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Infrastructure Provision in Regularised Informal Settlement through Labour Based Approach: Lessons from Miembeni Settlement in Moshi, Tanzania
Edmund Zakayo1, Emmanuel Patroba Mhache1, Wakuru Magigi2
1 The Open University of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
2 Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Developments, Dodoma, Tanzania.
Abstract: Labour based approach as a participatory approach in infrastructure pro-vision has become a topical global agenda to ensure success of urban plan-ning practice in informal settlements. This paper contributes to the emerging debate on the roles and critiques of the use of labour based approach in infrastructure provision as one step in the implementation of land regularization taking Miembeni settlement in Moshi Tanzania as a case. The study highlights motives and needs for infrastructure provisioning as an important step for local communities' engagement in land regularization towards improving infrastructure facilities and utilities in the settlement. It provides explanation on technology in which labour adopted, supported by light equipment, which was used as a cost-effective method of constructing and maintaining infrastructure at a required standard. Likely provides donor community contributions and settlement characteristics. The analysis is grounded in understanding labour based approach as a theoretical base in using local community and simple technology in improving infrastructure in informal settlements, implementation process, the role of planning institutions, planning standards and written and unwritten norms. The paper ends by providing reflections and concluding remarks which provide lessons and sharing knowledge for replication in informal settlements of the same context in Tanzania and elsewhere.
Keywords: Labour Based Approach, Infrastructure Provision, Informal Settlement, Moshi, Tanzania
Infrastructure provision in urban development for decades has been the responsibility of the local and central governments in different countries. In this context, infrastructure provision involves constructions of roads, lined storm water drains and culverts in the informal settlements upgraded to formal status through land regularization. In developing countries like Tanzania where the economic situation is not stable and budget deficit is common, it has been very expensive to provide infrastructure in settlements upgraded or regularized [1] [2] . This has been exacerbated by the fact that infrastructure provision in urban areas competes strongly for funding with other sectors, such as water, health, education, housing, etc. and thus government's budget allocation in developing countries has been found inadequate year after year, and thus implementation of different programmes has become futile [2] . Given the limitations associated with the funding sources, most governments are pursuing the public private partnership strategy consisting of involving the private sector in different modalities. Different forms of public-private partnerships (PPPs) approach used also involve local community, donor, and government. Therefore, adopting labor based approach in infrastructure provision especially in informal settlements is a rational decision [2] [3] [4] .
Worldwide infrastructure provision through labor based approach has been supported by the International Labor Organization (ILO) and the World Bank since the 1970s. In this context labor based approach used to describe a technology in which local labour and locally available materials, skills and capacities, supported by light equipment, is used as a cost-effective method of constructing and maintaining infrastructure of a required standard. Instead of using heavy equipment handled by a small labour force, they maximise labour supported by limited (but appropriate) equipment to meet the specified technical and engineering standards [5] .
A number of labor based projects were implemented, mainly in Sub-Saharan African and Asian countries after the 1980s. After the year 2000, other development partners, including Asian Development Bank (ADB), Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), UK Department for International Development (DFID) and German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) also supported it. Other donor community members that insisted on adoption of this approach are Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD), and Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) [3] [6] [7] . It is argued that the labor based approach is instrumental in employment creation in most public infrastructure investment projects, such as access roads and drainage construction. This leads to a cost effective project implementation and generation of income to residents, especially youth and women in their settlements [3] .
Labour based approaches have the potential to promote local community development through their work with their multiplier effects. Given the importance of labour based approaches Mtisi [8] provides several important principles guiding their design and implementation. Supportive policy framework, the government should integrate the use of labour based approach on infrastructure projects in national programmes and policies. Institutional framework, the government should develop an effective institutional framework that support the use of labour based approach on infrastructure projects, through capacity building to all stakeholders involved. Infrastructures that serve the poor, development practitioners should use labor based approach in infrastructure projects that improve access to social services in community and eventually reduces poverty. Monitoring and evaluation, is important in implementation of labour based approach to ensure the desired social and economic goals are met.
In addition, it should be noted that labor based approach has been supported by different scholars and donor communities in different ways. In Cambodia the approach has been successfully implemented through small-scale local contractors. It has been utilized for routine maintenance and light grading works whereby trained engineers have led the technical assistance component of the project [7] . In South Africa, local contractors are paid per day, which leads to low quality and drastic increase of cost and this seems to be an expensive approach. In this context, it seems that the estimates during tendering in some cases do not materialize during construction, because the man-working days increase since people do not work in order to complete the task but to complete the day [9] . In Malawi adoption of labor based approach involved six phases which are considered important for successful involvement of local communities in infrastructure provision. These phases include demonstrating the need, conception of need, feasibility studies, preparing work plans, developing production information, construction, operation and maintenance [10] .
In Madagascar, the use of labor based approach depends on various factors including nature or design of works, the site conditions, motivation of labour, and willingness of local communities to participate in the process [11] . This shows that before making the decision of using labour based approach these factors need to be considered, since not all works labor based approach can fit.
PRIF [5] discusses that labour based approach provides opportunities which in turn contribute to social and economic development of local communities. This approach allows creation of employment opportunities for youth. It also creates a sense of ownership which enables them to maintain infrastructure provision, since they already have skills on its creation. The sense of ownership created improves the sustainability of the infrastructure if communities decide to maintain those services. Besides the mentioned opportunities, the approach may not be a blessing, if local communities are paid low wages which may be disincentive and as a result undermines the objectives of this approach. Likewise, labour based approach involves many contacts to involve many contractors; as such, it needs carefulness in managing such contracts and closely supervision in maintaining quality of works.
Infrastructure provision in developing countries is accompanied by a number of challenges which need participation of different stakeholders. Local government depends much on grants, funds from the central government and own source collections to finance infrastructure construction and maintenance. The central government in many countries has been finding it difficult to finance infrastructure at community level. The priorities have been on regional roads and other big projects. Thus, the expected sources of finance for infrastructure have remained to be from grants and from local community sources [12] .
The study uses the collective action theory developed by Mancur Olson in 1965, who argues that any group of individuals attempting to provide a public good has troubles to do so efficiently. On the one hand, individuals have incentives to "free-ride" on the efforts of others in certain groups [13] . Public goods are things that are available for the use of everyone, regardless of those people's investments. Public goods in this study are regarded as infrastructure provision whereby, all residents in settlements enjoy services resulting from the process regardless of their involvement. Without selective incentives to motivate participation, collective action is unlikely to occur even when large groups of people with common interests exist [14] [15] .
In addition, according to Babyebonela [15] the motivation for collective action ultimately depends on whether stakeholders foresee net profits from taking part in a common project. This is to say that, people agree to cooperate in order to do something that none of them thinks is more easily done independently. When the cooperation is successful, all parties improve their position by virtue of the cooperation. How the theory is linked with the study is discussed in the discussion part.
This paper seeks to explore the trend of the settlement growth and its characteristics and intra-community dynamics in settlement upgrading. Second, we seek to understand better infrastructure standards, norms and conditions adopted. Finally, it examines the role of different actors in implementation of labor based approach, and also, the role of labour based approach in the study settlement.
3. Study Approach and Methods
3.1. Characteristics of the Settlement
This study was conducted in Miembeni settlement, which is found in the Moshi Municipality in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. Miembeni settlement was selected due to different reasons including upgraded settlement through regularized process, completed land regularization process and infrastructures provision that involved community contractors. Lastly, land regularization in this settlement was community initiated and not top down approach which depicts bottom up participatory urban planning approach. Moshi attained the status of a town in 1956 and gained the Municipal status in 1988. The Municipality in its growth and development depicts functional and administrative functions or processes. The Municipality has 21 Wards, 60 Sub-wards, with Miembeni inclusive. Miembeni settlement is dominated by people from the Chagga (65.5%) and Pare (12.3%) ethnic groups. Others include Rangi (0.7%), Sambaa (9.4%), Sukuma (2.2%), Makonde (1.4%), Mbulu (0.2%), Ngoni (0.7%), Nyakyusa (0.5%), Fipa (0.2%), Gogo (0.2%), and Haya (1%). The residents in the settlement are engaged in various economic activities including tourism, trading and agriculture, which are sources of income to majority of residents.
Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing an unprecedented rate of urban growth, bringing both opportunities and challenges in city development and growth processes. Each year, an additional 14 million people join the urban population in Sub-Saharan Africa [16], with the vast majority (70 percent) living in "informal settlements" and slums. According to UN-Habitat, it is estimated that Sub-Saharan Africa has the largest slum population in the world, recorded at 199.5 million. The Tanzania National Housing and population census reports indicated that in 1988 population increased from 12.3 million in 1967 to 17.5 million in 1978, 23.2 million in 1988, 34.4 million in 2002 and 44,929 in 2012. In Kilimanjaro region, population has increased from 652,724 in 1967 to 1,640,087 in 2012.
Population data gathered from National population census reports show that in Moshi with Municipality status, population has increased from 26,864 people in 1967 to 52,042 people in 1978; 98,838 people in 1988; 144,336 in 2002 and 184,292 in 2012. With a land area of 58 sq. km. the population density has increased from 926 people per sq. km. in 1967; 1795 people per sq. km in 1978; 3339 people per sq. km in 1988; 4977 people per sq.km in 2002; and 6355 people per sq. km. in 2012. According to National Population census report (2012) population growth rate in Moshi Municipality is growing at 1.8 percent per annum and the urbanisation rate is growing at 4.1 percent per annum compared to the national growth rate of 2.7 percent per annum and urbanisation rate of 5 per cent per annum [17] .
Population in Miembeni settlement was 5076 in the year 2012 which is 2.8% of the whole population of Moshi Municipality. Out of this population, 2479 were male and 2597 female. The settlement has 720 householders and the area of the settlement is 42.782 hectares. The population density of Miembeni settlement has increased from 86 persons per hectare in 2002 to 119 persons per hectare in 2012. Likewise, the housing density increased from 13 houses per hectare in 2002 to 17 houses in 2012 [17] . This shows that if there is limited urban development control, increase of population density in the settlement imposes different challenges in terms of food security, ecosystem conservation and land development.
In addition, provision of infrastructure in informal settlements is difficult to be attained due to limited space and the cost involved in developing countries. Adopting labour based approach in infrastructure provision is found to be easily adopted and effective when local community offers its land, labor and financial resources to institute development in their area. Controlling land development with urbanization perspective in informal settlements during and after upgrading is important in ensuring sustainable city growth process and development.
3.2. The Study Approach and Tools
The study used purposive sampling technique, in which 5 key informants were selected from different actors, including surveyor, town planners, and settlement leaders. Also, snowball sampling procedure was used to sample contractors and residents involved directly in the project. Settlement leaders were asked to point at least two residents and contractors, who later pointed their fellow who got involved in the project.
The study used a participatory approach involving landholders in the study settlement. Participant observation, documentary review, interviews and questionnaire were techniques used. Both structured and unstructured interviews were deployed in this study. Structured interviews were conducted with respondents using questions from an interview guide while unstructured interviews were used to supplement the structured interviews in which respondents' feelings and perceptions were noted. Likewise, various documents were reviewed, which provide a clear understanding of the process adopted, institutions involved, insights and reflections on empirical, theoretical and policy standards. Key documents reviewed include legal and policy documents, census report, Municipal profiles, upgrading project report and various empirical studies.
