1 The applicant in Case T‑439/10, Fulmen, is an Iranian company, active in particular in the electrical equipment sector.
2 The applicant in Case T‑440/10, Mr Fereydoun Mahmoudian, is Fulmen's majority shareholder and Chairman of its Board of Directors.
3 This case has been brought in connection with the restrictive measures introduced in order to apply pressure on the Islamic Republic of Iran to end proliferation‑sensitive nuclear activities and the development of nuclear weapon delivery systems ('nuclear proliferation').
4 The European Union adopted Council Common Position 2007/140/CFSP of 27 February 2007 concerning restrictive measures against Iran (OJ 2007 L 61, p. 49) and Council Regulation (EC) No 423/2007 of 19 April 2007 concerning restrictive measures against Iran (OJ 2007 L 103, p. 1).
5 Article 5(1)(b) of Common Position 2007/140 provided for the freezing of all funds and economic resources which belong to certain categories of persons and entities. The list of those persons and entities was contained in Annex II to Common Position 2007/140.
6 As regards the powers of the European Community, Article 7(2) of Regulation No 423/2007 provided for the freezing of the funds of the persons, entities or bodies identified by the Council of the European Union as being engaged in nuclear proliferation in accordance with Article 5(1)(b) of Common Position 2007/140. The list of those persons, entities and bodies constituted Annex V to Regulation No 423/2007.
7 Common Position 2007/140 was repealed by Council Decision 2010/413/CFSP of 26 July 2010 concerning restrictive measures against Iran (OJ 2010 L 195, p. 39).
8 Article 20(1) of Decision 2010/413 provides for the freezing of the funds of several categories of entities. That provision concerns, in particular, 'persons and entities … that are engaged in, directly associated with, or providing support for [nuclear proliferation], or persons or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, or entities owned or controlled by them, including through illicit means…as listed in Annex II'.
9 Article 19(1) of Decision 2010/413 provides, further, for restrictions on the admission to the territory of Member States of persons listed in Annex II to the decision.
'2. Where the Council decides to subject a person or entity to the measures referred to in Articles 19(1)(b) and 20(1)(b), it shall amend Annex II accordingly.
3. The Council shall communicate its decision to the person or entity referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2, including the grounds for listing, either directly, if the address is known, or through the publication of a notice, providing such person or entity an opportunity to present observations.
11 The list in Annex II to Decision 2010/413 was replaced by a new list, adopted in Council Decision 2010/644/CFSP of 25 October 2010 amending Decision 2010/413 (OJ 2010 L 281, p. 81).
12 Regulation No 423/2007 was repealed by Council Regulation (EU) No 961/2010 of 25 October 2010 on restrictive measures against Iran (OJ 2010 L 281, p. 1).
'2. Where the Council decides to subject a natural or legal person, entity or body to the measures referred to in Article 16(2), it shall amend Annex VIII accordingly.
3. The Council shall communicate its decision, including the grounds for the listing, to the natural or legal person, entity or body referred to in paragraph 2, either directly, if the address is known, or through the publication of a notice, providing such natural or legal person, entity or body with an opportunity to present observations.
15 From the adoption of Decision 2010/413 on 26 July 2010, the applicants were named, by the Council, in the list of persons, entities and bodies in Part I of Annex II to that decision.
16 Consequently, the applicants' names were placed in the list of persons, entities and bodies in Part I of Annex V to Regulation No 423/2007 by Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 668/2010 of 26 July 2010 implementing Article 7(2) of Regulation (EC) No 423/2007 (OJ 2010 L 195, p. 25, The effect of the adoption of Implementing Regulation No 668/2010 was the freezing of the applicants' funds and economic resources.
17 In Decision 2010/413 the Council adopted the following reasons in relation to Fulmen: 'Fulmen was involved in the installation of electrical equipment on the Qom/Fordoo [Iran] site before its existence had been revealed'. In Implementing Regulation No 668/2010, the following wording was used: 'Fulmen was involved in the installation of electrical equipment on the Qom/Fordoo site at a time when the existence of the site had not yet been revealed'.
18 As regards Mr Mahmoudian, the reasons stated in both Decision 2010/413 and in Implementing Regulation No 668/2010 were as follows: 'Director of Fulmen'.
19 The Council informed Fulmen by letter of 28 July 2010 of the listing of its name in Annex II to Decision 2010/413 and in Annex V to Regulation No 423/2007.
20 By respective letters of 26 August and 14 September 2010 Mr Mahmoudian and Fulmen asked the Council to reconsider their listing in Annex II to Decision 2010/413 and Annex V to Regulation No 423/2007. They also asked the Council to notify them of the evidence on the basis of which the restrictive measures imposed on them had been adopted.
21 The listing of the names of the applicants in Annex II to Decision 2010/413 was not affected by the adoption of Decision 2010/644.
22 Regulation No 423/2007 having been repealed by Regulation No 961/2010, Fulmen's name was placed by the Council in Part B, No 13 of Annex VIII to the latter regulation, whereas Mr Mahmoudian's name was placed in Part A, No 14 of the same annex. Consequently, the applicants' funds have since been frozen pursuant to Article 16(2) of Regulation No 961/2010.
23 As regards the listing of Fulmen, the reasons stated in Regulation No 961/2010 are the following: 'Fulmen was involved in the installation of electrical equipment on the Qom/Fordoo site before its existence had been revealed'. In relation to Mr Mahmoudian, the following reason was stated: 'Director of Fulmen'.
24 In letters of 28 October 2010 replying to the applicants' letters of 26 August and 14 September 2010, the Council stated that, after reconsideration, it rejected their request to have their names removed from the list of persons, entities and bodies in Annex II to Decision 2010/413 and Annex VIII to Regulation No 961/2010 (the 'contested lists'). The Council stated that, as the file did not contain any new factors which justified a change in its position, the applicants were to remain subject to the restrictive measures laid down in those acts. The Council further stated that its decision to maintain the names of the applicants in the contested lists was not based on any factors other than those referred to in the reasons stated for those lists.
25 By applications lodged at the Court Registry on 24 September 2010, the applicants brought the present action.
26 By documents lodged at the Court Registry on 17 January 2011, the European Commission sought leave to intervene in the present proceedings in support of the Council. By order of 8 March 2011 the President of the Fourth Chamber of the Court granted leave to intervene.
27 By order of the President of the Fourth Chamber of the Court of 15 November 2011, Cases T‑439/10 and T‑440/10 were joined for the purposes of the oral procedure and the judgment pursuant to Article 50 of the Rules of Procedure of the General Court.
28 The parties presented oral argument and replied to the oral questions of the Court at the hearing on 23 November 2011.
– recognise the damage suffered by them due to the adoption of the contested measures.
32 In their applications, the applicants have raised four pleas in law. The first plea claims an infringement of the obligation to state reasons, of their rights of defence and of their right to effective judicial protection. The second plea claims an error of law linked to the absence of a prior decision of a competent national authority. The third plea claims an error of assessment as regards the applicants' involvement in nuclear proliferation. The fourth plea claims financial and non‑material damage suffered by the applicants due to the adoption of the contested measures.
33 At the hearing, the applicant withdrew the second plea in law, which was noted in the minutes of that hearing.
34 The Council and the Commission do not accept that the pleas in law raised by the applicants are well founded.
35 Before considering the pleas in law raised by the applicants, the admissibility of some of their claims, pleas and arguments must be examined.
36 As is clear from paragraphs 11 and 12 above, since the date when the applications were brought, the list in Annex II to Decision 2010/413 has been replaced by a new list, adopted in Decision 2010/644, and Regulation No 423/2007 has been repealed and replaced by Regulation No 961/2010. The applicants have asked to be allowed to adapt their initial claims so that their actions are directed to the annulment of those four measures (together, 'the contested measures').
37 It is to be borne in mind in this connection that, when a decision or a regulation of direct and individual concern to an individual is replaced, during the proceedings, by another measure with the same subject‑matter, this is to be considered a new factor allowing the applicant to adapt its claims and pleas in law. It would be contrary to the principle of due administration of justice and to the requirements of procedural economy to oblige the applicant to make a fresh application. Moreover, it would be inequitable if the institution in question were able, in order to counter criticisms of a measure contained in an application brought before the European Union courts against that measure, to amend the contested measure or to substitute another for it and to rely in the proceedings on such an amendment or substitution in order to deprive the other party of the opportunity of extending his original pleadings to the later measure or of submitting supplementary pleadings directed against that measure (see, by analogy, Case T‑256/07 People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran v Council  ECR II‑3019, paragraph 46 and case‑law cited).
38 It is therefore appropriate in the present case, in accordance with that case-law, to allow the applicants' request and to hold that, on the date on which the oral procedure was closed, their actions also sought annulment of Decision 2010/644 and Regulation No 961/2010, in so far as those measures concerns them, and to allow the parties to reformulate their claims, pleas in law and arguments in the light of that new factor, which implies, for them, the right to submit supplementary claims, pleas in law and arguments (see, by analogy, People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran v Council, paragraph 37 above, paragraph 47).
39 By their second head of claim, the applicants ask the Court to recognise the damage suffered by them due to the adoption of the contested measures.
40 At the hearing, the applicants explained that the purpose of their second head of claim was to obtain a declaratory judgment and that the fourth plea in law was submitted by way of support.
41 However, in proceedings before the courts of the European Union there is no remedy whereby the courts can adopt a position by means of a general declaration or statement of principle (Case T‑33/01 Infront WM v Commission  ECR II‑5897, paragraph 171, and order of 3 September 2008 in Case T‑477/07 Cofra v Commission, not published in the ECR, paragraph 21). Accordingly, the second head of claim and the fourth plea in law must be rejected, since the General Court manifestly lacks jurisdiction to hear them.
42 In Case T‑439/10 the Council and the Commission contend that Fulmen did not, before the stage of reply, specifically deny that it had been active on the Qom/Fordoo site. Consequently, Fulmen's argument on that point is said to constitute a new plea and is therefore inadmissible under Article 48(2) of the Rules of Procedure.
43 It must however be observed that, in paragraph 3 of its application, Fulmen claimed that it 'had never taken part in any way whatsoever … in activities linked to the nuclear or ballistic missile programme in Iran'. That wording necessarily implies that Fulmen did deny that it had been active on the Qom/Fordoo site, that being the only form of conduct of which it is accused by the Council as involvement in the activities concerned.
44 The same conclusion must be drawn in the light of paragraphs 30 and 31 of the application, where Fulmen denied that the reasons put forward by the Council to justify the imposition on it of restrictive measures are genuine and substantial. The claim that Fulmen was active on the Qom/Fordoo site is the sole reason relied on by the Council to support its inclusion in the contested lists.
45 In those circumstances, the Court must hold that Fulmen disputed the fact of its activity on the Qom/Fordoo site in the application, which means that its argument on that point does not constitute a new plea in law within the meaning of Article 48(2) of the Rules of Procedure.
46 The plea of inadmissibility raised by the Council and the Commission must therefore be rejected.
47 The applicants claim that sufficient reasons are not stated in the contested measures so far as they are concerned, that their rights of defence were not respected in the procedure which led to the adoption of those measures and that, by failing to communicate to them the evidence against them, the Council also infringed their right to effective judicial protection. In Case T‑440/10, Mr Mahmoudian also relies on the fact that the initial measures whereby his funds were frozen were not notified to him individually.
48 The purpose of the obligation to state the reasons for an act adversely affecting a person, as provided for by the second paragraph of Article 296 TFEU and, more particularly in this case, by Article 24(3) of Decision 2010/413, Article 15(3) of Regulation No 423/2007 and Article 36(3) of Regulation No 961/2010, is, first, to provide the person concerned with sufficient information to make it possible to determine whether the act is well founded or whether it is vitiated by an error which may permit its validity to be contested before the European Union courts and, secondly, to enable those courts to review the lawfulness of that act. The obligation to state reasons thus laid down constitutes an essential principle of European Union law which may be derogated from only for overriding reasons. The statement of reasons must therefore in principle be notified to the person concerned at the same time as the act adversely affecting him and a failure to state the reasons cannot be remedied by the fact that the person concerned learns the reasons for the act during the proceedings before the Courts of the European Union (see, to that effect, Case T‑390/08 Bank Melli Iran v Council  ECR II‑3967, paragraph 80 and case-law cited).
49 Unless, therefore, overriding considerations to do with the security of the European Union or of its Member States or with the conduct of their international relations militate against the communication of certain matters the Council is bound, by virtue of Article 15(3) of Regulation No 423/2007 and Article 36(3) of Regulation No 961/2010, to apprise the entity concerned by the measure adopted under, as the case may be, Article 15(3) of Regulation No 423/2007 or Article 16(2) of Regulation No 961/2010, of the actual specific reasons why the Council considers that provision to be applicable to it. It must therefore state the facts and points of law on which the legal justification of the measure depend and the considerations which led the Council to adopt it (see, to that effect, Case T‑390/08 Bank Melli Iran v Council, paragraph 81 and case‑law cited).
50 Further, the statement of reasons must be appropriate to the measure at issue and the context in which it was adopted. The requirements to be satisfied by the statement of reasons depend on the circumstances of each case, in particular the content of the measure in question, the nature of the reasons given and the interest which the addressees of the measure, or other parties to whom it is of direct and individual concern, may have in obtaining explanations. It is not necessary that the statement of reasons specify all the relevant matters of fact and law, inasmuch as the adequacy or otherwise of the reasons is to be evaluated with regard not only to its wording but also to its context and to all the legal rules governing the matter in question. In particular, the reasons given for a measure adversely affecting a person are sufficient if it was adopted in circumstances known to that person which enable him to understand the scope of the measure concerning him (see Case T‑390/08 Bank Melli Iran v Council, paragraph 82 and case-law cited).
51 In the present case, it is clear from the reasons stated in the contested measures, first, that Fulmen is the subject of restrictive measures because it is claimed to have supplied electrical equipment on the Qom/Fordoo site and, secondly, that Mr Mahmoudian is the subject of such measures as a director of Fulmen.
52 While that statement of reasons is brief, it nonetheless complies with the rules of the case-law set out above. It enabled the applicants to understand what Fulmen was accused of having done and to dispute either the truth or the relevance thereof. Similarly, it can be understood from the statement of reasons that Mr Mahmoudian is the subject of restrictive measures because of the influence that he may be supposed to have within Fulmen in his alleged capacity as a director of that company.
53 The sufficiency of the statement of reasons provided is, moreover, confirmed by the content of the applications. The arguments of the applicants, in relation to whether their inclusion in the contested lists is well founded, are precisely concerned with the truth of Fulmen having acted on the Qom/Fordoo site and Mr Mahmoudian's position within Fulmen.
54 The applicants raise however two additional grounds of complaint.
55 First, both Fulmen and Mr Mahmoudian claim that the reasons stated are not supported by evidence, and consequently they were not placed in a position to assess not only the scope of the measures imposed on them, but also whether those measures were well founded.
56 However, the issue of the grounds for the contested measures is different from that of the evidence for the conduct of which the applicants are accused, namely, the facts set out in the contested measures and the treatment of those facts as constituting support for nuclear proliferation (see, to that effect, Case C‑548/09 P Bank Melli Iran v Council  ECR I‑0000, paragraph 88).
57 Accordingly, the question whether the reasons stated in the contested measures are supported by evidence is relevant in the context of the third plea in law, claiming an error of assessment as regards the applicant's involvement in nuclear proliferation. However, it is ineffective in the context of this plea.
58 Secondly, Mr Mahmoudian claims that his personal details, as found in the reasons stated in the contested lists, suffer from several errors; in particular, he is no longer a director of Fulmen.
59 In that regard, two categories of information concerning Mr Mahmoudian must be distinguished.
60 First, as regards information identifying Mr Mahmoudian, namely the information on his passport and nationality, the fact that he has brought an action before the Court confirms that he has understood that he was the subject of the contested measures. Likewise, Mr Mahmoudian does not present any argument intended to prove that the inaccuracies affecting the information concerned, which are not disputed, it may be added, by the Council, made it more difficult to understand the evidence considered by the Council to inculpate him. In those circumstances, it cannot be held that there was an infringement of the obligation to state reasons in respect of those inaccuracies.
