text:
Perry Ellis makes the age joke everyone has been waiting for
UNC gets the better of Duke on Senior Night in another classic duel
Ben Bornstein, March 5, 2016 9:17 pm
No. 8 UNC (25-6, 14-4) headed the eight miles over to Durham to take on No. 17 Duke (22-9, 11-7) on their Senior Night. The game shaped up to be another instant classic between the two teams with this coming out in favor of the Tar Heels 76-72. It was an ugly shooting night with neither team shooting better than 38 percent from the floor, but it was still just as riveting as the first meeting.
UNC had an insane night on the glass recording 64 boards and 27 of them were offensive! Meanwhile, Duke only had 29 rebounds, but was able to stay in the game thanks to 13 made three-pointers. Duke also had only six turnovers compared to UNC's 14 so that will help as well.
Duke's Grayson Allen fouled out of the game, but not before scoring 29 points and dishing out five assists. Brandon Ingram struggled only scoring 10 points and grabbing eight rebounds because he got into foul trouble early, but Luke Kennard came off the bench to score 20 points to help the Blue Devils.
That wasn't enough to overcome Brice Johnson's 18 points and 21 boards or Kennedy Meeks' 12 points and 14 boards. Joel Berry had 12 points and seven rebounds, Marcus Paige had 11 points and six rebounds and Justin Jackson had 13 points too. Hopefully we can see these two meet up in the ACC Tournament for a third time this year because that would just be epic.
Brice Johnson
Grayson Allen
Justin Jackson
Kennedy Meeks
Marcus Paige


Aero Precision is famous for making outstanding Parts and Firearms. So much so, that many companies, such as Spikes Tactical trusts Aero Precision to fabricate their lower receivers. Aero Precision followed Colt's lead in producing an OEM rifle (stripped drive train only). We've built and accessorized around that platform to produce a no-compromises rifle for the sport enthusiast, home defender, and three-gunner. This Snow Camo AR15 Rifle has a Barrel length of 16.1" and has a Standard A2 Flash Hider. With Standard M4 Upper Receiver 4x Magpul 30 Round PMAG® Magazine Its a must have.
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A total of 47 community language schools, teaching more than 5,300 students, have received more than $705,900 in grants from the McGowan Government via the Office of Multicultural Interests' Community Languages Program (CLP).
The Community Languages Program supports not-for-profit culturally diverse community organisations to teach languages other than English and cultural maintenance programs after school hours.
Program Development costs to help schools develop their education programs.
The Ukrainian Association of Western Australia and the Russian Learning Centre have both been funded to set up new schools through a grant of $4,000 each.
Five Chinese language schools have received more than $217,000 in funding. This reflects that Mandarin and Cantonese are both among the top 10 languages other than English, spoken at home in WA.
"Language skills are essential in today's global economy and, with more than 17 per cent of Western Australians speaking a language other than English at home, linguistic diversity is one of our State's greatest assets.
"Community language schools are at the coalface of language learning and cultural development, and are staffed by committed and passionate volunteers.
"It is crucial that these schools are supported to foster a love of language learning among young Western Australians, which will contribute greatly to the social, cultural and economic development of the State."


text:
Q: How to do correctly multiple calls to firebase Situation:
I have to get file download url, and I have an array of file names. So I need to call multiple time to firebase storage to get file url and create new array of file's url's.
What I did:
I map my array of file names and call to firebase storage each time. And create Promise.all to collect all results and set to state.
My code:
let getLinks = arr.map( async obj => {
            return await storageRef.child(`agencies/${agencyData.id}/users-forms-uploads/${docId}/${obj.upload}`)
                .getDownloadURL()
                .then(url => ({
                            id: obj.id,
                            url
                }))
        })

        Promise.all([getLinks])
        .then((res) => {
            setDocumentsLinks(res)
        })

What I got:
As result I got array of promises instead array of objects which contains id and url

A: This just a simple syntax error as you shouldn't wrap getLinks in an array when passing it to Promise.all().
let getLinks = arr.map(/* ... */)
// getLinks is a Promise<{id: string, url: string}>[]

Promise.all([getLinks]) // feeding Promise.all() an array of an array of Promises
  .then(/* ... */);

should be
Promise.all(getLinks) // feeding Promise.all() an array of Promises
  .then(/* ... */);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Use these gift ideas this holiday season for something thoughtful and quirky.
Use these gift ideas this holiday season to spoil yourself or for a fellow landscape professional. There are even some fun things that can be used in your office to make employees and visiting clients laugh.
Protect your nice wood furniture or office desk with a little bit of turfgrass. This set of four coasters is recycled and made in the USA.
Make sure your office staff has their mind on the lawn by having them use these pens.
These are good for the on-the-go office when it gets a little too blustery outside or your crew is leaf blowing near the truck.
Bring the turf to your desk with this multipurpose stand for pens, pencils, a tray for paperclips or to rest your phone while you watch YouTube videos.
You will look like you are walking barefoot in the grass anywhere you go. Made from synthetic grass, these sandals will be quite the conversation starter.
If you can't convince your family to have this lampshade at home, bring it to your office and keep it in the lobby for clients to admire whenever they stop by.
The blades from this grass stand will hold dishes as they dry.
In various sizes, these candles will burn with the scent of fresh-cut grass. The company claims the candle will burn for about 40 hours.
Lay in the grass while floating above the ground in the synthetic hammock. Bonus: it is water- and UV-resistant.
This plush rug will bring the landscaping indoors. But the best part: no mowing required.
This unexpected table runner on your holiday dinner table will catch the eye of your family and friends.
With a lot to choose from, CafePress lets you personalize the phone case and get the best "stand of turf" possible.
No matter where you are going, bring along your books, paperwork, tablet or laptop in this padded, customizable bag.
Share your turf-lover gift ideas with us in the comments below!
Editor's note: This article was originally published in November 2016 and has been updated for accuracy.
Next post Who Says Great Employees Are Hard To Find These Days?


text:
What Alita: Battle Angel learned from James Cameron's Avatar
Alita: Battle Angel director Robert Rodriguez talks motion capture, going to 'James Cameron school'... and those huge eyes
By Stephen Kelly
The first thing you notice about Alita: Battle Angel, the live-action adaptation of the manga by Yukito Kishiro, is the title character's eyes. For the main part, the film's CGI cyborg protagonist Alita, played by Rosa Salazar, looks human – except for her eyes, which are unsettlingly large, like an anime character brought to life.
When they were first unveiled in a trailer last year, the reaction was split. Some were intrigued by the striking visuals, but others found themselves unnerved by the "uncanny valley" effect – the unsettling feeling when something looks almost human. "It's just something we've never seen before," says the director, Robert Rodriguez. "We've been seeing anime and manga eyes since Astro Boy in the 50s, but we've never seen it photo-real. There are so many manga fans out there, and I'm a fan too. If you could see a photo-real anime film – it'd be like you got stuck in the comic book, you'd feel like you were living in a dream."
Rodriguez, who inherited the Alita project from producer James Cameron, was initially concerned that Cameron would pressure him to tone the character down. "But Jim didn't even blink an eye," he says. "In fact, he even said, 'You know what, I think the eyes need to be bigger. The iris has to be bigger in order to make it more emotive, more relatable.' He said that he had learned that on Avatar."
Rodriguez, best known for B-movie-style films like From Dusk Till Dawn and Sin City, speaks of Cameron as a mentor – and in a way, he is. Several years ago, Cameron asked Rodriguez to edit the script for Alita: Battle Angel, which he had had in development since the early 2000s. Cameron once intended to direct himself, being fascinated by the idea of bringing Alita – a deadly cyborg rebuilt by a scientist (Christoph Waltz) – to life through performance capture. But along the way he became preoccupied with something else equally ambitious. "It came down to: the Alita script wasn't ready and the Avatar script was," Rodriguez says.
The most exciting new films coming out in 2020
By Andy Vandervell
It proved a blessing. Avatar became a stepping stone to getting the performance-capture technology ready for the more challenging Alita: Battle Angel. At the time, rendering the faces of Avatar's blue alien Na'vi was a far easier task than trying to translate the detail of an actual human face into realistic CGI. "We've benefited from the advancements that they made on Avatar and the Planet of the Apes movies," says Rodriguez. "[The technology] wasn't even there when we started shooting – we had to fine-tune it over two years."
Rodriguez is no stranger to special effects; Sin City was filmed primarily against a green screen. But in terms of scope and scale, Alita: Battle Angel presented a new challenge. Rodriguez needed to collaborate closely with special effects company WETA Digital and go through what he refers to as "James Cameron school", to get to grips with directing Salazar and her cyborg co-stars through performance capture – a process popularised by actor and director Andy Serkis that involves actors wearing close-fitting outfits covered in sensors so that their performance can be digitally captured.
"Every day a shot would come in of Alita that would look amazing," Rodriguez says. "And then Jim would jump in and say, 'Let's see Rosa's performance again,' and we'd compare it. 'You see right there in the corner of the eye, or the corner of the mouth, let's just pull it up a little bit…' and 100 percent of her performance is coming through."
For Salazar, becoming Alita meant a daily hour-and-a-half routine to get into the Lycra-like performance-capture suit, being fitted with markers and having her movements scanned into WETA's system. Once the preparation was over, she says that the actual acting process wasn't hugely different to a live-action shoot. Most of her scenes were filmed on practical sets and opposite real actors, although the motion-capture aspect did occasionally present unusual challenges.
