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Human Resource Development (HRM-627)
Organizational Democracy and Organization Structure Link: Role of Strategic Leadership &
Environmental Uncertainty
This theoretical paper focuses on the issue of implementing democratic principles in modern day organizations
facing turbulent and changing environments around them. The paper captures the notion of participatory style
of management through the construct; organizational democracy. It traces the origin of this construct from
theories and philosophies of political democracy. The paper also briefly describes the notion of economic
democracy and why it failed to succeed in the face of partial success of political democracy. The underlying
question which the paper raises is the role of organization structure and strategic leadership style in the
successful implementation of democratic principles in organizations in the face of a turbulent and dynamic
environment. The paper also attempts to raise some thought provoking questions for future research.
People who grew up feeling comfortable and secure working for a manufacturing firm appreciate just how
elusive stability and security are in these days when the companies across the globe are feeling the enormous
impact of globalization on their style of work, leadership, communication, reporting mechanisms, and other
structural and contextual dimensions of present-day companies. There are a number of ways in which
organizations are coping with the reality of globalization and the need for `organizational excellence' focus is
realized to be more than any other time in industrial history. Recent research has identified four threads of
corporate excellence (Daft, 2000, pp. 483). These include, strategic orientation (customer-driven, fast in
responding, ability to establish interorganizational links), top management leadership style (leadership vision, bias
towards action & change), organization design (horizontal structure, empowerment of employees, use of
electronic technology & e-commerce) and, corporate culture (creating a climate of trust, sharing information,
encouraging productivity through people).
The impact of globalization is no doubt different for different industries. The high-velocity industries like
electronics and information technology are probably more exposed to the impact of globalization as compared
to typical manufacturing industries, but in general, the focus on `productivity through people' (Hitt & Ireland,
1999) has largely meant a participatory style of management and decision-making. This paper presents the
notion of organizational democracy to capture the participatory management style within a company and also
examines the relationship between this participatory style and other dimensions of the company like strategic
leadership style and turbulent environment.
HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF ORGANIZATIONAL DEMOCRACY
The term democracy originated from Greek word demokratia where demo means people, and kratia referring to
power or rule, so democracy means rule of the people (Powley et al. 2004). The Greeks were no doubt the first
to try to build political philosophy theories and Plato equated the three elements of human soul with the three
elements of an ideal or just state (Moore & Bruder, 2001, pp. 266). His notion of democracy is however a
degenerated form of plutocracy which results because, "a society cannot hold wealth in honor and ......
establish self-control in its citizens" (Republic). Aristotle too regarded state as an organism and defined
democracy as an improper rule by many.
Later on, during the period of renaissance, Nicolo Machiavelli's The Prince (1532) was labeled as, "one of the
most famous political treatise of all times" (Moore & Bruder, 2001, pp. 272). In fact Machiavelli established his
reputation as the first one to advocate the notion of power politics. Lock, Rousseau, John Stuart Mill, all
mentioned "liberty" and "happiness" as essential ingredients of good governance.
By 19th Century, Karl Marx (1818  1883) brought in the issue of "class struggle" in the governance of a
society. He also attacked the foundations of capitalist theories by pointing out that workers produce the
product but don't own it!
Be it in the West or in the "form of varna and jati in Hindu society" (Presby, Struhl & Olsen, 2000, pp. 591) in
East, most of the philosophers who wrote on politics and its philosophy mention the classes in society and the
need for a fair and transparent governance system to bring these classes and factions together in the
formulation of a solid and whole system of political governance.
The 20th Century is therefore labeled as the "century of democracy" as the older versions of democracy
improved in quality and further experience was gained in governance through democracy and one can witness
that from 1985 to 2000, the number of most democratic countries in the world increased from 44 to 82 and the
number of authoritarian regimes declined from 67 to 26 (Ringen, 2004).
Economic democracy, on the other hand has not witnessed such successful proliferation as its political
counterpart. Though it seems logical that economic democracy follows from the democratic principles and that
economic power should also be under the democratic control but in contrast to political democracy, economic
democracy, "does not appear to be something people are ready to take to the streets and fight for" (Ringen,
2004). In the same article on distributional theory of economic democracy, Ringen (2004) captures the failure
of economic democracy in the following way:
"Various attempts can be identified through the last century of subordinating economic resources and activities
to political control, all failures. The extreme case is that of Soviet-style command economy......British style
nationalization of heavy industry......French socialists' move under President Mitterrand to nationalize major
banks......Swedish idea of bringing capital under democratic control".
All of these above mentioned endeavors enjoyed brief success but none lasted long.
The advocates of the concept of Inclusive Democracy recognize this failure and are of the view that, "the
world is in a multidimensional crisis, caused by concentration of power in the hands of various elites, as a result
of the establishment of the economic system of market/growth economy, its political complement in the from
of representative democracy" (Gezerlis, 2003). The principle of political democratic equality understood as
"one man one vote" does not probably apply to economic democracy and a recent case study of political
decision-making in Skanderburg, a small town in Denmark only confirms this (Sorensen & Torfing, 2003).
Even the modern political democracy is seem to be under attack from factors like, "commercialization of
education, media consolidation, news uniformity......extension of application of psychology from the
cultivation of consumer tastes to the cultivation of political ideology and voter perception......and a consumer
culture that has elevated material wealth to be all, end all" (Swaney, 2003).
It would now be interesting to pose the question: Why various efforts and experiments to launch economic
democracy failed? Why the theory that political control over the economy would be conducive to economic
efficiency did not work?
The answers to these questions seem to lie in the "big tradeoff" of the economist Arthur Okum, according to
which citizens in democratic societies value both prosperity and equality, they want equality but not at the cost
of prosperity (Ringen, 2004). Slowly and gradually issues like poverty, income inequality have been absorbed in
the society with little or no political resistance. Political equality has been somewhat achieved in equal rights
and the universal vote (at least in the developed countries) while economic equality has been given up, even in
these advanced societies, as it not possible without incurring prohibitive costs. Can we imagine a society where
everyone has the same economic power? The answer to this question seems to be no as it's understood that
real economies are comprised of different classes of people with uneven economic power, in contrast to
political power, which is more or less equal as one man has only one vote, whatever his/her economic
resources may be. Society has an upper, middle and lower class in terms of income and prosperity, though each
person within these classes has the same political power of one vote. Laclau noted earlier that, "power which is
equally distributed among all members of the community is no power at all" (Marchart, 2003), one can infer
that the control and acquisition of economic resources is power as it is not equally distributed across any
society in the world.
The political democracy, on the other hand, has seen some success and is probably one of the reasons of
successful integration of the `melting pot' culture of America as it has forged a single nation from people of
remarkably diverse racial, religious, and ethnic origins through democratic principles and participatory
democracy (Braceras, 2005). Political democracy has to its credit the adoption of Civil Rights Act of 1964 to
redress and to eliminate inequality in the treatment of Black Americans. Samuel Loescher while examining the
merits of a corporate progressive value added-tax to induce spin-offs by corporate giants to enlarge pluralism,
notes the same merits of political democracy in including people to rise, but voices the above mentioned `big
tradeoff' question when he asks, "would adoption of any of these alternatives (tax incentives) be as
economically efficient a use of citizens' `love' for our democratic environment as a massive citizens' campaign
for tax incentives to limit corporate power?" (Loescher, 1979).
The next natural question to rise is: If economic democracy has failed due to non homogenous society in terms
of income inequality and class struggle, can organizational democracy succeed in organizations?
ORGANIZATIONAL DEMOCRACY
The idea of political democracy, as we have already seen, is deeply ingrained in Western culture. It is not
surprising therefore if the organizations based in the Western economies are viewed as natural setting in which
to extend democratic values and practices (Kerr, 2004). Organizational democracy means that members of an
organization participate in the processes of organizing and governance (Harrison et al. 2004). There is no doubt
that the idea of applying democratic principles to organizations is appealing. It is argued that increase `voice'
(Fenwick, 2005) of the employees ( as a result of democratic principles) would lead to higher level of
organizational commitment which would further improve implementation rates of the decisions made, reduce
dysfunctional behavior in employees and upgrade their skills and abilities due to more participation which
would ultimately lead to improved organizational performance and productivity.
But the literature also points out that organizational democracy practices do not reach out the lowest
employees as they are not in a position to capture the `big picture' of organizational governance and hence the
quality of their decisions will be compromised and not up to the mark of organizational requirements
(Harrison, et al. 2004). It is also mentioned that organizational democracy is a time consuming process which
demands sweeping changes, and fierce resistance from various worker groups and clash of interest of different
corporate players would make it even more time consuming and difficult to implement in the organizations.
Organizations are after all much like societies in the sense that they are not homogenous and parallel the rich,
middle and poor classes of society as top, middle and lower management hierarchies in organizations. In real
economies there is a surplus and no equality (Ringen, 2004) and similarly in organizations there is profit with
minimum equality among organizational members. If economic democracy has failed in society, in the face of
success of political democracy, can we not assume that democracy in organizations, which are structured more
or less like societies, is doomed for failure as well? Is it not the nature of an organizational person to grasp
power rather than sharing it or giving it up?
These questions at least caution us to the fact that trying to blindly duplicate political democracy in
organizations will end up in failure and trouble. The recent researchers define corporate democracy as,
"referring to a system of democratic governance embedded in a supportive organizational structure that includes
shared residual claims by all members in combination with democratic decision-making rules" (Harrison, et al.
We can see that this definition of organizational democracy is subject to `supporting organizational structures'
as a main moderating variable which will decide the fate of the application of democratic principles in
organizations. The conceptual and structural differences among different organizations are explained aptly in
the following paragraph:
"Some (organizations) are truly command-and-control organizations where attempts by employees or managers
to be more democratic are disparaged by owners and senior executives......A few organizations are built not
just on democratic principles but are in fact `democratically designed communities' where ownership,
employment and business processes are all aligned to create viable entities that achieve a high level of
results......While larger organizations have difficulty transitioning to a full democracy, many smaller companies
have embraced a systemic approach called `open book management'" (Caimano, 2004).
In the nutshell, the organizational democracy principles can be summarized as follows:
· Participative management practices
· Increased `voice' of employees
· Focus on change
The basic theory underlying my proposed model of organizational democracy implementation in organizations
is based on the interaction between its structural and contextual dimensions. Organizational dimensions fall into
two categories: structural and contextual. Structural dimensions provide labels to describe the internal
characteristics of an organization and include degree of formalization, specialization, centralization in decision-
making, breadth of the span of control and, length and width of the hierarchy, while the contextual dimensions
characterize the whole organization, including its size, technology, environment, and goals (Daft, 2000, pp. 16,
17 & 18). These dimensions of organizations design interact with one another as shown in Figure 1.
1. Formalization
2. Specialization
3. Hierarchy
4. Centralization
Figure 1: Interacting Contextual and Structural Dimensions of Organization Design
Adapted from Daft, 2000, pp. 17: Organization Theory & Design
The above shown interaction of the contextual and structural dimensions of the organization determine the
unique design of that organization and research has proved that these dimensions or variables are
interdependent, e.g., large organization size, a routine technology, and a stable environment all tend to create an
organization that has greater formalization, specialization, and centralization (Daft, 2000, pp. 20) or mechanistic
structure (Daft, 2000, pp. 144; Sharfritz & Ott, 2001, pp. 201). Similarly, a medium size, a non-routine
technology, and a turbulent and dynamic environment tend to create an organization that has lesser
formalization, specialization, and centralization or in other words, an organic structure.
Democracy to
ation of
organizations'
Organizati
al Democracy
Structure,
onal
Double-arrows
interdependencies
The underlying theory of my proposed model for successful implementation of organizational democracy is
therefore, embedded in the current literature on organizational theory. Since organizational democracy requires
participative style of management, the best suited structure to achieve this would be a free flowing organic
structure and not the rigid mechanistic structure. In the sections to follow, I will address how successful
implementation of organizational democracy depends on the presence of supportive organizational structure
and two additional variables; strategic leadership style and change (captured by the environmental uncertainty).
My proposed model is shown in Figure 2. This figure is not meant to be a full-blown theoretical model, but it
does summarize and integrate some of the findings of the previous research, along with my structure-based
predictions. For example, my contention on the connection between successful implementation of
organizational democracy and organization structure is that the relationship between the two would be
augmented in the presence of two additional variables; a dynamic strategic leadership on top of an organic
structure and with a turbulent environment around the organization.
The link of organizational democracy with supportive organizational structure, strategic leadership and
turbulent environment is now described in some detail.
Supportive Organization Structures and Organizational Democracy
Most organizational theorists like Taylor and Perrow have determined two definitions of organization structure
and have evolved the concept of mechanistic versus organic structures (Kennedy, 1983; Ambrose & Schminke,
Organizations have a mechanistic or organic structure not because they like to have one, it is because of a
particular type of product/service which the organizations is offering and to the degree of environmental
stability or the lack of it, around that organization which defines and imposes the structural requirements on
the organizations. Burns and Stalker observed that external environment was related to the internal
management structure to the extent that when external environment was stable, the internal organization was
characterized by rules, procedures and a clear hierarchy of authority. The opposite was observed to be true
when the external environment confronting an organization was complex and dynamic. These organizations
tended to have loose, free-flowing and adaptive organic structure (Daft, 2000, pp. 144). Various authors and
researchers in the field of organization theory have developed sets of characteristics which are intrinsic to
mechanistic and organic structure. The following table summarizes some of these characteristics:
Mechanistic Structure
Organic Structure
1. Tasks are broken down into specialized
1. Employee contribute to the common tasks of
separate parts
2. Tasks are rigidly defined
2. Tasks are adjusted and redefined through
3. There is a strict hierarchy of authority and 3. There's less hierarchy of control and authority,
control, rules are many
there are few rules
4. Knowledge and control of tasks are 4. Knowledge and control are located anywhere
in the organization
5. Communication is vertical
5. Communication is horizontal
Source: Adapted from Richard L. Daft, 7th edition, 2001
These two above mentioned structures are in reality the two formally contrasted forms of management
systems, a mechanistic management system which is appropriate in stable conditions and the organic form
which is appropriate to changing conditions (Shafritz & Ott, 2001, pp. 201- 201).
Michael Porter's framework of competitive strategies of either low cost leadership or differentiation also
captures the same structural differences among organizations as a result of their interaction with the
environment. His low cost leadership strategy where the organization aggressively seeks efficient facilities,
pursue cost reduction, and uses tight controls to produce the product more efficiently (Daft, 2001, pp. 60) is
clearly more suitable for mechanistic organizations rather than organic forms where the strategy of
differentiation, characterized by organizational attempts to distinguish their products or services from others,
would be more suitable.
Broadly speaking, one can conclude that organizations with an efficiency focus would be more prone to have a
mechanistic form and organizations which focus on effectiveness (or are less concerned with efficiency) would
do better with an organic structure. In a business context, increased efficiency can result from providing greater
output for a fixed set of inputs, by marinating output at reduced levels of input or combining the two
approaches, the inputs are generally seen as costs which are usually minimized in order to achieve efficiency
(Bronn et al. 2005). Other researchers have also defined organizational efficiency as cost-effectiveness or value
for money (Smith & Street, 2005; Lear & Fowler, 1997) and as fostering, "intra firm compromises
economically" (Gellner, Frick & Sadowski, 1997). It is also mentioned in the literature that corporate efficiency
is measured in terms of productivity because increased productivity leads to more competitive cost structure
and the ability to offer more competitive products and services (Chowdhury, 2005).
The discussion so far has yielded that organizational democracy cannot be blindly applied across all
organizations. There seem to be some prerequisites or some, "internal conditions that facilitate......democratic
organizations" (Rothschild & Whitt, 1986, pp. 172). I now enlist some of these prerequisites of organizational
democracy:
1. a more provisional sense of temporality towards organizations than that of bureaucracy
2. a climate (culture) in which constructive mutual and self-criticism can flourish
3. small size
4. homogenous membership in terms of backgrounds and values
5. a turbulent and dynamic environment around the organization so that the organization's main focus in
innovation and idea generation (differentiation) rather than efficiency (cost leadership)
6. a team culture
7. an internal environment where employees trust each other and this trust is emanating from the
leadership of the organization
8. a horizontal and flat organization as opposed to a tall and vertical one
A comparison of the above mentioned prerequisites with the structural characteristics mentioned in Table 1
clearly demonstrates that organic organizations with horizontal communication, employee participation, less
vertical hierarchies and decentralization would be much more suited for the practice of democratic principles
than a large and tall bureaucratic organization.
Even in organic organizations the assumption that organizational democracy would work like political
democracy is a far fetched idea. The top management of organizations is not elected representatives like
members of a politically elected government and employees, specially the lower cadre employees, cannot be
expected to understand the longer-term repercussions of their decisions and hence the quality of these
decisions can be challenged. But organizational democracy in large and bureaucratic organizations seems just
out of question. In mechanistic organizations it's not the people but rules and procedures and their meticulous
implementation which makes possible the successful realization of a cost leadership strategy in their intensely
competitive but relatively stable environments. There is little scope for `participatory' management systems in
mechanistic organizations and hence little scope for the practice of democratic principles in these
On the basis of the discussion so far, following is the first proposition of this paper:
Proposition 1: Organizational democracy would be implemented more successfully in organizations with an organic structure.
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT:The Concept and its Dimensions, Targets of Development
FOUNDATIONS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR:Attitudes, Personality, Emotional Intelligence
PERCEPTION:Attribution Theory, Shortcuts Frequently Used in Judging Others
INTRINSIC MOTIVATION:Why Choose Big Five Framework?, THE OUTCOME OF FIVE FACTOR MODEL
FIVE FACTOR MODEL:The Basis of Intrinsically Motivated Behavior, Intrinsic Motivation and Values
MOTIVATION:EARLY THEORIES OF MOTIVATION, Designing Motivating Jobs
The Motivation Process:HOW TO MOTIVATE A DIVERSE WORKFORCE?,
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION:PRINCIPLES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
THE WORLD BEYOND WORDS:DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION, MINDFUL LISTENING
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS:EGO STATES, Parent Ego State, Child Ego State
TYPES OF TRANSACTIONS:Complementary Transactions, Crossed Transactions, Ulterior Transactions
NEURO-LINGUISTIC-PROGRAMMING
CREATE YOUR OWN BLUEPRINT
LEADERSHIP:ORGANIZATIONAL DEMOCRACY
LEADERSHIP:Environment and Strategic Leadership Link, Concluding Remarks
UNDERSTANDING GROUP BEHAVIOR:Stages of Group Development, Advantages of Group Decision Making
UNDERSTANDING TEAM BEHAVIOR:TYPES OF TEAMS, Characteristics of Effective Teams,
EMOTIONAL FACET:PHYSICAL FACET
HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT & THE ROLE OF GOVERNACE:Rule of Law, Transparency,
HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT:The Concept and Its Dimensions, Targets of Development
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI):Methodology,
REPORTS:Criticisms of Freedom House Methodology, GROSS NATIONAL HAPPINESS
SECTORS OF A SOCIETY: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS:PUBLIC SECTOR, PRIVATE SECTOR
NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS):Types, Methods, Management, Citizen organization
HEALTH SECTOR:Health Impact of the Lebanon Crisis, Main Challenges,
A STUDY ON QUALITY OF PRIMARY EDUCATION BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE
ADULT EDUCATION:Lifelong learning
THE PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVE OF ADULT EDUCATION:Problems of Adult Literacy, Strategies for Educating Adults for the Future
TECHNICAL & VOCATIONAL EDUCATION:VET Internationally, Technical Schools
ASSESSING THE LINK BETWEEN INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL FORMATION AND PERFORMANCE OF A UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION:Social responsibility, Curriculum content
ENVIRONMENT:Dark Greens and Light Greens, Environmental policy instruments
HDI AND GENDER SENSITIVITY:Gender Empowerment Measure
THE PLIGHT OF INDIAN WOMEN:
ENTREPRENEURSHIP:Characteristics of entrepreneurship, Advantages of Entrepreneurship
A REVISIT OF MODULE I & II
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT & ECONOMIC GROWTH (1975 TO 2003):
PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP:Origins, The Desired Outcomes of PPPs
PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP):Situation in Pakistan,
DEVOLUTION REFORMS – A NEW SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT:
GOOD GOVERNANCE:Participation, Rule of law, Accountability
MACROECONOMIC PROFILE OF A COUNTRY: EXAMPLE ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN
COORDINATION IN GOVERNANCE: AN EXAMPLE OF EU, The OMC in Social Inclusion
MOBILIZING REGIONAL EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES: THE ASEAN UNIVERSITY NETWORK, A CASE STUDY
GOVERNMENT PRIORITIES AND POLICIES:Role of Government, Socio Cultural Factors in Implementing HRD Programs


