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ARMOURED VEHICLES PART 3
RENAULT FT 17 TANKS
PICTURE: Finnish Army Renault FT 17 tank photographed during war games of summer 1939. (SA-kuva photo archive, photo number 10975). CLICK THUMBNAIL TO SEE LARGER PIC (204 KB).
6.8 tons
5.0 meters (with tail) / 4.1 meters (without tail)
1.74 meters
7.5 - 7.7 km/h
35 hp Renault 4-cylinder gasoline engine
Armour:
6 - 16 mm / 6 - 22 mm (*)
- Hull front and sides
- Hull roof
- Hull floor
- Turret front and sides
16 mm / 22 mm (*)
Ground Clearance:
Ground Pressure:
0.44 - 0.50 kg/square cm
Trench:
Fording:
Weapons:
- male
37-mm SA-18 (L/21) tank gun (233 rounds) (**)
- female (1919 - 1937)
8-mm Hotchkiss machinegun (4,800 rounds) (***)
7.62-mm machinegun M/09-31 (? Rounds) (***)
1917 - ?, estimated 3,800 - 4,000 manufactured
(*) Armour thickness varied depending turret type. Octagonal riveted turret had 16-mm thick sides, which welded rounded turret had sides 22-mm thick.
(**) While many English-language sources mention 237 rounds, Finnish sources suggest 233 rounds as the maximum number of rounds carried in Finnish tanks.
(***) Original 8 mm Hotchkiss machineguns were replaced with Finnish air-cooled 7.62 mm Maxim machineguns in summer of 1937.
Finnish use: Finland bought 32 of these tanks from France in year 1919. Two additional tanks delivered in year 1920. Renault FT 17 was the first tank of Finnish tank corps and the main tank in their use in 1920's and 1930's. During Winter War they didn't see any combat use as tanks, but some were dug into turret down positions and used by as bunkers of sort by Finnish infantry. The last few FT 17 tanks remained in training use until year 1943.
Armour penetration (37 Psv.K/18 aka 37 mm Puteaux SA-18 L/21 tank gun):
- Guns vs. Armour website by D.M. Honner (French "OR mle 1892 m. 24 non coiffé AP-round, 500-gram projectile, 338 m/sec):
hitting angle
Notice: Finnish pre-Winter War tests gave test results according which ammunition failed to penetrate even 10-mm steel plate in impact angle of 90 degrees from distance of 100 meters.
While the British were the first to introduce a tank into combat use, for many French FT 17 is the first modern tank. It was certainly the first to have the basic layout still found in most tanks today - driver in the front part of hull, engine in the rear hull and weaponry in a rotating turret located on top of the hull. While obviously smaller than other tanks introduced during World War 1 it also proved surprisingly good design, but due to fast technical development of 1920's and 1930's also became seriously outdated in only two decades.
As the name suggests, this tank was designed in factory of French car manufacturer Louis Renault with Rudolphe Ernst-Metzmaier as its main designer. Besides those two gentlemen also Colonel Jean-Baptiste Eugène Estienne who had originally envisioned a light tank for French Army and arranged it to be ordered from Renault played vital role in the creation of this tank. First prototypes were completed in February - March of 1917 and when tested in Champlieu proved so successful that the first order for 350 FT 17 tanks was made in 22nd of February 1917 was swiftly expanded to 3,500 tanks, which were to be delivered by end of year 1918. Since Renault factory was lacking capacity for manufacturing such a huge number of tanks in so limited time, so several other French companies were included to production. These companies included Belleville, Berliet, Delauney, SOMUA and large number of subcontractors. By armistice, which ended World War 1, French military had ordered 7,820 FT 17 tanks, from which 3,177 had been delivered. While large part of the orders not yet delivered were cancelled after the war, in year 1921 French Army still had 3,728 FT 17 tanks. They remained in French use with original Hotchkiss machineguns getting replaced with new 7.5-mm Reibel Mle. 31 machineguns - the resulting tank version was known as FT 31. About 1,600 of them remained in French use until summer of 1940, when large numbers were captured by the Germans during their invasion to France. German military named captured French FT 17 tanks as PzKpfw 18R 730(f) and used them for internal security operations in occupied France until 1944.
PICTURE: Some of the Renault FT 17 tanks of Finnish Army in first Flag Day of Armed Forces parade on Senate Square (Senaatintori) in Helsinki 16th of May 2021. Tank crews are wearing leather uniforms m/22 and have French m/15 steel helmets. Photographer Ivan Tirimiasew. Photo source Finnish Heritage Agency (Museovirasto), acquired via finna.fi and used with CC BY 4.0 Creative Commons license. CLICK THUMBNAIL TO SEE LARGER PIC (138 KB).
While French Army was the main customer for these tanks, they were also widely exported after World War 1. Export customers included Belgium, Brazil, China, Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, Finland, Greece, Italy, Japan, Manchuria, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, USA and Yugoslavia. They were also provided as a military assistance to White Russians during Russian Civil War (1917 - 1923) and saw use in variety of other wars like Spanish Civil War (1936 - 1939), Franco - Thai War (1940 - 1941), Chinese Civil War (1927 - 1937 and 1946 - 1950) and Chinese - Japanese War (1937 - 1945). Many of the Renault FT 17 tanks delivered to Russia ended up being captured by the Soviet Red Army, while some were taken over and used by Estonia until 1940. That same year USA delivered some of them to Canada. In addition Italy (FIAT 3000), Soviet Union (KS, MS-1 and MS-2) and USA (6 Ton Tank M1917) started manufacturing either copies or their own tanks based to FT 17 design. In 1920's the French designed also further improved versions Char NC1 (Char NC27) and Char NC2 (Char NC31) for export sales. While FT 17 early on was excellent success, with its small size and other limitations, ultimately it also proved to be design-wise a dead, which could not be developed further.
Several varieties of Renault FT 17 existed. The most common of these were version equipped with 8-mm Hotchkiss machinegun and version equipped with low velocity 37-mm SA tank gun, but the French manufactured also version with 75-mm gun, version equipped with wireless radio set and experimented with several special versions. Also even the most common versions had small variations. Original FT 17 design had a cast steel turret, which proved difficult to manufacture, so octagonal riveted turret was introduced to production until the cast version became available in required numbers. In addition to this apparently also the hull, which was a riveted monocoque structure, had differences varying from one manufacturer to another. Due to the vehicle being so short it had poor trench crossing capability (1.35 meters), but this was fixed already early on by adding the tank hull a removable tail structure. Suspension with its 8 bogies, coil springs and leaf springs was extremely modern for its time in 1917 and apparently reasonably good for vehicle this light and slow. While the modest 35-horsepower tank engine was obviously too weak for armoured vehicle of this size, it could provide the slow speed (about equal to walking infantry) required in original specifications. Even it the tank had a rather large (95-litre) gasoline tank, the maximum range was limited to mere 35 kilometres, limiting the tanks unsuitable tactical capability for long attacks through enemy lines. Tank tracks were 34-cm wide and each of them contained 32 track shoes. The two-man crew included driver and very much over-burdened gunner/tank commander. Only signal equipment used in typical FT 17 tanks were signal flags, which the tank commander would wave when necessary.
PICTURE: Renault FT 17 tank of Finnish Army climbing a small obstacle. This is naaras (machinegun-tank) version with a cast turret. Notice the tail structure in use and the signalling flags on turret. Original photograph part of Jaeger Platoon Website photo collection. CLICK THUMBNAIL TO SEE LARGER PIC (71 KB).
For Finland, like for many of the export customers for FT 17 tanks, this was the first tank in their use and the starting point tank corps in their Armed Forces. Year 1919 the recently created Finnish Armed Forces were shopping for new weaponry in France. The most expensive part of those acquisitions was 32 Renault FT 17 tanks, which were shipped from Le Havre to Helsinki with s/s Joazeiro and issued to Finnish Army 26th of August 1919. The price of these tanks was 67 million Finnish Marks. All 32 tanks were factory-new, manufactured in 1918 – 1919 and had French register numbers in between 66151 – 73400. 14 of them were equipped with 37-mm tank guns and 18 had been equipped with 8-mm Hotchkiss M/1914 machineguns. Finnish Army decided to simply call the version with tank gun as koiras (male) and version with machinegun as naaras (female). For transporting the tanks on road Finnish Army also bought six Latil tractors with their trailers, these were arrived with the same ship as the tanks. Tanks, tractors and trailers were all issued to Hyökkäysvaunurykmentti (Tank Regiment), which had its garrison in Santahamina military base in Helsinki and had been created in 15th of July 1919. Following the French model Tank Regiment was early on considered as part of field artillery and organised accordingly as artillery battalions and artillery batteries, which size-wise were equivalent of companies and platoons. Since this was the first Finnish military unit of its type, in the beginning there were no officers with the appropriate training. Early on most likely tactics for tanks were considered as a modernised cavalry tactics of sort, so seven out of the first dozen officers of Tank Regiment were transferred from cavalry. Recruits for this new military unit were selected with preference those with technical training and/or experience of any kind. To get the training going a French team of nine men lead by Captain Pivetau arrived to Finland in year 1919 and trained the basics for Finnish personnel. In light of the political situation in 1919 and geographic location of Finland, the FT 17 tank deal was not exactly lacking ulterior motives. Shortly said it is pretty safe to suspect that the French willingness to deliver FT-17 tanks and other military equipment to Finland in 1919 was linked to plans for supporting Russian White Army in Russian Civil War (1917 - 1922). However the plan failed since Finland did not join the attack towards Petrograd (St. Petersburg).
Organisation of Hyökkäysvaunurykmentti (Tank Regiment) in end of year 1919:
Regimental Headquarters
1st Artillery Battalion, in each Artillery Battalion:
Battalion Headquarters
1st Artillery Battery, in each Artillery Battalion:
Command Tank
1st Artillery Section, in each Artillery Section
one mail tank
one female tank
2nd Artillery Section
2nd Artillery Battery
3rd Artillery Battery
2nd Artillery Battalion
Supplies formations
Battalion of Hyökkäysvaunurykmentti in 1919:
- Personnel:
- Officers: 4
- NCOs: 15 – 16
- Recruits: 50
- Tanks: 15 Renault FT 17
Personnel of Hyökkäysvaunurykmentti 1919:
Officers: 11
NCOs in permanent staff: 39
NCOs belonging recruits: 34
Recruits: 111
Renault FT 17 tanks in Finnish use were not subject to any drastic modifications during their service career of about two decades. Especially the male-version with its 37-mm gun remained pretty much the same as delivered in year 1919, with its 37 Psv.K/18 main gun (as Finnish army called its 37-mm Puteaux SA-18 tank gun) remaining unmodified to the end. This gun fired the same 37 mm x 94R gun shells as 37-mm Russian Obuhov and Rosenberg infantry guns and 37/30 Ma (37-mm Maxim) automatic cannon, this explains at least partly the rather versatile ammunition inventory of this tank gun in Finnish use. While other sources indicate that the male-version of Renault FT 17 usually had ammunition racks for 237 rounds of 37-mm tank gun ammunition, Finnish sources suggest that maximum number of shells carried in them was 233 rounds. These 233 rounds included typically 204 shells (of HE, AP, AP-T, APHE and APHE-T types) and 29 round with grape shot shells, which were for short-range use against infantry (from distance of 20 meters or less). The female-version was equipped with 8-mm Hothckiss M/1914 machinegun, which was slightly more problematic from Finnish point of view. These machineguns had been first noted unsatisfactory already in year 1924 and the ammunition (French 8 mm x 50R Lebel) used in them was very much non-standard for Finnish military, since it wasn't used in real numbers in any other weapons. Yet, these might have not been such serious issue, if the machineguns had not proved unreliable and worn out in such extent that ultimately they needed to be replaced. This happened in summer of 1937 and the last eight Hotchkiss machineguns were sent to Weapons Depot 1 (Asevarikko 1) in October of 1937. The replacement of French Hotchkiss was Finnish designed variation air-cooled Maxim machinegun M/09-31, which was similar to ones used in 7.62 ItKk/31 VKT anti-aircraft machineguns. To be more exact M/09-31 Maxim tank machinegun was similar to right side machinegun of 7.62 ItKk/31 VKT, since its ammunition belt was fed from the right. This machinegun has theoretical rate of fire about 900 rounds per minute and it was fed with 250-round disintegrating ammunition belts made from steel. Besides this change of machineguns, only another visibly notable Finnish made modification for Renault FT 17 tanks was adding a large toolbox on side of the vehicle, which happened in year 1934.
PICTURE: Two Finnish Army Renault FT-17 tanks showcase their mobility in obstacle course built for them in festivals in city of Kuopio in July of 1925. Photographer unknown. Photograph provided by Sotamuseo via KUMEPA. CLICK THUMBNAIL TO SEE LARGER PIC (121 KB).
As mentioned France apparently had political plans of its own related in selling Renault FT 17 tanks to Finland in year 1919. The main point of these plans was joining Finland to battle against Russian Bolshevik government. Finnish government had no real interest for supporting White Russians, since their leadership refused to accept Finland independence, so Finland refused joining the war, but this didn't stop the French. Soon after delivery of the FT 17 French government used diplomatic pressure demanding Finland to loan two of these tanks (one male and one female) to General Nikolai Yudenich's North-western Russian White Army, which in year 1919 was operating from Estonia towards Petrograd (St. Peterburg). Ultimately Finnish government gave in to political pressure in this matter. 17th - 18th of October 1919 the two tanks were shipped to Tallinn, from where they moved to Narva two days later. They served with French - Russian crews and took part in attack towards Kipi in 27th - 31st of October 1919. Yudenich's North-western Army failed in its attack towards Petrograd in October 1919, retreated to Estonia and was disarmed there before being evacuated. Estonia used the two tanks for training its tank crews before returning them to Finland in 9th of April 1920. Both of them proved to be in poor condition. Because of this the French government as a compensation sent Finland two new additional Renault FT 17 tanks, which arrived with s/s Ceres in 21st of April 1920. French register numbers for these additional tanks were 66614 and 67220. Arrival of these two new additional tanks increased the total number of Renault FT 17 tanks in Finnish use to 34 tanks.
PICTURE: Two Renault FT 17 tanks of Finnish Army taking part in war games in 1920's or 1930's. Koiras (gun-tank) with octagonal riveted turret is passing a partially smoke-covered naaras (machinegun-tank) version. Original photograph part of Jaeger Platoon Website photo collection. CLICK THUMBNAIL TO SEE LARGER PIC (60 KB).
Finnish experiences:
During about the two decades, which Renault FT 17 served in Finland, Finnish military had plenty of opportunities for gathering experience about them. The French had originally suggested 20 kilometers as their maximum daily road march distance, but year 1925 this presumption was sacked by successfully performing about 150 kilometre road mach. However this kind of tests also revealed some weak parts of the design - maybe most problematic of which proved to be radiator fan belt, which for example needed to be replaced 21 times during the above mentioned 150 km road march. Finnish-designed improved radiator fan belt introduced year 1926 had twice the working life of the original, but even its increased lifespan was too short to provide answer to this problem. While replacing broken the radiator fan belt was rather easy and fast (from experienced crew it took only about two minutes), the frequent breakage reduced the otherwise already limited march speed of whole tank march column. The engine also demanded basically constant maintenance - for example its oil had to changed every 20 hours of use.
Year 1932 Major Olavi Sahlgren (commander of Separate Tank Company 1930 - 1933) reported in year 1932 that in addition of the already limited maximum road speed (7.5 km/h) of Renault FT 17:
"On road march after only 50 - 60 kilometres the technical losses are around 25 % and frequent technical problems demanding frequent repairs reduce the actual march speed of Renault tanks on road to only about 4 kilometres per hour."
Because of this he noted that Renault tanks simply were not suited for mobile warfare. Around 1934 - 1937 Finnish Army tested old Renault FT 17 and new Vickers tanks in deep snow and against various kinds of antitank obstacles. In these tests FT 17 performed surprisingly well in deep snow, but when it came to tightly packed snow-drifts or antitank-obstacles its capabilities proved much less spectacular. The design of FT 17 had some obvious inbuilt limitations to begin with. These included the very slow maximum speed (making the tank easy target for any antitank weapon), thin armour designed to provide protection only against small arms fire and shrapnel and low-velocity 37 PsvK/18 (37-mm Hotchkiss SA-18) L/21 tank gun, which was a poor weapon against other tanks. When tested armour-penetrating capability of this tank gun and its ammunition was noted so poor, that it was considered unable to reliably penetrate even 10-mm armour plate from any useful distance.
The vehicle also lacked radio (and had very limited room even for adding one) and the tank commander/gunner/loader was much too burdened with his many tasks. Signalling between tanks happened with small flags, which the tank commander waved when necessarily and with a pipe. With the signalling equipment rudimentary like this, it is hardly surprising that the most commonly used message was "Do as I do" followed by showing sample. Year 1922 Tank Regiment suggested acquiring radio-equipment for FT 17 eight tanks, which would have been reserved for company commanders and platoon leaders, but the suggestion was not approved. Signalling between crew members inside tank happened by yelling, hand signals and physical contact.
When acquired to Finland in 1919 Renault FT 17 was likely the most advanced tank in a world, but as mentioned the tank development of 1920's and 1930's was so fast, that it became seriously outdated in less than two decades. Year 1932 commander of Tank Company reported to Finnish Armed Forces General Headquarters, that tank units equipped with Renault FT 17 tanks were unfit for mobile warfare. Circa year 1933 Finnish Army acquired several new tanks for testing from British manufacturer Vickers-Armstrong. These tests resulted into order of 32 Vickers 6-ton tanks made in July of 1936.
PICTURE: One of the Weitz trailers, which Finland bought from France in year 1919. The original idea was to use these trailers for towing Renault FT 17 tanks with Latil tractors, which were also bought at the same time. This proved to be a poor idea, since Latil tractor was unable to tow the heavy trailer and FT 17 tanks outside road and even on road maximum speed of the vehicle combination was about equal to that of FT 17 tank. The model tanks and plastic box are not part of the usual equipment for this trailer. :-) (Photo taken in Panssarimuseo). CLICK THUMBNAIL TO SEE LARGER PIC (149 KB).
Finnish Renault FT 17 tanks go to war - or kind of do:
While Renault FT 17 had been noted obviously outdated, when Finnish Army was mobilised in October of 1939, two out of the four tank companies forming its one and only Tank Battalion were still equipped with these tanks. The reason for this was quite simple - better tanks were not available for Finnish Army at that time. The recently ordered 32 Vickers 6-ton tanks could have been used to equip only two tanks companies, but all them they had not arrived yet. But this was not the only the only problem. In addition for saving money Vickers 6-ton tanks had been bought without weaponry, so all that had been delivered before Winter War remained still unarmed, when the war started. This basically left already outdated FT 17 tanks as only tanks in operational condition in Finnish inventory at that time. There seems to have been rather realistic picture concerning limitations of Renault FT 17 tanks, hence even if 1st and 2nd Tank Companies were equipped with them, sending them to battle was considered so suicidal, that it was never done. Instead the two tank companies were used to assist in antitank training and for evacuating of captured Soviet armoured vehicles, which they sent to Panssarikeskuskorjaamo (Armour Centre Repair Shop). When mobilised in 23rd of October 1939 1st and 2nd Tank Companies apparently were equipped with 20 Renault FT 17 tanks - 11 of them "male" and 9 of them "female". However there is no certainty if they received more FT 17 tanks later during the war.
6th of February 1940 the two tank companies received orders according which their tanks were used be used as an improvised bunkers by digging them to ground turret down, allowing Finnish infantry to use them as observation posts and machinegun/gun bunkers for boosting their defensive firepower. Yet most of these tanks still don't seem to have seen any combat use as bunkers either. 14th of February 1940 five of the tanks belonging to 1st Tank Company were dug in turret down positions along Finnish trenches near Lake Näykkijärvi. However eight of the FT 17 tanks previously used by 1st Tank Company were captured by the Soviets in Kämärä railway station, where they were waiting to be transported to the frontlines and used as bunkers. The Soviets also reported capturing one additional FT 17 tank in Pero railway station. February of 1940 FT 17 tanks of 2nd Tank Company were transported to Taipale sector, where 10 tanks were to be dug into new Volossula – Kaarnajoki – Linnakangas defensive line. But since building of that defensive line never really started, few of them were transferred to Takala line (rear defensive position on Taipale peninsula, the Soviets did not succeed advancing that far during the war) and dug into turret down positions in there for infantry to use. Book Unohdettujen rintama suggests that 3rd of March 1940 Renault two unarmed FT 17 tank were also delivered to Vuoratsu Island in northern Lake Ladoga. The two tanks were intended to be used for delivering messages and evacuating wounded from the islands over the ice of the frozen lake, but were never used. From all the Renault FT 17 tanks dug into turret down position and used as bunkers, the ones near Lake Näykkijärvi saw battle use, but the rest seem to have simply been left behind either during the war or immediately after it. Before leaving many of its tanks in Kämärä railway station 1st Tank Company had reported, that the particular tanks had been disarmed and could not be moved (suggesting that they were not in driving condition due to mechanical problems).
PICTURE: Map showing places of importance for history of Finnish Renault FT 17 tanks during Winter War. CLICK THUMBNAIL TO SEE LARGER PIC (115 KB).
With their tanks used as bunkers 1st and 2nd Tank Companies were disbanded and their personnel used to create separate tank platoons and 1st Separate Armour Repair Shop (1. Erillinen Panssarikorjaamo). What little of their personnel was not used for these new units returned to garrison of Tank Battalion in Hämeenlinna 13th of February 1940. Also 7th Detached Tank Platoon (7. Erillinen Panssarivaunujoukkue) used for assisting training in Niinisalo training centre in March of 1940 was equipped with four FT 17 tanks. While the two tank companies equipped with Renault FT 17 tanks accomplished very little with these tanks in Winter War, they did succeeded making notable contribution to Finnish military by evacuating numerous (at least 27) captured Soviet armoured vehicles and sending them to repaired for use of Finnish Army. Pretty much whole Finnish Renault FT 17 tank force was lost in Winter War. Only four of these tanks remained in Finnish use after Winter War. One of them was reserved for museum use by late 1941 and moved to storage for that purpose. The other three tanks were used as training vehicles in the home front. November of 1941 remaining three FT 17 tanks were still considered to be used for fortifications, but this never happened. After no longer used as training vehicles, they were declared obsolete in June 1943 and scrapped. Nowadays the last Finnish FT 17 remains in Tank Museum in Parola.
PICTURE: Finnish FT-17 Renault tank dug in and left behind in end of Winter War. Even the Soviets had not bothered to evacuate this tank after Winter War, so when Finnish military recaptured Carelian Isthmus in year 1941, it was found in the same hole where it had been left in March of 1940. Photo taken by Military Official Hedenström in Taipale Peninsula July of 1942. (SA-kuva photo archive, photo number 99344). CLICK THUMBNAIL TO SEE LARGER PIC (155 KB).
TANKS TESTED BY FINNISH ARMY BEFORE WORLD WAR 2:
St. Chamond modèle 1921: This strange armoured vehicle, which could be used both a tank and as an armoured car, was bought with matches in year 1925. The vehicle had been originally designed as a fast reconnaissance vehicle, which could be operated both as a tracked and wheeled vehicle for achieving good all terrain mobility and good road speed, but the design proved to be utterly useless. Tracks in the vehicle could be either raised (in which case tires were used) or completely removed. It had maximum road speed of 20 km/h while using tires and 5 km/h while on tracks. It also had riveted hull with 6-mm thick armour and no turret. Only weapon was a machinegun located in front hull. The vehicle was scrapped in year 1937.
PICTURE: Vickers-Carden-Loyd Mk VI B tankette in Parola Armour Museum. (Photo taken in Panssarimuseo). CLICK THUMBNAIL TO SEE LARGER PIC (145 KB).
Vickers-Carden-Loyd Mk VI B: 6th of July 1933 Finnish Army ordered three tanks of different types from British manufacturer Vickers-Armstrong for testing purposes. The smallest of these three tanks was Vickers-Carden-Loyd Mk VI B tankette, which was delivered 2nd of October 1933. It weight about 1.36 tons, had 40 horsepower gasoline engine and crew of two men. Maximum speed on road was about 60 km/h and armament included only one rifle-caliber machinegun. The steering system proved temperamental making accurate steering of the vehicle difficult. Snow testing revealed that in typical Finnish winter conditions Mk VI B tankette was useless outside roads. Test-drives and obstacle testing revealed that off-terrain mobility of this vehicle was very poor, making it suitable to be used only in on roads and open terrain lacking any real obstacles of terrain or soft ground. Hence Finnish Army considered it unsuitable for combat use, so it was used only for training purposes. In Finnish use this lone vehicle gained nickname "satiainen" (crab louse) - likely for its size and shape. While Finnish Army was anything by impressed by Mk VI B tankette, elsewhere it achieved quite a success with almost 400 vehicles manufactured by Vickers-Armstrong for British Army and export orders. Other tankette designs at least partially based to Vickers-Carden-Loyd Mk VI were developed in Czechoslovakia (MU4), France (UE), Italy (CV33 and CV35), Poland (TK3) and Soviet Union (T27). Nowadays this vehicle is in collections of Parola Armour Museum.
Vickers-Carden-Loyd light tank model 1933: This light tank was one of the three tank types ordered by Finnish Army from Vickers-Armstrong for testing purposes 6th of July 1933. Like the Mk VI B tankette and 6 Ton Tank Alt B, also it was delivered to Finland in 2nd of October 1933. The 4.5-ton vehicle had 85-horsepower Armstrong Sidley gasoline engine, which was highly praised but armament of only one machinegun placed in a rotating turret. Steering was considered simple and easy, which was good since the vehicle was able to achieve maximum road speed of 52 kilometres per hour. Front arch armour was 16-mm thick, while other parts of the vehicle had only 4 - 10 mm of armour. Snow mobility of this tank proved inferior to both old Renault FT 17 and Vickers 6 Ton Tank, but its all terrain mobility in summer conditions was fairly good. However ground clearance was considered too low. While Finnish Army was impressed by the technical reliability of this tank, it was considered unsuitable for combat use and was retained for training use until declared obsolete during Continuation War and scrapped.
PICTURE: The only Vickers-Carden-Loid M/1933 light tank ever used by Finnish Army. Photographer unknown. Photograph provided by Sotamuseo via KUMEPA. CLICK THUMBNAIL TO SEE LARGER PIC (111 KB).
Vickers-Carden-Loyd light amphibious tank model 1931: Unlike other three Vickers-Armstrong tanks, which Finland bought for testing purposes in year 1933 paying 8,410 English pounds, this tank was received testing for free. It arrived Finland 12th of September 1933 and so utterly failed in Finnish tests, that it was returned to Vickers just 17 days later. This brief 17-day visit was the only time that this tank model was ever used in Finland. It weight about 3 tons and had modest 7 - 9 mm armour. As to be expected weaponry included only one rifle-calibre machinegun. Maximum road speed was impressive 64 km/h and maximum speed on water on optimal conditions could also reach even 9.6 km/h. This amphibious tank failed gaining any real success on international market.
Tankkirykmentistä Panssaripataljoonaan 1919 - 1949 by P. Hovilainen.
Suomalaiset Panssarivaunujoukot 1919 - 1969 by Pekka Kantakoski.
Punaiset Panssarit, Puna-armeijan panssarijoukot 1918 - 1945 by Pekka Kantakoski.
Panssarimuseo by Pekka Kantakoski.
Suomalaiset Panssarivaunut 1918 - 1997 / The Finnish Armoured Vehicles 1918 - 1997 by Esa Muikku ja Jukka Purhonen.
Tanks in the Winter War 1939 - 1940 by Maksym Kolomyjec
Kempin Rykmentti by Kimmo Sorko
The Tank by Christopher Chant.
The Illustrated Directory of Tanks of the World From World War 1 to the Present Day by David Miller.
Armoured Vehicles of the 20th Century by Christopher Chant.
The World's Great Tanks from 1916 to Present Day by Roger Ford.
Panzerbuch der Tanks, Parts 1 – 3 by Fritz von Heigl.
Heigl's Panzerbuck der tanks, Parts 1 – 3 by O.H. Hacker, R.J. Icks, O. Merker and G.P.v. Zezchwitz.
Beutepanzer im Ersten Weltkrig by Fred Koch.
The Tank Pioneers by Kenneth Macksey.
Unohdettu Rintama by Lauri Immonen
Mechanised Force, British tanks between the wars by David Fletcher.
Russian Tanks 1900 – 1970 by John Milsom.
Armoured Units of the Russian Civil War, Red Army by Andrei Aksenov & Peter Sarson.
Armoured Units of the Russian Civil War, White and Allied by A. Aksenov.
Original Brochure: The Vickers-Carden-Loyd Light Tank by Vickers-Armstrongs Limited.
Original Brochure: Le Tank Amphibie Leger Vickers-Carden-Loyd by Vickers-Armstrongs Limited.
Article: Jatkosodan aikaiset erilliset panssarivaunuyksiköt by V. Kämäri in Panssari magazine vol. 1/1974.
Article: Suurvaltapolitiikka Suomen Renault-panssarivaunuhankkinan taustalla by Jouni Sillanmäki in Panssari magazines vol. 1/2009 and 2/2009.
Finnish National Archives (Sörnäinen), archive folder T10909.
Finnish National Archives (Sörnäinen), archive folder perus 6306.
Special thanks to Panssarimuseo (Parola Tank Museum).
Last updated 30th of March 2021
Webmaster: JTV jtvalias@hotmail.com
Copyrights (pictures, text and graphics): Jaeger Platoon Website.


