text:
HomeGames
Advantages Of Best deck Building Games And How You Can Make Full Use Of It
We knew of its existence and we finally have it available for download on Android: Bridge Constructor Portal. It's not Portal 3, but it comes with the mythical GLADOS.
Construction games have a special aura that not only engages, but also stimulates intelligence and logic. Many games adopt this style on Android, although one has become a classic: World of Goo. Other games have followed the mechanics of bridge building based on joining linear blocks, but the definitive bridge building game is now offered to us: Bridge Builder Portal.
Headup, a developer that has in its catalog a few games on the same theme, has decided to join the game Portal with bridge building. The presentation video made us dream of Portal 3, even though they don't have much to do except for the use of portals and the voice of GLaDOS. But don't be disappointed so soon and give it a try: Headup has managed an impressive game.
BRIDGE BUILDING, PORTALS AND GLADOS, THE DEFINITIVE COMBO BRIDGES, GATES AND GLADOS, THE DEFINITIVE COMBO
HomeGamesThe best bridge building game: Bridge Constructor Portal
The best bridge building game: Bridge Constructor PortalThe best bridge building game: Bridge Constructor Portal GAMES
We knew about its existence and we finally have it available for download on Android: Bridge Constructor Portal. It's not Portal 3, but it comes with the mythical GLADOS.
The best bridge building game: Bridge Constructor Portal
BRIDGE BUILDING, PORTALS AND GLADOS, THE DEFINITIVE COMBO
The combination may seem strange, but the truth is that it ends up succeeding: once you start playing, it's impossible to stop. Always following the usual mechanisms of this type of games: join roads building a bridge with the elements we have.
Physics, logic, a lot of imagination … and portals. The screens become more and more complex as they are openly inspired by Portal scenarios, to the delight of fans of the Valve saga (please, Portal 3 already). Bridge Builder Portal This is a game that gets more and more complex as we progress, offering a solution for each one often more imaginative than logical.
Humor is not neglected in the game, as it begins with a fun job interview. Once in the position of bridge builder, we will work for Aperture Science in designing these constructions. To do this, we will have blocks that we can stretch out to join together, forming a durable tangle. We will also have cables to support these constructions and, of course, portals with which to transport vehicles to other parts of the screen.
Bridge Constructor Portal is simple in approach but very complex in execution. Not only because building according to which bridges will be a titanic task, but also because throwing the blocks without making mistakes involves precise control of the touch screen. This requires a little adaptation, but it doesn't take long.
FUN, WITH ADDED ORIGINALITY AND WITH ALL THE ESSENCE OF PORTAL
Bridge Constructor Portal is a game that will appeal to everyone, even if Portal fans are more enthusiastic. GLaDOS will explain each level at the beginning with his English voice using his fine humor. The game contains Spanish text, so you won't have any problems with the language.
The biggest drawback of Bridge Constructor Portal is its price: It costs 5,49 euros. It has just been launched on the Google Play Store, so you will surely get specific offers later. Although yes: for its quality, its extension, for all the details of Portal and by the ingenuity of GLaDOS, it is worth buying now. We recommend it: it is a little wonder.
Become an accomplished bridge builder in Bridge Constructor. Explore 40 varied levels and build bridges over deep valleys, canals or rivers. Strength tests will be performed to check the strength of your bridge against the constant traffic of cars, trucks and now also huge tankers.
You can choose the materials used in the construction of each bridge: wood, steel, cables, concrete… but be careful, you must respect the budget you have to build the perfect bridge. Thanks to this diversity of materials, the construction possibilities are very numerous! Only the budget can limit you in your undertakings.
The improved grid system will allow you to build the bridge of your dreams with even more precision. Let your imagination and creativity run wild! And if you find yourself at a dead end, the all-new help system will give you tips!
The Steam version also includes SlopeMania, an expansion that offers more levels, features, a new world and more.
6 worlds: city, canyon, beach, mountain, hill and cave
Possibility to build inclined roads
Maps with unlocked worlds/levels
4 building materials: wood, steel, cable, concrete
Colorful load indicators for each material
3 load levels: car, truck and tanker
A higher score per level
Steam achievements & scoreboards
Bridge Construction 2018
The description of Bridge Construction 2018
Bridge Construction 2018 – Bridge Construction game bridge construction game is here to fulfill your passion of bridge construction. So build a bridge in this bridge construction game as you want. You will find bridge construction 2018 one of the best bridge construction games in all construction simulator games 2017. Heavy machinery simulator Drive 3D like bulldozer simulator, heavy cranes, sand shovels, dump trucks for bridge construction in this bridge game. This city bridge building game allows you to build a bridge over the river and canals. There are many bridge building games for bridge building, but bridge building 2018 has different ideas for bridge builders. Build a bridge with new modern heavy machinery and monster machines to drive in this bridge construction 2018. You can build a variety of bridges like pontoons, railway bridges, cargo bridges, wooden bridges and many more in this 2018 best bridge construction game .
Bridge Construction 2018 – Bridge Simulator Game bridge games are like an application miracle for builders to learn how to make bridge skills. Also some driving simulator challenges with bulldozer simulator driving, loading dump truck challenges, shovels working, forklifts to lift the pillar, beams and columns and some construction crane simulators for driving. bridgesconstruction City construction bridge building in 2018 is a complete set of all urban bridge building games and bridge construction games. Have you ever tried the construction machinery simulator driving experience? If not, come and take the challenge of extreme driving heavy construction machinery to build a bridge.
Main Features Of Bridge Construction 2018 – Make a Bridge Game
The main objective of bridge construction 2018 is to build a bridge, repair broken bridges and damage the city bridge to connect the city.
Enjoy the realistic construction site environment of bridge builder simulator.
Load a heavy trailer with huge beams and columns and take the challenge of the 3D driving simulator and move the construction materials to the construction area.
Load dump trucks with bricks and tiles and mobilize for construction work in the bridge construction 2018.
Repair broken bridges or damaged bridges due to landslide and renovate bridges again as a construction simulator challenge.
Vehicles Used In Bridge Construction 2018 – Construction Simulators
Forklift Simulator
Front End Loading Simulator
Mobile Crane Simulator
Trailer Simulator
Building bridges (and training): the limits of simulators . Five bridge-building applications to try. And the same limitation for all: the irreplaceable weight of experience.
The limits of simulators are not in their capabilities, computer scientists will tell you: everything is possible; they are rather in their effects. Learning to fly a plane on a simulator is one thing. Landing it on a real windy runway is something else.
When it comes to engineering, the situation is quite similar. But before we get into that, I'd like you to try out some bridge-building simulation games. These programs are not like the ones in Comsol Multiphysics for example, but they provide an acceptable comparison.
Bridge-building games have a fascinating engineering side for the mechanistic mind. Crossing a distance with materials having different characteristics, within certain limits of cost or availability is at the crossroads of mathematics, physics and logistics.
A short introduction with "Build a Bridge" will give you a general idea of four main types of bridges and their uses (arch, beam, suspension and strut). Then you can play with building bridges while avoiding basic mistakes.
Bridge construction set on post is the ancestor of all these games.
Here are five bridge building apps. Enough to spend hours without noticing it too much.
Bridge Construction Simulatator Android and iOS
Bridge constructor
Cargo Bridge online – free
x-construction Android
Bridge Basher Android and iOS
All these applications are simple games in their principle, but lead us to revise our physics and logic quite quickly. The bridges are subjected to loads that will determine their strength. The kind of game where failure is not at all depressing and even rather spectacular and stimulating. From trial to trial, the bridges become bolder and stronger, and the challenges become greater.
Although not everyone is interested in this kind of puzzle, the game itself can be a reward or a form of test for understanding the principles of tension and pressure…
A working engineer recently told me that young people trained primarily with design software sometimes make practical mistakes so fundamental that he had to have them coached especially closely by seniors.
Materials take up space, have weight, and must be transported. Beyond their physical characteristics, they have other properties (finish, adhesion, etc.) that must be preserved and accounted for in the field. These characteristics are ignored by the software… and students who have never experienced anything else have a harder time taking into account all the realities of the field.
Finally, he came to the conclusion that playing with pieces of wood, plasticine, mud or Lego blocks is as formative and essential as using software, but sometimes messier and less easy to implement. Some of these young people are totally lacking in this kind of experience and he did not see an obvious solution at this level of training…
Distance learning faces the same kind of problem: the practical experience is more difficult to achieve or obtain. The essential "handling" aspect is left to the discretion of the student. The answer to this problem is quite similar everywhere: internships, occasional groupings, practical labs, intensive weeks and everywhere it is agreed that without practice a training can hardly claim to be "complete".
Even if someone develops a 3D internship simulator in a virtual world, there will always be room for hands-on mentoring and a good dose of reality. This is the limit of simulators.
Best deck Building Games
Previous articleFascinating and popular games to stream live on Twitch for the new Streamer
Next articleList of Free SFR Countries: Which Countries Can You Call for Free?
sunnyhttp://mustalik.com


text:
Freedom of Information, Privacy Act and Other Disclosure of Records
A Proposed Rule by the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the District of Columbia on 03/15/2002
Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the District of Columbia
Comments due by May 14, 2002.