Netflix's Studio Ghibli streaming deal is a stroke of genius
By Will Bedingfield
"Myself and Keean Johnson [who plays love interest Hugo] had a kissing scene," she says, "and he was meant to curl my hair around my ear and bring my face to his and kiss me. But I didn't have any hair, as it's covered by the suit, and there's this big boom camera sticking out from my face, so he couldn't easily kiss me."
'Planet of the Apes' star Andy Serkis on how he multitasks as an actor, director and leader
Rodriguez and WETA had to shoot around the obstacle, and thought up an inventive way to replicate Salazar's hair. "They attached a little Velcro strip section of hair onto the left side of my face, and Keean just curled that behind my ear," she says. "There are little funny moments, little workarounds, but they don't take much time or effort really."
As for the mixed response to her new face, she says she would have been disappointed if people didn't have a strong reaction. "I don't want to make something that settles people," she says. "The worst thing for me would have been people going, 'Yes, I've seen that before, I know what that is.'"
More great stories from WIRED
– Why your standing desk isn't solving your sitting problem
– Our guide to the best WhatsApp alternatives
– What is the point of folding phones?
– The complicated truth about China's social credit system
– Your old router is a goldmine for hackers
Get the best of WIRED in your inbox every Saturday with the WIRED Weekender newsletter
This article was first published in the March / April 2019 issue of WIRED magazine
What Europe's tech firms can learn from Trump's ZTE tweets
By Katia Moskvitch
James Dyson on batteries, electric cars and the future of design
Jeff Bezos's blackmail masterclass: Podcast 404
The future according to women
By Tracey Follows

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tritax Group at a Glance
Example Investments
Tritax Investor Services
Tritax Big Box
Tritax Big Box at a Glance
Tritax EuroBox
Tritax EuroBox at a Glance
TPIF
TPIF at a Glance
Tritax Offices
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Tritax EuroBox plc – Full year results 2020
For further information follow link below
Tritax EuroBox plc – Statement on Covid-19 and Notice of Half Year Results
Ahead of its results for the period from 30 September 2019 to the 31 March 2020 ("H1 2020"), which will be announced in on Tuesday, 19 May 2020, the Board of Tritax EuroBox plc (ticker: EBOX (Sterling) and BOXE Euro)), today provides an update on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its business.
About Tritax EuroBox plc
Tritax EuroBox plc invests in a high-quality portfolio of very large, prime logistics real estate assets located across Continental Europe. The Company's portfolio comprises 12 properties totalling over 909,000 sqm in six European countries. These assets are let to 21 substantial companies on long leases, averaging 9.7 years.
Nick Preston, Fund Manager of Tritax EuroBox, commented:
"Our ongoing priority remains to ensure the safety and well-being of our management team and to work closely with our tenants to support them through this challenging period. Despite the unprecedented nature of this crisis, we believe that the fundamentals driving demand for Continental European logistics assets remain strong. Supply chains have been severely tested, and this has highlighted occupiers' growing need for modern, well specified, strategically located buildings close to major population centres and infrastructure.
Structural tailwinds driving demand in the big box logistics sector may be accelerated as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. We anticipate that the recent marked increase in online retail usage in Europe will lead to retailers having an even greater focus on growing their e-commerce platforms. Other emerging themes include manufacturing moving closer to Europe from the Far East in order to shorten supply chains and also companies holding higher inventory levels to protect against potential supply chain disruption. All of these effects are likely to lead to companies growing their logistics functions. Meanwhile, the supply of logistics facilities remains constrained due to low land availability and little speculative development. We believe these supply and demand factors will help to underpin future valuations in the Continental European logistics space, and notwithstanding any short term issues arising from the current crisis, create further upward pressure on rental values.
We are taking a disciplined approach to maintaining a robust balance sheet and have temporarily paused investments and material new expenditure, given the lack of visibility on the depth or duration of the crisis. This robustness is further supported by the future cashflows we have secured through our strong and deepening relationships with our tenants. We remain confident that the quality of our portfolio, and the embedded asset management opportunities within it, will underpin growth in income and total returns to our shareholders."
Impact of COVID-19 on the business
The Company's diversified income stream is supported by a wide tenant base comprising retailers, manufacturers, third party logistics providers, pharmaceutical, food and drink and packaging companies. 58% of the Company's income is generated by occupiers in the retail sector, 80% of which are online retailers, either exclusively or significantly.
The Management team has been in regular contact with all 21 tenants in the portfolio as the crisis has unfolded and is closely working with them on a case by case basis in a supportive and commercial way.
All tenants are still operating their properties, although some are operating at reduced capacity due to lower business volumes or government restrictions. This continued usage, alongside the significant investment that our tenants have made in our buildings, demonstrates that these are key operating assets for their businesses, as well as being essential in providing the goods and services that the underlying customers continue to require.
All rents due for the quarter ended 31 March 2020 have been collected. With regard to the Company's rental receipts for the quarter ending 30 June 2020, the position is as follows:
While the Company has confidence in the financial strength of all tenant businesses, it has supported two tenants by temporarily delaying some of their rental payments by formally agreeing staged payment plans, and it is still in discussion with a third tenant.
Approximately two thirds of the Company's rental income is payable in advance on a monthly basis with the remainder payable on a quarterly basis.
Of the total €10.14 million rent due to the Company between 1 April and 30 June 2020, an amount of €1.6 million (15.7%) has been agreed to be delayed and repaid during 2021.
The Company is still in discussion with one tenant on the repayment terms of €0.35 million of rent (3.4% of the total quarterly rent demanded).
The Company also has the additional security of 14 rental deposits and bank guarantees and seven parent company guarantees across its portfolio.
Tritax EuroBox is well capitalised with a strong balance sheet and significant headroom to its financial covenants.
The Group has cash and undrawn facilities against its unsecured revolving credit facility ("RCF") in excess of €100 million as at April 2020, along with no material operational or capital expenditure expected for the remainder of the quarter ending 30 June 2020.
As at 3 February 2020, the Company had an LTV ratio of 43%.
Rental income and asset values would be required to fall by more than 50% and 30% respectively before any of the Company's principal debt covenants were breached. The earliest refinance date of the RCF is September 2023, with the majority of debt maturing in September 2024.
The Company's last quarterly dividend equated to 1.10 cents per share. The focus remains on progressively increasing the dividend once there is more visibility on the effects of the crisis. The Board will announce the next dividend alongside its interim results in May.
Notice of Half Year Results
The Company will announce its half year results for the six months ended 31 March 2020 on Tuesday, 19 May 2020.
The Company presentation of its half year results for analysts and investors will take place via a live conference call and webcast at 9am on the day, and a recording will be available on-demand later in the day via the Company website: www.tritaxeurobox.co.uk
Those wishing to access the live conference call are kindly asked to contact Maitland/AMO at tritax-maitland@maitland.co.uk or by telephone on +44 (0) 20 7379 5151.
Those wishing to access the live webcast please register via the Company website: https://www.tritaxeurobox.co.uk/investors/results-centre/
Tritax Group
Nick Preston
Mehdi Bourassi
Jefferies International Limited
Stuart Klein
Tom Yeadon
Kempen & Co
Dick Boer
Thomas ten Hoedt
Akur Limited
Anthony Richardson
Tom Frost
Siobhan Sergeant
Maitland/AMO (Communications Adviser)
James Benjamin
tritax-maitland@maitland.co.uk
The Company's LEI is: 213800HK59N7H979QU33.
Tritax EuroBox plc invests in and manages a well-diversified portfolio of well-located Continental European logistics real estate assets that are expected to deliver an attractive capital return and secure income to shareholders. These assets fulfil key roles in the logistics and distribution supply-chain focused on the most established logistics markets and on the major population centres across core Continental European countries.
Occupier demand for Continental European logistics assets is in the midst of a major long-term structural change principally driven by the growth of e-commerce. This is evidenced by technological advancements, increased automation and supply-chain optimisation.
The Company's Manager, Tritax Management LLP, has assembled a full-service European logistics asset management capability including specialist "on the ground" asset and property managers with strong market standings in the Continental European logistics sector.
The Company is targeting, on a fully invested and geared basis, an initial Ordinary Share dividend yield of 4.75% p.a.¹, which is expected to increase progressively through regular indexation events inherent in underlying lease agreements, and a total return on the Ordinary Shares of 9.0% p.a.¹ over the medium-term. The Company pays dividends on a quarterly basis with shareholders able to receive dividends in Sterling or Euro. Further information on Tritax EuroBox plc is available at www.tritaxeurobox.co.uk
1. Euro denominated returns, by reference to IPO issue price. These are targets only and not profit forecasts. There can be no assurances that these targets will be met, and they should not be taken as indications of the Company's expected or actual future results. Accordingly, potential investors should not place any reliance on the target in deciding whether or not to invest in the Company and should not assume that the Company will make any distributions at all and should decide themselves whether or not the target is reasonable or achievable.
© 2014-21 Tritax


There's something inherently addictive about dungeon crawling games. That feeling when you open a chest and find that impressive weapon that can instantly chop an enemy head… Well, there are even studies showing that looting games appeal to deep emotions within our brains, much like compulsive hoarding. If you are a loot lover, Taichi Panda is probably right for you.
Controls and gameplay are straightforward, and not far from what you may have used in the past. A virtual D-pad lets you move around and do your things and a set of control buttons opposite let you attack, heal and do all the funny things you are expected to do in such a game. You can pick from 3 possible playable characters (a martial artist panda, a rogueish treasure hunter, a knight) each having its own characteristics. Suit your style.
