OpenEdge internal ( _oeusertable system) — OpenEdge performs the user authentication to the OpenEdge _User table accounts established in an OpenEdge RDBMS.
Although built-in, this authentication system can be configured with an ABL callback procedure that customizes the criteria for authentication, for example, limiting the number of times a user can login per day. This authentication system is supported for both OpenEdge-performed user authentication and SSO.
Local operating system ( _oslocal system) — OpenEdge performs the user authentication to the local operating system user accounts (Windows or Unix).
ABL application — An ABL application performs the user authentication using either application-managed user accounts or an external user account system.
To support application-performed authentication, OpenEdge supports one built-in authentication system (_extsso) and the configuration of additional user-defined authentication systems. The ABL application must perform the user authentication (including creation of the sealed client-principal object) for both _extsso and user-defined authentication systems.These authentication systems are restricted to OpenEdge-performed SSO.
ABL callback — OpenEdge performs the user authentication through a user-defined authentication system implemented by an ABL callback that is independent of any application. OpenEdge runs the callback in the background. OpenEdge also seals the client-principal object when you use an ABL callback (unlike application-performed authentication where the application must seal the client-principal object).
Note: All authentication systems can be configured with an ABL callback that executes after an authenticated user identity is set. For example, the callback might initialize a user context store for use by other ABL sessions in a multi-tier application. For more information, see Using ABL callbacks in authentication systems.
However, you can implement an authentication system even when a domain is not authentication-enabled. For domains that are not authentication-enabled, your application must implement the user authentication itself, either by managing its own store of users or by accessing an external source of user accounts such as LDAP. For more information on differences between OpenEdge and application-performed user authentication, see Authenticating and setting user identity.
Note: OpenEdge supports a default blank domain for a user that does not otherwise specify a domain.
ABL also supports several mechanisms to validate and assign a user identity through SSO, which works with all authentication systems. Regardless of the mechanism used, OpenEdge performs the actual SSO operation that validates the user identity.
For more information on OpenEdge support for, and configuration of user IDs, authentication systems, and security domains, see OpenEdge Getting Started: Identity Management.


Modifying my beliefs will cause behavioral shift. Some cultures think that the body has to be whole to be able to across over in the next world, and a few believe that body products could be employed to cause the individual or his family harm if they're used in casting spells. If you are prepared for the truth and eager to go down the rabbits hole understand only one thing: Honesty is a simple thing necessary for integrity along with unity. Modelling a great behaviour is the ideal approach to introduce optimistic attitudes and beliefs about relationships.
Respect isn't eye contact. Respect is something which is taught and valued. Respect as a type of behavior and participation is particularly significant in childhood as it acts as a basis of the way the youngster must conduct themselves in their community. When it has to do with respect, an individual must own it for himself, so as to share it together with other folks. Respect and dignity is all about challenging society. Where there is respect and dignity, individuals can access the info to keep themselves healthy.
Respect isn't just a learned habit. There are different methods of respect, but a simple way is just being responsible. Even at the greatest levels of the sport, it's been proven that you are able to be entirely competitive and yet not diminish any respect or acceptable play by means of your opponent.
Friends nourish you once you're depressed. They encourage each other to be an individual and unique. They accept differences with each other. They usually value each other's uniqueness and individuality. They encourage each other to maximize their human potentials and respect each other's differences. We can be more friendly to others, without judgment.
There are a number of reasons why people become divorced. One of the greatest explanations for why marriages fail or people become divorced is because they have lost respect for each other. Individuals will always wish to be allowed to do whatever they would like to do. Lots of people feel as though they will need to get accepted and they do the things that they see everyone else doing. They will do almost anything to try to look like the culture they belong to. Judging people due to their differences is probably one of the the worst outcome of living in a community.
Each individual has needs which may be accomplished through the existence of respect, dignity, and an excellent reputation in society. When an individual handles her or his responisibilites without reminders from others, that person indicates a good deal of self-respect. Strive to express the best of yourself in everything that you do and with each individual you run into contact with. There is really a person with real emotions in a true conversation. An individual's worth as an individual cannot merely be measured by the ownership of material things. Although anti-social individuals can intellectually comprehend rules, it's impossible for them to understand the reason why they ought to be respected.


text:
Turkish company mini multirotor drone ready for export to India
By Adam Motte	 Last updated Dec 10, 2021
A multirotor mini-UAV model developed by Ankara-based Zyrone Dynamics is ready for export after the company attracts international investment.
According to a report by Anadolu (AA) agency, Zyrone Dynamics, which offers unique drone solutions with its cutting-edge technologies, is preparing for the first delivery of products to India. Thirty percent of the company was sold to India-based DCM Shriram Industries for $ 3.5 million with the deal reached at the 15th International Defense Industry Exhibition in August.
Zyrone Dynamics will make the first export of the ZCQM multi-rotor mini drone platform before the end of the year, and will continue to deliver in batches in 2022. The company is expected to deliver nearly 100 vehicles next year.
The company will also perform demonstration flights for defense tenders in India in March 2022 and plans to expand to countries in the Far East via India.
Zyrone Dynamics has completed the international military certification processes for the ZCQM platform, which has been tested in different weather conditions such as desert, sandstorm, arctic cold, heavy downpours and snowstorms, etc., and has responded to the international military certification requirements (MIL-STD-810G).
Once the weather tests are completed, flight tests will be carried out with the ZCQM in different environments. Zyrone Dynamics will continue development testing in different areas.
The ZCQM increased its flight time from 10 minutes to 80 minutes by breaking its own record by reaching an altitude of 1.2 kilometers (0.7 miles) above the ground.
The growing interest in domestic UCAVs is a boost for the Turkish government as it tries to increase exports and highlights the growing importance of armed drones in modern warfare.
The Turkish military used drones last year in Syria as well as in Libya, where Ankara supported the Tripoli-based government against eastern forces backed by Russia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Egypt.
In Nagorno-Karabakh, drones helped Turkey's ally Azerbaijan defeat the occupation forces backed by Armenia.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Michael R. Greenlay (born September 15, 1968) is a Brazilian-born Canadian former ice hockey goaltender. Greenlay played two games for the Edmonton Oilers in 1989–90. He was a successful amateur player who spent most of his pro career in the minor leagues.

Greenlay was born in Vitória, Brazil and raised in Calgary, Alberta.

Greenlay was selected 189th overall by Edmonton in 1986 out of the Calgary AAA Midgets. He then played parts of three years at Lake Superior State. He was a member of the Lake Superior State Lakers 1988 NCAA Championship men's ice hockey team. Early in the 1988–89 season he left the Lakers to suit up for the WHL's Saskatoon Blades. Greenlay helped the squad reach the Memorial Cup final and was named the top goaltender at the tournament and an all-star.

Apart from his two-game stint with Edmonton, Greenlay excelled for parts of two years with the AHL's Cape Breton Oilers. He also toiled in the ECHL and IHL before retiring early in the 1995–96 season. In 1994 Greenlay shared the James Norris Memorial Trophy (IHL) with J.C. Bergeron for allowing the fewest goals in the IHL. He also led all post-season goalies in wins while helping the Atlanta Knights win the Turner Cup in 1994.