Comments Close:
11803-11815 (13 pages)
28 CFR 802
CSOSA-0003-P
Summary of Regulatory Provisions
Privacy Act Requests
Subpoenas or Other Legal Demands for Testimony or Production or Disclosure of Records or Other Information
Exemption of Record Systems
Matters of Regulatory Procedure
Administrative Procedure Act
Regulatory Flexibility Act
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996
Plain Language Instructions
PART 802—DISCLOSURE OF RECORDS
Subpart A—General
Subpart B—Freedom of Information Act
Subpart C—Privacy Act
Subpart D—Subpoenas or Other Legal Demands for Testimony or the Production or Disclosure of Records or Other Information
Subpart E—Exemption of record systems under the Privacy Act
Subpart E—Exemption of Records Systems Under the Privacy Act
There are no public comments on this document
Start Preamble Start Printed Page 11804
Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the District of Columbia.
In this document, the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the District of Columbia ("CSOSA" or "Agency") is proposing to adopt regulations on the disclosure of CSOSA or the District of Columbia Pretrial Services Agency ("PSA" or "Agency") records. These regulations include procedures for processing requests for disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act, under the Privacy Act, and for the production of records in response to a subpoena or other legal demand for testimony. The regulations also identify Privacy Act systems of records exemptions for both CSOSA and PSA. These regulations are necessary in order to ensure that the public has appropriate access to information maintained by the Agency and that adequate safeguards are in place to protect the privacy rights of individuals.
Office of the General Counsel, CSOSA, Room 1253, 633 Indiana Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20004.
Roy Nanovic, Records Manager (telephone: (202) 220-5359; e-mail: roy.nanovic@csosa.gov).
The Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the District of Columbia ("CSOSA" or "Agency") is proposing to adopt regulations (28 CFR part 802) on the disclosure of records maintained by CSOSA or the District of Columbia Pretrial Services Agency ("PSA" or "Agency"). CSOSA previously published its organizational regulations (28 CFR part 800) in the Federal Register on January 8, 2001 (66 FR 1259). As noted in these organizational regulations, PSA is an independent entity within CSOSA.
Subpart A of the proposed regulations provides a general introduction. Subpart B covers procedures for Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests; subpart C covers procedures for Privacy Act requests; subpart D covers disclosures in response to subpoenas or other legal demands; and subpart E covers exemptions to CSOSA and PSA Privacy Act systems of records.
The general guidelines for disclosure (§ 802.3) under the FOIA note that a record must be in the possession and control of the agency at the time of the request to be considered subject to release under the regulations. There is no obligation to create, compile, or obtain a record to satisfy a FOIA request. Hard copy of electronic records which are subject to FOIA, but which are available to the public through an established distribution system, the Federal Register, or the Internet at CSOSA's web site (www.csosa.gov), normally do not need to be processed under the FOIA. CSOSA will process such requests under the FOIA only if the requester insists on such processing.
Definitions for certain terms used in the subpart are contained in § 802.4. The procedures for submitting and processing FOIA requests are contained in § 802.5. Section 802.6 explains how CSOSA handles requests for documents which relate to or were created by another agency.
Section 802.7 covers the denial of a request. This section also explains how the requester may appeal the denial. Section 802.8 explains how to request expedited processing. Section 802.9 covers procedures for the disclosure of business information which may have been provided to the Agency. The business submitter (any entity which provided the business information to the Agency and which has a proprietary interest in the information) will receive notice of the FOIA request and have an opportunity to object to disclosure. Section 802.10 contains the fee schedule for FOIA requests.
The regulations in subpart C are intended to let you know how you can determine whether CSOSA or PSA maintains records about you, how you can obtain access to your records, and how to have your records corrected or amended.
Definitions for certain terms used in the subpart are contained in § 802.12. Section 802.13 explains how to verify your identity when making a request for your own records and how to document that you have consent when you make a request for information concerning another individual. The procedures for submitting and processing requests for access to records are contained in § 802.14. Section 802.15 covers the denial of a request. Section 802.16 explains how the requester may appeal the denial. Section 802.17 explains how CSOSA or PSA handle requests for documents which relate to or were created by another agency.
Section 802.18 explains how you may request to correct or amend a record about you which the Agency maintains. Section 802.19 contains procedures for appealing a denial to correct or amend your record.
Section 802.20 contains the procedures for accounting for disclosures, and § 802.21 notes your appeal rights for a denial of a request for an accounting. Fees for Privacy Act requests are described in § 802.22. Section 802.23 explains the Agency's policy on the use and disclosure of social security numbers.
Subpart D contains procedures for the production of records in response to subpoenas or demands of courts or other authorities in connection with a proceeding to which the Agency is not a party. These regulations establish a systematic means by which the Agency can evaluate requests for production of official agency information. The regulations are intended to: (1) Conserve Agency employee's time for conducting official business, (2) minimize the possibility of involving the Agency in controversial issues that are not related to the mission of the Agency, (3) prevent the possibility that the public will misconstrue variances between personal opinions of Agency employees and Agency policy, (4) avoid spending the government's time and money for private purposes, (5) preserve the integrity of the administrative process, and (6) protect confidential, sensitive information and the deliberative process of the Agency.
The Privacy Act permits specific systems of records to be exempt from some of its requirements. Subpart E identifies these exemptions and explains the basis for making the exemptions. CSOSA exemptions are contained in § 802.28; PSA exemptions are contained in § 802.29. The full text of CSOSA and PSA systems of records appear in a separate notice document in today's Federal Register. Start Printed Page 11805
Interested persons may participate in this proposed rulemaking by submitting data, views, or arguments in writing or by e-mailing the agency at the addresses given above in the Addresses and For Further Information Contact captions. Comments received during the comment period will be considered before final action is taken. Comments received after the expiration of the comment period will be considered to the extent practicable. All comments received remain on file for public inspection at the above address. The proposed rule may be changed in light of the comments received. We will not be holding oral hearings on this proceeding.
This proposed rule has been determined to be significant under Executive Order 12866 and has been reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).
This rule will not have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government. Therefore, in accordance with Executive Order 13132, the Director of CSOSA has determined that this rule does not have sufficient federalism implications to warrant the preparation of a Federalism Assessment.
The Director of CSOSA, in accordance with the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 605(b)), has reviewed this rule and by approving it certifies that this rule will not have a significant economic impact upon a substantial number of small entities. This rule pertains to agency management, and its economic impact is limited to the agency's appropriated funds.
This rule will not result in the expenditure by State, local and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100,000,000 or more in any one year, and it will not significantly or uniquely affect small governments. Therefore, the Director of CSOSA has determined that no actions are necessary under the provisions of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995.
This rule is not a major rule as defined by sec. 804 of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996. This rule will not result in an annual effect on the economy of $100,000,000 or more; a major increase in costs or prices; or significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or on the ability of United States-based companies to compete with foreign-based companies in domestic and export markets.
We want to make CSOSA's documents easy to read and understand. If you have suggestions on how to improve the clarity of these regulations, write, e-mail, or call the Records Manager (Roy Nanovic) at the address or telephone number given above in the Addresses and For Further Information Contact captions.
Freedom of information; Privacy; Probation and parole
End List of Subjects Start Signature
Jasper Ormond,
Interim Director.
End Signature
Accordingly, we propose to amend chapter VIII, Title 28 of the Code of Federal Regulations by adding a new part 802 as set forth below.
Purpose and scope.
Guidelines for disclosure.
Freedom of Information Act requests.
Documents from other agencies.
Denial of request.
Expedited processing.
Fee schedule.
Verifying your identity.
Requests for access to records.
Administrative appeal.
Correction or amendment of record.
Appeal of denial to correct or amend.
Accounting of disclosures.
Use and disclosure of social security numbers.
Receipt of demand.
Compliance/noncompliance.
Exemption of the Court Services and Offender Supervision System—limited access.
Exemption of the Pretrial Services Agency System.
Authority: 5 U.S.C. 301, 552, 552a; Pub. L. 105-33, 111 Stat. 251, 712 (D.C. Code 24-1232, 24-1233).
§ 802.1
This part contains regulations of the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the District of Columbia ("CSOSA" or "Agency") and the District of Columbia Pretrial Services Agency ("PSA" or "Agency") which implement the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552, and the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. 552a, and provide for the production of records in response to a demand from a court or other non-congressional authority in connection with a proceeding to which the Agency is not a party.
The purpose of this subpart is to establish procedures for the release of records in the possession of the Agency pursuant to the provisions of the FOIA.
(a) The authority to release or deny access to records and information under the FOIA is limited to the General Counsel and his or her designee.
(b) An agency record will be released in response to a written request, unless a valid legal exemption to disclosure is asserted.
(1) Any applicable exemption to disclosure which is provided under the FOIA in 5 U.S.C. 552 may be asserted.
(2) A record must exist and be in the possession and control of the agency at the time of the request to be considered subject to this part and the FOIA. There is no obligation to create, compile, or obtain a record to satisfy a FOIA request.
(3) Hard copy of electronic records that are subject to FOIA requests under 5 U.S.C. 552(a)(3), and that are available Start Printed Page 11806to the public through an established distribution system or through the Federal Register or the Internet, normally need not be processed under the provisions of the FOIA. However, if the requester insists that the request be processed under the FOIA, then the request shall be processed under the FOIA.
As used in this subpart, the following terms have the following meanings:
(a) Agency has the meaning given in 5 U.S.C. 551(1) and 5 U.S.C. 552(f).