The bread and butter of Taichi Panda is levelling up, upgrading your gear to the max and finding new and nasty stuff piled among the corpses of the enemies you slain. A few non-typical dungeon-crawlerish parts of the game are that you'll face boss battles (in this it feels closer to K.O.T.O.R.) from time to time, so you better gear up decently, and also it is divided in chapters & sections (again, much like K.O.T.O.R).
Finally, there are PvP (player vs player) arenas to fight against (or with, in team play) your friends, in real time multiplayer. In addition to this, you can 'plunder' other players to steal items from them, akin to many MMORPGs available on the web. This is quite a nice addition, and a way to keep players on guard. Don't let your hard-earned items go to waste and fight for them!
The #1 iOS game in China with over 10 million players, now available in English!
Taichi Panda is a fast-paced Kungfu-themed dungeon crawler. Grow your character and restore the cosmic balance in an exciting free-to-play online adventure.
Fight through hordes of enemies with a fast-paced combat system. Use a mixture of speed, strength and skill, combining aerial attacks and combo moves to devastate the enemy. Explore twisting labyrinths, avoid precarious traps, and defeat powerful bosses!


text:
Bella Rubin
@bella95
Bella Rubin commented on the page, on the site Honors Intro to Poetry: This American Lyric 4 years, 2 months ago
I think that Hughes and Rankine share a connection. Like Jeremy writes "Both Hughes and Rankine describe their struggle as blacks living in America and the harsh segregation they experience in their lives." The speaker in Hughes "I too" says "I, too am America."(18) He feels that he is like a "brother" to white men, making them equal and he fe…[Read more]
Like Kaylin explains Knight "conveys a strong feeling of isolation and detachment from his large family." In Knights poem he separates himself from his family saying "they are farmers, I am a thief, I am me, they are thee." Knight separates this poem to clearly show us how just because someone looks just like their family and is a part of a famil…[Read more]
Its good that we understood the "new sentence," by Bob Perelman before we read his perplexing poem "Chronic Meanings." I liked how Debra questioned Perelman's work "the lines really did not connect to each other to form a coherent message. Or did it?" I had a hard time forming any connections of Bobs choices of topics for his stanzas. I th…[Read more]
To answer Max's first question I think Rich promoted the idea that it's bad that one's words can be used differently but ultimately she shows that you have to speak up regardless of the consequences. Rich writes out "Everything we write will be used against us (11-12) with this in mind one should be conscious of what they are writing." Like max…[Read more]
I think the relationship the speaker has with her father is a fearing one out of respect. In "Full Fathom Five" Plath describes the father as an "old man", older people are usually respected for their wisdom. Plath gives descriptions like a god coming from the sea which also makes the speaker feel belittled. The god has with "white hair" sym…[Read more]
I agree with Deborah that these lines contain a self disclosure from Ginsburg. I liked her view especially that "Ginsberg writes, the speaker is standing before the audience (the "you") and "confessing out the soul," …this is in line with what Ginsberg is indeed doing in this poem- he is confessing, he is revealing himself." I think Ginsburg is l…[Read more]
I found Max's explanation as to why they stopped at a zoo as symbolic very interesting. "The zoo represents the fact that at the end of the subway ride, him and his friends ends up as mindless as animals." I agree that it is symbolism that it says the "drear light of zoo" that it was not by chance. They are experimenting with different drugs all…[Read more]
Miriam explains Goldberg named his painting Sardines "he put it in his painting because "it needed something there" (9) but then a few lines later Goldberg takes it out since he though "It was too much" (16). In the end though, the painting is named sardines even though there are no sardines in it." " Answering Miriam's question as to why I think…[Read more]
I think that Tara's view how "Hughes also says that blacks have to eat in the kitchen "when company comes" (4)."…. "In other words, deep down, the whites aren't really racist." This Is an improvement at least not all whites where racist and they where just Putting on a show for their company out of fear. To answer Tara's first question I think th…[Read more]
I liked what Debra said how at the end of Jazz as Communication "Finally, Hughes gives a definition based on what Jazz means to him and says, "Jazz is a montage of a dream deferred." After reading this line I realized why we were told to read the second poem "Harlem." " Answering Debra's first question I think Harlem relates to Jazz because that…[Read more]
Marc starts his response by telling us what the first thing that stood out to him was "The first aspect of this poem that obviously stood out to me was the speaker's use of repetition." The repetition is clear to anyone who reads the poem. At first I thought this tong twister- like poem sounds like Stein was trying to write like a person with…[Read more]
Bella Rubin wrote a new post, "I felt a Funeral, in my Brain" Prompt 2 response, on the site Honors Intro to Poetry: This American Lyric 4 years, 5 months ago
Dickinson is portraying a speaker who is insane. This is seen starting from the first line of the poem "I felt a Funeral, in my Brain"(1). The speaker could have said it felt like a funeral but instead states what […]
Tara Polinsky replied 4 years, 5 months ago
I found it interesting that Bella said that it sounds like the speaker had a migraine, because the first thing that I wrote in my annotations for this poem was "sounds like she has a migraine". I also agree with the rest of what Bella said, that the numbness is connected to the migraine, and the word "again" makes it sound like she's had this feeling before. One thing I found interesting about the last line was that the poem really makes the reader feel like they're in a casket with the speaker, being lowered down into the ground. The poem ends very abruptly in middle of a thought, with "and Finished knowing – then – " which makes it sound like the speaker is speaking from her casket, while it's being lowered, and all of a sudden it's buried in the ground, and you can't hear her finish the rest of her thought.
Miriam Kaplan replied 4 years, 5 months ago
When I first read "I felt a Funeral in my Brain" I would have agreed that the narrator must be crazy, but, on my second time reading it I stating thinking that maybe the poem was about thought. As the poem starts with the funeral that is going on inside the speaker's brain, I thought it may be a reference to something other than insanity. Dickinson uses many references to brain and thoughts; she uses words such as brain (1), sense (4), and thought (7). In the first stanza she speaks of "mourners… treading- treading- till it seemed that sense was breaking through" (2-4). This could be speaking about the thoughts that are going back and forth in the speakers' mind, accepting some while rejecting others, until sense breaks through. In the last stanza the narrator seems to have reached a low point in his or her thoughts as they "dropped down, and down" (18) and "at every plunge" (19) lost a world of knowledge until they felt that everything they thought they knew may have not been true, "and Finished knowing- then-" (20).
Debra Zarny replied 4 years, 5 months ago
The funeral scene is an interesting choice as a way to display one's madness. With a funeral scene, there can be two descriptions of madness: one seen from the person who has died and one seen from the people that have attended the funeral. The speaker discusses how she hears "A Service, like a Drum— kept beating-beating" and someone with "Boots of Led" stomp across the floor as he lifts a box. These noises and actions seem to annoy her and her reaction to them is seen from her reply "My Mind was going numb," which can be an indication of how the speaker feels about her madness. A second description can be seen from the attendees of the funeral as well. They must be upset and possibly angered by her death, which is probably what the speaker is feeling.
Steven replied 4 years, 5 months ago
I like the idea of the speaker being crazy, it is an interesting interpretation. I interpreted this poem as someone who is actually at a funeral. I felt that the sadness made the speaker space out so that her body is there but her mind is drifting, as students we know this experience well. All of the sensory ideas she refers to are her senses gathering information, she just insn't focused on them. Then, at the end, she broke out of her trance, "going down," and "hit a world" of where she really was. Here her emotions got the better of her and could no longer think or remember the events, "finished knowing." This is how i understood the poem, but the psychotic speaker seems more reasonable for a poet like Dickinson.
Max Richter replied 4 years, 5 months ago
This whole time I thought that this speaker was at her own funeral and was describing the sequences that occur when going from this life to the next. She was at her funeral and the speaker can sense that mourners were passing by his body. The speaker first speaks of the physical things happening around her, then in the line "Then Space- began to toll", the transformation from this world to the next begins. The funeral wasn't mentioned again. Bella's interpretation of the poem is really intriguing though because after reading it a few times, there does seem to be constant repetition which is common for insane people. The mourners moving back and forth, the drums, the bell. It seems that there surely is a possibility the speaker is after all, crazy.
I found what Aiyanna wrote really interesting about how "Dickinson could have chosen to simply describe despair as what the speaker felt. Instead, Dickinson chose to describe the feeling as what the speaker did not feel, in comparison to death." I think this displays real despair because the speaker is in worse place then someone who is dead. Dea…[Read more]
Bella Rubin wrote a new post, "The Raven" – Second Response , on the site Honors Intro to Poetry: This American Lyric 4 years, 5 months ago
In "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe, the poem has a negative tension because the speaker's mind is affected by stress. The speaker cannot think clearly because he is depressed over his lost Lenore. It is implied that […]
Aiyanna Nixon replied 4 years, 5 months ago
I believe Poe chose the Raven as the main symbol of this poem because it has been believed that a Raven is the link between the living world and the afterlife. Ravens are also darkly colored and their caws, unlike most birds, are a deeper note. When cawing, I often feel that ravens sound like they are mocking someone. So I agree with Poe's choice to use a raven. Poe's works, whether it be poems or short stories are often dramatic, emotional, and dark. The alliteration adds to the drama of his work when one is reading. When previously reading this poem, I had not noticed the "negative tension." I agree that it is caused by the stress of loss and I think it adds to the dramatic feelings created by the alliteration.