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Australian Primary School Creating Mini Crypto Entrepreneurs: Australia's Wooranna Park Primary School has started its own blockchain course and has even created its own cryptocurrency. The Victorian state school's crypto program is run by the educational technologist Keiran Nolan and is the result of five years of curriculum planning in collaboration with Victoria's Melbourne Blockchain Centre.
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National Bank of Cambodia Pushes to Claim First Place in Blockchain Race: AWorld Economic Forum (WEF) report has revealed the National Bank of Cambodia as the frontrunner in becoming the first central bank around the globe to utilize blockchain technology. DLT was piloted first in 2017, and now the South East Asian country looks to deploy a blockchain payment system to turn around their currently fragmented domestic payment system. The WEF has noted that Cambodia is not alone as more than 40 other banks are now looking to rely on blockchain technology to improve their operating procedures.
Japanese Crypto Unicorn Tops $1 Billion Valuation: Breaking the USD 1 billion valuation barrier, a Japanese startup, Liquid Group Inc, has achieved the coveted and highly exclusive "Unicorn" status. The Tokyo-based crypto startup announced the feat on Wednesday, stating that it crossed the USD 1 billion valuation after securing funds from venture funders IDG Capital and crypto mining giant Bitmain Technologies Ltd.
The company raised around USD 50 million in its ongoing funding round, with the co-founders Mike Kayamori and Mario Gomez Lozada initially raising over USD 20 million in previous rounds through investors like Jafco Co and another USD 100 million through an ICO in 2017.
North Korea's Unlikely Relationship with Crypto: North Korea has made a reputation in the crypto industry, allegedly including includes shady operations like their government-led team of hackers, APT 38, targeting a host of online banks and cryptocurrency exchanges as well as establishing cryptocurrency scams to loot the investors.
It is also reported that nearly all of the funds stolen have been moved into the DPRK's missile and nuclear development program. But there have been reports of resistance as well, such as the North Korean dissident group, Cheollima Civil Defense (CCD), devising an innovative way to bypass the travel sanctions and selling 200,000 visas on the Ethereum blockchain, which are valid for use once the country gets rid of Jong-un. The project claims that the money collected will be invested to bring the dictator down from power. So far, it has raised the CCD around USD 14,000, with the 100th visa being sold last week.
Two South Korean Unis to Create Blockchain Campus: South Korea's two finest institutions, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) and Yonsei University, have joined hands to create a combined blockchain campus that will induct students from both universities.
The campus will focus on blockchain research other than creating specialised curriculums and establishing a connection with entrepreneurial programs. POSTECH will also create a blockchain-based group intelligence knowledge sharing system called Engram and a voting survey system titled 'Voting for students'. There will also be a reward system using a cryptocurrency called Neurons that could even be used at university cafeterias.
Despite Crypto Ban, China Leads Rest of the World in Blockchain Development: Although there has been a strict ban on crypto activities in China, it is still the leading breeding ground for blockchain technology, contributing as much as 25% in a particular niche of blockchain projects.
According to Beijing-based data provider Blockdata, China is leading the world in new blockchain projects, contributing to 263 progressive projects ranging from the financial services to logistics, public services, healthcare, supply chains, and smart manufacturing.