(b) Appeal means a request for a review of the agency's determination with regard to a fee waiver, category of requester, expedited processing, or denial in whole or in part of a request for access to a record or records.
(c) Business information means trade secrets or other commercial or financial information.
(d) Business submitter means any entity which provides business information to the Agency and which has a proprietary interest in the information.
(e) Computer software means tools by which records are created, stored, and retrieved. Normally, computer software, including source code, object code, and listings of source and object codes, regardless of medium, are not agency records. Proprietary (or copyrighted) software is not an agency record.
(f) Confidential commercial information means records provided to the government by a submitter that arguably contain material exempt from release under Exemption 4 of the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. 552(b)(4), because disclosure could reasonably be expected to cause substantial competitive harm.
(g) Duplication refers to the process of making a copy of a record in order to respond to a FOIA request. Such copies can take the form of paper copy, microform, audio-visual materials, or machine-readable documentation (e.g., magnetic tape or disk), among others.
(h) Electronic records mean those records and information which are created, stored, and retrievable by electronic means. This ordinarily does not include computer software, which is a tool by which to create, store, or retrieve electronic records.
(i) Request means any request for records made pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552(a)(3).
(j) Requester means any person who makes a request for access to records.
(k) Review, for fee purposes, refers to the process of examining records located in response to a commercial use request to determine whether any portion of any record located is permitted to be withheld. It also includes processing any records for disclosure; e.g., doing all that is necessary to excise them and otherwise prepare them for release.
(l) Search includes all time spent looking for material that is responsive to a request, including page-by-page or line-by-line identification of material within records. Searches may be done manually or by automated means.
(a) Submission, processing, and release procedures. (1) Requests for any record (including policy) ordinarily will be processed pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. 552. Your request must be made in writing and addressed to the FOIA Officer, Office of the General Counsel, Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency, 633 Indiana Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20004. The requester should clearly mark on the face of the letter and the envelope "Freedom of Information Request."
(2) Your request will be considered received as of the date it is received by the FOIA Office. For quickest possible handling, you should mark both your request letter and the envelope "Freedom of Information Act Request."
(3) Generally, all FOIA requests will be processed in the approximate order of receipt, unless the requester shows exceptional circumstances exist to justify an expedited response (see § 802.8).
(4) You must state in your request a firm agreement to pay the fees for search, duplication, and review as may ultimately be determined. The agreement may state the upper limit (but not less than $25) that the requester is willing to pay for processing the request. A request that fees be waived or reduced may accompany the agreement to pay fees and will be considered to the extent that such request is made in accordance with § 802.4(b) and provides supporting information to be measured against the fee waiver standard set forth in § 802.9(g). The requester shall be notified in writing of the decision to grant or deny the fee waiver. If a requester has an outstanding balance of search, review, or duplication fees due for FOIA request processing, the requirements of this paragraph are not met until the requester has remitted the outstanding balance due.
(b) Description of records sought. You must describe the records that you seek in enough detail to enable Agency personnel to locate them with a reasonable amount of effort. Whenever possible, your request should include specific information about each record sought, such as the date, title or name, author, recipient and subject matter of the record. As a general rule, the more specific you are about the records or type of records that you want, the more likely the Agency will be able to locate the records in response to your request. If a determination is made that your request does not reasonably describe records, the Agency will tell you either what additional information is needed or why your request is otherwise insufficient. You will be given the opportunity to discuss your request so that you may modify it to meet the requirements of this section.
(1) If a document contains information exempt from disclosure, any reasonably segregable portion of the record will be provided to you after deletion of the exempt portions.
(2) You will be notified of the decision on the request within 20 days after its receipt (excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and legal public holidays).
(a) Documents from or relating to Federal agencies. (1) When a request for records includes a document from another Federal agency, the document will be referred to the originating Federal agency for a determination of its releasability. The requester will be informed of the referral. This is not a denial of a FOIA request; thus no appeal rights accrue to the requester.
(2) When a FOIA request is received for a record created by the Agency that includes information originated by another federal agency, the record will be referred to the originating agency for review and recommendation on disclosure. The Agency will not release any such record without prior consultation with the originating agency.
(b) Documents from non-Federal agencies. When a request for records includes a document from a non-Federal agency, CSOSA staff must make a determination of its releasability.
(a) Denial in whole or in part. If it is determined that the request for records should be denied in whole or in part, the requester shall be notified by mail. The letter of notification shall:
(1) State the exemptions relied on in not granting the request;
(2) If technically feasible, indicate the amount of information deleted at the place in the record where such deletion is made (unless providing such indication would harm an interest Start Printed Page 11807protected by the exemption relied upon to deny such material);
(3) Set forth the name and title or position of the responsible official;
(4) Advise the requester of the right to administrative appeal in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section; and
(5) Specify the official or office to which such appeal shall be submitted.
(b) No records found. If it is determined, after a thorough search for records by the responsible official or his delegate, that no records have been found to exist, the responsible official will so notify the requester in writing. The letter of notification will advise the requester of the right to administratively appeal the determination that no records exist (i.e., to challenge the adequacy of the search for responsive records) in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section. The response shall specify the official or office to which the appeal shall be submitted for review.
(c) Administrative appeal. (1) A requester may appeal an initial determination when:
(i) Access to records has been denied in whole or in part;
(ii) There has been an adverse determination of the requester's category as provided in § 802.10(d);
(iii) A request for fee waiver or reduction has been denied; or
(iv) It has been determined that no responsive records exist.
(2) Appeals must be made within 30 days of the receipt of the letter denying the request. Both the envelope and the letter of appeal should be sent to the Office of the General Counsel, Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency, 633 Indiana Avenue, NW., Room 1220, Washington, DC 20004 and must be clearly marked "Freedom of Information Act Appeal."
(3) The General Counsel will make an appeal determination within 20 days (excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays) from the date of receipt of the appeal. However, for a good reason, this time limit may be extended up to an additional 10 days. If, after review, the General Counsel determines that additional information should be released, it will accompany the appeal response. If, after review, the General Counsel determines to uphold the initial review, we will inform you.
(a) Requests and appeals will be taken out of order and given expedited treatment whenever staff determines that they involve:
(1) Circumstances in which the lack of expedited treatment could reasonably be expected to pose an imminent threat to the life or physical safety of an individual. The requester must fully explain the circumstances warranting such an expected threat so that the Agency may make a reasoned determination.
(2) With respect to a request made by a person primarily engaged in disseminating information, a matter of widespread and exceptional media interest in which there exist possible questions about the government's integrity which affect public confidence. A person "primarily engaged in disseminating information" does not include individuals who are engaged only incidentally in the dissemination of information. The standard of "widespread and exceptional media interest" requires that the records requested pertain to a matter of current exigency to the American public and that delaying a response to a request for records would compromise a significant recognized interest to and throughout the general public. The requester must adequately explain the matter or activity and why it is necessary to provide the records being sought on an expedited basis.
(b) If you seek expedited processing, you must submit a statement, certified to be true and correct to the best of your knowledge and belief. The statement must be in the form prescribed by 28 U.S.C. 1746, "I declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. Executed on [date]."
(c) The determination as to whether to grant or deny the request for expedited processing will be made, and the requester notified, within ten days after the date of the request. Because a decision to take a FOIA request out of order delays other requests, simple fairness demands that such a decision be made by the FOIA Officer only upon careful scrutiny of truly exceptional circumstances. The decision will be made solely based on the information contained in the initial letter requesting expedited processing.
(d) Appeals of initial determinations to deny expedited processing must be made promptly. Both the envelope and the letter of appeal should be sent to the Office of the General Counsel, Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency, 633 Indiana Avenue, NW., Room 1220, Washington, DC 2004 and must be clearly marked "Expedited Processing Appeal."
(e) The General Counsel will make an appeal determination regarding expedited processing as soon as practicable.
(a) In general. Business information provided to the Agency by a business submitter will not be disclosed pursuant to a Freedom of Information Act request except in accordance with this section. Any claim of confidentiality must be supported by a statement by an authorized representative of the company providing specific justification that the information in question is in fact confidential commercial or financial information and has not been disclosed to the public.
(b) Notice to business submitters. The Agency will provide a business submitter with prompt written notice of receipt of a request or appeal encompassing its business information whenever required in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section, and except as is provided in paragraph (g) of this section. Such written notice shall either describe the exact nature of the business information requested or provide copies of the records or portions of records containing the business information.
(c) When notice is required. (1) Notice of a request for business information falling within paragraph (c)(2)(i) or (ii) of this section will be required for a period of not more than ten years after the date of submission unless the business submitter had requested, and provided acceptable justification for, a specific notice period of greater duration.
(2) The Agency shall provide a business submitter with notice of receipt of a request or appeal whenever:
(i) The business submitter has in good faith designated the information as commercially or financially sensitive information, or
(ii) The Agency has reason to believe that disclosure of the information could reasonably be expected to cause substantial competitive harm.
(d) Opportunity to object to disclosure.
(1) Through the notice described in paragraph (b) of this section, the Agency shall afford a business submitter ten days from the date of the notice (exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays, and legal public holidays) to provide a detailed statement of any objection to disclosure. Such statement shall specify why the business submitter believes the information is considered to be a trade secret or commercial or financial information that is privileged or confidential. Information provided by a business submitter pursuant to this paragraph might itself be subject to disclosure under the FOIA.
