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Home » China » China's Purged Justice Minister Fu Zhenghua, the Man Behind Infamous '709' Crackdown on Lawyers, Reportedly Undermined Xi Jinping's Leadership
China's Purged Justice Minister Fu Zhenghua, the Man Behind Infamous '709' Crackdown on Lawyers, Reportedly Undermined Xi Jinping's Leadership
By Juliet Wei | October 13, 2021
Juliet Wei covers China news and U.S.-China relations and has worked as a correspondent with Senate and House Correspondent Credential at Washington DC. She holds an M.A. in Specialized Journalism from the University of Southern California.
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Fu Zhenghua in a file photo. (Image: File photo via Sina)
Fu, who served as vice public security minister, also played key roles in the persecution of top human rights lawyer Gao Zhisheng and the deadly Lei Yang incident
Fu Zhenghua, the retired Chinese justice minister and vice minister of public security who was placed under investigation for corruption on Oct. 2, had a long record of human rights abuses. He also appears to have undermined the authority of Chinese leader Xi Jinping, leading to his downfall.
He shares the same fate as hundreds of other senior officials in the Chinese regime's security apparatus who have been purged in the nearly nine years since Xi came to power.
During his long career in China's police force, known as public security, Fu was directly responsible for the "709" crackdown on Chinese human rights attorneys, so named for the mass arrests that began on July 9, 2015. That same year, Fu also took up post as head of the 610 Office, an extralegal Communist Party commission set up to coordinate police and propaganda assets in carrying out the repression of Falun Gong, a popular Chinese spiritual faith.
Fu's downfall led to the curious phenomenon of both Chinese Communist Party (CCP) officials and rights activists celebrating the same occasion. WeChat postings indicated that the number of people cheering on Fu's investigation exceeded those celebrating Oct. 1, Communist China's National Day.
Mobilizing 4,000 officers to throw dirt on Xi
According to insiders, Fu had a hand in the official response to the death of Beijing environmentalist Lei Yang, who died violently in police custody on May 7, 2016.
The incident led to such public uproar that Xi Jinping personally ordered a "fair and just handling" of the case, as reported by the Chinese-language Epoch Times.
But on Dec. 23, prosecutors in Beijing decided not to charge the five police officers allegedly involved in Lei Yang's death; the local police instead accused Lei of soliciting prostitutes at a "foot massage parlor," creating even greater public outrage.
Despite Xi's giving explicit instructions on the Lei Yang case, and the five offending officers being arrested by the Beijing Municipal Procuratorate, the Beijing Public Security Bureau stonewalled the judicial progress.
More than 4,000 officers from the bureau signed a joint letter threatening resignation if the five policemen were tried, compelling the authorities to dismiss the case.
The insiders said that the Xi leadership had launched an investigation into the public security apparatus as a result of the incident. Three months after Lei's death, in August 2016, Fuwas removed from his position in the Communist Party's Political and Legal Affairs Commission, though he still held his posts in the civil government.
Mastermind behind the 709 crackdown
As then-vice minister of public security, Fu Zhenghua played the main role in the July 9, 2015 mass arrests of human rights lawyers, who are known for representing clients in politically sensitive cases.
During the 709 crackdown, at least seven lawyers were illegally sentenced to prison for terms of up to eight years. According to Chen Guangcheng, a blind rights activist and exile who now resides in the U.S., more than 200 people were threatened and summoned in his native province of Shandong alone. The number of people thus implicated nationwide exceeds several thousand.
The 709 crackdown marked a major turning point for attorneys defending petitioners, persecuted religious believers, and other disenfranchised members of Chinese society. Though human rights lawyers had faced many challenges in their profession earlier, such blatant repression was not so common.
Photo: The dismissed Justice Minister Fu Zhenghua, on the left; Human rights lawyer Gao Zhisheng, on the right; Lawyers who were illegally sentenced to prison during 709 crackdown on the right upper.
Following the crackdown, lawyers who did not follow the Communist Party's political requirements were subject to increasingly overt kinds of pressure, with many being disbarred or detained.
The 709 crackdown also elicited attention internationally. The U.S. State Department condemned the arrests, and has commemorated the anniversary.
This July 8, Secretary of State Antony Blinken issued a statement calling the crackdown "a campaign to intimidate and silence those who sought to work within the PRC's legal system to help it live up to its human rights obligations and commitments and to effect positive change in their society."
Fu's human rights abuses allegedly extend to Gao Zhisheng, who during the 2000s was known as one of China's top 10 lawyers. A devout Christian, Gao was an outspoken defender of persecuted Falun Gong practitioners facing torture, imprisonment, and trial for their faith. For this, Gao and his family were continuously harassed, and the lawyer himself subject to excruciating torture, which included electric shocks to his genitals.
Gao Zhisheng, Chinese human rights lawyers. His whereabouts, or whether he is still alive, is unknown. (Image: File photo)
A Chinese-language report by Radio Free Asia named Fu as one of the main culprits in Gao's persecution.
Jiang Feng, a Chinese YouTube host working with the overseas Chinese-language radio station Sound of Hope, reported that Fu Zhenghua fabricated evidence that artist Ai Weiwei and got him arrested. In order to scare Ai, they showed him the videos of how Gao Zhisheng was tortured.
Jiang Feng said, "We all know that lawyer Zhisheng Gao is a man of great integrity; yet he was tortured like this." Ai Weiwei confessed to tax evasion after he watched the video of the torture inflicted on Gao.
The policemen who tortured Gao Zhisheng answered directly to Fu Zhenghua. At the time, Fu allegedly told the lawyer: "So you speak for Falun Gong? "We are dealing with you using the same methods that we use to deal with Falun Gong practitioners."
Undermining Xi's leadership
Many of those officials punished in Xi's anti-corruption campaign are distinguished by their career ties to former Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leader Jiang Zemin, who wields significant influence behind the scenes.
All the recently purged high ranking officials in the judicial system, such as Fu Zhenghua, Sun Lijun, who was arrested on September 28, including Li Dongsheng, the previously arrested Vice Minister of Public Security, have all served as directors or vice directors of the "610" Office, which was created by Jiang on June 10, 1999, weeks before the persecution of Falun Gong began.
Despite stepping down from his positions in the early 2000s, Jiang retained much influence in the political and legal affairs commissions, 610 Office, and other organs, which were stacked with his allies.
When Xi came to power in 2012, his consolidation of power and anti-corruption campaign aimed at clearing out the influence of the Jiang faction.
SinoInsider, a New York-based political risk consultancy, notes that more than 10 former senior heads of the 610 Office have been purged this year. The analysts believe that this is due to Xi targeting the "negative political legacy" — the persecution of Falun Gong — left by Jiang and his allies.
Should the need arise, Xi could arrest more senior members of the Jiang faction, including Jiang himself, by holding them responsible for the human rights abuses committed against Falun Gong practitioners, particularly live forced organ harvesting.
Leo Timm contributed to this report.
Tag: 610 office
Tag: 709 crackdown
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Tag: Gao Zhisheng
Tag: jiang zemin
Tag: U.S. State Department
Tag: xi jinping
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Chicago is known for its excellent live theatre, amazing cuisine and cultural activities, but it's also a wonderland for families with young kids. The city offers up a wide range of activities perfect for the active, curious toddler set. Not sure what to do with a toddler in Chicago? Keep reading for an assortment of ideas for toddler activities in Chicago.
Tons of tanks full of colorful fish make the Shedd Aquarium an appealing choice for tots. When you arrive, skip the huge staircase leading to the main entrance in favor of the accessible entrance with no stairs, especially if you have a stroller. Arrive early before the crowds grow. Your toddler can run around to explore without running into lots of other guests, and you'll have an easier time navigating the aquarium with a stroller.
Let your toddler take the lead when it comes to the exhibits you see. The Polar Play Zone is a fun place for your toddler to run and play while pretending to be a penguin, playing in the child-sized submarine or touching sea stars.
Imagine exploring a park full of lions, monkeys, otters and bears. That's exactly what you get at Chicago's Lincoln Park Zoo. The park-like setting makes Lincoln Park Zoo a great place for your toddler to play, explore and burn off energy. Plus, it's free.
Don't miss the Farm-in-the-Zoo. The interactive displays keep your toddler engaged and learning. The zoo also offers special programs for toddlers with educational and fun activities. While you're there, take a ride on the trackless Lionel Train Adventure or the carousel. Pack a picnic to enjoy during your trip to the zoo.