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Next year a very special, one-of-a-kind tour is coming to arenas across Ireland and the UK in February and March. With a huge all-star line-up, The Blast Off Tour! features live performances from top US artists Nelly, Salt N Pepa, Shaggy, Mya and Blu Cantrell. This is the first time a tour of this format has been done in the UK and will be coming to Cardiff, Nottingham, Leeds, Manchester, Newcastle, Glasgow, Liverpool, London and Birmingham throughout March while kicking off in Dublin on February 28. The show will also be hosted by American hype man and hip-hop personality Fatman Scoop and includes exclusive appearances from UK garage stars So…
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Who Discovered Mitochondria and What does the word Mitochondria mean in Greek?
Mitochondria are tiny energy producers in every cell. One of many tiny structures floating in the cell's cytoplasm (fluid) that are collectively called organelles, mitochondria are considered the most important of all cell parts, besides the nucleus.
Amazingly, mitochondria have their own separate DNA. You depend on them. They depend on you. And yet they are separate living organisms that have proved invaluable in tracking human history and evolution as well as for understanding cell operation. Their discovery in 1898 marked a great turning point for microbiology.
Englishman Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 when he turned his microscope onto a thin sliver of cork. As microscopes improved and grew in magnification power, scientists struggled to identify cells in other plant and animal tissue.
However, technical problems slowed their progress. More powerful microscopes were increasingly hard to focus and provided sharp focus on smaller and smaller areas. This was called "chromatic aberration." In 1841 the achromatic microscope was invented and eased this problem.
Tissue samples had to be dye-stained so that individual cells (and parts of cells) would show up under the microscope. However, staining often damaged cells and masked the very cell parts it was intended to reveal. In 1871 Camino Gogli developed a staining process he called "black reaction." This process finally offered scientists a chance to see the cell interior that lay beyond cell walls.
In 1781 abbot Felice Fontant glimpsed the nucleus of a skin cell. Scotsman Robert Brown named it the "nucleus" and, while studying orchids, was the one who discovered that the nucleus was an essential part of living cells. In 1891 Wilhelm Waldeyer discovered nerve cells.
By 1895 several researchers had actually watched cells divide through their microscopes and saw that a number of tiny structures (which they called organelles) existed inside each cell.
One of these researchers was Carl Benda, born in 1857 in southern Germany. Even as a youth, Benda had been fascinated by the microscopic world and was one of the first to call himself a microbiologist and to make a career out of studying the microscopic world. Benda had been swept up in the excitement of the effort to peer inside a living cell.
By 1898 it was clear that the cell cytoplasm (the internal fluid part of a cell) was not a simple, homogeneous fluid. Tiny structures floated in there doing no-one-knew-what.
During an experiment in 1898, Benda was able to make out hundreds of tiny bodies in the cytoplasm through the membrane of a cell. Benda thought they must be tiny pillars that helped hold the shape of the cell. So he named them mitochondria, from the Greek words meaning "threads of cartilage." Neither he nor other scientists at the time gave mitochondria any significance other than that they existed and were part of the internal structure of a cell.
By 1910 scientists were better able to glimpse through cell walls and watch living cells function. Many scientists suspected that mitochondria provided energy to the cell. By 1920, scientists had determined that mitochondria were the power plants that supplied over 90 percent of all cell energy needs.
In 1963 it was discovered that mitochondria had their own DNA (called mDNA). This was a shattering discovery and made mitochondria one of the most important parts of a living cell. It meant that we are really cooperating colonies of microscopic bugs. In some far-distant past, tiny mitochondria organisms made a deal with bigger cells. They traded energy for protection. The mitochondria moved inside, but kept their separate DNA. That made these tiny substructures unique among all elements of a living body and an important subject for ongoing research.
But it all started with Benda's discovery, even though he had no idea of the ultimate importance of what he discovered.
Mitochondria are called the "powerhouse of the cells," where all cell energy is produced. That includes the energy for you to blink your eyes, for your heart to beat, or for you to perform amazing tasks like completing the annual race up the 1,576 steps of the Empire State Building. The current record holder is Belinda Soszyn (Australia) in 1996, with a time of 12 minutes, 19 seconds.
Imagine how much energy her mitochondria had to produce.
What Was the Riddle of the Sphinx In Greek Mythology and What Does the Word Sphinx Mean In Greek?
Who Were Orpheus and Eurydice In Greek Mythology and What Does Orpheus Mean In Greek?
Who Was Oedipus In Greek Mythology and What Does Oedipus Mean In Greek?
What Were the Adventures of Aeneas In Greek Mythology and What Does Aeneas Mean In Greek?
Who Were the Olympians In Ancient Greek Mythology and Where Did the Twelve Greek Gods Live?
Where Did the Greek Language Come From and Is Greek a Romance Language?
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Who Discovered Cell Structures and What was the first accurate map of the structures that make up a living cell?
Who Discovered Radioactivity and What two elements are naturally radioactive?