(2) When notice is given to a submitter under this section, the requester shall be advised that such Start Printed Page 11808notice has been given to the submitter. The requester shall be further advised that a delay in responding to the request may be considered a denial of access to records and that the requester may proceed with an administrative appeal or seek judicial review, if appropriate. However, the requester will be invited to agree to a voluntary extension of time so that staff may review the business submitter's objection to disclose.
(e) Notice of intent to disclose. The Agency will consider carefully a business submitter's objections and specific grounds for nondisclosure prior to determining whether to disclose business information. Whenever a decision to disclose business information over the objection of a business submitter is made, the Agency shall forward to the business submitter a written notice which shall include:
(1) A statement of the reasons for which the business submitter's disclosure objections were not sustained;
(2) A description of the business information to be disclosed; and
(3) A specified disclosure date which is not less than ten days (exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays, and legal public holidays) after the notice of the final decision to release the requested information has been mailed to the submitter.
(f) Notice of FOIA lawsuit. Whenever a requester brings suit seeking to compel disclosure of business information covered by paragraph (c) of this section, the Agency shall promptly notify the business submitter.
(g) Exception to notice requirement. The notice requirements of this section shall not apply if:
(1) The Agency determines that the information shall not be disclosed;
(2) The information lawfully has been published or otherwise made available to the public; or
(3) Disclosure of the information is required by law (other than 5 U.S.C. 552).
§ 802.10
(a) The fees described in this section conform to the Office of Management and Budget Uniform Freedom of Information Act Fee Schedule and Guidelines. They reflect direct costs for search, review (in the case of commercial requesters), and duplication of documents, collection of which is permitted by the FOIA. However, for each of these categories, the fees may be limited, waived, or reduced for the reasons given below or for other reasons.
(b) The term direct costs means those expenditures the agency actually makes in searching for, review (in the case of commercial requesters), and duplicating documents to respond to a FOIA request.
(c) Fees shall be charged in accordance with the schedule contained in paragraph (i) of this section for services rendered in responding to requests for records, unless any one of the following applies:
(1) Services were performed without charge;
(2) The fees were waived or reduced in accordance with paragraph (f) of this section.
(d) Specific levels of fees are prescribed for each of the following categories of requesters.
(1) Commercial use requesters. These requesters are assessed charges, which recover the full direct costs of searching for, reviewing, and duplicating the records sought. Commercial use requesters are not entitled to two hours of free search time or 100 free pages of duplication of documents. Moreover, when a request is received for disclosure that is primarily in the commercial interest of the requester, the Agency is not required to consider a request for a waiver or reduction of fees based upon the assertion that disclosure would be in the public interest. The Agency may recover the cost of searching for and reviewing records even if there is ultimately no disclosure of records, or no records are located.
(2) Educational and non-commercial scientific institution requesters. Records shall be provided to requesters in these categories for the cost of duplication alone, excluding charges for the first 100 pages. To be eligible, requesters must show that the request is made under the auspices of a qualifying institution and that the records are not sought for a commercial use, but are sought in furtherance of scholarly (if the request is from an educational institution) or scientific (if the request is from a non-commercial scientific institution) research. These categories do not include requesters who want records for use in meeting individual academic research or study requirements.
(3) Requesters who are representatives of the news media. Records shall be provided to requesters in this category for the cost of duplication alone, excluding charges for the first 100 pages.
(4) All other requesters. Requesters who do not fit any of the categories described in paragraphs (d)(1) through (3) of this section shall be charged fees that will recover the full direct cost of searching for and duplicating records that are responsive to the request, except that the first 100 pages of duplication and the first two hours of search time shall be furnished without charge. The Agency may recover the cost of searching for records even if there is ultimately no disclosure of records, or no records are located. Requests from persons for records about themselves filed in a systems of records shall continue to be treated under the fee provisions of the Privacy Act of 1974 which permit fees only for duplication.
(e) Fee waiver determination. Where the initial request includes a request for reduction or waiver of fees, the responsible official shall determine whether to grant the request for reduction or waiver before processing the request and notify the requester of this decision. If the decision does not waive all fees, the responsible official shall advise the requester of the fact that fees shall be assessed and, if applicable, payment must be made in advance pursuant to paragraph (g) of this section.
(f) Waiver or reduction of fees.
(1) Fees may be waived or reduced on a case-by-case basis in accordance with this paragraph by the official who determines the availability of the records, provided such waiver or reduction has been requested in writing. Fees shall be waived or reduced by this official when it is determined, based upon the submission of the requester, that a waiver or reduction of the fees is in the public interest because furnishing the information is likely to contribute significantly to public understanding of the operations or activities of the government and is not primarily in the commercial interest of the requester. Fee waiver/reduction requests shall be evaluated against the current fee waiver policy guidance issued by the Department of Justice.
(2) Appeals from denials of requests for waiver or reduction of fees shall be decided in accordance with the criteria set forth in this section by the official authorized to decide appeals from denials of access to records. Appeals shall be addressed in writing to the Office of the General Counsel, Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency, Office of the General Counsel, 633 Indiana Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20004 within 30 days of the denial of the initial request for waiver or reduction and shall be decided within 20 days (excluding Saturdays, Sundays and holidays).
(3) Appeals from an adverse determination of the requester's category as described in paragraphs (d)(1) through (3) of this section shall be decided by the official authorized to decide appeals from denials of access to records and shall be based upon a review of the requester's submission Start Printed Page 11809and the Agency's own records. Appeals shall be addressed in writing to the office or officer specified in § 802.7(c)(2) within 30 days of the receipt of the Agency's determination of the requester's category and shall be decided within 20 days (excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays).
(g) Advance notice of fees.
(1) When the fees for processing the request are estimated to exceed the limit set by the requester, and that amount is less than $250.00, the requester shall be notified of the estimated costs. The requester must provide an agreement to pay the estimated costs; however, the requester will also be given an opportunity to reformulate the request in an attempt to reduce fees.
(2) If the requester has failed to state a limit and the costs are estimated to exceed $250.00, the requester shall be notified of the estimated costs and must pre-pay such amount prior to the processing of the request, or provide satisfactory assurance of full payment if the requester has a history of prompt payment of FOIA fees. The requester will also be given an opportunity to reformulate the request in an attempt to reduce fees.
(h) Form of payment.
(1) Payment may be made by check or money order payable to the Treasury of the United States.
(2) The Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency reserves the right to request prepayment after a request is processed and before documents are released in the following circumstances.
(i) When costs are estimated or determined to exceed $250.00, the Agency shall either obtain satisfactory assurance of full payment of the estimated cost where the requester has a history of prompt payment of FOIA fees or require the requester to make an advance payment of the entire estimated or determined fee before continuing to process the request.
(ii) If a requester has previously failed to pay a fee within 30 days of the date of the billing, the requester shall be required to pay the full amount owed plus any applicable interest, and to make an advance payment of the full amount of the estimated fee before the Agency begins to process a new request or the pending request. Whenever interest is charged, the Agency shall begin assessing interest on the 31st day following the day on which billing was sent. Interest shall be at the rate prescribed in 31 U.S.C. 3717.
(i) Amounts to be charged for specific services. The fees for services performed by an employee of the Agency shall be imposed and collected as set forth in this paragraph.
(1) Duplicating records. All requesters, except commercial requesters, shall receive the first 100 pages duplicated without charge; the first two hours of search time free; or charge which total $10.00 or less. Fees for the copies are to be calculated as follows:
(i) The duplication cost is calculated by multiplying the number of pages in excess of 100 by $0.25.
(ii) Photographs, films, and other materials—actual cost of duplication.
(iii) Other types of duplication services not mentioned above—actual cost.
(iv) Material provided to a private contractor for copying shall be charged to the requester at the actual cost charged by the private contractor.
(2) Search services. The cost of search time is calculated by multiplying the number of quarter hours in excess of two hours by the following rates for the staff conducting the search:
(i) $7.00 per quarter hour for clerical staff;
(ii) $10.00 per quarter hour for professional staff; and
(iii) $14.00 per quarter hour for managerial personnel.
(3) Assessment exclusions. Only fees in excess of $10.00 will be assessed. This means that the total cost must be greater than $10.00, either for the cost of the search (for time in excess of two hours), for the cost of duplication (for pages in excess of 100), or for both costs combined.
(j) Searches for electronic records. The Agency shall charge for actual direct cost of the search, including computer search time, runs, and the operator's salary. The fee for computer output shall be actual direct costs. For requesters in the "all other" category, when the cost of the search (including the operator time and the cost of operating the computer to process a request) equals the equivalent dollar amount of two hours of the salary of the person performing the search (i.e., the operator), the charge for the computer search will begin.
(k) Aggregating requests. When the Agency reasonably believes that a requester or group of requesters is attempting to break a request down into a series of requests for the purpose of evading the assessment of fees, the Agency shall aggregate any such requests and charge accordingly.
The regulations in this subpart apply to all records which are contained in a system of records maintained by the Agency and which are retrieved by an individual's name or personal identifier. This subpart implements the Privacy Act by establishing Agency policy and procedures providing for the maintenance of and guaranteed access to records. Under these procedures:
(a) You can ask us whether we maintain records about you or obtain access to your records; and
(b) You may seek to have your record corrected or amended if you believe that your record is not accurate, timely, complete, or relevant.