Bella Rubin became a registered member 4 years, 5 months ago


Read our summary of the main points of the Summer Budget announced yesterday.
As a result, the working age benefits will be frozen for four years with the exception of maternity pay, Personal Independence Payments (PIP), disability pay and Employment and Support Allowance (ESA).
1.75 million of the poorest families have seen their benefits cut to date due to welfare reform. In this budget, a household benefit cap has been set at £20,000 (£23,000 in London). There will provisions for exceptional circumstances like multiple births.
Employment and Support Allowance will be aligned to the level of Jobseekers' Allowance for those deemed fit to work. No current claimants will be affected by this change and new funding will be provided for additional support to help claimants return to work.
The Chancellor added that full details of the £12 Billion in tax cuts would be laid out in the Welfare Reform and Work Bill due to be published on Thursday 9 July.
Following the education reforms started in the last government, the Government is committing to 3 million more apprenticeships for those aged 16-24. An apprenticeship levy is being introduced for large firms to get businesses training up the next generation.
There will also be a youth obligation for 18-21 to 'earn or learn'. Automatic entitlement for housing benefit has been abolished for young people in the same age bracket. There will be exceptions for the vulnerable and other hard cases.
News that rents paid in social housing will be reduced one 1% a year for the next four years will be welcome. However, those earning more than £40,000 in London and £30,000 elsewhere will pay market value rents.
45% of people we help in full time work have an annual household income of £10-15 thousand. A vast majority rely on tax credits to boost their incomes. News of the cuts to tax credits will cause some worry. From next year, the government will reduce the level of earnings at which a household's tax credits and Universal Credit start to be withdrawn. The income threshold in tax credits will be reduced, from £6,420 to £3,850.
Mr Osborne also announced that the rate at which a household's tax credit award is reduced as they earn more will be increased, by raising the taper rate to 48 per cent. The income rise disregard will be reduced from £5,000 to £2,500 – the same level at which it was originally set in 2003.
Universal Credit work allowances will be similarly reduced – and will no longer be awarded to non-disabled claimants without children. There will be no extra tax credit, Universal Credit, or housing benefit support for a third child after 2017.
The personal allowance will rise to £11,000 next year, from £10,600. Once the £12,500 goal set in May 2015 is met, the threshold will be tied to the minimum wage. The 40% threshold will be £43,000 from next year, up from £42,385 - set to reach £50,000 by 2020.
It is estimated that the cost to business will amount to 1% of corporate profits. To offset that, the Chancellor cut Corporation Tax to 18%.
The Government will introduce a compulsory new National Living Wage to start at £7.20 next April and set to £9 p/h by 2020. The Low Pay Commission will recommend future rises. The National Living Wage will be at least 60 per cent of median earnings by 2020.
For small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), the employment allowance is rising to £3,000. This will allow small firms to employ four people on the National Living Wage without paying any national insurance.
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text:
Will Sotomayor Make Spanish An Official Language?
Jared Taylor
I first recall it happening in the 1980s. You could always tell who liked the Sandinistas by the way they said "NicaRAAAgua," with an exaggerated Spanish accent.
Now Spanish pronunciation is everywhere. On National Public Radio, every Mexican name gets a rolled "R" and flat vowels.
No one does this with French or German names. Not even the wildest Francophile would pronounce Detroit or Illinois or Lake Pontchartrain the way the French do. But it proves you love "diversity" if you talk about Los Angeles the way a Mexican would.
Barack Obama's nominee for the Supreme Court wants to give us language lessons, too. We're not supposed to pronounce her name the way an American would, with the accent on the first syllable and the last two syllables rhyming with "mayor," as in the mayor of Chicago. She insists on a Spanish pronunciation.
Zbigniew Brzezinski and Antonin Scalia don't tell us to pronounce their names the way their Polish or Italian ancestors did. They are Americans and understand the way Americans speak.
Not Sonia. As she keeps telling us, although she is American-born, she is a "Latina"—forget that English dispensed with this type of gender distinction a thousand years ago—and she wants to remind us of this every time we hear her name.
It wasn't all that long ago that people wanted to fit in, and changed their names to sound more American. Ralph Lauren was born Ralph Lifshitz and campus radical Mark Rudd started life as Mark Rudnitsky. Volodymyr Palahniuk made things a lot easier for himself by switching to Jack Palance.
Of course, no one wants to fit into America any more, not even someone who wants to sit on the Supreme Court. We have to adjust to them, not the other way around.
At the same time, this pronunciation fad is an attempt to sneak Spanish in the back door as a sort of official language—or at least to exempt Spanish names from the Anglicizing process other names go through. Like "Press 1 for English," this is just one more result of having let 40 million Hispanics come live here.
The Chinese have been pushing us around, too. We're not supposed to talk about Peking or Canton anymore. They are Beijing and Guangzhou. The Communists changed the spelling after they took over in 1949, but only started bullying Westerners about it in the 1980s.
The Chinese claim the new spellings sound more like the way the Chinese themselves pronounce the name. So what? English-speakers have certain names for certain places and we have used them for centuries. Munich isn't even spelled the same as München and Florence doesn't sound much like Firenze, but the Germans and the Italians don't ask us to change. If the French told us to start calling their capital Paree we would laugh at them.
The Japanese have their own names for things, too. They use the same characters as the Chinese but pronounce them differently. So they are the only people in the world who talk about Moh Taku-toh and Sho Kai-seki rather than Mao Tse-tung and Chiang Kai-shek.
The Chinese don't like that but the Japanese speak Japanese, not Chinese. And Nancy Pelosi could live in Japan all her life but never be anything but Nahnshee Pehroshee.
Like the Japanese, the French have their own ideas about how our names should be pronounced. Our last president was Zhorzh Boosh, and he lived in la Maison Blanche, not the White House. To them, New England is Nouvelle Angleterre and South Carolina is Caroline du Sud.
And do you think Mexicans ever go to New York? No, they go to Nuevo York. In 2001, Hispanic legislators introduced a bill in the New Mexico state house officially to change the state's name to Nuevo Mexico. When the bill never made it out of committee, sponsor Miguel Garcia blamed "covert racism." [Lawmaker Suggests Racism To Blame After New State Name Axed, By S. U. Mahesh, Albuquerque Journal, February 14, 2001]
Americans speak English, and not just any kind of English. We don't talk about lorries and lifts, and we don't twist our mouths into funny shapes just because foreigners tell us to.
Why should this Supreme Court nominee get special treatment? Keep pronouncing her name the way an American would.
If someone corrects you, ask him "What's the capital of Japan? When he says "Tokyo" (and it won't sound like the way the Japanese say it) explain to him: "Obviously you don't speak Japanese. I don't speak Puerto Rican."
Jared Taylor (email him) is editor of American Renaissance and the author of Paved With Good Intentions: The Failure of Race Relations in Contemporary America . (For Peter Brimelow's review, click here.)


text:
Form of affirmative actionTemplate:SHORTDESC:Form of affirmative action
Not to be confused with Indian reservations of Native Americans (dubbed "Indians") in the United States.
Reservation is a system in India that provides scholarship, concession in fees, 49.5 % seats in educational institutions, jobs, and relaxation in qualifying exams, relaxation in age to certain castes. This system continues almost 70 years of independence. The motive of reservation was representation in education, employment and politics. Based on provisions in the Indian Constitution, it allows the Union Government and also the States and Territories of India to set reserved quotas or seats, which lower the qualifications needed in exams, job openings etc. for "socially and educationally backward citizens."[1][2]
2.1 Before independence
3 Reservation schemes
3.1 In employment
3.2 In education
3.3 States
4 Gender
6 Criticism, controversies and protests
6.1 Mandal Commission protests of 1990
6.2 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests
6.3 Agitations demanding more reservation
7 Economic status
8 Exclusions
9 Creamy layer
10 Reservation in states
10.1 Andhra Pradesh
10.2 Arunachal Pradesh
10.3 Assam
10.4 Bihar
10.5 Chhattisgarh
10.6 Delhi
10.7 Goa
10.8 Gujarat
10.9 Haryana
10.10 Himachal Pradesh
10.11 Jharkhand
10.12 Maharashtra
Terms[edit | edit source]
Template:Unreferenced Section Reservation is primarily given to all 3 groups: Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes abbreviated as SC, ST, OBC respectively. Originally reservation was only given to SCs and STs but was later extended to OBCs in 1987 after the implementation of the Mandal Commission report.
The first are the Scheduled Castes. These communities were variously seen as at the bottom or "underneath" the caste system in South Asia, below even the shudra varna. These castes had hereditary professions such as agricultural labourers, manual scavenging, tannery, washing clothes, daily wage workers, fishing and more. They were subjected to the practice of untouchability, which takes the form of various social restrictions ranging from inability to touch other castes to inability to use the same water source or even live in the same area. Today many of these castes are landless labourers.
The next group are the Scheduled Tribes. The definition of this group varies, but the criteria for a Scheduled Tribe "indications of primitive traits, distinctive culture, geographical isolation, shyness of contact with the community at large, and backwardness." Most of these groups are considered Adivasis, and the original inhabitants while others are nomadic tribes who were notified as "criminal tribes" under British rule. They range in modes of existence from subsistence agriculturalists who have had interaction between the outside world to hunter-gatherer groups still in the jungles. Many of them frequently had their lands exploited by the British during the colonial era. However, in the Northeast, many of the tribes are relatively better-off and possess interaction with the outside world. Examples include the Bodo, Gond, Banjara, and Santal.
