...
'Canadians more welcoming to immigrants than other countries, research shows'
Link - http://www.expatforum.com/canada/canadians-more-we...
And also this:
"The survey suggests Canadians see immigrants as their equals: nearly 9 out of every 10 respondents agreed that a person born outside Canada is just as likely to be a good citizen as someone born here... There's no real evidence of people feeling threatened or a sense that, 'Well, people can come live here from other countries, but they're not quite the same,'"
Link - http://ca.news.yahoo.com/immigrants-proudest-canad...
DrPepperFan
Canada is ten times more racist than the USA. And you will end up jobless there.
Is it worth moving to Canada?
Will the Queen soon decree that Prince Harry be the Governor-General of the Canadian dominion of her kingdom?
Should there be a petition to ban the French language from Canada (aka a British colony)?
what were 83 canadians doing in iran anyway ?
Do people in Canada know who Bruce Springsteen is?
Some good resources for finding unique summer opportunities or jobs for undergraduates Canada?
Would you consider Nova Scotia the Wales of Canada?
What are Royal Mail steamers like in Nunavut? Travel to Hudson Bay cities?
Will Charles & Camilla be the most powerful persons in our British Commonwealth dominions of Canada &Australia when they become King & Queen?


PMPA prides itself on providing a great nurturing and teaching environment for our wonderful students. To this end as an enrolled dance family at Port Macquarie Performing Arts, you agree to abide by our Terms and Conditions of enrolment outlined in our Student and Parent Handbook.
Please read the Handbook here and ensure that you understand all elements prior to classes commencing for your child. Failure to abide by the terms within this document may see your enrolment terminated.
If you have any questions about the Handbook please don't hesitate to contact our office.


Message: I was born in Sheffield in 1950. My Father was Roy Hebblethwaite believed born in Halifax, or near by, in late 1920's. He had two sisters Dorothy & Cathrine. His Father was William believed born in Robin Hood's Bay at Melrose House where his Father lived, also believed to be called William in late 19th & early 20th century. I would be very interested to hear from anyone who may have any information in connection with relatives past and present.