As used in this subpart, the following terms shall have the following meanings:
(a) Agency has the meaning as defined in 5 U.S.C. 552(e).
(b) Individual means a citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence.
(c) Maintain includes maintain, collect, use, or disseminate.
(d) Record means any item, collection, or grouping of information about an individual that is maintained by the Agency. This includes, but is not limited to, the individual's education, financial transactions, medical history, and criminal or employment history and that contains the name, or an identifying number, symbol, or other identifying particular assigned to the individual, such as a finger print or a photograph.
(e) System of records means a group of any records under the control of the Agency from which information is retrieved by the name of the individual or by some identifying number, symbol, or other identifying particular assigned to the individual.
(f) Statistical record means a record in a system of records maintained for statistical research or reporting purposes only and not used in whole or part in making any determination about an identifiable individual, except as provided by 13 U.S.C. 8.
(g) Routine use means the disclosure of a record that is compatible with the purpose for which the record was collected.
(h) Request for access means a request made pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552a(d)(1).
(i) Request for amendment means a request made pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552a(d)(2).
(j) Request for accounting means a request made pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552a(c)(3).
(a) Requests for your own records. When you make a request for access to records about yourself, you must verify your identity. You must state your full Start Printed Page 11810name, current address, and date and place of birth. You must sign your request and your signature must either be notarized or submitted by you under 28 U.S.C. 1746. In order to help the identification and location of requested records, you may also, at your option, include your social security number.
(b) Requests on behalf of another. Information that concerns an individual and that is contained in a system of records maintained by the Agency shall not be disclosed to any person, or to another agency, except under the provisions of the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. 552a, or the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. 552.
(c) Disclosure criteria. Staff may disclose information from an agency system of records only if one or more of the following criteria apply:
(1) With the written consent of the individual to whom the record pertains.
(2) Pursuant to a specific exception listed under the Privacy Act (5 U.S.C. 552a(b)). For example, specific exceptions allow disclosure:
(i) To employees within the Agency who have a need for the record in the performance of their duties.
(ii) If disclosure is permitted under FOIA, e.g. "public information," when the public interest in disclosure of the information outweighs the privacy interest involved.
(iii) For a routine use described in the agency system of records as published in the Federal Register.
(A) The published notices for these systems describe the records contained in each system and the routine uses for disclosing these records without first obtaining the consent of the person to whom the records pertain.
(B) CSOSA publishes notices of system of records, including all pertinent routine uses, in the Federal Register.
(a) Submission, processing, and release procedures.
(1) Requests for any agency record about yourself ordinarily will be processed pursuant to the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. 552a. Such a request must be made in writing and addressed to the FOIA Officer, Office of the General Counsel, Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency, 633 Indiana Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20004. The requester should clearly mark on the face of the letter and the envelope "Privacy Act Request."
(2) Your request will be considered received as of the date it is received by the FOIA Office. For quickest possible handling, you should mark both your request letter and the envelope "Privacy Act Request."
(1) If a document contains information exempt from disclosure, any reasonably segregable portion of the record will be provided to the requester after deletion of the exempt portions.
(2) A requester will be notified of the decision on the request in writing. Every effort will be made to respond to the requester within the time limit set under the governing disclosure statute.
(3) Generally, all Privacy Act requests will be processed in the approximate order of receipt, unless the requester shows exceptional circumstances exist to justify an expedited response (see § 802.8).
(1) State the FOIA exemptions relied on in not granting the request;
(2) If technically feasible, indicate the amount of information deleted at the place in the record where such deletion is made (unless providing such indication would harm an interest protected by the exemption relied upon to deny such material);
(4) Advise the requester of the right to administrative appeal in accordance with § 802.16(e); and
(b) No records found. If it is determined, after a thorough search for records by the responsible official or his delegate, that no records have been found to exist, the responsible official will so notify the requester in writing. The letter of notification will advise the requester of the right to administratively appeal the determination that no records exist (i.e., to challenge the adequacy of the search for responsive records) in accordance with paragraph (a)(1) of this section. The response shall specify the official or office to which the appeal shall be submitted for review.
(a) A requester may appeal an Agency initial determination when:
(1) Access to records has been denied in whole or in part;
(2) There has been an adverse determination of the requester's category as provided in § 802.9(d);
(3) A request for fee waiver or reduction has been denied; or
(4) It has been determined that no responsive records exist.
(b) Appeals of initial determinations must be made within 30 days of the receipt of the letter denying the request. Both the envelope and the letter of appeal should be sent to the Office of the General Counsel, Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency, 633 Indiana Avenue, NW., Room 1220, Washington, DC 20004 and must be clearly marked "Privacy Act Appeal."
(c) The General Counsel will make an appeal determination within 20 days (excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays) from the date of receipt of the appeal. However, for a good reason, this time limit may be extended up to an additional 10 days. If, after review, the General Counsel determines that additional information should be released, it will accompany the appeal response. If, after review, the General Counsel determines to uphold the initial review, we will inform you of that decision.
(a)(1) Documents from or pertaining to Federal agencies. When a request for records includes a document from another Federal agency, the document will be referred to the originating Federal agency for a determination of its releasability. The requester will be informed of the referral. This is not a denial of a Privacy Act request; thus no appeal rights accrue to the requester.
(2) When a Privacy Act request is received for a record created by the Agency that includes information originated by another Federal agency, the record will be referred to the originating agency for review and recommendation on disclosure. The Agency will not release any such record without prior consultation with the originating agency. Start Printed Page 11811
Correction or amendment of records.
This section applies to all records kept by the Agency except for records of earnings. If you believe your record is not accurate, relevant, timely, or complete, you may request that your record be corrected or amended. A request for correction or amendment must identify the particular record in question, state the correction or amendment sought, and set forth the justification for the correction. To amend or correct your record, you should write to the Office of the General Counsel identified in § 802.14(a)(1). You should submit any available evidence to support your request. Both the request and the envelope must be clearly marked "Privacy Act Correction Request." Your request should indicate:
(a) The system of records from which the record is retrieved;
(b) The particular record which you want to correct or amend;
(c) Whether you want to add, delete or substitute information in the records; and
(d) Your reasons for believing that your record should be corrected or amended.
(a) Agency staff may grant or deny requests for correction of agency records. One basis for denial may be that the records are contained in an agency system of records that has been published in the Federal Register and exempted from the Privacy Act provisions requiring amendment and correction.
(1) Any denial of a request for correction should contain a statement of the reason for denial and notice to the requester that the denial may be appealed to the General Counsel by filing a written appeal.
(2) The appeal should be marked on the face of the letter and the envelope, "PRIVACY APPEAL—DENIAL OF CORRECTION," and be addressed to the Office of the General Counsel, address cited at § 802.14(a)(1).
(3) The General Counsel will review your request within 30 days from the date of receipt. However, for a good reason, this time limit may be extended. If, after review, the General Counsel determines that the record should be corrected, the record will be corrected. If, after review, the General Counsel refuses to amend the record exactly as you requested, we will inform you:
(i) That your request has been refused and the reason;
(ii) That this refusal is the Agency's final decision;
(iii) That you have a right to seek court review of this request to amend the record; and
(iv) That you have a right to file a statement of disagreement with the decision. Your statement should include the reason you disagree. We will make your statement available to anyone to whom the record is subsequently disclosed, together with a statement of our reasons for refusing to amend the record.
(b) Requests for correction of records prepared by other federal agencies shall be forwarded to that agency for appropriate action and the requester will be immediately notified of the referral in writing.
(c) When the request is for correction of non-Federal records, the requester will be advised to write to that non-Federal entity.
(a) We will maintain an accounting of all disclosures of a record for five years or until the record is destroyed, whichever is longer, except that, we will not make an accounting for:
(1) Disclosures of public information;
(2) Disclosures made within the agency; and
(3) Disclosures of your record made with your written consent.
(b) The accounting will include:
(1) The date, nature, and purpose of the disclosure; and
(2) The name and address of the person or entity to whom the disclosure is made.
(c) You may request access to an accounting of disclosures of your record. Your request should be in accordance with the procedures in § 802.14. You will be granted access to an accounting of the disclosures of your record in accordance with the procedures of this part which govern access to the related record, excepting disclosures made for an authorized civil or criminal law enforcement agency as provided by subsection (c)(3) of the Privacy Act. You will be required to provide reasonable identification.
You may appeal a denial of a request for an accounting to the Office of the General Counsel in the same manner as a denial of a request for access to records (See § 802.16) and the same procedures will be followed.
The Agency shall charge fees for duplication of records under the Privacy Act in the same way in which it charges duplication fees under the Freedom of Information Act (See § 802.10).
(a) In general. An individual shall not be denied any right, benefit, or privilege provided by law because of such individual's refusal to disclose his or her social security number.
(b) Exceptions. The provisions of paragraph (a) of this section do not apply with respect to:
(1) Any disclosure which is required by Federal statute, or
(2) The disclosure of a social security number to any Federal, State, or local agency maintaining a system of records in existence and operating before January 1, 1975, if such disclosure was required under statute or regulation adopted prior to such date to verify the identity of an individual.
(c) Requests for disclosure of social security number. If the Agency requests an individual to disclose his or her social security account number, we shall inform that individual whether:
(1) Disclosure is mandatory or voluntary.
(2) By what statutory or other authority such number is solicited, and
(3) What uses will be made of it.
