Assessment being speeded up to determine what region's needs are.
When Premier Health announced it would close Good Samaritan Hospital later this year, one big question was what would happen to the 58,000 patients who annually enter the emergency room at the northwest Dayton hospital's main campus.
Those patients may soon have other options, including one that surfaced last week.
Although Premier says it has the capacity to handle all the ER visits at its other locations, Grandview Medical Center — operated by competitor Kettering Health Network and located just three miles away from Good Sam — announced on Monday that it is beginning a $25 million expansion that will double the size of its emergency department.
The Good Sam closing may spur other changes as community leaders work to ensure that people in the neighborhoods around the hospital at 2222 Philadelphia Drive have adequate access to health services.
The Greater Dayton Area Hospital Association and Public Health - Dayton & Montgomery County have put a rush on a study to assess what the health needs are in the city of Dayton, which could shed light on what heath gaps there are and how those services could be met.
Five Rivers Health Center's board is exploring how the community health center could expand services. The center serves patients regardless of their ability to pay and is a separate non-profit headquartered on Good Samaritan's campus that will remain after the hospital closes.
Kettering Health also says it will continue looking at how it can fill any void left by the Good Sam closing.
In a meeting with Dayton Daily News reporters and editors Thursday, Premier CEO Mary Boosalis said the network couldn't comment on Grandview's plans, but said Premier's network has the ability to meet the community's needs. The city's birth rate is down, hospital stays are down and Miami Valley Hospital — just five miles down the road — has extra room, she said. At the same time other options like home visits are on the rise.
In meeting with members of the health care network's emergency medicine services staff recently, Boosalis said one employee pointed out that it's just a three-minute ambulance drive from Good Sam to Miami Valley.
"It is not relevant in the clinical world," she said.
Although it is closing Good Samaritan, Premier is looking to building elsewhere. On Thursday, it announced plans for a $24 million, 60-bed rehabilitation hospital in partnership with Encompass Health. The Rehabilitation Institute of Ohio is expected to open in early 2020 on the campus of Miami Valley Hospital.
Premier and Kettering Health have long engaged in a fierce battle for customers in the competitive health care market.
Tension between the two non-profits was on rare display during a recent panel discussion on the future of health care.
While saying that Dayton is "over-bedded," Boosalis said all adult care hospitals in the region are at 50 to 54 percent occupancy, or essentially half-full.
Chew said all Kettering hospitals are at around 70 percent full, which leaves them room in case there is a sudden surge in hospitalizations.
Boosalis said she sent a letter to Chew this week explaining how Premier calculates its data. She said there were different ways to measure hospital beds, such as using staffed beds or licensed beds.
The closing of Good Sam shows some of the pressures hospitals face in an increasingly complex and changing health care environment.
Dayton's population has been in decline at the same time as hospital stays have fallen. Fewer patients spend the night in a hospital as technology improves, home health becomes more available and insurance companies work to limit extended visits.
The result is that hospitals like Good Samaritan, which has 491 beds, have struggled to fill them. That brings in less revenue, but their costs continue because while the hospital may be half-full, doctors are still performing operations, delivering babies and providing health care to thousands of patients.
When Good Sam closes, those patients will have to make other choices.
Premier said it can handle the needs coming and its locations are accessible to residents living near Good Samaritan. Its data shows that about one-third of the patients at Miami Valley Hospital — more than 13,000 annual inpatient cases — already come from Good Samaritan, and about 1,700 of Miami Valley's employees live near the Good Sam campus.
Bryan Bucklew, CEO of the Greater Dayton Area Hospital Association, said the hospitals, community health centers and public health departments do regular mandated assessments of the health needs of the communities they serve, and those assessments help determine what services to provide.
After the last assessment, he said, the organizations created more services for mental health and opioid addiction treatment based on the information. Bucklew said Public Health and GDAHA will expedite the study of the city of Dayton in light of Good Samaritan closing.
"I think everyone has the same end goal of how do we have a successful health care system that meets the needs of the community in a changing environment," he said.
Bucklew said one of challenges facing Premier and Kettering is the high percentage of people in the Good Samaritan service area paying with Medicaid and Medicare. Government insurers pay less than what the hospitals say it costs them to provide services, making it difficult to shift those costs onto private-pay patients.
Kim Bramlage, marketing and communications manager at Five Rivers Health Center, which is across the street from Good Samaritan, said the center is doing its own needs assessment and listening to people about how it might help.
"We're going to really concentrate on this area of town and the area by Good Samaritan," Bramlage said.
Kettering Health's decision to expand Grandview was based entirely on Good Sam's decision to close and to shut down its ER, Chew said.
The expansion plans were announced just five weeks after the Good Sam announcement sent shock waves throughout the community.
At the expansion project's kickoff last week, Chew said the move was made with the community in mind.


From the very beginning, Cybex has relied on the cooperation with famous brand ambassadors. The hardware manufacturer uses the Celebrity Endorsement brand strategy in a targeted manner to increase sales. Johannes Schlamminger, CEO of the Cybex brand, tells Luna Journal what is important when working with famous brand ambassadors.
Since when have you been working specifically with celebrities as testimonials of the brand?
Johannes Schlamminger, CEO Cybex: "Since Cybex was founded about 15 years ago, the integration of opinion leaders and famous brand ambassadors into communication has been a central component of our marketing strategy. However, it is not only the celebrities we use, but above all our customers who share their experiences with the Cybex brand and our products on their communication platforms.
How do the characteristics of the respective celebrities affect the consumer's perception of the brand image?
If the credibility is given and the consumer notices that a person, whether known or not, stands behind the brand or fits the brand and its offer, this has a positive effect on the brand and its image with consumers. The customer has a good feeling for whether a celebrity can judge a product and is really interested in learning more about it. You can see that in yourself: If you look at Instagram or Facebook posts from celebrities who are holding a product into their cameras for the sake of advertising, you usually keep swiping. However, if the product shown is related to the person who is posting it, you often want to know more about it.