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Shurmur to Beckham: Head-butting a cooling fan is no way to act
By Paul Schwartz
October 13, 2018 | 5:08am
Pat Shurmur has not been thrilled with Odell Beckham Jr.'s sideline histrionics. Robert Sabo
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Pat Shurmur, as of early Friday afternoon, had not seen Odell Beckham Jr. head butt a fan (the electronic air mover, not a paying customer) on the sideline during Thursday night's 34-13 loss to the Eagles. Shurmur was provided with a detailed description of his star receiver's emotional overload.
"I think he explained what he was doing, right?" Shurmur said. "He said he was trying to fire himself up. In my mind, I wouldn't try to give myself a headache to fire myself up."
It was not a public action Shurmur wanted to see from one of his players.
"I think it's important all players in all situations keep their composure," he said. "We all know everybody's always watching, so it's very important what we say, what we do, how we carry ourselves. When something like that happens, everybody asked him what was going on, and he said he was trying to fire himself up. Is that what I would have done? Absolutely not. Is that what I want my players doing? No. That's it."
Saquon Barkley came up 3 feet short of becoming the first Giants player to have 100 rushing and receiving yards in the same game. He finished with 130 yards on the ground and 99 receiving yards. He did not miss much of anything else, though. His 229 yards from scrimmage is the seventh-highest total in Giants history — Tiki Barber's 276 yards (203 rushing, 73 receiving) is the team record, set against the Eagles in 2002.
Eagles coach Doug Pederson came away impressed after his first look at Barkley.
"He's a special back now, you've got to understand, a special talent," Pederson said. "He's big. He's powerful, very elusive. His lateral movements are quick. His long speed is exceptional, as we found out. You can't stop your feet, you've got to constantly be moving and somehow find a way to get these guys on the ground. You even saw it later in the game, as we had him wrapped up a few times how powerful he is, and it's just a strain to get him on the ground. It's a credit to him as an athlete.''
Through six games, Barkley already holds the Giants' record for receptions by a rookie running back. He now has 40, surpassing Bobby Duhon's 37 in 1968. Barkley is on pace for 106 catches this season. The NFL record for rookie running backs is 88, set by Reggie Bush in 2006.
The practice squad contract of kicker Marshall Koehn was terminated. Koehn was signed because the Giants had concerns about the balky right thigh of kicker Aldrick Rosas.
Olivier Vernon probably played more snaps on defense — 54 of the 71 — than the Giants anticipated and he left the field for a short time with cramps. He had two tackles, two quarterback hits, one tackle for loss and the Giants' only sack of the game.
Filed under doug pederson , new york giants , odell beckham jr. , olivier vernon , pat shurmur , saquon barkley
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Home » News » Car Suspension Explained
Car Suspension Explained
How do you know when you have a problem with your cars suspension? Don't know what the symptoms of a bad or failing suspension are?
Springs:
Shock Absorber:
Struts:
Anti-Roll Bar Link Rods
Bottom Suspension Arm
Top Strut Mount
Darlington:
Stockton:
Other Blogs:
First you need to know a little about how a cars suspension is designed. A vehicles suspension's purpose and design is to help keep the tyres on the ground on bumpy roads so that you, as the driver, can maintain control of the vehicle. Good handling, steering stability and passenger comfort are all provided by having your suspension in working order.
If a road were perfectly flat, with no irregularities, suspensions wouldn't be necessary. But roads are far from flat. Even freshly paved highways have subtle imperfections that can interact with the wheels of a car. It's these imperfections that apply forces to the wheels.
Most automobile engineers consider the dynamics of a moving car from two perspectives:
Ride – a car's ability to smooth out a bumpy road
Handling – a car's ability to safely accelerate, brake and corner
The suspension of a car is actually part of the chassis, which comprises all of the important systems located beneath the car's body. These systems include:
There are a number of different types of springs but the most common we see on cars and light vans is the coil spring. It is a heavy-duty torsion bar coiled around an axis. Coil springs compress and expand to absorb the motion of the wheels. However a spring on its own is not sufficient to ensure a correct andling and comfort. As when a spring would continue to bounce on its own if it were not for another important feature:
A Shock Absorber is a device that controls unwanted spring motion through a process known as dampening. A shock absorber is basically an oil pump placed between the frame of the car and the wheels.
When the car wheel encounters a bump in the road and causes the spring to coil and uncoil, the energy of the spring is transferred to the shock absorber. The hydraulic fluid within the shock absorber slows down the movement of the shock absorber which in turn slows down the movement of the coil spring.
All modern shock absorbers are velocity-sensitive — the faster the suspension moves, the more resistance the shock absorber provides. This enables shocks to adjust to road conditions and to control all of the unwanted motions that can occur in a moving vehicle, including bounce, sway, brake dive and acceleration squat.
Coil Spring and Shock absorbers can be fitted separately from one another usually on the rear of a vehicle. When they are fitted together in a Macpherson design they are usually referred to as a strut.
The Macpherson design is basically a shock absorber mounted inside a coil spring. They provide a dampening function like shock absorbers, and they provide structural support for the vehicle suspension. That means struts deliver a bit more than shock absorbers, which don't support vehicle weight — they only control the speed at which weight is transferred in a car, not the weight itself.
Struts are always usually found fitted to the front of a vehicles suspension and are connected to the main body of the car, at the top, and at the bottom fastened to a suspension arm.
Because shocks and struts have so much to do with the handling of a car, they can be considered critical safety features. Worn shocks and struts can allow excessive vehicle-weight transfer from side to side and front to back. This reduces the tyres ability to grip the road, as well as handling and braking performance.
Anti-Roll bars are used along with shock absorbers or struts to give a moving vehicle additional stability. An anti-roll bar is a metal rod that spans the entire axle and effectively joins each side of the suspension together.
When the suspension at one wheel moves up and down, the anti-roll bar transfers movement to the other wheel. This creates a more level ride and reduces vehicle sway. In particular, it combats the roll of a car on its suspension as it corners. For this reason, almost all cars today are fitted with anti-roll bars.
The purpose of link rods
Link rods (or stabiliser links or anti-roll bar links or drop links) connect the left and right hand suspension components to either end of the anti-roll bar. The anti-roll bar only comes into play if the suspension on one side of the car moves but the other side does not.
For example, a car drives over a speed hump that goes the full width of the road. The suspension is compressed equally each side, the anti-roll bar simply pivots – it is not twisted and there is no strain on the link rods.
But if one wheel hits a speed hump and the other does not, one end of the anti-roll bar is raised – twisting the bar. The force needed to twist the bar is all transmitted through the link rods which are normally quite light metal or plastic rods with a ball joint on either or both ends.
Most cars have two control arms in the front suspension. Often they are called lower control or lower suspension arms. Some cars (e.g. Honda) have four control arms, two upper and two lower arms.
A Bottom Suspension Arm connects to the frame or body of a car to the assembly that holds the front wheel. This assembly is called a steering knuckle or hub and is connected by a ball joint. The Bottom suspension arm also connects to the strut as shown in the diagram above.
Control arms are connected to the frame or body of a car through flexible rubber bushings, called control arm bushings. This allows a control arm to swing up and down as front wheels roll over bumps and potholes. The outer end of a control arm has a ball joint. In some cars, a ball joint is bolted to or pressed into the control arm and can be replaced separately. In others, a ball joint comes with a control arm as one piece. Control arms have a very important role holding both front wheels on the road. If a control arm is excessively worn, damaged or bent, the vehicle is NOT SAFE to drive.
As the name (strut mount) implies, it's a component that attaches the suspension strut to the vehicle. In addition, it insulates the tyre noise & vibrations from the vehicle. Many front strut mounts also contain a bearing or bearing plate that serves as the steering pivot.
A strut mount is like a sandwich. One side bolts to the vehicle, the other side to the strut. In the middle is a rubber-like insulating material. So as the vehicle moves and goes over bumps, the up & down impact pushes and pulls at the mount. The mount's job is to cushion the impacts to reduce the jarring effect, noise and vibration that could transmit into the vehicle.
On many front struts, the mount also includes a bearing that the strut attaches to. With one on each side of the vehicle, these bearings act as the steering pivots. The bearing is a critical component that affects steering movement smoothness and response.
These mounts are often overlooked but should always be replaced when changing the coil spring or strut.
Car Suspension Repairs from the Auto Care Group
The Auto Care Group offer free suspension checks at our sites in Darlington & Stockton. Contact us to ensure your cars suspension is working as it should keeping you and your passengers safe. We also offer MOT Testing, Brake Repairs and Replacement, Tyre Fitting of all makes and brand at the guaranteed lowest prices, Car and light van Servicing on all makes and models including on vehicles still under manufacturers warranty, Clutches, Wheel Alignment, Air Conditioning and all other mechanical repairs.
Darlington Tyre & Auto Care 01325 488855
Teesdale Tyre & Auto Care 01642 676667
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Browse Objects: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z	| Back to list
Created by Albert Bruce Joy
Usually date of exhibition rather than production
Object class: sculpture
Exhibitions and other Events
Exhibited at Royal Manchester Institution, Exhibition of the Works of Modern Artists, 1875
Exhibited at Drawings & Watercolours &c., Exhibition by The Belfast Architectural Association, 1896
On sale at Royal Manchester Institution, Exhibition of the Works of Modern Artists, 1875
Catalogue of Drawings & Watercolours &c., Exhibition by The Belfast Architectural Association, 1896