It's not right in the city, but the Brookfield Zoo is another amazing facility perfect for toddlers. Located in Brookfield, the zoo features a wide range of animals, including bears, rhinos, big cats, wombats and wolves. You can even see bottlenose dolphins at the Seven Seas Dolphinarium. The Hamill Family Play Zoo features interactive displays and play opportunities. The carousel and motor safari are two other fun activities at the zoo.
It may be a tourist attraction, but even toddlers who have a Chicago address find lots to see and do at Navy Pier. Wander around the pier to see the various boats and colorful sculptures. Just keep a close eye on your adventurous tot near the edge of the pier. Many boat rides depart from Navy Pier if your toddler can handle being on a boat for an extended period without getting antsy. Another option is to ride the carousel, Ferris wheel and other rides on the Navy Pier.
If the boats, artwork and rides aren't enough to entertain your toddler, Navy Pier houses a museum designed with young kinds in mind. The Chicago Children's Museum features interactive exhibits where kids can play, climb and burn off energy without worrying about breaking anything.
All of the exhibits are safe and engaging for even the youngest visitors, but many areas are designed especially for babies and toddlers. Head to the Treehouse Trails area, and imagine you're on a camping adventure with your tot. Kids Town is another popular spot for the toddler crowd. Young kids can explore lots of city highlights, including a car wash, city bus and grocery store.
You won't make it through the entire museum with your tot, but the Field Museum offers some great options to keep little ones entertained. Plan your trip through the museum strategically to hit the toddler-friendly areas. Kids of all ages love looking at Sue the T. rex. The Crown Family Play Lab is a special part of the museum designed for kids ages 2 to 6. It has lots of interactive displays and activities for young kids. This area gets crowded, so head there early. If your tot doesn't mind bugs, Underground Adventure is an option. Giant bugs make you feel as if you shrunk down to their size.
Chicago boasts many amazing parks throughout the city, so you're likely close to one no matter where you live. However, Maggie Daley Park is worth the trip even if it's a long trek. This massive park features several different play areas unlike any you've seen before. Certain areas are designed especially for young kids.
The Watering Hole features animal figures that young kids can play on and around at any time of year. During the summer months, the area keeps your tot cool with integrated sprayer features. The Harbor is another area targeted at children ages two to five, although younger toddlers can still have fun here. You enter the area on a boardwalk, and the marina theme continues throughout, including three boats where kids can climb and play. The Enchanted Forest is suitable for children of all ages and features upside-down trees forming archways in an area that integrates imaginative play and nature.
Who says Chicago's theatre scene is only for adults? The Chicago Children's Theatre keeps even the youngest audience members entertained. Take in an all-ages show at the theatre for a fun one-time experience. If you want to expose your tot to the arts on a regular basis, register for one of the many classes offered at the theatre. Some of the classes are designed for children ages 0 to 3.
Millennium Park is another one of those tourist attractions that can be just as exciting for Chicago natives. The large green space gives your little one plenty of space to explore and burn off energy. Your toddler will enjoy looking at themselves in the Bean sculpture, and you'll get plenty of great snapshots. The Crown Fountain is another fun option to engage your toddler. A tall block tower shows faces with the water spraying out of the mouths of the images. Wander around the Lurie Garden for natural fun.
While many exhibits are beyond what toddlers find interesting, the Museum of Science and Industry offers plenty of exhibits perfect for all ages. Let your child take the lead as you explore the museum and plan for a shorter trip than you might take with older kids.
All Aboard the Silver Streak: Pioneer Zephyr gives your little one a chance to explore a train. The Great Train Story is another hit with young train enthusiasts. It's a massive model train exhibit. The Idea Factory lets kids explore scientific ideas like playing with water, stacking and spinning. Head to the Transportation Gallery where your child can see lots of different vehicles. Let your toddler track the ball movement through the Swiss Jolly Ball.
The museum also hosts Mini-Member Strolls on select dates. These events are designed for parents and caregivers of young kids in strollers. It's a time to socialize with other parents while seeing the exhibits at the museum.
Bring your toddler to Bubbles Academy for enriching, indoor entertainment. The activity center offers up classes for children ages 0 to 5 with an interactive curriculum that integrates the arts and play. Class options include music, movement, art, dance, drama and yoga. Watch your child grow while making memories and meeting other Chicago parents.
When you need a little caffeine while your toddler burns off steam, head to Little Beans Café. It's part coffee shop, part children's wonderland full of fun play areas for little kids. It includes a child-sized town with several small shops where kids can play. There's also an outdoor play area for those beautiful Chicago days. Choose from the Chicago or Evanston location depending on where you live. Evanston has expanded options, including an obstacle course for older kids, a gym, a library and a craft room.
During the summer months, a trip to the beach is the perfect way to entertain your toddler. Your little one can frolic in the waves, dig in the sand and have a fun sensory experience. Lake Michigan features several beaches along its shores. Some are more family-friendly than others, with shade, playgrounds and convenient restrooms with showers.
Foster Avenue Beach: Head to Foster Avenue Beach for easy access with a stroller via a ramp. The beach also has outdoor showers, so you can clean up before heading home. Snacks available for purchase keep little ones happy during the trip.
Glencoe Beach: A shaded area and umbrellas for rent make Glencoe Beach a good option for toddlers. The beach also has a water play area, and Lakefront Park is nearby when you need a break from the beach. The beach house offers showers and restrooms in addition to stalls for changing clothes.
Montrose Beach: Rent a cabana, umbrella, chair or beach bed while you're at Montrose Beach. It has a designated canine area in case you have a toddler and a dog. Montrose Beach has plenty of food options, and it has a bird sanctuary nearby if you need something else to do with your toddler.
Ohio Street Beach: Shallow water for quite some distance makes this beach a good option for toddlers who like to splash in the waves. Jane Addams Park and Milton Lee Olive Park are nearby for additional toddler fun.
Head to the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum for a fun, educational, interactive experience with your toddler. The museum offers several different displays suitable for young visitors. The Hands-On Habitat is designed specifically for youngsters. It includes a rope spider web, beaver lodge, underground cave and other fun places for your toddler to explore. RiverWorks is a water play area where children can build dams and explore water in other ways. Outdoors you can wander with your tot along the nature trails and Micole Birdwalk, which runs along a pond.
The Chicago weather can often force you to stay indoors. On those days, you'll need ideas for indoor things to do in Chicago with toddlers. The Legoland Discovery Center in Schaumburg is one such idea. Even if your tot is too young to play with Legos, they'll appreciate the bright colors and 12 fun attractions here. The location features two rides to keep kids entertained plus a fun 4D movie and themed play areas. Head to the Duplo play area for toddler-friendly fun.
Buy tickets online: Many of the Chicago-area museums offer a discount when you purchase tickets ahead of time online. You also skip the lines, which can get quite long, keeping your toddler happier.
Buy a membership: If you live in Chicago, consider buying memberships to your favorite toddler spots. You'll save money in the long run. Plus, you won't feel like you wasted your money if you only go for an hour or two. We all know how quickly toddlers can lose interest or pitch a sudden temper tantrum!
Follow your toddler's schedule: Toddlers often have very specific routines. Plan your outings around your toddler's schedule, particularly nap and meal times. This can help you avoid a toddler meltdown in public!
Arrive early: Chicago attractions are often busy, especially during summer when many tourists descend upon the city. Arriving early to beat the crowds can make it easier to navigate popular spots.
Pack necessities: You don't want to haul a huge bag around the city, but having the essentials can keep the trip more enjoyable for everyone. Pack wipes, hand sanitizer, snacks, water, diapers and any other essentials. A small first aid kit — or at least bandages — is also a good idea in case your wobbly toddler takes a spill while you're exploring.
With so many things to do with toddlers in Chicago, IL, you'll never run out of ideas. Having a list handy for your au pair is the perfect way to ensure your toddler has fun even when you have other responsibilities. Contact EurAupair today for more information on finding the perfect au pair for your family.