(a) These regulations state the procedures which the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency ("CSOSA" or "Agency") and the District of Columbia Pretrial Services Agency ("PSA" or "Agency") follow in response to a demand from a Federal, state, or local administrative body for the production and disclosure of material in connection with a proceeding to which the Agency is not a party.
(b) These regulations do not apply to congressional requests. Neither do these regulations apply in the case of an employee making an appearance solely in his or her private capacity in judicial or administrative proceedings that do not relate to the Agency (such as cases arising out of traffic accidents, domestic relations, etc.).
(c) This part is not intended and does not create and may not be relied upon to create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law by a party against the United States or specifically CSOSA or PSA.
Start Printed Page 11812
Demand means a request, order, or subpoena for testimony or documents to use in a legal proceeding.
Employee includes a person employed in any capacity by CSOSA or PSA, currently or in the past; any person appointed by, or subject to the supervision, jurisdiction, or control of the head of the Agency, or any Agency official, currently or in the past. A person who is subject to the Agency's jurisdiction or control includes any person who hired as a contractor by the agency, any person performing services for the agency under an agreement, and any consultant, contractor, or subcontractor of such person. A former employee is also considered an employee only when the matter about which the person would testify is one in which he or she was personally involved while at the Agency, or where the matter concerns official information that the employee acquired while working at the Agency, such as sensitive or confidential agency information.
Legal Proceeding includes any pretrial, trial, and post-trial state of any existing or reasonably anticipated judicial or administrative action, hearing, investigation, or similar proceeding before a court, commission, board, agency, or other tribunal, authority or entity, foreign or domestic. Legal proceeding also includes any deposition or other pretrial proceeding, including a formal or informal request for testimony made by an attorney or other person, or a request for documents gathered or drafted by an employee.
If, in connection with a proceeding to which the Agency is not a party, an employee receives a demand from a court or other authority for material contained in the Agency's files, any information relating to material contained in the Agency's files, or any information or material acquired by an employee as a part of the performance of that person's official duties or because of that person's official status, the employee must:
(a) Immediately notify the Office of the General Counsel and forward the demand to the General Counsel if the demand pertains to CSOSA; or
(b) Immediately notify the Deputy Director of PSA and forward the demand to the Deputy Director if the demand pertains to PSA.
The General Counsel is responsible for determining if CSOSA should comply or not comply with the demand, and the Deputy Director of PSA is responsible for determining if PSA should comply with the demand.
(a) An employee may not produce any documents, or provide testimony regarding any information relating to, or based upon Agency documents, or disclose any information or produce materials acquired as part of the performance of that employee's official duties, or because of that employee's official status without prior authorization from the General Counsel or Deputy Director. The reasons for this policy are as follows:
(1) To conserve the time of the agency for conducting official business;
(2) To minimize the possibility of involving the agency in controversial issues that are not related to the agency's mission;
(3) To prevent the possibility that the public will misconstrue variances between personal opinions of agency employees and agency policies;
(4) To avoid spending the time and money of the United States for private purposes;
(5) To preserve the integrity of the administrative process; and
(6) To protect confidential, sensitive information and the deliberative process of the agency.
(b) An attorney from the Office of the General Counsel shall appear with any CSOSA employee upon whom the demand has been made (and with any PSA employee if so requested by the Deputy Director), and shall provide the court or other authority with a copy of the regulations contained in this part. The attorney shall also inform the court or authority that the demand has been or is being referred for prompt consideration by the General Counsel or Deputy Director. The court or other authority will be requested respectfully to stay the demand pending receipt of the requested instructions from the General Counsel or Deputy Director.
(c) If the court or other authority declines to stay the effect of the demand pending receipt of instructions from the General Counsel or Deputy Director, or if the court or other authority rules that the demand must be complied with irrespective of the instructions from the General Counsel or Deputy Director not to produce the material or disclose the information sought, the employee upon whom the demand was made shall respectfully decline to produce the information under United States ex rel. Touhy v. Ragen, 340 U.S. 462 (1951). In this case, the Supreme Court held that a government employee could not be held in contempt for following an agency regulation requiring agency approval before producing government information in response to a court order.
(d) The agency will consider the following factors in determining whether a demand should be complied with:
(1) The Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. 522a;
(2) Department of Health and Human Services statute and regulations concerning drug and alcohol treatment programs found at 42 U.S.C. 290dd and 42 CFR 2.1 et. seq.;
(3) The Victims Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. 10606(b);
(4) D.C. statutes and regulations;
(5) Any other state or federal statute or regulation;
(6) Whether disclosure is appropriate under the rules of procedure governing the case or matter in which the demand arose;
(7) Whether disclosure is appropriate under the relevant substantive law concerning privilege;
(8) Whether disclosure would reveal a confidential source or informant, unless the investigative agency and the source or informant have no objection;
(9) Whether disclosure would reveal investigatory records compiled for law enforcement purposes, and would interfere with enforcement proceedings or disclose investigative techniques and procedures the effectiveness of which would thereby be impaired.
Exemption of the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency System—limited access.
The Privacy Act permits specific systems of records to be exempt from some of its requirements.
(a)(1) The following systems of records are exempt from 5 U.S.C. 552a(c)(3) and (4), (d), (e)(1)-(3), (4)(G)-(I), (5) and (8), (f) and (g):
(i) Background Investigation (CSOSA-2).
(ii) Supervision Offender Case File (CSOSA-9).
(iii) Pre-Sentence Investigations (CSOSA-10).
(iv) Supervision & Management Automated Record Tracking (SMART) (CSOSA-11).
(v) Recidivism Tracking Database (CSOSA-12).
(vi) Employment Profile (CSOSA-14).
(vii) Substance Abuse Treatment Database (CSOSA-15).
(viii) Screener (CSOSA-16).
(ix) Sex Offender Registry (CSOSA-18).
(2) Exemptions from the particular subsections are justified for the following reasons:
(i) From subsection (c)(3) because offenders will not be permitted to gain Start Printed Page 11813access or to contest contents of these record systems under the provisions of subsection (d) of 5 U.S.C. 552a. Revealing disclosure accountings can compromise legitimate law enforcement activities and CSOSA responsibilities.
(ii) From subsection (c)(4) because exemption from provisions of subsection (d) will make notification of formal disputes inapplicable.
(iii) From subsection (d), (e)(4)(G) through (e)(4)(I), (f) and (g) because exemption from this subsection is essential to protect internal processes by which CSOSA personnel are able to formulate decisions and policies with regard to offenders, to prevent disclosure of information to offenders that would jeopardize legitimate correctional interests of rehabilitation, and to permit receipt of relevant information from other federal agencies, state and local law enforcement agencies, and federal and state probation and judicial offices.
(iv) From subsection (e)(1) because primary collection of information directly from offenders about criminal history or criminal records is highly impractical and inappropriate.
(A) It is not possible in all instances to determine relevancy or necessity of specific information in the early stages of a criminal or other investigation.
(B) Relevance and necessity are questions of judgment and timing; what appears relevant and necessary when collected ultimately may be deemed unnecessary. It is only after the information is assessed that its relevancy and necessity in a specific investigative activity can be established.
(C) In interviewing individuals or obtaining other forms of evidence or information during an investigation, information could be obtained, the nature of which would leave in doubt its relevancy and necessity. Such information, however, could be relevant to another investigation or to an investigative activity under the jurisdiction of another agency.
(v) From subsection (e)(2) because the nature of criminal and other investigative activities is such that vital information about an individual can only be obtained from other persons who are familiar with such individual and his/her activities. In such investigations it is not feasible to rely upon information furnished by the individual concerning his/her own activities.
(vi) From subsection (e)(3) because disclosure would provide the subject with substantial information which could impede or compromise the investigation. The individual could seriously interfere with investigative activities and could take appropriate steps to evade the investigation or flee a specific area.
(vii) From subsection (e)(8) because the notice requirements of this provision could seriously interfere with a law enforcement activity by alerting the subject of a criminal or other investigation of existing investigative interest.
(viii) Those sections would otherwise require CSOSA to notify an individual of investigatory materials contained in a record pertaining to him/her, permit access to such record, permit requests for its correction (section 552a(d), (e)(4)(G), and (H)); make available to him/her any required accounting of disclosures made of the record (section 552a(c)(3)), publish the sources of records in the system (section 552a(4)(I)); and screen records to insure that there is maintained only such information about an individual as is relevant to accomplish a required purpose of the Agency (section 552(e)(1)). In addition, screening for relevancy to Agency purposes, a correction or attempted correction of such materials could require excessive amounts of time and effort on the part of all concerned.
(b)(1) The following system of records is exempt from 5 U.S.C. 552a(c)(3) and (4), (d), (e)(1)-(e)(3), (4)(H), (5), (8) and (g):
(i) Office of Professional Responsibility Record (OPR) (CSOSA-17).
(ii) [Reserved].
(i) From subsection (c)(3) because release of disclosure accounting could alert the subject of an investigation of an actual or potential criminal, civil, or regulatory violation to the existence of the investigation and the fact that they are subjects of the investigation, and reveal investigative interest by not only the OPR but also by the recipient agency. Since release of such information to the subjects of an investigation would provide them with significant information concerning the nature of the investigation, release could result in activities that would impede or compromise law enforcement such as: the destruction of documentary evidence; improper influencing of witnesses; endangerment of the physical safety of confidential sources, witnesses, and law enforcement personnel; fabrication of testimony; and flight of the subject from the area. In addition, release of disclosure accounting could result in the release of properly classified information which could compromise the national defense or disrupt foreign policy.
