t's an exciting time for earth science, not only in the Indian Ocean but in the Atlantic as well. At the same time as we are drilling deep into Atlantis Bank, the British research ship RSS James Cook is studying another mid-ocean ridge: the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
You may recall we're studying the southwest Indian Ridge, which spreads very slowly; it often spreads through faults, exposing deep crustal rocks on the seafloor. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is overall faster but Scientists aboard the James Cook believe that there are sections where the supply of magma is too low to fill the gap created by seafloor spreading and you see similar faulting and lower crustal rocks as we do here in the Indian Ocean. The James Cook is studying a section of the ridge around 13º N to understand the extent and nature of these faults.
The link between these expeditions is particularly strong as the current co-chief scientist on the JR, Chris MacLeod was instrumental in the planning of the cruise aboard the James Cook. In fact, he has often joked that he has spent years preparing for these two expeditions and they ended up happening at the same time so he could only go on one of them!
The James Cook is lucky enough to have Angela Bentley, head of geology at Aquinas College onboard as their superstar teacher at sea and one-woman outreach team. She maintains a very active blog< and you can also follow her adventures on twitter<. We were lucky enough to speak with Angela and her students from the JR before she left in December and are following her adventure closely!


A day of business is never without its pleasures. With an endless variety of venues, we have the perfect indoor and outdoor ocean-view settings for whatever you're planning. Start with a relaxing alfresco breakfast on a panoramic view terrace just outside your appointed meeting space. Keep the momentum going into the afternoon with personalized team-building exercises in the fresh coastal air. Top it off with a cocktail reception and an elegant sit-down dinner or a casual progressive dinner. Along with the unmatched service, it will be a meeting to remember.
This elegant space features a soft color palette that allows each event to take center stage. Residential touches such as; original artwork, tapestries and wood-paneled ceilings evoke a classic residential feel to the ballroom. Rooms spill out onto light-filled loggias with floor-to-ceiling windows overlooking manicured greens and the ocean. Adjacent indoor spaces along with brick terraces outside are ideal for reception areas, coffee breaks or an area to network.
Mar Vista is the signature Resort event space that features exquisite ocean views, Mediterranean terraces, an outdoor fireplace and a circular luminous Sun Room. The interior accents are showcased by hand-caved wooden Italian chandeliers, plein-air artwork and a glowing centerpiece fireplace. Perfect for any event, this private space allows for both large and intimate gatherings.
This flexible, ocean-view space appears like a private estate featuring a connecting meeting suite with privacy doors, a reserved circular driveway for convenient guest pick-up and drop off, separate washrooms, a butler pantry and an outdoor alfresco terrace for meals and breaks. The large space offers residential touches including a large natural gas fireplace, cathedral hand-hewn wood-beam ceilings, beautiful alabaster light fixtures and floor-to-ceiling windows.
A majestic setting with breathtaking views of the Pacific, this space features a manicured oval lawn that spills out to the end of the ridge, where a timeless, iconic Italian rotunda is perched 300 feet above the ocean. Expansive terraces and a verdant lawn offer endless possibilities for small or large outdoor events, such as; break-out sessions, alfresco dining, team building exercises or an evening reception.
Perfect for board meetings and corporate retreats, this flexible, ocean-view space can be customized for any meeting set up. It also features a custom built-in wood panel white board and floor-to-ceiling windows that open onto a private terrace.
Pelican Hill has multiple terraces throughout the grounds that will give your meeting that "alfresco" breath of fresh air. Choose from various locations that can be set up with breakfast or lunch buffets, cocktail receptions or an evening dining experience under the stars. These flexible spaces can accommodate a large or small group and offer ocean and golf course views.
This ocean-view space comes equipped with an executive conference table, leather chairs and a large credenza perfect for breaks or material displays, as well as floor-to-ceiling windows that open onto the ocean-views terraces.
The Golf Pavilion blends the beautiful surroundings of a Resort property with generous event space to host an array of casual gatherings from barbeque luncheons paired with golf activities to large social functions. Set within the grounds of Pelican Hill Golf Club, the outdoor terrace pairs earthy terra cotta pavers with meticulous green grasses and charmed vista views. Optional chandelier draped pavilions are available for more formal affairs, and with over 7,000 square feet—the choices of decor are infinite.
Featuring a large ocean-view foyer space for registration, breaks or food and beverage displays that leads into 1,326 square feet of meeting space, Balboa offers flexible set up options. The space is complete with a 10 foot credenza at the back of the room perfect for meeting materials and breaks, a custom built-in white board with wood panel covers and a large pantry.
This room features a large space that's flexible enough to accommodate a wide range of set up options, and is equipped with a custom wood panel covered white board and connecting large pantry area with a built-in sink and counter to be used as a small office space for planners or storage area. There's also a spacious foyer for registration or breaks and is located just steps away from the panoramic ocean-view terraces.
Conveniently located steps from the business center and flexible for most meeting set-ups, Lido features a spacious foyer area and a built-in white board with the ability to be tucked away behind custom built wood panels. The room also includes separate entrances at opposite ends of the room and a connecting 50 square foot storage area with built-in counter space, along with panoramic ocean-views on the expansive terraces.


Manfred Max-Neef, unser "Alternativer Nobelpreisträger", bringt die Idee der Right Livelihood Colleges (RLC) mit großem Engagement voran. Wir konnten jetzt in Valdivia, Chile, einen neuen Campus eröffnen. Das RLC ist dort angedockt an die Universität Austral de Chile. Es war gerade Wahlkampf in Chile, und die Plakate zeigten lauter Kandidaten mit deutschen Namen. Interessante Erfahrung!
At the first regional conference of Latin American Laureates, held in Colombia in July 2013, Manfred Max-Neef proposed that the Universidad Austral de Chile become the first Right Livelihood College Campus in Latin America. Manfred Max-Neef has had a long association with the university serving as the Rector and currently as the Director of its Economics Institute.
In November 2013, the Universidad Austral became the sixth RLC campus and the first in Latin America.


text:
Northern Disco Lights Hits London
10th October 2016 /in Stuff /by Pete
CINEMA TICKETS HERE
AFTER PARTY TICKETS £8/10
Rich Mix, 35-47 Bethnal Green Rd, London E1 6LA
9pm plus Q & A
This fascinating film tells the story of how a group of friends in the remote cities of Bergen and Tromsø gave birth to a unique sound that went on to re-define dance music as it is known today and transform a country in the process. The generation of DJs and musicians it inspired have gone on to conquer the world. Starring Prins Thomas, Annie, Bjørn Torske, Lindstrøm, Idjut Boys and Bill Brewster amongst many others.
AFTER PARTY £8/10: 10pm – 3am
Junction House, 578 Kingsland Road, London, E8 4AH
DJs – Bjørn Torske & Mental Overdrive
The official Northern Disco Lights after-party has two of Norway's originators playing all night long at a brand new Dalston basement venue, Junction House.
Bjørn Torske is one of the world's most unique producers and often called the Godfather of Norwegian dance music (or more recently the Codfather) with people like Todd Terje and Prins Thomas lining up to work with him. Behind the decks he stitches together leftfield disco wonk, house, techno, psychedelia and curveballs in to a dancefloor meltdown.
Alongside is the man who can claim to have kick-started the whole scene, Mental Overdrive has also witten the sound track for Northern Disco Lights. Although best known for techno Per Martinsen can slip between genres behind the decks and in the studio and continues to get booked everywhere from LA to Berlin.
This is a rare opportunity to hear two of Norway's groundbreaking electronic pioneers performing together all night long.
https://1t3yz63r67ya2vnvf736zxub-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/NDL-POSTER-LONDON.jpg 1280 905 Pete https://1t3yz63r67ya2vnvf736zxub-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/paper-logo-small.png Pete2016-10-10 16:05:002016-10-10 16:05:00Northern Disco Lights Hits London

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How long does it take to get to Oblogo from Hotel Caledonia, Accra by public transit?
How long does it take to get to Oblogo from Mtn Ghana, Accra by public transit?
How long does it take to get to Oblogo from Vaidhehis Nursery School, Accra by public transit?
How long does it take to get to Oblogo from Naa Amadro II Queen Mother Of The Ga Paramount Stool, Accra by public transit?
How long does it take to get to Oblogo from Desmond Barbering Saloon, Awutu Efutu Senya by public transit?
How long does it take to get to Oblogo from Star Oil, Awutu Efutu Senya by public transit?
How long does it take to get to Oblogo from Efex Executive, Accra by public transit?
How long does it take to get to Oblogo from Mantrac Ghana Limited, Accra by public transit?
How long does it take to get to Oblogo from Gcbbank, Accra by public transit?
How long does it take to get to Oblogo from Star Of The Sea Catholic Basic School, Accra by public transit?
How long does it take to get to Oblogo from Hotel Caledonia, Accra by Bus?
How long does it take to get to Oblogo from Mtn Ghana, Accra by Bus?
How long does it take to get to Oblogo from Vaidhehis Nursery School, Accra by Bus?
How long does it take to get to Oblogo from Naa Amadro II Queen Mother Of The Ga Paramount Stool, Accra by Bus?
How long does it take to get to Oblogo from Desmond Barbering Saloon, Awutu Efutu Senya by Bus?
How long does it take to get to Oblogo from Star Oil, Awutu Efutu Senya by Bus?
How long does it take to get to Oblogo from Efex Executive, Accra by Bus?
How long does it take to get to Oblogo from Mantrac Ghana Limited, Accra by Bus?
How long does it take to get to Oblogo from Gcbbank, Accra by Bus?
How long does it take to get to Oblogo from Star Of The Sea Catholic Basic School, Accra by Bus?
What are the closest stations to Oblogo?
School is 276 meters away, 4 min walk.
Weija Junction is 1003 meters away, 13 min walk.
Which Bus lines stop near Oblogo?
These Bus lines stop near Oblogo: 231.
View all the routes that stop at Oblogo in Ga West, Ghana.
Not looking for Oblogo? Want to find the closest Bus stations nearest to me? Select another station or stop from our map view to find the bus, train, or otherGa West station that is closest to me.
Want to know what stations are near me right now? Find the Bus stations nearest to you by downloading the Moovit App. With our App, you can find the nearest bus stop, train station or find alternative routes and schedules that will get you to Oblogo.
Looking for a specific station close to your destination? Find the nearest stop or alternative stops closest to Oblogo with Moovit. Select from this list of alternative stations for Oblogo: School; Weija Junction.
Find other relevant public transportation alternatives such as, Bus routes, to reach your destination. The following transit options have routes that pass near Oblogo - Bus: 231.
How to get to Oblogo just became much easier with Moovit. You don't need to have a specific bus app to check the bus time or a train app to view the train schedule: Moovit has all your public transit information in one easy-to-use free app. This is why the Google Play Store and the Apple App Store selected Moovit as one of the best public transit apps available and why over 360 million users, including users in Ga West, trust Moovit for their public transit needs!