The third main group are the Other Backward Classes. They were not originally in the reservation scheme, but during the premiership of Morarji Desai, the Mandal Commission studied all the communities in India to find what castes were "backward" compared to the general population. Based on 1931 census data, they estimated 52% of India's population belonged to castes that were "backward" due to various socio-economic factors like wealth or traditional occupation. The possibility for providing reservation to these people was allowed for in Article 15(4) and Article 16(4), which states the government can provide reservation to "backward classes." Although the center maintains its own list of OBC's, comprising over 5,000 castes and subcastes, each state can create their own backward caste list for in-state reservations. Most OBCs were classified originally in the shudra varna and have low ritual status, apart from being economically deprived. However, there are other castes in the OBC list who, although ritually low, are considered "dominant castes" for numerical strength and in many cases are the enforcers of the caste hierarchy, including some Brahmin groups.
In some states like Bihar or Tamil Nadu, there is a divide between backward castes, who face some socio-economic disadvantage and most backward or extremely backward castes, who face a high amount of social discrimination barely above Dalits in their status. In fact, unlike Scheduled Castes, OBCs do not have to be Hindu and many states give benefits to some Muslim and Christian communities. This list is most subject to change since the criteria are not as stringent, making it a list often added by politicians to please certain sections of their voters.
Those who are not a member of these groups are commonly known as General category, sometimes called the Other category (Other Caste). General Category contains mostly high castes who cannot avail reservations: most communities in the Brahmin, Kshatriya and Vaishya varnas. However, there are also some communities classified as shudra varna, as well as most Muslim and Christian communities, who are part of this category. Communities belonging to this category often had hereditary professions such as pujari, zamindar, kings, doctors, and soldiers, and often owned agricultural land.
Before independence[edit | edit source]
Quota systems favouring certain castes and other communities existed before independence in several areas of British India. Demands for various forms of positive discrimination had been made, for example, in 1882 and 1891.[3] Rajarshi Shahu, the Maharaja of the princely state of Kolhapur, introduced reservation in favor of non-Brahmin and backward classes, much of which came into force in 1902. He provided free education to everyone and opened several hostels to make it easier for them to receive it. He also tried to ensure that people thus educated were suitably employed, and he appealed both for a class-free India and the abolition of untouchability. His 1902 measures created 50 percent reservation for backward communities.[4] In 1918, at the behest of several non-Brahmin organizations criticizing Brahmin domination of administration, the Mysore Raja Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wadiyar created a committee to implement reservations for non-Brahmins in government jobs and education over the opposition of his Diwan M. Viswesvaraya, who resigned in protest.[5] On 16 September 1921, the first Justice Party government passed the first Communal Government Order (G. O. # 613), thereby becoming the first elected body in the Indian legislative history to legislate reservations, which have since become standard across the country.
The British Raj introduced elements of reservation in the Government of India Act of 1909 and there were many other measures put in place prior to independence.[3] A significant one emerged from the Round Table Conference of June 1932, when the Prime Minister of Britain, Ramsay MacDonald, proposed the Communal Award, according to which separate representation was to be provided for Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, and Europeans. The depressed classes, roughly corresponding to the STs and SCs, were assigned a number of seats to be filled by election from constituencies in which only they could vote, although they could also vote in other seats. The proposal was controversial: Mahatma Gandhi fasted in protest against it but many among the depressed classes, including B. R. Ambedkar, favored it. After negotiations, Gandhi reached an agreement with Ambedkar to have a single Hindu electorate, with Dalits having seats reserved within it. Electorates for other religions, such as Islam and Sikhism, remained separate. This became known as the Poona Pact.[6]
After independence[edit | edit source]
After the independence of India in 1947 there were some major initiatives in favor of the STs, SCs and after the 1980s in favour of OBCs.(Other Backward Castes) and in 2019 for poor in the general category. The country's affirmative action program was launched in 1950 and is the oldest such programme in the world.[7]
A common form of caste discrimination in India was the practice of untouchability. SCs were the primary targets of the practice, which was outlawed by the new Constitution of India.[8]
In 1954, the Ministry of Education suggested that 20 percent of places should be reserved for the SCs and STs in educational institutions with a provision to relax minimum qualifying marks for admission by 5 percent wherever required. In 1982, it was specified that 15 percent and 7.5 percent of vacancies in public sector and government-aided educational institutes should be reserved for the SC and ST candidates, respectively.[9]
A significant change began in 1979 when the Mandal Commission or the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC) Commission was established to assess the situation of the socially and educationally backward classes.[10] The commission did not have exact population figures for the OBCs and so used data from the 1931 census, thus estimating the group's population at 52 per cent.[11] In 1980 the commission's report recommended that a reserved quota for OBCs of 27 per cent should apply in respect of services and public sector bodies operated by the Union Government. It called for a similar change to admissions to institutes of higher education, except where states already had more generous requirements.[10] It was not until the 1990s that the recommendations were implemented in Union Government jobs.[12] In 2019 the government announces the 10% reservation in educational institutions and government jobs for economically weaker section of the general category.
The Constitution of India states in article 16(4): "Nothing in [article 16] or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially, and educationally backward classes of citizens of or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes."[13] Article 46 of the Constitution states that "The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation."[14]
The Supreme Court of India ruled in 1992 that reservations could not exceed 50 percent, anything above which it judged would violate equal access as guaranteed by the Constitution. It thus put a cap on reservations.[15] However, the recent amendment of the constitution exceeds 50% and also there are state laws that exceed this 50 percent limit and these are under litigation in the Supreme Court. For example, in the State of Tamil Nadu, the caste-based reservation stands at 69 percent and applies to about 87 percent of the population.
Reservation schemes[edit | edit source]
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In employment[edit | edit source]
Government and public sector will hire job seekers based on reservation percentage from two different categories 1: reservation category (SC, ST, OBC, EWC and other minorities) 2:Open category (General, SC, ST, OBC, EWC and other minorities). While hiring, major priority is given to reservation category including 33% reservation for Women, priority in hiring is given by Other Minorities women, ST women, SC women, ST Men, SC Men, OBC women, OBC Men, EWC Women, EWC Men and then after Open category Will be considered. Government and public sector hiring based on Merit in open category and one more anomaly here i.e., Priority in hiring will be given by: Other Minorities women, ST women, SC women, ST Men, SC Men, OBC women, OBC Men, EWC Women, EWC Men and then General if they are equally eligibility (for example having same marks or Rank). The landmark initiative of Special Recruitment for Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe in Government jobs was started in Kerala in 1972 by Vella Eacharan. The 1993 Supreme Court ruling in the Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India case said that reservations in job promotions are "unconstitutional" or not in accordance with the political constitution but allowed its continuation for five years.[16][15] In 1995, the 77th amendment to the Constitution was made to amend Article 16 before the five-year period expired to continue with reservations for SC/STs in promotions.[17] It was further modified through the 85th amendment to give the benefit of consequential seniority to SC/ST candidates promoted by reservation.[18]
The 81st amendment was made to the Constitution to permit the government to treat the backlog of reserved vacancies as a separate and distinct group, to which the ceiling of 50 per cent did not apply.[19] The 82nd amendment inserted a provision in Article 335 to enable states to give concessions to SC/ST candidates in promotion.[20]
The validity of all the above four amendments was challenged in the Supreme Court through various petitions clubbed together in M. Nagaraj & Others Vs. Union of India & Others, mainly on the ground that these altered the Basic Structure of the Constitution. In 2006, the Supreme Court upheld the amendments but stipulated that the concerned state will have to show, in each case, the existence of "compelling reasons" - which include "backwardness", "inadequacy of representation" and overall "administrative efficiency - before making provisions for reservation. The court further held that these provisions are merely enabling provisions. If a state government wishes to make provisions for reservation to SC/STs in the promotion, the state has to collect quantifiable data showing backwardness of the class and inadequacy of representation of that class.[21]
In 2007, the Government of Uttar Pradesh introduced reservation in job promotions. However, citing the Supreme Court decision, the policy was ruled to be unconstitutional by the Allahabad High Court in 2011.[22] The decision was challenged in the Supreme Court, which upheld it in 2012 by rejecting the government's argument because it failed to furnish sufficient valid data to justify the move to promote employees on a caste basis.[23]
In education[edit | edit source]
Universities allot seats based on reservation percentage from two different categories are 1: reservation category (SC, ST, OBC, EWC and other minorities) 2:Open category (General, SC, ST, OBC, EWS and other minorities). In allotment, Major priority given to reservation category including 33% reservation for Women, priority in allotting is given by Other Minorities women, ST women, SC women, ST Men, SC Men, OBC women, OBC Men, EWC Women, EWC Men and then after Open category Will be considered. Government Universities will allot based on priority by: Other Minorities women, ST women, SC women, ST Men, SC Men, OBC women, OBC Men, EWC Women, EWC Men & then General and reservation percentage under consideration for entrance exams fees, for cut off marks, for allotment of seats and also applicable to other government schemes.
In India student aids are available for—SCs, STs, BCs, OBCs, women, Muslims, and other minorities. Only about 0.7% of student aids in India is based on merit, given the grossly inadequate representation of above-mentioned categories in employment and education due to historic, societal and cultural reasons.[24]
States[edit | edit source]
In central-government funded higher education institutions, 22.5% of available seats are reserved for Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) students (7.5% for STs, 15% for SCs,20% for ESC,12% for SCA,16% for SCB,22% for SCC,18% for SCD).[25] This reservation percentage has been raised to 49.5%[25] by including an additional 27% reservation for OBCs. This ratio is followed even in Parliament and all elections where a few constituencies are earmarked for those from certain communities (which will next rotate in 2026 per the Delimitation Commission).