With respect to observation, the ongoing economic activities and changes as the result of infrastructure provision through labour based approach were observed and documented. These include road development and construction of drainage system. Also, questionnaire was used to collect data from 84 respondents involved in infrastructure provision. Questionnaire was administered by the researcher, and information on the process and how local communities have benefited from labor based approach were collected. Data from the questionnaire was analysed quantitatively, whereby, descriptive analysis was done which provided simple summaries about the data in form of frequency and percentages.
4. Results and Discusions
4.1. Trend of Miembeni Settlement Growth and Her Characteristics
It was found that Miembeni settlement was dominated by local tribe "Chagga" whose land was traditionally allocated by their Chief Mangi, or his subordinate to heads of households. The chief in Chagga had a right to apportion land to male children only. This shows that a social segregation existed for decades in Chagga tribe in Tanzania. Increased housing densities and population have impacted on decreased land per household and land subdivision feature using "Vihamba System" which is common characteristics of the Chagga tribe. "Vihamba" is a traditional name of the Chagga tribe referring to small land plots subdivided and allocated to family members for meeting any economic activity within their traditional circles. The entrenched customary land tenure system which governs traditionally owned land, although recognised in a policy document of the country, still the context of such land subdivision is important to ensure planned urban development.
The situation is worse when the government fails to pay fair and prompt compensation to the local landholders, in which uncontrolled development continues. According to Land Ordinance (Cap 113) of 1967, the Right of Occupancy system did not bestow on any individual owner the status of owning land. He could not, therefore, turn that piece of land into a commodity for sale or buying. Actually, compensation rates restricted to payments for crops, buildings and other unexhausted improvements only and they were belatedly paid without due consideration of inflation.
Due to laxity in law enforcement, the urban poor who could not afford the stricter building standards applicable to the planned area bought plots from traditional landholders in the settlement. Some of them are lower wage earners in the nearby industries and engaged in micro business enterprises.
The uncoordinated and uncontrolled development result into poor provision and residents' access to infrastructure services such as poor solid waste disposal sites and inadequate road network and storm water drainage. Piles of solid waste disposal and pools of stagnant foul water are intermittently visible in such settlement, hence causing nuisance aesthetically and a breeding ground for vermin which in turn spread communicable and infectious diseases. Poor liquid waste disposal also contaminates ground water, which was a common feature observed before land regularization in the settlement. The resultant high population density, on the other hand, led to overcrowding and mushrooming of informal sector business services to meet the demand for the particular squatter population and other residents within their market range.
4.2. Intra-Community Dynamics in Settlement Upgrading
1) Need and Motivation of Local Community involvement in Land Regularization: A Bottom up Approach
It was revealed that the need and idea of local community engagement in the land regularization process started in 2002 after persistence of floods and poor infrastructure in the settlement. This initiation was raised from community members during their settlement meetings, which was documented clearly by settlement leaders and shared with Ward Councilor. The need of the community members was presented to the Municipal Council meetings for actions. The Municipal Council organized the meeting, whereby 120 actors attended, including the local community as well as Community Based Organizations (CBOs) and Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs). At the end of the meeting the participants agreed on the critical issues, among them being upgrading their settlement.
2) Need for Community Involvement in Infrastructure Provision
The settlement lacked basic infrastructure and services including improved lined storm water drainage and culverts due to flooding. It was acknowledged during the community meetings in the settlement that the sustainable solution to the problems was infrastructure provision and their participation in the land regularization process. The minutes of the meeting which were shared at the Municipal Council showed the willingness of community members to contribute resources such as land and power in the process of infrastructure provision. The readiness of community members was considered important by government, since the cost of providing infrastructures is minimized when community members agree to contribute resources. Infrastructure provision in the settlement started in 2004 to 2006, whereby, lined storm water drainages were designed to drain excess rain and ground water from roads and sidewalks. Culverts are closed conduits used to convey water from one area to another, usually from one side of a road to the other side.
The settlement, according to the 1992 Moshi Master plan, was zoned as flooding and hazard land unsuitable for construction. Thus, all ongoing constructions were considered illegal, and were built with no formal authorization. One could question where was the government to enforce the land development, conflict measures after the enactment of the Master plan and subsequently the detailed land use plan in the settlement. This shows poor policy enforcement existing in the local government authorities in different countries, including Tanzania. Common features in this settlement is overcrowding, inadequate water supply, no provision of space for circulation, poor environmental conditions characterized by lack of proper sanitation, poor drainage, uncollected solid waste and importantly, insecure tenure. Among the strategies proposed to address the problems in the settlement was to involve landholders in land regularization to meet legal requirement and avoid evictions.
3) Initiation and Decision Making Process in Project Implementation
The project of infrastructure provisioning initiation in the study settlement was implemented through bottom up approach. It was initiated by local community and supported by the government of Tanzania and DANIDA (as donor). Residents in their community meetings requested their leaders, including settlement leaders, Ward Executive Officer (WEO) and Ward Councilor to discuss and request the Municipal Council (MC) to upgrade their settlement. The ward councilors agreed with the observation and presented the request to the Municipal Council (MC). The MC officials accepted the idea and assigned a deal with the issue. This task force was called Program Management Team (PMT). The Team comprised of staff from Land and Urban Planning Department, Surveyors, Land Officers, and WEO. Among the responsibilities given to it, were to assess the program, to provide a ward map showing how to implement it, land regularization and how to mobilize fund.
The PMT conducted a comprehensive baseline survey of the project involving local community, CBOs and NGOs, and assisted the local community to come up with a list of priority issues and needs to meet the assigned responsibilities. These problems included crowded and poor quality housing, poor solid waste management, limited accessibility and public transport, poor surface and storm water drainage and inadequate liquid waste management and sanitation. After understanding the situation and the condition of the settlements, the PMT planned and wrote the project proposal with illustrated ward map and activity based budget, which were submitted to DANIDA for funding.
After acceptance of the project by DANIDA, the Community Planning Team (CPT) was formed; comprised of four (4) Technical support staff from Moshi Municipal Council (MMC), the Ward Community workers, the Ward and settlement leaders, and community members elected by residents within the settlement, making the total of 30 members. The purpose here was to ensure involvement of local and donor actors. Criteria for selection were attendance, experience and contribution of members in the meetings. The CPT conducted capacity building meeting of local community. This aims at enhancing awareness of community concerning environmental care and project management. Through community meetings, landholders accepted the idea for implementation. A total of 20 meetings were held involving CPT, local community, and ward Councilor, WEO, and settlement leaders in the settlements during initiation to implement stages. The cost of the initiation process was Tshs 7,375,120 (≈ 3203 USD), contributed by MMC and DANIDA as shown in Table 1.
This amount was used to buy sensitization materials such as flipcharts, pens and notebooks. Other use included payment for meetings costs, such as venue, meals and tea, and motivating sensitization team. One could argue whether the process would have taken place without financial support. The answer is no. This shows that creating awareness takes longer in order to enable local residents' engagement in supporting local initiative projects. This shows the need for education and training once one initiate and gets involved in informal settlement upgrading.
Table 1. Financial contribution of different actors during initiation stage.
Source: Moshi Municipal Council (2018).
4.3. Adoption of Labor Based Approach in Miembeni Settlement and Roles of Different Actors
The infrastructure works were implemented through community contracts with technical assistance from consultant from Moshi Municipal Council. The contract between CPT and contractors were supervised and monitored by the Moshi Municipal Council whereby the works department took a leading role and cooperated with the CPT to facilitate the project implementation. The M.S Env-Consult (T) Ltd (contractor) was engaged in conducting capacity building to the CPT through Training of community contractors and landholders and sensitization towards enhancing community awareness. However, the training of community contractors was more complex, as the level of expertise and skills differed among them (Table 2).
In constructing storm water drainage, Community Labour Based Approach (CLBA) was used. The CLBA refers to the prioritized use of local labor/contractors, skills and capacities in constructing storm, water drainage and roads in the settlements. Contractors were required to apply to MMC for tender of constructing storm water drainage, whereby in the application they were required to specify a total length of storm water drainage one can construct. The application was approved by settlement leaders by considering the conditions set including level of experience and contractors who are residents of Miembeni settlements. A total number of 70 contractors who are community members from the settlement and their assistants were given works of constructing storm water drainage in the settlement after signing the contract. Contractors were trained by Works Department and CPT and working modalities were provided including payment and supplying construction materials.
The Works Department in Moshi Municipal Council supervised, monitored and evaluated the construction process, while provision of working materials was made under special request for easy monitoring and control. However, the estimate of construction materials requested was not fully used and other materials, including cement, were taken away. Contractors were only required to offer their expertise, use their working tools; building materials like cement were offered by the Moshi Municipal Council under special request. The payment was made by Moshi Municipal Council depending on the length of storm water drainage constructed from the project fund. Community contribution was determined by the value of land offered for drainage construction and the non-compensation of crops affected during the project implementation. The amount of money contributed was used in sensitization and awareness raising, consultancy fee, and construction of drainage.
The usefulness of the collective action theory in this study settlement was found important in implementing community labour based approach. It was found that initiatives of government and local communities in the implementation of land regularisation were accompanied by some of the residents unwilling to contribute land for infrastructure process and to provide their labour. However, after sensitization and public education provided by settlements leaders in cooperation
Table 2. Roles of different actors on infrastructure service provision.
with Municipal Council officials, many residents participated in the process. This is also found in Cambodia where collective action is concerned with roads, community members with access to roads do not show much effort of involving themselves construction and maintaining infrastructure in the settlement compared to those with poor accessibility [18] . This shows the need of government and community organizations to provide public education and sensitization to residents before starting land regularisation projects to create a sense of project ownership. Public education helps residents to understand the benefits of the project and thus can be convinced and become willing to participate.
In addition, collective actions in construction of storm water drainage and roads, brought community members together, and contributed resources, in terms of funds, knowledge and efforts which were eventually ensured successful provision of the infrastructure in the settlements. The experience of labour based approach shows the power of collective action theory, where the need of involving the local communities in project such as land regularisation is important and thus among others ensures sustainability of infrastructures. However, community contractors were mobilized and sensitized to participate in the process rather than waiting for the government to provide service and payment for labor. Collective action in this study is supported by [19] who also found that in Sri Lanka where labour based approach has been implemented, community members have been cooperating together to provide resources and labor, and thus creating temporary employment to both men and women of working age.
Also, labour based approach signifies the bottom up approach, which is emphasized by community development practitioners, especially local government, Non-Government Organizations (NGOs), Community Based Organizations (CBOs) and donor community. The bottom up approach incorporates the needs and visions of the local people in project execution and integrating their expertise in local community needs, priorities, and prospects of the local government in improving informal settlements [20] [21] .
4.4. Infrastructure Standards, Norms and Conditions Adopted
During the upgrading of infrastructure through construction, formal planning space standards were reviewed and unfortunately were not able to apply. The storm water drainages were constructed with trapezoidal and rectangular pitch lining (Figure 1).