Known as a kingdom of traditional festivals and holidays, Cambodia would be a fascinating destination for those who have interests in culture and history. Today, I would like to present to you some most important festivals in Cambodia that you should not skip when you have chance to travel to this country of ancient towers.
As a New Year comes, Cambodian celebrates it in a totally different day from other regions in the world. Khmer New Year or Choul Chnam Thmey (means Enter new year in Khmer language), held on April 13th or 14th every year, is considered to be the most important and meaningful festival of the country marking the end of harvest seasons. During the festival, you will see an empty scene of streets in big cities due to the fact that Cambodian people are all heading towards their hometown to spend most of the time with their beloved family. In particular, they usually burn incenses on the first day of the festival at shrines to worship for luckiness and happiness for the new year. Additionally, this is the time for everyone to dress up, party and reap the fruit of their labour. Khmer New Year would be a highlight of your Indochina tour packages which offers you the opportunity to enjoy special traditional dishes and experience exciting national folk games.
Water Festival in Cambodia or Bom Om Tok is known as one of the most essential festivals in Cambodia which marks the reversal of the flow of the famous Tonle Sap River. Every provinces and regions in Cambodia celebrate this festival but the main and biggest event takes place in the Capital City – Phnom Penh. Thus, during the festival many villagers and local Cambodian from different areas both pay a visit to Phnom Penh to join a wide range of activities such as boat racing, eating, drinking, dancing, chilling out with friends and families. At night, after the boat races, you will see people floating on small handmade boats with a lot of candles to enjoy the vibes, friendly chat and talk to the others.
Known as one of the biggest Religious Festival of Cambodia, Pchum Ben or Ancestor's Day is another long holiday of the country that reach 15 days off normally from the end of September to mid October. Cambodian people believe that dead people are exiled to hell, a totally different world in comparison to the one that we're living, where their spirits cannot see the sunlight, drink and eat. Only during Pchum Ben, these spirits are allowed to visit home following invitations and prays from their family. Thus, during the holiday, Cambodian families have to cook many traditional dishes as well as prepare fruits and other specialties to dedicate for their ancestors. This festival plays an important role in Cambodia's life: Praying for good for themselves, their friends and relatives and showing respect to their ancestor.
Traditionally held in May for centuries now, this ceremony marks the beginning of rainy or rice-growing season and considered to be one of the most necessary festivals of the country.
During the ceremony, two chosen oxen are hitched to a plough. While they plough a furrow in some ceremonial grounds, court Brahmins will sow some rice seeds. After ploughing, the oxen are given a lot of plates of food, corn, water, rice wine, which represent the harvest in Cambodia.


Whelen Strobe II Model 5200-PA (U0433) :: Fenton Fire Equipment Inc.
Single Xenon flash tube. Cast aluminum base with stainless steel clamp ring.
Remote PSW-1 Hi/Low intensity strobe light control is included. 6 candlepower steady burning cruise light standard. American made high efficiency 100 watt RMS speaker mounted in a tall, heavy gauge, stainless steel base.


text:
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They are different in one very certain way from other divination tools: they focus essentially on the useful and inspirational alternatives which are open but not seen to the eye. Oracle decks are similar to alarms: they awaken the mind to the many valuable points of life and teach them how to maneuver ahead with positivity and clarity of vision. I obtain emotions and impressions from the names and DOB's when I write them down. I also psychically sense him or her through you. Once you've offered me together with your name and DOB, I begin to center around your condition and whomever or something you wish to know about. I then begin to shuffle the Tarot cards for you. The oldest cards date back to 10th-century China, however the four suits of tarot and modern cards likely originated with a 14th-century Muslim deck (Decker). According to de Givry, in the modern 52-card deck of general playing cards, sticks or wands = clubs (and announce news); swords = spades (and presage sadness and death); cups = hearts (and presage happiness); coins = diamonds (and presage money). According to Ronald Decker, the Muslim sticks represented polo sticks. As Europeans weren't yet accustomed to polo, they modified the suit of sticks to that of wands, cudgels, or batons. I work with people and organizations from all walks of life in person and via phone or Skype. I also see numerous people from Hollywood. Jason has moral character and a religious beauty that shines from within. Don't trust psychics that ask for additional money during your reading. Customize the best tea assortment with Tea Forté SELECT Tea Chest. Choose up to four tea blends for 40 teas in all. Drowzee sticks its arms out and deflects an attack with its mind, or Drowzee's eyes glow light blue and the opponent glows light blue. Drowzee can then control the opponent with its mind.


As of July 26, 2018, this outbreak appears to be over.
CDC, public health and regulatory officials in several states, and the U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationExternal investigated an outbreak of Salmonella Adelaide infections.
Seventy-seven people infected with the outbreak strain were reported from nine states.
Thirty-six people were hospitalized. No deaths were reported.
Epidemiologic and traceback evidence indicated that pre-cut melon supplied by Caito Foods, LLC of Indianapolis, Indiana was the likely source of this multistate outbreak.
Consumers should wash and sanitize drawers and shelves in refrigerators and freezers where recalled pre-cut melon was stored.
Retailers should wash and sanitize bins or containers where recalled pre-cut melon was stored.
In the United States, nearly half of foodborne illnesses are caused by germs on fresh fruits and vegetables. CDC recommends that consumers, restaurants, and retailers always choose and handle fruits safely to help prevent foodborne illness.
CDC, public health and regulatory officials in several states, and the U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationExternal investigated a multistate outbreak of Salmonella Adelaide infections.
Public health investigators used the PulseNet system to identify illnesses that were part of this outbreak. PulseNet is the national subtyping network of public health and food regulatory agency laboratories coordinated by CDC. DNA fingerprinting is performed on Salmonella bacteria isolated from ill people by using techniques called pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and whole genome sequencing (WGS). CDC PulseNet manages a national database of these DNA fingerprints to identify possible outbreaks. WGS gives a more detailed DNA fingerprint than PFGE.
Whole genome sequencing analysis did not identify any predicted antibiotic resistance in isolates from 57 ill people. Testing of 3 clinical isolates using standard antibiotic susceptibility testing methods by CDC's National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) laboratory also did not show any antibiotic resistance.
Information collected from stores where ill people shopped indicated that Caito Foods, LLC supplied pre-cut melon to these stores. On June 8, 2018, Caito Foods, LLC recalledExternal fresh-cut watermelon, honeydew melon, cantaloupe, and fresh-cut fruit medley products containing one of these melons that were produced at the Caito Foods facility in Indianapolis, Indiana.
Since the last update on June 8, 2018, 10 more ill people were added to this outbreak.
As of June 18, 2018, 70 people infected with the outbreak strain of Salmonella Adelaide have been reported from seven states. A list of the states and the number of cases in each can be found on the Case Count Map page.
Illnesses started on dates ranging from April 30, 2018, to June 3, 2018. Ill people range in age from less than 1 year to 97, with a median age of 67. Sixty-seven percent are female. Out of 63 people with information available, 34 (54%) have been hospitalized. No deaths have been reported.
Illnesses that occurred after May 28, 2018, might not yet be reported due to the time it takes between when a person becomes ill and when the illness is reported. This takes an average of 2 to 4 weeks. Please see the Timeline for Reporting Cases of Salmonella Infection for more details.
CDC, public health and regulatory officials in several states, and the U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationExternal are investigating a multistate outbreak of Salmonella Adelaide infections.
Information collected from stores where ill people shopped indicates that Caito Foods, LLC supplied pre-cut melon to these stores. On June 8, 2018, Caito Foods, LLC recalledExternal fresh cut watermelon, honeydew melon, cantaloupe, and fresh-cut fruit medley products containing one of these melons produced at the Caito Foods facility in Indianapolis, Indiana.