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Heading East: LL.M. Programs in Chinese Business Law
By Beina Xu on Mar 17, 2015
Some law schools are beginning to offer specialized LL.M. programs to help lawyers navigate China's emerging role in the global economy
In 2012, Madeleine Martinek was sure she wanted to do a master's in business law from the National University of Singapore.
"I was interested in the culture, the history, and the huge trade relations between the EU and China," Martinek says.
A German native, Martinek just finished her law studies at Heidelberg University, and had long been interested in Asia—particularly China. NUS' international business law degree, a joint program with the East China University of Political Science and Law, seemed to fit the bill perfectly, offering courses in Singapore as well as Shanghai.
But then she took a summer course on Chinese business law at Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, and had a rapid change of heart. She was drawn to the depth and range of Göttingen's courses, which included specializations like the history and philosophy of Chinese law, public law, and intensive Chinese.
"What attracted me was the integrated Chinese classes, and the profound variety of subjects," says Martinek, who is in her last year at Göttingen's LL.M. program in Chinese and Comparative Law.
Göttingen's program, launched in 2013 in partnership with Nanjing University, is one of the nascent Chinese business law LL.M. degrees that has emerged in response to China's burgeoning role in the global economy. China is currently the United States' second-largest trading partner, its third-largest export market, and its biggest source of imports. The European Union is also China's number one trading partner, according to the European Commission.
In 2010, Fudan University School of Law launched a one-year LL.M. in Chinese business law aimed at foreign lawyers and professionals engaging in international trade. The Chinese University of Hong Kong also opened one in 2006, while China's Southwestern University of Finance and Economics recently created a three-year English LL.M. degree.
In 2011 the University of Edinburgh began offering a Law and Chinese LL.M., a two-year program that combines various specializations—commercial, international, or intellectual property law—with intensive Mandarin training that includes a residency at Fudan University in Shanghai.
"The program grew out of awareness of the importance China has politically, economically, and culturally within the global environment," says Program Director Dr. Alistair Henry.
While such programs have cropped up in recent years, they still remain small; the Chinese University program has 59 students enrolled for the 2014-2015 academic year, and Edinburgh has six, although these students are also couched within a larger department at the university. Some prestigious Chinese universities like Tsinghua and Peking also offer broader Chinese Law LL.M.s, which often cover business law elements like foreign trade and investment, banking, and securities law.
The European programs have placed heavy emphasis on Chinese language skills—something Dr. Tobias Stoll, Göttingen's program director, says is needed to keep up on the fast-paced legal developments affecting China-EU trade. These include movements in labor, copyright, and corporate law, as well as China's growing foreign direct investments in the EU.
"Caring for Chinese investors in Germany became a really new market for law firms here," says Stoll. "And these people of course appreciate someone who has a profound idea of China, its language, and law."
Evolving laws; new opportunities
But the demand for legal expertise doesn't come solely from trade. China's legal system itself has had a relatively short history, and is still developing; the country began a process of reform and liberalization in 1978, but it wasn't until the early 1990s, as China pedaled towards a market economy, that the focus of legislation shifted toward business practices. That decade saw a flurry of new legislation aimed at standardizing market operations, including company and securities law. As a result, its laws are still evolving, and require vigilance for those doing business with and in the country.
"Chinese business law is very young, and still on the path of development," says Martinek, who notes that the legal system is still based on ancient traditions tied to Confucian notions. During her abroad semester in Nanjing, she worked on comparative law analysis, analyzing contract law and civil codes, many of which she says resembled Germany's own.
"It's very interesting to see how China tries to choose the best things from different law systems, and mix them together to form their own," she says. "But the vastness of Chinese law, the unpredictability—that's why it's necessary to know Chinese history, culture, and politics."
Prof. Xi Chao, program director of the program at Chinese University of Hong Kong, says that the greater integration of mainland and Hong Kong economies has also brought about novel legal and regulatory issues. All this has created new opportunities for legal professionals to facilitate "transactions made possible, only recently, by the gradual internationalisation of the RMB," he says.
But are there jobs?
Given their relatively new emergence, the jury is still out on the value and merit of such programs, at least in terms of jobs in China. Around 40% of Chinese University's 2014 graduates work as a solicitor or barrister in their country of origin, according to Choi. Martinek also considers entering the corporate legal field upon graduation, and is hopeful that the intensive language training will pay off.
"As a foreigner, you know your own law, but because of your comparative position you also know Chinese law, and speak Chinese—you belong to an exception," she says. "It's not everyone that's able to do that."
But large international law firms may need to see more in a candidate, depending on the job profile.
"My general sense is that the degrees may be helpful only somewhat in helping a foreign lawyer get a job in China with a Chinese law firm," said one senior partner at a multinational, Beijing-based business law firm. The partner also noted that the Chinese bar remained a high threshold for lawyers seeking jobs in China; a Chinese LL.M. degree would not likely enable a foreigner to pass the Chinese bar, unlike the case with U.S. LL.M. degrees.
"I think Chinese language ability and actual experience working in a major international law firm outside China are much more valued."
Image: Jakob Montrasio / Flickr (cropped) - Creative Commons
University of Edinburgh - Edinburgh Law School
Edinburgh, United Kingdom 401 Followers 477 Discussions
Fudan University Law School
Shanghai, China 12 Followers 6 Discussions
City University of Hong Kong - School of Law
Hong Kong, Hong Kong (PRC) 18 Followers 13 Discussions
Peking University · Beijing University · 北京大学 (PKU)
Shenzhen, China 21 Followers 23 Discussions
The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) - Faculty of Law
Shatin, Hong Kong (PRC) 52 Followers 29 Discussions
Tsinghua University School of Law · 清华大学
Beijing, China 16 Followers 17 Discussions
National University of Singapore (NUS) - Faculty of Law
Singapore 279 Followers 224 Discussions
East China University of Political Science and Law (ECUPL)
Shanghai, China 5 Followers 4 Discussions
Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg - Heidelberg University
Heidelberg, Germany 51 Followers 24 Discussions
Göttingen, Germany 33 Followers 12 Discussions
Southwestern University of Finance and Economics
Chengdu, China 0 Followers 0 Discussions
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The Personal Statement Read Article