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Here's an exhaustive list of questions people frequently ask about our products. We wished you will find an answer for your question. If you have a specific question that this page doesn't answer, please contact us by phone or email at sales@htcare.us and we'll do our best to answer it personally.
Q1. Are the HTCARE vitamins completely healthy?
A1.Yes, The HTCARE Vitamins for grey hair, hair loss and weight loss are all natural because they're comprised of herbal, plant and minerals additives.
Q2. Is your products FDA approved?
A2.Yes our products has been FDA approved.
Q3. How do i know HTCARE vitamin products got the best quality and are they different with other brand product ?
A3. Our product got best quality because it was approved by FDA and we got a lot real customers with real results in real sharing video clips or real pictures when they used our products so that you can see the real effect of our products. Please click here to see real tesmonials from real customers. Some other brand vitamin products can got cheaper price but most of them dont have FDA approvement, don't have real tesmonials in video clips or pictures and their formulas is not the best (example for Garcinia Combogia Extract from them is usually 40-60% but from us is 75%).
Q4. Do the HTCARE vitamin product got any side effect ?
A4.No, our products dont have any side effect when using them because they was made from natural plants 100%. For gray hair treatment or hair loss treatment, please click here to see who should avoid it or using with doctor consults.. For weight loss treatment, please click here to see who should avoid it or using with doctor consults.
Q5. Does anybody using HTCARE vitamin products got best results ?
A5.Yes, we have real customers with real result in real video clips or real pictures to prove the best and real results when using our products. We will update it daily for real results from our customers. If you used get best results, please send us an real videos or real pictures for sharing others. We will send you 6 months using our products in free as gift.
Q6. Do the HTCARE vitamin products work for all people?
A6. Yes, our products works for the most of people for women or men. Base on real customer replies for gray hair and hair loss treatment, about 70%-80% our product (Black Forever) works with them after 3 months (for gray hair) and 1 month (for hair loss), about 10%-20% works after 5 months (for gray hair) and 3 months (for hair loss) and about 10% none works. Base on real customers replies for weight loss treatment, about 80%-90% says their appeties has been suppended and their weight or their waist has been losen. Please understand these are natural vitamins supplement products so it cant work with 100% for everybody. Depends on their atopics, the results can be vary (slow or fast).
Q7. Do the HTCARE offer a free trial or make subscription purchase (auto-charge monthly for purchase with your credit card without knowing of buyer)?
A7. Our products have been proven by real customer with real results so we do not offer a trial or and do not make any subscription purchase on your credit/debit card. Your credit/debit card information will be deleted from our system after your order has been shipped. We do not save any financial of our customers.
Q8. Does Black Forever got any side effect and Can i use it with other medicine ?
A8. Black Forever is made from 100% natural plants without any side effect. It was approved by FDA and can work for young (18-40 years old, premature gray hair) or old people (over 40 years old) in gray hair treatment. A lot of my customers with some diseases like: blood presure,diabetes are using it without any side effect.Please consult a doctor if you are in some cases like: Pregnant or nursing mothers, children under 18, and individuals with a known medial condition.
Q9. How does Black Forever work for gray hair treatment ?
A9. Please click here to know how to reverse gray hair to orginial color with Black Forever or Black Forever Ingredients.
Q10. How long do i use Black Forever for whole gray hair treatment ?
A10.Base on real customer replies got best results for gray hair treatment, about 60-70% customers say their grey hair mostly turned into original color after 6 months and 8-10 months for customers with a lot of gray hair (90-100% gray hair on their head). These results maybe vary because they base on how much gray hair that customers got and their atopics.
Q11. How long and how does Black Forever start to work for reverse gray hair effect ?
A11. For the first effect you can see gray hair start turn into original color, we recommend you use Black Forever at least 3 months. In first month and second month, most of customers tell us, their hair become thicker, softer and reduce hair loss. After third months (some after fifth month), their gray hair appear original color (some brown color, some yellow) on it.
Q12. Has anybody used Black Forever that work for gray hair treatment in success?
A12.Yes, we have a lot real customers got best result when using our products. We upload some real video clips or pictures from customer shares and their story about how they use our product and how to get success in result. Please click here to see what customer shares for their using Black Forever for gray hair treatment.
Q13. How's Black Forever different with other brand product for gray hair treatment?
A13. In the market, got a lot of vitamin products with the same formula but the prices are different because it depends on the quality of product. Black Forever got best quality because it was approved by FDA and we got a lot real customers with real results in real sharing video clips or real pictures when they used our products so that you can see the real effect of our products. Please click here to see real tesmonials from real customers.
Q14. Does Black Forever sales in other websites or by other companies ?
A14. Yes, we also sell Black Forever in HTCARE.US and AMAZON.COM. You can do checkout in Amazon at our website.
Q15. Who should avoid using Black Forever ?
A15. Pregnant or nursing mothers, children under 18, and individuals with a known medial condition should consult a physician before using this or any dietary supplement.
Q16. Can i use hair dyes when using Black Forever ?
A16.Yes, you can using hair dyes with Black Forever. Although we recommend you shouldn't using hair dyes because it gots a lot of side effects, but some of our customers got their business, they should need a beauty hair so they must using hair dyes with Black Forever. When using Black Forever with hair dyes, please left some hairs not dye so that u can see the effect of Black Forever in gray hair treatment.
Q17. Does Black Forever got any side effect and Can i use it with other medicine ?
A17. Black Forever is made from 100% natural plants without any side effect. It was approved by FDA and can work for everybody in hair loss treatment. A lot of my customers with some diseases like: blood presure,diabetes are using Black Forever. Please consult a doctor if you are in some cases like: Pregnant or nursing mothers, children under 18, and individuals with a known medial condition.
Q18. How does Black Forever work for hair loss treatment ?
A18. Black Forever contains 2 valued ingredients for hair loss treatment is SAW PAMETTO and BIOTIN. Please click here to know how to restore your beauty hair from hair loss with Black Forever or Black Forever Ingredients.
Q19. How long does Black Forever start to work for hair loss treatment ?
A19. Base on real customer replies when using Black Forever for hair loss treatment, it works after first month. Their hair become softer and reduce hair loss and start stimulate hair in the second month. We recommend you using 1 Black Forever bottle per month if your hair loss is little, and 2 Black Forever if your hair loss so much. With baldness treatment, our customers say it works after 4 months using. Please understand baldness treatment require serveral months (2-4 months) so that you can see real effect.
Q20. Has anybody used Black Forever that work for hair loss treatment in success?
A20. Yes, we have a lot real customers got best result when using our products. We upload some real video clips or pictures from customer shares and their story about how they use our product and how to get success in result. Please click here to see what customer shares for their using Black Forever for hair loss treatment.
Q21.How's Black Forever different with other brand product for hair loss treatment?
A21. In the market, got a lot of vitamin products with the same formula but the prices are different because it depends on the quality of product. Black Forever got best quality because it was approved by FDA and we got a lot real customers with real results in real sharing video clips or real pictures when they used our products so that you can see the real effect of our products. Please click here to see how it works for women and men.
Q22. Can Black Forever work for women and men in hair loss treatment ?
A22. Yes, Black Forever can work for women and men. Please click here to see how it works.
Q23. Can my children use Black Forever work for women and men in hair loss treatment ?
A23. We have some customers just from 14 over years old using our product without any side effect. Please consult a doctor if your children is taking other medicine or below 12 years old.
Q24. Does Perfect Body got any side effect and Can i use it with other medicine ?
A24. Perfect Body, Garcinia Combogia Extract 75%, is made from 100% natural plants without any side effect. It was approved by FDA and can work for everybody in weight loss treatment. A lot of my customers with some diseases like: blood presure,diabetes... are using it without any side effect. Please consult a doctor if you are in some cases like: Pregnant or nursing mothers, children under 18, and individuals with a known medial condition.
Q25. How does Perfect Body contains Garcinia Combogia (75%) work for weight loss treatment ?
A25. Perfect Body contains Garcinia Combogia Extract (75%) for weight loss treatment. Please click here to know how to lose weight fast with Perfect Body or how Garcinia Combogia Extract 75% is the best weight lost formula.
Q26. How much weight do i lose when use Perfect Body per month in average ?
A26. Base on real customer replies when they using Perfect Body, about 70-85% customers say their appeties were suppended and their weight losed 8-15lbs (3-5kg) and their waist losed 5-10 cm in first month and lose more 5-10kg in the second or third month. A fewer of customers says their weight losed 1-2kg in first month but their waist losed 5-10 cm and they start feeling their clothes looser. These results maybe (lose weight much or lose waist much in first month) vary because it bases on their atopics.
Q27. How long does Perfect Body start to work for weight loss treatment ?
A27. After 1 week, you will see your apptie will reduce and your weight will lose 1-2kg or your weight will lose 1-3cm or both.
Q28. Do i need to do excercise or diet when using Perfect Body ?
A28. No, you no need to do excercise or diet when using Perfect Body because it will make your appetie stop and block fat maker and burn fat to energy so you will feel stronger when you do something. Please click here for find out more about Perfect Body help you lose weight without excercise or diet.
Q29. Is Perfect Body different with other Garcinia Combogia brand product for weight loss treatment?
A29. Yes, Perfect body was approved by FDA and Garcinia Combogia Extract is 75% 1000 mg while other brand is only 40-60% Garcinia Combogia. We have some real video clips or pictures form real customers shares what they success with Perfect Body in weight loss treatment.
Q30. Can Perfect Body make diarrhea like green tea leaf or coffee leaf ?
A30. No, Perfect Body doesn't make diarrhea like green tea leaf or coffee leaf. It's safe for your healthy.
Q31. Can my children use Perfect Body for weight loss treatment ?
A31. We have some children customers from 12-18 years old using our product without any side effect. If your children is using other medicine or below 12 years old, please consult a doctor.