text:
Make Working From Anywhere Easier With This Refurbished Apple iPad mini 4, Now Less Than $250
By Paul Olivia
Paul Olivia
In today's working world, it's tough to truly get away or disconnect. Especially considering more than a third of American workers received only 10 to 14 days off after a year of service. But what if you could simply bring along a light, portable tablet instead of your clunky company laptop and work from anywhere? That's where an Apple iPad mini 4 comes in, offering true flexibility when you want to travel without always taking PTO.
If you'd like to be able to work or play from anywhere, this beloved Apple gadget makes it feasible. And a refurbished model makes it much more accessible, plus it's a win for the environment. Right now you can purchase an Apple iPad mini 4, complete with an accessories bundle, for just $234.99 for a limited time.
Get all the perks of a laptop shrunk down to a portable size that fits in the palm of your hand with an Apple iPad mini 4. This particular model comes with a pre-installed iOS 9 and 1.5GHz Apple A8 processor, so it's ready to handle any task. And a 7.9 inch screen lets you browse, stream and shoot off an email in perfect clarity with a 2048 x 1536 resolution screen.
64GB of storage means you can keep your files, photos and more safely stored directly on the iPad. Need to hop on a video call at the last minute? A 1.2MP FaceTime HD camera offers a clear picture, and this model offers Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 4.2 capability for connecting purposes. And the 10-hour battery life means you won't have to be tethered to a charger in the process.
This particular model hails from 2019 and comes with a grade "B" refurbished rating, which means it might have light scuffing on the bevel or case or light scratches or dents on the body. It also comes with an accessories bundle that includes tempered glass, a snap-on case, a lightning cable, and an AC wall adapter.
Take advantage of this amazing steal on an Apple iPad mini 4, complete with accessories, for just $234.99 for a limited time.
These Friends Use an Underrated Strategy to Run a Charcuterie Side Hustle That's on Track to Make at Least $80,000 in December
I'm a Business News Editor, and Even I Fell Victim to an Online Scam That Cost Me $300
Switching to a 4-Day Workweek Sounds Like a Great Idea. But Could It Actually Make Burnout Worse?
What Is Lensa AI? And Does It Pose Privacy and Ethical Concerns?
This Artist Who Made More Than $1 Million Teaching Online Classes Breaks Down How to Earn Big in 2023
Here's Why You Should Drink Coffee Before You Nap
Regional Favorites and National Companies Topped the Ranking of America's Top Restaurant Chains for 2023. Did Your Go-To Make the List?
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The Religious Places in Delhi reflect the true spirit of Delhi as to how it accepts every religion with open arms, the secularism and harmony with which people live here is admirable. The religious destinations in Delhi are not limited to one particular faith, and you will find religious places in Delhi of every religion. Christians have churches, Sikhs have gurudwaras, and Muslims have mosques, and Hindus have temples in Delhi but gates of all these religious places are open to everyone.
Delhi is the perfect destination for you if you want to take a dip in the river of spirituality. From archaeological and architectural point of view also, these places have so much to offer. There are large number of Temples in Delhi which is visited vy large number of enthusiast. Every wall is carved by the people of those times, telling stories of their time and their gods. A trip to Delhi is incomplete without paying a visit to these beautiful pilgrim destinations.
India is a land of gods and there are various Famous Temples in Delhi, the capital city. Get a little closer to your god by immersing yourself in the bhajans and kirtans. While remembering your god, you can also have a taste of visiting the attractive places in the city, since; these famous festivals are constructed in a very beautiful manner.
You can also find some peace in the Temples in Delhi Apart from just finding entertainment and party capital in the city. There are various beautiful temples that the city has to offer. If you need a little peace of mind in the city which never sleeps, you can always come down to the temples in Delhi and get a little closer to your God.
If you are looking for the Best Dargah in Delhi to pray, then look no further. While there are a lot of Dargahs in the world, the best ones can be found in Delhi. Find peace within yourself by visiting the Dargahs that the city has to offer. Pray and get a little closer to Allah and you'll definitely get peace and success in no time.
With the other best things that the capital city has to offer, Best Churches in Delhi is one of them. Delhi has a plethora of people from different religions in the city. Even if you are a Christian or even a Hindu or a Muslim, the gates of church are open for everyone. If you are in or around Delhi, you should definitely visit these churches and pray.
If you are a Hindu, or even if you aren't, you should definitely visit the Top Sai Mandir in Delhi. Since, the city has a long history of freedom and struggle, there are various temples which are beautiful constructed and hold aesthetic value.
Delhi is a city which has a lot to offer, one of them being the Famous Masjids in Delhi. These Masjids have stayed there since the time immemorial. You should definitely go these Masjids and pay your homage and pray there. Or if you are not in Delhi, you should definitely make a trip to the city to visit the Masjids that the city has to offer.
There are a lot of Famous Hindu Temples in Delhi and this city has one of the best temples to offer because of the historical importance that it holds. Whether you are a local or a tourist in Delhi, you should make sure that you visit these famous Hindu temples in the city. Pray for peace and success in these temples for yourself and your family.


text:
NPR's A Martinez speaks with Democratic Sen. Chris Murphy of Connecticut about his recent trip to Ukraine as part of a bipartisan delegation of senators, and what he learned.
A Martínez
The U.S. and its partners have sent weapons to Ukraine. They've provided political and moral support. But if Russia invades, Ukraine's army looks to be largely on its own against a stronger force.
An urgent text message had gone out saying authorities in Gotham City were on the hunt for a green and purple 1978 Dodge 3700GT. That car would be easy to spot: the Joker drove in 1989's Batman.
Classes were canceled at Bethel Park High School when this week's snowstorm hit. Instead of a weightlifting session, the coach told players to help the community by shoveling driveways — for free.
When a gunman took hostages at a Texas synagogue, he invoked Aafia Saddiqui's name. NPR's A Martinez talks to Michael Kugelman of the Wilson Center about why she's in prison.
News brief: Biden news conference, Ukraine-Russia tensions, Tonga aid
Debbie Elliott
President Biden defended his first year in office. Biden insists he won't send U.S. forces to Ukraine if Russia invades. Tonga begins to recover from the eruption of an undersea volcano and tsunami.
Democrats' voting rights effort was blocked in the Senate, but they did get a victory at the Supreme Court — in the quest for Trump White House records related to the Jan. 6 insurrection.
Biden discusses stalled domestic agenda and other issues during news conference
President Biden's executive style is informed by his decades in the world's most deliberative body. Allies say this approach has shown its limits in Biden's first year as president.
A Seattle hospital confronts the omicron surge. While COVID-19 patients aren't as sick compared to earlier waves, there is a record number of patients overall, and not enough staff to care for them.
Jason Beaubien
A new analysis from the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation shows nearly twice as many people worldwide died from antibiotic resistance in 2019 than from HIV/AIDS.


text:
Information & Data Sciences
Spectrum Pricing
Video Condensation
Helping Parkinson's Patients
High-Dim Classification
Vehicular Networking
Multi-Energy Tomography
Action Recognition
Fast SVM Classification
Stopping Heart Attacks
Reliable Data Dissemination
Distributed Sensing
Muscles Alive
Introductory Graduate
Ashish Agarwal (PhD '10), Jimmy Chau (MS '11), Aaron Ganick (EE' 10), and Zeyu Wu (PhD '11)
Prof. Thomas Little
Funding: National Science Foundation (NSF) (Smart Lighting ERC)
Background: There are many opportunities in the emerging area of vehicular networking. These span from providing basic Internet access to enabling communication for autonomous control of the entire transportation infrastructure in a way analogous to packet switching in computer networks (see our recent vision paper). Many of these opportunities focus on real improvements on system efficiency, congestion, and driver safety, but some also deal with improving the driving experience.
Description: There are significant technological hurdles in realizing our transportation vision. In particular, safety-critical applications such as active braking require new levels of system performance which are difficult to guarantee with conventional networking techniques. Moreover, the lack of infrastructure for an intelligent transportation system is a barrier as is the expectation of systems that must accommodate a wide range of technology adoption.
Our research focuses on the communication aspect of the vision as a medium to enable technologies to be efficient, reliable, and resourceful. Providing communication under these conditions requires new adaptations of existing models by synthesis of concepts from wireless communications, cellular telephony, mobile ad hoc networking (MANET), and opportunistic and delay tolerant networking (DTN). While there are several proposed architectures for implementing vehicular communication, the standard likely to emerge is one proposed in the IEEE 802.11p. The physical layer of 802.11p is a dedicated short-range 5.9 GHz for communication among vehicles and with roadside infrastructure. Due to the extent of our current and future transportation systems, any emerging communication system is likely to be hybrid, being comprised of ad hoc mobile and mesh components plus fixed roadside access points or cells. Below we summarize some of our recent activity in this area.
Research Activities:
Vehicular Network Modeling
High data rate communication among moving vehicles is difficult to achieve in a general sense. Localized communication is most promising using direct communication (a la CB radios), but mobility conspires to interfere with any stability of a formed network. Roadside infrastructure such as cell towers is costly and not well adapted to the demands of either high data rates or data sources that operate continuously. The latter point — the exclusion of services such as telemetry — is perhaps most interesting in transportation networks but would require massive provisioning in each cell. This suggests that future systems might exploit both mobile (MANET) and fixed infrastructure (access points or cell towers) as well as in-network processing to reduce communication out of a local region for sensing and control applications.
To this end, we are investigating routing protocols for communication that account for localized consumption of data, high mobility rates of vehicles, and the fragmented nature of the vehicular networking environment. We have drawn upon related research in MANETs and DTNs, proposing a novel routing scheme (ITSC05). The scheme is a simple and adaptive protocol that relies on labeled data to make distributed routing decisions. Further, we have developed a model to emulate the message passing behavior in the vehicular networking environment (INFOCOM '07). With the help of this model, we show that messaging can be achieved even when the network is not fully-connected. This model characterizes the performance of the messaging protocol under various vehicular traffic conditions.
Ad Hoc Discovery of Parking Spaces
Parking in urban areas is often a painful experience, especially during popular events (e.g., during baseball games at Fenway Park here in Boston or weekends near popular restaurants). We have explored the use of mesh networks of wireless parking meters operating in conjunction with mobile devices in automobiles (IEEE VTC 2002). With such a system, many variants on the parking paradigm are possible such as spot reservation, time-tiered pricing models, and automatic ticketing. In 2006 we subsequently investigated and developed a prototype system with the help of an undergraduate design team for sensing vehicular occupancy at meters using wireless sensor motes. The motes are connected through a gateway that populates a database that is accessible via the Internet and Google Maps (ParkSens).
Distributed Processing Control in a Dynamic Network
A challenge with high mobility rates in vehicular environments is the short duration of connectivity available. To compute results on statistics such as waiting times at toll booths or traffic rates on sections of the highway, data must be collected from many nodes in the environment. We are considering techniques for congestion monitoring using sampling methods and in-network processing. This scheme leverages our work in labeled data — data that can be propagated within the system without strict custody transfer but rather using attributes that guide the dissemination process in a stateless manner.
Imaging Applications in Vehicular Networks
Internet-based video sources are increasingly popular as network capacity tolerates their bandwidth consumption. The availability of these sources permits emerging applications such as large-scale parking space occupancy monitoring (IPark), traffic monitoring, and security. In our efforts to develop low-cost, in-network video sensing capabilities (e.g., CESN 2007) we have recognized that many applications will exploit mobility. Problems abound in image processing dealing with multiple cameras, fields of view, and occlusion; especially when attempted on low-cost embedded computer devices.
We are investigating the application of image recognition techniques to determine vehicular traffic flow conditions on highways (we have a network of video cameras positioned to track vehicles across multiple fields of view on the Massachusetts Turnpike). Recently, mapping companies such as Google and NAVTEQ have implemented projects that capture images of streets to provide a map user a real perspective of the location. We are investigating techniques for equipping vehicles with cameras that use images to enhance the driving experience. Examples include the use of images to gain perspective on inter-vehicle distance beyond the line of sight and image recognition of road signs to alert a driver of special zones or speed limits.
A. Agarwal and T. D. C. Little, "Role of Directional Wireless Communication in Vehicular Networks," in Proceedings of the Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV'10), San Diego, Calif., June 2010, (pdf).
A. Agarwal, "Analytical Modeling of Delay-Tolerant Data Dissemination in Vehicular Networks," PhD Dissertation,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, April 2010. (pdf).
A. M. Vegni, C. Vegni, and T. D. C. Little, "Opportunistic Vehicular Networks by Satellite Links for Safety Applications," inProceedings of the Fully Networked Car Workshop, Geneva International Motor Show, Geneva, Switzerland, March 3-4, 2010, (pdf), presentation (pdf).
A. M. Vegni and T. D. C. Little, "A Message Propagation Model for Hybrid Vehicular Communication Protocols," inProceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Communication Technologies for Vehicles (Nets4Cars) in the 7th IEEE International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and DSP, (CSNDSP 2010), Newcastle, United Kingdom, July 2010.
A. M. Vegni, "Multimedia Mobile Communications in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks," PhD Dissertation,Department of Applied Electronics, Roma Tre University, March 8, 2010, Part 1 [pdf], Part 2 [pdf].
A. Ganick, M. Figueroa, J. Lobo, P. Schimitsch, T. Rich, and T. D. C. Little, "Vehicular Networking Using Optical Transceivers," MobiSys 2010, San Francisco, Calif., June 15, 2010.
A. Agarwal and T. D. C. Little, "Impact of Asymmetric Traffic Densities on Delay Tolerant Vehicular Networks," inProceedings of the 1st IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC-2009), Tokyo, Japan, October 2009, (pdf).
A. Agarwal and T. D. C. Little, "Opportunistic Networking in Delay Tolerant Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks," in M. Watfa (Ed.) Advances in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks: Developments and Challenges, IGI Global, 2009. (Book chapter to appear).
A. Agarwal, "PhD Forum: Routing Protocol and Performance Modeling in Delay Tolerant Vehicular Networks," inProceedings of the 17th IEEE International Conference on Networking Protocols (ICNP-2009), Princeton, N.J., October 2009, (pdf).
A. Agarwal, D. Starobinski, and T. D. C. Little, "Exploiting Downstream Mobility to Achieve Fast Upstream Message Propagation in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks," Proceedings of the Mobile Networking for Vehicular Environments 2007,Infocom 2007, Anchorage, Alaska, May 2007, (pdf).
A. Agarwal and T. D. C. Little, "Prospects for Networked Vehicles of the Future," Proceedings of the Workshop on Smart Transportation, 13th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium, Bellevue, Wa., April 2007, (pdf).
T. D. C. Little, "ParkSens: A Wireless Parking Spot Locator System," FAQ, April 2006 (pdf).
T. D. C. Little and A. Agarwal, "An Information Propagation Scheme for VANETs," Proceedings of the 8th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC 2005), Vienna, Austria, September 2005 (pdf).
T. D. C. Little and A. Agarwal, "A New Information Propagation Scheme for Vehicular Networks," Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services (MobiSys 2005), Seattle, Wa., June 2005,(pdf).
P. Basu and T. D. C. Little, "Wireless Ad Hoc Discovery of Parking Spaces," MobiSys 2004 Workshop on Applications of Mobile Embedded Systems, Boston, Mass., June 2004, (pdf).
P. Basu and T. D. C. Little, "Networked Parking Spaces: Architecture and Applications," Proceedings of the IEEE VTC 2002, Vancouver, Canada, September 2002 (pdf).
Website: http://sites.bu.edu/mcl
IDS News
Goyal Receives IEEE Signal Processing Society Best Paper Award March 19, 2018
Konrad, Ishwar and Little win a $1M ARPA-E grant November 26, 2017
Symposium on the Control of Network Systems (SCONES) at BU September 5, 2017
Traffic Surveillance Workshop and Challenge at CVPR-2017 June 1, 2017
10 IDS students receive PhD degree May 25, 2017
ECE News
ECE Events