Greenlay provided colour commentary for the Minnesota Wild until 2020 when he was released from his contract.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

External links

1968 births
Living people
Atlanta Knights players
Anaheim Ducks announcers
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
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Edmonton Oilers draft picks
Edmonton Oilers players
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Houston Aeros (1994–2013) players
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NCAA men's ice hockey national champions
Penticton Knights players
People from Vitória, Espírito Santo
Saskatoon Blades players
Ice hockey people from Calgary
Brazilian sportspeople
Sportspeople from Espírito Santo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Indiana letter carrier charged after 11,000 pieces of mail found in Michigan
By Stacey Baca
LA PORTE, Ind. (WLS) -- A letter carrier based in La Porte, Indiana, has resigned after postal investigators interviewed him about thousands of pieces of mail found in Michigan.
Kristopher Block, 40, of La Porte, was charged with felony official misconduct and misdemeanor theft, according to the La Porte County Prosecuting Attorney's Office. A warrant has been issued for his arrest.
The investigation started after 11,000 pieces of mail were recovered in Berrien County, Michigan. Investigators with the U.S. Postal Service Office of Inspector General interviewed Block and then he decided to resign, said Jeff Arney, a USPS OIG spokesman.
Arney said Block had a primary route in La Porte, but also would assist with at least four other routes, as well. It's unclear what areas of La Porte may have been impacted.
A La Porte Postmaster spokeswoman said Wednesday that she is trying to clarify the route locations.
Meantime, Arney emphasized that most employees do their jobs.
"The vast majority of U.S. Postal Service personnel are dedicated, hard-working public servants dedicated to moving mail to its proper destination who would never consider engaging in any form of criminal behavior," Arney said. "This type of alleged behavior within the Postal Service is not tolerated and when a postal employee betrays that trust of the American people, the special agents in the U.S. Postal Service, Office of Inspector General vigorously investigate these matters as we did in this instance and work with other law enforcement agencies and local, state and federal prosecutors to hold accountable those employees who violate that public trust."
It was unclear Wednesday afternoon whether Block was in police custody.
indianalaporte countymichiganpost officepostal service