61 On the other hand, in disputing that he is a director of Fulmen, Mr Mahmoudian challenges the truth of the fact regarded by the Council as inculpating him. However, as stated in paragraph 56 above, the question of the claimed inadequacy of the statement of reasons in the contested measures is separate from the question of whether those reasons are well founded (see, to that effect, Case T‑84/96 Cipeke v Commission  ECR II‑2081, paragraph 47), and consequently the argument that Mr Mahmoudian is no longer a director of Fulmen is ineffective within this plea.
62 In the light of the foregoing, the complaint of an infringement of the obligation to state reasons must be rejected as being in part unfounded and in part as ineffective.
63 Mr Mahmoudian claims that that the initial measures by which his funds were frozen, namely Decision 2010/413 and Implementing Regulation No 668/2010, were not notified to him individually, but were only published in the Official Journal of the European Union.
64 In that regard, Article 15(3) of Regulation No 423/2007, in force when Implementing Regulation No 668/2010 was adopted, required the Council to state individual and specific reasons for decisions taken pursuant to Article 7(2) of that regulation and to make them known to the persons, entities and bodies concerned. A similar provision is to be found in Article 24(3) of Decision 2010/413.
65 While, as a general rule, the Council was required to discharge the obligation laid down in Article 15(3) of Regulation No 423/2007 by giving individual notification, that provision did not prescribe any specific form, since it referred to no other obligation than that of 'making known' to the person concerned the reasons for his inclusion in the contested lists (see, to that effect, Case C‑548/09 P Bank Melli Iran v Council, paragraphs 52 and 56). Similarly, Article 24(3) of Decision 2010/413 merely provides that the Council is to 'communicate its decision'.
66 In those circumstances, what matters is that useful effect should have been given to the provisions concerned (see, by analogy, Case C‑548/09 P Bank Melli Iran v Council, paragraph 56).
67 In the present case, it is undisputed that no individual notification of Decision 2010/413 and Implementing Regulation No 668/2010 to Mr Mahmoudian took place. The parties however disagree on whether the Council was aware of Mr Mahmoudian's address and, if it was not, whether the Council was required to take steps to find it.
68 However, it must be observed that, notwithstanding that there was no individual notification, Mr Mahmoudian was in a position to communicate to the Council his observations on the imposition on him of restrictive measures, by letter of 26 August 2010, in other words within the period laid down for that purpose. Mr Mahmoudian also brought before the Court, within the prescribed period, an action seeking the annulment of Decision 2010/413 and Implementing Regulation No 668/2010. Further, he does not present any specific arguments to demonstrate that the absence of individual notification of the measures at issue made his defence vis-à-vis the Council more difficult, either in the administrative proceedings or before the Court.
69 In those circumstances, it must be held that, irrespective of whether the Council was aware of Mr Mahmoudian's address or was required to find it, the failure to comply with the obligation laid down in Article 24(3) of Decision 2010/413 and Article 15(3) of Regulation No 423/2007 has not prevented him from being aware of the individual and specific reasons for the imposition of restrictive measures on him. Consequently, the absence of individual notification of Decision 2010/413 and Implementing Regulation No 668/2010 to Mr Mahmoudian is not such, in the present case, as to justify annulment of those measures.
70 Accordingly, Mr Mahmoudian's argument on that point must be dismissed as ineffective.
71 According to settled case-law, observance of the rights of the defence, especially the right to be heard, in all proceedings initiated against an entity which may lead to a measure adversely affecting that entity, is a fundamental principle of European Union law which must be guaranteed, even when there are no rules governing the procedure in question (Case T‑390/08 Bank Melli Iran v Council, paragraph 48 supra, paragraph 91).
72 The principle of respect for the rights of the defence requires, first, that the entity concerned must be informed of the evidence adduced against it to justify the measure adversely affecting it. Secondly, it must be afforded the opportunity effectively to make known its view on that evidence (see, by analogy, Case T‑228/02 Organisation des Modjahedines du peuple d'Iran v Council  ECR II‑4665, 'OMPI', paragraph 93).
73 As a preliminary, the Council and the Commission dispute the applicability of the principle of respect for the rights of the defence to the present case. Referring to Case T‑181/08 Tay Za v Council  ECR II‑1965, paragraphs 121 to 123, they contend that the applicants were not subject to restrictive measures by reason of their own activities, but by reason of their membership of a general category of persons and entities. Consequently, the proceedings for the adoption of the restrictive measures were not initiated against the applicants within the meaning of the case-law cited in paragraph 71 above and they cannot, therefore, rely on the rights of the defence, or can rely on those rights only to a limited extent.
74 That argument cannot be accepted.
75 First, it is clear from the reasons stated in the contested measures that the imposition of restrictive measures on the applicants is justified by the claim that Fulmen was active on the Qom/Fordoo site and that Mr Mahmoudian had influence within Fulmen. Accordingly, unlike the case which gave rise to Tay Za v Council, the applicants are subject to restrictive measures because they are supposed themselves to be involved in nuclear proliferation, and not because of their membership of a general category of persons and entities associated with the Islamic Republic of Iran.
76 Consequently, paragraphs 121 to 123 of Tay Za v Council are not transposable to the present case.
77 Second, in any event, Article 24(3) and (4) of Decision 2010/413, Article 15(3) of Regulation No 423/2007 and Article 36(3) and (4) of Regulation No 961/2010 set out provisions to safeguard the rights of the defence of entities which are subject to restrictive measures adopted under those acts. Respect for those rights is subject to review by the Courts of the European Union (Case T‑390/08 Bank Melli Iran v Council, paragraph 37).
78 In those circumstances, it must be concluded that the principle of respect for the rights of the defence can be relied on by the applicants in this case.
79 In that regard, the applicants claim that, in relation to the adoption of Decision 2010/413 and Implementing Regulation No 668/2010, the Council did not notify them of the evidence against them and did not give them the opportunity effectively to make known their views.
80 According to the case-law, as regards an initial measure whereby the funds of an entity are frozen, the evidence adduced against that entity should be notified to it either concomitantly with or as soon as possible after the adoption of the measure concerned. At the request of the entity concerned, it also has the right to make known its view on that evidence after the adoption of the measure (see, to that effect and by analogy, Joined Cases C‑402/05 P and C‑415/05 P Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission  ECR I‑6351, paragraph 342, and OMPI, paragraph 137).
81 In the present case, the adoption of the initial measures whereby the funds of the applicants were frozen, namely Decision 2010/413 and Implementing Regulation No 668/2010, were notified individually to Fulmen on 28 July 2010. As regards Mr Mahmoudian, it is clear from paragraphs 67 to 69 above that the absence of individual notification of the measures concerned did not prevent him being aware of the individual and specific reasons for the imposition of restrictive measures on him, which means that that fact did not affect his rights of defence.
82 As regards the content of the notification of the evidence against them, the applicants state that, notwithstanding the requests made in their letters of 26 August and 14 September 2010, the Council did not notify them of the evidence, in particular the documents, which were the basis for its decision to impose the restrictive measures on them.
83 In that regard, the Council stated, in its replies to the abovementioned letters, that its file contained no evidence other than that set out in the contested measures.
84 Contrary to what is claimed by the applicants, that statement does not constitute an infringement of their rights of defence. The Council did not make the applicants' defence more difficult by concealing the existence or the content of evidence on which its claims were based. On the contrary, by admitting that there was no additional evidence of relevance in its file, it enabled the applicants to rely on that fact, as they have done in the third plea in law.
85 As regards the applicants' right effectively to make known their views, it is clear that, following the adoption of the initial measures whereby the applicants' funds were frozen, on 26 July 2010, the applicants sent to the Council the letters of 26 August and 14 September 2010, in which they set out their arguments and asked that the restrictive measures imposed on them be withdrawn. The Council replied to those letters on 28 October 2010. Consequently, it cannot be held that there was an infringement of the applicants' right effectively to make known their views.
86 In those circumstances, the complaint of an infringement of the applicants' rights of defence must be rejected as unfounded.
87 The principle of effective judicial protection is a general principle of European Union law stemming from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States, which has been enshrined in Articles 6 and 13 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, signed in Rome on 4 November 1950, and in Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (OJ 2007 C 303, p. 1). The effectiveness of judicial review means that the European Union authority in question is bound to communicate the grounds for a restrictive measure to the entity concerned, so far as possible, either when that measure is adopted or, at the very least, as swiftly as possible after that decision, in order to enable the entity concerned to exercise, within the periods prescribed, their right to bring an action. Observance of that obligation to communicate the grounds is necessary both to enable the persons to whom restrictive measures are addressed to defend their rights in the best possible conditions and to decide, with full knowledge of the relevant facts, whether there is any point in their applying to the courts of the European Union, and also to put the latter fully in a position to carry out the review of the lawfulness of the measure in question which is the duty of those courts (see, to that effect and by analogy, Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission, paragraphs 335 to 337 and case-law cited).
88 In the present case, it is clear, at the outset, from paragraphs 51 to 62 above, that the contested measures contained information which was sufficiently precise as regards the reasons for the adoption of the restrictive measures imposed on the applicants.
89 Next, those same reasons were individually notified to Fulmen. As regards Mr Mahmoudian, it is clear from paragraphs 67 to 69 above that the absence of individual notification of Decision 2010/413 and Implementing Regulation No 668/2010 did not affect his procedural rights, including his right to effective judicial protection.
90 Lastly, the Court is fully in a position to review the lawfulness of the contested measures.
91 In those circumstances, the complaint of an infringement of the applicants' right to effective judicial protection must be rejected as unfounded.
92 In the light of all the foregoing the first plea must be rejected.
93 By their third plea, the applicants claim that the Council committed an error of assessment when it concluded that they had supported nuclear proliferation.
95 The Council maintains that Fulmen was involved in the installation of electrical equipment on the Qom/Fordoo site. At the hearing, the Council added that it could not be expected to adduce evidence of that claim. According to the Council, review by the courts of the European Union must be limited to determining that the reasons relied on to justify the adoption of the restrictive measures are 'probable'. That applies to the present case, given that Fulmen is a company which has long been active in the Iranian electrical equipment market and has a substantial workforce.
96 In that regard, it must be recalled that the judicial review of the lawfulness of a measure whereby restrictive measures are imposed on an entity extends to the assessment of the facts and circumstances relied on as justifying it, and to the evidence and information on which that assessment is based. In the event of challenge, it is for the Council to present that evidence for review by courts of the European Union (see, to that effect, Case T‑390/08 Bank Melli Iran v Council, paragraphs 37 and 107).
97 Accordingly, contrary to what is claimed by the Council, the review of lawfulness which must be carried out in the present case is not limited to an appraisal of the abstract 'probability' of the grounds relied on, but must include the question whether those grounds are supported, to the requisite legal standard, by concrete evidence and information.
98 Nor can the Council claim that it is not required to adduce such evidence.
99 In that regard, first, the Council contends that the restrictive measures imposed on the applicants were adopted on the proposal of a Member State, in accordance with the procedure provided for in Article 23(2) of Decision 2010/413. That circumstance however in no way detracts from the fact that the contested measures are measures taken by the Council, which must, therefore, ensure that their adoption is justified, if necessary by requesting the Member State concerned to submit to it the evidence and information required for that purpose.
100 Secondly, the Council cannot rely on a claim that the evidence concerned comes from confidential sources and cannot, consequently, be disclosed. While that circumstance might, possibly, justify restrictions in relation to the communication of that evidence to the applicants or their lawyers, the fact remains that, taking into consideration the essential role of judicial review in the context of adoption of restrictive measures, the courts of the European Union must be able review the lawfulness and merits of such measures without it being possible to raise objections that the evidence and information used by the Council is secret or confidential (see, by analogy, OMPI, paragraph 155). Further, the Council is not entitled to base an act adopting restrictive measures on information or evidence in the file communicated by a Member State, if that Member State is not willing to authorise its communication to the courts of the European Union whose task is to review the lawfulness of that decision (see, by analogy, Case T‑284/08 People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran v Council  ECR II‑3487, paragraph 73).
101 Thirdly, the Council is incorrect in its claim that it cannot be expected to adduce proof of the involvement of an entity in nuclear proliferation, taking into consideration the clandestine nature of the conduct concerned. The mere fact that the adoption of restrictive measures is proposed pursuant to Article 23(2) of Decision 2010/413 presupposes that the Member State concerned or the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, as the case may be, are in possession of evidence or information demonstrating, in their opinion, that the entity concerned is involved in nuclear proliferation. Further, difficulties which may be encountered by the Council when attempting to prove that involvement may, in some cases, have an effect on the standard of proof required of it. On the other hand, the effect of such difficulties cannot be that the Council is entirely relieved of the burden of proof which rests on it.
102 As regards the assessment in the present case, the Council has produced no information or evidence in support of the reasons relied on in the contested measures. As the Council itself admits, in essence, it has relied on mere unsubstantiated allegations that Fulmen installed electrical equipment on the Qom/Fordoo site before the existence of that site was discovered.
103 In those circumstances, since it must be held that the Council has not adduced evidence that Fulmen was active on the Qom/Fordo site and, therefore, the third plea in law must be upheld, it is unnecessary to express any view on the second argument, put forward by Mr Mahmoudian in Case T‑440/10, concerning his position within Fulmen.
104 Since the Council has not, in the contested measures, relied on other circumstances justifying the adoption of restrictive measures with regard to Fulmen and Mr Mahmoudian, the contested measures must be annulled in so far as they concern the applicants.
105 As regards the temporal effects of the annulment of the contested measures, it must be noted, first that Implementing Regulation No 668/2010, which amended the list in Annex V to Regulation No 423/2007, no longer has any legal effects subsequent to the repeal of Regulation No 423/2007 by Regulation No 961/2010.
106 Next, in respect of Regulation No 961/2010, it must be recalled that under the second paragraph of Article 60 of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union, by way of derogation from Article 280 TFEU, decisions of the General Court declaring a regulation to be void are to take effect only as from the date of expiry of the period for bringing an appeal referred to in the first paragraph of Article 56 of that Statute or, if an appeal has been brought within that period, as from the date of dismissal of the appeal. The Council therefore has a period of two months, extended on account of distance by ten days, as from the notification of this judgment, to remedy the infringement established by the General Court by adopting, if appropriate, new restrictive measures with respect to the applicants. In the present case, the risk of serious and irreparable harm to the effectiveness of the restrictive measures imposed by Regulation No 961/2010 does not appear sufficiently great, having regard to the considerable impact of those measures on the applicants' rights and freedoms, to warrant the maintenance of the effects of that regulation with respect to the applicants for a period exceeding that laid down in the second paragraph of Article 60 of the Statute of the Court of Justice (see, by analogy, the judgment of 16 September 2011 in Case T‑316/11 Kadio Morokro v Council, not published in the ECR, paragraph 38).
107 Lastly, as regards the temporal effects of the annulment of the Decision 2010/413, as amended by Decision 2010/644, it must be recalled that, under the second paragraph of Article 264 TFEU, the General Court may, if it considers it necessary, state which of the effects of the act which it has declared void are to be considered as definitive. In the present case, if the dates when the annulment of Regulation No 961/2010 and that of Decision 2010/413, as amended by Decision 2010/644, take effect were to differ, that would be likely seriously to jeopardise legal certainty, since those two acts impose on the applicants measures which are identical. The effects of Decision 2010/413, as amended by Decision 2010/644, must therefore be maintained as regards the applicants until the annulment of Regulation No 961/2010 takes effect (see, by analogy, Kadio Morokro v Council, paragraph 39).
108 Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been applied for in the successful party's pleadings. Since the Council has been unsuccessful, it must be ordered to pay the costs, as applied for by the applicants.
109 Under the first subparagraph of Article 87(4) of the Rules of Procedure, institutions which have intervened in the proceedings are to bear their own costs. Consequently, the Commission shall bear its own costs.
5. orders the European Commission to bear its own costs.