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text:
Dress Me Up, Dress Me Down
Beyoncé channels Sasha Fierce (again) in racy new House of Deréon ads
Clifford Pugh
Aug 11, 2010 | 5:28 pm
Looks like Beyoncé's "Sasha Fierce" side is coming out again.
The superstar with a split personality in her professional life channels her naughty and nice sides in a new fall ad campaign for Deréon and House of Deréon, the clothing lines she designs with mom Tina Knowles.
For the edgier Deréon fall line, the singer is a heavily tattooed biker chick. She appears topless (viewed from the back) in black leggings marked with square silver studs, straddles a motorcycle in a one-shoulder mini-dress, spiky boots and tousled blonde hair, and writhes around on a bed and chair in a printed T-shirt, in a style reminiscent of the 1980s movie, Flashdance.
For the couture House of Deréon line, she channels 1940s screen sirens — with painted red lips and flowing red locks resembling Rita Hayworth's famous 'do — in glamour gowns and flowing dresses.
While some are noting that the singer looks like Rihanna in the ads, I think both campaigns seem dated and a little silly, although you can't blame a girl for wanting to play dress-up.
Naughty Beyoncé in Deréon ads:
Glam Beyoncé in House of Deréon ads:
news/fashion
No Hattie B's for now
Wildly popular Nashville hot chicken chain cancels plans for first Houston location
Eric Sandler
Photo by Joseph Woodley
Looks like Houstonians will have to wait a little longer than expected to try one of the most famous suppliers of Nashville hot chicken. Hattie B's has canceled its plans to open a location in the Heights, a representative tells CultureMap.
The representative cited "construction costs for the ground-up build and other issues with this particular site" as reasons for the decision not to move forward. An eagle-eyed user on the Houston Architecture Info forum spotted a leasing notice for the property at 1808 N. Shepherd Dr. that had been scheduled for Hattie B's.
In response to CultureMap's request for comment about the property being for lease, Hattie B's supplied a statement from co-founder Nick Bishop, Jr.
"While we have made the very difficult decision not to move forward with the project in the Heights, our commitment to finding a home in Houston remains strong. We love this city and have always imagined a Hattie B's here."
First announced in 2021, Hattie B's intended to open a 3,800-square-foot restaurant designed by Texas's acclaimed Michael Hsu Office of Architecture that would have had seating for 175 people. Potentially, the design could be utilized for a new location.
Founded in Nashville in 2012, Hattie B's serves tenders, sandwiches, and bone-in chicken at five different spice levels: Southern (no heat), mild, medium, hot, and the signature Shut the Cluck Up. The restaurant has four locations in Nashville along with locations in Atlanta, Birmingham, Dallas, Las Vegas, and Memphis. It has plans to open in Austin next year.
closingsnews-you-can-eat


Northwest Iowa — (RI) — The second so-called bomb cyclone in less than a month is bringing Iowa a mix of snow, ice, rain, high winds and the threat of flooding, hail and tornadoes.
Northwestern men's golf finished second at its home spring match-play event, the Red Raider Cup, played Wednesday at the Landsmeer Golf Club in Orange City, Iowa.
A strong spring storm will continue affecting much of the region through Friday. The main threats will be heavy snow, freezing rain, sleet, and strong winds, along with isolated thunderstorms in the morning. Moderate icing could occur mainly in the morning along the I-90 corridor of southwest Minnesota and into the adjoining stretch of northern Iowa and southeastern SD.


text:
Katherine Dacey-Tsuei
Katherine Dacey is an Assistant Professor of Liberal Arts at Berklee College of Music.
On her faculty page she writes:
"Though I'm a musicologist, I also have a background in American history and American studies. When I teach a course, I draw on all of those disciplines so that students can appreciate the music we're studying as a product of a particular place, time, and technology."
"Right now, for example, I'm teaching a Topics in History class called The American Music Industry. The course provides an overview of music business practices here in the United States, beginning with sheet music publishing and piano manufacturing in the 19th century. We then explore the birth of the recording industry in the 1880s and 1890s, the impact of film and radio on the music industry of the 1920s and 1930s, and the emergence of new recording techniques and new marketing practices in the post-World War II era. By focusing on these major paradigm shifts, students leave the class with a better sense of what's happening right now in the music industry, as digital distribution is changing the way we consume music. Students also develop a clearer sense of how popular music reflects the time period in which it's written, whether we're talking about pro-Union Civil War songs or early Delta blues recordings.
B.A., history, Columbia University
M.A., American studies, College of William and Mary
M.Phil., musicology, Columbia University
Former editor-in-chief at Current Musicology
Published in Critical Voicings of Black Liberation: Resistence and Representations in the Americas, and Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart


text:
Shanta Ghosh-Broderius (ur. 3 stycznia 1975 w Neunkirchen) – niemiecka lekkoatletka specjalizująca się w biegach sprinterskich, uczestniczka letnich igrzysk olimpijskich w Sydney (2000).

Sukcesy sportowe
 dwukrotna brązowa medalistka mistrzostw Niemiec w biegu na 400 metrów – 2000, 2001
 srebrna medalistka halowych mistrzostw Niemiec w biegu na 60 metrów – 1999
 dwukrotna brązowa medalistka halowych mistrzostw Niemiec w biegu na 200 metrów – 1996, 1998
 halowa mistrzyni Niemiec w biegu na 400 metrów – 2001

Rekordy życiowe
 bieg na 60 metrów (hala) – 7,27 – Karlsruhe 21/02/1999
 bieg na 100 metrów – 11,46 – Saarbrücken 01/07/2000
 bieg na 200 metrów – 22,80 – Turku 13/07/1997
 bieg na 200 metrów (hala) – 23,21 – Dortmund 30/01/1998
 bieg na 300 metrów – 36,48 – Pliezhausen 21/05/2000
 bieg na 400 metrów – 51,25 – Stuttgart 30/06/2001
 bieg na 400 metrów (hala) – 51,48 – Dortmund 25/02/2001