Located in the heart of the quaint village of Calabogie walking distance to the lake and all the local restaurants.
Situated only a short distance from Ontario's largest ski hill, local skating rink, K&P trail and Calabogie Lake.
This is a 4 season house within the village of Calabogie. We are 6 minutes from Calabogie Peaks Ski Resort in the beautiful village of Calabogie. Walking distance from the local restaurants and bars in the village.
2 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, mud room/foyer with loads of room for boots, skis, snow wear with access to the landscaped back yard, utility/laundry facilities on the lower level. Tastefully decorated and painted in neutral tones, smoke-free.
This reservation has a No Refunds cancellation policy.
There are no refunds given for this property.
Our house rules: primary renter must be 25 or older, no smoking, no parties or events, pets permitted.
We rent to families and responsible adults. Age Restricted: We do not rent to groups of singles under the age of 30.
No smoking. Smoking is not permitted inside the property or near any open windows or doors.
Evidence of Smoking or Pets (where pets are not permitted) inside the Cottage would result in complete loss of security deposit.
Not safe or suitable for infants (Under 2 years) - Young children are welcome; however, there are No Safeguards in place for infants/toddlers. The stove/staircases/cupboards are open and could be a hazard.
For your comfort and enjoyment, we strive to maintain a very high standard of CLEANLINESS. To assist us, we ask that you remove outdoor footwear and leave the cottage in a neat, tidy condition on your departure.
Skis and Snowboards are not permitted inside the Cottage.
With use of the Internet where provided, you agree to use it for legal purposes only.
We're on a Septic system (no city sewer), so we request that only toilet paper be flushed, please! If the septic system is damaged, or backs up, it could add an unfortunate memory to your vacation.
Fires are to be contained within the Fire Pit or device provided and shall be extinguished after use. No large Bonfires.
In order to adhere to local policies, we ask that only Clear Bags be used for all waste and recycling items.


Integration training combines NLP, Spirituality, and Chi Kung, and is run by life partners Dr Richard Bolstad and Julia Kurusheva.
We run Integration in several locations. The upcoming 16-22 June 2019 will be in Paphos, Cyprus, Europe. For information or to book, please ENQUIRE here Integration or contact Julia.
Another location is Universal Tao Garden health and training retreat near Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. Tao Garden is an amazing tropical paradise offering a combination of holistic health and beauty treatments, as well as Tao Chi Kung courses.


text:
Speed cells are neurons whose firing rates depend on an animal's speed through its environment. Together with place cells, grid cells,  boundary cells, and head direction cells, they form a part of a larger set of neurons that are involved in cognitive mapping of the surrounding environment. Speed cells are found in the entorhinal cortex.