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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We are proud to announce that we have invested in a pioneering battery energy storage system (BESS), as part of our commitment to improving our sustainable and energy efficiency credentials.
Partnering with Energy Optimisation Solutions (EOS), the lithium-ion battery system was installed at our head office and datacentre in Newark-on-Trent. Furthermore, the BESS is the first of three to be implemented, with our Telford and Newport datacentres receiving the BESS in early 2021.
The Battery Energy Storage System
At Timico, we have an ongoing commitment to improving our services and environmental footprint where possible. The robust battery will be an integral part of our operations, helping to unburden the power grid during peak times. It will also reduce grid network charges, helping to drive down long-term costs for our customers.
The energy storage system is stored in its own self-containment units. In addition, it also has fully automated controls, a fire suppression system and self-cooling solutions. EOS will continue to monitor and operate the system, as part of our long-term service agreement and lease.
Our CTO, Martin Riley, said: "Timico's environmental responsibility will always be high on the agenda for us. As a result, we always strive to ensure that our systems and datacentres remain sustainable and as energy efficient as possible.
"The latest investment in the BESS means that as an IT provider, we are leading the way in reducing our carbon footprint. In addition to providing a high-level and sustainable service to our customers, we are driving down the costs often associated with energy supply. We look forward to installing the battery system in Telford and Newport next year."
Peter Walker, Director at EOS, said: "We are really pleased to have completed this pathfinder project with Timico. They have been great to work with, embracing the incredible potential for energy storage on sites with high power consumption."