text:
Structural Designing of a MEMS Capacitive Accelerometer for Low Temperature Coefficient and High Linearity
Miniaturized Sample Preparation and Rapid Detection of Arsenite in Contaminated Soil Using a Smartphone
Experimental L-Band Airborne SAR for Oil Spill Response at Sea and in Coastal Waters
Flame-Oxidized Stainless-Steel Anode as a Probe in Bioelectrochemical System-Based Biosensors to Monitor the Biochemical Oxygen Demand of Wastewater
10.3390/s18020642
Zhao, S.
Liu, P.
Niu, Y.
Chen, Z.
Khan, A.
Zhang, P.
Li, X.
Full Article Text
A Novel Early Warning System Based on a Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell for In Situ and Real Time Hexavalent Chromium Detection in Industrial Wastewater
Shuai Zhao
1,2,†,
Pu Liu
Yongyan Niu
Zhengjun Chen
Aman Khan
Pengyun Zhang
Xiangkai Li
MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshuinanlu #222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshuinanlu #222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
Department of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshuinanlu #222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
Gansu Academy of Membrane Science and Technology, Duanjiatanlu #1272, Lanzhou 730020, Gansu, China
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Sensors 2018, 18(2), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020642
Received: 1 February 2018 / Revised: 19 February 2018 / Accepted: 19 February 2018 / Published: 22 February 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Monitoring Biosensors)
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a well-known toxic heavy metal in industrial wastewater, but in situ and real time monitoring cannot be achieved by current methods used during industrial wastewater treatment processes. In this study, a Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell (SMFC) was used as a biosensor for in situ real-time monitoring of Cr(VI), which was the organic substrate is oxidized in the anode and Cr(VI) is reduced at the cathode simultaneously. The pH 6.4 and temperature 25 °C were optimal conditions for the operation. Under the optimal conditions, linearity (R2 = 0.9935) of the generated voltage was observed in the Cr(VI) concentration range from 0.2 to 0.7 mg/L. The system showed high specificity for Cr(VI), as other co-existing ions such as Cu2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+ did not interfere with Cr(VI) detection. In addition, when the sediment MFC-based biosensor was applied for measuring Cr(VI) in actual wastewater samples, a low deviation (<8%) was obtained, which indicated its potential as a reliable biosensor device. MiSeq sequencing results showed that electrochemically active bacteria (Geobacter and Pseudomonas) were enriched at least two-fold on the biofilm of the anode in the biosensor as compared to the SMFC without Cr(VI). Cyclic voltammetry curves indicated that a pair of oxidation/reduction peaks appeared at −111 mV and 581 mV, respectively. These results demonstrated that the proposed sediment microbial fuel cell-based biosensor can be applied as an early warning device for real time in situ detection of Cr(VI) in industrial wastewaters.
Keywords: sediment microbial fuel cell; hexavalent chromium; biosensor; in situ; real time sediment microbial fuel cell; hexavalent chromium; biosensor; in situ; real time
Industrial wastewater streams generally contain heavy metals such as Cr, Cu, Pb [1], among which chromium is generally the major contaminant found in industrial wastewater, which may cause health problems and pollute natural ecosystems when at high concentrations [2]. In aquatic ecosystems, trivalent [Cr(III)] and hexavalent [Cr(VI)] are its two major oxidation forms [3]. Of these Cr(VI) can cause more serious injuries than Cr(III) to plants and humans, such as skin cancer, allergies and the lung cancer [4] due to its high solubility, mobility, and mutagenicity. Several traditional treatment technologies can remove Cr(VI) efficiently, including physical, chemistry and biological methods [5], but samples treated with all of these methods need to be verified after processing to assess whether they meet the discharge standard concentration. If the Cr(VI) emission exceeds the permitted concentration, it can cause serious environmental problems and human health disorders [6]. Thus, it is crucial for the Cr(VI) concentration of effluents from industrial wastewater treatment plants to be strictly controlled in real time prior to its discharge to the environment. At present, several chemical analysis methods including spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and infrared-absorption spectrometry are applied to detect the Cr(VI) concentration in water samples [7]. These methods display high selectivity and sensitivity, however, the existing methods have drawbacks such as a high cost or the requirement for complicated extraction, purification, and concentration procedures [8], and they cannot provide in situ and real time values.
Recently, biosensors, which are integrated devices that combine biological materials with a transducer, have been developed for the quantitative or semi-quantitative monitoring of various analytes [9], such as heavy metals like Cu2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ [10], biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) [11] and volatile fatty acids [12]. Previous studies have reported biosensors for Cr(VI) detection based on an amperometric enzyme biosensor utilizing cytochrome c3 or urease, relying on cell biosensors using engineered strains [13,14]. Compared with traditional techniques, these biosensors exhibited simple, inexpensive and portable characteristics for practical application. However, most of the previously reported biosensors have used either purified proteins (such as enzymes, metal-binding proteins, or antibodies) or whole cells of genetically engineered microorganisms [15]. These microbial biosensors, which usually use green fluorescent protein or other marker molecules as indicators, face the challenge of toxicity that prevents their use with samples containing high concentrations of heavy metals [16]. Moreover, most of these biosensors cannot provide in situ and real-time Cr(VI) concentration values.
The two compartments of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), namely, the anaerobic and aerobic ones, are a promising approach that can directly utilize microorganisms as biocatalysts for transforming energy as well as to generate power [17]. In recent years, electrical signals have frequently been applied as indicators for the monitoring of heavy metals and nitroaromatic compounds due to their highly speed, sensitivity, and quantifiability [18,19]. Moreover, the potential of MFC-based biosensors for the Cr(VI) detection has been reported. A previous study used a two-chamber MFC as a device for monitoring Cr (VI) in water and highlighted the effect of the co-existing Fe(II) in the system on chromium detection as Fe(II) can reduce Cr(VI) and alter the generated voltage [20], which is unsuitable for in situ detection of chromium. In these MFCs-based biosensors, a correlation among the Cr(VI) concentration and the voltage generation was established with the Cr(VI) acting as electron acceptor at the MFC anode [21]. The results showed its sensitivity to higher Cr(VI) concentrations (2.5–60 mg/L), which preclude its use due to the fact the recommended maximum allowable concentration for Cr(VI) in industrial wastewater based on the Chinese National Standard is 0.5 mg/L. Furthermore, a MFC-based biosensor was developed for Cr(VI) detection using a single strain inoculated in the anode of a MFC [22], but it is not suitable for in situ and real time measurement for the reason that medium refreshment, bacterial cultivation and aseptic techniques must be used, which must be performed in a laboratory.
The Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell (SMFC) concept is a promising alternative technology that comprises an anode and a cathode, in which the anode was embedded in sediment and the cathode is placed above the anode, where it is partly filled with water [23]. Various complex organic compounds such as naphthalene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene [24], and pyrene [25] can be degraded at the anode in SMFCs while sulfate, oxygen and Cr(VI) were reduced at the cathode. Electrons produced by respiration of the microbial community colonizing the anode surface are generated firstly and then transmitted to the cathode through an external circuit [26]. The main advantages of SMFCs over traditional batteries are that they are low cost, of simple construction and they provide long term power output [27]. Thus, this system is applicable as an electron supply device for biosensors for long term and in situ operation. The use of SMFCs as wireless sensors for the real-time detection of environmental and ecological conditions such as temperature and the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) was reported [28]. However, there are scarce reports on the development of SMFC as a biosensor for heavy metal monitoring.
In the present study, we develop an early warning system based on SMFC for long term and in situ monitoring of Cr(VI) concentrations in industrial wastewater treatment processes. A stable performance of SMFC was observed with different temperatures and pH and other co-existing ions. A relationship was obtained depending on the voltage changes in response to different Cr(VI) concentrations. Compared with colorimetric method results, the biosensor for synthesized wastewater and actual wastewater measurement displayed low deviations over 18.3 min. Thus, the system we have developed is suitable and convenient as an early warning device for in situ real time monitoring of the Cr(VI) concentrations in industrial wastewater treatment plants.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
A sewage industrial wastewater treatment plant site situated in Lanzhou, China, (latitude 36°06′ north and longitude 103°39′ east) was selected for sediment sample collection. The samples were collected at a depth of 10 cm beneath the surface and placed in a clean plastic bucket and transported to our laboratory, where they were filtered via a 2-mm strainer for the removal of plant branches as well as leaves and preserved at 4 °C until used. All standards and working solutions such as sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and stored at 4 °C for use in subsequent experiments.
2.2. Biosensor Setup and Operation
Beakers were used to construct the SMFCs. The inner diameter of each SMFC was 130 mm and the height was 200 mm. A sediment chamber and stream sterile water chamber (working volume 1.2 L each) were loaded into the top and bottom of the SMFC, respectively. The sediment was dissolved and cleansed thrice with phosphate-buffered saline. The anode was filled with 1000 mL sediment as fuel and the cathode filled with 1000 mL sterile water containing various concentrations of Cr(VI) and the control used was SMFC reactor without Cr(VI) sterile water in batch mode. In each SMFC, carbon fiber pieces were helpful as positive and negative electrodes (diameter 86 mm × 3 mm). The carbon fiber electrodes were soaked in 1 M HCl and 1 M NaOH to eliminate metals and impurities before use [29,30]. The carbon fiber of the anode was horizontally installed at the center of sediment. The cathode was filled with sterile water and one carbon fiber horizontally placed at 4 cm beyond the sediment-water interface and above the anode. A copper wire functioned in interconnection between the anode and cathode electrodes and an external load (1000 Ω) (Figure 1). Prior to assembly, the SMFCs underwent 15 min of autoclaving for sterilization at 121 °C, and the carbon fiber electrode was also sterilized before use. To ensure the presence of Cr(VI) as electron accepter, the catholyte was filled with nitrogen gas to reduce oxygen before the biosensor work. Dissolved oxygen (DO) was detected using a portable dissolve oxygen meter (JPB-607A, INESA, Shanghai, China). A TOC solid state matrix analyst (varioEL cube; Elementar Analysensysteme, Langenselbold, Germany) was used to quantify the total organic carbon (TOC) content of the sediment. The containers were covered with plastic films to maintain anaerobic conditions and prevent water loss due to evaporation. When the cell voltage had stabilized (at approximately 128 mV) after 18 days of operation, the biofilm in the anode can be seen to take shape. The entire device was placed in a warm room to maintain the temperature of the system. Figure 1a is a 3D figure of the biosensor. Furthermore, we developed a portable device that consisted of a microprogramming control unit (MCU) and a digital signal converter (DSC) for detecting the Cr(VI), Figure 1b shows the operation interface of biosensor. The voltage can be converted to a digital signal by the DSC, and then calculated by the MCU. Figure 1c shows the real-time monitoring interface, which can present the Cr(VI) based on the standard curves with a Wi-Fi or Bluetooth connection.
2.3. Analysis and Calculations