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Kavanaugh v. Gould
CHARLES H. KAVANAUGH, Who Sues on Behalf of Himself and All Other Stockholders of the COMMONWEALTH TRUST COMPANY OF NEW YORK (Formerly the TRUST COMPANY OF THE REPUBLIC) Who Are Situated Similarly with Himself, Respondent,
GEORGE J. GOULD and HERBERT L. SATTERLEE, Appellants, Impleaded with COMMONWEALTH TRUST COMPANY OF NEW YORK and Others, Defendants.
[Copyrighted Material Omitted]
APPEAL by the defendants, George J. Gould and another, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Saratoga on the 3d day of January, 1910, upon the decision of the court, rendered after a trial before the court without a jury at the Saratoga Trial Term, requiring the said defendants to pay to the Commonwealth Trust Company certain sums of money claimed to have been lost to said company by reason of their negligence as trustees of the Trust Company of the Republic of which the Commonwealth Trust Company was a reorganization.
The plaintiff has brought this action in behalf of himself and other stockholders of the Trust Company of the Republic against certain of the directors of said trust company to compel said directors to restore to the company moneys claimed to have been lost through their negligence. The action is brought upon the allegation of a neglect and refusal of the trust company itself to sue.
Early in 1902 the Trust Company of the Republic was incorporated. Both the defendants Gould and Satterlee, soon after its incorporation, were elected and qualified as directors. Satterlee became a member of the executive committee. Upon July twenty-fourth said trust company loaned to J. G. White & Co., upon their promissory note, the sum of $37,500. This note was secured by an assignment of rights under an underwriting agreement in bonds, to be issued by the United States Shipbuilding Company, to the amount of $32,000. On July twenty-fifth said trust company loaned to E. G. Bruckman the sum of $90,000 upon his individual note, secured by an interest in a similar underwriting agreement, in bonds of the shipbuilding company to the amount of $113,400. Upon August first said trust company loaned to J. G. White & Co. $33,750 upon their promissory note, secured by their interest in a similar underwriting agreement for bonds of the said
shipbuilding company to the amount of $50,000. Upon August twenty-ninth said trust company loaned to J. G. White & Co. $28,500 upon bonds of said shipbuilding company of the par value of $38,000. Upon October second said trust company loaned to Wheeler & Jones $12,000, and upon October fourth to W. A. Bailey the sum of $12,000. These loans were upon the promissory notes of the respective parties, secured by bonds of the said shipbuilding company of the par value of $33,600. Upon December twenty-third said trust company loaned to J. G. White & Co. $34,200 upon their promissory note, secured by bonds of the said shipbuilding company of the par value of $46,000. Upon January 6, 1903, said trust company loaned to W. A. Bailey the sum of $21,600 and to Wheeler & Jones the sum of $21,800 upon their promissory notes respectively, secured by bonds of the said shipbuilding company of the par value of $60,400. For the losses incurred upon these loans, as well as for a loss incurred by reason of $35,000 paid to the president, Dresser, upon September 25, 1902, the judgment against the defendant Satterlee is based. Inasmuch, however, as the defendant Gould resigned as director upon October 29, 1902, he has not been held liable for the loss upon the notes that were thereafter executed.
It was proposed by men interested in the United States Shipbuilding Company to purchase the principal shipyards in various parts of the country. The financial scheme of this shipbuilding company was to execute a first mortgage for $16,000,000 as security for bonds of $1,000 aggregating an equal amount. Of these bonds, $5,500,000 were to be withdrawn from public issue for disposal under vendors and subscribers' contract; $1,500,000 thereof were to be reserved in the treasury of the company, and the balance, or $9,000,000, thereof, bearing interest at five per cent, were to be offered for public subscription and the proceeds used to pay for the several plants to be acquired. The $9,000,000 issue of bonds was to be offered for public subscription at not less than ninety-five per cent, and the Trust Company of the Republic was authorized to receive applications for these bonds at that price. The prospectus issued by this shipbuilding company named the trust company as the bankers and transfer agents, while the
Mercantile Trust Company was named as the trustee for the bondholders. The Bethlehem Steel Company was not one of the concerns which it was first proposed to purchase and make part of the shipbuilding company, and was not mentioned in the prospectus. Thereafter, however, arrangements were made for its purchase and consolidation. Upon August eleventh and twelfth these properties were passed over to the shipbuilding company upon payment of the several sums named in the options which had been theretofore held. Prior to this time, however, many of the bonds had been provided for by various underwriting agreements, and all of these notes upon which loss occurred were notes for moneys to pay upon or complete those underwriting agreements. The moneys were not handed over to the several makers of the notes, but were passed to the account of the United States Shipbuilding Company upon the books of the Republic Trust Company. It had been theretofore agreed upon that the Republic Trust Company should hold the deposits and be the fiscal agent of the United States Shipbuilding Company. This shipbuilding company progressed until sometime in the latter part of 1903, when it became embarrassed, and a reorganization was had and stock and bonds of the Bethelem Steel Company were substituted upon these loans for these shipbuilding bonds. Sometime after January 26, 1903, all of the makers of these notes were released from personal liability by the Republic Trust Company. The collateral upon the notes proved of little value and the Republic Trust Company lost upwards of $300,000 thereupon, and this in the main forms the basis of the judgment against these defendants. The judgment as entered runs against other defendants who are not represented upon this appeal. Further facts appear in the opinion.
Rush Taggart, for the appellant Gould.
J. Langdon Ward [Lewis E. Carr of counsel], for the appellant Satterlee.
Alton B. Parker and Theodor Megaarden, for the Trust Companies Association of the State of New York, intervening.
Edgar T. Brackett, for the respondent.
SMITH, P. J.:
In Cassidy v. Uhlmann (170 N.Y. 505) the opinion in part reads: 'The board of directors of a bank has the general superintendence and active management of all its concerns, and, for all practical purposes, the board is the corporation. As a general rule a board of directors must act as a board. But, since directors do not exercise a delegated authority in the sense which applies to other officers and agents, it is clear that a board of directors may delegate some of its powers to committees and individuals selected from the board. This is common practice in the management of banks as well as other corporations. Since a board of bank directors is composed of individuals it is manifest that each director sustains a distinct relation, not only to his bank, but to its stockholders and depositors. For obvious reasons the duties which attach to this relation cannot be precisely defined. They cannot be the same under all circumstances; nor can they be imposed with unvarying exactness upon all directors alike.' By the evidence of the plaintiff's witness Krech it appears to be the custom of banks in New York city to intrust to the executive committee of the board the supervision of the detail management of the corporation. The directors generally not upon the executive committee are not supposed to have knowledge of the details of the business management of the corporation which are not submitted to them. In other words, it is not their custom to actively search the individual transactions in a bank that they may learn the responsibility of its debtors, or the nature or value of the collateral. This they intrust, first, to the executive officers of the bank, who are carefully chosen and paid for their services; secondly, to the supervision of the executive committee of their body, which is chosen with a special reference to this duty, and to which committee must be reported weekly all the transactions of the bank.
This custom, however, does not relieve directors generally of all responsibility. If the by-laws require monthly meetings they must make diligent effort to be present thereat. They must give their best efforts to advance the interest of the corporation, both by advice and counsel and by active work on behalf of the corporation when such work may be assigned to
them. If at their meetings, or otherwise, information should come to them of irregularity in the proceedings of the bank they are bound to take steps to correct those irregularities. The law has no place for dummy directors. They are bound generally to use every effort that a prudent business man would use in supervising his own affairs, with the right, however, ordinarily to rely upon the vigilance of the executive committee to ascertain and report any irregularity or improvident acts in its management. And this custom is but the outgrowth of the necessities of the situation. In the first place it is not a practical proposition to commit the supervision of the details to twenty-five men. A smaller number would do the work more efficiently. Responsibility would be greater because not so scattered. Again, business men of New York are probably the busiest men in the world. They have large business enterprises in which their first interest lies and to which their first duty belongs. Most of them are directors of more than one corporation, and some of them of many. If they are compelled to supervise the detail management of each corporation in which they are directors, or if they are deemed to have constructive knowledge of such facts as would be acquired by such supervision, it would be wholly impossible for them to accept such a trust. They cannot give the time to watch the small every-day transactions of the corporation, and if chargeable with such knowledge as would be acquired therefrom the risk is too great for them to run. They are then in effect made answerable for the neglect of the executive committee to which is given this duty of supervision. Plaintiff's contention is that they must not then accept the position of director. The obvious answer to this contention is that the corporation cannot afford to lose them. One of the best assets of a corporation is the advice and assistance of men of business experience and of large business connections upon its board. Their advice and assistance are of inestimable value in all emergencies and in determining the policies of the corporations and in counsel upon the more important questions that arise. Any construction of the law that would make it impossible for such men to accept positions upon various boards of directors would
seriously impair both the effectiveness and stability of corporations, in fact be little less than calamitous.
But plaintiff contends further that this rule of responsibility leaves the stockholder at the mercy of the executive officers of the corporation. Not at all. To the members of the executive committee is assigned the duty of detail supervision. With this duty they are bound to be on their guard to detect any irregularities or improvident acts on the part of the executive officers. They are required to scan critically the detailed reports which are made to them by such officers. The diligence required of them is, therefore, greater and the rule of their liability more strict than that of a director not a member of that committee, for to them not only do the stockholders look for protection, but the directors themselves, and upon their fidelity to their commission all parties must rely. Moreover, twice each year an expert examination is made of the condition of the trust company, and of its results all directors must take cognizance. Plaintiff's assertion that the directors may delegate to the executive committee their work but not their responsibility is not in accord with the law of this State. If they may delegate the work they are not responsible for its negligent performance, and this principle is not new to the law of trusts. It is ruled in New York State that a trustee is not liable for the breach of trust of his cotrustee of which he was not cognizant, or in which he did not participate, as to property which comes lawfully into his cotrustee's hands. He may passively allow his cotrustee to take full control and yet not be liable for his devastavit. The responsibility is more strictly held in England and in Pennsylvania. In 1 Perry on Trusts (6th ed. p. 667, note 'A') it is said: 'In the administration and management of the affairs of a trust it is usually impracticable for every trustee to actually participate in every act. To some extent they may delegate to each other the merely ministerial duties of management, and each is entitled to rely upon the honesty and prudence of the other unless he has notice of facts which should lead him to distrust the other.' In Croft v. Williams (88 N.Y. 388) the opinion in part reads: 'One, therefore, may sit passive and see the other receive funds of the estate, and making no objection be deemed to assent, but
that does not make him responsible for what has been received. He must in some manner know and assent to the misapplication, he must be a consenting party to the waste, or neglect some duty consequent upon his knowledge of a misapplication intended or in progress. ( Williams v. Nixon, 2 Beav. 472.) A wrong done or a duty omitted must lie at the foundation of his liability.' In Sutherland v. Brush (7 Johns. Ch. 22) I quote from the opinion: 'The defendant P. is not responsible for the devastavit of his coexecutor C., any further than he is shown to have been knowing and assenting, at the time, to such devastavit or misapplication of the assets of the estate. Both the executors could not, with any kind of convenience, jointly possess and hold all the assets. The assets must, from the necessity and reason of the case, have been distributed between the executors for the purpose of collection and security; and it appears to be settled, and upon very just principles, that one executor shall not be chargeable with the waste of the other, except so far as he concurred therein; and that merely permitting the other to possess the assets, without going further, and concurring in the application of them, does not render him answerable for the receipts of the other.' This rule is further held in Cocks v. Haviland (124 N.Y. 431); Wilmerding v. McKesson (103 id. 340); Ormiston v. Olcott (84 id. 346). While these cases are not precisely analogous to the case at bar they establish the rule that among trustees there may be a division of duties arising out of the necessities of the case, and after that division one trustee is not responsible without knowledge for the acts of his cotrustee. As applied to the case at bar, as far as these directors are trustees for these stockholders, a division may be made both of duty and responsibility, and the directors generally are not liable for the negligence of the members of the executive committee, as they would in effect so be if they were chargeable with all the knowledge which might be imputable to a member of the executive committee, by reason of his supervision of the detail management of the corporation.
This distinction between the diligence required of a director generally and a member of the executive committee is not only shown by the evidence in the case to be the custom in banks in
the city of New York, not only does it appear to be a reasonable and sane distinction, but it is clearly recognized in the by-laws of this corporation itself, which were made by these very stockholders here complaining, and afterwards ratified by the board of directors. In fact these stockholders might make any requirement that they should see fit in their by-laws regulating the duties of the directors, which would be binding upon the directors, and are not subject to modification or veto by the directors themselves. Those by-laws provide for the executive committee to be composed of six members of the board of directors in addition to the president. To that executive committee is given all the powers of the board of directors when the board is not in session, except the power to fill a vacancy in the board. The assent of that executive committee is required 'for all investments that shall be made of the funds of the company in stocks, personal securities and bonds and mortgages, and for the disposal of the same, and of the funds of all special trusts.' No guardianship, receivership or other special trust can be accepted by the president without either their approbation or that of the board of directors, unless it be ordered by a court or surrogate having jurisdiction. The executive committee may in its discretion authorize the president generally to make investments in such securities as are authorized by the charter of the company, and to dispose of such securities, without previously consulting as to details with the committee; but all such transactions shall be reported to the committee at its next meeting. No disbursements, except for current expenses or for an amount not to exceed $200, shall be made without being reported to the executive committee for approval. The executive committee is required to meet at the main office of the company on Tuesday of each week, and also ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
David Heckard, Assistant chief meteorologist
Tags: tropics, hurricanes, weather, Florida, Georgia, Jacksonville
How rare are December tropical systems?
Satellite image of storm system in open Atlantic (Courtesy: NOAA)
JACKSONVILLE, Fla. -- – Hurricane season may have come to a close, but there could be another tropical system in December.
The National Hurricane Center continues to watch an area in the open Atlantic, which has a medium chance of becoming a subtropical or tropical storm by late week.
Storm complex in open Atlantic has a medium development chance.
So, how often do we December tropical systems?
In recorded history, only 28 systems became subtropical or tropical cyclones in December in the Atlantic basin.
The most recent December system was in 2013. However, it was never named and was defined as a subtropical storm in a later reanalysis of the season.
The last named storm in December was Olga in 2007.
Olga started as a subtropical storm near Puerto Rico, and then pushed eastward.
The system became a tropical storm and impacted Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and Haiti. 40 deaths were reported from Olga.
The December lull
It's much harder for a tropical system to form because the atmosphere is vastly different in the tropical Atlantic compared to the peak months of September and October.
Historical December storm tracks
Cold fronts can now reach deep into the Caribbean and open Atlantic, which brings cool, dry air into that region.
Another major factor is water temperatures.
Water temps across all of the Atlantic are significantly cooler than in September. These water temps will continue to cool as we move forward into winter.
Most systems in December form similar to the current area in the open Atlantic - an area of low pressure in the open Atlantic that attempts to organize into a subtropical storm.
If this area does become a named storm, it would be "outside" the Atlantic hurricane season, which runs from June 1 - November 30.
This is defined as "hurricane season" as the vast majority of tropical systems occur during these six months.
Hurricane season runs from June 1 - November 30.
Outside of the season, December is the second most-likely month to see tropical activity.
May is the busiest outside hurricane season with 52 recorded storms. 2022 was the first year since 2014 a May storm did not form.
There have been preliminary discussions about starting the hurricane season in mid-May, and the National Hurricane Center does issue updates starting on May 15.
The good news is the system will stay well away from land, so if we end up with a named storm, it will simply be a system for the history books.
David Heckard
David Heckard is The Weather Authority's Assistant Chief Meteorologist.