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HomeGeographyTask 4: why did philip ii send the spanish armada to attack england in 1588?
Task 4: why did philip ii send the spanish armada to attack england in 1588?
Words:752
Subject:Geography
Task 4: Why did Philip II send the Spanish Armada to attack England in 1588? In this essay I am going to talk about the question asked above, ' Why did Philip II send the Spanish Armada to attack England?' There are many reasons of which could have provoked Philip the second to attack England. Perhaps this attack was fuelled by rage against a certain English man, a difference in opinion, certain event against Englishmen at sea or even the pain of a previous wife who was residing in England, being killed. In this essay I will explain each of the reasons. The first reason at hand which was rage against a certain English man. This English man's name was Sir Francis Drake and he was the captain of a ship named ' Cacafuego' he was also a privateer employed by Elizabeth I. The captain sailed around the world but a certain event happened on the 20th April 1587 which severely upset Philip the Second of Spain. On the date of the 20th April Sir Francis Drake docked in the Cadiz Harbour and when Sir Francis Drake arrived there he set fire to 30 royal Spanish Warships. This was one of the reasons that Philip II set the Spanish Armada as this angered Philip and made him feel like he must take revenge on the English people who destroyed ships that he could have used to fight his battles. The second reason I believe that Philip of Spain sent the Spanish Armada was due to the fact that England was Protestant. At the time of 1588, Europe experienced the Renaissance, where there was a split in religion between Catholic and Protestants and at that time Spain was Catholic due to Philip being Christian and England was Protestant due to Elizabeth I being Catholic. Philip the second also wanted to overthrow England as he held a grudge against Elizabeth as in 1559 Philip asked Elizabeth to marry him, unfortunately Elizabeth denied and this was an insult to Philip. On the same topic of marriage, When Philip II heard that Elizabeth had executed his ex-wife, Mary, Queen of Scots in 1587 he was infuriated. The fact he had lost his previous lover which could have gained him connections with the Hierarchy of England. Another reason was that if Mary would have reproduced with Philip and they successfully reared a child, then England would have been a Spanish Empire and Philip would be the official ruler of England. Another reason that Philip II could have been provoked by another event that happened with Sir Francis Drake. On one journey across the seas Sir Francis Drake sailed on his ship,'Cacafuego'. When Sir Francis Drake saw a Spanish ship approaching he decided to raid their ship because England and Spain had a mutual hatred for each other. This was caused by armies being better than another and by the trading that England was doing with America. On this journey, Sir Francis Drake raided the Spanish ship and came away with26 tons of silver, 360, 000 pieces of eight (gold pieces) and a large amount of expensive Spanish cloth. This could have provoked Philip as he felt that the English were trying to steal his countries' trade and he would have taken it as a threat that his country was in danger of being attacked. The last and final reason I think might have made Philip send the Armada was Elizabeth had gathered a group of different regions to rebel against Spain. Regions like Ireland and the Netherlands were involved because many Irish people were killed by Spanish troops and when the English fought against the Spanish, the Irish formed an alliance with them. The Netherlands got involved in the alliance as when Spain attacked the Netherlands, THE English army stepped into help them, forming a trust between England and the Netherlands. This could have provoked Philip to send the Armada as he might have felt that he was going to be overthrown by such a large and powerful alliance. Overall, I think the main reason that Philip II of Spain sent the Spanish Armada to England was because of Sir Francis Drake who was a privateer that was employed by Queen Elizabeth of England. Philip would have felt that even though this one man was sent to deliver a subliminal message, he knew that Sir Francis Drake was employed b a greater force where he could portray a message from the Queen of England and her subjects. By Jemma McKinstry
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