During the stabilization period, the SMFC cathode was filled with wastewater. After every 1 min interval the potential (V) was automatically recorded using a 8-channel computer-based data acquisition apparatus which was connected to a 1000-Ω external resistor (R). The current (I) and power (P) were calculated as per I = V/R and P = IV (Ohm's) equations as described in a previous study [31]. Further, these values were normalized to an apparent surface area of the anode or the working volume. Variations in the external resistor load from 100 to 10,000 Ω, were then used to measure the polarization and power curves, and later when each resistor reached a pseudo-steady state, the voltage was recorded for each [32]. The equation V = Ecell − IRint, where Ecell is the electric potential of the cell, was used to calculate the internal resistance from the slope of the polarization curve. In situ cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests were helpful in investigating the redox potential of the biosensor, where the SMFC anode was used as working electrode, cathode as counter electrode, and an Ag/AgCl electrode mimicked as reference electrode. The scan rate was 0.025 V/S, and the potential scan rate range used was from −1.5 to 1.4 V. An electrochemical analyzer (CHI604E, Chenhua, Shanghai, China) was used for the analyses. In addition, the diphenyl carbazide method was used to compute the Cr(VI) concentration [33]. The voltage generation of the SMFC can be estimated by the Nernst equation (Equation (1)):
E = E 0 − R T 6 F ln ( [ C r 2 O 7 2 − ] [ H + ] 14 [ C r 3 + ] 2 )
Cr2O72− + 14H+ + 6e− → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O (E0 = 1.33 V)
where, E0—standard electrode potential (V); R—gas constant (J/K/mol); T—temperature (K); F—Faraday constant (C/mol). All experiments were carried out in triplicate.
2.4. DNA Sequencing and Analysis
Washing of the anode was done by using phosphate-buffered saline when the operation of the SMFC ended and then microorganisms were collected via centrifugation at 8000 rpm for 10 min. A PowerSoil™ DNA isolation kit which was bought from MO BIO Laboratories (San Diego, CA, USA) was used for extraction of DNA from 0.25 g (wet weight) of anode sediment. DNA concentration was detected by a NanoDrop™ spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The universal primers 515F and 909R were used to boost the V4–V5 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. The sequencing sample was formulated using a TruSeq DNA kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). The sequenced data was then organized using the QIIME pipeline version 1.7.0 (http://qiime.org/). All sequence reads were trimmed and assigned to each sample based on their barcodes. For the assemblage of sequences into operational taxonomic units, a 97% identity threshold was used. The Ribosomal Database Project classifier was used to make taxonomic assignations [34].
3.1. System Condition Optimization
To maximize the signal and assess the execution of the SMFC, the impact of pH and temperature on its performance were determined. We tested the effect of adding 0.5 mg/L Cr(VI) that is Chinese National Standard for industrial wastewater on voltage generation at different pH and temperatures. The maximum voltage changes with varying pH values and temperature conditions are shown in Figure 2.
When the pH was fixed at 6.4, a voltage was generated in the temperature range of 10–40 °C. As seen in Figure 2a, the current increased simultaneously with the temperature in the range of 10 to 25 °C, while a further increase in the temperature to 40 °C reduced the voltage generation. The highest potential of the microorganisms was observed at 25 °C and the maximum voltage generated was 248 ± 0.31 mV. To examine the effect of pH, the temperature was adjusted to 25 °C. The SMFC generated a voltage in the pH range of 5.7–11.2 (Figure 2b). The maximum voltage decreased to 226 ± 0.22 mV at pH 5.7. At pH values below 5.7 or above 11.2, the maximum voltage decreased substantially. The results showed that the highest voltage obtained was 248 ± 0.19 mV at pH 6.4, which was higher than that obtained at other pH conditions.
The pH and temperature are the two factors with the greatest influence on biosensor performance. The reason that the highest potential was measured at 25 °C is probably because that temperature favored the growth of electrochemically active bacteria (EABs) over methanogens and as a result, the loss of charge reduced and the coulomb efficiency increased [35]. It has been reported that an MFC enriched with methanogens exhibited less electricity generation than a MFC enriched with an electrogenic population [36]. The capability of MFCs to transfer organic substrates below 20 °C was reported [37], demonstrating that EABs in such systems can remain active even at lower temperatures. Therefore, this study chose 25 °C to be the optimal temperature for the operation of the SMFC system. The sensor signal and voltage generation were also highly influenced by pH. This could be because of differences in the ion-transferring ability and stability of the biofilm at different pH values. Variations in pH were observed to influence the internal resistance of the MFC. These reports demonstrate that the microbial activity was higher at the optimal pH value than the sub-optimal pH values. The results indicated that an acidic pH was optimal for voltage generation in this system according to Equation (3). This finding is consistent with a previous study using an active pH of 6.5 at the anode and reported maximal current generation by MFC [35]. Therefore, the temperature and pH of 25 °C and 6.4, respectively, were selected as the optimal conditions for sensor operation.
3.2. Voltage Generated by the SMFC
A combination of sterile water and 0.5 mg/L Cr(VI)-containing water was used in the SMFC. Non Cr(VI)-containing sterile water served as a control. 0–12 days was defined as the startup period. The voltage generation results showed that within 12–18 days, the generated voltage reached a maximum of 128 mV during the control operation, which indicated that the SMFC operated stably during this period. After 18 days of operation, a decrease of voltage was observed. Hence, as per the above observations, the total duration of 18 days was selected for subsequent experiments with water containing 0.5 mg/L Cr(VI), which is Chinese national standard regarded as the safe upper limit for the concentration of Cr(VI) in industrial wastewater. During the experiment with Cr(VI)-containing water added to the cathode in stably period, the voltage of SMFC reached 248 mV quickly and a sharp decrease in voltage was obtained (Figure 3a). The analysis of the power density and polarization curves of SMFC and SMFC with Cr(VI) was done at varying external resistances to evaluate its performance (Figure 3b).
The results indicated 408 mV as the peak value for the open-circuit voltage whereas 48.88 mW/m2 was the peak value for power density, which was higher than that of the SMFC (39.22 mW/m2). Furthermore, based on the slope of the intercept of the linear section of the polarization plot and the equation R = V/I, the control group was calculated to 103 Ω, the internal resistance of the system was calculated to be 98.2 Ω, which as the external resistance for subsequent experiments. The SMFC utilizes organic contaminants to generate protons that would be accepted by Cr(VI) in the cathode. The rate of TOC removal (28.93%) was enhanced by 4.21-fold and 2.29-fold as compared with raw sediment (6.87%) and the SMFC without Cr(VI) (12.65%), respectively (Figure 4a). Figure 4b shows that the residual concentration of Cr(VI) in the cathode after 5 cycles of biosensor operation. Cr (VI) reduction rate was approximately 100% in every cycle.
Previous research has reported the development of a two-chambered MFC as a device for monitoring Cr(VI) in water. However, that device could only detect Cr(VI) in acidic water. Earlier in a study, the internal resistance (161 Ω) reported was higher than recorded in the current study (98.2 Ω). For voltage generation, the maximum power density of SMFC with Cr(VI) (48.88 mW/m2) was increased compared with the SMFC (39.22 mW/m2), which was consistent with a previous study [38]. The occurrence of an increased voltage generation with the addition of Cr(VI) can be described by the Nernst equation (Equation (2)). On the basis of the Nernst equation, the addition of Cr(VI) leads to a higher cathode potential and the voltage and power generation were higher in the SMFC. The baseline voltage generation without the addition of Cr(VI) might be due the presence of oxygen in the cathode. Thus, the increase in voltage generation with the addition of Cr(VI) may be attributable to it having a higher reduction potential than oxygen. Oxygen is a mostly usual electron acceptor in the cathode of a MFC or SMFC. In this study, the voltage generation of the control (SMFC without Cr(VI)) was 128 mV using oxygen as electron acceptor, which is lower than that of the Cr(VI) group, due to the fact the industrial effluent contains some limited amount of dissolved oxygen. Furthermore, oxygen as an electron acceptor at the cathode has been reported but catalysts like Pt, Mn, Fe were needed [39]. Therefore, the oxygen in the industrial effluent has no obvious effect during the system operation. In addition, the increased internal resistance was another reason for the increase in voltage. The internal resistance depends on the electrode material, the presence of a biofilm, and the operation conditions. The shifting of an electron from the cell to the electrode also has a contribution to the internal resistance. Moreover, the shift of electrons from the cell to the electrode occurred easily because of the internal resistance. Therefore, the SMFC reported in this study generated an increased voltage with Cr(VI) as an electron acceptor. The residual concentration of Cr(VI) results showed the Cr (VI) reduction rate was about 100% in every cycle. In this system, the organic substrate is oxidized in the anode and Cr(VI) is reduced at the cathode simultaneously. The electrons were then generated by the organic substrate oxidized in the anode and accepted by the Cr(VI) in cathode. Previous studies have reported that the organic matter of sediment is unlimited when containing sufficient TOC [40]. In addition, the total organic carbon removal rate was 12.65% in a long term operation with 37 days. Thus, the decomposition of organic substrates had no influence on signal detection and the signal decrease must come from the reduction of Cr (VI). The results indicated that the biosensor showed a prominent long-term stability for detecting Cr (VI).
3.3. Evaluation of the Biosensor Performance
To get a reliable biosensor, the stability, sensitivity and applicability were evaluated under optimal conditions.
3.3.1. Calibration of the Biosensor
The system was calibrated using Cr(VI) solutions of various concentrations under the optimal operation conditions. Cathode solutions containing a different concentration of Cr(VI) were used with biosensors in batch mode for establishing the relationship. The results showed that the current was raised in proportion to the molarity of Cr(VI) from 0.2–0.7 mg/L (Figure 5a) and a good linear relationship was observed between the concentration of Cr(VI) and the maximum voltage of the SMFC in the range (R2 = 0.9935) (Figure 5b).
When the Cr(VI) concentration was further concentrated to 0.8 mg/L, the power output decreased and when the concentration of Cr(VI) was set as 0.1 mg/L, this linear relationship was also not consistent. Therefore, 0.2 mg/L concentration was considered the lower detection limit and 0.7 mg/L was observed to be the upper detection limit for the biosensor. The detectable Cr(VI) concentration range is thus around 0.2 to 0.7 mg/L, which the discharge must be below 0.5 mg/L based on the Chinese National Standard, which is included in this range, so the signals of our system can be utilized for monitoring the Cr(VI) concentration in wastewater. The performance characteristics of the SMFC were obtained under the optimal working conditions. The evaluation of the stability of this biosensor was done by using 0.5 mg/L Cr(VI) to test the performance of the SMFC over five cycles. From the results (Figure 5c) it was observed that the system had a stable voltage output with good repeatability. The maximum voltage from the five cycles was 249 ± 2.62 mV, the average response time of each cycle was 18.31 ± 0.25 min, and the average recovery time was 6.42 ± 0.36 h in each cycle. To investigate the accuracy of the system, sterile wastewater samples were obtained from a chemical industrial plant without Cr(VI) and washed thrice with phosphate buffer. Different heavy metals, including Cu2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+, etc., which were at the same concentration (0.5 mg/L) as Cr(VI) and some organic compounds were added to the cathode along with 0.5 mg/L Cr(VI) to evaluate the accuracy of the SMFC system and the maximum voltage generation in the presence of the various additives was 266 ± 0.26 mV, which showed not influenced by other factors Furthermore, the addition of different heavy metals at the same concentration as Cr(VI) into the cathode alone without Cr(VI) were also investigated, and the results also demonstrated that there was no effect on the voltage generation of system (Figure 5d), which is similar to the result obtained when 0.5 mg/L Cr(VI) alone was present. A stable performance of the system was obtained, which proved that the SMFC-based biosensor has high potential for Cr(VI) measurement in industrial wastewaters.