Background
With the discovery of grid cells in 2005 by Edvard Moser and May Britt Moser, realized that the grid cells were not alone in deducing the spatial location of the animal. The grid cells used information about direction and speed in order to find the location. The discovery of head direction by James B. Ranck, Jr. located the cells responsible for information on direction of head or heading of animal. The Mosers kept searching for the assumed speed cells and in 2015, were able to prove the presence of such cells in the medial entorhinal cortex.

The speed cells fire in response to variations in speed of the animal. It was also found that unlike place cells, the speed cells are independent of visual cues. Darkness did not influence the firing rate of the animal. Another interesting feature of the cells is that the firing of the cells is better correlated with the future speed of the animal suggesting that the speed of the animal is known in advance by the speed cells.

Experiment
In the experiment conducted by the Mosers', rats were made to run a constricted 4 meter long track. The module resembled a car from The Flintstones cartoon with no bottom. The rats were guided by this car to run at speed of 7, 14, 21 and 28 cm/s. The firing of the cells was recorded. The rat was awarded with chocolate at the end of the track. In order to eliminate the response of nearby entorhinal cells on the readings, a second experiment was conducted. In this the rats were allowed to forage freely with speed varying from 0 to 50 cm/s.

Function
The speed cell firing in response to the movement of the animal provides instantaneous running speed to the grid cell. The grid cell in turn uses this information along with the head direction in order to calculate the location of the animal in the cognitive map.

The grid cell along with head direction cells, border cells, speed cells and place cells provide a correlation between different movement aspects of the animal with respect to its environment.

Alzheimer's disease involves damage to the entorhinal cortex. This area contains most of the cells involved in cognitive mapping and this could suggest why patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease tend to forget or become lost. Edvard Moser also suggests that understanding the working of the human GPS can provide cues to understanding other brain functions such as association of smell and memory.