While hiking I have lots of time to think and all kinds of things go through my head. Not the practical stuff that goes through your head while at work or at home but creative things. Sometimes I make up songs, sometimes I imagine new inventions and how I'd go about making them. Sometimes I take a picture with my camera and envision myself painting it. The problem is that as soon as I'm back to civilization my mind doesn't work that way, it goes right back to practical mode. And so I made a list (because it was the practical thing to do) of creative things I want to do while I'm at home. One of the first things on the list was to buy paint and art supplies and start being a little more creative. I did buy the paints, brushes and a couple canvasses but they sat on the shelf out in the front room untouched for a few weeks. It wasn't until I went to a garage sale with a friend and brought home an old sewing machine that needed cleaned up that anything happened. I cleaned up the machine and Michael brought in a giant old desk that had been out in his workshop and now I have an area to work in. Since then I've made all kinds of things! I picked up some wood pallets along the side of the road and Michael tore them apart for me. I stained all the pieces while they were apart and then put them back together and painted a few.


Acquisition Research – identifying target companies that meet agreed acquisition criteria.
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Acquisition opportunities in the UK independent VI Form market.
Acquisition opportunities in Europe in HE and professional markets.
Acquisition trawl of target companies in selected support service verticals.
Acquisition trawl of target companies in selected publishing and professional development verticals.
Analysis of companies in selected education verticals.
Analysis of companies operating in the HE and FE software markets in UK, Germany, France and The Netherlands.
Analysis of companies providing school improvement and professional development services tothe global education market.
Analysis of selected test preparation markets and the use of online technology.
Analysis of the global assessment market.
Analysis of the potential business opportunities in the UK consumer education market.
Bolt on acquisition opportunities in selected education market verticals.
Competitor analysis of selected UK awarding bodies.
Competitor analysis of the US and UK higher education publishing markets.
Overview of the market to provide high value subscription-based services to schools.
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Review of EdTech start ups in the US and UK.
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A partnership built to last
What better way to celebrate 40 years of providing commuter transport than to accept the keys to your 100th MAN bus?
This is just what Free State transporter Interstate Bus Lines (IBL) did at a celebratory event held at the Windmill Casino and conference centre, just outside Bloemfontein, on May 22.
IBL is the largest passenger bus operation in the Free State province. Its 253 buses transport between 22 000 and 25 000 passengers per day in one direction, on routes between Bloemfontein and outlying rural areas including Thaba 'Nchu, Botshabelo, Brandfort and Soutpan.
Christo du Plessis, IBL's chief operating officer, explains that services run seven days a week, from 04:00 to 00:00. "Our fleet of single buses and bus trains travels a total of 17 million kilometres per annum. Much of this is on gravel roads."
These harsh operating conditions mean that rugged, dependable vehicles are needed, which is why, in 2007, the company decided to standardise its fleet on MAN buses.
Towards the end of 2015, MAN commuter bus derivatives will make up 45 percent of the IBL fleet – including 74 MAN bus trains, 34 MAN Solo buses and seven Volkswagen buses.
"In 2007, our objective was to standardise our fleet and enhance our technical efficiency. IBL has a MAN-accredited workshop, which enables us to sustain a 99,8 percent trip cover ratio. In future we will replace all old 65-seat and 100-seat buses with MAN derivatives to optimise seating capacity and cost savings," says Du Plessis.
Both IBL's 115-seat bus trains and 79-seat Solo buses are based on the marque's front-engined Lion's Explorer HB4 bus chassis. The HB4 is ideally suited to commuter transport in rural areas. It combines rugged construction with passenger comfort. Safety features include air suspension and an advanced braking system.
A highly significant aspect, though, is that of seating capacity. "MAN buses are capable of carrying more passengers than competitor models. This improves our carrying capacity by 14 percent in the bus trains and by 21 percent in the single buses," explains Du Plessis.
A Euro-3 MAN diesel engine with automated manual transmission ensures optimum fuel efficiency and limited carbon emissions. "The fuel savings delivered by our MAN fleet is another critical business benefit, with our MAN bus trains using six litres less per 100 km than our older bus trains. Our MAN Solo buses are saving IBL seven litres per 100 km travelled," he continues.
Every MAN bus is built in the company's factory in Olifantsfontein and takes 800 to 900 man-hours to deliver. This bodes well for the IBL way of doing things … Following its management buyout in 2006, the IBL has grown to become one of the province's leading business enterprises. It has a broad-based empowerment stakeholding of 63 percent, which includes employees, taxi associations and small bus operators.
George Mokgothu, chief executive officer of IBL, notes: "The spirit of entrepreneurship, that made IBL what it is today, continues to be nurtured in all divisions of our operation. Skills development is a key element of our strategy to offer excellent service and value for money to our customers.
"We now have a merSETA-approved technical training centre, where we will have 55 apprentices undergoing a three-year training programme. We also have a highly efficient driver training centre, which includes a medical facility to ensure driver wellness."
Geoff du Plessis, MD of MAN Truck & Bus SA, gives his best wishes to the company: "It is a great honour to be able to congratulate IBL on the occasion of its 40th anniversary. MAN, too, had humble beginnings more than 250 years ago and shares the pioneering spirit that lies at the heart of IBL. We are also proud to be able to supply buses with bodies that are manufactured in South Africa in our own factory.
"The respect IBL has for all its stakeholders is inspirational, and MAN looks forward to a long and successful partnership with the company as it moves into another 40 strong years of quality service delivery to the people of the Free State," he concludes.
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Ukrainian Presidents at Odds Over Language
The Verkhovna Rada, Ukraine's parliament, has approved a law which obliges all citizens to know the Ukrainian language and makes it mandatory for civil servants, soldiers, doctors, and teachers.
The law was championed by outgoing president Petro Poroshenko, who is expected to sign it into law before he leaves office after losing re-election to Volodymyr Zelenskiy, After the actor and comedian's landslide victory in Ukraine's presidential elections, his campaign spokesperson, Dmytro Razumkov, said that the only official language in Ukraine is Ukrainian, according to the news outlet Ukrainian Pravda. Poroshenko put promotion of the Ukrainian language at the heart of his unsuccessful re-election campaign.
The new legislation requires TV and film distribution firms to ensure 90% of their content is in Ukrainian and for the proportion of Ukrainian-language printed media and books to be at least 50%. The law would threaten the existence of several major publications, including the English-language daily Kyiv Post, and alienate large Russian-speaking communities.
Computer software must also have a Ukrainian-language interface, although the law also allows the use of English or any other official language of the European Union. Lawmakers gave a standing ovation after the law was passed and sang the national anthem. Hundreds of people with Ukrainian flags had gathered outside the parliament to support the law.
"This is a historic moment, which Ukrainians have been awaiting for centuries, because for centuries Ukrainians have tried to achieve the right to their own language," one of the authors of the bill, Mykola Knyazhytsky, said before the vote. The make-up of the parliament has not changed since Zelenskiy's election win and remains dominated by a coalition supportive of Poroshenko.
The Hungarian government announced that it will continue to block talks between NATO and Ukraine in response to the new law. "The law, which violates the rights of the Hungarian community in the neighboring country, reflects the ideals of outgoing president Petro Poroshenko, who pursued an anti-Hungarian policy," said Hungarian foreign minister Péter Szijjártó.
When asked whether the new president's team was ready to support the law, Razumkov replied, "Based on Zelenskiy's position voiced earlier, the only state language in Ukraine is Ukrainian."
"Development and support of the state language is one of the key prerogatives of the president. But it should be done through encouragement, not with a 'stick.' Using a 'carrot' can be much more efficient in this particular area," explained Razumkov. Earlier, as a presidential candidate, Zelenskiy promised to defend the Ukrainian language.
Prior to his bid for the presidency, Zelenskiy was best known for his role in the Ukrainian comedy series Servant of the People, in which he played a destitute schoolteacher who unexpectedly becomes president of Ukraine after becoming famous for an anticorruption rant that goes viral on social media. In real life, his entertainment empire is estimated to be worth tens of millions of dollars.In the show, his character primarily speaks Russian, along with many other cast members. Thirty percent of the Ukrainian population speaks Russian.
In 2017, Ukrainian became the required language of study in state schools from the fifth grade, and Russian-language media were restricted in western Ukraine, where Russian speakers are in the minority.
Tamil Politicians Fear Imposition of Hindi
'Ukrainian Presidents at Odds Over Language' has no comments