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Niemieccy sprinterzy
Niemieccy olimpijczycy
Urodzeni w 1975
Medaliści Mistrzostw Świata w Lekkoatletyce 2001
Uczestnicy Letnich Igrzysk Olimpijskich 2000
Ludzie urodzeni w Neunkirchen (Saara)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home/News/American Airlines resumes Boeing 737 Max commercial flight
American Airlines resumes Boeing 737 Max commercial flight
By IANS| Published: 30th December 2020 8:18 am IST
San Francisco, Dec 30 : American Airlines has flown a Boeing 737 Max from Miami to New York with paying passengers on board, making the first commercial flight almost 2 years after the worldwide grounding of the troubled aircraft.
American flight 718 carried about 100 passengers and landed on Tuesday afternoon at LaGuardia Airport, according to an airline spokeswoman, Xinhua news agency reported.
Boeing's 737 MAX jets have been grounded across the globe since early March last year following more evidence emerging indicated that its key flight control software played a part in two deadly air crashes in less than one year.
The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in November this year rescinded the order that halted commercial operations of Boeing 737 MAX, a move that allowed airlines under the FAA's jurisdiction, including those in the US, to take the steps necessary to resume service and Boeing to begin making deliveries.
American Airlines said after resuming the scheduled service with one round trip from Miami to New York through January 4, it expected to "gradually phase more 737 MAX aircraft into revenue service throughout January, with up to 36 departures from our Miami hub depending on the day of the week."
READ: Sweden imposes new strict pandemic laws for gyms, malls
Passengers on all of American Airlines' Max flights will be given advance warning, with the option to rebook, the airlines said.
"If a customer doesn't want to fly on the 737 MAX, they won't have to… We'll provide flexibility to ensure they can be easily re-accommodated," the company said in an earlier statement.
United Airlines also plans to resume the 737 Max from Feb. 11, 2021, and Southwest, the largest operator of 737 Max jets, is scheduled to reintroduce the plane "no sooner than the second quarter of 2021," according to a notice on its website.
In this September, an investigative report from the U.S. House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure (House T&I Committee) Report on 737 MAX concluded the committee's 18-month investigation of the design, development and certification of the 737 MAX aircraft, and related matters.
According to the report, the investigation has revealed multiple missed opportunities that could have turned the trajectory of the MAX's design and development toward a safer course due to flawed technical design criteria, faulty assumptions about pilot response times, and production pressures.
READ: Rahul, Priyanka join Cong march to Raj Niwas on farm laws
US Senator Roger Wicker, chairman of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on December 18 released the Committee's investigation report on the FAA.
The report detailed a number of significant examples of lapses in aviation safety oversight and failed leadership in the FAA. It also found that during 737 MAX recertification testing, Boeing inappropriately influenced FAA human factor simulator testing of pilot reaction times involving a Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS) failure.
"Boeing is committed to improving aviation safety, strengthening our safety culture, and rebuilding trust with our customers, regulators, and the flying public," the company said in a statement on the release of the report, adding that it has learned hard lessons from the Lion Air Flight 610 and Ethiopian Flight 302 accidents.
Boeing's 737 MAX jets have been grounded across the globe since March 2019. China was the first country in the world to suspend all Boeing 737 Max 8 airplanes and more than 40 countries including Singapore, Australia, and the European Union, Canada, and the US followed suit. In addition, some countries have closed their airspace to the plane.
103-yr-old casts vote in Himachal panchayat polls
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Sensor: progressive scan RGB CMOS 1/3"


text:
Polabští Slované bylo etnikum západních Slovanů, které obývalo území dnešní Spolkové republiky Německa v oblasti mezi řekami Labem, Sálou a Odrou v době raného a vrcholného středověku.
Etnikum zaniklo postupnou germanizací probíhající především během desátého až třináctého století.

Slovanské osídlení Polabí
Území mezi řekami Labem, Sálou a Odrou začalo být osídlováno západoslovanskými kmeny od počátku 6. století. První historická zpráva o Polabských Slovanech se týká roku 512, kdy se s nimi setkali germánští Herulové při návratu ze svého tažení. Nejstarší archeologické nálezy slovanského osídlení jsou z roku 550. V Havellandu a okolí byla nalezena keramika podobná keramice pražského typu. To také podporuje teorii o příchodu Polabských Slovanů cestou přes Čechy. Kolem roku 600 osídlili Slované baltské pobřeží a území budoucího Meklenburska. Kolem roku 630 žili již slovanští Ránové na Rujaně. V 7. století končí osídlení Polabí poslední vlnou slovanských přistěhovalců.

Společnost

Kmenové zřízení
Polabští Slované tvořili veliké množství malých kmenů, které se sdružovaly do kmenových svazů. Začlenění do kmenového svazu bylo poměrně volné. Často docházelo ke kmenovým neshodám a nepřátelstvím v rámci svazu.
Polabské Slovany tvořily dva kmenové svazy:
 Obodrité (Bodrci), obývali nejseverozápadnější část Polabí. K Obodritům příslušely kmeny Rarogů, Drevanů, Gliňanů, Polabanů, Varnů a Vagrů
 Lutici (Veleti), obývali východní část Polabí. K Luticům patřily kmeny Břežanů, Črezpěňanů, Dolenců, Došanů, Grozvičanů, Chyžanů (Kyšanů), Lekusiců (Lešiců), Moričanů, Neleticů, Ploňanů, Ránů, Ratarů, Rečanů, Sitňanů, Sprévanů, Stodoranů (Havolanů), Ukřanů a Voliňanů, Zemčiců aj.
V čele kmene byl kníže, volený sněmem. Luticové měli pravděpodobně kmenové zřízení teokratické (světští panovníci byli podřízeni kněžím).

Stavební lokality a památky

Společenskými a obrannými centry kmenů Polabských Slovanů byla hradiště či opevněná města.
Z hlediska typu terénu a též hlavního účelu, rozeznáváme tři typy hradišť Polabských Slovanů.

 blatná hradiště se nacházela hlavně v severní části Polabí, v nížinných a bažinatých oblastech. Byla často budována na ostrovech, kde okolní voda poskytovala dostatek ochrany. S okolní pevninou byla spojena dřevěnými, často velice dlouhými mosty.
 výšinná hradiště se nacházela v jižnější, kopcovité části Polabí.
 pohraniční hradiště byla zvláštním typem, jejichž úkolem byla ostraha přístupových cest do země. Mezi tato hradiště patří Lenčín, který chránil důležitý labský brod a Dymín, pevnost která sehrála důležitou roli během křížové výpravy proti Slovanům.

Významná hradiště Polabských Slovanů
 Centrem kmene Havolanů bylo hradiště Brena (Brennaburg, Branibor, Brandenburg an der Havel), nalézající se v močálovém terénu u řeky Havoly (něm.: Havel). Hradiště Brena mělo kolovou hradbu o průměru 120 až 150m. Bylo ze všech stran obklopeno močály, což ztěžovalo jeho dobytí. Dalším sídlištěm Havolanů byla Postupim (Potsdam).
 Chyžané žijící u řek Rekenice (Recknitz) a Varnavy (Warnow) měli hradiště Vostrov (Güstrow) na Nebole.
 Kmen Dolenců sídlící u řeky Dolenice (Tollense) měl pohraniční pevnost Dymín (Demmin) a Stlup (Stolpe).
 Črezpěňané žijící u řek Pěna (Peene) a Rekenice měli hradiště Wolegast (Wolgast), Teterow, Tribuša (Tribsees).
 Ránové, sídlící na Rujaně (Rügen) měli náboženské centrum Arkonu a královské sídlo Korenicu (Charenz).
 Kmen Břežanů žil v okolí města Havelberku (Havelberg), jejich sídlištěm byla Neletice (Nitzow).
 Rataři, žijící na horním toku Dolenice měli náboženské centrum Retru s nejslavnějším chrámem boha Radegasta, jejíž přesné umístění neznáme, ale spekuluje se o Prilvicích, městečku na jih od Stargardu a jihovýchodně od Štětína. Retra byla v roce 955 vyrabována a zlatá socha Radegasta z chrámu ukradena brandenburským biskupem. Poté byla znovu Ratary vystavěna, ale ve 12. století za vlády Jindřicha Lva znovu spáleno na trosky, nikdy už poté nebylo obnoveno.
 Dalším významných hradištěm byl Groß Raden, nedaleko Sternbergu. Hradiště je dnes zrekonstruované.

Výroba a obchod

Zpracování dřeva
Nejvýznamnější stavební surovinou Polabských Slovanů bylo dřevo. Pro jeho nadbytek a naopak nedostatek kamene, byly veškeré stavby Polabských Slovanů, včetně pomocných staveb (mostů a chodníků) dřevěné.
Dřevo se používalo nejen na ohrazení hradišť, ale i na stavbu obytných budov a náboženských chrámů a svatyní, které byly často zdobené dřevořezbou. Řezbářství bylo u Polabských Slovanů – na rozdíl od malby – na vysoké úrovni.

Rukodělná výroba
O sortimentu rukodělné výroby u Polabských Slovanů se dozvídáme především díky archeologickým nálezům.
Od 9. století je doložena kožedělná výroba, například sedel, štítů či kabátců.
K hlavním řemeslným výrobkům patřila keramika. Použití hrnčířského kruhu je doloženo od 10. století.
Na hradišti Dessau-Mosigkau byly objeveny zbytky keramických pecí. Keramika zdobená vlnovkami je podobná keramice pražského typu.
Od 11. století je doložena výroba skla, především skleněných ozdob, avšak nikoliv skleněných nádob.
U Polabských Slovanů je prokázáno zpracování kovů (železa, bronzu, zlata i stříbra) a těžba surovin.
Významnou hospodářskou komoditou byla sůl, která se těžila v okolí Halle.

Obchod a platidla
V prvopočátcích osídlení Polabí Slovany byl obchod realizován prostou výměnnou výrobků. Brzy se však rozšířilo používání platidel. Prvním nejběžnějším prostředkem směny byly plátěné ústřižky,
jejichž používání je doloženo na Rujáně. Toto platidlo však bylo brzy nahrazeno kovovými platidly.
Zpočátku to bylo především neražené – kusové stříbro nebo zlomky šperků, jejichž hodnota se stanovovala vahou. Z doby 8. až 10. století jsou nálezy cizích, především arabských mincí na území Polabských Slovanů. Vlastní ražbu mincí zahájili až v první polovině 11. století.

Náboženství

Polabští Slované si po celou dobu své existence – až na výjimky, způsobené mocným tlakem na přijetí křesťanství – udržovali pohanské zvyklosti. Vzhledem k tomu, že neexistují žádné jejich písemné doklady, dozvídáme se o náboženství Polabských Slovanů výhradně z dokumentů západní křesťanské společnosti a z archeologických nálezů. Hlavním zdrojem informací jsou kroniky saských kronikářů Widukinda, Dětmara, Helmolda z Bosau a Adama Brémského.
Polabští Slované uctívali svá pohanská božstva v dřevěných, důkladně postavených chrámech a svatyních. Mezi hlavní bohy patřili Svarožic (později zvaný Radegast), Triglav, Rugievit a po pádu kultu boha Svarožice – Svantovít.
Hlavním náboženským centrem Luticů byla Retra se Svarožicovým chrámem.
Kde se Retra nalézala, není známo. Předpokládá se, že to bylo někde na horním toku řeky Dolenice. Roku 1068 byla Retra zničena německým biskupem Burchardem a poté již nebyla nikdy obnovena.
Významná svatyně se nacházela také v hradišti Groß Raden u Sternbergu.
Po zničení Retry se náboženským centrem stala Arkona (uctívání boha Svantovíta) na Rujaně, obývaná slovanským kmenem Ránů. Avšak i ta byla o sto let později zničena. Roku 1168 byla Rujána dobyta dánským králem Valdemarem I. Velikým a ránský kníže přijal křesťanství. To byl definitivní zánik pohanského náboženství v Pobaltí.