3.3.2. Application of the Biosensor in Actual Wastewater Treatment
It is very important to test the biosensor in the actual detection of industrial wastewater. A system calibration step was performed to evaluate the stabilities of the sensor response and the lower detection limit. Different concentrations of synthesized wastewaters (prepared by dissolving appropriate amounts of NaCl, NH4NO3 and NH4Cl in sterilized tap water) were prepared and some out on range samples were appropriately diluted before detection using our SMFC-based biosensor. Actual wastewater samples were collected from the Lanzhou Petrochemical Company. The operational conditions that showed the best performance in terms of stability and accuracy were used. To evaluate the practicability of the biosensor for measuring Cr(VI) concentration in industrial wastewater, solutions containing Cr(VI) at several concentrations ranging between 0.2–0.7 mg/L were measured using both the biosensor and a spectrophotometer (Table 1). The D-value using the biosensor for detecting the Cr(VI) concentration in synthesized wastewater compared with the standard Cr(VI) concentration was lower (<0.03). Compared with the relationships between the Cr(VI) concentration and maximum voltage that were determined using those two methods showed no significant differences, the deviation of the two methods was less than 5%, when the detected concentration was in the range from 0.2–0.7 mg/L. Three actual wastewater samples containing different Cr(VI) concentration (denoted as a, b, c) were also detected using the biosensor method and colorimetric method. As listed in Table 1, the biosensor detection results presented a lower deviation (<8%) compared with the colorimetric method. These results indicate that the biosensor had an stable real time capacity for detecting Cr(VI) between the range from 0.2–0.7 mg/L in a short time of 18.3 min.
To date, a number of biosensors have been developed for Cr(VI) detection such as enzyme biosensors [41], and amperometric microbial biosensors [14]. Nevertheless, the current biosensors for heavy metal monitoring require expensive reagents like proton exchange membranes (PEMs), and have low selectivity, implying high-cost and low-output., which makes them not suitable for Cr(VI) detection. Our designed system exhibited excellent characteristics for monitoring actual Cr(VI)-contaminated wastewaters without complicated processes or expensive equipment. High accuracy is an important performance feature for a biosensor to applied to actual Cr(VI)-containing wastewater measurement. As the tabulated results showed, using the colorimetric method is slightly more accurate than the SMFC-based biosensor, but it also has some differences in accuracy. Low deviation (8%) was obtained with our system, which was 2% lower than in a previous study [21]. Therefore, this SMFC-based biosensor can be developed as an early warning system for monitoring Cr(VI) concentrations in industrial wastewater treatment plants.
3.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Cyclic Voltammetry Analysis
Scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry analysis were used to assess the electrochemical activity. The bacterial cells are attached and fixed on the surface of the anode, as a biocatalyst, which can degrade the substrate and generate the current [42]. The surface of the anode (carbon fiber) before and after treating actual wastewater was visualized by a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM, JXA-840A, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) to determine the microbial attachment and formation of a biofilm on the anode electrode surface. The SEM results showed the surface of the electrodes was covered with the biofilms containing electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) (Figure 6a). It was observed that the anode had a rough and porous surface due to the attachment of the microbes, thereby helping to improve the direct electron transfer in the SMFC, whereas the control anode without microbes had a smooth and clean surface (Figure 6b). This would explain the differences in electricity output.
The extracellular electron transfer (EET) mechanism is strongly dependent on the redox activity in the SMFC system and is required to generate electrical conductivity in the biofilm and electrode due to the fact the biofilm conductivity itself is not great enough to transfer electrons fluently to/from the electrodes [43]. To reveal the underlying mechanism of EET, cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used at a scan rate of 0.025 V/s. There were no apparent oxidation-reduction peaks in the control group (without Cr(VI)). According to the CV curve results, a pair of oxidation/reduction peaks were achieved with the cathode solution with Cr(VI) at −111 mV and 581 mV, respectively (Figure 6c), proving the importance of biofilms responsible for the electrochemically catalytic activities. The diffusion process is a rate-limiting step of the shuttle-mediated EET. The Cr(VI) concentration could finally enhance the electron shuttle-mediated EET. These results demonstrated that cathode solution with Cr(VI) showed higher redox potential than without Cr(VI).
3.5. Microbial Community Analysis
MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was applied to analyze the diversity of the microbial communities in the biofilm of the anode. To establish a relationship between electricity production and the microbial community, the anodic biofilm microbial communities of the SMFC were examined with or without the addition of Cr(VI) to the cathode after treating actual wastewaters. The results represented that the microbial communities can degrade organic substrate at the anode and Cr(VI) is reduced at the cathode. As seen in Figure 7a, Proteobacteria was the main population in the SMFC (31.8%) or SMFC + Cr (VI) (45.8%), which showed 44.0% higher in SMFC + Cr (VI) than that in SMFC, and Bacteroidetes was the second most abundant at the phylum level. This is consistent with previous studies which also found Proteobacteria were the predominant bacteria in the anode of MFCs [44]. Next, we analyzed the data at the genus level. From Figure 7b, we found that Flavobacterium (32%) was specifically increased and gradually became the predominant bacteria due to the fact the other species could not tolerate the toxicity of Cr(VI), which is consistent with a previous study [45]. In addition, several common electrogenic bacterial genera, including Geobacter, Pseudomonas, and Rhodoferax were enriched, indicating that these microorganisms contributed to electricity generation with the addition of Cr(VI). It is well-known that most exoelectrogens such as Geobacter and Pseudomonas belong to the Proteobacteria, so the result was consistent with the present study.
EABs have a major importance in MFCs as they catalyzes the oxidation of organic substrates to generate power [46]. According to a previous study, EABs are responsible for voltage generation and electron transfer in SMFCs [47]. The microbiota in the SMFC differed from that in SMFC and was particularly enriched in Flavobacterium, which are specialists that tolerate the toxicity of Cr(VI). Proteobacteria was found as the dominant EAB phylum and its abundance was 45.8% higher in the SMFC with Cr(VI) than in the SMFC, representing a 1.44-fold increase. The operation of the SMFC with Cr(VI) resulted in an increased abundance of Proteobacteria, which corresponds to the results of previous studies [48,49]. Members of the phylum Proteobacteria have often been found to be enriched on MFC anodes, where they contribute to the current generation [49]. These results show that the phylogenetic diversity in the microbial communities of anodic biofilms with added Cr(VI) differed from those in SMFC, in agreement with the findings of previous studies. The non-EAB organisms are hypothesized to degrade polymers and generate electron donors for EABs.
In the present study we describe an SMFC that functions as a biosensor for real time in situ detection of Cr(VI) concentrations. Excellent selectivity, accuracy and low deviation under various conditions of pH and temperature were obtained, and co-existing ions also did not affect the stability of biosensor, which indicated that the biosensor showed high reliability as an early warning system for Cr(VI) determination in industrial wastewaters. A good relationship between the maximum voltage value of biosensor and the different Cr(VI) concentration (0.2–0.7 mg/L) was obtained, whereas the Chinese National Standard about Cr(VI) concentration in industrial wastewater is 0.5 mg/L. Therefore, this biosensor could be useful as an early warning system for monitoring Cr(VI) in industrial wastewater treatment plants.
This work was financially supported by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities grant [grant number lzujbky-2017-br01]. Gansu province major science and technology projects (No:17ZD2WA017). We also thank Lanzhou petrochemical company for providing samples of wastewater.
Xiangkai Li designed the experiments. Shuai Zhao and Pu Liu performed the experiments. Yongyan Niu and Zhengjun Chen prepared the figures. Aman Khan revised the paper. Pengyun Zhang analyzed the data.
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Figure 1. Biosensor design and operation flowchart. (a) Schematic diagram of the sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC)-based biosensor in 3D. (b) The operation interface of biosensor. (c) The real-time monitoring interface.
Figure 2. Optimization of the operating parameters. Effects of different temperatures (a) (pH 6.4, external resistance 1000 Ω) and pH (b) (temperature 25 °C, external resistance 1000 Ω) on voltage generation. Different colored column represent different pH and temperature, respectively. Error bars represent the standard deviation of triplicate tests.
Figure 3. Voltage generation with an external resistance of 1000 Ω in the presence and absence of 0.5 mg/L hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) (a). (b) Polarization and power density curves of SMFC and SMFC with 0.5 mg/L Cr(VI). The current and power density was normalized to the surface area of the carbon fiber.
Figure 4. Total organic carbon removal rate of organic substrates in the anode under the optimal operation conditions with different operation (Raw sediment, SMFC and SMFC with 0.5 mg/L Cr(VI)) (a). (b) Residual concentrations of Cr(VI) in the wastewater of the cathode over five cycles.
Figure 5. Calibration of the biosensor under the conditions at pH 6.4, temperature of 25 °C and external resistance of 98.2 Ω. (a) The maximum voltage at different concentrations of Cr(VI). (b) The correlations between the Cr(VI) concentrations and the maximum voltages. (c) Voltage generation in the SMFC with the Cr(VI) concentration of 0.5 mg/L over a period of five operational cycles. Arrows indicate the replacement of the catholyte solution with a solution containing 0.5 mg/L Cr(VI). (d) Interference experiment design at pH 6.4 and 25 °C with an external resistance of 98.2 Ω. Maximum voltage generation of the SMFC in the presence of various other factors (0.5 mg/L) in the cathode. The standard deviation was representing as error bars.
Figure 6. Scanning electron microscope images of carbon felt electrodes showing the surface of the anode electrodes before (a) and after (b) treating actual wastewater. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves for SMFC of control and SMFC with Cr(VI) (c). Scanning rate was 0.025 V s−1.
Figure 7. Relative abundance of microbial communities structure of biofilms from the Sediment MFC and Sediment MFC with Cr(VI) at the phylum level (a) and genus level (b).
Table 1. Application of biosensor and colorimetric method for Cr(VI) measurement in synthesized wastewater and real wastewater.
Synthesized Wastewater
Real Wastewater
Standard Cr(VI) Concentration (mg/L)
Colorimetric method 0.24 ± 0.78 0.35 ± 1.02 0.46 ± 2.04 0.55 ± 0.68 0.64 ± 1.33 0.71 ± 2.34 0.46 ± 3.54 5.26 ± 4.32 24.63 ± 1.62
SMFC-Biosensor 0.25 ± 1.24 0.34 ± 2.23 0.47 ± 1.98 0.54 ± 0.86 0.67 ± 2.01 0.69 ± 1.08 0.48 ± 2.42 4.89 ± 2.07 26.18 ± 3.42
D-value (C) 0.01 - 0.01 - 0.01 0.01 - - -
D-value (S) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 - - -
Deviation (%) 4.17 2.86 2.17 1.82 4.69 2.82 4.35 7.03 6.29
D-value (C): Deviation value of Colorimetric method; D-value (S): Deviation value of SMFC-based biosensor; Both of D-value (C) and D-value (S) were absolute value; Deviation (%): The detect value using biosensor compared to colorimetric method. a, b, c: name of three actual wastewater samples.
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The goal of DrawCarz.com is to teach how to draw cars. And if you want to be a real auto designer, then you need to be able to draw cars from all sides.
As you can see from the name of our site, we here show how to draw cars. We mainly draw cars either from the side or in half a turn.
Were you looking for an accessible drawing guide on how to draw a car easy? If yes, then this article is exactly what you need!
Our site is called DrawCarz.com and here we show how to draw cars, both the most simple cars and sports cars of the highest class.