text:
Mordet på Phan Thi Mao avser kidnappningen, våldtäkten och mordet på den 21-åriga Phan Thi Mao, en ung vietnamesisk kvinna som den 18 november 1966 kidnappades av en amerikansk trupp under Vietnamkriget. Fallet uppmärksammades efter journalisten Daniel Lang skrev en artikel om det i tidningen The New Yorker och senare en bok. Bland annat filmen Uppgörelsen är baserad på David Langs berättelse om fallet.

Mordet
Den 17 november 1966 när en trupp med fem amerikanska soldater skulle ut på ett uppdrag under Vietnamkriget bestämde sig dessa för att kidnappa och våldta en ung vietnamesisk kvinna från en närliggande sydvietnamesisk by; detta skulle vara "bra för gruppens moral" enligt soldaterna. Klockan 05.00 på morgonen den 18 november gick truppen in i den lilla byn Cat Tuong och letade efter en ung kvinna. Efter att de hittat Phan Thi Mao band de hennes handleder och tog med henne på uppdraget. När soldaterna hittade en övergiven hydda i djungeln, våldtog och misshandlade fyra av dessa fem soldater kvinnan där. Den femte soldaten, Robert M. Storeby, vägrade emellertid att göra det. Följande dag, i samband med en konfrontation med FNL, blev soldaterna oroliga att kvinnan skulle upptäckas och bestämde sig för att döda henne. En av soldaterna knivhögg henne flera gånger men hon överlevde och försökte fly men soldaterna följde efter och sköt henne till döds.

Efterverkningar
Robert M. Storeby som vägrat att våldta kvinnan rapporterade brottet, när truppen återvände till militärbasen från sitt uppdrag. I början var det ingen befälhavare som vidtog någon åtgärd. Trots dödshot från soldaterna som deltog i våldtäkten och mordet var Robert M. Storeby fast besluten att få soldaterna straffade för brottet. När han rapporterade brottet till en högre instans, inleddes en brottsutredning; det var under dessa omständigheter som offret identifierades av sin syster som 21-åriga Phan Thi Mao. De fyra skyldiga soldaterna dömdes var och en för våldtäkt och mord i mars och april 1967. Tre av soldaterna dömdes till mellan 8 och 20 års fängelse, medan soldaten som hade knivhuggit kvinnan dömdes till livstids fängelse. Straffen kortades dock efter en tid och var och en av soldaterna fick 8 års fängelse, varav alla släpptes fria efter halva tiden. Alla soldaterna, förutom Robert M. Storeby, som vittnade om händelsen, avskedades från den amerikanska armén. 1992 dömdes en av de inblandade soldaterna för ytterligare ett mord i USA då han skjutit en afroamerikansk man till döds. I utbyte mot ett erkännande fick han ett års fängelse då han hävdade att det var i nödvärn.

Amerikanska armén kallade platsen där soldaterna höll kvinnan fången och dådet skedde för Hill 192, ungefär "höjd 192". När de sedan refererade till brotten kallades dessa "Incident on Hill 192", ungefär "händelsen på höjd 192".

Phan Thi Maos mor kontaktade den sydvietnamesiska armén, som var allierade med USA, för att söka efter dottern. De hittade henne inte men motståndarna i gerilla-armén FNL såg att modern hade kontakt med fiendesoldater och hon mördades därför.

Böcker och filmer
När författaren och journalisten Daniel Lang fick höra om händelsen, skrev han 1969 en artikel i tidningen The New Yorker. Han skrev senare också en bok om händelsen, som han kallade Incident on Hill 192. 1970 gjordes den första filmen O.K. av Michael Verhoeven som baseras på händelsen. 1989 gjordes den mera kända filmen Uppgörelsen av Brian De Palma. Filmen hette Casualties of War, ungefär "Förluster i krig", vilket också var Daniel Langs namn på artikeln. Michael J. Fox och Sean Penn gjorde huvudrollerna och Fox spelar Robert M. Storeby (kallad Eriksson i filmen), medan Sean Penn spelar sergeant Tony Meserve, ledare för truppen.

Referenser

Externa länkar
 Daniel Langs artikel i New Yorker

Krigsåret 1966
Krigsförbrytelser
1966 i Vietnam
Våldtäkt i krig

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Jair Bolsonaro aims to boost mining, farming and dam building in Amazon.
Next year's climate talks were due to take place in Brazil, but that has now been reversed by the President-elect Jair Bolsonaro, who has also made no secret of his desire to open the Amazon to mining, farming and dam building.
The world's biggest rainforest is already threatened after a year in which Brazil broke its own deforestation record. Latest satellite images show that in a 12-month period, almost 8,000 square kilometres of forest were cut. That amounts to five times the size of Mexico City.
Al Jazeera's Lucia Newman reports from Para, Brazil.


text:
Derek H. Sleeman is  Emeritus Professor of Computing Science at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland (since 2008), and Visiting Professor, in the School of Medicine and the University of Glasgow (since 2009). He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1992), the British Computer Society (1995), and the European AI Society (2004).

Sleeman began his career as a Lecturer in Computing at the University of Leeds and co-founded the Computer-Based Learning Unit there in 1969. This led to his interest in Intelligent tutoring systems and an edited volume on that subject with John Seely Brown. He moved to Stanford University in 1982 where he was an Associate Professor of AI & Education, and Senior Research Associate in the Knowledge Systems Laboratory  of the Stanford Computer Science Department. Sleeman returned to Aberdeen in 1986 where he was appointed the University's first Professor of Computing Science.