References

Neurons
Neuroanatomy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Wednesday: Scientific Sessions
Plenary II: 8:30—10:00 a.m.
Overlooked and Emerging Health Topics
Welcome, Announcements, and Salute to Student Poster Winners:
Edward J. Sondik, Ph.D.
Student Awards Cdc-pdf[PDF- 590 KB]
Pamela S. Hyde, J.D.
Administrator of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Behavioral Health – Why It Matters and How SAMHSA Can Help Cdc-pdf[PDF – 2.1 MB]
Pamela S. Hyde, J.D., Administrator, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Pamela Hyde was nominated by President Barack Obama and confirmed by the U.S. Senate in November 2009 as Administrator of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), a public health agency within the Department of Health and Human Services. The agency's mission is to reduce the impact of substance abuse and mental illness on America's communities.
Dr. Mohammad N. Akhter
Director of the DC Department of Health
Lisa Simpson, MB, BCh, MPH, FAAP
President and Chief Executive Officer of AcademyHealth
Emerging Data Innovations in Health Services Research Cdc-pdf[PDF – 720 KB]
Dr. Mohammad N. Akhter, Director, D.C. Department of Health
Under Dr. Akhter's leadership, the D.C. Department of Health is focused on improving the quality of health care in the District of Columbia. His top priorities include implementation of health care reform, expansion of HIV services and making them available on demand, supporting training programs for D.C. residents to qualify for jobs in health care, and improving access to quality care across the District.
Lisa Simpson, M.B., B.Ch., M.P.H., F.A.A.P., President and Chief Executive Officer, AcademyHealth
A nationally recognized health policy researcher and pediatrician, Dr. Simpson is a passionate advocate for the translation of research into policy and practice. Her research focuses on improving the performance of the health care system and includes studies of the quality and safety of care, health and health care disparities, and the health policy and system response to childhood obesity.
Concurrent Scientific Session IV – 10:30 a.m—12:00 p.m
SS-07. Monitoring Health Care Reform Through Provider-based Surveys: New Initiatives From the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
In 2012, the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) data collection were computerized and had increased sample sizes, allowing state-specific estimates and collected supplemental data on prior visits for those patients with cardiovascular disease conditions as well as the provider's treatment of patients with asthma and their attitudes and referral patterns for complementary and alternative medicine. This session will provide information on how NAMCS and NHAMCS data can help monitor the impact of health care reform. Find out how the new state-level NHAMCS estimates of length of visit, wait time, and visit volume can be used to monitor the effects of expansion of Medicaid programs on crowding in emergency departments. Discover how state-level NAMCS estimates of clinical care provided in physician offices and community health centers support activities of CDC and its health department partners to monitor the effect of expanded health coverage on the use of appropriate preventive services. Learn how capturing risk factors and appropriate preventive services for patients at risk for heart disease and stroke can assist in evaluating services to prevent major causes of death and disability.
Increasing the Sample: How Can State-based Estimates Help Monitor Healthcare Reform? Cdc-pdf[PDF – 387 KB]
Lookback Module: What You Should Know Cdc-pdf[PDF – 429 KB]
NAMCS Special Supplements: Asthma and CAM Cdc-pdf[PDF – 91 KB]
Enhancements to the NAMCS and NHAMCS Cdc-pdf[PDF – 61 KB]
SS-15. Cardiovascular Health Risk Behaviors Among Children and Adolescents
Certain risk behaviors during childhood are associated with the development of atherosclerosis. Although the process of atherosclerosis begins in childhood, clinical events such as myocardial infarction do not normally present until adulthood. Altering risk behaviors—for example, by preventing smoking initiation and optimizing nutrition and physical activity—is a component of clinical practice guidelines to reduce cardiovascular disease, including the recently released "Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents." This session will provide a brief overview of health risk behaviors associated with cardiovascular health in childhood and will highlight selected risk behaviors, including smoking, nutrition, and physical activity.
Tobacco Use and Secondhand Smoke Exposure Cdc-pdf[PDF – 1 MB]
Concordance with Diet and Nutrition Guidelines Cdc-pdf[PDF – 312 KB]
An Overview Cdc-pdf[PDF – 1.3 MB]
Physical Activity Among Children and Adolescents: Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2006 Cdc-pdf[PDF – 773 KB]
SS-22. Prevalence, Trends, and Disparities in Mental Health Disorders and Service Use Among Children and Adolescents
Mental health disorders are among the most prevalent and costly chronic childhood and adolescent conditions. About 20% of all children and adolescents are estimated to have mental health disorders causing at least mild functional impairment, and 5% to 9% are estimated to have serious emotional disturbance. However, many children and adolescents with mental health disorders do not receive treatment for these problems. NCHS collects information that can be used to monitor the prevalence of mental health conditions and the need for services among children and adolescents. The speakers will discuss the use of data from national health surveys to identify child mental health disorders and will present estimates from several NCHS surveys to describe recent trends and disparities in the prevalence of specific mental health disorders, including autism, depression, and ADHD, as well as the use of psychotropic medications in treating these conditions.
Prevalence and Services of Mental Disorders in U.S. Adolescents Cdc-pdf[PDF – 568 KB]
Trends in Prevalence of Developmental Disabilities in U.S. Children, 1997-2008 Cdc-pdf[PDF – 221 KB]
Trends in Psychotropic Medication Use in the Noninstitutionalized Adolescent Population: An NHANES Analysis Cdc-pdf[PDF – 167 KB]
SS-31. Incorporating the Drug Abuse Warning Network Into the Emergency Department Component of the National Hospital Care Survey
The National Hospital Care Survey (NHCS) is a new survey conducted by NCHS that will integrate inpatient data formerly collected by the National Hospital Discharge Survey with the emergency department (ED) data formerly collected by Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA) Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) and the ED, outpatient department, and ambulatory surgery data formerly collected by the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. The advantages of survey integration to SAMHSA include: increased response rate; estimates based on a large nationally representative sample of hospital EDs; having survey operations and data collection transferred to NCHS ; and expanding information that can be collected on both drug- and mental illness-related visits. Disadvantages include only being able to provide ED visit estimates for key drugs (for example, cocaine, heroin, and marijuana) and losing the ability to produce reliable estimates on drug-related ED visits for selected metropolitan statistical areas. The following approaches to increase the number of drug-related ED visits will be tested during the pretest: extension of the reporting period from 1 month to 2 months and 3 months; collection of UB-04 billing data from nonremote reporting hospitals and use of ICD–9–CM diagnosis codes to identify drug-related cases; and review of all ED visits in remote reporting hospitals with the abstraction of all likely drug-related cases and comparing this with the collection of UB-04 billing data to identify drug-related cases. SAMHSA is also interested in expanding its traditional DAWN data collection efforts beyond drug only-related ED visits to include ED visits related to mental health issues and diagnoses.
Medical Emergencies: A Strategy to Assess and Identify Potentially Inappropriate Medications (PIMs) for Older Persons Cdc-pdf[PDF – 614 KB]
The NHCS Pretest: Incorporating DAWN Cdc-pdf[PDF – 1.6 MB]
Incorporation of DAWN Data Elements into NHCS Cdc-pdf[PDF – 1.2 MB]
The National Hospital Care Survey Cdc-pdf[PDF – 341 KB]
Drug Abuse Warning Network Update Cdc-pdf[PDF – 1.2 MB]
SS-33. Student Research Showcase: Highlighting Exceptional Student Research in Health Statistics
This session will feature four research studies, each conducted by a student. These four studies were selected among all student abstract submissions, and were of exceptional quality, receiving high scores from the abstract reviewers . The students were invited to present their research orally during this student scientific session, in lieu of a poster presentation. Their research topics will cover nutrition, mental health, smoking, and statistical methodology.
Student Research Showcase: Presenter Bios
Abstracts for Oral Presentations
Vitamin D Intake & Status Among U.S. Children Aged 1-18 Years: Do Obese and Racially/Ethnically Diverse Youth Need More Vitamin D? Cdc-pdf[PDF – 478 KB]
Association of Special Health Care Needs and Parental Mental Health and Parenting Stress with Sedentary Lifestyles in Children Cdc-pdf[PDF – 175 KB]
Urban and Rural Disparities in Tobacco Use Cdc-pdf[PDF – 615 KB]
Generalizing Observational Study Results: Applying Propensity Score Methods to Complex Surveys Cdc-pdf[PDF – 497 KB]
SS-36. Improving Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Systems Around the World
This session will provide an overview of the current status of civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems around the world, with a look at challenges to achieving completeness in reporting coverage and quality of cause of death information. Past experiences in developing CRVS systems will be reviewed and the present environment of renewed interest in CRVS will be explored. This session will present various mechanisms being employed for CRVS system improvement. Discussion will include methods for conducting verbal autopsy, which is used for generating cause of death information in populations where deaths occur outside of health institutions and registration coverage is otherwise poor. The importance of physician certification in reporting causes of death will be reviewed, using examples from a successful case study in Jordan and from developed countries. Lastly, this session will examine efforts by the Millennium Villages Project to record vital events occurring in every household by incorporating community health workers as vital events reporters. This session will provide attendees with an understanding of the global status of CRVS systems and the mechanisms employed for improving them.
Physician Certification of Cause of Death and Improvements in Vital Statistics in Jordan Cdc-pdf[PDF – 1 MB]
The Role of Community Health Workers in Counting all Children Cdc-pdf[PDF – 4 MB]
Improving Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Systems around the World Cdc-pdf[PDF – 449 KB]
Verbal Autopsy for Mortality Statistics in Resource Constrained Settings: Toward an Adaptive Solution Cdc-pdf[PDF – 226 KB]
Concurrent Scientific Session V – 1:30—3:00 p.m
SS-03. Measuring Electronic Health Record Adoption and Its Impact
Electronic health record (EHR) adoption has varied among physicians and hospitals leading to different experiences in health care. A goal of the 2009 Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) is to advance the use of health information technology (HIT) by providing Medicare and Medicaid incentives to encourage physicians and hospitals to exchange patient information and enhance care through clinical decision support. Researchers and policymakers have examined data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, National Home and Hospice Care Survey, and the National Survey of Residential Care Facilities to measure use of EHR systems in physicians' offices and hospitals, and with long-term care providers. Complementing the measures of HIT adoption, the 2011 NAMCS Physician Workflow mail survey examines attitudes and beliefs of office-based physicians including perceived benefits, barriers, and the impact of policies associated with EHR system use, including the impact of EHRs on their clinical workflow. Additionally, NAMCS data has been used to measure and explain the state of health information exchange among providers, which is a HITECH policy goal. NCHS data and other data sources have been used in creative ways to track state estimates of EHR adoption.
Project Update for NCHS: Health IT Adoption & Use Dashboard Cdc-pdf[PDF – 1.3 MB]
Adoption of Health Information Technology Among U.S. Ambulatory and Long-term Care Providers Cdc-pdf[PDF – 255 KB]
National Perceptions of EHR Adoption: Barriers, Impacts, and Federal Policies Cdc-pdf[PDF – 338 KB]
Health Information Exchange Capability Among U.S. Office-based Physicians 2011 Cdc-pdf[PDF – 996 KB]
SS-19. Health Data From the Revised Birth Certificate: Was It Worth the Wait?
This session will present the findings of several recent studies designed to assess the quality of the medical and health data from the 2003 revision of the birth certificate. A number of important birth certificate medical and health items newly released by NCHS will be highlighted, and changes in how these data are collected, as well as ongoing efforts to improve data quality, will be discussed. The presentations on data quality will show summary results of interviews with birth information specialists in four states. Also presented will be results of studies fielded in four vital statistics jurisdictions, which compare birth certificate data with data abstracted from hospital medical records, and in some instances with data from the Pregnancy Risk Factor and Monitoring System (PRAMS). The data highlights presentation will give information for a 28-state reporting area representing 66% of all 2009 births. Newly released items to be discussed include maternal body mass index (BMI), quitting smoking before pregnancy, use of the WIC program, whether the pregnancy resulted from infertility treatment, source of payment for the delivery, and maternal infections (e.g., chlamydia) and morbidities (e.g., ruptured uterus). Also discussed will be fundamental changes in how vital statistics birth data are collected—for example, the advent of electronic health records—and ongoing efforts to assess and enhance the quality of the new birth data.
Evaluating the 2003 Birth Certificate Data: Preliminary Findings from the PRAMS Data Quality Improvement Project Cdc-pdf[PDF – 748 KB]
The National Vital Statistics System: Going from Good to Great Cdc-pdf[PDF – 670 KB]
Health Data from the Revised Birth Certificate: Was It Worth the Wait? Cdc-pdf[PDF – 300 KB]
Data Worth Waiting For? Soon-to-be-released Health Data from the Revised Birth Certificate Cdc-pdf[PDF – 1.2 MB]
Birth Data Quality: How Good is It? Cdc-pdf[PDF – 581 KB]
SS-24. Healthy Life Expectancy: Measuring Population Health Based on the Combined Effects of Fatal and Nonfatal Health Outcomes
Healthy life expectancy (HLE) is generically used to describe population health measures that combine fatal and nonfatal health outcomes. Such health measures include expected years of life in good or better health and expected years free of disability, chronic conditions, or activity limitations. In each case, a demographic or epidemiologic model is used to combine life expectancy estimates from a life table with age-specific prevalence rates of self-assessed health and chronic condition, activity limitation, or disability status to produce measures that reflect both average length and quality of remaining years of life. This session will focus on the application of HLE for: tracking the overall health of the U.S. population; summarizing health disparities at the national, regional, and state levels; showing the relationship between expected years of life without insurance and the high risk of medical need; and describing health disparities among the major subgroups of the U.S. population.
Measuring Healthy Life Expectancy for the U.S. Population in 2007-2009 Cdc-pdf[PDF – 858 KB]
Measuring Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Insurance on the Eve of Health Care Reform: Using Health and Insurance Specific Life Expectancies as Benchmarks for Progress Cdc-pdf[PDF – 44 KB]
Healthy Life Expectancy: Measuring Population health Based on the Combined Effects of Fatal and Nonfatal Health Outcomes Cdc-pdf[PDF – 399 KB]
Summary Measure of Population Health for the Health System Measurement Project Cdc-pdf[PDF – 859 KB]
SS-29. Does Social Media Have a Role in Federal Statistics?
Social media is a powerful communication tool that can be used to turn communication into interactive dialogue among organizations, communities, and individuals. This session will bring together a panel of representatives from federal statistical agencies to discuss what is working, what is not working, and how social media can help to improve survey participation rates. Topics will include discussions on social media governances, case studies on the effective use of social media for the enhancement of data dissemination activities, and improvement of survey participation rates.
NCHS and Social Media Cdc-pdf[PDF – 1.3 MB]
Does Social Media Have a Role in Federal Statistics? Cdc-pdf[PDF – 909 KB]
Using Social Media: Resources Needed for Successful Social Media Campaigns Cdc-pdf[PDF – 4.1 MB]
SAMHSA: Data Dissemination Cdc-pdf[PDF – 5 MB]
SS-32. To Be or Not To Be: The Dilemma of Suicide in America
Suicide is a major public health issue in the United States. Each year, more Americans die by suicide than die in motor vehicle traffic events. With nearly 37,000 suicides occurring in 2009, suicide now ranks as the 10th leading cause of death in the United States. As tragic as they are, deaths reveal only a portion of the problem. Of additional concern is the number of people who have attempted suicide or have suicidal thoughts. Estimates from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey suggest that each year approximately 420,000 individuals are seen in emergency departments for attempted suicide or self-inflicted injury. This session will describe suicide trends, patterns, and populations at risk using a variety of national surveillance systems and provide recommendations on how these data can be used to inform suicide prevention efforts.
Self Harm in the United States: What We Can Learn from National and State-level Medical Datasets Cdc-pdf[PDF – 1.8 MB]
Suicidal Thoughts and Behavior Among Adults by Sex, Race/ethnicity, Age Group, and State – United States, 2008-2009 Cdc-pdf[PDF – 324 KB]
Suicide Trends and Disparities: Data from the National Vital Statistics System Cdc-pdf[PDF – 745 KB]
Using Data to Prevent Suicide Cdc-pdf[PDF – 1.8 MB]
Content source: CDC/National Center for Health Statistics
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UN's Louise Arbour under attack over Rwanda
whispurrs | 21.04.2008 02:46 | Anti-racism | World
The UN's High Commissioner of Human Rights is due to step down after just one term. Some say the decision comes because of revelations indicting her in unsavoury goings on in Rwanda.
When Louise Arbour was interviewed recently by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, the interview was reponded to by the lead Barrister of the Rwanda Tribunal (ICTR) Christopher Black, who levelled allegations of interference and cover up against her. The shocking revelations have thus far not been reported in the mainstream press but alternative media is on it like fog and the heat's on the mainstream to publish. Keep it up!
http://www.truthout.org/docs_2006/041708D.shtml
whispurrs
Hide the following 3 comments
Interesting, UN needs to work with workers & coop movement, not capitalists
"in 1997, Ms. Arbour is said to have been informed by her chief of investigations, Australian Michael Hourigan and his team, including FBI agent Jim Lyons and Canadian police officers assigned to their unit that it was the RPF who had shot down the plane and massacred all those people.
"But instead of indicting Paul Kagame and the RPF men who had murdered all those people she ordered Hourigan to come to The Hague where she told him to kill the investigation and to burn his notes", says Mr. Black."
If Coop & workers movement were involved in UN monitoring conflicts could be resolved our track record & membership size is second to none.ICA & UK coop group need to act more democratically, alot of "anarchist"
Godwin was, according to Peter Kropotkin, "was first to formulate the political and economical conceptions of anarchism, even though he did not give that name to the ideas developed in his work."[14][21] Godwin, a philosophical anarchist, opposed revolutionary action and saw a minimal state as a present "necessary evil"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism
Libertarian municipalism is way forward,
Green Syndicalist
Godwin was, according to Peter Kropotkin, " first to formulate the political and economical conceptions of anarchism, even though he did not give that name to the ideas developed in his work."[14][21] Godwin, a philosophical anarchist, opposed revolutionary action and saw a minimal state as a present "necessary evil"
In my view Revolutionary action is working cooperatives & fighting police units is reactionary unless in self defence,
Libertarian municipalism is way forward www.ica.coop