p. 3

Catalogue of the Exhibition of the Works of Modern Artists, City of Manchester Art Gallery, 1875
p. 76 (822)
'The Fairy Tale', Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011 [http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/object.php?id=msib5_1227539018, accessed 18 Jan 2020]


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What good is Kirsten Gillibrand?
Fords, N.J.: Regarding Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand's announcement of her run for President in 2020: I'm sure she's a very nice person, a good wife and mother, but when has she ever cared about the people of New York, who put her in the Senate? Every day, this paper, and others, I'm sure, as well as the network news stations report stories of women being attacked or raped on subway platforms, and being pushed into their own apartment buildings. Also children being lured into cars, and all the teenagers who have been killed in Long Island by gangs. Not a word from her.


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Women in OR/MS
WORMS Award for the Advancement of Women in OR/MS
2020 Winner(s)
Julie S. Ivy
Purpose of the Award
The WORMS Award celebrates and recognizes a person who has contributed significantly to the advancement and recognition of women in the field of Operations Research and the Management Sciences (OR/MS). The award (in the form of a plaque) will be presented each year during the INFORMS annual meeting.
View information about eligibility, procedures and deadlines
Past Awardees
Laura Albert, University of Wisconsin-Madison Sharon Arroyo, Boeing
Susan M. Sanchez
Ruth Williams , University of California San Diego
2016 Awardee(s)
Karen Smilowitz, Northwestern University
Margaret L. Brandeau, Stanford University, Management Science and Engineering
Aleda Roth, Clemson University
Kathryn E. Stecke, University of Texas - Dallas, School of Management
Dr. Vicki L. Sauter
Dr. Berna Dengiz
Brenda Dietrich, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
Alice E. Smith, Auburn University
Candace Yano, University of California, Berkeley
Anna Nagurney, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, Isenberg School of Management
Radhika Kulkarni, SAS
Jane Ammons, Georgia Institute of Technology Cynthia Barnhart, Massachusetts Institute of Technology