Posvátné stromy
Obdobně jako u Keltů i Germánů, také Polabští Slované uctívali stromy. Uctívání stromů bylo nejspíše podmíněno rozsáhlým zalesněním oblastí obývaných Polabskými Slovany. Les pro ně znamenal nejen možné útočiště, ale i nebezpečí. Posvátným stromem byl dub. Byly uctívány samotné stromy a taktéž jsou doloženy existence posvátných dubových hájů.

Kult hlavy
Symbol hlavy měl v kultuře Pobaltských Slovanů několikerý význam. Kult hlavy se projevoval vyvěšováním lidských a zvířecích lebek na obranných valech, kde měly zastrašovat nepřítele a nad vchody domů, kde bránily vstupu zla. Dalším vyjádřením kultu bylo, zejména u Luticů, zpodobňování vícehlavých božstev, kde více hlav bohů, hledících do různých směrů, představovalo božskou vševědoucnost. Dřevěné sochy uctívané v náboženských centrech měly tři, čtyři, v rujánské Korenici pak dokonce sedm hlav.

Uctívání koně a věštby
S náboženskými centry je spojen kult koně. Kůň byl uctíván a používán k provádění věšteb. Podle způsobu, jakým kůň překročil do země zabodnutá a překřížená kopí se usuzovalo o výsledku plánované vojenské akce. Uctívaný kůň byl majetkem boha a jezdit na něm mohl, ve spojitosti s náboženskými obřady, pouze velekněz.
Vedle věšteb, majících význam pro celý kmen a prováděných pomocí uctívaného koně, praktikovaly se ještě věštby nižšího, převážně osobního významu, které se prováděly náhodným výběrem obarvených hůlek z osudí nebo věštěním z popela.

Obětní obřady
Ačkoliv středověké kroniky informují o obětních obřadech Polabských Slovanů, nezmiňují již jejich průběh. Někteří kronikáři, jako Helmold a Adam Brémský, píší o lidských obětech, převážně z řad křesťanských kněží. V roce 1066 Slované zabili veligradského biskupa Jana Skotského a jeho hlavu obětovali v Retře Radegastovi.

Pohřební ritus
Způsob pohřbívání u Polabských Slovanů odrážel střet jejich pohanského náboženství s pronikajícím křesťanstvím. Prvními pohřebními obřady, po příchodu do Polabí, byly žárové pohřby a uchovávání popela v popelnicích. Některé z prvních žárových pohřbů se vyznačovaly vybudováním mohyly nad žárovištěm. Součástí žárových pohřbů byly dary, ukládané do hrobů. Byly to zbraně, nástroje i potraviny. V některých oblastech se do hrobu ukládal také drobné mince – Charónův peníz. Od 10. století se pohřební ritus změnil a popelnice
byly ukládány do země. S pronikáním křesťanského náboženství postupně zanikaly žárové pohřby a začalo pohřbívání těl do země.
U Obodritů, kteří podléhali vlivu křesťanství snadněji než Lutici, byly žárové pohřby definitivně ukončeny v 10. století. U Luticů se pohřbívání těl do země objevilo až v 11. století. Současně se také redukovalo množství darů, ukládaných do hrobu, jako pozůstatek pohanského náboženství
a postupně začalo být zvykem pohřbívat mrtvého do země pouze v jeho šatech.

Historie germanizace a christianizace Polabských Slovanů v datech

 780 – Francký král Karel (pozdější císař Karel Veliký) se během bojů se Sasy setkal poprvé s Polabskými Slovany. Uzavřel s nimi příměří, aby mohl dokončit boj se Sasy.
 782 – Karel si podmaňuje Sasy. Sasové byli poté napadeni Slovany.
 789 – Karel s podporou Sasů a obodritského knížete Vlčana (Wiltzana) zaútočil proti Luticům. Luticům v té době vládl Dragovít. Frankové postoupili až k řece Pěně (Peene). Dragovít se podrobil a začal Karlovi platit daně.
 792 – Saské povstání proti Karlovi. Kníže Vlčan opět pomohl Karlovi v jeho potlačení.
 795 – Kníže Vlčan byl zabit Sasy. Jeho nástupcem se stal Dražko a stejně jako Vlčan pomáhal Karlovi v boji se Sasy.
 804 – Dražko byl za pomoc odměněn územím Nordalbingií (západní Holštýnsko), z něhož byli Sasové vyhnáni.
 808 – Dánský král Godofrid, spojenec Sasů, uspořádal výpravu proti Obodritům. Během výpravy bylo zničeno město Rarog. Původní spojenci Obodritů – Smolinci a Gliňané – přešli na stranu kmenového svazu Veletů, dánských sympatizantů.
 809 – Dánové byli vyhnáni a Frankové a Dražko pořádají výpravu proti Veletům. Dražko byl zavražděn a Nordalbingie přestala být součástí země Obodritů. Po Dražkovi byla vláda svěřena Slavomírovi. Dražkův syn Čedrag (Ceadrag) byl v té době nedospělý. Lutickým knížetem se v roce 809 stal Liub. Padl však v boji s Obodrity. Jeho nástupcem byl Milogost, ten však byl radou starších brzy sesazen. Knížetem se stal jeho bratr Čedodrag (Cedeadragus).
 810 – Veleti dobyli hrad Höhbeck, kde přebýval správce východního Saska a císařský legát.
 817 – Císař Ludvík Pobožný přinutil obodritského knížete Slavomíra, podělit se o vládu s Čedragem.
 821/2 – Zemřel kníže Slavomír.
 823 – Císař Ludvík stvrdil lutického knížete Čedodraga.
 829 – Císař Ludvík stvrdil Čedraga jako krále Oborditů.
 838/9 – Císař uspořádal výpravu proti Luticům, ohrožujícím hranice.
 843 – Ludvík II. Němec získal východofranskou říši, sousedící s územím Slovanů.
 844 – Povstání obodritského knížete Gostimysla proti Ludvíkovi Němci. Kníže byl poražen a zabit.
 862 – Král Ludvík pořádal výpravu proti obodritskému knížeti Dabomyslovi.
 889 – Císař Arnulf opětovně pořádal tažení proti Obodritům, které je opět neúspěšné.
 919 – Jindřich I. Ptáčník nastoupil na trůn v Německu a začal se připravovat na definitivní podmanění Slovanů.
 928 – Jindřich Ptáčník porazil Stodorany. Dobyl jejich centrum Branibor a zajal knížete Tugumíra. Téhož roku povstali Lutici a spálili město Wallislevo (Wallisleben).
 929 – Němci v bitvě u Lenčice (Lenzen) porazili Lutice. Veliké množství Slovanů padlo nebo bylo později popraveno. Jindřich uložil Slovanům vysoké daně a tvrdě prosazoval jejich christianizaci.
 934 – Jindřich porazil Ukrany, poslední dosud nepokořený kmen Luticů.
 936 – Na německý trůn nastoupil Ota I. Veliký. Téhož roku se vydal na výpravu proti Ratarům.
 937 – Ota I. rozdělil původní slovanské území mezi Labem a Odrou na dvě marky. Severní marku s centrem Lüneburg, udělil Hermannu Billungovi. Jižní udělil Gerovi.
 939 – Povstání Ratarů, ve kterém Rataři zabili markraběte Hika. Markrabě Gero se začal naoko smířlivě chovat ke Slovanům. Na hostině, kterou uspořádal pro slovanské velmože, však nechal všechny pozvané Slovany zavraždit. Zachránil se pouze Tugumírův synovec Stojmír. Samotný Tugumír, který v té době již přijal křest se této vražedné hostiny nezúčastnil. Poté, co se zpráva o zavraždění velmožů donesla ke Slovanům, ti Tugumíra vyhnali. Tugumír se uchýlil na Gerův dvůr. Po čase se vrátil a s vymyšlenou legendou získal znovu důvěru Slovanů. Po opětovném získání vlády nechat Tugumír popravit synovce Stojmíra a vyhlásil poddanost Němcům a smír s nimi.
 942 – Založeno biskupství ve Stargardě.
 946 – Založeno biskupství v Havelbergu.
 949 – Založeno biskupství v Braniboru.
 954 – Povstání Ukřanů proti christianizaci a vysokým daním. Bylo zlikvidováno markrabětem Gerem.
 955 – Spojené kmeny Obodritů, Luticů spolu se saskými hrabaty Wichmanem a Egbertem uspořádali výpravu proti Němcům. 16. října 955 došlo v bitvě u řeky Reknice, ve které byli Slované poraženi. Slovanský kníže Stojgněv v bitvě padl.
 957–60 – Markrabě Gero bojoval s Ratary a porazil je.
 965 – Obodritským knížetem byl Nakon. Po jeho smrti se vládcem kmenového svazu stal Mstivoj (pokřtěný jako Billung).
 968 – Byl vysvěcen první stargadský biskup Egward.
 983 – Mstivoj uzavřel spojenectví s Lutici a zahájil mocné povstání, do kterého se zapojila většina Polabských Slovanů. 29. června 983 dobyli Havelberg a zničili sídlo biskupa. O několik dní později dobyli Branibor a Hamburk. Slované se tak na čas vymanili z postupné germanizace – nastalo období boje proti křesťanství.
 985 – 987 Císař Ota III. vedl boje s Lutici.
 986 – Ota III. si podmanil Stodorany.
 991 – Kizo, drobný saský šlechtic, obsadil Branibor.
 993 – Kizo předal Branibor císaři.
 995 – Mstivoj byl jako křesťan vyhnán ze země. Vlády se ujal jeho syn Mstislav (Mečislav).
 996 – Ota III. uzavřel s Obodrity a Lutici mír a Luticům přiznal samostatnost.
 997 – Luticové dobyli celé území Stodoranů.
 asi 1002 – Císař Jindřich II. uznal nezávislost Obodritů.
 1003 – Císař přijal v Quedlinburgu Lutice a Ratary a dojednal s nimi pomoc proti Boleslavu Chrabrému.
 1017 – Výprava císaře spolu s Lutici a kyjevskými oddíly proti Polákům. Byli však poraženi. Kníže Mečislav byl obviněn z neúspěchu a jeho lidé proti němu povstali.
 1018 – Mečislav se opevnil na Zvěříně, ale byl poražen a uprchl do Saska. Vlády se ujal jeho syn Pribigněv (pokřtěný Udo).
 1031/2 – Pribigněv byl zavražděn, nástupcem se stal zřejmě Udův bratr Ratibor, Gotšalk, druhý syn Pribigněva, zavrhl křesťanství, uprchl z kláštera do Holštýnska, spojil se zde se Slovany a začal pustošit kraj. Byl však chycen a poslán do vězení. Po propuštění se odebral do Dánska ke králi Knutovi (1014–35), svému příbuznému. Oženil se se Sigridou, dcerou Svena Estridsena (dánský král 1047–74). V Dánsku opět přistoupil ke křesťanství.
 1032 – Císař Konrád II. uzavřel mír s Lutici.
 1043 – Obodriti vedení Ratiborem vtrhli do Dánska, ale byli u Lyrskovhede poraženi. Padl tam Ratibor i s osmi syny. Gotšalk převzal uprázdněný trůn a začal v zemi prosazovat křesťanství.
 1051 – V zemi byla zřízena další dvě biskupství (v Ratiboru a Velehradě).
 1057 – rozpad kmenového svazu kolem Svarožicovy svatyně v Retře. Na jedné straně Rataři a Dolenci na druhé Črezpěňané. S pomocí Gotšalka, vévody Bernarda a krále Svena Črezpěňany přemohli. Črezpěňané i Chyžané byli začleněni do Gotšalkova panství.
 7. června 1057 – sněm v Lenčině. Bluso, švagr Gotšalka, rozpoutal pohanské povstání proti Gotšalkovi a křesťanství.
 1066 – Gotšalk během povstání padl.
 v zimě 1067/68 napadl biskup Buchard z Halbestadtu zemi lutickou. Zničil náboženské středisko Retru. Krut zvolen knížetem, Budivoj, syn Gotšalka, byl vyhnán (odešel do Saska).
 1070 – Luticové se poddali Krutovi.
 1071 – Výprava Budivoje a Magnuse, syna saského vévody Ordulfa proti Krutovi.
 okolo 1071 – Budivoj i jeho saská družina byli povražděni.
 1073 – Sasové se vzbouřili proti císaři, požádali Lutice o podporu, ale ti odmítli.
 1093 – Saský vévoda Magnus vtrhl do země Luticů. Jindřich, syn Gotšalka, vpadl do země s dánským králem Ejegödem, zpustošili Volín a dobyli Stargard.
 1101 – Markrabě Udo ovládl Branibor, kde ustavil křesťanství.
 1105 – Kníže Krut byl setnut na rozkaz Jindřicha na hostině v Ploně.
 1110 – Lothar ze Supplinburgu, vévoda saský, dobyl slovanské území u Stomarnu a tuto zemi udělil Adolfovi ze Schauenburku v léno.
 1114 – Obodritský kníže Jindřich si podmanil Črezpěňany.
 1127 – Kníže Jindřich zemřel. Jeho syn Knut byl poté zavražděn a vlády se ujal druhý syn Svatopluk.
 1129 – Kníže Svatopluk byl zavražděn. Dánský princ Knut Lavard získal obodritskou říši koupí od císaře Lothara III.
 1131 – Knut Lavard byl zavražděn. Zemi si rozdělili Niklot a Pribislav.
 1147 – Venedská křížová výprava. Výpravy se zúčastnil saský vévoda Jindřich Lev, Albrecht I. Medvěd, dánští bratři Sven a Knut se stotisícovým vojskem a oddíly Poláků a Moravanů. Na obranu se jim postavili obodritský kníže Niklot a pomořanský kníže Ratibor v opevněných městech Dubín a Dymín. Přes dlouhotrvající obléhání se města nepodařila dobýt a na podzim byla výprava bez většího úspěchu ukončena.
 1157 – Albrecht I. Medvěd se stává prvním braniborským markrabětem
 1160 – Kníže Niklot padl v bitvě proti Jindřichovi Lvovi u hradu Vorel. Sasové a Dánové pak ovládli území Obodritů.
 1167 – Jindřich Lev udělil obodritskou a lutickou zemi Pribislavovi, synovi Niklota, jako léno.
 1168 – Dánský král Valdemar I. Veliký dobyl Rujánu a zničil hlavní pohanskou svatyni na Arkoně.
 1178 – Pribislav zemřel a na trůn usedl jeho syn Jindřich Borvin.
 1179 – Poslední slovanské povstání proti christianizaci.
 1184 – Dánský král Knut VI. porazil Jindřicha Borvina v bitvě u Gryfie. Jindřich byl od té doby v lenní závislosti.
 1227 – Zemřel Jindřich Borvin. Země byla rozdělena mezi jeho čtyři vnuky. Přestože potomci Jindřicha Borvina byli rodem Obodriti, jazykem a zvyklostmi to již byli Němci. Potomky Jindřicha Borvina skončila vláda obodritských knížat a byla zahájena vláda meklenburských vévodů.
 V 18. století byli jako poslední z Obodritů germanizováni Drevané žijící v oblasti lüneburského vřesoviště.