How does such celebrity support affect consumers' buying intentions?
Even if the support of convincing celebrities helps brands to increase attention and interest, the influence on the purchase decision is rather small. Here the customer usually orients him- or herself on objective test ratings, the qualitative characteristics of the products and how these correspond to his or her personal demand profile, but also on the recommendation of family and friends.
Do you see any differences here between Germany and the rest of the world?
On the whole, the differences are not very big, both nationally and internationally. Of course, especially in countries with a high social media affinity, such as the USA, China or South Korea, one achieves a much greater reach when celebrities communicate a certain brand on their platforms. However, in times of increasing global digitization, such values become more and more similar.
How do you find suitable testimonials for your brand? What characteristics should they have?
Credibility plays the most important role for us. A celebrity brings advantages to a brand if he stands behind it and the products and knows what is behind it. And that's clear: For example, a supermodel like Giselle Bündchen, who is already a mother, can judge significantly better whether our products are good compared to a model that is not yet a mother. And a star designer like Jeremy Scott can better judge what's currently in vogue than most others. But there is also the fact that a celebrity must really like our brand and share our values. If there is no bond here, there is no credibility and any advertising, for example in the form of social media posts, would go up in smoke or even have a negative effect. Accordingly, you always have to make sure that you select suitable candidates when searching. We have a worldwide network at our disposal that knows exactly what is important to us and therefore pays attention to it right from the start when searching. In the case of Cybex, however, most celebrities approach us on their own initiative, precisely because they become parents or already are and simply like the brand and our products. So we don't have to take any action ourselves.
What benefit did you see in 2017 through the use of celebrity endorsement marketing? Is that measurable?
Such marketing measures can be measured especially by the reaction of end-consumers on social platforms. How many people react to a post from a celebrity? How many likes and shares does the post receive, and how positive are the corresponding comments? The second step is to analyze relatively precisely whether the people who have responded to a post then visit the other platforms of a brand, such as the website, in order to obtain further information. However, it is difficult to judge exactly to what extent these measures have led to which overall sales increase. However, since the Cybex brand has been recording very positive sales growth for years and we have been focusing very intensively on this type of marketing for years too, it can of course be assumed that the corresponding activities will have a positive effect.
Do you see this marketing strategy as a success for the Cybex brand and will it remain part of the strategy in the future?
In any case, we remain true to this strategy. Because nothing is more important than people talking positively about a brand and sharing their experiences with its products on their platforms. In the future, we will remain true to our strategy of using celebrities only when they have a great interest in our brand and fit in with our values. Purchased partnerships, just because someone is a celebrity, have never been our business and will therefore not be our way in the future.
Design cooperations are also becoming increasingly important. What are you planning in this direction for the company in the future?
Here, too, Cybex can be described as a pioneer in the industry. It all started with Lala Berlin. Today we work together with the international star designer and art director of Moschino, Jeremy Scott, among others, and recently launched our third joint collection on the market. The Dutch furniture, product and interior designer Marcel Wanders has also become a friend of the company, with whom we launched our first furniture collection in 2016. For us, this type of collaboration has always been important, as it allows us to receive the latest trends and inspirations directly from opinion leaders in various fields and to incorporate them into our product developments.
What are your future plans for 2019?
In 2019, too, we will try to surprise end-customers in a positive way. This ranges from new design, new features and technologies to new collections and perhaps also a new cooperation.


From the very beginning, Zoomcar has always been about creating experiences. The very idea of driving yourself in India represents a stark departure from the traditional car and driver model that had dominated the country for so many years. Whether individuals are using our cars to roam around the city or visit some far-off outstation destination, memories are always made with each booking. Over the years, I've received countless appreciation notes from customers who explicitly call out the efforts that Zoomcar consistently makes to help facilitate these memories. As a customer facing brand, nothing could feel any better.
Above all, this new brand line represents Zoomcar's commitment to you, the customer. From day one, we've always put customer experience first whether it related to booking process, car pickup, or on-call support. I can promise that this commitment will only intensify in the weeks and months ahead, thereby creating an even more seamless self-drive experience.
Next article For Zoomers, Rakhi comes early!


All Disposal Sites within the Township are for the use of Township of South Frontenac residents ONLY.
Current Proof of Residency must be available if required by the attendant.
We encourage you to take advantage of the convenience of curbside pickup, which is provided to all our residents. To all Township of South Frontenac residents who dispose of waste properly, Thank You.
Dumping waste on the side of the road or at the gates of waste disposal sites is not only harmful to our environment but it is very costly for Municipal staff to pick up. Those people disposing of garbage improperly are subject to fines of $300.00 as per By-law 2005-98.
Help keep the Township of South Frontenac clean!
There are disposal fees that are required to be paid prior to disposal at our 2 full service landfills. At the Loughborough WDS payment must be made by cash or cheque (with photo I.D.). Portland WDS also takes debit but we do NOT accept credit cards at either site. Any peronal cheques must be accompanied by photo I.D.
To view the acceptable waste items, tipping fees and hours of operation, please select the appropriate landfill location below and click on the blue highlighted name.
Full Service Landfill including shingles.
PLEASE NOTE: Scales are operational at the Portland Landfill Site therefore payment is by weight of goods. Metal, cardboard and yard waste (up to 6" in diameter) are still free.
Please click the *Scale Fees* chart for charges.
NO DUMPING AT GATE PLEASE!
Directions to individual landfill sites.
(It is suggested that residents call these service suppliers for hours of operation and costs).


The devil lives among us, in family court. The evil attacking families one custody battle at a time, for the lucrative benefit of lawyers.
Mad Dr. Shawn Tittle is so delusional as to believe Dr. Laura Choi is the mother of his two children. Real mom erased.