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Battling bus ads revisited
by Charles Cameron | Jan 12, 2013 | Monitor |
[ by Charles Cameron — today's "shout it from the rooftops" is "advertise it on the bus" — the wars of sound-bite religion, plus special extra, the perils of dehumanization ]
I am pretty sure that when Sojourners puts up an ad saying Love your Muslim neighbors" (above, right) it's a religiously motivated act with political implications, but not quite so sure when Pamela Geller puts up an ad that's certainly anti-Hamas and likely anti-Muslim (below), whether to consider it religiously or politically motivated: the two things aren't always easily untangled.
But hey, at least in Portland according to this AP article, the Pamela Geller ads were posted in response to this one, which I'd tend to characterize as politically motivated, with a plausible religious undercurrent:
Of course, there are other maps.. including this one, from American Trial Attorneys in Defense of Israel:
Okay, I've been on about ads as a medium for religious dispute for a while now [1, 2], and frankly I don't know why we need seminaries in Oxford, Qom or Dharamsala if all you need to know about a religion can be found on the side of a bus…
But it does get confusing, eh?
For instance, when Mona Eltahawy defaces one of Pamela Geller's ads, is she erasing freedom of speech, or hate speech — or freedom of hate speech?
Look, here are a series of ads that CAIR has just put out, using the term "jihad" in a way that's both a legitimate meaning of the term within Islam and compatible with western democratic ideals:
And here are Pamela Geller's reworkings of the same series of ads, using the term "jihad" in a way that's both a legitimate meaning of the term within Islam and entirely incompatible with western democratic ideals.
The thing is, there's an enormous spectrum of beliefs and nuances of belief within Islam, and even within Salafism…
And buses and subway ads aren't the go-to places to understand that spectrum.
But they're worth watching to get a sense of how the public is being swayed.
Ironic, isn't it, that as the New York Times reports, Erika Menendez told the cops:
I pushed a Muslim off the train tracks because I hate Hindus and Muslims ever since 2001 when they put down the twin towers.
Hindu, Muslim, Sikh..
For what it's worth, Sojourners could have posted an ad that said, Love your enemies rather than Love your neighbor — both are equally biblical:
Ye have heard that it hath been said, Thou shalt love thy neighbour, and hate thine enemy. But I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you.
Matthew 5. 43-44
But then, that's a bit long for an advertisement, isn't it?
Somewhere between Christ's command "Love your enemy" and Sun Tzu's "Know your enemy" we can surely find a place for "Honor your enemy" — and that, it turns out, may be of considerable importance. Describing the work of Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, Lin, Mehlman and Abney write in their Greenwall Foundation report, Enhanced Warfighters: Risk, Ethics, and Policy:
Grossman has interviewed many US veterans of the Vietnam War. Not all of his subjects, however, were those with lingering psychological trauma. Grossman found that some of the men he interviewed had never truly achieved emotional distance from their former foes, and seemed to be the better for it. These men expressed admiration for Vietnamese culture. Some had even married Vietnamese women. They appeared to be leading happy and productive post-war lives. In contrast, those who persisted in viewing the Vietnamese as "less than animals" were unable to leave the war behind them.
That, more generally, may be key to understanding why demonizing Islam and Muslims is such a bad idea. In Grossman's own words:
It can be easy to unleash this genie of racial and ethnic hatred in order to facilitate killing in time of war. It can be more difficult to keep the cork in the bottle and completely restrain it. Once it is out, and the war is over, the genie is not easily put back in the bottle. Such hatred lingers over the decades, even centuries, as can be seen today in Lebanon and what was once Yugoslavia.


This fall we see the debut of adidas by N*E*R*D Training Gear performance collection. Marking the return of one of the 21st century's most seminal music groups, adidas celebrates the return of N*E*R*D and the release of the band's first new record in 7 years with an exclusive collaborative collection for Fall/Winter 2017.
The 88 piece comprehensive training and athletics wardrobe for both men and women includes essential pieces such as the hoody, short, tee, ZNE pant, TECHFIT tights and bra. The collection is completed with must have accessories such as the ZNE backpack and classic bonded cap available in 11 progressive colorways.
Featured in the music videos and throughout the bands tour, the adidas by N*E*R*D collection translates pure 3-stripes style into the fearless N*E*R*D aesthetic, adding another layer to the sensory universe crafted by Pharrell Williams and his bandmates.


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Nowickea ist eine Pflanzengattung innerhalb der Familie der Kermesbeerengewächse (Phytolaccaceae). Sie kommt mit zwei Arten nur in Mexiko vor.

Beschreibung
Nowickea-Arten wachsende krautige Pflanzen, die der Kermesbeere (Phytolacca) ähneln. Die aufrechten Sprossachsen verholzen etwas an ihrer Basis.

Die grün-weißen Blüten sind zwittrig mit einfacher Blütenhülle. Die Fruchtknoten bestehen aus sieben bis zehn Fruchtblättern, deren endständige Griffel am Grunde verwachsen sind. Der Fruchtknoten und die sich daraus entwickelnde Frucht sind durch ein Gynophor aus den 3 bis 12 Millimeter langen Blütenkronblättern herausgehoben.

Vorkommen
Beide Nowickea-Arten kommen nur in den mexikanischen Bundesstaaten Jalisco und Morelos vor.

Systematik
Die Gattung Nowickea wurde durch Julieta G. Martínez und J. Andrew McDonald in Nowickea (Phytolaccaceae), a New Genus with Two New Species from Mexico., In: Brittonia, Volume 41, No. 4, 1989, S. 399–403 aufgestellt.
Der Gattungsname ehrt die amerikanische Botanikerin Joan W. Nowicke (* 1938).

Es gibt nur zwei Nowickea-Arten:
 Nowickea glabra
 Nowickea xolocotzii

Quellen

Literatur
 Julieta G. Martínez und J. Andrew McDonald: Nowickea (Phytolaccaceae), a New Genus with Two New Species from Mexico., In: Brittonia, Volume 41, No. 4, 1989, S. 399–403.

Einzelnachweise

Kermesbeerengewächse
Phytolaccaceae


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Ivy Hall at Roswell Mill Wedding
Ivy Hall is a wedding venue located at Roswell Mill, just outside of Atlanta, Georgia. The establishment is alongside Vickery Creek, providing nature paths, water and a covered bridge close by the venue. It's perfect for outdoor ceremonies on the 25,000ft deck or an indoor ceremony with it's large windows and great lighting inside the venue!
Ashley & Scott almost didn't make it to see the venue on their scheduled tour. Scott got a flat tire on the way, but they decided to still try to make it. After touring the venue they stood outside and Ashley started crying. Scott asked what was wrong and she said, "nothing, this is the one." It was a huge sigh of relief for them after a very long search over three states and 10+ different venues.
"We were looking for a venue that "had it all." I fell in love with the "historic" and "rustic" venues. Ours was perfect for us – as it incorporated the historic feel, with the perfect locations of our big day. We had our ceremony on the deck overlooking the river, old historic buildings and the mill bridge to take photos on, and a great reception room with surrounding windows. Favorite features were definitely the various locations, rustic feel, windows, and historic nature of the venue."
The Décor
On choosing the perfect décor for her day, Ashley "always had leaned towards the "rustic" feel/theme" and after choosing to have an Ivy Hall wedding at Roswell Mill she knew that theme fit perfectly. She liked having the opportunity to mix materials incorporating wood with copper and various shapes. Believe it or not, Ashley made all of the décor! In her own words "When things shutdown for quarantine in March, thats when I purchased my Cricut machine and self-taught myself how to use it. I made 100% of my decor, whether it was painting, vinyl, HTV (heat transfer vinyl) or cardstock. The majority of metal shapes that were on the tables I had to paint, I painted the welcome sign, made the table numbers, made the guest giveaways out of cardstock, made the koozies, the cardbox etc. and my dad handmade the cornhole boards and jenga set."
The couples primary colors were Navy and a Mauve/Sedona color with accents of Slate Blue and Copper. Ashley always knew she wanted Navy with Copper accents. Ashley was thrilled to see her colors perfectly fit the early fall foliage after her original wedding date was pushed from late May!
Being Intentional
The newlyweds chose to personally craft the whole ceremony instead of going off a traditional script. Ashley said "It was definitely important to us to do our own personal vows – as I wanted this to be special to us." They also decided early on to do a first look providing some personal time and space for the two of them during their busy wedding day. They said, "We are both pretty traditional so were not open to this at first but SO happy we opted to do a first look and spend that time together."We find most of our couples would agree that after their first look, they feel both relived and excited that just for a moment the day paused and allowed time for just the two of them!
"There was so many great moments. Scott says the "first look." Mine would probably be introductions/entering the reception, as "Mr. and Mrs. Sika." It was such a long journey and now the stressful parts were all over – it was like a rush of happiness and joy, and now we just got to celebrate that we made it."
The Obstacles
"COVID. Everything was planned and then COVID hit and we had to post-pone to a date in which we thought "things would be better by." We are from Michigan/Ohio and our wedding was in Georgia so most of our guests had to travel. The mid-west was more "shut-down" from COVID than Georgia so our guests had varying levels of comfort in terms of traveling. It was heartbreaking for us to not have EVERYONE there that we wanted to be there, but also we couldn't keep putting our lives on hold and pushing the wedding back. Planning two weddings was about all we could handle! Advice for those planning: Do what's best for you – whatever it may be! It's hard, but don't stress. I stressed about so many things leading up to the big day and on our actual wedding day I didn't think of any of those things! Lastly, enjoy every second of it. Enjoy the planning, enjoy all of it. In the end it all goes by so fast!"
See an Ivy Hall wedding reception here.
Juliette Chapel Wedding | North Georgia
Jahmin & Kevin | Flint Hill
Sarah & Clinton | Magnolia Mule Barn, Fort Valley, Georgia
FOLLOW US ON INSTAGRAM @authenticcollectivephoto