Příčiny asimilace Polabských Slovanů

Příchod Cyrila a Metoděje do Velké Moravy a následná latinská christianizace Čech v 10. století způsobily, že přijetí křesťanství na Moravě a pak v Čechách proběhlo mnohem méně násilně, než právě u Polabských Slovanů. Dá se zjednodušeně říci, že nejprve Moravané a pak i Češi dobrovolnou christianizací nejvyšších představitelů byli ušetřeni christianizace zvenčí, nadto byla vnější prezentací Velké Moravy a pak Českého knížectví za křesťanský stát sebrána německým křesťanským sousedům jedna ze záminek útoků na tyto státní útvary.
Vyhnáním Metodějových následovníků Gorazda, Klimenta, Angelára, Nauma a Sávy a likvidací cyrilometodějské slovanské církve bylo znemožněno další nenásilné pronikání křesťanství do zemí severně od Čech. Pohanští Polabští Slované se proto setkali s křesťanstvím ve zcela jiné podobě. Narazili na nepřítele, který křesťanství šířil násilným způsobem. Násilí na pohanském obyvatelstvu spojené s prosazování křesťanství latinskými biskupy jenom více utvrzovalo Polabské Slovany v pohanské víře. Celé dějiny Slovanů v Polabí jsou tak dějinami střetu křesťanství a pohanství.
Nedílnou součástí prosazování křesťanství v Polabí byly mocenské tužby německých panovníků. Získání nových území buďto pod přímou nadvládu nebo jako závislá území, ze kterých plynuly panovníkovi platby formou daní, byly podstatným aspektem německého výboje na východ.
K asimilaci Slovanů přispěla také jejich nejednotnost. Vedle bojů s německými kolonizátory docházelo k častým nepřátelstvím mezi Obodrity a Lutici i mezi jednotlivými kmeny obou slovanských svazů.

Lužičtí Srbové, kteří žijí v německých spolkových zemích Sasko a Braniborsko, jsou dnes posledními Polabskými Slovany, kteří nepodlehli úplné germanizaci.

Odkazy

Reference

Literatura

 Libuše Hrabová, Stopy zapomenutého lidu, Veduta, České Budějovice 2006
 Adam Brémský, Činy biskupů hamburského kostela. Velká kronika evropského severu. Argo, Praha 2009
 Dětmar z Merseburku, Kronika. Argo, Praha 2008
 Vilém Václav Kremer: Polabští a baltští Slované, Věstník česko-lužický

Související články
 Slovanská mytologie
 Polabština

Externí odkazy

 Historie Polabských Slovanů
 Boje polabských Slovanů za nezávislost v letech 928–955

Dějiny Šlesvicka-Holštýnska
Vymřelé etnické skupiny


text:
My Mother Half
How 'Mamma Mia!' brought me closer to my mom
Pamela Chan
Happy Mother's Day! In honor of all the amazing moms, grandmothers, step-mothers, older sisters, aunts, godmothers, and female role models out there, we're celebrating with stories of our relationships with our mother figures.
A few weeks ago, it was announced that after 14 years and 5,765 performances, Broadway's eighth-longest-running show "Mamma Mia!" will come to an end this fall. I was sad about the news, but not just because I was a fan of the Abba-fueled musical. It's because that show happened to be one that had a particular place in my relationship with my mother.
My mother and I had always had our differences. Our relationship, to say the least, has always been complicated. She is my best friend, my immediate go-to for advice, the one person in this world I know I can completely trust and count on. She's also my biggest critic, the only person who can see completely through me just by hearing the sound of my voice. The one person I cannot bear to disappoint. We've been through, in the last twenty-five years, more than a few bumps in the road. We've shared laughs, tears, bear hugs, and many eskimo kisses. We've shared hurtful words that I, for one, would happily take back in an instant.
Growing up, I had been blessed, in my case, with an often-absent father, who was prone on the days he was at home, to unload his inner angst on his wife and daughter. Yet despite the constant parental fighting, I grew up in a pretty house with plenty of space to run in and with many opportunities to follow all of my dreams, with all the love and support a child could ever ask for. My mother bravely stepped into the shoes that my father might have filled. She is my hero, my rock. She is the one person who seems to love me unconditionally no matter what I do. Even when I am wrong.
As a child, my afternoons were chaotically filled up with various extracurricular activities that ranged from figure skating, piano, cello, ballet, drawing, and horseback riding lessons to algebra drill team practices and SAT prep courses. My mother drove me all across the Los Angeles County from one lesson to another for almost ten years, providing me the opportunity to develop not only as a student but as an extremely creative individual as well.
It was during these long car rides that we would listen to some of her favorite old songs. Back in college, she had fallen in love with Western artists such as The Carpenters, Anne Murray, Paul Anka, Andy Williams, and of course, the Swedish pop group ABBA. She had always had the singing voice of an angel, and when she immigrated to the United States, she had brought all of her musical treasures over in a cardboard box—a now worn out rectangular package filled with the numerous audio cassette tapes that she would later share with me on our fun-filled drive alongs.
Snug and tucked comfortably into the backseat, I would sing along with my mother, as she smiled back through the rearview mirror, to Carpenter hits like "We've Only Just Begun" and "Top of the World" to ABBA favorites such as "Dancing Queen," "Slipping Through My Fingers," and of course, our inspirational happy-song, "I Have a Dream." The hours and hours of nauseating car riding (and driving) always seemed to pass by more quickly during our musical adventures. By grade school, we both knew most of the songs by heart and even by high school, when we were having more petty disagreements than ever before, it was these journeys back to the musical culture of the '70s and '80s that quickly extinguished even our most fierce of mother-daughter spats.
Needless to say, when the songs of ABBA turned into a smash hit musical in 2000, both of us were more than ecstatic. For my eighteenth birthday, Mama Chan (as I often call her) gleefully surprised me with the gift of experiencing our first live Broadway show. Together, we were to see and hear all of our favorite tunes and numbers being performed live at the Winter Garden Theater in New York City. I, for one, could not have asked for anything better. Not only was this an experience that we would both relish in. But it was also the best thing I could have asked for during such a monumentally life-changing coming-of-age event.
I was about to turn eighteen. I was still in many ways a child, not yet ready to completely leave the comforts of home, not to mention the safe and protective arms of my mother. The Catherine Johnson musical deals with similar 'letting go' issues between Donna and her daughter Sophie who, during the musical, is set to marry Sky in just a few days. Minus the plotline of having three possible fathers, Johnson's story showcases many of the various loving and joyful moments that have been experienced by me and my mother. It's a story that we both can relate to. It's familiar territory.
In many ways, my mother and I could be nothing more than different. She was raised in Taiwan and is still very set in the Eastern traditions that she was brought up with. She's a master at stressful situations, and manages, through everything, to still find time to say her prayers every single night. She is always warm, full of wit, and can fall asleep anywhere and anytime in a matter of seconds.
I'm very different for my mother. Change makes me anxious and I don't handle stress very well. I'm famous for having poor circulation and ice-cold hands. I'm not the best of public speakers, and I am, on most nights, tossing and turning.
But at the end of it all, I'm my mother's daughter. I am who and where I am today only because of her continued love and support. Our relationship isn't very different from Donna and Sophie's in Mamma Mia: rough in patches, but solidly built on love. Whenever I hear any of those twenty-four infamous ABBA songs—whether while driving along to work, watching the musical live on stage, or sitting in an empty waiting room—my feet begin to tap, my eyes begin to water with nostalgia, my mind begins to race, and the corners of my mouth begin to curl upward towards the sun. I am reminded of how much my mother loves me.
(Image via)
By Pamela Chan