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October 02, 2019 News » Local News
A Vape Concern
With a second vaporizer-related death in Oregon, state leaders ponder a ban—and vape businesses brace for what's next
By Nicole Vulcan @nicovee
As several states move to ban—at least temporarily—the sale of vaporizer products, Oregon leaders are still considering their next moves. The debate further heated up last week when state officials announced that a second Oregonian had died due to a severe lung illness related to vaping. That was the second death among five cases that had been previously reported in the state, the Oregon Health Authority announced Sept. 26. That most recent death was a person who had been hospitalized with "respiratory symptoms after vaping cannabis products," OHA reported. For the time being, OHA is recommending that people stop vaping immediately.
As this vaper regurgitates a thick, murky cloud, controversy over the practice mounts.
Local legislative action
On Sept. 27, Rep. Cheri Helt (R-Bend) announced that during the upcoming February legislative session, she would introduce a bill that would ban retail and online sales of all flavored e-cigarettes and vaping products in the state. Helt is among several leaders who have called on Gov. Kate Brown to at least temporarily ban vaping products, in what Helt said would give public health experts more time to investigate what's causing the illnesses. Helt is working with fellow representatives, Rep. Janelle Bynum (D-Clackamas) and Rep. Rachel Prusak (D-Tualatin/West Linn), on the legislation, her office confirmed Monday.
"Oregonians should not be a laboratory for the vaping industry to determine the dangers of these products," Helt wrote in a release.
Following the announcement of the second Oregon death, Brown directed OHA to issue recommendations about ways to move forward, which OHA delivered the following day. Among the six recommendations: Implementing a six-month, temporary moratorium on the sale and display of vaping products; increasing access to tobacco cessation services; implementing a statewide prevention campaign, and requesting that the Food and Drug Administration regulate vaping products.
An impact on local business
Those in the vaping industry see bans and moratoriums as "knee-jerk" reactions they fear will lead people to the black market to obtain vaping products. Steve Johnson, business operations manager at Central Oregon's High Mountain Mist—a tobacco vaporizer retailer—explained how many of their customers are former smokers, who now use vaporizers to avoid the damaging effects of smoking.
"We have thousands of customers here in Bend that don't smoke cigarettes anymore because they vape, and they've seen changes in their health. We had a guy come in, very emotional, yesterday," Johnson told the Source Weekly Monday. "He smoked, he's a cancer survivor, and now he vapes and he runs marathons. He's very afraid that this is going to force him back to something that he knows is going to kill him."
"If the announcement comes out that at whatever date, we're not allowed to sell… as a business here in Bend, we're permanently closed. There's no good option around that."—Steve Johnson tweet this
Johnson said because tobacco products are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, ingredients are required to be included on the labeling—unlike black-market or as-yet-federally-regulated cannabis products; a case for regulation, instead of bans. Still, sales at High Mountain Mist have been down 25 to 30 percent since the vaping crisis erupted, Johnson said—and the company permanently closed the doors of its Prineville location Sept. 28.
"If the announcement comes out that at whatever date, we're not allowed to sell... as a business here in Bend, we're permanently closed. There's no good option around that," Johnson said.
State bans elsewhere
A ban in Oregon hasn't happened yet, but on Sept. 27, Washington Gov. Jay Inslee directed his state's health board to move forward on an emergency ban of flavored vaping products. The Washington State Board of Health will vote on that order Oct. 9. New York, Michigan, Rhode Island and Massachusetts are among the states to implement some type of vaping ban in the wake of the crisis.
Vaping industry leaders—along with growers and producers involved with hemp and CBD products—have been awaiting guidance from federal agencies on a number of regulatory fronts, since the 2018 Farm Bill essentially legalized hemp and CBD. With this recent crisis, industry leaders say there's even more reason for the federal government to fully legalize cannabis, believing that more regulation of the industry is safer for consumers—keeping them away from unregulated products or ones with ingredients that may be harmful.
"As investigations begin to reveal the cause, it's becoming apparent that many of the issues appear to relate to unregulated and illicit cannabis and nicotine products," wrote Andrew Kline, director of public policy for the National Cannabis Industry Association. The NCIA has been gathering signatures, calling on Congress to remove cannabis from the FDA's list of Schedule 1 drugs—which could allow federal regulators to better oversee the industry. "We are urging state and local governments not to implement total bans of legal vape products as this will only further exacerbate the problem and drive consumers into the illicit market where many of the tainted vapes seem to be originating from," Kline wrote.
Nicole Vulcan
Nicole Vulcan has been editor of the Source since 2016. (Blame her for everything since then.) Favorite car: A Trek commuter bike. Favorite cat: An adopted dog who looks like a Jedi master. Favorite things, besides responding to your comments: Downton Abbey re-runs, Aretha Franklin albums, and pink wine.
A Temporary Ban on Flavored Vapes was the Right Move. But a permanent one? Not so fast.
Vapocalypse 2019
Mild Abandon—Week of December 27
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A Return to In-Person Instruction... Mostly
Bend-La Pine Schools announces a return for K-3 Jan. 25; all students will head back at least part-time by Feb. 8