Sleeman's research activities have remained at the intersection of AI and Cognitive Science, but his focus has moved from
Intelligent Tutoring Systems to Co-operative Knowledge Acquisition and Knowledge Refinement Systems, Reuse and Transformation of Knowledge Sources, and Ontology Management systems.

Sleeman has been a Program Committee member for the International European National Conferences in Machine Learning & Knowledge Acquisition, and involved in all the KCAP series of meetings; and was the Conference Chair for the 2007 meeting held in Whistler, British Columbia. Further, with Mark Musen, Sleeman organized one of the 2008 AAAI Stanford Spring Symposia entitled: Symbiotic relationship between the Semantic Web & Knowledge Engineering. He has also served on various Editorial boards including the Machine Learning Journal and the International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. He was one of the Principal Investigators of the EPSRC-sponsored IRC in Advanced Knowledge Technologies (2000 - 2007), and PI of the DTI/Rolls-Royce sponsored IPAS project (2005-2008).

Sleeman has a track-record of interdisciplinary Research work with Education, Engineering, Science and Medicine. As well as developing some early medical CAI programs whilst in Leeds, he also developed a Bayesian system (with Tim de Dombal) to diagnose abdominal pain. At Stanford he collaborated with Edward Shortliffe and Bill Clancey (developers respectively of the MYCIN & neo-MYCIN systems). Since returning to Scotland he has collaborated in Aberdeen with Anesthetics, ICU, General Practice, Oncology, & Respiratory Medicine Departments, and in Edinburgh (Neuro ICU, Western General Hospital).

Currently the focus of his work is with the Dialysis Unit at Aberdeen/Elgin Hospitals, and with the ICU at Glasgow
Royal Infirmary. In both these activities Sleeman's team is analysing patient datasets produced and have developed an infrastructure which supports the analyst/clinician in preparing datasets to investigate various clinically led
hypotheses.

Notes

Scottish computer scientists
Academics of the University of Aberdeen
Living people
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Fellows of the British Computer Society
Stanford University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)


text:
View LR 14.2 as PDF
View LR 14 as PDF
View LR as PDF
An applicant which is applying for standard listing2 (shares) 4must comply with all of LR 2 (Requirements for listing: All securities).2
Shares in public hands
If an application is made for the admission of a class of shares, a sufficient number of shares of that class must, no later than the time of admission, be distributed to the public in one or more EEA States.
For the purposes of paragraph (1), account may also be taken of holders in one or more states that are not EEA States, if the shares are listed in the state or states.
For the purposes of paragraph (1), a sufficient number of shares will be taken to have been distributed to the public when 25% of the shares for which application for admission has been made are in public hands.
5For the purposes of paragraphs (1), (2) and (3), shares are not held in public hands if they are:
held, directly or indirectly by:
a director of the applicant or of any of its subsidiary undertakings; or
a person connected with a director of the applicant or of any of its subsidiary undertakings; or
the trustees of any employees' share scheme or pension fund established for the benefit of any directors and employees of the applicant and its subsidiary undertakings; or
any person who under any agreement has a right to nominate a person to the board of directors of the applicant; or
any person or persons in the same group or persons acting in concert who have an interest in 5% or more of the shares of the relevant class; or
subject to a lock-up period of more than 180 days.
For the purposes of paragraph (3), treasury shares are not to be taken into consideration when calculating the number of shares of the class.
[Note: Article 48 CARD]
The FCA may modify LR 14.2.2 R to accept a percentage lower than 25% if it considers that the market will operate properly with a lower percentage in view of the large number of shares of the same class and the extent of their distribution to the public. For that purpose, the FCA may take into account shares of the same class that are held (even though they are not listed) in states that are not EEA States.1[Note: Article 48 CARD]
LR 14.2.3AG 16/05/2014 RP
5When calculating the number of shares for the purposes of LR 14.2.2R (4)(a)(v), holdings of investment managers in the same group where investment decisions are made independently by the individual in control of the relevant fund and those decisions are unfettered by the group to which the investment manager belongs will be disregarded.
Shares of a non-EEA company
The FCA will not admit shares of a company incorporated in a non-EEA State that are not listed either in its country of incorporation or in the country in which a majority of its shares are held, unless the FCA is satisfied that the absence of the listing is not due to the need to protect investors. [Note: Article 51 CARD]
Listing applications
A company2 applying for a standard listing2 of shares 4will need to comply with LR 3 (Listing applications: All securities2).


The Critiquing Critica: Grimes Unleashes New Video and Single: "Flesh without Blood/Life in the Vivid Dream"
Grimes Unleashes New Video and Single: "Flesh without Blood/Life in the Vivid Dream"
Electronic prodigy Grimes has finally released the lead single and music video from her forthcoming album Art Angels, due November 6 for digital download. The video actually features two songs, "Flesh without Blood" and "Life in the Vivid Dream."
"Flesh without Blood" might sound like a scary title, but this single is anything but. It's actually quite lighthearted, with plenty of mainstream appeal, and even as an avid fan of her last album, Visions (which was rather dark), I found it enjoyable and meaningful. Much like I've felt that I've personally needed her older material, I needed this song both musically and lyrically: "If you don't need me / Just let me go."
"Life in the Vivid Dream" is a quieter, slower song, and I love it as much as its upbeat predecessor. Even though it's short, it definitely leaves an impression. It may not sound that much like her earlier material but it retains the relaxing, dreamy quality her fans know and love. The lyrics are poetic and heartfelt: "I could tell you that people are good in the end, but why / Why would I?"
The production of these guitar-led songs is just spectacular. As much as I love Grimes' older songs, the sound quality was very reminiscent of demos (albeit some damn good demos that I'd love with all my heart even if they were recorded in a windstorm). But now, everything's crystal clear - even the lyrics (for the most part), and we all know how Grimes likes to make it as difficult as possible to discern what she's singing.
As far as the video itself? Well, the quality is pristine. Grimes is the only artist capable of making a video so cute and evil, of being totally whimsical while also being serious. It gets kind of gory within the two minute range, right when the seemingly random elements first begin to come together. I love the concept - sometimes the people that are supposed to be angelic are the ones sticking knives in our guts.
Altogether, I'm very pleased. I can't wait to hear what else she has in store on Art Angels.


De' North, featuring local Maldivian cuisines and dishes from around the world, serving breakfast, lunch and dinner in a stylish setting.
Our "All Day Dining Restaurant" offers a tantalizing Buffet while you are being well taken care of by our culinary team.
Start up your day with our Breakfast specialties and enjoy outdoor seating under the sun with our beautiful view of the ocean.
A meal here is pleasantly cooled by gentle sea breezes.
Breakfast: from 7.30 a.m. until 10.00 a.m.
Lunch: from 12.30 p.m. until 3:00 p.m.
The Mediterranean Restaurant lies where every day the sun comes to life and it is from this energy that the flavors and colors of Mediterranean cuisine come together in traditional dishes to satisfy the most curios palates.
from 7.30 p.m. until 10.00 p.m.
Ideal location to chill out and enjoy fabulous cocktails any time of the day. You can relax on the large outdoor decks whilst enjoying a refreshing drink or swim in the infinity pool. Listen to groovy vibes during sunset every day. We offer a range of thirst-quenching drinks including delicious freshly blended fruit shakes.
The Sunset & Grill Restaurant is the most charming place to sip an aperitif drifting from the emotions that every sunset offers. Lulled by the sea breeze, you will have the opportunity to delight with delicacies from the grill in a very trendy atmos-phere.
Bar Open: from 12.00 p.m. until midnight.


Animals Australia was founded in 1980, and is known as Australia's largest national animal protection organisation, that actively exposes cruelty and promotes a cruelty free lifestyle. Animals Australia believes that they can create a better world for all through promoting kindness to animals. Their goal is to significantly and permanently improve the welfare of all animals in Australia.
Animals Australia is a very dynamic national animal protection organisation, representing some 40 member societies and 1000's of individual supporters throughout Australia.


See What "Stone Soup Sally Huttner" is Cooking at The Hobo Camp at Cleveland Metroparks "Train Day"
Day" event to smell what "Stone Soup Sally Huttner"
selling unique train items, and refreshments for sale.
and how they live. Meet "Stone Soup Sally Huttner,"
you on his harmonica. "James 'Professor' Young,"
he is a mystery as to where he has traveled and where he lives.
Hobos were very good about helping one another through codes.


Well… Maybe, maybe not. When it comes to the question of whether or not twin cows are sterile, there isn't a simple, clear cut answer. At least, not without some testing. Considering we've had several bouts (Batches? Sets?) of twins in our Brown Swiss cattle herd lately, I figured it was high-time to talk about […] The post Are Twin Cows Sterile? appeared first on The Prairie Homestead.