Percentages of reservation for each state
State/UT
EWS and
Other reserved
Telangana[26]
The exact percentages vary from state to state:
In Tamil Nadu, OBC reservation is divided into 26.5% Backward Caste, 3.5 Backward Caste (M) and 20% Most Backward Caste and 10.5% sub quota for vanniyars, introduced by AIADMK in 2020,7% for DNT . The 7.5% for Vanniyars was quashed void by Madras High Court. The SC quota has 3% sub-quota for Arunthatiyars, introduced by DMK in 2009.[27]
In Maharashtra in addition to the reservation for SC/ST/OBC, there is 2% for SBCs, 3% for Nomadic Tribes – NT-A (Vimukta jati), 2.5% for NT-B, 3.5% for NT-C (Dhangar), and 2% for NT-D (Vanjari).
In Northeast India, e.g. in Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Mizoram, reservation for ST in State Govt. jobs is 80% with only 20% unreserved. In the Central Universities of NEHU (Shillong) and Rajiv Gandhi University, 60% of seats are reserved for ST students.
In West Bengal, the OBC community is divided into OBC A & B.[28] In West Bengal there is no reservation on religious basis but some economically and educationally backward Muslim castes (basis surnames pertaining to different profession e.g. cobbler, weaver etc.) have been included along with their Hindu counterparts in the OBC list namely OBC A and OBC B, in both lists caste from both communities are there. But in higher educational institutes, till now there is no reservation for the OBC community but there is reservation in regard to admission in primary, secondary and higher secondary studies.[29][28]
Gender[edit | edit source]
The Women's Reservation Bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 9 March 2010 by a majority vote of 186 members in favor and 1 against. As of March 2013, the Lok Sabha has not voted on the bill. Critics say gender cannot be held as a basis for reservation alone other factors should also be considered e.g. economic, social conditions of woman candidates especially when applying reservation for educated women. The criticism points that the policy benefits women that have access to political capital through family circles and are faced with the burden of a huge learning curve. Again, women are divided among caste and class lines with this dichotomy playing an important role in deciding how the presence of women in the lowest tier of governance impact the problems faced by the women of the constituency[30]
In Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh, 32% of posts are reserved for females in all government departments and services, such as police, health, education and general administration.[31][32][33] From 2015 onwards Kerala has implemented a 55% reservation for all posts of its local self governing bodies.[34]
On 21 July 2021, Karnataka became the first state in the country to provide one percent reservation for the transgender community in all government services. The government submitted a report to the High Court in this regard, informing that a notification had already been issued after amending the Karnataka Civil Service. The job could be given to males or females, from the same category, in case of the non-availability of transgender candidates.[35]
Religion[edit | edit source]
The Tamil Nadu government has allotted 3.5% of seats each to Muslims and Christians, thereby altering the OBC reservation to 23% from 30% (since it excludes persons belonging to Other Backward Castes who are either Muslims or Christians).[36]
The Government of Andhra Pradesh introduced a law enabling 4 percent reservations for Muslims in 2004. This law was upheld by the Supreme Court in an interim order in 2010 but it constituted a Constitution bench to look further into the issue.[37][38] The referral was to examine the constitutional validity of quotas based on religion.[39] Kerala Public Service Commission has a quota of 12% for Muslims.[40] Religious minority (Muslim or Christian) educational institutes also have 50% reservation for Muslim or Christian religions. The Central government has listed a number of Muslim communities as backward Muslims, making them eligible for reservation.[citation needed][41]
Criticism, controversies and protests[edit | edit source]
The Union Government on 22 December 2011 announced the establishment of a sub-quota of 4.5% for religious minorities within the existing 27% reservation for Other Backward Classes. The reasoning given was that Muslim communities that have been granted OBC status are unable to compete with Hindu OBC communities.[42] It was alleged that the decision was announced as the Election Commission announced Assembly elections in five states on 24 December 2011. The government would not have been able to announce this due to the model code of conduct. On 12 January 2012, the Election Commission stayed implementation of this decision for violation of the model code of conduct.[43] Later, Justice Sachar, head of the Sachar Committee that was commissioned to prepare a report on the latest social, economic and educational condition of the Muslim community of India, criticised the government decision, saying "Such promises will not help the backward section of minorities. It is like befooling them. These people are making tall claims just to win elections". He suggested that instead of promising to give reservations, the government should focus on basic issues of improving administration and governance.[44]
On 28 May 2012, the Andhra Pradesh High Court quashed the sub-quota. The court said that the sub-quota has been carved out only on religious lines and not on any other intelligible basis. The court criticized the decision: "In fact, we must express our anguish at the rather casual manner in which the entire issue has been taken up by the central government.".[45]
Mandal Commission protests of 1990[edit | edit source]
Main article: Mandal Commission protests of 1990
Mandal commission protests of 1990 were against reservation in government jobs based on caste in India.
2006 Indian anti-reservation protests[edit | edit source]
Main article: 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests
The 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests were a series of protests that took place in India in 2006 in opposition to the decision of the Union Government of India, led by the Indian National Congress-headed multiparty coalition United Progressive Alliance, to implement reservations for the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in central and private institutes of higher education. This move led to massive protests, particularly from students and doctors belonging to the forward castes, who claimed that the government's proposal was discriminatory, discarded meritocracy and was driven by vote-bank politics.
Agitations demanding more reservation[edit | edit source]
In 2008 and 2010, the Gurjar community in Rajasthan demanded reclassification from OBC to ST for increased reservation benefits. They began violently protesting on the streets of Rajasthan and blocked several rail lines. Police firing on Gurjars began a tit-for-tat cycle of violence between Police and Gurjars. The violence ended with 37 people dead. Their move was opposed by the Meenas, the main ST community in Rajasthan. In 2019, the agitation restarted as Gurjars demanded 5% reservation instead of 1%, and began blocking trains to this effect.[46]
Jats have been demanding OBC status since the 1990s. In 2016, they began an agitation to get this status. To this effect they began protesting by blockading roads and lines, but later the protests turned violent. Riots spread to Delhi and western Uttar Pradesh, and even Rajasthan. The epicentre of the violence was in Rothak, and almost ₹34000 crores ($4.8 billion) worth of property was damaged and 30 were killed. Bowing to the pressure, the Haryana government created a special category for Jats and other upper castes called BC, and appointed 10% reservation, but the measure was blocked in court.[47]
Beginning in 2015, the Patidar community (better known as Patel) began agitating for OBC status in Gujarat. This movement consisted of massive demonstrations across the state, led by Hardik Patel. Later many of these protests turned violent, resulting in curfews across the state and crores worth of damage. Talks with the government broke down, and the violence restarted. After the Jat agitation began in 2016, the Patidars flared up again and led a march through Gujarat, but protests in several cities turned violent and the Rapid Action Force was sent in.[47]
In January 2016, the Kapu community in Andhra Pradesh began leading protests to be classified in Backward Classes. The agitation became violent when in Tuni, Kapu protestors set trains on fire.[48] In 2019, the Telugu Desam Party which had just been made opposition, tabled a bill to have a 5% sub-quota for Kapus out of EWS reservation.[49]
Marathas, the dominant caste of Maharashtra, have been agitating for OBC status since the 1990s. In 2016, after the rape and murder of a 15-year old Maratha girl in Kopardi, the Maratha community organized massive protests throughout Maharashtra. Their demands included death for the accused as well as reservations for the Maratha community which makes up 16% of the state's population. Some road blocks turned violent in 2017 and 2018, but overall the protests were peaceful. Their demand was met when the Maharashtra government instituted a special SEBC category for them with 16% reservation.[47] The Supreme Court of India later however, declared the SEBC reservation for Marathas as unconstitutional.[50]
Economic status[edit | edit source]
The Union Government tabled the Constitution (One Hundred And Twenty-Fourth Amendment) Bill, 2019 which provided 10% additional quota for the economically weaker sections amongst the erstwhile unreserved category students. The definition of 'economically weaker sections' will be defined by the State from time to time.[51] The constitutional amendment has laid down that they will be restricted to people with household income less than 8 Lakh per annum, or those who own agricultural land below five acres. Business Today has commented that these criteria cover almost 100 percent of the population.[52] Several petitions have been filed before the Supreme Court of India challenging the legality of this amendment.[53]
Exclusions[edit | edit source]
There are no exclusions for SC/ST people.