text:
IB3. Nucleic Acids
[ "article:topic", "authorname:cschaller" ]
Contributed by Chris Schaller
Professor (Chemistry) at College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University
IB3. Intermolecular Forces in Biology: Nucleic Acids (contributed by Henry Jakubowski)
The nucleic acids RNA and DNA are involved in the storage and expression of genetic information in a cell. Both are polymers of monomeric nucleotides. DNA exists in the cell as double-stranded helices while RNA typically is a single-stranded molecule which can fold in 3D space to form complex secondary (double-stranded helices) and tertiary structures in a fashion similar to proteins. The complex 3D structures formed by RNA allow it to perform functions other than simple genetic information storage, such as catalysis. Hence most scientists believe that RNA preceded both DNA and proteins in evolution as it can both store genetic information and catalyze chemical reactions.
DNA is a polymer, consisting of monomers call deoxynucleotides. The monomer contains a simple sugar (deoxyribose, shown in black below), a phosphate group (in red), and a cyclic organic R group (in blue) that is analogous to the side chain of an amino acid.
Only four bases are used in DNA (in contrast to the 20 different side chains in proteins) which we will abbreviate, for simplicity, as A, G, C and T. They are bases since they contain amine groups that can accept protons. The polymer consists of a sugar - phosphate - sugar - phosphate backbone, with one base attached to each sugar molecule. As with proteins, the DNA backbone is polar but also charged. It is a polyanion. The bases, analogous to the side chains of amino acids, are predominately polar. Given the charged nature of the backbone, you might expect that DNA does not fold to a compact globular (spherical) shape, even if positively charged cations like Mg bind to and stabilize the charge on the polymer. Instead, DNA exists usually as a double-stranded (ds) structure with the sugar-phosphate backbones of the two different strands running in opposite directions (5'-3' and the other 3'-5'). The strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between bases on complementary strands. Hence like proteins, DNA has secondary structure but in this case, the hydrogen bonds are not within the backbone but between the "side chain" bases on opposing strands. It is actually a misnomer to call dsDNA a molecule, since it really consists of two different, complementary strands held together by hydrogen bonds. A structure of ds-DNA showing the opposite polarity of the strands is shown below.
In double stranded DNA, the guanine (G) base on one strand can form three H-bonds with a cytosine (C) base on another strand (this is called a GC base pair). The thymine (T) base on one strand can form two H-bonds with an adenine (A) base on the other strand (this is called an AT base pair). Double-stranded DNA has a regular geometric structure with a fixed distance between the two backbones. This requires the bases pairs to consists of one base with a two-ring (bicyclic) structure (these bases are called purines) and one with a single ring structure (these bases are called pyrimidines). Hence a G and A or a T and C are not possible base pair partners.
Double stranded DNA varies in length (number of sugar-phosphate units connected), base composition (how many of each set of bases) and sequence (the order of the bases in the backbone). The following links provide interactive Jmol models of dsDNA made by Angel Herráez, Univ. de Alcalá (Spain) and Eric Martz.
Jmol model of ds-DNA with base pairs and H-bonds
Jmol model of DNA strands and helical backbone
Jmol model of DNA ends and parallelisms
Chromosomes consist of one dsDNA with many different bound proteins. The human genome has about 3 billion base pairs of DNA. Therefore, on average, each single chromosome of a pair has about 150 million base pairs and lots of proteins bound to it. dsDNA is a highly charged molecule, and can be viewed, to a first approximation, as a long rod-like molecule with a large negative charge. It is a polyanion. This very large molecule must somehow be packed into a small nucleus of a tiny cell. In complex (eukaryotic) cells, this packing problem is solved by coiling DNA around a core complex of four different pairs (eight proteins total) of histone proteins (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) which have net positive charges. The histone core complex with dsDNA wound around approximately 2.5 times is called the nucleosome.
Jmol model of the nucleosome
DNA can adopt two other types of double-helical forms. The one discovered by Watson and Crick and found in most textbooks is called B-DNA. Depending on the actual DNA sequence and the hydration state of the DNA, it can be coaxed to form two other types of double-stranded helices, Z and A DNA. The A form is much more open then the B form.
The 3.2 billion base pairs of DNA in humans contains about 24,000 short stretches (genes) that encode different proteins. These genes are interspersed among DNA that helps determining if the gene is decoded into RNA molecules (see below) and ultimately into proteins. For a particular gene to be activated (or "turned on"), specific proteins must bind to the region of a particular gene. How can binding proteins find specific binding targets among the vast number of base pairs that to a first approximation have a repetitive sugar-phosphate-base repeat? The Jmol below shows how specificity can be achieved. When DNA winds into a double helix through base-pairs between AT and GC, hydrogen bond donors (amide Hs) and acceptors (Os) on the bases that are not used in intrastrand base pairing,are still available in the major and minor grove of the ds-DNA helix (see Jmol below). Unique base pair sequences will display unique patterns of H bond donors and acceptors in the major grove. These donors/acceptors can be recognized by specific DNA binding proteins which on binding can lead to gene activation.
Jmol model of dsDNA showing unique H bond donors and acceptors in the major grove
The monomers that make up RNA are identical to those for DNA with two differences. The 2'C of the ribose ring has an OH instead of H as is found in deoxyribose. In addition, the thymine base found in DNA is replaced with uracil. The structure of uridine-5-monophosphate is shown below.
Based on analogy with DNA, you might expect RNA to adopt a double-stranded helical conformation. It can do this in short stretches, but instead, even in the presence of positively charged divalent cations, it is found predominantly in a single stranded form that folds to form regions of secondary structure (double stranded helices) imbedded in a complex tertiary structures (not unlike a protein).
The addition of the 2'OH on the ribose ring or RNA alters the pucker of the ribose ring and through steric interference destabilizes ds-RNA in comparison to ss-RNA. The five-membered ribose or deoxyribose ring can adopt an envelope-like structure in which one ring atom, representing the tip of the envelope, is above, or endo, to the other four coplanar atoms. In deoxyribose, the 2' ring carbon atom prefers the endo position while in ribose, the 3' C is endo (see Jmol model below). When double-stranded RNA forms, it is actually very similar in structure to the more open and less abundantly found A-DNA form.
Jmol model showing puckering of ribose ring of RNA and deoxyribose ring of DNA
Jmol model comparing dsDNA and dsRNA
Here are some examples of complex tertiary structures formed from single stranded RNA which folds to form a compact 3D structure with some double-stranded A-type helices stabilized by intramolecular H bonds between G/C and A/U base pairs. .
Jmol model of tRNA (note the regions of secondary structure - A type dsRNA)
Jmol model of 70 S Ribosome from T. Thermophilus showing mRNA and tRNA interactions
Chris P Schaller, Ph.D., (College of Saint Benedict / Saint John's University)
IB2. Proteins
IB4. Carbohydrates
Chris Schaller


This image was taken from Emigrant Pass Road in Esmerelda County Nevada. A very beautiful spot where in addition to beautiful scenery you might also spot Big Horn sheep. Unfortunately, trail bikes have been taken into the back canyons and have torn up some of the hillsides. . Photo © copyright by Ronald J. Saunders.
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Community Health Systems completes deal to buy MetroSouth Medical Center
Ann Weiler
(Updated 10:30 a.m.)
(Crain's) — Community Health Systems Inc. has closed on its purchase of MetroSouth Medical Center in Blue Island.
Terms of the deal were not disclosed, a spokeswoman said.
The acquisition gives Tennessee-based Community Health its third hospital serving the Chicago region — its other facilities include Vista East and Vista West in Waukegan, with a total of 470 beds — and its ninth in Illinois.
MetroSouth is a 330-bed hospital.
The purchase was announced in December.
"We are pleased to expand our operations into another Illinois community and look forward to applying our operational strategies and clinical initiatives to advance the quality care provided by MetroSouth Medical Center's dedicated medical staff and employees," Wayne Smith, chairman, president and CEO of Community Health Systems, said in the statement.
Through its subsidiaries, Community Health Systems owns, leases or operates 134 hospitals in 29 states with an aggregate of approximately 20,000 licensed beds.


What a great idea. I like the idea that churches are used for other things than worship. Too coo.
Went to the exhibit yesterday afternoon. I was happily surprised by the quality of the artwork. An exciting addition to our neighborhood. I encourage everyone to drop by.