Drainage gradient was made in such a way as to ensure a self-cleaning velocity, which is at 0.6 m/sec at peak flow. Connections from the houses were via small concrete surface channels of 75 mm or 100 mm pipe. Also, roads constructed were agreed to have a standard of 8 to 10 meters for access roads and 3 to 6 meters for access paths (Table 3). These standards were adopted after agreement reached between Municipal experts and community members through meetings, considering the existing situation in terms of land availability and cost of construction.
Roads constructed during land regularisation in the study settlements was due to adoption of flexible planning standards which enables one to compare the traditional and conventional urban planning space standard requirements. According to the Urban Planning Act, of 2007 the planning authority shall have
Figure 1. Sample drainage constructed with trapezoidal and rectangular with pitch lining.
Table 3. Planning standard as per Town Planning Drawings (TPD) and adopted.
power to "…control the use of land, development of land and buildings in the interests of proper and orderly development of the planning area; and formulate by-laws to regulate zoning in respect of use and density of development" [22] . As such, after a land regularization process in Miembeni settlement residents through local leaders' directives and meeting resolutions established their written norms and conditions to safeguard their land development including infrastructure space standards to be adopted. The settlement chairperson remarked that:
"…in our community meeting we agreed and approved that no resident is allowed to build a house without consulting local leaders, to build a house/fence on road reserve and to throw solid waste and water in roads and house environment. Failure to clean water drainage system surrounding or near to the landholder' house and non-adherence to other norms and conditions will cause the resident to be punished by paying a fine of Tshs 30,000. This is one of the settlement's sources of income. Also, failure to comply may cause demolition of houses constructed on the road reserve. In addition agreed space standards for roads and other infrastructure facilities and utilities should be respected by each member".
It was found that the presence of established unwritten norms to guide and control land development outputs including land use plans, cadastral survey plan, infrastructure provision, etc, shows the role of the community in making their decision in implementing the agreed purpose. The unwritten norms established were instrumental to control their settlement development. The imposition of fines shows the innovative way for others to learn once the settlement is upgraded using labour based approach in the land regularization process [23] .
4.5. Role of Labour Based Approach in Infrastructure Provision
The labour based approach was found suitable for construction of storm water drainage and services in the project area. Controlled non-essential demolitions such as fences, hedges, trees outer buildings like traditional latrines and utilities as non-compensation were considered. Also, 96% (81) of the respondents revealed that the approach offered an ideal opportunity of creating employment and income generating for particular members of the community who were unemployed. For example a total of 70 contractors and their assistants were directly employed. Each contractor was given a piece of work, and for him to accomplish the given work, he was required to have assistants (skilled and unskilled youth) to accomplish the assigned work. Likewise, 35% of the respondents revealed that they were indirectly employed by cooking and selling food, which enabled them to earn income ranging from 2 to 6 USD per day (Table 4).
Respondent 12 (resident) said that:
"Through labour based approach I got a work of cooking and selling food to community contractors. I generated at least 5USD as income per day, which was enough to meet my households' needs like buying food, shelter, and clothes, also through that business I collected funds for payment of upgrading process to the Municipal".
Furthermore, 65% (55) of the respondents revealed that the labor based approach developed skills and capacity of local labour which is used in other income generating activities as well as in subsequent maintenance works and participation adopted in the implementation of the infrastructure project in the settlement. Capacity built and skills developed include food safety and hygiene practices, entrepreneurship and customer care for women entrepreneurs, and construction, negotiation, work planning and supervision, and contracting decisions for contractors. Women who involved in selling food gained skills through training provided by settlement leaders when the opportunity of cooking food was introduced. Contractors learned through training provided by consultant together with Municipal Council and through observing the consultant how he was supervising, monitoring and evaluating works (Table 5).
Also, 53% (45) of the respondents revealed that through their involvement in infrastructure provision they have a sense of ownership and commitment. This enables maintenance of constructed infrastructures, as the MMC does not have enough resources to maintain them. In addition, settlement leaders revealed that through involvement of community members, other projects, including rehabilitation and maintenance of infrastructure can be managed and handled. As such, they gained skills to plan, supervise and maintain their environment during and
Table 4. Average income per day earned by women through selling food.
Source: Field Data (2019).
Table 5. Capacity building and skills development.
after land regularization. Respondent 4 (contractor):
"During the process of constructing drainage channels the consultant was supervising us and giving directives on how to effectively construct drainage channels, which gave me new skills that helped me to get more works in our settlement and outside. Apart from the experience I gained, I also have increased the network beyond our settlement".
Our findings support arguments which were advanced by Nnkya [24], Lüthi et al. [25], AFDB [26], Rajasingham [27] that the use of labour based approach in infrastructure provision provides skills to various residents, and thus, creates employment opportunities. PRIF [5] provides a precaution in ensuring genuine participation of local communities, it is important to empower local contractors to be equipped with skills necessary to undertake desired contraction projects. This shows the importance of strengthening the processing, recruiting or selecting community contractors, to ensure that only those who have the desired qualification get the contract. If the nature of construction needs high technology the use of labour based approach may not be a good option as repeated by Thlala [11] in Madagascar and Ogita [7] in Cambodia.
Challenges explored like lack of transparency among contractors in requesting construction materials and training to community contractors taking long time due to different levels of expertise and skills as discussed before can be managed during the planning, design and implementation stages. But Luthi [25] provides the precaution when implementing labour based approach that since it involves different contractors with different levels of skills, it needs care in handling and thus needs close supervision. On the other hand, these challenges are not only found in labour based approach but also they are experienced in big constructions and maintenance. Donnges et al. [28] and Karim and Magnusson [29] highlight challenges experienced in equipment based approach, especially in roads construction and maintenance; these include insufficient consulting, insufficient planning designs and lack of information about state of roads. Other challenges discussed by Affleck and Freeman [30] include poor control of project and oversight. Therefore, the approach needs provision of training to contractors before embarking into construction process as well as making close supervision of community contractors.
5. Reflections and Concluding Remarks
Provision of Infrastructure in informal settlements has attracted national and international development agenda in many countries of the world. The study has shown the role of labour based approach in infrastructure provision. The labour based approach in this context proved to be one of the social capital and a strategy for infrastructure project cost reduction element, income generation, skills development to residents' and youth groups' employment particularly to those who seek jobs. Due to community involvement, it was noted that flexible planning standards were adopted in infrastructure provision which enables one to compare the traditional and conventional urban planning standard requirements.
Furthermore, the discussion shows that local community engagement through labor based approach in land regularization has shown the need to tap untapped capital resource which has been advantageous to settlement improvement. Community engagement in infrastructure provision and control has reduced the cost and minimized donor's contributions, which indicates the demand for public-private partnerships in project implementation. Reflection of scaling up the model and approval is important in developing countries with the similar context. For the most part of research, it corroborates other studies regarding the role and challenges of labor based approach. However, indirect employment created among women selling food to contactors has not been discussed in literatures on labour based approach. This kind of employment eventually reduces poverty, which was not a desired goal of labour based approach.
Reflecting on collective action theory in study context, the study verified that the theory accounts for involvement of community members in provision of infrastructure. The theory contributes that public goods cannot provide equal benefits to community members and therefore, community mobilization and organization are important for effective provision of infrastructure and ensuring its sustainability. This shows how inclusive planning in infrastructure provision is important for smooth implementation of labour based approach.
The study concludes that labour based approach is effective in infrastructure provision in regularised informal settlements; it provides avenues for local community participation to depict bottom-up approach in land regularization program implementation which can be replicated elsewhere with the similar context.
Cite this paper: Zakayo, E. , Mhache, E. and Magigi, W. (2019) Infrastructure Provision in Regularised Informal Settlement through Labour Based Approach: Lessons from Miembeni Settlement in Moshi, Tanzania. Open Access Library Journal, 6, 1-19. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1105883.
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[5] PRIF (2014) Infrastructure Maintenance: Review of Labour Based Approaches. Pacific Region Infrastructure Facility, Sydney.
[6] Stock, E.A. and Veen, J. (1996) Expanding Labor-Based Methods for Road Works in Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program. The World Bank and Economic Commission for Africa.
[7] Ogita, S. (2010) Evaluation of Labor-Based Road Work Methods. Internship Project Report, Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge.
[8] Mtisi, S. (2011) Labour-Based Approaches to Infrastructure Building and Maintenance. A Train4Dev/OECD DAC POVNET Joint Learning Event: Promoting Pro-Poor Growth. Policy Instrument Note 6, ODI and ITAD, London.
[9] Ngebulana, M.R. (2006) Evaluation of Labour-Intensive Construction Project Sinmadibeng Municipality, Northwest Province, South Africa. A Project Report Submitted for Award of MS Degree at University of Witwatersrand South Africa.
[10] Nyando, C.K. (2010) Assessing Management Processes of Labour Based Construction Works. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch.
[11] Thlala, W.D. (2009) Sustainable Development through Urban Renewal Projects: A Case of Johannesburg, South Africa. University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg.
[12] Lawal, T. (2014) Local Government and Rural Infrastructural Delivery in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4, 139.
https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v4-i4/771
[13] Olson, M. (1965) The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
[14] Marwell, G. and Oliver, P. (1994) The Critical Mass in Collective Action: A Micro Social Theory. Public Choice, 79, 390-392.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511663765
[15] Babyebonela, T.W. (2013) Local Resources Mobilization towards Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Tanzania: A Case of Kinondoni Municipality, Dar es Salaam City. Thesis for Award of Philosophy Degree at the Open University of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam.
[16] Habitat UN (2010) State of the World's Cities 2010/2011: Bridging the Urban Divide. Earthscan, London.
[17] National Bureau of Statistics (2013) 2012 Population and Housing Census. Government Printers, Dar es Salaam.
[18] Mwangi, E., Markelova, H. and Meinzen-Dick, R. (2012) Collective Action and Property Rights for Poverty Reduction: Insights from Africa and Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812207873
[19] Ekanayakage, S.V. (2014) Management of Projects with Beneficiary Participation: Case Study—Rehabilitation of Internal Estate Roads. Masters Dissertation, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa.
[20] Isidiho, A.O. and Sabran, M.S.B. (2016) Evaluating the Top-Bottom and Bottom-Up Community Development Approaches: Mixed Method Approach as Alternative for Rural Un-Educated Communities in Developing Countries. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 7, 266. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n4p266
[21] Zakayo, E., Mhache, E.P. and Wakuru, M. (2018) Land Regularization and Community Development Nexus in Cities of Sub Saharan Africa: A Critical Review with Urban Growth and Development Perspectives. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management, 6, EM-2018-158-163.
https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v6i2.g01
[22] URT (2007) The Urban Planning Act of 2007. Government Printers, Dar es Salaam.
[23] Schmidt, S. and Zakayo, E. (2018) Land Formalization and Local Leadership in Moshi, Tanzania. Habitat International, 74, 18-26.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.03.001
[24] Nnkya, T.J (2004) The Sustainable Dar es Salaam Project 1992-2003. UN-HABITAT.
[25] Lüthi, C., McConville, J. and Kvarnstr?m, E. (2010) Community-Based Approaches for Addressing the Urban Sanitation Challenges. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 1, 49-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463131003654764
[26] AFDB (African Development Bank) (2013) An Integrated Approach to Infrastructure Provision in Africa.
[27] Rajasingham, S. (2014) Road Infrastructure Maintenance: Lessons from Africa and the Pacific.
[28] Donnges, C., Edmonds, G. and Johannessen, B. (2007) Rural Road Maintenance: Sustaining the Benefits of Improved Access. International Labour Office, Bangkok.
[29] Karim, H. and Magnusson, R. (2008) Road Design for Future Maintenance Problems and Possibilities. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 134, 523-531.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2008)134:12(523)
[30] Affleck, R.T. and Freeman, R. (2010) Challenges for Engineering Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Infrastructure in Afghanistan (No. ERDC/CRREL-SR-10-2). Engineer Research and Development Center, Hanover, NH Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab. https://doi.org/10.21236/ADA532415