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News / Science
Biodiversity: What is a mass extinction and are we causing one?
by techlowdown · 9 December 2022
By Patrick Hughes
BBC News Climate and Science
Five times in our planet's history, adverse conditions have extinguished most of life.
Now, scientists say, life on Earth could be in trouble again, with some even saying we could be entering a sixth mass extinction.
No credible scientist disputes that we are in a crisis regarding the speed at which nature is being destroyed.
But could we really be on track to lose most life on Earth?
What is biodiversity and how can we protect it?
'Magical marine species' pushed toward extinction
'Landmark vote' gives boost to threatened sharks
Human-caused climate change, changes in land use and pollution are rapidly transforming the planet, making it harder for species to adapt and survive.
At a summit described as the "last chance" for nature in Canada, scientists and leaders are desperately trying to convey the scale of the crisis.
Opening the COP15 conference, UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres said that a million species now "teeter on the brink".
"Around the world, for hundreds of years, we have conducted a cacophony of chaos, played with instruments of destruction," he said.
What is a mass extinction?
Mass extinctions are episodes in Earth's history when the planet rapidly loses three quarters or more of its species.
Scientists who study the fossil record refer to the "Big Five" mass extinctions that have taken place over the course of 540 million years.
The most recent also is the most famous – when an asteroid crashed into what is now Mexico 66 million years ago, setting the western hemisphere on fire and taking out the non-avian dinosaurs.
Other examples include the "Great Dying" 250 million years ago, when around 90% of species on Earth perished.
It's not known exactly what caused all of the mass extinctions, but they involved fast, dramatic changes to the climate, oceans and land.
Are we causing a sixth mass extinction?
Experts say that we are losing species much more quickly than evolution is creating them, and some say that this could put us on track for a new mass extinction – which would include our own human race.
"We're changing the path of evolution," says Dr Gerardo Ceballos, an ecologist at Mexico City's UNAM University. "Even if we're not in a mass extinction, what we're doing is putting at risk the system that has made it possible for us to survive."
Rates of extinction are hard to measure because even today, we don't know much about the majority of species – or how threatened they could be.
The limited records available show we've lost fewer than 1% of species over the last 500 years, but many scientists believe the true figure could be much higher, as most species we know of were not described until the mid-1800s.
In 2015 scientists studied museum collections, records and expert accounts of 200 known species of land snails. They found that many hadn't been seen in the wild since originally being classified as a species and that a tenth were most likely already extinct.
If taken to be a sign of wider trends, the authors estimate that could mean we've already lost between 7.5-13% of all known species.
"There's a signal there for a very large loss that isn't representative of the current data," says Dr Alexander Lees, an ornithologist at Manchester Metropolitan University who was not involved in the study.
Although we don't know how exactly how many species have been lost in recent years, wildlife numbers are dwindling rapidly.
It's estimated that global wildlife populations have declined on average by 69% in just 50 years.
"It doesn't take too many 50 year intervals to get you down to a point where most of those species are going to crash and disappear," says Prof Anthony Barnosky, a biologist at the University of California, Berkeley.
Scientists have estimated how quickly we are losing species by looking at the fossil record and using it to calculate an average "background rate" of extinctions during times when no mass extinctions were occurring.
They then compare that background rate with modern rates of extinction gathered from records to see how the two line up.
Roughly averaging the estimates found by these studies tells us that extinction rates are significantly higher today – between 100 and 1,000 times higher, according to Dr Robert Cowie, an ecologist at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa.
Some scientists have doubts about the accuracy of these findings, but most experts agree that extinction rates are higher today than at most times in the past.
Whether all of this means we're in a mass extinction or not is heavily debated.
Dr Ceballos, the ecologist at Mexico City's UNAM university, says that he believes that we will have fully entered a mass extinction by the end of the year 2150, and that we could lose 70% of all plants and animals within the next two centuries.
Others are more conservative, saying that we just don't know how long it will take for species to actually go extinct.
"We haven't finished a mass extinction event, but the question is – might we be in one right now?" asks Dr Lees. "And we can't know that. It might take thousands of years for that entire extinction sequence to be realised."
There are even experts who say that getting bogged down in whether we're in, or are entering a mass extinction, is missing the point.
Prof Pincelli Hull, a palaeontologist at Yale University, says it won't take a mass extinction event for humans to feel the bite of our impact on nature, so we shouldn't use that as a benchmark for a need to take action.
"Much smaller climate perturbations have wiped out entire societies," she says. "A bad drought for 20 years can collapse a whole civilisation – that's the scale that matters to us."
As leaders at the COP15 summit try to fix targets for protecting nature for the next decade, environmentalists hope that the world will commit to protecting 30% of the land and sea by 2030.
There is still hope we can help wildlife recover and save many species from going extinct if we limit global warming to 1.5°C and protect key habitats, experts say.
Habitats that can harbour ecological networks, rather than just individual species, seem to be the best way to help nature recover, says Prof David Jablonski, a palaeontologist at the University of Chicago.
"There are species that would have gone extinct if we hadn't tried to protect them," says Prof Stuart Pimm, a biologist at Duke University.
"We already know that conservation actions are slowing the rate of extinction. In other words, we're having an impact."
Garry Tan's return is a full circle moment for Y Combinator
by techlowdown · Published 29 August 2022
Unregulated New Technology: The Science of Mental Health Apps
Next story Hailey Bieber channels a Christmas gift in red lingerie
Previous story Musk's 'Twitter Files' offer a glimpse of the raw, complicated and thankless task of moderation