This book was a wonderful story. I thought it was enlightening. Like Ghandi. I highly recommend it to anyone.
This is an incredible course. I learned so much that I never knew or understood. I think every American should read or listen to a course like this.
I do wonder, though, how biased the course is toward our own country. For example, in the end, they seem to let the American pioneers off lightly by saying it was mainly disease that wiped out the Indians. I previously had the impression that maltreatment of the Indians held greater blame.
I guess I will have to research and find out.


Jump back into the fun of the anime series "Re:ZERO -Starting Life in Another World-" with a set of stickers featuring Emilia! Use them for a boost of angelic cuteness in your chats!
This entry was posted in E, Sticker and tagged anime, emilia, rezero, sticker. Bookmark the permalink.


Our dear Kristoffer George Erfle, of Abbotsford, was taken suddenly from us on October 25, 2004 in his 28th year, at MSA Hospital.
He was predeceased by David Clay and Ethel Fern Erfle, paternal grandparents; and Torfinn Skogrand, maternal grandfather.
Kristoffer is survived by his maternal grandmother Synnove Skogrand of Norway, father Gerald Erfle (Sherrie) of Abbotsford, mother Torunn Erfle (Al Tully) of Nanaimo, sister Heidi Kerley (Jeff) of Nanaimo, sister Jeanette Erfle (Brad LaRiviere) of Abbotsford, two nieces Caitlyn and Emily, and three nephews, Matthew, Nicholas and Ben.
A private service was held October 27.
Forever in our hearts and missed greatly. Until we meet again, Kris.