Strong, flexible mesh with 19mm hole.
Strong, flexible mesh with 50mm hole.
Our green plastic mesh is ideal for making a quick and easy tree guard. The mesh can be cut, the rolled into a cylinder and cable tied together.
The 19mm hole is a deterrent against smaller animals, and the 50mm hole can be used as a deterrent for larger animals.
Plastic mesh tends to be used as a temporary tree guard. If you are looking for something more substantial, then please contact our sales team on 01782 820 970 for information on welded steel mesh guards.


text:
New York Times Turns On Subscription Model. Will You Pay?
2011-03-17 by Archie Obrien Leave a Comment
The popular New York Times will no longer be free to read online, according to an official communique on Thursday. The paywall will be turned on at NYTimes.com on March 28. The move will affect readers in the US and around the world.
"This move is an investment in our future," Arthur Sulzberger Jr., chairman of The New York Times Company, said in his annual State of The Times remarks. "It will allow us to develop new sources of revenue to support the continuation of our journalistic mission and digital innovation, while maintaining our large and growing audience to support our robust advertising business. And this system is our latest, and best, demonstration of where we believe the future of valued content — be it news, music, games or more — is going."
Beginning March 28, the New York Times readers will only be able to read 20 articles per month for free. Once readers click on their 21st article, they will have the option of buying one of three digital news packages — $15 every four weeks for access to the Web site and a mobile phone app, $20 for Web access and an iPad app or $35 for an all-access plan. Users will be able to pay via PayPal or credit card. The company launched digital subscriptions in Canada Thursday to "fine-tune the customer experience" before the wider rollout.
As exciting as this may sound for the New York Times, they can forget the idea of engaging with the widest possible audience. As long as news outlets like Reuters and Associated Press distribute news free online, there will be always alternatives to paid subscriptions. Sure, the New York Times has many breaking stories, which are not available anywhere else in the first hour of publication or so. But this is the Internet – things cannot be kept behind walls for long – news spread, especially due to the rise of social networking. Soon, the New York Times will see its readers searching for news elsewhere.
Another question follows: if they turn on paid subscriptions, will they turn off advertising? My guess is no. With paid subscriptions, any newspaper only strengtheners its cash flow, but the bulk still comes from advertising. It remains a matter of debate whether the paper made a wise choice. Time will tell. In the meanwhile, enjoy the New York Times while you still can.
We do know that many agencies, including Zeno Group, Hunter PR & Kaplow PR still keep copies of The NY Times at their front desk.
Filed Under: PR News Tagged With: business, PR, PR News