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Best time to dive
Aloha - Welcome!
Home to the world's most active volcanoes, the only royal palace in the U.S. and the welcoming aloha spirit—Hawaii is like no place on earth. Discover the glimmering ocean, emerald valleys and golden sands; get lost in the spiritual beauty of the hula and find out how the warmth of Hawaii's people wonderfully complement the islands' perfect temperatures.
Best time to dive?
Hawaii has warm weather all year, with average highs of 26-28ºC in the winter, and 29-31ºC in the summer. The most consistently good weather is usually found in April, May, September, and October. But during summer months (May through September) water is warmer, waves are smaller, and skies are sunnier, making conditions ideal for these water-based activities. Big Island and Maui tend to have the best snorkeling because their snorkel spots are affected less by trade winds from the east. info by santorinidave.com
Dive Services in this area
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Lahaina Divers, Inc.
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307 Hahani Street
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While people-watching on the Hawaiian Islands is certainly interesting, it can't compare to the excitement of spotting our colorful underwater residents. From yellow butterfly fish that dart among the rocks to benevolent green sea turtles, it's easy to see these fascinating locals while snorkeling or scuba diving.
Hawaiian Green Sea Turtles (Honu), Spinner Dolphins (Naia), Humpback Whales (Kohola), Monk Seals, Manta Rays (Hahalua); roughly 20% of fish species in Hawaii are unique to the islands. From the bandit angelfish to Hawaii's state fish the humuhumunukunukuapuaa (which ironically isn't endemic),
snorkelers and divers will be richly rewarded for their exploration. Info by gohawaii.com
With 1,200 miles of coral reef fringing the Hawaiian Islands, snorkeling and scuba diving are two of the island's most popular water activities. The South Shore of Molokai is home to Hawaii's longest barrier reef. At 28 miles, these lush underwater gardens are teeming with green sea turtles, spotted eagle rays and a variety of tropical fish.
Molokai's southern shore is home to Hawaii's longest continuous fringing reef at 28 miles long. Full of natural "finger" coral, stony coral and an abundance of reef fish, this a fantastic place for snorkeling and scuba diving when the waters are calm.
Explore the reef on a scuba diving tour or visit special snorkeling spots with local companies like Molokai Fish & Dive. Or rent some snorkeling equipment and explore the beaches of the south shore. Kumimi Beach (also known as 20 Mile Marker Beach) is one of the island's most popular snorkeling spots. Join the colorful reef fish, honu (Hawaiian green sea turtles) and friendly manta rays in the waters of Molokai.
Colorful coral heads. Bright yellow tang. Rainbow runners. And of course, the state fish of Hawaii, the humuhumunukunukuapuaa. With 1,200 miles of coral reef fringing the Hawaiian Islands, snorkeling and scuba diving are two of our most popular water activities. On Oahu, a dip beneath the waves reveals a whole new world.
Don't let the name scare you away from Shark's Cove on the North Shore—this rocky bay with clear, shallow waters is one of the top snorkeling and shore-diving spots in the world (and no, sharks aren't common here). Shark's Cove is best explored during the summer months, as winter brings massive swells for big wave season.
The island of Hawaii and its clear blue waters are truly a snorkeling and scuba paradise. The island's east side has a handful of spots for beginning snorkelers and scuba divers including Hilo's Leleiwi Beach and Richardson Beach Park. But the Kona side is even more famous for its visibility and calm waters, protected from the winds by the massive slopes of Maunaloa. One of the most memorable experiences you can have on the island of Hawaii is a swim with manta rays. Book a sunset dive tour and head out to the Kona or Keauhou coast to either scuba dive or snorkel with these gentle mantas (mantas don't have stingers like sting rays or eagle rays).
For seasoned scuba divers, the Lanai Cathedrals are Lanai's most popular dive spots. First Cathedral and Second Cathedral were formed from massive underwater lava tubes. When light shines through the holes in the lava, it looks like sunlight shining through the stained glass windows of an underwater church. It's a diving experience unlike any you've ever seen.
Explore the unseen side of Maui on an adventure beneath the sea. Snorkel off of Maui's pristine beaches or scuba dive around Maui's most popular reefs to see colorful fish, sea turtles and coral formations. The small, crescent shaped island of Molokini off the southwestern coast of Maui is a popular destination for snorkeling and diving. In fact, the waters and colorful reefs here are so rich with life, Molokini was named a State Marine Life and Bird Conservation District. Molokini is only accessible by boat tour.
Dive Sites info by gohawaii.com
View all services in Hawaii
The majority of tourists fly into the Honolulu International Airport on the island of Oahu. Most major U.S. airlines and some international ones offer service to Honolulu. Other options, on a more limited basis, include flights to the islands of Maui and Kauai. If you want to arrive during the daytime, allow for the fact that Hawaii is in its own time zone three to five hours earlier than the continental time zones. During the summer, Hawaii does not change clocks for daylight savings time. info by traveltips.usatoday.com
Create your scuba diver account


text:
As the term progresses, scroll down for new content related to all the countries we learn about.
Our World - Great Britain
This half term we are learning more about the world in which we live. We have started the topic by learning more about the world close to home- Great Britain. We looked at England, Scotland and Wales - learning about important places, landscapes, traditional foods, flags and events. We were very lucky to welcome Mrs Burridge to our classroom. Mrs Burridge comes from Wales and although she speaks English, she says words differently to us. We learnt how to say hello in Welsh! She brought her dragon along, told us about St David and showed us her traditional Welsh clothes. Mrs Allen tried on the clothes and we realised they were from a long time ago, when Mrs Burridge was a small child. Afterwards, we looked at an old photograph of Mrs Burridge wearing her Welsh outfit and we enjoyed holding the Welsh flag together and exploring Mrs Burridge's collection of dragons.
Our World - Finland
We have been learning about Finland, a cold country in Europe. Finland's flag is dark blue and white, and Finland is quite different to Great Britain in many ways. Finland's animals have thick, furry coats to keep them warm in the snow. There are wolves, elk, reindeer, huskies, wolverines and lynx. We have painted cold weather landscapes and added a line drawing of our favourite Finnish animal. We have been reading stories of the Moomin family, which were written by Finnish author Tove Jansson. Moomins are funny creatures which are a bit like hippos! They have names which sound funny to us, like Snufkin, Little My and Moominpappa! If we were Finnish children, we would know the stories of the Moomins very well. We have also made and eaten Tortu, a pinwheel pastry with jam! Look at our photos below.
Inspired by a story about a little bear called Betty who gets lost in the snow and becomes frozen, we have been trying to free Lego men from the ice. Working together, each group agreed where the ice should go to melt it. We thought like scientists, remembering that ice melts when it becomes warm. We used the radiator, warm water, a hairdryer, the sun outside and the sun through the window. Have a look at our science experiment below.