Cold hard cash is all that the judges of Family Court want to see. No law, just cash.
The insiders of insiders rigging family court to plunder, loot, traffick kids for billable hours.


One (1) M44/T53 sight will be done by Tuesday, June 19.
I do not know when or if I'll get another. They are hard to find.
If you want it, please order through the website. Please be sure to select the post(s) you want, too.
Last edited by Josh Smith; June 16th, 2018 at 01:55 PM.


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Renewable natural gas company signs slew of agreements to reduce emissions in trucking and transit
Environmental technology concept. Sustainable development goals. SDGs.
Clean Energy Fuels Corp. announced a handful of new deals last week in response to the demand for renewable natural gas (RNG) as more fleets adopt and expand their use of the low-carbon transportation fuel, Business Wire reported.
RNG represents more than 74 percent of the 26 million gallons of fuel Clean Energy will provide. The company's goal is to provide 100 percent zero-carbon renewable fuel at its stations by 2025.
"Fleets that are looking to lower their emissions are switching to RNG because it can provide immediate and significant carbon reductions," Clean Energy VP Chad Lindholm said in a release. "They're finding that RNG is the easiest and most cost-effective way to meet sustainability goals."
Clean Energy has signed agreements with multiple California jurisdictions including the cities of Pasadena, Santa Monica, Ventura County and Sacramento to provide around 18 million gallons in total. They also struck new deals in Buffalo, NY and Lincoln, NE.
"Our adoption of RNG has helped cut emissions by more than 70% over the last five years and aligns with our goal of transitioning to a clean energy fleet by 2030, as well as the City of Santa Monica's plans for carbon neutrality by 2050," Santa Monica Transportation Director Ed King said.
Clean Energy has been contracted by the City of Fort Smith, AR, to build a $1.8 million station for the city's sanitation department to fuel refuse trucks and provide maintenance services at the site. Clean Energy has also signed an agreement to provide $380,000 in facility modifications for the City's sanitation maintenance facility.
"One of our goals is to improve air quality in the city and increase compressed natural gas (CNG) use where deemed appropriate. The city's transit department built its CNG fueling station in 2019. It's time for solid waste to make the conversion," Fort Smith Director of Solid Waste Services Kyle Foreman said.
The Olathe School District in Kansas has contracted with their transportation provider DS Bus Line to run 30 CNG school buses in place of 30 diesel buses for an estimated 75,000 gallons of CNG per year. The buses will be deployed and operable for the upcoming school year.
Republic Services is expanding with Clean Energy in two more California locations, allowing it to double the number of RNG-fueled trucks in Sun Valley and accommodating an additional 34 refuse trucks in Pacheco. Clean Energy currently provides RNG for Republic Services trucks in 22 states.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home News NORTHWARD Release Lyric Video For 'Storm In A Glass' + Debut Album...
NORTHWARD Release Lyric Video For 'Storm In A Glass' + Debut Album Out Now
The day has finally come! NORTHWARD, the hard rock project from masterminds Floor Jansenand Jorn Viggo Lofstad, have released their powerful debut self-titled album. To celebrate, the band have launched a lyric video for their anthem "Storm In A Glass" that you can watch here:
You can now order the new album HERE
The album is now available for pre-order HERE
Pre-save on Spotify: HERE
The album will also be released on vinyl (black, green, red, white), out on November, 11.
You can get it from The Nuclear Blast mailorder: HERE
01. While Love Died
02. Get What You Give
03. Storm In A Glass
04. Drifting Islands
05. Paragon
06. Let Me Out
07. Big Boy
08. Timebomb
09. Bridle Passion
10. I Need
11. Northward
It was during the 'All Star Jam' at Progpower USA Festival in 2007, when current NIGHTWISH singer Floor Jansen and PAGAN'S MIND guitarist Jorn Viggo Lofstad spontaneously joined forces on stage for some cover songs and noticed the creative magic between them. Although the two musicians had never met before, they soon discovered their mutual love for stripped down hard rock and decided to write some songs together. In 2008 still barely knowing each other, they composed an entire album's worth of material in next to no time. But due to their tight schedules with their main bands, their new project named NORTHWARD never found its way into the spotlight – until this day!
In 2017, the year of NIGHTWISH's break, Floor took the opportunity to contact her old friendJorn Viggo again, to see if he was still interested in resurrecting NORTHWARD – and of course he was! "Jørn Viggo was positive about the project and we started to make the overall plans, meeting again in March of 2017 in Sweden to go through all the material together to see if we still felt happy with what we had created", remembers Floor Jansen.
Stepping free from all boundaries NORTHWARD's sound is strong, euphoric and straight in the tradition of SKUNK ANANSIE, FOO FIGHTERS and ALTER BRIDGE but also older bands such as DEEP PURPLE and LED ZEPPELIN, the music gets straight to the point and makes no compromises.
With the help of producer Jacob Hansen (VOLBEAT etc.), who mixed the record, they forged a raw diamond composed of heavy riffs and Floor's incomparable voice, free from influences of the musicians' main bands. And although the songs had originally been written in 2008, they feel as fresh and alive upon a second hearing, as they had on the very first day of their creation. "The music is melodic, but also in your face and kick ass rock. Cool riffs, good melodies, tasteful arrangements. We would simply like to call it 'Good Music'", comments Floor. She goes on to add: "We wanted to explore a stripped down sound, with drums, bass, guitar and vocals. Not the heavy layers of keyboards, choirs etc."
Alongside Floor Jansen and Jorn Viggo Lofstad, Morty Black (TNT) took on bass duties, while drums were handled by Jango Nilsen and Stian Kristoffersen (PAGAN'S MIND). You will also hear a guest appearance by Floor's sister Irene Jansen, singing a duet on the song "Drifting Islands". And finally, Ronny Tegner from PAGAN'S MIND played the piano on a track.