text:
Ontario megye az Amerikai Egyesült Államokban, azon belül New York államban található. Megyeszékhelye Canandaigua, legnagyobb városa Geneva.

Népesség
A megye népességének változása:

Kapcsolódó szócikkek
 New York megyéinek listája

További információk

Források

New York megyéi
Bottal létrehozott amerikai megye cikkek

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Al-Shabab Seizes Key Somali Town After Ethiopians Pull Out
Mohamed Olad Hassan
Ethiopian troops fighting militant Islamist group al-Shabab have withdrawn from a key military base in central Somalia's Galgudud region, according to residents.
Heavily armed al-Shabab fighters took control of El Bur following the pullout of Ethiopian troops and a small number of Somali National Army soldiers early Monday.
The fall of El Bur was confirmed by Nur Hassan Gutale, the town's district commissioner, who said Ethiopians did not tell them the reason of their withdrawal.
"The Ethiopians and our troops withdrew from the town and now it is under the control of the militants. The Ethiopians did not inform us about their withdrawal plan and once we saw them abandoning, our troops also abandoned," Gutale said.
Residents of El Bur say al-Shabab militants traveling in pickup trucks moved into the town early Monday without a fight.
"The militants traveling in more than six pickup trucks mounted with anti-aircraft machine guns moved into town this morning. They took up the strategic positions, raised their black flags on the top of some buildings," one of the residents told VOA on the condition of anonymity.
Gutale has accused both the al-Shabab militants and the Ethiopian troops of mistreating the civilians.
"Al-Shabab forced most of the residents to leave the town when the Ethiopians came three years ago. And the Ethiopians mistreated with some who remained in the town," Gutale said. "The civilians had only two choices: to stay in the town and face the Ethiopian mistreatment or live as hostages under Al-Shabab."
The reason for the Ethiopian troops' withdrawal was not clear, and their military officials were not immediately available for comment.
El Bur was once the commercial hub and main stronghold of al-Shabab in central Somalia, but the group lost the town to Ethiopian troops serving under African Union peacekeeping mission known as AMISOM three years ago.
Analysts have warned the town was vulnerable to reoccupation by the militants because al-Shabab blocked all roads leading in and out, forcing almost all of the residents of the town to leave.
FILE - AMISOM soldiers and armored vehicles pass a woman riding a cart during a patrol at a village outside Mogadishu, Sept. 19, 2016. (Photo: J. Patinkin/VOA)
Some Ethiopian soldiers are in Somalia as part of AMISOM while others are there as a result of a bilateral deal with Somalia's federal government.
The Ethiopians serving the AU mission are responsible for securing Bay, Bakool, and Gedo regions in South Western Somalia, but they are also present in Hiran and Galgudud regions, where they have been moving into towns and withdrawing from others at will.
Trump OKs Broader Airstrikes in Somalia; Experts Urge Caution
Somaliland Suspends Development Programs in Face of Famine
Somali Journalist Manages to Escape From Abductors
Somali PM Vows to Root Out Corruption
More Africa Stories


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Boylston is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 4,849 at the 2020 census.

History
Boylston was first settled by Europeans around 1706 in the northern part of the present-day town, most notably by the Sawyer family. In 1697, the residents petitioned to form a local town and government, but the British colonial Governor of Massachusetts denied their request since he wanted to keep the number of towns to a minimum and to restrict popular representation.

A meeting house was built in 1743, and the Reverend Ebenezer Morse, ordained in October 1743, was the first minister in charge of the church.

The town was made up of a large part of land from Shrewsbury and the remainder from Lancaster and was known as the North Parish of Shrewsbury from 1742 until 1786, when it was incorporated as Boylston.

It was named after Ward Nicholas Boylston (1747–1828), a benefactor of the town. The fund he set up in 1797 finally accumulated $1,450, which was used to build the town hall and school building.

The locals used to live off agriculture, and erected mills on the Nashua River, until the construction of Wachusett Reservoir terminated their operation.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 18.50%, is water.

With a population of nearly 4400 residents, the town is predominantly a residential community. The Wachusett Reservoir, part of the water supply system managed by the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority for Greater Boston area, lies in the northwestern part of the town and covers about  of land. The town maintains approximately  of roadway, has  of sidewalks, and has its own Municipal Light Department, Water District, and volunteer fire and ambulance service.