(ii) From subsection (c)(4) because this system is exempt from the access provisions of subsection (d) pursuant to subsections (j) and (k) of the Privacy Act.
(iii) From the access and amendment provisions of subsection (d) because access to the records contained in this system of records could provide the subject of an investigation with information concerning law enforcement activities such as that relating to an actual or potential criminal, civil or regulatory violation; the existence of an investigation; the nature and scope of the information and evidence obtained as to his activities; the identity of confidential sources, witnesses, and law enforcement personnel; and information that may enable the subject to avoid detection or apprehension. Such disclosure would present a serious impediment to effective law enforcement where they prevent the successful completion of the investigation; endanger the physical safety of confidential sources, witnesses, and law enforcement personnel; and/or lead to the improper influencing of witnesses, the destruction of evidence, or the fabrication of testimony. In addition, granting access to such information could disclose security-sensitive or confidential business information or information that would constitute an unwarranted invasion of the personal privacy of third parties. Amendment of the records would interfere with ongoing investigations and law enforcement activities and impose an impossible administrative burden by requiring investigations to be continuously reinvestigated.
(iv) From subsection (e)(1) because the application of this provision could impair investigations and interfere with the law enforcement responsibilities of the OPR for the following reasons:
(A) It is not possible to detect relevance or necessity of specific information in the early stages of a civil, criminal or other law enforcement investigation, case, or matter, including investigations in which use is made of properly classified information. Relevance and necessity are questions of judgment and timing, and it is only after the information is evaluated that the relevance and necessity of such information can be established.
(B) During the course of any investigation, the OPR may obtain information concerning actual or potential violations of laws other than those within the scope of its jurisdiction. In the interest of effective law enforcement, the OPR should retain Start Printed Page 11814this information as it may aid in establishing patterns of criminal activity, and can provide valuable leads for Federal and other law enforcement agencies.
(C) In interviewing individuals or obtaining other forms of evidence during an investigation, information may be supplied to an investigator which relates to matters incidental to the primary purpose of the investigation but which may relate also to matters under the investigative jurisdiction of another agency. Such information cannot readily be segregated.
(v) From subsection (e)(2) because, in some instances, the application of this provision would present a serious impediment to law enforcement for the following reasons:
(A) The subject of an investigation would be placed on notice as to the existence of an investigation and would therefore be able to avoid detection or apprehension, to improperly influence witnesses, to destroy evidence, or to fabricate testimony.
(B) In certain circumstances the subject of an investigation cannot be required to provide information to investigators, and information relating to a subject's illegal acts, violations of rules of conduct, or any other misconduct must be obtained from other sources.
(C) In any investigation it is necessary to obtain evidence from a variety of sources other than the subject of the investigation in order to verify the evidence necessary for successful litigation.
(vi) From subsection (e)(3) because the application of this provision would provide the subject of an investigation with substantial information which could impede or compromise the investigation. Providing such notice to a subject of an investigation could interfere with an undercover investigation by revealing its existence, and could endanger the physical safety of confidential sources, witnesses, and investigators by revealing their identities.
(vii) From subsection (e)(5) because the application of this provision would prevent the collection of any data not shown to be accurate, relevant, timely, and complete at the moment it is collected. In the collection of information for law enforcement purposes, it is impossible to determine in advance what information is accurate, relevant, timely, and complete. Material which may seem unrelated, irrelevant, or incomplete when collected may take on added meaning or significance as an investigation progresses. The restrictions of this provision could interfere with the preparation of a complete investigation report, and thereby impede effective law enforcement.
(viii) From subsection (e)(8) because the application of this provision could prematurely reveal an ongoing criminal investigation to the subject of the investigation, and could reveal investigation techniques, procedures, and/or evidence.
(ix) From subsection (g) to the extent that this system is exempt from the access and amendment provisions of subsection (d) pursuant to subsections (j)(2), (k)(1), and (k)(2) of the Privacy Act.
(i) Automated Bail Agency Database (ABADABA) (CSOSA/PSA-1).
(ii) Drug Test Management System (DTMS) (CSOSA/PSA-2).
(iii) Interview and Treatment Files (CSOSA/PSA-3).
(iv) Pretrial, Probation and Parole Realtime Information Systems Manager (PRISM) (CSOSA/PSA-6).
(i) From subsection (c)(3) because offenders will not be permitted to gain access or to contest contents of these record systems under the provisions of subsection (d) of 5 U.S.C. 552a. Revealing disclosure accountings can compromise legitimate law enforcement activities and CSOSA/PSA responsibilities.
(iii) From subsection (d), (e)(4)(G) through (e)(4)(I), (f) and (g) because exemption from this subsection is essential to protect internal processes by which CSOSA/PSA personnel are able to formulate decisions and policies with regard to offenders, to prevent disclosure of information to offenders that would jeopardize legitimate correctional interests of rehabilitation, and to permit receipt of relevant information from other federal agencies, state and local law enforcement agencies, and federal and state probation and judicial offices.
(B) Relevancy and necessity are questions of judgment and timing; what appears relevant and necessary when collected ultimately may be deemed unnecessary. It is only after the information is assessed that its relevancy and necessity in a specific investigative activity can be established.
(viii) Those sections would otherwise require CSOSA to notify an individual of investigatory materials contained in a record pertaining to him/her, permit access to such record, permit requests for its correction (section 552a(d), (e)(4)(G), and (H)); make available to him/her any required accounting of disclosures made of the record (section 552a(c)(3)), publish the sources of records in the system (section 552a(4)(I)); and screen records to insure that there is maintained only such information about an individual as is relevant to accomplish a required purpose of the Agency (section 552(e)(1)). In addition, screening for Start Printed Page 11815relevancy to Agency purposes, a correction or attempted correction of such materials could require excessive amounts of time and effort on the part of all concerned.
(b) [Reserved].
End Part End Supplemental Information
[FR Doc. 02-6091 Filed 3-14-02; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3129-01-U

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Welcome to Central Colorado Kitchens!
The kitchen is the heart of a home. It's where family activities and meals take place. It's where friends and guests spend time visiting. This is the room that says the most about you and should make the people using it feel comfortable.
According to the real estate industry, the kitchen is the single best remodeling investment a homeowner can make. A new kitchen can provide an extraordinarily high rate of return on your investment.
Let Central Colorado Kitchens create a kitchen that reflects your own individual personality. We have the experience, selection, and quality you demand, at prices to fit any budget with service that is second to none.
Professional installation quotes for all our products at reasonable rates.
Don't forget the other rooms in your home! We have cabinets for: Bookshelves, Entertainment Centers, Wet Bars, Home Offices, Laundry Rooms, Utility Rooms, Garages, Workshops.


text:
Contact CT Post
Commission has more questions about community college merger plan
Monroe offers creative arts camp
Junior Brakettes set tryouts for 2020 season
Rate increase for subsidized child care in Connecticut
Home at center of 'Conjuring' movies sold, new owners claim
Twitter down; users unable to post
JD Lawrence comes to Bridgeport's Klein with his 'Martin,
Report: This is the most educated county in Connecticut
Milford earns extra-inning win over Fairfield to advance
This is Connecticut's most famous NFL player
Fairfield men announce non-conference schedule
Megan Rapinoe and UConn's Sue Bird are a new 'it' celebrity
Forecast: Bridgeport-Stamford home prices to drop further
People's United, United Bank deal would result in cuts
New brewery opening in CT this September
https://www.ctpost.com/news/article/Navin-pleads-guilty-to-killing-parents-12838654.php
Navin pleads guilty to killing parents
By Daniel Tepfer
Updated 10:30 am EDT, Tuesday, April 17, 2018
Kyle Navin faces 55 years in prison after he pleaded guilty Monday afternoon to fatally shooting his Easton parents.
Photo: Brian A. Pounds / Hearst Connecticut Media
BRIDGEPORT — His hands clasped in front of him, Kyle Navin stared up at the judge Monday.
Trial in Easton mother-father slayings opens Tuesday
Judge ponders throwing out key evidence in Navin case
Cops followed numerous leads in Easton couple's disappearance
FBI: Cell phones connect Navin to parents' murder
"Well, you are accused of killing your parents — did you kill your parents?" asked Superior Court Judge Robert Devlin.
"Yes," Navin said, almost matter of factly.
It was the first time the 29-year-old Navin admitted in court to killing his Easton parents and later burying them under a pile of rotting leaves in a Weston yard.
Following an hourlong hearing Monday afternoon, the judge denied all 25 of Navin's motions to keep evidence and statements from going to the jury. Court then adjourned.
Twenty minutes after judicial marshals took him handcuffed to the basement lockup of state Superior Court in Bridgeport, the 29-year-old Navin was brought back up again.
"Prior elections and pleas may be withdrawn," his lawyer, Eugene Riccio, said as Navin, dressed in a gray suit and black sneakers, stood staring at the judge.
The judge reminded Navin that he was set to begin trial on Tuesday before a 12-member jury for allegedly fatally shooting his parents, Jeffrey and Jeannette Navin, on Aug. 4, 2015.