This year, NORTHWARD is ready to break free. Floor Jansen states: "We are happy and exited to be able to release this rock album under Nuclear Blast's name. They accepted the challenge of bringing this non metal album into the world by believing in us as musicians, and also for the pure love for music that sounds good to them. We have both put our heart and soul into this album. We are very proud of it and we cant wait to show it to you all!"
Connect with Northward online
northward
Storm In A Glass
Previous articleVALDUR's 'Goat of Iniquity' Streaming in its Entirety; Album Out Now
Next articleGRETA VAN FLEET Release 'Anthem Of The Peaceful Army'
CRADLE OF FILTH Performing 'Cruelty and the Beast In Full' Australia/NZ Tour
HAMMERFALL Album 'Dominion' To Be Released August 2019; New Lyric Video Revealed
GRAVE To Release Remastered Editions Of "Dominion VIII" & "Burial Ground" On May 24
DEMONS & WIZARDS Release Lyric Video For "Heaven Denies" Off Remastered Album "Demons & Wizards"
HATE To Kick Off Devastation On The Nation North American Tour


Top 5 Reasons Why Your Child Should Have Breakfast!
We've all heard it before: Breakfast is the most important meal of the day as it fuels us up getting us ready for the day ahead. Worryingly, a recent study found that 1 in 4 Malaysian children skip breakfast at least three times a week, especially in East Malaysia. Of course, in our modern world where everything is rush, rush, rush, its understandable that kids rushed out of the house early in the morning may be groggy or may not be in the mood for breakfast. In the hurry to get the day started, some things may just slip through the cracks. But there are reasons breakfast is the most important part of the day. We have made a top 5 list with reasons why your child should have breakfast!
A study showed that our bodies lose 80% of our energy reserves while we sleep, which is why breakfast is important to break our overnight fast and kick-start the metabolism. Breakfast restores glucose levels, which is an essential carbohydrate that is needed for brain function.
Giving children a well balanced breakfast regularly improves their intake of valuable vitamins and minerals. And good nutrition is important as it supports their health, growth and development. Not to mention it can also start children on the road to healthy eating habits that will last them into adulthood. Breakfast can also help keep a child's weight in check, as a child who has filled up with breakfast in the morning can last till lunch without snacking.
Research has shown that having breakfast improves concentration and memory, reduces hyperactivity and leads to improved grades and better behaviour as they are full of energy and the needed essential nutrients. Children who skip breakfast tend to become tired, irritable and restless by late morning which can lead to aggressive behaviour and potential trouble in school.
A study published in 1998 in the Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine showed significantly higher math test scores after children ate breakfast. This and other research has clearly shown that children who consistently eat breakfast test higher in most academic areas.
Children who skip breakfast are more tired, irritable, or restless by late morning. These symptoms lead to aggressive behavior that causes children to get in trouble in school. Children who regularly eat a morning meal have more energy, are less likely to exhibit aggressive behavior, and have a better attitude toward school.
We hope this information was useful for you!
Dr Darren Gouk is the co-founder and CEO of My Aone Learning. We believe "Anyone Can Teach, Everyone Can Learn".
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Topic 1 Post
The Last of Us: Remastered - Brief review
By Qassim Farid in Games on 05 Aug 2014
Background I own and played approximately 4-5 hours of The Last of Us on PS3, but for various reasons including technical, general lack of interest in playing a game like this at the time, and other perhaps unfair judgements that I had unconsciously made - I didn't complete it. But…


We're psyched to have Jessica Mishra Beaming with Health writing for Prescribe Nutrition again! She's got some wise words to share on the struggle and beauty of being a single thirty something gal, all while taking life by the horns.
I am a single 33-year-old woman living in San Francisco. It can be difficult to feel "whole" when certain signals are sent your way telling you that you are not complete without reaching that next phase of life. I occasionally get the question, "why are you still single?" Most of the single women I know hate this question because it is basically a backhanded compliment. On the one hand, they can't believe you are single because of certain characteristics you possess. That part is nice. On the other hand, they are implying that your life should be in a different position than it is. In addition to questions like this, there are a lot of pressures to be in a relationship. I mean most of my friends are either married or seriously dating someone. My parents don't put pressure on me to settle down, but I know they would feel happy if I found "the one".
Yes, I'll admit I do hope to find a partner some day. I would like to find someone that I can share my life with, grow and learn with, and someone that shares my beliefs or outlook on life. Until this moment happens for me, life goes on, and a beautiful life it is. Being single can get a little lonely, but I would like to share with the other single women and men of the world what I do to feel complete and fulfilled, as well as some of the beliefs I carry that keep me "whole" until that next stage of life should hit.
This is me, enjoying life.
Live a life that nourishes you.
I am not talking food here. What I mean is that I basically do what I want. I am not saying I sit around, eat chocolate, and watch movies all day. I follow the path in life that I think will bring me the most real happiness. There are so many ways to be happy in life, and finding that perfect person to spend your life with is just one of them. So, I fill my life with activities that I feel work towards improving myself and the other people around me (I hope that doesn't sound cheesy).
Two years ago I left a job that made me unhappy to the core. I was not passionate about it, I didn't feel creative, and it did not seem like I was helping anyone. I now run a business that drives and energizes me. I get the chance to make an impact on people's lives everyday. Do what you love because as you know, life is short and we spend way too much time at work to be unhappy.
Besides just my career though, I have learned through experience and time to honor myself. To listen to what it is I am really craving. Do I need to lay low tonight instead of going to a social obligation? Is my body craving movement and exercise? By being more in tune with my wants and needs, I feel more fulfilled on a deeper level. Don't ignore your "mini-me" (that voice inside that knows what is best).
So often in life we are in a rush to get to that next stage. There are always pressures to be in that next stage of life. Unfortunately, we do not have control over when we can switch into this next stage, and there is a plan in place. So what do we do? Well, we usually worry or wish for something different. This is a natural part of being a human, but what if we thoroughly enjoyed the stage we are in now? Every stage of life has its advantages. I am going to enjoy the heck out of this stage of life until it changes to something different.