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Image Title: Creative Of Hardwood Flooring Home Depot At The With Wood Floors For Idea 17. Filename: creative-of-hardwood-flooring-home-depot-at-the-with-wood-floors-for-idea-17.jpg. Image Dimension: 400 x 400 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Amani Connelly. Uploaded Date: Tuesday - May 29th. 2018 14:35:26 PM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: freshome.com.
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text:
Q: В цикл for увеличивать количество $i Вот такой код.
<?For ($i=1; $i<3; $i++){?>

        <input type="text" name="[<?php echo $i; ?>][code]" value="" class="form-control" placeholder="Артикул">
        <input type="text" name="[<?php echo $i; ?>][name]" value="" class="form-control" placeholder="Наименование">
        <input type="text" name="[<?php echo $i; ?>][groups]" value="" class="form-control" placeholder="Группа товара">
        <input type="text" name="[<?php echo $i; ?>][unit]" value="" class="form-control" placeholder="Ед. измерения">

<? }?>

Понимаю, что через кнопку примерно такую
<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" onclick="add_tr();">
     Новая строка
</button>

можно увеличивать количество строк. Подскажите как оформить скрипт, чтобы кнопка выполняла свою функцию

A: Создаете элементы с помощью document.createElement, вам нужен th и  input, вкладываете их друг в друга с помощью appendChild, также добавляете все к родительскому tr

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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If ate in their letters, inclosing the money.
of otir paper, with ail necessary instructions.
We allow a liberal commission, ar.d euergetic, .
wide nwake agents can make good wagf-s.
everywhere, and to I*? read by e\erybody.
Sthey reside can he made to aid ns materially.
i, Orjers, Registered Letters, or Drafts.
letters whenever requested to do so.
The fee for registering is fifteen cents.
f Lock Box No. 31.
The Rcpnbllcan Party Mill Victorious.
man and woman in the land.
looked for in some of the States did not occur.
Eifitcm district instead of Jcticks.
District on account of divisions in the party.
I with two districts iu doubt.
I Delaware is Democratic, as usual.
I the Republican party in that State.
conraging in. the results of Tuesday's work.
I The Republican party is still in the aacendan*.
thread ins way through conflicting Hjmptoin?
of nature, direct their efforts simply t>?
and strikes are resorted to, but with no avail.
to operate, and w ill operate fur a long time hereafter.
that some other ruler by the ''grace of iiod"
sound condition of thiugs underlying thcui.
don where the people rule is naturally peaceable.
of the First Napoleon, Frederick the Great, !
Charles XII., Louis XIV.. aud Charles V..
asked the consent of the people.
system of falsehood and deception which con !
by the fanaticism of spiritual or secular monarchs.
latter who is dead?now in the Democratic fold.
General R. E. Lee ! !
Republicans in Virginia, who sustained Mr.
a dog that he should do tlrs tiling."
who are trying to embrace it, does not exist.
Tlie Moral Code ol the Dctiuw t ;icy.
after the 8th of November."
to repeat; thus making 75,000 votes.
political fool, and lots out the secrets of Tammany.
only be beaten by fraud and repeaters.
A. II ? -d" ..' .
?~vv ]sr a. t i o y a.
more than half the States of this I nion fos!
V* - Hi tilL V ' IIMi I H.'ll a II ? ill in *11 ?
was bound a dead eorpse.
the lb-publican party saved us, saved the na !
party and keep it in power.
the :i< tionof those States where the l)einocratie !
Price $3,00 a year and $l,f?0 for fi months.
? 3,291. Total colored, 4,509.
of the newspaper obituaries of Gen. Lee.
general murmured from between his quivering !
Inm who was on earth always tirst in the advance."
glad of it. ''Barkis is willing."
mot e than he could stand, and so he died !
and sacrifice upon the altar of party fidelity.
me in the endorsement of our ticket."
watchword, and this, too, for the cause's sake.
sort, an 1 it t omes from men who know better.
to it. Ju^t so, chimes in all copperheadotu.
to give notice to this effect? Nobody.
was the IVaud, and who perpetrated it?
Brick Poiiieroy's slanders and abuse of Mr.
their part in the sulphurous luke."
J. It. Nickel, Kditor in Chief.
L. It. L>e La Court, Managing Kditor.
garibaldi is denounced for the loss of Pijon.
Tbe Pope's temporal power has departed.
can rule in spiritual matters, nothing more.
surve llunce since bis visit to Cbeselhaut.
30,000 frant s for the equipment of a battery.
tiovernmerit, such as it is.
end ?" does not seem to be settled yet.
'I'Iip !T m ; .r? <;>? Filtrpiii?? and thr? Prill, Inine.
rial mere at Chiselhurst on .Sunday last.
the government stood?yeas, "tt)l .117-1 : na\*.
Eugenie at her English home in Chiselhurst.
may view an ex empress at a utsiance.
fears it will he ruin.
The Barrings withhold the Piussian loan.
he is more than a match for Theirs, Fawe .V Co.
I he new American Minuter at Copenhagen.
Upas tree of copperhead ism.
contain lands well adapted to agricultural purposes.
in Scotland have services iq the Gaelic language.
atiiunnt ol fines ami co-Is collected is ?1 ,.V>3 fa).
Kxpen-cs of the Court Sl,032.f?0.
significant than that of those who were in attendance.
the question of a new market-house in Washington.
up to the 2oth of November.
channel, which he alleges is fast filling up.
j females, 4,710; total, 27,935.
i take a double dose of benzine.
A colored tuati who was employed by Mr. H.
i worth of articles, a<ul decamped.
tlcinan taken out, opened, aud then replaced.
w? i %t mi ii _ : ?
which they will Jo welt to avail themselves.


We believe in the power of people-driven networks. Connecting, convening and working together on shared (and difficult) goals help us move from vision to reality.
Education Innovation Clusters (EdClusters) are local communities of practice that bring together educators, entrepreneurs, funders, researchers, and other community stakeholders (families, local government, non-profits) to support innovative teaching and learning in their region.
The maker learning movement is engaging the hearts, minds, and hands of students around the country, and Digital Promise is committed to making high-quality maker learning available to all students.
Verizon Innovative Learning schools provide 1:1 technology and 24/7 access for educators and students. Educators are supported with ongoing, innovative professional learning and a dedicated school-based learning coach.
Cyberlearning researchers explore the future of learning with emerging technologies. The Center for Innovative Research in Cyberlearning (CIRCL) helps research teams collaborate, tackle bigger issues, and reach a broader audience.


Search engine optimization (SEO) is a discipline that forms a critical pillar of internet marketing. It has evolved over time and borrows a lot from other disciplines. After all, SEO permeates lots of disciplines in an attempt to capture every audience.
Leonardo DiCaprio won his first Oscar thanks to The Revenant, a wilderness thriller. His win at the 88th Academy Awards brought a lot of excitement to many people and from it we can draw important SEO lessons.
Before winning the Oscar's, Leo was nominated 5 times and he won the sixth time. He was nominated four times for acting and once for production at the Academy Awards, but each time, he missed out and practically left the Dolby Theater without any trophy. Instead of getting upset and giving up, he kept doing what he knows best.
In SEO, there is no overnight success rather you have to put your strategies in place, continue doing the right thing in terms of content, keywords and links. This will ultimately take you to the top.
In his acceptance speech, Leonardo did not focus on his career and the things he had done to get him this far, but he concentrated on climate change as an issue that affects everybody and that everyone must actively participate in.
When doing content as part of your SEO, your priority should not be to push the business in the faces of your audience, but rather take the time to discuss pertinent issues that your audience can participate in and generate debate.
While playing the mentally impaired Arnie in the 1993 movie, What's Eating Gilbert Grape, Leonardo took a daring role that made people think he was actually mentally disabled in real life.
Inasmuch as things such as link building, fine tuning meta descriptions, and doing basic content matter in SEO, you need to go ahead of the pack and do something extra that will leave your audience wanting more from you.
Leonardo DiCaprio is certainly an icon in the film world and this is because he has gone beyond the criticism to morph himself into an indomitable character.
In SEO, you will come across people, publications and barriers that tell you it cannot be done. Instead of this discouraging you, it should spur self-belief and confidence that you can make it and you were designed for the skies when it comes to ranking and popularity.
One thing is for sure with Leonardo DiCaprio, he is philanthropic. He has the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation which has till today given over 30 million dollars to various organizations.
If you want to excel in search engine optimization, learn the art of giving something away such as eBooks, how to guides, infographics, case studies, reports, and many others. All these have a way of rewarding you through huge followership and site endorsements.


- The FR1 is designed to keep you safe and sound, all charged up and ready to know. Perfect for everyday use or in case of emergency.
- Small enough to store in an emergency kit, backpack or glovebox, the FR1 packs a ton of features into a super compact size. And itƒ??s mighty enough to charge most smartphones, play tunes and news, receive weather alerts, and light the night.
- Stay in tune and up to date with this AM/FM/NOAA weather band digital radio with display and alarm clock. Plug in your favorite headphones for solo listening.
- When the ƒ??Alertƒ?? function is on, the radio will automatically broadcast emergency weather alerts for your area such as hurricanes, tornadoes and severe storms.
- The FR1 powers up in multiple waysƒ??via hand crank, built-in rechargeable battery, or use DC power via the included micro-USB cable to charge the FR1ƒ??s built-in rechargeable battery.
- To charge your smartphone, simply plug your charging cable into the USB port. Push the ƒ??CELLƒ?? button and it will begin to charge to your phone. The FR1 has enough power to fully charge most smartphones when fully charged.


text:
Xiao Zhi (; born on May 28, 1985) is a Chinese professional footballer who currently plays for China League Two club Qingdao Hainiu as a striker.