text:
<?php
// This file is part of Moodle - http://moodle.org/
//
// Moodle is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// Moodle is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Moodle.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();

require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/question/type/ddimageortext/edit_ddtoimage_form_base.php');

/**
 * Drag-and-drop images onto images  editing form definition.
 *
 * @copyright 2009 The Open University
 * @license   http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
 */
class qtype_ddimageortext_edit_form extends qtype_ddtoimage_edit_form_base {
    public function qtype() {
        return 'ddimageortext';
    }

    public function data_preprocessing($question) {
        $question = parent::data_preprocessing($question);
        $question = $this->data_preprocessing_combined_feedback($question, true);
        $question = $this->data_preprocessing_hints($question, true, true);

        $dragids = array(); // Drag no -> dragid.
        if (!empty($question->options)) {
            $question->shuffleanswers = $question->options->shuffleanswers;
            $question->drags = array();
            foreach ($question->options->drags as $drag) {
                $dragindex = $drag->no - 1;
                $question->drags[$dragindex] = array();
                $question->draglabel[$dragindex] = $drag->label;
                $question->drags[$dragindex]['infinite'] = $drag->infinite;
                $question->drags[$dragindex]['draggroup'] = $drag->draggroup;
                $dragids[$dragindex] = $drag->id;
            }
            $question->drops = array();
            foreach ($question->options->drops as $drop) {
                $question->drops[$drop->no - 1] = array();
                $question->drops[$drop->no - 1]['choice'] = $drop->choice;
                $question->drops[$drop->no - 1]['droplabel'] = $drop->label;
                $question->drops[$drop->no - 1]['xleft'] = $drop->xleft;
                $question->drops[$drop->no - 1]['ytop'] = $drop->ytop;
            }
        }
        // Initialise file picker for bgimage.
        $draftitemid = file_get_submitted_draft_itemid('bgimage');

        file_prepare_draft_area($draftitemid, $this->context->id, 'qtype_ddimageortext',
                                'bgimage', !empty($question->id) ? (int) $question->id : null,
                                self::file_picker_options());
        $question->bgimage = $draftitemid;

        // Initialise file picker for dragimages.
        list(, $imagerepeats) = $this->get_drag_item_repeats();
        $draftitemids = optional_param_array('dragitem', array(), PARAM_INT);
        for ($imageindex = 0; $imageindex < $imagerepeats; $imageindex++) {
            $draftitemid = isset($draftitemids[$imageindex]) ? $draftitemids[$imageindex] : 0;
            // Numbers not allowed in filearea name.
            $itemid = isset($dragids[$imageindex]) ? $dragids[$imageindex] : null;
            file_prepare_draft_area($draftitemid, $this->context->id, 'qtype_ddimageortext',
                                'dragimage', $itemid, self::file_picker_options());
            $question->dragitem[$imageindex] = $draftitemid;
        }
        if (!empty($question->options)) {
            foreach ($question->options->drags as $drag) {
                $dragindex = $drag->no - 1;
                if (!isset($question->dragitem[$dragindex])) {
                    $fileexists = false;
                } else {
                    $fileexists = self::file_uploaded($question->dragitem[$dragindex]);
                }
                $labelexists = (trim($question->draglabel[$dragindex]) != '');
                if ($labelexists && !$fileexists) {
                    $question->drags[$dragindex]['dragitemtype'] = 'word';
                } else {
                    $question->drags[$dragindex]['dragitemtype'] = 'image';
                }
            }
        }
        $this->js_call();

        return $question;
    }

    public function js_call() {
        global $PAGE;
        $maxsizes = new stdClass();
        $maxsizes->bgimage = new stdClass();
        $maxsizes->bgimage->width = QTYPE_DDIMAGEORTEXT_BGIMAGE_MAXWIDTH;
        $maxsizes->bgimage->height = QTYPE_DDIMAGEORTEXT_BGIMAGE_MAXHEIGHT;
        $maxsizes->dragimage = new stdClass();
        $maxsizes->dragimage->width = QTYPE_DDIMAGEORTEXT_DRAGIMAGE_MAXWIDTH;
        $maxsizes->dragimage->height = QTYPE_DDIMAGEORTEXT_DRAGIMAGE_MAXHEIGHT;

        $params = array('maxsizes' => $maxsizes,
                        'topnode' => 'fieldset#id_previewareaheader');

        $PAGE->requires->yui_module('moodle-qtype_ddimageortext-form',
                                        'M.qtype_ddimageortext.init_form',
                                        array($params));
    }

    // Drag items.

    protected function definition_draggable_items($mform, $itemrepeatsatstart) {
        $mform->addElement('header', 'draggableitemheader',
                                get_string('draggableitems', 'qtype_ddimageortext'));
        $mform->addElement('advcheckbox', 'shuffleanswers', ' ',
                                get_string('shuffleimages', 'qtype_'.$this->qtype()));
        $mform->setDefault('shuffleanswers', 0);
        $this->repeat_elements($this->draggable_item($mform), $itemrepeatsatstart,
                $this->draggable_items_repeated_options(),
                'noitems', 'additems', self::ADD_NUM_ITEMS,
                get_string('addmoreimages', 'qtype_ddimageortext'), true);
    }

    protected function draggable_item($mform) {
        $draggableimageitem = array();

        $grouparray = array();
        $dragitemtypes = array('image' => get_string('draggableimage', 'qtype_ddimageortext'),
                                'word' => get_string('draggableword', 'qtype_ddimageortext'));
        $grouparray[] = $mform->createElement('select', 'dragitemtype',
                                            get_string('draggableitemtype', 'qtype_ddimageortext'),
                                            $dragitemtypes,
                                            array('class' => 'dragitemtype'));
        $options = array();
        for ($i = 1; $i <= self::MAX_GROUPS; $i += 1) {
            $options[$i] = $i;
        }
        $grouparray[] = $mform->createElement('select', 'draggroup',
                                                get_string('group', 'qtype_gapselect'),
                                                $options,
                                                array('class' => 'draggroup'));
        $grouparray[] = $mform->createElement('advcheckbox', 'infinite', ' ',
                get_string('infinite', 'qtype_ddimageortext'));
        $draggableimageitem[] = $mform->createElement('group', 'drags',
                get_string('draggableitemheader', 'qtype_ddimageortext', '{no}'), $grouparray);

        $draggableimageitem[] = $mform->createElement('filepicker', 'dragitem', '', null,
                                    self::file_picker_options());

        $draggableimageitem[] = $mform->createElement('text', 'draglabel',
                                                get_string('label', 'qtype_ddimageortext'),
                                                array('size' => 30, 'class' => 'tweakcss'));
        $mform->setType('draglabel', PARAM_RAW); // These are validated manually.
        return $draggableimageitem;
    }

    protected function draggable_items_repeated_options() {
        $repeatedoptions = array();
        $repeatedoptions['draggroup']['default'] = '1';
        return $repeatedoptions;
    }

    // Drop zones.

    protected function drop_zone($mform, $imagerepeats) {
        $dropzoneitem = array();

        $grouparray = array();
        $grouparray[] = $mform->createElement('text', 'xleft',
                                                get_string('xleft', 'qtype_ddimageortext'),
                                                array('size' => 5, 'class' => 'tweakcss'));
        $grouparray[] = $mform->createElement('text', 'ytop',
                                                get_string('ytop', 'qtype_ddimageortext'),
                                                array('size' => 5, 'class' => 'tweakcss'));
        $options = array();

        $options[0] = '';
        for ($i = 1; $i <= $imagerepeats; $i += 1) {
            $options[$i] = $i;
        }
        $grouparray[] = $mform->createElement('select', 'choice',
                                    get_string('draggableitem', 'qtype_ddimageortext'), $options);
        $grouparray[] = $mform->createElement('text', 'droplabel',
                                                get_string('label', 'qtype_ddimageortext'),
                                                array('size' => 10, 'class' => 'tweakcss'));
        $mform->setType('droplabel', PARAM_NOTAGS);
        $dropzone = $mform->createElement('group', 'drops',
                get_string('dropzone', 'qtype_ddimageortext', '{no}'), $grouparray);
        return array($dropzone);
    }

    protected function drop_zones_repeated_options() {
        $repeatedoptions = array();
        // The next two are PARAM_RAW becuase we need to distinguish 0 and ''.
        // We do the necessary validation in the validation method.
        $repeatedoptions['drops[xleft]']['type']     = PARAM_RAW;
        $repeatedoptions['drops[ytop]']['type']      = PARAM_RAW;
        $repeatedoptions['drops[droplabel]']['type'] = PARAM_RAW;
        $repeatedoptions['choice']['default'] = '0';
        return $repeatedoptions;
    }

    public function validation($data, $files) {
        $errors = parent::validation($data, $files);
        if (!self::file_uploaded($data['bgimage'])) {
            $errors["bgimage"] = get_string('formerror_nobgimage', 'qtype_'.$this->qtype());
        }