Yoga + vacation = happiness.
You got to have faith.
Cue George Michael! Sometimes it is difficult to put this into practice, but I firmly believe that there is a plan for me. Someone up there has a better idea of what I need than I do. There is a reason that I am in the stage that I am in, and when it is time for things to change they will. When you have faith, you can surrender. No more worrying about what should be, just the peace of mind that everything is exactly as it should be at this moment.
I'm exactly where I'm supposed to be.
I sometimes think that people rush into relationships because they are looking for love, affection, and comfort. Don't get me wrong; these things are all super nice. I would love to have someone that provides these things for me. However, a significant other is not the only possible source. When I am feeling a bit lonely, I look to my friends and family as a source of love. I have been blessed to have such an amazing group of friends and a family that has always been my rock.
Forever grateful I have friends that will do handstands with me.
Many wise ones also say that the love you feel for others is really inside you, and you are feeling a reflection of that love. This one is hard to put into practice, but one way that I try to bring more love into my life is by pouring it onto others, even strangers. Don't worry, I am not jumping onto the bus and immediately hugging it out with the bus driver. My "hippiness" has not gotten to that point yet.
Wherever you are in life, know that it is perfect. You will get to where you are going, when you need to get there. No regrets, and no worries for the future, just being.


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Air Quality/
Meteorological Data for Dispersion Modeling/
Modeling Guidance
South Coast AQMD Modeling Guidance for AERMOD
As of December 9, 2006, U.S. EPA promulgated AERMOD as a replacement for ISCST3 as the recommended dispersion model.
Data for AERMOD
AERMOD Table 1
Guidance Page Menu:
Submittal Requirements for Modeling Analyses for Permit Applications
AERMOD
Regulatory Defaults
Urban Dispersion Option
Building Downwash
Averaging Times
Receptor Grid
Flagpole Receptor Heights
Conversion of NOx to NO2
Shoreline Fumigation and Inversion Break-Up
Meteorological Data
Surface Characteristics
Background Concentrations
Variable Emissions
As of December 9, 2006, the United States Environmental Protection Agency promulgated AERMOD as a replacement for ISCST3 as the recommended air quality dispersion model. All modeling analyses should be conducted using the most recent version of AERMOD available at the time of submittal, unless approval is received prior to submittal to use a previous version of AERMOD. Please see the U.S. EPA's SCRAM webpage for the latest version of AERMOD and the associated pre-processors. South Coast AQMD's required modeling options for AERMOD are discussed below.
AERMOD should be executed with the U.S. EPA regulatory default option, which is required by South Coast AQMD. If the default option is not utilized, the report should contain a discussion to justify this change and include all supporting data and information.
AERMOD should be executed using the urban modeling option, which is South Coast AQMD policy for all air quality impact analyses in its jurisdiction. All sources should be modeled with urban effects using the population of the County where the project is located. Table A below lists the various County populations within South Coast AQMD jurisdiction. If the rural modeling option is utilized, the report should include a discussion to support this change based on the U.S. EPA procedure outlined in Section 7.2.1.1 of 40 CFR Part 51, Appendix W (January 2017).
Table A: County Population to Use in AERMOD
Note: County Population data based on 2010 census data from the U.S. Census Bureau.
Building downwash effects must be included and should be modeled using BPIP-PRIME (BPIPPRM) .
When using AERMOD to determine the maximum annual concentration of criteria pollutants such as NO2, PM10, PM2.5, and SO2, South Coast AQMD requires that each calendar year is run separately. Some software GUI's have the functionality to output maximum annual concentrations by individual year through the use of POST files.
1-hour NO2, 24-hour PM10, 24-hour PM2.5, and 1-hour SO2 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) have special processing requirements and specific keywords need to be used in AERMOD to generate the correct concentrations. Please refer to the AERMOD User's Guide for the correct keywords to use in AERMOD.
When using AERMOD to determine cancer risks or chronic health indexes, it is appropriate to estimate the maximum annual concentration for the entire 5-years of meteorological data provided. Please use the averaging time keyword PERIOD for calculating long-term health risks.
To identify the maximum impacted receptors, a uniform Cartesian grid with a spacing of 100 meters or less must be used for all distances less than 1 kilometer. All receptors should be identified in UTM coordinates. The size of the modeling domain and placement of the receptors should be at such a distance and resolution to identify the maximum impacts to the surrounding areas and the significant concentration gradients from the source under review. Table B below can be used as an example for receptor spacing within the modeling domain. Note that some modeling analyses will require remodeling with a finer grid resolution if additional areas of concern are identified in the coarse grid modeling.
Table B: Example of Nested Grid Receptor Spacing*
Distance from Source
Receptor Spacing
< 500 meters
50 meters or less
500 meters to 1 kilometer
100 meters or less
1 kilometer to 5 kilometers
5 kilometers to 10 kilometers
10 kilometers to 50 kilometers
1,000 meters or less
*This table is an example of a nested table grid typically used in a SIL or NAAQS/CAAQS analysis.
Discrete Cartesian receptors on the ambient air boundary (which can be considered the property or fenceline boundary) must be placed along the boundary following the maximum spacing requirements shown in Table C below. Receptors inside the facility's ambient air boundary should be removed. Sensitive receptors must be identified by exact UTM coordinates using discrete Cartesian receptors. Elevations must be provided for all receptors within the modeling domain.