Club career
Xiao Zhi started his football career with second-tier football club Nanjing Yoyo, where he would establish himself as a regular within the team before he was sold to his local football club Henan Jianye for 1.3 million Yuan. With his new club he would play within the top tier and make his debut for them on March 11, 2007, when he made his first league appearance against Beijing Guoan in a 0–0 draw. Due to his versatility to play as a winger or striker he would find significant playing time and score his first goal against Changchun Yatai on November 4, 2007, in a 3–2 victory. By the end of season he would make 23 league appearances and though these often came as a substitute he would still play a large part in Henan's establishment in the Chinese Super League.

On January 27, 2016, Xiao transferred to fellow Chinese Super League side Guangzhou R&F. He would make his debut in a league game against Hebei China Fortune F.C. on March 4, 2016, in a 2–1 defeat. In his first campaign he played 25 times in the league that season, scoring six goals. Xiao signed a contract extension with R&F on January 25, 2017.

On July 17, 2020, Xiao joined Tianjin TEDA. He would make his debut in a league game against Shanghai SIPG F.C. on July 27, 2020, in a game that ended in a 3–1 defeat.

International career
On June 7, 2017, Xiao made his debut and scored for the Chinese national team in an 8–1 win against Philippines.

Career statistics

Club
Statistics accurate as of match played December 31, 2020.

International

Scores and results list China's goal tally first.

Honours

Club
Henan Jianye
China League One: 2013

References

External links
Player stats at sohu.com
Squad profile at Henan Jianye website

1985 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Luoyang
Chinese footballers
Footballers from Henan
Nanjing Yoyo players
Henan Songshan Longmen F.C. players
Guangzhou City F.C. players
Tianjin Jinmen Tiger F.C. players
Chinese Super League players
China League One players
Association football forwards
Association football midfielders
China international footballers
2019 AFC Asian Cup players

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: php is having a random baby If I wanted to create a survey that displays the gender of your future babies with counting the ratio of having a male to female is 1.05 to 1. Assuming that each couple will get one baby only. How can I do that in php?
rand (0,1); will generate a random number (either 1 or 0). which can represent the gender. But, how can the ratio be applied as a probability in getting that number?
I know the ratio is very close, and maybe applying the ratio to my function will not effect the outcome at all. but I am doing this to educate myself so, give me an example of how this can be done.

A: as per @Michael Berkowski's comment:
/**
 * Generate random baby gender adjusted by ratio male to female 1.05:1
 *
 * @return
 *   TRUE if male or FALSE if female
 */
function is_random_male() {
    return rand(1, 205) <= 105;
}

echo is_random_male() ? 'male' : 'female';

A: 1.05 to 1 is equivalent to:

*

*Male % = (1 / 2.05) * 100 %  = 48,78.. %

*Female % = (1.05 / 2.05) * 100 % = 51.22.. %

Now depending on the degree of accuracy needed, you can do the following algorithm:
$rnd = rand(0,100);
if ($rnd < 48 ) {
    //male
}
else {
    //female
}

If you want even more accuracy:
$rnd = rand(0,10000);
if ($rnd < 4878 ) {
    //male
}
else {
    //female
}


text:
Developing Global Perspective in Costa Rica
Designed for those with limited international travel experience, this program will help students develop awareness of and reflect on their personal and cultural identities, learn how individuals in another culture engage with their society, and recognize similarities and distinctions between the two.
San Jose & Monteverde, Costa Rica
-Open to All Majors
Global Perspective: "A viewpoint that tries to understand the place or places of individuals, groups, cultures and societies in the world and how they relate to each other"
~Bell, 2014.
Designed for the first-time international traveler, this study abroad program will aid students in examining their own identities within the context of cultural and societal groups in the United States in order to better understand their own perspective. By comparison, and through the abroad experience, students will explore the culture of the host country, learning about its history, societal values, cultural and racial identity groups, and current social issues and how these are reflected in the perspectives of citizens and their response to certain situations. Current issues in the U.S. that may also be of significance to the host country will be explored, such as immigration, access to education, environmental policy and the economy.
The Summer 2020 program will be offered in San Jose and Monteverde, Costa Rica from May 19-27, 2020.
Costa Rica is known for its natural beauty, extraordinary diversity of flora and fauna, social and political stability, high educational levels, and efficient infrastructure and services. San José, Costa Rica's capital, is a vibrant and cosmopolitan city. It lies in the Central Valley on a plain surrounded by large forested mountain ranges, some of which include active volcanoes, green savannahs, and working coffee plantations.
Monteverde, Costa Rica is a small community located in the Cordillera de Tilaran mountain range. It is home to one of the rarest habitats on Earth, the cloud forest, and an astounding variety of flora and fauna.
All students will enroll in LA&S 492 Special Topics: Developing Global Perspective (3 credit hours)
This course will meet on the KU campus for two hours, once weekly, for seven weeks prior to travel and once upon return from Costa Rica. Once participants have been selected, a meeting time for the pre and post-trip meetings will be determined. Tentative dates for the on-campus course meetings are March 23 – May 4, 2020.
On-campus course meetings will cover diverse topics such as defining global perspective; exploring culture and its intersection with personal identity; addressing bias and stereotypes; Costa Rica, its history, and issues of relevance to Costa Rica and the United States; sustainable tourism; and preparing for the international travel experience. Each of these topics will be explored in more depth throughout the 8-day study abroad experience in Costa Rica from May 19-27, 2020.
While abroad, students will be housed in double occupancy accommodations at hotels in San Jose and Monteverde, Costa Rica. Breakfast will be provided daily. Most lunches and dinners are also provided.
Life Abroad:
Tentative Itinerary - Summer 2020
May 19, 2020 Flight from Kansas City to San Jose, Costa Rica; On-site orientation
May 20, 2020 Tour of San Jose and Museo de Oro; Meeting with U.S. Embassy representatives; presentation on indigenous communities of Costa Rica; traditional food and cultural show
May 21, 2020 Visit to the Universidad de Costa Rica with presentation on educational opportunity in Costa Rica; presentation on immigration and associated policies
May 22, 2020 Visit to Irazu Volcano National Park and the Basilica de Nuestra Senora de los Angeles in Cartago, Costa Rica.
May 23, 2020 Day trip to Punta Arenas and the beach and forests of Isla Tortuga; travel to Monteverde, Costa Rica
May 24, 2020 Visit to Monteverde Could Forest Biological Reserve; discussion on agricultural production in Costa Rica
May 25, 2020 Visits in Monteverde; free afternoon for personal exploration
May 26, 2020 Return to San Jose, Farewell dinner
May 27, 2020 Return flight from San Jose to Kansas City
This program is open to undergraduate students that are active participants in TRIO SES or TRIO STEM at the University of Kansas. Preference will be given to students who have not previously participated in a study abroad program or had extensive experiences abroad. The class and study abroad program will be conducted in English; however, knowledge of Spanish would be beneficial during the Costa Rica program.
Program Faculty:
The course and study abroad program will be taught and directed by Dr. Julie Hamel and LaTisha Davis, full-time staff of the KU TRIO SES and TRIO STEM program.
Julie Hamel, PhD
TRIO SES Student Success Specialist
Strong Hall, Room 7
julie.hamel@ku.edu
LaTisha Davis, MLA
Associate Director, TRIO SES
l219d940@ku.edu
*No Federal Funds are used in support of the Developing Global Perspective class/program.