        $allchoices = array();
        for ($i = 0; $i < $data['nodropzone']; $i++) {
            $ytoppresent = (trim($data['drops'][$i]['ytop']) !== '');
            $xleftpresent = (trim($data['drops'][$i]['xleft']) !== '');
            $ytopisint = (string) clean_param($data['drops'][$i]['ytop'], PARAM_INT) === trim($data['drops'][$i]['ytop']);
            $xleftisint = (string) clean_param($data['drops'][$i]['xleft'], PARAM_INT) === trim($data['drops'][$i]['xleft']);
            $labelpresent = (trim($data['drops'][$i]['droplabel']) !== '');
            $choice = $data['drops'][$i]['choice'];
            $imagechoicepresent = ($choice !== '0');

            if ($imagechoicepresent) {
                if (!$ytoppresent) {
                    $errors["drops[$i]"] = get_string('formerror_noytop', 'qtype_ddimageortext');
                } else if (!$ytopisint) {
                    $errors["drops[$i]"] = get_string('formerror_notintytop', 'qtype_ddimageortext');
                }
                if (!$xleftpresent) {
                    $errors["drops[$i]"] = get_string('formerror_noxleft', 'qtype_ddimageortext');
                } else if (!$xleftisint) {
                    $errors["drops[$i]"] = get_string('formerror_notintxleft', 'qtype_ddimageortext');
                }

                if ($data['drags'][$choice - 1]['dragitemtype'] != 'word' &&
                                        !self::file_uploaded($data['dragitem'][$choice - 1])) {
                    $errors['dragitem['.($choice - 1).']'] =
                                    get_string('formerror_nofile', 'qtype_ddimageortext', $i);
                }

                if (isset($allchoices[$choice]) && !$data['drags'][$choice - 1]['infinite']) {
                    $errors["drops[$i]"] =
                            get_string('formerror_multipledraginstance', 'qtype_ddimageortext', $choice);
                    $errors['drops['.($allchoices[$choice]).']'] =
                            get_string('formerror_multipledraginstance', 'qtype_ddimageortext', $choice);
                    $errors['drags['.($choice - 1).']'] =
                            get_string('formerror_multipledraginstance2', 'qtype_ddimageortext', $choice);
                }
                $allchoices[$choice] = $i;
            } else {
                if ($ytoppresent || $xleftpresent || $labelpresent) {
                    $errors["drops[$i]"] =
                            get_string('formerror_noimageselected', 'qtype_ddimageortext');
                }
            }
        }
        for ($dragindex = 0; $dragindex < $data['noitems']; $dragindex++) {
            $label = $data['draglabel'][$dragindex];
            if ($data['drags'][$dragindex]['dragitemtype'] == 'word') {
                $allowedtags = '
';
                $errormessage = get_string('formerror_disallowedtags', 'qtype_ddimageortext');
            } else {
                $allowedtags = '';
                $errormessage = get_string('formerror_noallowedtags', 'qtype_ddimageortext');
            }
            if ($label != strip_tags($label, $allowedtags)) {
                $errors["drags[{$dragindex}]"] = $errormessage;
            }

        }
        return $errors;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


J Health Polit Policy Law (1987) 12 (3): 409-426.
There is a burgeoning interest in selective contracting for specialized hospital services based on volume, price, and quality. The systematic exclusion or inclusion of particular institutions has been extolled by some as an arrangement to reduce costs and by others as a means to increase quality of care. However, little is known about the issues and problems associated with selective contracting based on objective criteria rather than negotiations. Identification of individual institutions with performance significantly better or poorer than expected based on statistical norms is difficult and should be viewed as no more than a first step in evaluating quality and price performance. Actual data on 37 hospitals that provide coronary artery bypass graft surgery in a metropolitan region are used to illustrate some major prospects, problems, and situations arising when certain institutions are considered for exclusion from or inclusion in third-party payment programs. Selective contracting in local areas can potentially decrease duplication of services, reduce cost to purchasers, and lower expected mortality and morbidity for some patient groups. However, these gains must be evaluated against reductions in continuity of care and access to care, potential increases in mortality and morbidity for certain segments of the population, and substantial political problems.


Smile! We're spreading the word that condoms are completely free in the Greater Glasgow and Clyde area with a new multi-media marketing campaign, launched in autumn 2018. With its emoticon theme and #nohassle #noquestions #noblushes message, the campaign promotes the simplicity of the Free Condoms Service and the wide list of places where condoms can be picked up completely free of charge.
Just click on the video above to see our fun 10" Free Condoms campaign animation, and look out for our smiley ads on buses, in stations and on the subway.


text:
Bollywood Bus
Pardeep Narwal created history in PKL 2022, became the first raider to make a huge record
December 6, 2022 by BollywoodBus
Pardeep Narwal created history in PKL 2022 : In PKL 2022, UP Yoddhas and U Mumba match was played on 2nd December 2022 at Gachibowli Indoor Stadium, Hyderabad. In this match, UP captain Pardeep Narwal created history and became the first raider to play 150 matches. Dubki King already holds many records in PKL and one more has been added to it.
Pardeep Narwal created history in PKL 2022
Pardeep Narwal has definitely become the first raider to play 150 matches, but two more players have done this feat before him. Veteran all-rounders Deepak Niwas Hooda and Sandeep Narwal achieved this feat in the same season. Although both of them are all-rounders and Pardeep Narwal is a raider. No raider has done this feat before Pardeep.
Talking about the completion of 150 matches in PKL, Pardeep Narwal in the press conference said,
Also Read :- Top 16 Amazing Aisa kyu hota hai facts in Hindi ऐसा क्यों होता है |
In his PKL career, Pardeep Narwal has scored 1555 points in 150 matches, including 77 Super 10s. Apart from this, no other player has more points, raid points, super 10, super raid than Pardeep Narwal in the league. Let us tell you that Rahul Chaudhary comes close to playing the maximum number of matches of Pardeep Narwal, who has played 148 matches. It is expected that he can also achieve this position in the coming two matches of this season.
How has been the performance of UP Yoddhas captain Pardeep Narwal in PKL 2022
Pardeep Narwal's performance has been tremendous even in the 9th season of PKL. He has scored 198 raid points in 19 matches with the help of 9 super 10s. Apart from this, he is also performing tremendously as a captain. Pardeep has captained the team in 10 matches, in which the team has won 7 matches, lost 2 matches and lost one match.
UP Yoddhas have almost qualified for the playoffs and will become the third team to reach the last 6 if they beat Bengaluru Bulls on 4th December. Before them, Jaipur Pink Panthers and Puneri Paltan have already qualified. They will be eyeing to win their remaining matches and make it to the top 2. It will be interesting to see whether he manages to make UP the champion for the first time or not.
Freddy Review : The world of the astonishing mastermind 'Freddy'
Categories Entertainment, News, Sports
Jannat Zubair looks no less than a princess in a white floral lehenga and see through dupatta
This actress has suffered terror like Shraddha Murder Case, was about to kill her boyfriend after being beaten badly…
Thalapathy Vijay's Warisu making a splash in advance booking, earned 4.76 crores
Deepika Padukone showed glamorous look with gun, John-Shahrukh impressed
Senior actor Ashok Saraf said who is a brilliant man in politics
Amitabh Bachchan made a mistake on Twitter, even after apologising, he came on target of trolls
when Babil locked himself in the room after father Irrfan Khan's death, Didn't come out of the room for 45 days
Mohammad Faiz
© 2022 Bollywood Bus • All Rights Reserved.


We love Cobalt Blue and we love this shoe! Another one-off buy, the Diva with the fastest finger gets the last pair *winks.
These black flats are such a delight. Beautifully and intricately embellished, this is one shoe every stylish diva wants in their wardrobe. Either worn to accessorize on a night out or to glam up a casual outfit, you are getting more than your money's worth with this purchase.
We all love comfy heels and not only is this pair comfortable, its stylish and affordable too. You will find pictures of our models rocking it on our Instagram Page: @madamkarakata.
Need we say more? This flat slip on is a steal for a fashionable diva who wants to look stylish on a casual evening out or while at work when the heels are long forgotten. If you want comfy and stylish, you want our Folded Bow Stripe Slip on!


This piece is constructed with a massive walnut (Juglans spp.) twin plank top on walnut trestle ends and oak (Quercus spp.) sledge feet and measures 860 x 2,920 x 895mm.
This trestle table, one of the earliest forms seen in European furniture construction, demonstrates both beauty and functionality. Its wonderfully abstract design allows the piece to be dismantled within the confines of a great hall or refectory. These were highly prized objects, from the residences of the very best families or important institutions. As such, they are sometimes referred to in medieval inventories or wills. Even as late as 1552, an inventory of Paget Place at Clement Danes records six trestle tables, a typical entry reading 'a table wt two trestolls' (S.W. Wolsey & R.W.P Luff, The Age of the Joiner, London, 1968, 95). This example with its bold architectural form relates to a table described as Pyrenees and 15th-16th century, see Collection Bruno Perrier, Haute Epoque, Adar Tajan, 6 April 1992, pp.24-26. The offered lot also recalls those sometimes referred to as 'bigourdane' because they were constructed around Bagneres de Bigorre. The oak feet were probably replaced because the original walnut rotted away due to contact with the damp floor and washing mops.
It may look chunky and even 'crude' but it is worth remembering that this general form gave us one main stream of furniture - supporting furniture. Tables and benches were developed from this pattern and chairs developed from benches.
I like this pattern so much that I have selected two big planks from a massive lime (Tilia vulgaris) tree that had to be felled at the bottom of my garden. I have these seasoning in my garage, together with some large solid baulks for the ends, and will make a similar refectory table for my dining room. The garage is a good place for them to season in an historically correct way because the humidity will be about the same as that in a Great Hall. I am sure that these tables were made green and slowly acclimatised in the shelter of a draughty hall.
Trestle table in walnut and oak, Burgundian School, 15th century with later repairs.