For OBC's people the following categories are not entitled to take advantage of the reservation system:
Children of officials in high office as per the Constitution.[lower-alpha 1]
Children of civil servants in high positions.[lower-alpha 2]
Children of armed forces officers of high rank.[lower-alpha 3]
Children of professionals and those engaged in trade and industry.[lower-alpha 4]
Children of property owners.[lower-alpha 5]
Children of people with annual income exceeding ₹8,00,000[lower-alpha 6] (regarded as the "creamy layer").[54]
Institutions of Excellence, research institutions, Institutions of National and Strategic Importance such as Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Homi Bhabha National Institute and its ten constituent units, the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (Mumbai), the North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (Shillong), Physical Research Laboratory (Ahmedabad), the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (Thiruvananthapuram) and the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (Dehradun) do not have reservations for higher education.[lower-alpha 7] However Institutes of National Importance such as Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs),[58]Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs),[59] National Institutes of Technology (NIT) and Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT) have provision of reservation in admission process for undergraduate and graduate programs.[60]
On 27 October 2015, the Supreme Court directed the state and the Central governments to end the regional quota and to ensure that super-specialty medical courses are kept "unreserved, open and free" from any domicile status after the court had allowed petitions files by some MBBS doctors.[61]
Creamy layer[edit | edit source]
Main article: Creamy layer
The term creamy layer was first coined in 1974 in the State of Kerala vs N. M. Thomas case when a judge said that the "benefits of the reservation shall be snatched away by the top creamy layer of the backward class, thus leaving the weakest among the weak and leaving the fortunate layers to consume the whole cake".[62][63] The 1992 Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India judgement laid down the limits of the state's powers: it upheld the ceiling of 50.21 percent quotas, emphasised the concept of "social backwardness", and prescribed 11 indicators to ascertain backwardness. The judgement also established the concept of qualitative exclusion, such as "creamy layer".[64][65][66] The creamy layer applies only to OBCs.[67] The creamy layer criteria were introduced at Rs 1 lakh in 1993 and revised to Rs 2.5 lakh in 2004, ₹4.5 lakh in 2008 and ₹6 lakh in 2013, but now the ceiling has been raised to ₹8 lakh (in September 2017).[68] In October 2015, the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) proposed that a person belonging to OBC with an annual family income of up to ₹15 lakh should be considered as minimum ceiling for OBC.[69] The NCBC also recommended sub-division of OBCs into "backward", "more backward" and "extremely backward" groups and to divide the 27 per cent quota amongst them in proportion to their population, to ensure that stronger OBCs do not corner the quota benefits.[70][71]
Reservation in states[edit | edit source]
Andhra Pradesh[edit | edit source]
Andhra Pradesh state percentage of reservation is around 50%. Including the overall 1/3 reservation for women, 66.66% of seats are reserved in Andhra Pradesh in Education and Government jobs.
Scheduled Castes – 15%
Scheduled Tribes – 6%
Backward Classes (A, B, C, D) – 27%
Physically Handicapped (Blind, Deaf & Dumb and OPH) – 3% (1% each)
Ex-servicemen (APMS only) – 1% (0.5% in general category)
Women – 33.33% (in all categories, means 16.66% in general category)
Andhra Pradesh BC quota has sub-quotas for castes, classified in A, B, C and D. Addition of disabled, ex-serviceman, women in general category 16.66% makes total reservation percentage 66.66%.
In 2018 the government the assembly passed a bill granting 5% reservation to Kapus but this was scrapped in 2019 citing lack of legal standing.[72]
Arunachal Pradesh[edit | edit source]
Arunachal Pradesh has 80% reservation for Scheduled Tribes.
Assam[edit | edit source]
Scheduled Castes – 7%
Scheduled Tribes – 15%
Other Backward Classes – 27%
Economically Weaker Sections – 10%
Assam provides sub quotas for several other communities such as Morans, Mataks and Tea Tribes in medical colleges under the OBC category. In November 2020, Assam's cabinet extended this reservation to Koch-Rajbongshis, Ahoms and Chutias. These six communities are demanding Scheduled Tribe status.[73]
In January 2019, Assam approved EWS reservation.[74]
Bihar[edit | edit source]
First implemented in 1970 by Karpoori Thakur, Bihar has a sub-quota within OBC quota of 18% for Extremely Backward Castes (EBCs) and 3% for Backward Caste women in government jobs and educational institutes.[75] EWS reservation was implemented in 2019.[76]
Chhattisgarh[edit | edit source]
Economically Weaker Sections – no provision
Chhattisgarh: Ordinance on OBC quota hike to 27% has lapsed, says high court.[77]
Delhi[edit | edit source]
Scheduled Castes - 15%
Scheduled Tribes - 7%
Other Backward Classes - 27%
Since Delhi is a Union territory and subject to the Central government, government jobs in Delhi are designated Central Government jobs. In a 2018 Supreme Court decision, it was decided that since Delhi is the capital and no one is an "outsider" there reservations in the territory should follow the all-India pattern. Furthermore, these reserved jobs are open from reserved communities from outside Delhi.[78]
Goa[edit | edit source]
Physically handicapped - 3%
Ex-servicemen - 2%
Sportspersons - 3%
In 2014, the quota for OBC reservation was raised from 19.5% to 27%.[79] In June 2019, Goa implemented EWS reservation in jobs and education.[80]
Gujarat[edit | edit source]
Gujarat also implemented a 33% reservation for general category women in government jobs. The government also banned reserved category applicants from competing for general category seats, but this was revoked in 2020. Similarly the women reservation was made cutting across all categories in 2020.[81] Gujarat was one of the first states to implement EWS reservation, which applies to general category candidates with less than ₹8 lakhs income, not including other assets like land.[82]
Haryana[edit | edit source]
Ex-servicemen – 5%
Sportspersons – 3%
Physically handicapped – 3%
In Haryana OBCs are divided into A, B, C categories, each with 11%, 6% and 6% reservation respectively. Reservations in promotions are different, although still based on population.[83] In 2021, Haryana passed a law mandating 75% reservation in private-sector jobs with incomes less than ₹25,000 for "local" candidates.[84]
Himachal Pradesh[edit | edit source]
In the Scheduled Areas which have a very high percentage of STs, such as Kinnaur and Lahaul and Spiti districts, percentage of ST reserved seats in government jobs are much higher.
Jharkhand[edit | edit source]
BC are currently classified as being in Annexure 1 and Annexure 2.[85] The present government has proposed raising the OBC quota to 27% and both SC and ST quotas by 2%.[86]
Maharashtra[edit | edit source]
Scheduled Castes (SC) (19%)
Scheduled Tribes (ST) (7%)
Other Backward Classes (OBC) (19%)
Special Backward Classes (SBC) (2%)
Nomadic Tribes – A (Vimukta jati) (3%)
Nomadic Tribes – B (2.5%)
Nomadic Tribes – C (Dhangar) (3.5%)
Nomadic Tribes – D (Vanjari) (2%)
Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) – 10%
Maharashtra has 62% reservation in educational institutions and government jobs.[87][88]
See also[edit | edit source]
Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents
Court cases related to reservation in India
Reserved political positions in India
Caste politics
Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu
Jat reservation agitation
Notes[edit | edit source]
↑ Included among the high office holders are the President of India, the Vice-President of India, Judges of the Supreme Court of India, the High Courts chairman, the members of Union Public Service Commission, members of the State Public Service Commission, Chief Election Commissioner, Comptroller Auditor-General of India or any person holding positions of a constitutional nature.[54]
↑ Included among this category are Class I or Class II officers, unless dead or incapacitated.[55] The criteria used for Group A and B are the same as the employees of the Public sector.[54]
↑ High ranks include the rank of colonel and above in the army or in equivalent posts in the Navy, the Air Force, and the Paramilitary Force. But that will hold true provided that-
"the wife of an armed forces officer is herself in the armed forces (i.e., the category under consideration) the rule of exclusion will apply only when she herself has reached the rank of Colonel."
"the service ranks below Colonel of husband and wife shall not be clubbed together"
"if the wife of an officer in the armed forces is in civil employment, this will not be taken into account for applying the rule of exclusion unless she falls in the service category under item No.II in which case the criteria and conditions"[54]
↑ If a person has a high paying job such as physician, lawyer, chartered accountant, income tax consultant, financial or management consultant, dental surgeon, engineer, architect, computer specialist, film artist or other film professionals, author, playwright, sports person, sports professional, media professional or any other vocations of like status. If the husband holds one of the above jobs and the wife does not then the husband's income will be taken into consideration and if the wife holds one of the above jobs then the wife's income will be taken into consideration. The income of the family as a whole will be taken into account because the whole point of the reservation system is to raise the social status of the people that belong to the SC's, ST's and OBCs and if a family's income is high already it is considered that it raises their social status as well.[54]
↑ Included in this category are those who have irrigated land area which is equal to or more than 85% of the statutory ceiling area will be excluded from the reservation. They would only be under reservation if the land is exclusively unirrigated. Those with vacant buildings can use them for residential, industrial or commercial purposes, hence they are not covered under reservations.[54]
↑ This income does not include salaried income and agricultural income
↑ Such institutions include the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Homi Bhabha National Institute and its ten constituent units, the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (Mumbai), the North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (Shillong), Physical Research Laboratory (Ahmedabad), the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (Thiruvananthapuram) and the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (Dehradun).[56][57]
↑ "Reservation Is About Adequate Representation, Not Poverty Eradication". The Wire. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
↑ Rajagopal, Krishnadas (11 June 2020). "Right to reservation is not a fundamental right, observes SC judge as parties withdraw plea for quota". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
↑ 3.0 3.1 Laskar, Mehbubul Hassan. "Rethinking Reservation in Higher EDUCATION in India" (PDF). ILI Law Review. pp. 29–30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012.
↑ Ghadyalpatil, Abhiram (10 August 2018). "Rajarshi Shahu Chhatrapati of Kolhapur, a reformer ahead of his time". mint. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
↑ "Reserved uncertainty or deserved certainty? Reservation debate back in Mysuru". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
↑ Menon, V. P. (1957). Transfer of Power in India (Reprinted ed.). Orient Blackswan. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-81-250-0884-2.