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Business and creator accounts on Instagram can set age limit for content accessibility
The age can be changed as per each country's rules and regulations.
Business and creator accounts on Instagram will now be able to set an age limit for their content directly through the app. This feature can be very useful for brands and creators promoting products exclusively to adults.
The ability has previously existed via internal tools and is now available in-app. A global default age can be set for viewing content. Depending on specific countries, this can be modified so as to comply with local laws and regulations.
Users who do not meet the age limit will not be able to access the content from those accounts in their feed and stories. A "restricted account" note will be displayed on screen if they try to search for accounts they aren't eligible for.
[2 minute read]


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Hall of Fame induction speech is all Bill Eadie
Posted by Greg Oliver | May 23, 2014
During his career, he worked as Bolo Mongol, Demolition Axe and as Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2014 inductee The Masked Superstar, but during the induction banquet, it was all Bill Eadie.
Unlike others in attendance who were in their "gimmick" — Ray Apollo was in Doink the Clown paint, The Destroyer and Mr. Wrestling II had their masks on, and even Johnny Mantell had his requisite cowboy hat on — Eadie did not pretend it was 20 years ago.
Instead, his speech was from the heart and was truly a fitting conclusion to the 13th induction ceremony.
Eadie was introduced by Ray Apollo.
"You couldn't get a better guy," began Doink the Clown. "Two things about him: It was never a night off when you had to get into the ring and wrestle against him; you were either going to work really hard or he's going to beat the hell out of you. But, you were guaranteed to have if not the best, then one of the best matches of the night. You worked hard every time, there was no laying back with him, whether 50 people or 50,000 in the audience."
Apollo added that Eadie was a "man's man" who "always had your back."
Bill Eadie and his Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame induction ring. Photos by Andrea Kellaway
"I've been on every continent I think there is with him, and I wish I could do it one more time, Billy."
Dressed in a dark suit, Eadie was appropriately more teacher than performer, fitting given his current profession: working with at-risk youths and Inner Harbour, a non-profit facility that treats troubled kids for a return to mainstream society.
"Like Don [Fargo], I thought this was a rib when I got the notice," he began.
"First thing I want to do is to apologize to anybody who was in the ring with me. I was told to [hit hard] by the promoters. I took lessons from Stan [Hansen]. But you never get into this wrestling business with the idea that you're going to be standing here. Wrestling has always been very popular, and it's probably even more popular. Millions of people around the world watch wrestling. I was fortunate enough to go all over the world. I went to places that people pay thousands of dollars to go to, and I got paid to go because of this business. Millions of people wanted to do what very few of us got to do. This is a close-knit fraternity, guys and girls as well. When you first get into the wrestling business, all you want to do is get that first match. Then you want to work on a regular basis. Then you want to work important matches and move up the card and hopefully get to the main event. Being inducted into the Hall of Fame is the main event.
"I want to thank Tony, and all the members of the committee. It's humbling. I never thought I'd be here. I'm proud to be here. But there's a lot of people, you can't get any success in this business without help. And it's not corny, it's not a cliché, but the fans that are here, you're a part of this business. Without you, there's no drive for us. You're important. Without you, we can't make a living. And you know more about us than we do. If I forgot things, some good fan is going to tell me something. I'll say, 'My God, I didn't remember that.' It's very humbling to see that I made an impression, he made an impression, we all made an impression on your life and it was important to remember.
"I've got some good mentors. I've got some terrific friends I've made. It's funny, you sit, because you haven't seen guys in 10, 15, 20 years, and it's just like yesterday. That's amazing.
"Guys that gave me instruction, Geeto Mongol, George Scott. I was young and green and wasn't well-versed in this business … George Scott was the booker, and he gave me the character Masked Superstar. 'I'd better latch onto it, because I want to make some money.' Boris Malenko. Tag team partners. Opponents. Referees … People behind the camera. People setting up the ring. They're all involved in your production. You can't do it by yourself.
"I went to the Hall of Fame last night. Tony [Vellano] was nice enough to open it for us. I was here a couple of years ago — I thought it was a couple of years ago, but it was 2003. My God, it's grown. My daughter and son-in-law were with me. I was looking at the pictures, the articles, and it brought back so many good memories.
Ray Apollo listens as Bill Eadie takes the podium.
"I was fortunate in this business because I worked with a lot of great guys. I started off with Geeto Mongol. I was working in main events and I shouldn't have been in those main events. I beat up a lot of people, I'll attest to that. But they stuck with me. I've had a lot of good mentors, like I said. And I've had a lot of good tag team partners.
"This is a bittersweet. It's very sweet because I'm getting inducted into the Hall of Fame. Today, my grandson graduated from high school, so my wife was torn about coming, so my daughter and son-in-law came. But they're here in spirit.
"I've had a lot of good partners. Scott Irwin. Most recently was Barry Darsow. And I know I'm forgetting a lot of people. Please forgive me. But I'll say that the best tag team partner that I had was my wife. She sacrificed when I was on the road. I was seeing things, experiencing things, and she was taking care of my daughters. She did a good job.
"I want to thank everybody, thank the committee. I looked the website a number of times and I took JJ [Dillon]'s advice. This means a lot because it's not a sideshow, it's not garnering money, it's not what can this guy do, what can that guy do. It's the guys and the girls in the business saying, 'You're pretty damn good.'
"I closing, I want to reference the Hall of Fame, the award, the recognition, one guy that everybody knows — Forrest Gump — and say, 'I like it, I like it a lot.'"
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Q: How does a "stand alone" class file work? I'm looking into the source code of Kestrel and found something interesting. From its dev branch, you can see there is a stand alone class file named HttpClientSlim in /test/shared folder which doesn't belong to any project. And it's used in a few projects. I cloned the source code, the solution explorer looks like

how does it compile?

A: When you attempt to add an existing item to a project there is a small dropdown next to the "Add" button which allows you to add as a link.
This means that if you want a class included in multiple projects you can keep the actual source file in one place, but "link it in" to multiple projects.
It saves copy/pasteing code, but the project compiles it into the binary as if it were local.