As cinephiles, we are very excited about this year's line-up at the Denver Jewish Film Festival, which is opening unofficially this Saturday, with "Foxtrot" at the Alamo Drafthouse on West Colfax, and officially on Wednesday with "Bye Bye Germany" at the Elaine Wolf Theater.
The line-up, as evidenced by these two films, is a heady combination of cutting-edge Israeli film and movies exploring the Jewish past — most notably the Holocaust. Rounding it out are a few shorts and several documentary biographies, including an investigation into the life of rat pack member Sammy Davis, Jr.
"1945": We have been wanting to see this award-winning film about two Jews returning to their Hungarian village after WW II since we ran a review of it back in October. This will probably be a difficult watch, but it explores a time period rarely investigated.
"Shalom Bollywood": Denver Jews seems to be going crazy for Indian culture at the moment, so what better movie to watch than one which documents the impact of Jews on the world's largest film industry?
"Monkey Business": We've been wanting to watch this film since we first reported it in Snapshot (Aug. 18, 2017). Unfortunately we missed it when it screened up at Chautauqua back in December, so this is our chance. Who isn't curious about the amazing escape of the creators of beloved monkey, Curious George?
"The Body Collector": As journalists, this one immediately captured our attention. It's about an editor at a Dutch magazine who ends up hunting down a major war criminal. There's an art angle, which should make this different from other war criminal stories.
Let us know which movies you're planning on seeing!
people who voted them into power, accountable for the ugliness dividing our country. Thank-you in advance for considering my suggestion.


As cute as they are, toddlers can be tricky. They're old enough to have their own ideas and desires, but their bodies and emotions aren't yet equipped to cope with everything life throws at them. In response to requests from many of our Mater mums, we've put together some useful information to help you navigate the challenging toddler years.
The Queensland Injury Surveillance Unit has warned parents to keep household chemicals out of the reach of children after a number of cases of children ingesting new bright coloured and bite-size single-dose detergent pods.
A Mater study has found that three in four children aged one to five years suffer from broken sleep. To help your child sleep try establishing a regular sleep routine and minimising the use of electronic equipment before bedtime.
Mater's Director of Respiratory Medicine Dr Simon Bowler recommends parents vaccinate their children against the 'flu' as it can cause significant illnesses in otherwise healthy children. It's also a great way to stop the illness spreading through childcare centres.


In Spring 2014 HD Brows launched the Make Up by HD Brows make up range (click right image to enlarge). Developed by HD brows founder Nilam Holmes-Patel and celebrity make up artist Francesca Neill this 76 strong capsule collection of brow, eye, skin and lip essentials is the must have collection in every make-up bag!
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We have the full range of HD Brows colours and brushes for you to sample at our beauty studio for FREE. Then simply visit http://www.myhdbrows.com/ and use our unique stylist code which is B628 when placing your order and a FREE HD Brows make-up brush are delivered straight to your door. Easy!!!
You will receive two e-mail notifications, one with your password (you can change this once you've logged in) and the second e-mail is entitling you to a FREE brush of your choice when you spend £35.00 or more.
This luscious gel will groom your brows into shape using a lightweight, Vitamin E enriched formula. The delicate wand is tapered for the perfect application. Available in three colours to suit every client, Colourfix helps you keep that freshly tinted look between visits to the salon.
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An automatic brow pencil that is simple and effective to use. Roll up and apply the subtle colour to fill in those sparse areas to create perfect brows every day. Consisting of a durable waxy formula, with vitamins E & C to leave you looking and feeling good.
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Brush your brows into shape with this fabulous fixing serum, a hand bag essential to keep your brows looking great throughout the day…and the night!


text:
A Zangidák vagy Zengidák (arabosan Zankidák) egy 12–13. századi, török származású uralkodódinasztia volt, mely Moszul és Szíria térségében uralkodott. Ez utóbbi területen egyik hadvezérük, Szaláh ad-Dín (Szaladin) fosztotta meg őket hatalmuktól, észak-iraki birtokaikon pedig az 1259-es mongol támadás söpörte el uralmukat.

A kezdetek

A dinasztia névadója és alapítója egy szeldzsuk atabég, I. Imád ad-Dín Zangi ("a hit oszlopa") volt, aki 1127-ben szerezte meg a moszuli emírséget a maga számára, 1128-ban pedig az Artukidáktól hódította el Aleppót. 1147-ig tartó uralma során Észak-Irak (a Dzsazíra) és Szíria nagy részét meghódította. Hódításai során, 1144-ben az Edesszai Grófságot is megszerezte, ami a II. keresztes hadjárat megindítását vonta maga után.

A szíriai Zangidák

Zangí fia, Núr ad-Dín (a hit fénye) folytatta atyja dicsőséges életművét: 1149-ben legyőzte és megölte Rajmund antiochiai herceget, és 1154-ben bevette Damaszkuszt. A keresztesek egyre szorultabb helyzetbe kerültek, főleg miután a Fátimidák hanyatló egyiptomi birodalma felett is Núr ad-Dín szerezte meg a befolyást. 1163-ban egy kurd hadvezérét, Aszad ad-Dín Sírkúhot ("a hit oroszlánja") küldte Kairóba, aki 1168-ban visszaverte a keresztesek támadását, majd a Fátimida kalifák vezírjeként irányította a tartományt 1169-es haláláig, amikor is Sírkúh unokaöccse, Szaláh ad-Dín örökölte tisztségeit. Ez utóbbi felszámolta a kalifátust, de Núr ad-Dín 1174-es haláláig ha nem is segítőkész, de nagyjából lojális alattvalója maradt a szíriai uralkodónak.

Núr ad-Dín halálát követően a Zangidák hatalma gyorsan szétesett. Szaláh ad-Dín Egyiptomból kiindulva 1183-ra megszerezte szíriai birtokaikat, bár hivatalosan mindvégig elismerte Núr ad-Dín Aleppóba visszavonult kiskorú fia, asz-Szálih Iszmáíl főségét.

A moszuli ág

A moszuli Zangidák sokkal tovább kitartottak, és még Szaladin hódító törekvéseinek is ellen tudtak állni. Az ágat Imád ad-Dín másik fia, I. Szajf ad-Dín Gází alapította meg (1146–1149). Uralmuk utolsó majdnem ötven évében, 1211–1259 között egy vezírjük, Badr ad-Dín Lulu regnált Moszulban, 1233-tól gyakorlatilag is viselve az emíri címet. Miután Bagdadot 1258-ban elfoglalták, a Hülegü vezette mongolok 1259-ben Lulu hatalmának is véget vetettek.

a Zangi-ház uralkodói

Moszuli atabégek
 I. Imád ad-Dín Zangí 1127-1146
 I. Szajf ad-Dín Gází 1146-1149
 Kudb ad-Dín Mavdud 1149-1170
 II. Szajf ad-Dín Gází 1170-1180
 I. Izz ad-Dín Maszúd 1180-1193
 I. Núr ad-Dín Arszlán 1193-1211
 II. Izz ad-Dín Maszúd 1211-1218
 II. Núr ad-Dín Arszlán 1218-1219
 Naszr ad-Dín Mahmúd 1219-1222

Aleppói atabégek
 I. Imád ad-Dín Zangí 1127-1146
 Núr ad-Dín Mahmúd Zangí 1146-1174
 Szálih Iszmáíl Malík 1174-1181
 II. Imád ad-Dín Zangí 1181-1183

Szindzsári atabégek
 II. Imád ad-Dín Zangí 1171-1197
 Kudb ad-Dín Mehmed 1197-1219
 Imád ad-Dín Sehensáh 1219-1220
 Dzselál ad-Dín Mahmúd 1219-1220
 Fet ad-Dín Umár 1219-1220

Dzsazírai atabégek
 Muizz ad-Dín Szandzsár 1180-1208
 Muizz ad-Dín Mahmúd 1208-1241
 Mahmúd Malík Záhir 1241-1250

Családfa

Ázsiai uralkodóházak
Keresztes háborúk
Iszlám történelmi államok


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Eighty-five percent of all churches in America average less than 200 in worship attendance.
Some people love being in a really big room for really big church services. The size of the crowd inspires and encourages them. When they worship Jesus, they see that they are a part of something far bigger than themselves. The crowd helps draw them into a deeper place of faith. And that's great.
I served on staff in a large church with a high level of structure for ten years. I learned much about developing an equipping culture as I read voraciously and attended workshops, seminars and conferences. Most of it was really great stuff and I will always be grateful for the opportunities I had through the support and encouragement of that church. But that experience has also been a stumbling block for me.
My thoughts, habits, and practices regarding equipping people for ministry were developed in the context of the large church. However, I have been serving in a small church these past five years, and I've found that most of what I learned about structure and organizational practices just doesn't fit here. By far, most of the resources available are written and presented for the moderate to large church, not for small congregations. I find this very interesting since small churches greatly outnumber big churches! Where are the equipping resources that pertain to the congregation of 100 or less?
Perhaps there are so few resources available because the answer for the small church is so simple: relationships.
If you serve a small church you don't need all those structures and processes that are necessary in a larger church. What you need to do is come alongside folks. You need to meet with them, get to know them, invest in them. Help them discover how God has wired them for ministry, then help them find a place to live it out. (That may be in the church, but more likely it will be outside the church–more about that in a future post.) In many ways, this is much easier than the practices I employed in the larger church–less administrative detail to attend to, fewer systems to continually evaluate and tweak, fewer cracks for people to slip through.
Letting go of the large-church mentality proved to be a bigger challenge than I anticipated. However, I think it's making me a better pastor, a better leader…a better equipper.
This entry was posted in Equipping, Leadership and tagged equipping, equipping leader, leadership, ministry, small church, vocation. Bookmark the permalink.
There is a lot of filtering that needs to happen with any resource, and even more with the equipping stuff we learned. But I think equipping is especially natural and effective and ESSENTIAL in a 200 and less congregation! Bless you for working through and re-learning equipping ministries and sharing it!
Thank you for your encouragement, Rachel!