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Dear media representatives!
The team running the Vienna Snooker Open is looking forward to your media coverage.
Please feel free to contact us with any request (event information, interviews etc.):
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You are welcome to use the downloadable material – links at the bottom of this page – in your publications related to the Vienna Snooker Open.
All material can be used free of charge, but please set the photo credits to "© Vienna Snooker Open."
We should be very grateful, if you could send us information about your publication, a link (if possible) or any other information. Thank you!
Vienna Snooker Open 2019
Here we go again! The Vienna Snooker Open, the biggest international Snooker tournament in Austria, enters the next round. For the ninth time already the 15 Reds snooker club organizes this prestigious tournament, in which European amateur and professsional top players compete for a prize money of 10,000 euros. From May 9 to 12, 2019 a total of 80 players will give everything to secure the title "Vienna Snooker Open Champion 2019."
Until now more than 600 players from approximately 30 nations participated in the Vienna Snooker Open, amongst them more than 40 professionals – led by ex world champion Peter Ebdon from England. But also the youngest European Champion and youngest participant in the professional World Championship at the time, then only 15-year-old Belgian Luca Brecel, and the former no 5 of the world and professional World Championship finalist Nigel Bond could be admired in Vienna already – and so the list of winners of the Vienna Snooker Open reads like a "Who's Who?" of the Snooker scene. The local Snooker élite regularly held their own very well: Some Austrian top players were defeated by top professionals only in the Last 16. But ex National Champion Sebastian Hainzl, who in 2013 outpaced numerous professionals and reached the quarter-final, as well as three-time National Champion Florian Nüßle, who two years ago, then only 15 years old, could also reach the quarter-final, delivered sensations.
The 15 Reds snooker club, its partners and sponsors are looking forward to matches at the highest level also at this year's Vienna Snooker Open and sincerely invite everyone to take part as spectators in this big Snooker event!
If you need any other images, please contact:
Final handshake 2018: Michael Georgiou (left), Ross Muir (right)
Quarter-finalists 2018 (from left): Mark Davis, Jimmy Robertson, Robert Milkins, Alexander Ursenbacher, Bratislav Krastev, Michael Georgiou, Mark King, Ross Muir
Thanks to all our sponsors and every helping hand! We are looking forward to make the Vienna Snooker Open 2019 even better!
Without you our tournament couldn't exist! Thank you!
Online-Draw
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We are a pro–am snooker tournament held in Vienna, Austria. The tournament was held for the first time in 2010, returned in 2012 and since then has been held annually. Mark King and Peter Ebdon have both won the tournament twice. The list of professional players is long and we are looking forward to host a lot of them again this year.
15 Reds Köö Wien Snooker Club
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office@viennasnookeropen.at
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Film and TV news and reviews
Film Review: Heathers Reissue
Published July 27, 2018	By Lee Hill
Review of: Heathers
Michael Lehmann
Reviewed by: Lee Hill
Last modified:July 30, 2018
The 4K restoration of Heathers is a double-edged sword. As a portrait of how punishing high school life can be for those who don't quite fit in and the flailing attempts of adults to mitigate the emotional damage, it is spot on, but some targets have dated.
Reviewed by Lee Hill
First released in the autumn of 1988, Heathers was the little teen suicide film that could. Produced by New World Pictures, a company founded by Roger Corman to nurture everything from Bergman's Cries and Whispers to Slumber Party Massacre, Heathers was shot over 33 days for $3 million, and it made Winona Ryder and Christian Slater stars for much of the 90s. Focusing on a clique of beautiful high school girls, all with the same name, the "Heathers" use their good looks, popularity and penchant for sadistic pranks to terrorize their classmates.
Thanks to its black comedy, Heathers joined the canon of American indies – Blue Velvet, Something Wild, Do the Right Thing, River's Edge, sex, lies and videotape, to name a few – that formed a critique of high concept blockbusters like Top Gun, Beverly Hills Cop, Flashdance and Footloose. The film was also a noticeable signifier of what would soon become "Generation X" – a loose designation for then twenty and thirtysomethings who shared a disaffection for the corrupted sixties idealism of baby boomers and yuppies, a distrust of careerism and consumerism and an ironic distance encompassing almost everything from pop culture to political activism. This over-caffeinated cool provided an emotional safety net from what felt like a cruel world.
As Veronica, Winona Ryder is the viewer's entry point; the only non-Heather allowed to hang with the trio of girls played with brio by Kelly Walker, Lisanne Falk and Shannen Doherty. It is clear from Veronica's demeanour that she views the bullying of the Heathers with distaste, but a need to belong keeps her from voicing dissent. When she meets Christian Slater's JD, Jason Dean, an amalgam of Brando in The Wild One and Freddy Kreuger, rebellion and romance mesh. After a prank goes wrong, JD makes Veronica his co-conspirator in a series of murders made to look like suicides. The funniest of these is when the killing of two jocks is disguised as a love pact between closeted lovers. JD leaves a bottle of mineral water at the crime scene which convinces authorities of this ruse.
What works less well in the film is how Veronica has a change of heart and decides that JD is a self-involved, nihilistic sociopath who wants to blow up the school. It is at this point that Heathers loses its satirical precision and falls into the same trap of sentimental bad faith that it skillfully parodied earlier.
While Heather didn't make a lot of money on first release, it quickly became a cult film on video and the big studios came knocking. Screenwriter Daniel Waters and director Michael Lehmann were offered Hudson Hawk, a famous big budget disaster of the period, whose meta-spoof ambitions were drowned in the lugubrious pacing and the need to ensure Bruce Willis had something to do when the action slowed down. The wheel of fortune was much kinder to Ryder and Slater, who reaped the whirlwind with roles in everything from Age of Innocence and Edward Scissorhands to Young Guns II and True Romance before being derailed by the usual personal problems that afflict young stars like seasonal flu. To their credit, Ryder and Slater have recovered as still young looking, but now wiser post-Gen Xers with work in television (Stranger Things) and the theatre (Glengarry Glen Ross) proving their range.
As is sometimes the case with a film that once captured the zeitgeist, Heathers the reissue, feels sharper in memory than second-time around. Daniel Waters never quite became the next George Axelrod (will someone please restore the latter's Lord Love A Duck with Tuesday Weld and Roddy McDowell!) and Michael Lehmann now works almost exclusively in television. The casting directors now seem like the real stars of Heathers. In addition to Ryder and Slater, they astutely cast the title characters with performers who looked like supermodels, but sounded like Algonquin Hotel wits and found memorable character actors to fill the roles of the teachers, parents, and even, the thankless role of the picked on overweight girl, Martha Dunstock, is nailed by stand-up comedian Carrie Lynn.
Twenty-five years later, the 4K restoration of Heathers is a double-edged sword. As a portrait of how punishing high school life can be for those who don't quite fit in and the flailing attempts of adults to mitigate the emotional damage, it is spot on. However, as anyone who has had to suffer from having a nightmare boss who masks their sociopathy in a Ramones T-shirt worn on Casual Fridays, many Gen Xers grew up to become as tiresomely avaricious as past generations. Social progress remains a minority movement, while far too many of us just shop. Heathers is still worth seeing and its influence – on everything from Clueless and Meangirls to the animated series, Darla – lives on. Certain scenes still raise some troubling questions – what is the point of getting the young to study a great novel like Moby Dick if their day to day emotional reality is indifference, apathy and cruelty. They have made a musical out of Heathers, but if they ever make a sequel to the film, it should be about how adults have an all too frequent tendency to remain the bullies and assholes they were in high school.
Screenplay by Daniel Waters. Directed by Michael Lehmann
Starring Winona Ryder, Christian Slater, Shannen Doherty
HEATHERS 30th Anniversary will be re-released back in cinemas from 8th August
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