The town of Boylston is bordered by the towns of Shrewsbury, West Boylston, Sterling, Clinton, Berlin, and Northborough.

Demographics

As of the 2000 census, there were 4,008 people, 1,573 households, and 1,140 families residing in the town. The population density was  . There were 1,606 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 96.71% White, 0.67% African American, 0.22% Native American, 1.37% Asian, 0.25% from other races, and 0.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.57% of the population.

There were 1,573 households, out of which 33.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.9% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.5% were non-families. 22.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.3% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 31.3% from 25 to 44, 27.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $67,703, and the median income for a family was $77,604. Males had a median income of $56,019 versus $43,277 for females. The per capita income for the town was $32,274. About 2.4% of families and 2.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.5% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over.

Government

Library

The Boylston Public Library was established in 1880. In fiscal year 2008, the town of Boylston spent 1.35% ($152,562) of its budget on its public library—some $35 per person.

Education
Boylston currently operates a junior-senior high school with the neighboring town of Berlin, called the Tahanto Regional Middle/High School. It is part of the Berlin-Boylston Regional School District. The town is also home to the Tower Hill Botanic Garden, operated by the Worcester County Horticultural Society, which offers adult education classes in horticulture, cooking, and gardening.

The school mascot is a stag, and the teams' colors are white and green.

Notable Residents
 Kevin Manion (1972-) - NASCAR race winning crew chief

Photos

Footnotes

Further reading

 Flagg, Charles Allcott. A Guide to Massachusetts Local History. Salem, MA: Salem Press Company, 1907. Cf.p. 225.
 Fuhrer, Mary Babson. A Crisis of Community: The Trials and Transformation of a New England Town, 1815-1848. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.
 Hastings, Gordon, " The HASTINGS of Boylston, Massachusetts. Create Space Independent Publishing Platform. 2018.
 Hastings, Gordon, " Rocky Road To Dublin" Amazon Independent Publishing, 2018, .

External links

 Town of Boylston official website
 Boylston Historical Society and Museum
 Berlin-Boylston School District

Towns in Worcester County, Massachusetts
Towns in Massachusetts


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#UK4KY
Regeneration is one of the most enticing areas of biological research. How are some animals able to regrow body parts? Is it possible that humans could do the same? If scientists could unlock the secrets that confer those animals with this remarkable ability, the knowledge could have profound significance in clinical practice down the road. Scientists at the University of Kentucky have taken this concept one step closer to reality.
See how Kentucky can push the boundaries of discovery.
Researchers at the UK Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), are locating and evaluating rare earth elements (REEs) found in coal and processing coal byproducts. Due to their unique chemical properties, REEs are essential components of technologies spanning a range of applications, including smartphones, batteries and defense technologies.They are also used in renewable energy technologies, like wind turbines and solar panels.
See how Kentucky can advance technology and shape industries.
The University of Kentucky is much more than a place of learning. We're an economic driver for the Commonwealth. A $3.9 billion enterprise of academics, research and health care—and one of Kentucky's largest employers. Seventy-seven percent of UK graduates are employed in Kentucky five years after graduation, and earn 25 percent more than the national average ten years after enrolling.
See how Kentucky can build a better future.
At the University of Kentucky, education means self-discovery and building a foundation for life-long achievement. That foundation starts with expanded opportunity and investment in student success. We've committed nearly $2.3 billion in upgrades to research facilities, campus housing and state-of-the-art classroom buildings. All while pushing our student enrollment beyond 30,000. And we're only getting started.
See how Kentucky can prepare the next generation of leaders.
Wildcat success on the field means advancement on the University of Kentucky campus. As a self-sustaining program, UK athletics has contributed more than $150 million dollars to the academic and research mission of the University. You can see it as you walk through a transformed campus. And you'll continue to see it as the next generation of Wildcats prepares to meet Kentucky's biggest challenges.
See how Kentucky can do more and be more, together.
At the University of Kentucky, research is about discovering solutions and putting them to work for the Commonwealth. That's why UK's Markey Cancer Center was recognized as a world-class cancer center by the National Cancer Institute. As the only NCI-designated cancer center in Kentucky, the Markey Cancer Center is a major source of discovery, using cutting-edge technology to develop more effective approaches to preventing, diagnosing and treating cancer.
See how Kentucky can cut cancer rates in half.
Being a Wildcat means being a part of a community that's united by shared passions, values and ideals. Every day, the University of Kentucky is strengthening that community by striving for diversity and inclusion. That commitment can be seen across campus, and is why INSIGHT Into Diversity Magazine has named UK one of only 15 Diversity Champion colleges and universities in the nation.
See how Kentucky can build a community of belonging.


One of my favorite reminders, from one of my favorites Louise Hay.
Love these simple little reminders!
Feeling helpless or that you have no power over something/someone? Tackle things that you do have control over – such as self-care, exercise, chores, tasks, and to-do list items – to increase your sense of confidence and empowerment. The beauty in doing this is that you may actually find that you have more power over the problem than you thought you did! Even if there are still no actual solutions, the problem will at least seem more manageable or you will have gained greater clarity and perspective over it. I am practicing this – TODAY!


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Q: Use of uninitialized value $elements[6] in pattern match (m//) I am trying to run a MitoSite software which is written in Perl. I am not very familiar with perl scripting, and I get the following error:
needLargeMem: trying to allocate 0 bytes (limit: 100000000000)
Use of uninitialized value $elements[6] in pattern match (m//) at MitoSAlt1.1.pl line 221, <CONFIG> line 75.

I guess I have to change something in this piece, but I have no clue since I do not understand it well.
sub check_paired{
  my $check_paired = 0;
  my $path = shift;
  my $line = `zcat $path|tail -n 1`;
  my @elements = split(/\t/, $line);

  $check_paired = 1 if $elements[6]=~m/\/.$/;
  return $check_paired;
}

A: The "uninitialized" message is a warning that means that the @elements array has fewer than 7 items in it.  You could avoid that warning by checking how many items are in the array before you check the item at index 6:
sub check_paired{
  my $check_paired = 0;
  my $path = shift;
  my $line = `zcat $path|tail -n 1`;
  my @elements = split(/\t/, $line);

  if (@elements > 6) {
      $check_paired = 1 if $elements[6]=~m/\/.$/;
  }
  return $check_paired;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Initiators take more risks. To achieve the goal we need to be willing to challenge the odds and take the risks in the face of sometimes insurmountable odds.
Qualities of Initiative and what to avoid.
Initiators know what they want. Desire is the stating point of all achievement.
Initiators push themselves to act. At first we all act alone. We need to push to get the facts that encourage others to move.
Initiators make more mistakes. Even if we don't have the means, when things get moving, the mistakes will allow for moments of growth.
Initiators go with their gut. There is something great to be said about the "gut feel". When a nagging feeling is saying yes or no then it's probably wise to listen.
Initiative Pitfalls. 1. We are afraid we'll be unable let to keep the commitment. The issue - A low sense of security.
Initiative Pitfalls. 3. We expend time and energy only for personal gain. The issue - No surrender to the vision.
Initiative Pitfalls. 4. Our past makes trust difficult. The issue - Emotional baggage.
Initiative Pitfalls. 5. We are lazy and unmotivated. The issue - Apathy and neutrality.
Initiative Pitfalls. 7. We fear the unknown and the unfamiliar. The issue - Low confidence.
Initiative Pitfalls. 8. We don't want to lose our freedom. The issue - An Entitlement Philosophy.
Initiative Pitfalls. 9. We fear being different from others. The issue - Want to be politically correct.
Initiative Pitfalls. 10. We don't really know who we are. The issue - We don't know our gifts and calling.
If you wish in this world to advance your merits you're bound to enhance; You must stir it and stump it, and blow your own trumpet, Or, trust me, you haven't a chance.
The Jews are trying to destroy all other cultures - as a survival mechanism - the only Nazi country in the world is Israel.
Hate and mistrust are the children of blindness.
Will this new play be good or bad? Nothing else matters. Nothing at all.
Money to me is just the biggest blessing in the world that allows me freedom.
The United States is unusual among the industrial democracies in the rigidity of the system of ideological control - "indoctrination," we might say - exercised through the mass media.
And as soon as I did the research, I realized the law seemed to be on my side and I filed the suit.
I started off in a small theatre performance company and worked my way into commercials.
It is said that those whom the gods wish to destroy they first make mad. It may well be that a war neurosis stirred up by propaganda of fear and hatred is the prelude to destruction.
We're not keen on the idea of the story sharing its valence with the reader. But the reader's own life "outside" the story changes the story.
Because the show is popular, people do recognize us on the streets.
Life goes by really fast, and it seems that there are times when you're burying a lot of friends and family. And then there are times that feel really precious and everybody is doing okay. This is one of those times.
I've been very fortunate to be involved in all the Super Bowls, to see some World Series, to cover heavyweight championship fights; I've been to the Olympics and seen every sporting event there is.
They're getting more and more experience on what to expect, and the Hellboy audience is such a faithful and fanatic audience as I am, and you have to really be very open about what you do.
Reading is equivalent to thinking with someone else's head instead of with one's own.
Over the last few years, the world has become a smaller and more integrated place with technology that is leveling the playing field like never before.
I live in New York simply because I don't know any better. I moved there when the show went off the air a couple of years after that.
And if I let myself down, appear on stage when I'm not looking my best, it's not fun for me. I just beat myself up about it.
There are no warlike people - just warlike leaders.
Do the story in the way it really demands to be done, which may mean using several different styles or only one style; but it's still about respecting the story.