Discussion in 'Intro's' started by Brando calresian, 10/24/18.
I have the Oakley TB1. With the serial number 00035.. it's the 35 watch produced.. just wanted to know some info .thanks.
Owns a pair of Oakleys.
Wrong section but welcome to the best forum on the planet.
Funky-Trixtar, Timimen and "TRUMP" like this.
trippledigitss, "TRUMP" and Jon the Don like this.
Depends on condition. Does it stayed charged? Do you have original box?
headpatrolman and Jon the Don like this.
trippledigitss, Funky-Trixtar and Amanoramonkey like this.
Funky-Trixtar and Jon the Don like this.
I haven't voted yet, I am still undecided, the Value normally gets my vote but the How much seem to have some strong policies.
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Posted on March 7, 2019, 11:15 am, by admin, under Tiffany's World.
WE ARE EXCITED TO OFFER BOPPER SLIME PARTIES IN ADELAIDE!
ARE YOU LOOKING FOR A PARTY THAT'S ON TREND, FUN AND CREATIVE FOR YOUR CHILD'S BIRTHDAY?
TRY OUR AMAZING SLIME PARTY! CAN BE USED IN COMBINATION WITH OUR DISCO PARTIES!
If you have older children at the party, we will tailor the experiments and activities to suit.
Entertainer to host and organise the slime-tastic fun.
Glitter and textured slime fun!
Including a DIY slime creation for each guest to take home at the conclusion of the party!
Your entertainer will arrive 15 minutes prior to the party to set up all the slime fun. They will bring a small speaker for music, all equipment and ingredients for the slime.
Your child will be featured as the star throughout their party.
Then we begin the hour of slime fun which feature two DIY slime creations per child.
At the end of the party we will make time to sing happy birthday to the birthday child.
Each child will get to take home 2 special slime creations.
Prices are for up to 15 children. If you are having more than 15 children a second Slime host will be included for an extra $150 (up to 30 children).
Travel charges do apply in some areas.
Due to the nature of our slime parties the duration cannot be extended. If you are after a longer party that includes slime fun, check out our DISCO Parties.
Posted on March 2, 2019, 10:18 pm, by admin, under Discos, Kids Parties, On the Stage.
We are excited to offer our ever popular School Holiday Pop Star Performing Arts Workshops are on again in Adelaide for 2019!
At the end of the two days your children will get to perform in a CONCERT for family and friends, showing off what they have learnt over the two days. This part is always so special. They will also be awarded with a Performance Certificate.
To share our excitement for the upcoming holidays, we are offering you this $20 OFF Early Bird special if you would like to book your kids into our next School Holiday Workshops in April!
And, because we know children love bringing their friends, this offer is extended to your friends too.
OR email tiffany@boptillyoudrop.com.au to reserve your spot.
Don't miss out on this wonderful opportunity for your child to gain new skills, increase their confidence and of course, make new friends. Our goal in providing these workshops is for all the children to walk away feeling special and knowing that they can do anything they put their mind to. We hope to share that experience with your children.
Heres a little snippet from one of our other programs and if you see our albums on Facebook you can see the fun the children have in this great workshop.
Posted on February 28, 2019, 3:38 pm, by admin, under Discos, On the Stage, Tiffany's World.
Tickets are now on sale for the next Blue Light Disco Movie lockdown at Wallis Cinemas Piccadilly. Its on Friday the 12th of April 6 – 9.15pm. This is a really FUN night for the children, a Bop till you Drop Disco and then they can sit back and relax and enjoy MISSING LINK The Movie. The kids are safe for 3 hours and you and your friends can enjoy a meal or movie yourselves! It pays to book as the new movies book out fast!
MISSING LINK – Tired of living a solitary life in the Pacific Northwest, Mr. Link — 8 feet tall and covered in fur — recruits fearless explorer Sir Lionel Frost to guide him on a journey to find his long-lost relatives in the fabled valley of Shangri-La. Along with adventurer Adelina Fortnight, the trio encounters their fair share of peril as they travel to the far reaches of the world. Through it all, they learn that sometimes one can find a family in the places one least expects.
Posted on March 25, 2018, 9:17 am, by admin, under Discos, Tiffany's World.
Wallis Mainline Drive-In are once again holding special Saturday movie nights dedicated for families.
They open an hour before the movie starts so you can get there early and enjoy a relaxed dinner before sitting back to watch the large outdoor screen.
Pack the car with pillows and blankets along with foldable chairs. A picnic or the cafe has plenty to offer.
The children not only get to watch a movie but an hour of FUN FREE Activities are also available. Different nights offer different activities so check out the program for whats on.
What's on at the Family Flix drive-in movies?
At only $25 for a car (maximum 5 persons per car) it's a great value family night out.
You can also pre buy tickets to these nights from Wallis, as they are really popular and it would be a shame to drive all the way their and miss out!


1. Players are requested to observe tennis court courtesies as well as rules of good conduct on and around tennis courts.
2. Playing on the courts without tennis shoes is forbidden. A tennis shoe is a heelless rubber-soled shoe.
3. No bicycles, skateboards, roller-skates, rollerblades or pets are allowed on the courts. Food and beverages are discouraged.
4. Two or more players are allowed up to 1 hour of court time for rallying or 1 set of singles or 2 sets of doubles. All players must have a partner to use a court. No saving a court while waiting for partner to arrive.
5. Whenever there are players waiting, all players must vacate courts after playing for 1 hour from the time they started.
6. Players waiting to use a court must indicate in some clear way to those using the courts that they are waiting to use the court.
7. La Jolla High School and The City of San Diego shall have priority use.
8. No individual, group, club, or organization shall occupy tennis courts for tournament play without written permission from the City of San Diego Recreation Office. Application must be made at least fourteen (14) days in advance of dates set for start of play.
term is defined and herein to mean use of the principal purpose of making a profit not pledged to be devoted to public uses.
10. Reservations are not posted by the City. The permittee will be responsible for posting a copy of the reservation permit on the appropriate court by term is defined and herein to mean use of the principal purpose of making a profit not pledged to be devoted to public uses.
11. Rental and Coaching Fees.


text:
Cornelis Willem Lely (Deventer, 9 juni 1885 – Liverpool, 8 april 1932) was een Nederlands wetenschapper, hoofdingenieur van Rijkswaterstaat en lid van de Staatscommissie Zuiderzee. Hij kreeg bekendheid door zijn aanbevelingen voor rivierverbeteringen en de berekeningen daarvoor. Lely was een zoon van waterbouwkundig ingenieur Cornelis Lely, bekend van de Zuiderzeewerken.

Leven en werk
Lely studeerde in 1908 af aan de Technische Hogeschool te Delft als civiel ingenieur. In begin 1909 begon hij vanuit Tilburg en Oosterhout te werken bij Rijkswaterstaat als adjunct-ingenieur met als eerste project het Wilhelminakanaal. Een eerste artikel van zijn hand, genaamd 'Eenige opmerkingen over de waterverdeeling op onze Boven-rivieren' werd gepubliceerd in De Ingenieur. In 1911 kreeg hij als standplaats IJmuiden waar hij werkte aan de voorbereidingen van de Noordersluis. Vanaf 1910 maakte hij naam met artikelen omtrent de berekeningen van een kanaal dat zowel geschikt was voor irrigatie als voor scheepvaart, ook wel een 'gemengd kanaal' genoemd. Lely ontwikkelde zich tot expert omtrent het verbeteren van rivieren. Het volgende artikel dat hij schreef; 'Beschouwingen over het peil van het IJsselmeer na afsluiting en droogmaking der Zuiderzee', verscheen wederom in De Ingenieur. In 1914 kreeg hij de functie van arrondissementsingenieur in Hoorn. Daar werkte hij mee aan de plannen voor de afsluiting van de Zuiderzee. Vervolgens begon hij in 1915 te werken bij de directie Groote Rivieren te Den Haag.

Begin 1914 publiceerde hij in De Ingenieur een artikel over de afwatering van het Noordzeekanaal na afsluiting van de Zuiderzee. Na drie jaar IJmuiden volgde in 1914 zijn benoeming tot arrondissementsingenieur in Hoorn, waar hij rechtstreeks te maken kreeg met de plannen voor de afsluiting van de Zuiderzee. Anderhalf jaar later wisselde hij opnieuw van standplaats: op 1 november 1915 werd hij bij de latere Directie Groote Rivieren in Den Haag "toegevoegd aan de Hoofdingenieur Directeur". In 1916 werd hij al benoemd tot lid en secretaris van de Staatscommissie Rotterdamschen Waterweg waar werd uitgezocht hoe de Nieuwe Waterweg reageerde op extreem hoge waterstanden en hoe het voortaan tot minder overlast kon leiden. In deze commissie werkte hij in opdracht van de minister van Waterstaat (zijn vader C.Lely), onder voorzitterschap van prof. Van de Sande Bahuyzen  samen met G. H. de Vries Broekman.

In Januari 1918 werd een brochure uitgegeven door de Zuiderzeevereniging geschreven door Lely met als titel; 'de Verhooging van de stormvloedstanden op de Friesche kust, tengevolge van de afsluiting der Zuiderzee'. Hij had hiervoor berekend dat hoe hoog het water zou komen wanneer de Zuiderzee afgesloten zou zijn. Hierdoor werd hij gevraagd voor de Staatscommissie Lorentz en schreef voor dezelfde commissie een nota voor het uitgegeven verslag in September 1926

In 1919 werd hij aangesteld als secretaris van de commissie "Den Beerschen overlaat". De commissie kreeg tot taak om de problemen rond de wateroverlast in het gebied tussen Grave en Den Bosch in Noord-Brabant op te lossen. In 1919 werd het verslag der commissie vastgesteld gebaseerd op de nota van Lely. De als bijlage bijgevoegde nota betreffende de berekening van de verhooging der waterstanden op de Maas, tengevolge van de ophooging van den Beerschen Overlaat tot een hoogte overeenkomende met een stand van 10.80 M +N.A.P. te Grave werd door Lely opgesteld.

In 1921 stelde Lely en Jolles een nieuw verslag samen hierin werden de maasstanden, dijkverhogingen en verruimingen van het zomer en winterbed en de kosten ervoor berekend. Hiervoor werd een nota uit 1920 gebruikt van C. W. Lely en een nieuwe nota opgesteld door D.J. Klink, adjunct-secretaris. In hetzelfde jaar promoveerde Lely op een proefschrift getiteld "De invloed van de Zuiderzee op de stormvloedstanden langs de Friesche kust ".

Het op basis van het door de commissie Jolles uitgebrachte advies om de overlaat met een halve meter te verhogen bleek echter niet voldoende. Op 3 februari 1926 kreeg Lely van minister Bongaerts de opdracht tot het instellen van een onderzoek omtrent de mogelijkheid tot verbetering van de Maas boven en beneden Grave om zo overstromingen te kunnen voorkomen. Het rapport, ook wel het plan-Lely tot afvoerverbetering genoemd, werd op 21 juli 1926 uitgebracht.

In 1931 werd Lely benoemd tot Officier in de Orde van Oranje-Nassau.

Lely overleed op 8 april 1932 op 46-jarige leeftijd in Engeland als gevolg van een noodlottig ongeluk op het Aintree-station in Liverpool.