↑ "Human Development Report 2016" (PDF). UNDP. p. 119. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
↑ Passin, Herbert (October 1955). "Untouchability in the Far East". Monumenta Nipponica. 11 (3): 247–267. doi:10.2307/2382914. JSTOR 2382914.
↑ "Educational Safeguards". Department of Education. Government of India. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
↑ 10.0 10.1 Bhattacharya, Amit (8 April 2006). "Who are the OBCs?". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 June 2006. Retrieved 19 April 2006.
↑ Ramaiah, A. (6 June 1992). "Identifying Other Backward Classes" (PDF). Economic and Political Weekly. pp. 1203–1207. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2005. Retrieved 27 May 2006.
↑ "Implementation of Recommendations of Mandal Commission". Parliament of India. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
↑ Template:Cite constitution
↑ 15.0 15.1 "Indra Sawhney Etc. vs Union of India And Others, Etc. on 16 November, 1992". IndianKanoon.org. Retrieved 22 August 2012. (4) Reservation being an extreme form of protective measure or affirmative action it should be confined to minority of seats. Even though the Constitution does not lay down any specific bar but the constitutional philosophy being against proportional equality the principle of balancing equality ordains reservation, of any manner, not to exceed 50%.", "Reservation in promotion is constitutionally impermissible as once the advantaged and disadvantaged are made equal and are brought in one class or group then any further benefit extended for promotion on the inequality existing prior to being brought in the group would be treating equals unequally. It would not be eradicating the effects of past discrimination but perpetuating it.
↑ "BJP's OBC pitch: How stronger new backward classes panel will function". The Indian Express.
↑ "Seventy Seventh Amendment". Indiacode.nic.in. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
↑ "Eighty Fifth Amendment". Indiacode.nic.in. 4 January 2002. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
↑ "Eighty First Amendment". Indiacode.nic.in. 29 August 1997. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
↑ "Eighty Second Amendment". Indiacode.nic.in. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
↑ Kapadia, S. H. "M.Nagaraj & Others vs Union of India & Others on 19 October 2006". Retrieved 22 August 2012. We reiterate that the ceiling-limit of 50%, the concept of creamy layer and the compelling reasons, namely, backwardness, inadequacy of representation and overall administrative efficiency are all constitutional requirements without which the structure of equality of opportunity in Article 16 would collapse.", "As stated above, the impugned provision is an enabling provision. The State is not bound to make reservation for SC/ST in matter of promotions.
↑ "Promotion quota not legally sustainable: HC". The Times of India. 5 January 2011. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
↑ "Supreme Court upholds High court's decision to quash quota in promotion". The Times of India. 28 April 2012. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
↑ "Guess how many Indians get merit-based scholarship". Rediff. 1 September 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
↑ 25.0 25.1 "Affirmative Action and Peer Effects: Evidence from Caste Based Reservation in General Education Colleges in India" (PDF). Virginia University, Virginia. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
↑ https://www.tspsc.gov.in/FAQ.jsp</
↑ "Status of Reservation of OBC in Various States". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
↑ 28.0 28.1 "Backward Classes Welfare Department, Government of West Bengal". Retrieved 2 February 2015.
↑ "BCW Department-Govt of West Bengal, Reservation". Retrieved 2 February 2015.
↑ M S, Navaneeth. "Reservations for Women in Kerala's Local Self-government Institutions: A Mere Tokenism?". International Journal of Law Management and Humanities. 3: 4.
↑ "33% reservation for women in all Gujarat state government jobs". Deccan Herald. 13 October 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
↑ "Gujarat increases women's reservation to 33% in government jobs". dna. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
↑ Arora, N.D. (2010). Political Science for Civil Services Main Examination. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 19. ISBN 9780070090941.
↑ "Local body polls: Women fight on two fronts as parties reluctant to give out general seats". OnManorama. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
↑ "Karnataka Is The First State To Provide 1% Reservation To Transgenders In Govt Services". India Times. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
↑ Viswanathan, S. (16 November 2007). "A step forward". Frontline. 24 (22). Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
↑ "Interim relief to AP on Muslim reservation". The Hindu. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
↑ "Supreme Court to hear govt on Muslim quota". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
↑ "Centre Seeks SCs approval on Muslim Reservation". timesofindia-economictimes. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
↑ "Reservation chart by Kerala Public Service Commission". 7 September 2020.
↑ A, Roshan (2 February 2010). "State Government Provides Reservation to Muslims". Economic Times. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
↑ "4.5% quota fails to impress Muslims in Uttar Pradesh". The Times of India. 23 December 2011. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013.
↑ "Election Commission stalls 4.5% sub-quota in poll states". The Times of India. 12 January 2012. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
↑ "Govt trying to befool minorities with quota: Sachar". 19 February 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
↑ "HC Quashes Centre's 4.5% Sub-Quota for Minorities". 28 May 2012. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
↑ "10 trains affected as Gujjar quota agitation enters Day 3". India Today. 10 February 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 "Jats, Marathas, and Patels Want Quotas, But Do They Need Them?". Economic and Political Weekly: 7–8. 5 June 2015.
↑ "Andhra's caste reservation protests to return? Kapu leaders chalk out action plan". The News Minute. 3 December 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
↑ "Why trouble is brewing in Andhra over Kapu reservation once more". The News Minute. 17 July 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
↑ "Supreme Court declares Maratha quota law unconstitutional". The Hindu. 5 May 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
↑ ET Explains: What is Constitution (One Hundred And third Amendment) Bill, 2019?, The Economic Times, 9 January 2019.
↑ In-depth: Who is eligible for the new reservation quota for general category?, Business Today, 8 January 2019.
↑ "Challenge to reservation for economically poor". 1, Law Street. 11 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 54.5 "Judgement Writ Petition (Civil) No.930 of 1990 – Indira Sawhney Versus Union of India And others (16.11.1992)" (PDF). National Commission for Backward Classes. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
↑ Office Memorandum, ncbc.nic.in, pp. 7–8
↑ "Press Information Bureau English Releases". Retrieved 2 February 2015.
↑ "Extraordinary Part II - Section I" (PDF). The Gazette of India. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
↑ "Two-Year Post Graduate Programme in Management". Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad.
↑ "Reservation of Seats". UCEED.
↑ "Concessions Provided for Students". National Institute of Technology Patna.
↑ "No quota in higher medicine: SC". The Telegraph. 27 October 2015.
↑ "Supreme Court Of India – Judgement Information System".
↑ "Scourge of reservation: The invisible creamy layer". The Pioneer.
↑ "Explained: Order reserved". The Indian Express.
↑ "For an equitable society, reservations must be extended to private sector". The Indian Express. 23 October 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
↑ "Plea to reconsider judgement in Indra Sawhney case of 1992".
↑ "'Can't keep SC/ST creamy layer out of quota benefits' - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
↑ "Raise 'creamy layer' to Rs 10.5 lakh: OBC panel".
↑ "OBC panel backs off, won't make 'creamy layer' reservation criteria stringent".
↑ "OBC sub-division, relaxing creamy layer is a must: NCBC tells govt".
↑ "Raise 'creamy layer' to Rs 10.5 lakh: OBC panel". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
↑ Menon, Amarnath K. (30 July 2019). "Andhra Pradesh: Jagan scraps Kapu quota, says not legally tenable". India Today. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
↑ "Poll-bound Assam reserves medical seats for 3 communities demanding ST status". The Hindu. Special Correspondent. 1 November 2020. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 8 February 2021. CS1 maint: others (link)
↑ "Assam Becomes Fourth State to Approve 10% Quota for Economically Weaker Sections". News18. 22 January 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
↑ Kumar, Madan (25 January 2018). "EBC: Nitish bats for EBC quota in central jobs, varsities". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
↑ Tewary, Amarnath (21 January 2019). "10% reservation for EWS will be implemented in Bihar too, says Nitish Kumar". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
↑ Mar 2, Vijay Singh Thakur / TNN /; 2020; Ist, 13:38. "Chhattisgarh: Ordinance on OBC quota hike to 27% has lapsed, says high court | Raipur News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 28 October 2021. CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
↑ Choudhary, Amit Anand (30 August 2018). "Delhi to follow pan India rule for SC/ST reservation, people from other states are entitled: SC". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
↑ "Goa govt increases quota for OBCs in jobs to 27%". The Times of India. 16 January 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
↑ "Goa and J&K govt order 10% EWS quota to be implemented in jobs and education". India Today. 23 June 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
↑ "Gujarat government in fix over its resolution for open category reservation". Deccan Herald. 12 February 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
↑ "Gujarat govt sends EWS quota proposal to Centre to implement in colleges". The Indian Express. 30 May 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
↑ "Reservation Policy | Welfare of Scheduled Caste & Backward Classes Department, Government of Haryana". haryanascbc.gov.in. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
↑ "Is Haryana's new reservation law constitutionally tenable?". Hindustan Times. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
↑ "List of Castes under Category BC (ANNEXURE -II ) in Jharkhand" (PDF). Government of Jharkhand.
↑ "'Jharkhand would recommend SC to remove 50% cap on reservation': CM". Hindustan Times. 19 March 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
↑ "Bill for 16% Maratha quota for PG Medical admission passes Maharashtra legislature test - Key points to know". Zee Business. 21 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
↑ "Cabinet approves 10% quota for EWS in general category". @businessline. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
Shourie, Arun (2012). Falling over backwards: An essay on reservations and judicial populism. New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-9350293553
Joseph, Manu (23 August 2004). "What If Reservations Had Come To An End In 1960?". Outlook. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
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