text:
Il termine "Garp" può riferirsi a:

Personaggi Immaginari

Monkey D. Garp  – personaggio del manga e anime One Piece;

Letteratura
Il mondo secondo Garp  – romanzo scritto da John Irving;

Cinema
Il mondo secondo Garp  – film del 1982 tratto dall'omonimo libro.


text:
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You are here:Home>Faith Life>Eucharistic Adoration>Items filtered by date: September 2019
Cor Ad Cor Loquitur
Published in Letters from a Pastor to His People
Fr. James with a toddler in a Baby Priest Halloween costume
Letters from a Pastor to His People- October 27, 2019
Dear Parishioners,
John Henry Newman was canonized a saint two weekends ago by Pope Francis. Newman was an English priest from the 19th Century. Originally an Anglican, he converted to Catholicism and was later in life made a Cardinal in the Church. He was (and still is) an intellectual giant, writing very influential texts such as Essay on the Grammar of Assent and his spiritual autobiography called Apologia Pro Vita Sua. For a few years he was rector of the Catholic University of Ireland, which led him to write The Idea of a University. Catholic student centers at various universities around the country are called "Newman Centers" because of this. I'll be forever grateful to the Newman Center of my alma mater, which helped my faith and ultimately led me to the priesthood.
Prayer is a Battle
Father James at Regina High School with the SJS alumni
The Old Testament has so many great images of prayer, and particularly military images, which I like since I enjoy studying military history. The Books of Joshua and Judges are particularly interesting. For instance, there is Joshua's defeat of Jericho, which is done simply by having his army march around the outer walls seven times on seven consecutive days and then finally blowing a trumpet (cf. Joshua 6). Or the story of Gideon, who, with only three hundred soldiers carrying empty jars with torches inside them, defeats the Midianite army that was "as numerous as locusts" (Judges 7:12). In the first reading this Sunday we have the conquest of the Amalekites because Moses, overlooking the battle from a mountaintop, keeps his arms literally raised in the air.
All this from simply saying 'thank you'!
Fr. James with SJS alumni at Regina Dominican High School after saying Mass.
I shared a quote from author Ruth Burrows last week on prayer. Allow me to share another one with you. She writes about how most of the time our prayer isn't authentic prayer because it's more thinking, self-reflection, and just expressing our own desires, which aren't always things that would be good for us (i.e., not God's will). "We may want a 'spiritual life', we may want 'prayer'," she writes, "but we do not want God."
Stir into Flame the Gift of God
Letters from a Pastor to His People- October 6, 2019
Praying is my favorite activity. Yes, more than watching sports. When I see, hear, or read something that even comes close to the topic of prayer, I want to discuss it. These readings, in my opinion, can be connected to prayer.
The first reading from the prophet Habakkuk is itself a prayer, and a beautiful one at that. The author is in a difficult situation and authentically calling out to God for help. The Lord answers him, basically telling him to hang tight and trust.
Feeling a little awkward about going to Confession after a long lapse? Please don't, and here's a how-to guide you're encouraged to bring with you.
How to Confess
Interested in becoming Catholic?
Want to simply learn more about the Catholic faith?
Contact Father James or Father Emanuel


text:
Aerones raises $9M to scale on-site robotic operations
30.04.2022 - Green technology
Aerones, the company that builds robots to automate and scale wind turbine inspection and maintenance, raised a $9M seed round to scale production, expand services and meet fast-growing demand. The round was led by Future Positive Capital, alongside existing investor Change Ventures. Other investors include Skype founder Jaan Tallinn (through his vehicle Metaplanet), Vinted co-founder Mantas Mikuckas, Printify CEO James Berdigans, Capitalia, Pace Ventures, and EcoSummit.
With its suite of proprietary robots, Aerones inspects and maintains turbines up to six times faster and up to 40% more cost efficiently than humans. As opposed to conventional inspections and maintenance operations (where humans rappel down turbines in sometimes dangerous weather conditions), Aerones' robots deliver results without any safety risks to individuals, and in a broader range of weather conditions.
"We are rapidly scaling up operations in terms of robots and service teams in the field. This funding enables us to continue our rapid growth and prepare for our Series A funding round later this year," explains Aerones's CEO and co-founder Dainis Krūze.
Aerones' expansion is rooted in the company's focus on R&D and engineering. Their core technology is a unique and patented computerized winch system that controls a high-precision robotic arm. The company provides services like leading edge repair, detailed external inspections, data analysis, lightning protection system tests, NDT ultrasound inspections, drainage hole cleaning as well as blade cleaning, de-icing and coating applications – all of which can be controlled remotely.
"We are constantly developing new robotic solutions to address our customers' needs and expand our suite of services. as an example, we recently released an internal inspection robot that crawls and scans inside wind turbine blades and provides digital twin inspection data with unprecedented detail, and a cleaning solution that removes dirt and oil from turbine towers and blades very effectively," said co-founder and CTO Jānis Putrāms.
Aerones already works with nine of the world's ten largest wind companies, including Siemens Gamesa, Enel, GE and Vestas, and has now serviced over 3000 wind turbines in 17 countries across North and South America as well as Europe.
"Aerones is the first full-stack player in the industry. As opposed to companies that merely use remote sensing to capture data or focus on analytics, Aerones automates complex operations. They are becoming the one-stop-shop for O&Ms to streamline operations, and help accelerate the scale-up of renewable energy to reach Net Zero emissions," said Sofia Hmich, founder of Future Positive Capital.
"Only improvements and the introduction of disruptive activities can provide us with the competitive advantages that will enable us to maintain our wind energy business and provide new sustainable solutions for our activities. The innovation that we are introducing thanks to an agreement with Aerones will lead to more responsible production through innovative advances that improve the development of one of the most widespread renewable energy in the world: wind," adds Fancisco J. Valle, Wind Innovation Product Owner at Enel Green Power.
Copied! https://investinlatvia.org/en/news/aerones-raises-9m-to-scale-on-site-robotic-operations


text:
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/ Gilberto Benetton Has Sadly Passed Away
Gilberto Benetton Has Sadly Passed Away
Gilberto Benetton has sadly passed away at the age of 77, after suffering from a short illness. The United Colours of Benetton co founder's death comes just three months after that of his younger brother Carlo aged 74. "Gilberto Benetton died at home today in Treviso (northeast Italy) following a brief illness," the Benetton group said in a brief statement. "His wife Lalla, daughters Barbara and Sabrina and son-in-law Ermanno were with him in his final moments," the Italian group announced continued.
After founding United Colours of Benetton with his two brothers and sister, Gilberto was credited with diversifying the company away from the clothing business and growing them into the multi-billion euro giant they now are. United Colours of Benetton became very popular in the late 1970's for their signature soft wool jumpers produced in a variety of colours. The company began to move from strength to strength between the early 1980's and the millennium; it's fame largely spiralling from daring ad campaigns by Italian photographer Oliviero Toscani, including a 1989 poster which featured a black woman breastfeeding a white baby.
The family is now one of the most influential in Italy, with ties in construction, retail, transport and catering. At the time of his death, Gilberto was vice-president of the family holding company, Edizone, and also VP of Autogrill an Italian-based multinational food and drink company.
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