text:
package org.elasticsearch.xpack.ml.dataframe.process.customprocessing;

import org.elasticsearch.test.ESTestCase;
import org.junit.Before;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.IntStream;

import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.equalTo;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.both;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.greaterThan;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.lessThan;

public class DatasetSplittingCustomProcessorTests extends ESTestCase {

    private List<String> fields;
    private int dependentVariableIndex;
    private String dependentVariable;

    @Before
    public void setUpTests() {
        int fieldCount = randomIntBetween(1, 5);
        fields = new ArrayList<>(fieldCount);
        for (int i = 0; i < fieldCount; i++) {
            fields.add(randomAlphaOfLength(10));
        }
        dependentVariableIndex = randomIntBetween(0, fieldCount - 1);
        dependentVariable = fields.get(dependentVariableIndex);
    }

    public void testProcess_GivenRowsWithoutDependentVariableValue() {
        CustomProcessor customProcessor = new DatasetSplittingCustomProcessor(fields, dependentVariable, 50.0);

        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
            String[] row = new String[fields.size()];
            for (int fieldIndex = 0; fieldIndex < fields.size(); fieldIndex++) {
                String value = fieldIndex == dependentVariableIndex ? "" : randomAlphaOfLength(10);
                row[fieldIndex] = value;
            }

            String[] processedRow = Arrays.copyOf(row, row.length);
            customProcessor.process(processedRow);

            // As all these rows have no dependent variable value, they're not for training and should be unaffected
            assertThat(Arrays.equals(processedRow, row), is(true));
        }
    }

    public void testProcess_GivenRowsWithDependentVariableValue_AndTrainingPercentIsHundred() {
        CustomProcessor customProcessor = new DatasetSplittingCustomProcessor(fields, dependentVariable, 100.0);

        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
            String[] row = new String[fields.size()];
            for (int fieldIndex = 0; fieldIndex < fields.size(); fieldIndex++) {
                String value = fieldIndex == dependentVariableIndex ? "" : randomAlphaOfLength(10);
                row[fieldIndex] = value;
            }

            String[] processedRow = Arrays.copyOf(row, row.length);
            customProcessor.process(processedRow);

            // We should pick them all as training percent is 100
            assertThat(Arrays.equals(processedRow, row), is(true));
        }
    }

    public void testProcess_GivenRowsWithDependentVariableValue_AndTrainingPercentIsRandom() {
        double trainingPercent = randomDoubleBetween(1.0, 100.0, true);
        double trainingFraction = trainingPercent / 100;
        CustomProcessor customProcessor = new DatasetSplittingCustomProcessor(fields, dependentVariable, trainingPercent);

        int runCount = 20;
        int rowsCount = 1000;
        int[] trainingRowsPerRun = new int[runCount];
        for (int testIndex = 0; testIndex < runCount; testIndex++) {
            int trainingRows = 0;
            for (int i = 0; i < rowsCount; i++) {
                String[] row = new String[fields.size()];
                for (int fieldIndex = 0; fieldIndex < fields.size(); fieldIndex++) {
                    row[fieldIndex] = randomAlphaOfLength(10);
                }

                String[] processedRow = Arrays.copyOf(row, row.length);
                customProcessor.process(processedRow);

                for (int fieldIndex = 0; fieldIndex < fields.size(); fieldIndex++) {
                    if (fieldIndex != dependentVariableIndex) {
                        assertThat(processedRow[fieldIndex], equalTo(row[fieldIndex]));
                    }
                }
                if (processedRow[dependentVariableIndex].length() > 0) {
                    assertThat(processedRow[dependentVariableIndex], equalTo(row[dependentVariableIndex]));
                    trainingRows++;
                }
            }
            trainingRowsPerRun[testIndex] = trainingRows;
        }

        double meanTrainingRows = IntStream.of(trainingRowsPerRun).average().getAsDouble();

        // Now we need to calculate sensible bounds to assert against.
        // We'll use 5 variances which should mean the test only fails once in 7M
        // And, because we're doing multiple runs, we'll divide the variance with the number of runs to narrow the bounds
        double expectedTrainingRows = trainingFraction * rowsCount;
        double variance = rowsCount * (Math.pow(1 - trainingFraction, 2) * trainingFraction
            + Math.pow(trainingFraction, 2) * (1 - trainingFraction));
        double lowerBound = expectedTrainingRows - 5 * Math.sqrt(variance / runCount);
        double upperBound = expectedTrainingRows + 5 * Math.sqrt(variance / runCount);

        assertThat("Mean training rows [" + meanTrainingRows + "] was not within expected bounds of [" + lowerBound + ", "
            + upperBound + "] given training fraction was [" + trainingFraction + "]",
            meanTrainingRows, is(both(greaterThan(lowerBound)).and(lessThan(upperBound))));
    }

    public void testProcess_ShouldHaveAtLeastOneTrainingRow() {
        CustomProcessor customProcessor = new DatasetSplittingCustomProcessor(fields, dependentVariable, 1.0);

        // We have some non-training rows and then a training row to check
        // we maintain the first training row and not just the first row
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            String[] row = new String[fields.size()];
            for (int fieldIndex = 0; fieldIndex < fields.size(); fieldIndex++) {
                if (i < 9 && fieldIndex == dependentVariableIndex) {
                    row[fieldIndex] = "";
                } else {
                    row[fieldIndex] = randomAlphaOfLength(10);
                }
            }

            String[] processedRow = Arrays.copyOf(row, row.length);
            customProcessor.process(processedRow);