Table C: Maximum Receptor Spacing Requirements for Ambient Air Boundary Receptors
Area of Facility
Maximum Ambient Air Boundary
Area < 4 acres
4 acres ≤ Area < 10 acres
10 acres ≤ Area < 25 acres
25 acres ≤ Area < 100 acres
Area ≥ 100 acres
WARNING: According to the section 4.1 of the AERMOD Implementation Guide (revised August 3, 2015), for cases in which receptor elevations are lower than the base elevation of the source, AERMOD will predict concentrations that are less than what would be estimated from an otherwise identical flat terrain situation. While this is appropriate and realistic in most cases, for cases of down-sloping terrain where the plume is terrain-following, AERMOD will tend to underestimate concentrations when terrain effects are taken into account. In order to avoid underestimating concentrations in such situations, South Coast AQMD recommends the following:
If all receptor elevations are lower than the base elevation of the source, the non-default option within AERMOD should be applied to assume flat, level terrain.
If some receptors are lower and some receptors are higher than the base elevation of the source, AERMOD should be run twice – once using the default option and the second time using the non-default option. The maximum ground-level concentration from both runs should be reported.
All receptors should be set to the elevation, so that only ground-level concentrations are analyzed. Please use the Control pathway keyword ELEV within AERMOD. Flagpole receptors are only necessary for analyses that have instances where sensitive receptors are located on patios/decks at nearby high-rise apartment buildings.
The AERMOD modeling system includes AERMAP , which is a terrain data pre-processor. Terrain data, available from the United States Geological Survey (USGS), is used by AERMAP to produce terrain base elevations for each receptor and source and a hill height scale value for each receptor. AERMAP must be used to develop the terrain data required for AERMOD. It is highly recommended that National Elevation Dataset (NED) data in GeoTIFF format be used as input into AERMAP instead of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data, as is recommended in the U.S. EPA's AERMOD Implementation Guide due to the DEM data set being static and not updated by USGS for a number of years. A resolution of 1 arc-second (approx. 30 meters) or 1/3 arc-second (approx. 10 meters) are acceptable. Elevations should be imported for all modeled sources, receptors, and buildings in the modeling analysis.
Methodologies for modeling the conversion of NOx to NO2 should follow the Tiers laid out in U.S. EPA's Appendix W, Section 4.2.3.4. They are as follows:
Tier 1: Assume 100% conversion of NOx to NO2, no additional steps or data needed.
Tier 2: ARM2 ratio. The minimum and maximum NO2/NOx ratios should use U.S. EPA default values (0.5 and 0.9, respectively). Note that the previous ARM methodology (0.80 for 1-hour and 0.75 for annual averaging times) will no longer be accepted as of October 1, 2017.
Tier 3: OLM and PVMRM. The U.S EPA default values for the NO2/NOx In-Stack Ratio (ISR) and NO2/NOx Equilibrium Ratio (0.5 and 0.9, respectively) should be used. Non-default ISR values can be used if technical justification is provided, such as stack test results, manufacturer test data, or U.S. EPA's ISR database. As discussed in U.S. EPA's Appendix W, PVMRM is most appropriate for analyses with relatively isolated and elevated sources. OLM is more appropriate for analyses with area sources, near-surface releases, or where plume overlap from multiple sources will occur. When using OLM, use the option OLMGROUP ALL in AERMOD.
Please contact the South Coast AQMD's permit modeling contact (see "More Information" box on the right) for questions regarding the most recent and updated methodologies for NO2 modeling, including which options are most appropriate for your source. Hourly ozone data for the South Coast Air Basin are available to download through South Coast AQMD's website.
Sources with tall stacks located on the Pacific Coast shoreline and subject to the PSD program (South Coast AQMD Reg. XVII) should evaluate impacts resulting from shoreline fumigation and inversion break-up. Currently, AERMOD cannot be used to evaluate these effects. AERSCREEN must be used to evaluate shoreline fumigation and inversion break-up for the short-term averaging periods.
Meteorological data files for AERMOD applications have been processed by South Coast AQMD staff and are available on our website. Modeling for criteria pollutants and HRA's should use the most recently available and meteorologically-appropriate 5-year data set, as is required for AERMOD applications by U.S. EPA's Appendix W, Section 8.4. Considerations for choosing a meteorological station includes the source's meteorological conditions (such as prevailing winds, mixing heights, etc.), terrain, surrounding land use and surface characteristics, and proximity. This means that the closest meteorological station to the source under review is not always the most representative meteorologically. Modeling protocols and reports should include the technical justification on the most meteorologically-appropriate station for your source. Technical justification includes comparisons of the surrounding land use, surface characteristics (such as surface roughness), wind roses, significant terrain features, etc.
When using AERMET to process meteorological data for AERMOD, values for three surface characteristics (surface roughness, albedo, and Bowen ratio) must be determined. When using the South Coast AQMD provided AERMOD-ready meteorological data, this information is not necessary as the surface characteristics have already been incorporated into the AERMET processed meteorological data. However, if AERMET will be used to develop a project-specific meteorological data set for use in AERMOD, then AERSURFACE should be used to determine the surface characteristics to be used in AERMET. Please consult South Coast AQMD modeling staff before processing any project-specific meteorological data.
Background Concentration
When conducting air dispersion modeling for demonstrating compliance against the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and/or California Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS), background concentrations are required to be included in the analysis for all attainment pollutants. Background concentrations, as described in the U.S. EPA's Appendix W, Section 8.3.1.1, refers to the "…portion of the background attributable to natural sources, other unidentified sources in the vicinity of the project, and regional transport contributions from more distant sources" where "…the ambient concentrations from these sources are typically accounted for through use of ambient monitoring data…". Monitoring data for the South Coast Basin can be obtained via the South Coast AQMD's Historical Data by Year, CARB's Air Quality Data , or U.S. EPA's Air Data webpages. When selecting a monitoring station to represent the background present at the source under consideration, please refer to section 8.3.2 of the U.S. EPA's Appendix W for guidance. Generally, the closest upwind monitor should be selected, with preference to the monitor that has the most similar characteristics to the area for the source under consideration.