Note that for users of VS2015, you may need to manually edit project.json to get the same functionality, this is described in more detail in this Q/A:
When adding an existing item with "Add as Link", this file is not compiled in VS2015?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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2 wanted in China stabbing in custody
2 women wanted for questioning in connection with China stabbing taken into custody
WATERVILLE, Maine (AP) � Two women wanted for questioning in connection with a stabbing in China that landed another woman in the hospital are in custody.
State police say 20-year-old Tiffany Glidden turned herself in to Waterville police on Wednesday night, while 23-year-old Carissa Butkewicz was arrested by state troopers Thursday afternoon.
Neither has been charged in the stabbing, but are being held on other charges.
The Waterville residents were wanted for questioning in connection with the stabbing Tuesday night of 24-year-old Katheryn Hopkins. She was stabbed as she sat in a vehicle.
She was taken to MaineGeneral Medical Center in Augusta in critical condition, but is improving and was listed in fair condition on Thursday night.
Details of what led to the stabbing are unclear.


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I was all over the place – James Harden vows to improve after losing 76ers return
James Harden said he was "all over the place" on his return from injury but vowed to improve once he finds his rhythm for the Philadelphia 76ers.
The 2018 MVP winner was back in the starting line-up having missed 14 straight games after suffering a tendon strain in his right foot on November 2, with Philly going 4-5 in his absence.
However, his comeback failed to yield an upturn as the 76ers went down 132-123 to Harden's former team the Houston Rockets following double overtime.
Harden contributed 21 points but was just 4-of-19 from the field, missing all eight attempts inside the three-point arc. He also chalked up four rebounds and seven assists.
Philly coach Doc Rivers said Harden would be on a minutes restriction, but he still racked up 39. However, the 33-year-old said it was difficult to find fluidity.
"I didn't play well, but I've got to be better and I will," Harden said.
"I was all over the place. I'm not used to it, but I'm not making any excuses. I have to do better."
Harden added that he had to fight his cause to play as much as he did in overtime.
"I had to fight to stay on the court just because there was a certain plan in place before the game started,'' Harden said.
"But once you go out there as a competitor you want to try to win."
The 76ers are on a three-match losing streak and sit seventh in the Eastern Conference with a 12-12 record. They next face the Los Angeles Lakers on Friday.


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Art Money Provenance
Home Middle-East Investigating Fraud in Conflict Zones
Investigating Fraud in Conflict Zones
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Most anti-fraud professionals who have been in the industry for awhile have at least one case that they will always remember as being the most difficult. The investigator may have faced roadblocks in the form of not having any whistleblowers or tips to go on. The case may have been especially challenging because the victim organization refused to disclose necessary information in order to conduct the investigation. However, it's unlikely that many fraud examiners have had to face the difficulties inherently present in investigating fraud in an active combat zone.
John F. Sopko, the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR), shared some of these challenges with attendees at the 2019 ACFE Fraud Conference Middle East. In July 2012 Sopko was sworn in after being appointed to the post by President Obama, and SIGAR oversees the $132 billion reconstruction effort in Afghanistan. "Think of [SIGAR] as the supreme audit authority with guns," Sopko said.
While SIGAR investigates fraud in the same fundamental ways that fraud examiners do, it faces a number of unique challenges. More than 20 terrorist groups are present in Afghanistan and Afghanistan ranks 177 out of 180 countries on Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index. SIGAR's agents travel with sizable security details anywhere they go in the country, which makes gathering evidence in fraud cases, or meeting with whistleblowers difficult. "In most of the world, you can simply get on a plane … and knock on someone's door to conduct an interview," said Sopko. "Due to the security situation in Afghanistan, we are not able to do so." To travel from Kabul International Airport to the U.S. Embassy, a journey of three kilometers total, Americans must fly, as the roads have been deemed too dangerous.
"Our challenge has been finding ways to maintain our presence in Afghanistan, even if our agents can't get outside the U.S. embassy," said Sopko. One way they've been able to do that is through their active fraud hotline. "We have advertised the hotline heavily on our Facebook page, on our website, on billboards," he explained. They also have bought advertisements on airline magazines that fly into Kabul, and they share information about the hotline at American Afghani diaspora events. Sopko explained that many Afghans are tired of seeing their country and fellow citizens taken advantage of by opportunists and are eager to report fraud knowing that SIGAR will take their tips seriously and investigate.
He shared a couple cases that SIGAR investigated, including a fuel bid-rigging and price-fixing scheme that would have cost the U.S. government $250 million, along with some schemes run by American servicemen while stationed there. The fraud schemes involving U.S. servicemembers are examples of understanding the unique situation that Afghanistan presents. While soldiers transferring large amounts of cash back home might not raise red flags in other areas, Afghanistan is largely a cashless environment for servicemembers, so it's considered suspicious behavior.
Sopko closed his session on a sobering note that reminded attendees about the heavy cost of fraud in combat zones. "Fraud is about more than dollars and cents. It can be about winning and losing wars and it can be about living and dying," he said. He explained one case where a contractor was brought in to build culvert denial systems. Culverts are holes under roads to help prevent flooding, but they also can be easy areas for terrorists to plant improvised explosive devices (IEDs). As such, they need to have grates or other blocking methods built to cover them so no IEDs can be placed there.
Unfortunately, on one highway, the contracting officers never visited the sites to verify the culvert systems had been installed after Afghan contractors finished building the culverts. The contractor photoshopped evidence of the "finished" culvert grates and submitted three locations at the same longitude and latitude. Even more, some of the locations cited weren't even near the road in question. Two American servicemembers died and others were injured from two separate IED explosions as a result of the officers' lack of due diligence, and the missing culvert grates. Sopko said these "deaths and injuries could have been prevented if someone had taken the time to do their job."
Even though many anti-fraud professionals will never need to investigate in a challenging area like a combat zone, there are still important lessons to be learned from these experiences.
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S.H: How did you get into running?
JL: My father ran for Law & District AC and he took me along to the young athletes training there. When he went out running from home I used to run a couple of miles with him before he went on a longer run. He was a good quality runner with a marathon best of 2:37 and a top 30 finish in the National cross country championships. Fortunately I have now managed to achieve one of my lifetime aims of beating all his best times!
S.H: What is your biggest achievement?
JL: Winning the 2008 World Long Distance Mountain Challenge winner which was held as part of the famous Three Peaks fell race in Yorkshire although my marathon best of 2:24 (London, 2009) comes a close second.
S.H: What is your goal in athletics?
JL: Having finished 2nd twice in the British Fell Running Championships it would be great to win it one year. However now that I am in my mid thirties I have my eye on longer endurance races and I would love to win the West Highland Way race, complete the Tour du Mont Blanc (ultra race in the Alps) and have a lifelong ambition to compete in the Marathon des Sables. I am currently injured so my for now my ambition is just to be able to run around PollokPark pain free!!
S.H: How often do you train?
JL: When marathon training I was running around 90 miles a week, often training twice a day. When training for hill races the weekly mileage is around 80 with more, tough hill runs. Note: I built up to this mileage over the period of around 8 years and was not until my later twenties that I was running this much.
S.H: Who do you admire in sport?
Coming from the same generation as me I have always admired Paula Radcliffe. Once when she came to Glasgow I asked her after a training session if she would run a mountain marathon with me. She politely declined. I think it would have made the perfect partnership!!
S.H: What other sports do you play?
I love cycling and I have two bikes and no car. I mainly use my bikes to get from A to B rather than going on cycle rides. An 8 mile commute to work keeps my fitness levels up. I love watching and following most sports. I always enjoyed playing other sports but I was never very good at them. One of the things that attracted me to running was that it was the only sport I could beat my brother at!! Recently I have taken up yoga in a bid to keep flexible and prolong my running career.