            assertThat(Arrays.equals(processedRow, row), is(true));
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Calculate the uncertainty of a 6-dof pose for graph-based SLAM
This question is strongly related to my other question over here.
I am estimating 6-DOF poses $x_{i}$ of a trajectory using a graph-based SLAM approach. The estimation is based on 6-DOF transformation measurements $z_{ij}$ with uncertainty $\Sigma_{ij}$ which connect the poses.
To avoid singularities I represent both poses and transforms with a 7x1 vector consisting of a 3D-vector and a unit-quaternion:
$$x_{i} = \left( \begin{matrix} t \\ q \end{matrix} \right)$$
The optimization yields 6x1 manifold increment vectors
$$ \Delta \tilde{x}_i = \left( \begin{matrix} t \\ log(q) \end{matrix} \right)$$
which are applied to the pose estimates after each optimization iteration:
$$ x_i \leftarrow x_i \boxplus \Delta \tilde{x}_i$$
The uncertainty gets involved during the hessian update in the optimization step:
$$ \tilde{H}_{[ii]} += \tilde{A}_{ij}^T \Sigma_{ij}^{-1} \tilde{A}_{ij} $$
$$ \tilde{A}_{ij} \leftarrow A_{ij} M_{i} = \frac{\partial e_{ij}(x)}{\partial x_i} \frac{\partial x_i \boxplus \Delta \tilde{x}_i}{\partial \Delta x_i} |_{\Delta \tilde{x}_i = 0}$$
$$ e_{ij} = log \left( (x_{j} \ominus x_{i}) \ominus z_{ij} \right) $$
is the error function between a measurement $z_{ij}$ and its estimate $\hat{z}_{ij} = x_j \ominus x_i$. Since $\tilde{A}_{ij}$ is a 6x6 matrix and we're optimizing for 6-DOF $\Sigma_{ij}$ is also a 6x6 matrix.
Based on IMU measurements of acceleration $a$ and rotational velocity $\omega$ one can build up a 6x6 sensor noise matrix
$$ \Sigma_{sensor} = \left( \begin{matrix} \sigma_{a}^2 & 0 \\ 0 & \sigma_{\omega}^2 \end{matrix} \right) $$
Further we have a process model which integrates acceleration twice and rotational velocity once to obtain a pose measurement.
To properly model the uncertainty both sensor noise and integration noise have to be considered (anything else?). Thus, I want to calculate the uncertainty as
$$ \Sigma_{ij}^{t} = J_{iterate} \Sigma_{ij}^{t-1} J_{iterate}^T + J_{process} \Sigma_{sensor} J_{process}^T$$
where $J_{iterate} = \frac{\partial x_{i}^{t}}{\partial x_{i}^{t-1}}$ and $J_{process} = \frac{\partial x_{i}^{t}}{\partial \xi_{i}^{t}}$ and current measurement $\xi{i}^{t} = [a,\omega]$.
According to this formula $\Sigma_{ij}$ is a 7x7 matrix, but I need a 6x6 matrix instead. I think I have to include a manifold projection somewhere, but how?
For further details take a look at the following publication, especially at their algorithm 2:
G. Grisetti, R. Kümmerle, C. Stachniss, and W. Burgard, "A tutorial on graph-based SLAM," IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Maga- zine, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 31–43, 2010.
For a similar calculation of the uncertainty take a look at the end of section III A. in:
Corominas Murtra, Andreu, and Josep M. Mirats Tur. "IMU and cable encoder data fusion for in-pipe mobile robot localization." Technologies for Practical Robot Applications (TePRA), 2013 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2013.
.. or section III A. and IV A. in:
Ila, Viorela, Josep M. Porta, and Juan Andrade-Cetto. "Information-based compact Pose SLAM." Robotics, IEEE Transactions on 26.1 (2010): 78-93.
slam ekf jacobian
morphmorph
$\begingroup$ Each edge in the graph has an error function associated with a measurement. In your question, what is the error function, and what is the measurement? Are you integrating the IMU data for a while to get a change in pose, and then using that as the measurement? That is, what is $z_{ij}$ in your question? $\endgroup$ – kamek May 23 '16 at 18:15
$\begingroup$ @kamek I updated the question: $z_{ij}$ is a measurement of the pose. And yes, it is calculated based on an odometry measurement $\xi_{i}$ of acceleration and rotaional velocity which is integrated twice or once, respectively. $\endgroup$ – morph May 23 '16 at 20:33
$\begingroup$ Still not sure I understand. Is there a new $z_{ij}$ each time there is an IMU measurement? If so, what is $\Sigma_{ij}^{t-1}$? Put differently, at what point do you add a new node to the graph? Are you integrating the IMU data for, say, a few seconds and then adding a node to the graph? If so, are you resetting the covariance back to zero each time after you add a node? Do you have another sensor or are you just integrating IMU data. If that's all your doing graph-based SLAM isn't going to improve the dead-reckoning uncertainty (i.e., without loop closures). $\endgroup$ – kamek May 23 '16 at 21:29
$\begingroup$ @kamek good question! since I estimate the pose of an imaging device I create a new $z_{ij}$ for every new image frame. During the frames I integrate a pose $x^t$ based on the IMU measurements in between (IMU@100 Hz, images@25 Hz). The $z_{ij}$ is the transformation between $x^t$ and the current reference pose $x_{ref}$. $x_{ref}$ is initialized with $0$ and replaced with $x^t$ after a new $z_{ij}$ was calculated. $\Sigma_{ij}^{t}$ is updated with every new IMU measurement, just like $x^t$ and thereby also describes the covariance of a measurement $z_{ij}$ calculated from $x^t \ominus x_{ref}$ $\endgroup$ – morph May 23 '16 at 21:52
$\begingroup$ @kamek and yes, basically this behavior won't improve the dead-reckoning, until I detect a loop closure using the image data. And that's exactly what I'm doing. $\endgroup$ – morph May 23 '16 at 21:53
Because a the pose has six degrees-of-freedom, the covariance matrix representing its uncertainty should be $6 \times 6$. To determine how the covariance matrix propagates after each new IMU measurement, you must determine the error state propagation equation, where the error is a minimal parameterization of the error in your state. How to do this for a rotation parameterized as a unit quaternion is explained in detail in Section 2 of Indirect Kalman Filter for 3D Attitude Estimation by Trawny. Note that this implementation explicitly estimates the gyroscope bias as part of the state vector. You would need to replace that with the position and add your accelerometer measurements. In fact, I recommend reading that document (or at least the first two sections) very carefully, I learned a lot the first time I read it.
kamekkamek
$\begingroup$ I have just read your recommended document. I still don't understand the difference between their approach and mine (which is inspired by Murtra). The calculation of $\Sigma_{ij}^t$ has the same structure for both approaches, as it has a "running" component and a fixed one, i.e. the sensor noise. Murtra explicitly makes use of Jacobians. As Trawny's calculations are based on the error development, i.e. he analyses the derivative of the error, it seems to me like he's working with jacobians as well, but he doesn't name it. Do both actually follow the same approach using different "vocabulary"? $\endgroup$ – morph May 24 '16 at 10:45
$\begingroup$ It is very important to note that the error parameterization by Trawny is a minimal parameterization. From skimming Mutra, it looks like Jacobians are taken with respect to the quaternion? As in, with respect to each of the four terms in the quaternion? That does not take into account that these four terms only represent three degrees of freedom. If you consider four quaternion parameters independent and their uncertainty with a $4 \times 4$ covariance matrix, you will run into numerical issues (the covariance matrix may be singular). $\endgroup$ – kamek May 24 '16 at 11:37
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged slam ekf jacobian or ask your own question.
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text:
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Deli-style cafe hopes to become '˜focal point' of Old Portsmouth creative arts scene
WORK is continuing to transform Old Portsmouth into a thriving arts and crafts quarter.
Saturday, 13th February 2016, 6:00 am
Work on The Artches beneath The Hot Walls at Old Portsmouth - from left, Lucy Branson, Cllr. Linda Symes, project manager Bev Lucas, and Bill Branson Picture: Malcolm Wells (160212-8129)
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The city council has now appointed operators to run a deli-style cafe within the historic structures that will provide guests with seafront views.
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The cafe will take on around 10 full-time staff and plans to hold champagne evenings in the summer and offer takeaway snack boxes to families going to the beach.
The Tenth Hole will remain unchanged and the couple will split their time between both businesses.
The work – known as the Artches project – has been paid for thanks to a £1.75m grant from the government's coastal communities fund, as well as £40,000 from the Partnership for Urban South Hampshire and £100,000 from the council.
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text:
//
//  GameObjStar.h
//  example12-1
//
//  Created by shuoquan man on 12-10-21.
//  Copyright (c) 2012年 __MyCompanyName__. All rights reserved.
//

#ifndef example16_1_GameObjStar_h
#define example16_1_GameObjStar_h
#include "cocos2d.h"
using namespace cocos2d;

class GameObjStar : public Node
{
public:
    GameObjStar(void);
    short state;
    virtual ~GameObjStar(void);
    virtual void onEnter();
    virtual void onExit();
    bool _visable;
    void set_visable(bool var);
    bool get_visable();
};

#endif


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Escape the hustle and bustle of Krabi or Ao Nang and take a relaxing day off to visit Koh Phi Phi and the 4 islands: Phi Phi lay, Loh Sama Bay, Maya Bay, Pileh Lagoon, Viking Cave, and Monkey Bay . This one day sunrise speed boat tour includes transfers to and from your hotel, drinking water and snorkeling equipment. Book this amazing sunrise day tour and experience the most beautiful islands around Krabi! The entrance fee to the national park is excluded in this tour and costs THB 400 per adult and THB 200 per child.
Our driver, together with a Thai and English speaking professional guide, will pick you up from your hotel at around 6:00. The exact pickup time will be stated on your booking voucher. It takes between 5 minutes and 45 minutes to get to the pier, from where we leave by speed boat. Our first stop is Phi Phi lay, to explore the Andaman sea with a magnificent sunrise in the background. The water here is crystal clear and the perfect place for snorkeling, swimming or sunbathing.
Our next stop is Loh Sama Bay, it has a small islet in the center of the bay and a small beach on the northern side of a small canyon. Loh Sama is known for its opportunities for snorkeling and diving. You will then move to Maya Bay, Pileh Lagoon, Viking Cave, and Monkey Bay to enjoy amazing natural views and enjoy taking a photo to keep your memory good.. Don't forget to bring a camera!
At Phi Phi Don, the morning session will end. It's time for your lunch buffet at the hotel's Phi Phi Don restaurant.
The next destination to recharge your energy is Bamboo Island. Let's indulge in the clear water or lying on the white sand beach. Then you're going to cruise around Chicken Island, the rock like chicken-head. Not far from here, you'll go ashore to witness one of Talaywaek or Divided Sea's amazing Unseen Thailand.
This is a unique beach that connects Koh Kai, Koh Tup, and Koh Mor offshore islands. Every day this phenomenon occurs as the tide recedes.
The last stop of this tour is Poda island. It looks a bit like the James Bond spike in Phang Nga, but is mostly interesting because of the exceptionally clean waters. A Thai buffet lunch is included in this tour. There are vegetarian options available.
All good things come to an end! We bring you back to the hotel or villa in Krabi or Ao Nang, where you should arrive at around 15:30.
Pay a deposit of ฿595 per person. The remaining balance can be paid on tour.
What should you bring on this trip?
06.40 Check in at Pier on Nopparatthara beach. Then depart by 35-seat speed boat.
07.00 Pick up clients (if any) from Railay in front of Sand Sea Resort, Railay West.
07:45 Snorkeling & swimming: You can enjoy swimming and snorkeling underwater world.
– Pileh Lagoon: One of the jewels of Phi Phi Island. The turquoise lagoon is surrounded by limestone mountains. Relaxing and snorkeling here.
– Viking Cave: It's cave of birds' nests and wall painting.
11.00 Lunch buffet at hotel restaurant at Phi Phi Don.
12.30 Snorkeling around Phi Phi Don.
14.30 Poda Island: This islet is the largest of all the four islets. There is a long sandy beach shady with rows of pine trees. The sea is exceptionally clean, clear and suitable for swimming and sunbathing.
15.00 Go back to pier and send you to hotels.
The order of the stops in this itinerary can change according to the weather.
The admission to the national park is excluded from the tour price: THB 400 per adult and THB 200 per child. Payable to the Thai government on arrival.
Krabi-tours.net offers the best rated day trips, tours and excursions on and around Krabi. We are happy to help: our friendly staff will assist you with any questions or remarks you may have. All our tours are fully insured up until THB 1 million.
Krabi-tours.net accepts payments by credit card, internet banking or Paypal account. Our website complies with the highest safety standards. We never store credit card numbers on our server or website.


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Is there a way to debug the complete flow when I send mail to verified_mail@my_domain.com .
Thanks in advance.

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