The exceptions for including background concentrations is the PM10 CAAQS and both the PM2.5 NAAQS and CAAQS, due to the nonattainment status for the South Coast Basin. Modeled maximum 24-hour and annual concentrations should be compared directly to the significant change thresholds of 2.5 and 1.0 micrograms/cubic meter, respectively.
The most recent 3 years of available monitoring data should be used to develop background concentration values. For all CAAQS and most NAAQS pollutants, the maximum value from the most recent 3 years should be used. The exceptions to this is for the NAAQS pollutants with special design values. This includes 1-hour NO2 (3 year average of the 98th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average) and 1-hour SO2 (3 year average of the 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average).
All applicants conducting dispersion modeling and HRAs for permitting purposes should model the sources under consideration as a continuous operation (24 hours/day, 7 days/week, and 52 weeks/year), unless there are existing permit conditions that restrict the operating hours or the applicant is willing to take conditions in their permit that restrict the hours of operation.
For Rule 1401 compliance demonstrations, non-continuous operations should be accounted for through the use of variable emission factors (AERMOD keyword EMISFACT) or emission scalars, as they are sometimes also referred to. See section 3.3.11 of the AERMOD User's Guide for more information on variable emission factors. Emission scalars should be applied as specified in the Variable Emissions section of the HARP2 User's Guide. This will require two runs within AERMOD. The model run for the long-term health risks (chronic and cancer) should be run with adjusted emission scalars (to sum the annual emissions up to 31,536 kg/yr). The emission rate (Qs) specified for the source should be 1 g/s. However, the emission scalar will take into account the adjustment. For example, a facility operating 16 hours/day, 7 days/week, 52 weeks/year would specify an emission factor of 1.5 (EMISFACT HROFDY 1.5) for hours when the source is operating, and an emission factor of 0 (EMISFACT HROFDY 0) for hours when the source is not operating. The model run for the short-term health risks (acute) should be run with a value of 1 g/s when the source is operating, and 0 g/s when the source is not operating.
All applicants conducting air quality dispersion modeling and HRAs for permit applications should familiarize themselves with the following resources:
U.S. EPA's Support Center for Regulatory Atmospheric Modeling (SCRAM) website
40 CFR Part 51, Appendix W : Guidelines on Air Quality Models (commonly referred to as U.S. EPA's Appendix W)
AERMOD Modeling System , including the AERMOD User's Guide and AERMOD Implementation Guide
AERSCREEN
Office of the Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA)
OEHHA's Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Guidance Manual for the Preparation of Risk Assessments
California Air Resources Board (CARB)
HARP2
South Coast AQMD Rules 1303, 1401, 1703, and 2005
South Coast AQMD Risk Assessment Procedures for Rules 1401 and 212
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
California Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS)
Contact Melissa Sheffer
Contact Email msheffer@aqmd.gov
Contact Phone (909) 396-2346


text:
Articles/Q&As
SatTV Week
Ground Segment & Service Providers | Modem & Amplifier Manufacturers | Launch Providers | Satellite Manufacturers | Satellite Operators
Modem & Amplifier Manufacturers
Advantech Wireless
At Advantech Wireless Technologies, we design, manufacture and deploy networking for broadband connectivity, broadcast solutions, video contribution and distribution and mobile backhaul, using satellite and terrestrial wireless technologies. Our revolutionary technologies include world-leading GaN technology high power amplifiers, SSPAs, block-up converters (SSPB), frequency converters, fixed and deployable antennas, antenna controllers and terrestrial microwave radios.
Our bold and innovative thinking helps a smarter world overcome the most daunting challenges. Ultimately, we help people stay connected and informed using advanced terrestrial and satellite communication technologies. With corporate offices in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia and Brazil. Advantech Wireless' reach extends around the globe.
https://advantechwireless.com/
CPI SMP: Satcom Products Group
The Satcom Products Group of CPI's Satcom & Medical Products Division (CPI SMP) is a worldwide leader in uplink amplifier products and systems for satellite communications. CPI has played a pivotal role in the satcom industry since its inception: the first satellite projects, including INTELSAT and CONUS, were supported by CPI, which was then part of Varian Associates, Inc.
Today, CPI's scope and global reach is unmatched, having shipped over 50,000 high power amplifiers to uplink stations in over 150 countries. CPI satcom products for satellite uplink and troposcatter applications are available in all standard frequencies from S-band to V-band. CPI's Satcom Products Group is also a global leader in the design and manufacture of uplink klystrons and advanced millimeter wave klystron technology, with frequency ranges up to 700 GHz.
https://www.cpii.com/division.cfm/4
Comtech EF Data
Comtech EF Data Corp. is a leading supplier of satellite bandwidth and link optimization. Our high-performance satellite communications infrastructure solutions feature groundbreaking efficiency, robust intelligence and unparalleled horsepower. Commercial and government users around the world utilize our solution suite to reduce OPEX/CAPEX and to increase throughput for the most demanding fixed and mobile networks.
https://www.comtechefdata.com/
Comtech Xicom Technology
Comtech Xicom Technology, founded as Xicom Technology in 1991, has grown to be a world leading satellite communications (satcom) amplifier supplier, offering the broadest product line in the industry. Our focus on customers, innovation, and quality has driven growth and created a company with a reputation for excellence. Regarded as an industry leader across the board, Xicom provides rugged, highly efficient and reliable Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers (TWTAs), Klystron Power Amplifiers (KPAs), Solid State Power Amplifiers (SSPAs), and Block Upconverters (BUCs) for commercial and military broadcast and broadband applications around the world. These Xicom High Power Amplifiers (HPAs) are in use in critical communications links on the ground, in the air and on the sea; they support fixed traditional and direct-to-home broadcast, mobile news gathering, transportable and flyaway systems, secure high data rate communications, and broadband access over satcom.
http://xicomtech.com/
Mission Microwave
At Mission Microwave Technologies we have developed revolutionary Solid State Power Amplifier BUCs to support ground-based, airborne, and space-based applications. Utilizing the latest in semiconductor technology, we have optimized the size, weight, and power (SWaP) for these critical applications while delivering the best possible reliability. Mission Microwave currently offers advanced GaN BUC products at X-Band, Ku-Band, and Ka-Band from 12W to 400W, and sets the "new standard" for performance and reliability.
https://missionmicrowave.com/
NOVELSAT
NOVELSAT is an innovator and a leading provider of next-generation content connectivity solutions over satellite. Powered by our innovative technology, our solutions are transforming network capabilities to drive new experiences and expand growth potential.