But Navin had agreed to take a deal. He pleaded guilty to two counts of murder and instead of life in prison without the possibility of parole, he will receive a 55-year prison term on June 29.
Senior Assistant State's Attorney Joseph Corradino then recited the facts of the case as Navin continued looking at the judge.
The Navins had operated J&J Refuse, a garbage company in Easton. Kyle Navin, who worked for the company, was a heroin addict and wasn't taking his job seriously despite the constant complaints of his parents. They were going to sell the business and leave him with nothing.
In the morning of Aug. 4, Kyle Navin shot his mother in the chest with his .40-caliber handgun as she sat next to him in the garbage truck. A couple of hours later, he shot his father to death with the same gun in his Bridgeport home. The remains of both bodies were found under some debris in a Weston yard two months later.
"Was the prosecutor's statement of what happened the appropriate statement of what happened?" the judge asked Navin.
"More or less," Navin responded.
Speaking after court, Riccio said, "Mr. Navin made this very difficult decision for a number of reasons which I cannot detail at this juncture."
"This puts the case to rest, there will be no appeal, no further litigation. The family believes this disposition is an appropriate one," Corradino told the judge.
Navin's girlfriend, Jennifer Valiante, 32, who had been accused of helping Navin plan his parents' death and clean up after the crime, pleaded guilty in November to conspiracy to commit murder and hindering prosecution in the case. She is to be sentenced to eight years in prison.
Robert Davey: What really happened to TWA Flight 800?
Fawn dies from maggot infestation in Monroe
Cops say man arrested in Bridgeport threatened to blow up hospital


Prairie style house plans crownpoint associated designs is one images from inspiring prarie style house plans photo of Homes Plans photos gallery. This image has dimension 736x552 Pixel and File Size 240 KB, you can click the image above to see the large or full size photo. Previous photo in the gallery is large front porch house plans. For next photo in the gallery is prairie style house plans baltimore associated designs. You are viewing image #23 of 28, you can see the complete gallery at the bottom below.


text:
Winston Peters, right, with Brian Henry. Photo: Getty Images
NZ First-linked forestry company pushed for govt funds
A powerful New Zealand First figure helped establish a forestry company that then pushed for money from two key funding streams controlled by a New Zealand First Minister.
An RNZ investigation has found Brian Henry, lawyer for Winston Peters and judicial officer for the New Zealand First party, became a founding director of NZ Future Forest Products in March.
The company immediately began its bid for money from the Provincial Growth Fund and also sought funding from the One Billion Trees programme - both overseen by New Zealand First Minister Shane Jones.
The Billion Trees funding bid was rejected by officials at Te Uru Rākau, Forestry New Zealand, on 22 August.
Less than a week after that rejection, Future Forest Products appointed the partner of New Zealand First Leader Winston Peters as a director of the company.
Jan Trotman, who has extensive experience as a director and senior manager of commercial businesses, shares a home with Peters, who is also deputy prime minister, in central Auckland.
Trotman was made the fourth director of the forestry company on 27 August, when the company bid for at least $1 million from the Provincial Growth Fund was still live.
Company Office records show it was Henry who completed Ms Trotman's application for a director's certificate.
National regional development spokesperson Chris Bishop is calling for the Auditor-General to investigate Future Forests Products' dealings with the Provincial Growth Fund.
"We know that the Provincial Growth Fund is incredibly opaque in the way in which it operates and who gets funding, how they get funding, what criteria are used to assess who gets funding," Bishop said.
Henry refused to answer any questions about his involvement with the company or its application for public money.
Jones, who is minister for forestry and regional economic development, also refused to be interviewed for this story.
But his spokesperson said the application for funding from the One Billion Trees programme never reached ministerial level. Forestry officials decided Future Forest Products was not eligible and the minister was not involved.
The company's bid for funding from the Provincial Growth Fund was then knocked back this month, after Labour Party ministers rejected it.
Jones' spokesperson said the minister sought advice from the Cabinet Office as to whether he had a conflict of interest because of his relationship with Brian Henry. The Cabinet Office believed there was a potential conflict of interests and so he recused himself from the Future Forest Products application for Provincial Growth Fund money, she said.
Answers to parliamentary written questions lodged by National's finance spokesman, Paul Goldsmith, show the forestry company's Provincial Growth Fund bid was under consideration for at least six months.
Representatives from Future Forest Products held personal meetings, video conference calls and email exchanges with officials from the Provincial Development Unit over the application, from March to October.
On 7 November, government ministers met to consider the application. A spokesperson for Jones said the minister was at the meeting but left the room for that agenda item and the decision to reject the bid was made by Labour ministers Grant Robertson, Phil Twyford and David Parker.
Future Forest Products has shown interest in the government's efforts to make Gisborne a centre for wood processing excellence.
In February 2018, Jones announced $200,000 for the Eastland Community Trust to develop a 'wood cluster centre of excellence' in Gisborne. Then in March 2019, regional economic development ministers approved another $19.5 million for the project, according to a Cabinet paper obtained by RNZ under the Official Information Act. That same month, Future Forest Products was set up.
A Gisborne Herald report,published in September this year, said Future Forest Products specialised in engineered timber and was looking to bring a state of the art processing plant to Gisborne at a cost of about $45 million.
An RNZ Official Information Act request shows that David Henry, Brian Henry's son and a fellow director of Future Forest Products, emailed that article to Jones asking whether the minister had seen it.
Jones said that was the only correspondence he has had with the company.
Future Forest Products was working with the Eastland Community Trust in Gisborne to develop the wood processing plant to produce timber to be used in modular housing, the trust told RNZ.
As managing director, David Henry has been the public voice of Future Forest Products but its ultimate investors and shareholders are a mystery.
The company is entirely owned by Kinleith Continuation LP, a limited partnership entity.
On its website, the Auckland District Law Society describes the limited partnership regime - which has only existed since 2008 - as being set up "with the express intention of appealing to foreign investors".
Both partners have to register their details with the Companies Office, but only the general partner's details are made public - the limited partner's details and their level of investment remain confidential. The partnership agreement itself does not need to be registered.
David Henry is listed as Kinleith Continuation's public partner but RNZ was unable to obtain details of the limited partner or the entity's shareholders.
Both Kinleith Continuation and Future Forest Products are registered at the same address - a flat on Auckland's North Shore purchased last year by a company that Brian Henry and his wife own.
Kinleith Continuation LP is also the sole shareholder of a UK-registered investment company, Percheron (UK), which lists David Henry and British financier Jay Barrymore - who once dated Harry Potter film star Emma Watson - as its directors.
As well as its bid for government funding, Future Forest Products has also been busy with acquisitions in its short existence.
On 29 August it announced it had entered into an agreement to acquire Claymark Group Holdings, a New Zealand-US wood product manufacturer.
And just last week, the company said it had entered into a "strategic transaction" to purchase a 25 percent stake in Northland lumber company North Sawn Lumber and help it build a sawmill in Ruakaka.
In an op-ed published by the National Business Review in August, David Henry said Future Forest Products' "growth ambitions" would require $900m over the next decade. "While Kiwi investment is always welcome, the majority will be overseas capital," he wrote.
However, the rest of the op-ed called for the government to guard against "short-term opportunism" and only allow foreign forestry investment from "international investors with genuine sustainability and social licence objectives".
This article was originally published on RNZ and re-published with permission.


text:
For Students Completing 11th & 12th Grade
Apply to This CourseAdded
Jews and American Law
Dates: Feb. 14 | Feb. 21 | Feb. 28 | Mar. 7 | Mar. 14
Time: Sun., 7:30 PM - 9:00 PM EST
The principles of religious liberty and equality are integral to America's democracy. The U.S. Constitution's protection of religious freedom and modern anti-discrimination laws have enabled Jews to flourish in the United States. When American Jews have suffered religious discrimination, they have turned to the courts and legislatures for protection. Recently, however, a new form of religious discrimination has emerged. Jews are once again being excluded. To be accepted, Jews are increasingly being told that they must first shed their sense of Jewish peoplehood and disavow the Jews' connection to the Land of Israel. In this class, we will explore how US law has protected the Jewish community in the past and how it can be used in the future to protect against this latest form of discrimination.
Alyza Lewin
Alyza D. Lewin is a co-founder and partner in Lewin & Lewin, LLP where she specializes in litigation, mediation and government relations. She is also the President and General Counsel of the Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law, a non-profit organization established to advance the civil and human rights of the Jewish people and promote justice for all. The Brandeis Center conducts research, education and advocacy to combat the resurgence of anti-Semitism on college and university campuses.
Ms. Lewin has represented numerous high-profile clients. Her work includes criminal defense, civil litigation, anti-discrimination, security clearance and Foreign Agent Registration Act (FARA) matters. In 2014, Lewin argued Zivotofsky v. Kerry (the "Jerusalem Passport" case) before the U.S. Supreme Court, a case involving the constitutionality of a law granting any American citizen born in Jerusalem the right to list "Israel" as the place of birth on his/her U.S. passport.
Earn a Tikvah Certificate
For students who want to take at least 3 courses this summer, you can become eligible for special additional opportunities and programming—including:
A Tikvah Online Certificate & privileged access to future Tikvah programs
"Townhall Meetings" w/leaders in academia, journalism, public policy, religious life, and pro-Israel activism.
Essay prize competitions with scholarship awards of up to $1,000.