Our leadership foundations are built around our proprietary waveform and premier system architecture, combined with cutting-edge video capabilities and best-in-industry content security. Pioneering, expanding and enhancing core and end-to-end capabilities, we outperform competitive solutions and products, delivering new levels of performance, efficiency and flexibility. Our high-performance solutions are setting the industry standards in spectral efficiency, transmission performance, media processing, video delivery, and content protection, powering mission-critical and demanding applications for the broadcast, cellular, government, and mobility markets.
https://novelsat.com/
Peak Communications
Peak Communications designs and manufactures a comprehensive range of satellite communication equipment, for flyaway, truck or fixed earth station applications. Included in the standard product range are Block & Synthesised Frequency Converters (covering all primary frequency bands), Beacon Receivers, Automatic UpLink Power Controllers, Line Amplifiers, Splitters/ Combiners, Test Loop Translators, LNB DC & 10MHz Reference drivers, 10MHz Reference Generators & Redundant Switch Systems. To meet customer specific requirements Peak Communications also offers a high quality, responsive custom design and manufacturing capability.
https://peakcom.co.uk/
ST Engineering iDirect
ST Engineering iDirect is a global leader in satellite communications (satcom) providing technology and solutions that enable its customers to expand their business, differentiate their services and optimize their satcom networks. Through the merger with Newtec, a recognized industry pioneer, the combined business unites over 35 years of innovation focused on solving satellite's most critical economic and technology challenges and expands a shared commitment to shaping the future of how the world connects. The product portfolio, branded under the names iDirect and Newtec, represents the highest standards in performance, efficiency and reliability, making it possible for its customers to deliver the best satcom connectivity experience anywhere in the world. ST Engineering iDirect is the world's largest TDMA enterprise VSAT manufacturer and is the leader in key industries including broadcast, mobility and military/government. In 2007, iDirect Government was formed to better serve the U.S. government and defense communities.
http://www.idirect.net/
SpaceBridge
Founded in 1988, SpaceBridge Inc., is an established supplier and global market leader in broadband satellite communications systems technology. Previously known as Advantech Wireless Inc., the company is now doing business as SpaceBridge Inc.
Headquartered in Montreal, Canada, SpaceBridge Inc. is well positioned to meet the demands of today's global market, with two affiliate R&D offshore innovation centers. Sales, and support offices, as well as remote offices in: Brazil, Colombia, United Kingdom, the Middle East, Indonesia, China, and Russia. SpaceBridge is an ISO9001 registered vendor.
The company develops and provides satellite network equipment and services, including VSAT HUBs and Terminals for Point-to-Point, Point-to-Multi-Point, and Mesh typologies, as well as SCPC and broadcast modems for GEO and NGSO satellite constellations
SpaceBridge Inc. also provides Cloud-Based autonomous managed services for its customers, helping them to eliminate initial large CapEx investments and save on network management OpEX, while speeding time-to-market.
https://www.spacebridge.com/
Teledyne Paradise Datacom
Teledyne Paradise Datacom, a division of Teledyne Defense Electronics, LLC, designs, manufactures and sells satellite modems, solid state power amplifiers (SSPA), low noise amplifiers (LNA), block up converters (BUC) and associated redundancy subsystems. We deliver satellite communications products around the world.
Teledyne Paradise Datacom Background
Paradise Datacom Ltd. was founded in 1988 in the United Kingdom. It specialised in the design and manufacture of IBS/IDR framing units and later produced a full line of satellite modems. Paradise Datacom LLC was founded in 1997 in the United States, and acquired the Locus Communications products group of ITT, with a satcoms history dating back to 1968. Paradise Datacom acquired the SierraCom SAT product line in 2002. In 2010, Paradise Datacom was acquired by Teledyne Technologies Inc. Since then Paradise has continued to address a worldwide market for satellite modems and associated RF products.
https://www.teledynedefenseelectronics.com/paradisedatacom
Terrasat Communications
Terrasat Communications, a privately-owned US company, has been manufacturing microwave & satellite RF equipment since 1994. We started with custom engineered microwave RF modules & Block UpConverters (BUCs).
Today, we produce the most innovative BUCs on the market; the IBUC–the Intelligent BUC. Unlike the typical BUC, the IBUC includes multiple sensors and a powerful micro-processor for performance improvement & feature enhancements. All IBUC models include a web interface for extensive Management & Control and are SNMP-compliant for easy interface with any NMS.
IBUC models are available in C-band, X-band, Ku-band, & Ka-band with a full range of output power levels. Our higher-powered models incorporate GaN amplifier technology to optimize performance with minimal back-off to the PLinear point & deliver maximum usable power.
All IBUCs are manufactured in our modern, vertically integrated plant near Silicon Valley. Each IBUC undergoes multiple quality checks during the manufacturing process as well as an exhaustive individual unit temperature testing in environmental chambers.
https://terrasatinc.com/
WORK Microwave
New space, old space or deep space, all missions need data links back to earth. RF or Optical links, DVB or CCSDS standards WORK Microwave modems are flexible and proven technology platforms serving your mission requirements and bespoke application, all for an off-the-shelf price tag. With heritage in Cubesats, earth observation, satellite tele-command and control, institutional research missions and New Space approaches your data is safe with us through our range of reliable communication products.
https://work-microwave.com/
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