Literatuur
 Horn-van Nispen, Marie-Louise ten, 'Cornelis Willem Lely' in Tijdschrift voor Waterstaatsgeschiedenis 11 (2002); webversie 2006
 Wolterbeek, C. 'Ter herdenking † Dr. ir. C.W. Lely' in De Ingenieur, 17 juni 1932

Nederlands waterbouwkundige


text:
class WindowManagerSdl : public WindowManager {
 public:
  WindowManagerSdl();
  ~WindowManagerSdl();
  virtual Window* createWindow(Image* image, const Window::PixelFormat& pixel_format, std::string title);
  virtual void sleep(long millis);
};

#endif // WINDOW_MANAGER_SDL_HPP

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Crafted from premium quality polyester fabric with innovative triple weave construction, our gorgeous Geometric Trellis design room darkening curtains will instantly add contemporary sophistication to your space, while keeping your budget in control with their energy efficient qualities. The subtle and sturdy pattern enhances the ambiance of any space with its refreshing contrastive colors. Our energy saving blackout curtains efficiently blocks sunlight and UV rays, and regulates the room temperature by preventing heat loss, or preserving a cool temperature. Moreover, the 100% insulation also prevents outside noise to disturb your much needed day time snooze. Combine luxury with functionality by revamping your bedrooms, kids' rooms, living rooms, lobbies, or offices with a matching hued modern geometric print thermal insulated curtains.


text:
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  include Activatable
  include Linkable
  include PgSearch

  ALLOWED_LOGIN_CHARACTERS = '[\w\-\.]'
  USER_LOGIN_REGEX = /\A#{ ALLOWED_LOGIN_CHARACTERS }+\z/
  DUP_LOGIN_SANITATION_ATTEMPTS = 20

  devise :database_authenticatable, :registerable,
    :recoverable, :rememberable, :trackable, :validatable,
    :omniauthable, omniauth_providers: [:facebook, :gplus]

  has_many :classifications
  has_many :authorizations, dependent: :destroy
  has_many :collection_preferences, class_name: "UserCollectionPreference", dependent: :destroy
  has_many :project_preferences, class_name: "UserProjectPreference", dependent: :destroy
  has_many :oauth_applications, class_name: "Doorkeeper::Application", as: :owner, dependent: :destroy

  has_many :memberships, dependent: :destroy
  has_many :active_memberships, -> { active }, class_name: 'Membership'
  has_one :identity_membership, -> { identity }, class_name: 'Membership'
  has_one :avatar, -> { where(type: "user_avatar")}, class_name: "Medium", as: :linked
  has_one :profile_header, -> { where(type: "user_profile_header")}, class_name: "Medium", as: :linked

  has_many :user_groups, through: :active_memberships
  has_one :identity_group, through: :identity_membership,
    source: :user_group, class_name: "UserGroup", dependent: :destroy

  has_many :project_roles, through: :identity_group
  has_many :collection_roles, through: :identity_group
  has_many :user_seen_subjects, dependent: :destroy
  has_many :uploaded_subjects, class_name: "Subject", foreign_key: "upload_user_id"

  has_many :subject_queues, dependent: :destroy

  belongs_to :signup_project, class_name: 'Project', foreign_key: "project_id"

  before_validation :default_display_name, on: [:create, :update]
  before_validation :sync_identity_group, on: [:update]
  before_validation :setup_unsubscribe_token, on: [:create]
  before_validation :update_ouroboros_created

  validates :login, presence: true, format: { with: USER_LOGIN_REGEX }
  validates :display_name, presence: true
  validates :unsubscribe_token, presence: true, uniqueness: true
  validates_length_of :password, within: 8..128, allow_blank: true, unless: :migrated
  validates_inclusion_of :valid_email, in: [true, false], message: "must be true or false"

  validates_with LoginUniquenessValidator
  validates_with IdentityGroupNameValidator

  after_create :set_zooniverse_id
  after_create :send_welcome_email, unless: :migrated
  before_create :set_ouroboros_api_key

  delegate :projects, to: :identity_group
  delegate :collections, to: :identity_group
  delegate :subjects, to: :identity_group
  delegate :owns?, to: :identity_group

  can_be_linked :membership, :all
  can_be_linked :user_group, :all
  can_be_linked :subject_queue, :all
  can_be_linked :user_project_preference, :all
  can_be_linked :user_collection_preference, :all
  can_be_linked :project, :scope_for, :update, :user
  can_be_linked :collection, :scope_for, :update, :user

  pg_search_scope :search_name,
    against: [:login, :display_name],
    using: :trigram,
    ranked_by: ":trigram"

  def self.scope_for(action, user, opts={})
    case action
    when :show, :index
      where(ouroboros_created: false).merge(active)
    else
      where(id: user.id)
    end
  end

  def self.from_omniauth(auth_hash)
    auth = Authorization.from_omniauth(auth_hash)
    auth.user ||= create! do |u|
      u.email = auth_hash.info.email
      u.display_name = auth_hash.info.name
      u.login = sanitize_login u.display_name
      u.password = Devise.friendly_token[0,20]
      u.build_identity_group
      u.authorizations << auth
    end
  end

  def self.reflect_on_association(association_name)
    case association_name.to_sym
    when :projects, :collections
      UserGroup.reflect_on_association(association_name)
    else
      super
    end
  end

  def self.find_for_database_authentication(warden_conditions = { })
    warden_conditions = warden_conditions.dup
    if login_value = warden_conditions.delete(:login).try(:downcase)
      arel_table = User.arel_table
      user = arel_table[:display_name].lower.eq(login_value)
      user = user.or(arel_table[:login].lower.eq(login_value))
      user = user.or(arel_table[:email].eq(login_value))
      self.where(warden_conditions.to_hash).where(user).first
    else
      where(warden_conditions.to_hash).first
    end
  end

  def self.sanitize_login(string)
    string
      .gsub(/\s+/, '_')
      .gsub /[^#{ ALLOWED_LOGIN_CHARACTERS }]/, ''
  end

  def self.user_from_unsubscribe_token(signature)
    login = UserUnsubscribeMessageVerifier.verify(signature)
    find_by_lower_login(login)
  rescue ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature
    nil
  end

  # Overrides Devise built-in to add disabled state
  def self.send_reset_password_instructions(attributes = {})
    recoverable = find_or_initialize_with_errors(reset_password_keys, attributes, :not_found)
    if recoverable.persisted? && !recoverable.disabled? && !recoverable.email.blank?
      recoverable.send_reset_password_instructions
    end
    recoverable
  end

  def self.find_by_lower_login(login)
    find_by("lower(login) = '#{login.downcase}'")
  end

  def subject_limit
    super || Panoptes.max_subjects
  end

  def memberships_for(action, klass)
    membership_roles = UserGroup.roles_allowed_to_access(action, klass)
    active_memberships.where.overlap(roles: membership_roles)
  end

  def password_required?
    super && hash_func != 'sha1'
  end

  def password=(new_password)
    super
    self.hash_func = 'bcrypt' if @password.present?
  end

  def valid_password?(password)
    case hash_func
    when 'bcrypt'
      super(password)
    when 'sha1'
      valid_sha1_password?(password)
    else
      false
    end
  end

  def active_for_authentication?
    return false if disabled?
    update_ouroboros_created
    ok_for_auth = changed? ? save : true
    ok_for_auth && super
  end

  def email_required?
    authorizations.blank? && !disabled?
  end

  def build_identity_group
    default_display_name
    raise StandardError, "Identity Group Exists" if identity_group
    build_identity_membership
    identity_membership.build_user_group(display_name: display_name, name: login)
  end

  def is_admin?
    !!admin
  end

  def has_finished?(workflow)
    seen_count = user_seen_subjects.where(workflow_id: workflow.id)
      .select('array_length("user_seen_subjects"."subject_ids", 1) as subject_count')
      .first.try(:subject_count)

    !!(seen_count && seen_count >= workflow.subjects_count)
  end

  def valid_sha1_password?(plain_password)
    worked = nil
    1.upto(25).each do |n|
      if encrypted_password == Sha1Encryption.encrypt(plain_password, password_salt, -n)
        worked = n
        logger.info "User #{id} is using sha1 password. Updating..."
        self.password = plain_password
        self.hash_func = 'bcrypt'
        setup_unsubscribe_token
        self.save!
        break
      end
    end
    !!worked
  end

  def default_display_name
    self.display_name ||= login
  end

  def update_ouroboros_created
    if ouroboros_created
      counter = 0
      sanitized_login = User.sanitize_login(display_name)
      sanitized_login = panoptes_zoo_id if sanitized_login.blank?
      self.login = sanitized_login
      until no_other_logins_exist?(login) || counter == DUP_LOGIN_SANITATION_ATTEMPTS
        self.login = "#{ sanitized_login }-#{ counter += 1 }"
      end
      self.ouroboros_created = false
      build_identity_group
      setup_unsubscribe_token
    end
  end

  def panoptes_zoo_id
    "panoptes-#{ id }"
  end

  def set_zooniverse_id
    self.zooniverse_id ||= panoptes_zoo_id
    if zooniverse_id_changed?
      self.update_column(:zooniverse_id, self.zooniverse_id)
    end
  end

  def setup_unsubscribe_token
    if self.login
      self.unsubscribe_token ||= UserUnsubscribeMessageVerifier.create_access_token(self.login)
    end
  end

  def send_welcome_email
    UserWelcomeMailerWorker.perform_async(id, project_id)
  end

  def set_ouroboros_api_key
    self.api_key = Digest::SHA1.hexdigest("#{ Time.now.utc }#{ email }")[0...20]
  end

  def sync_identity_group
    if identity_group
      identity_group.name = login if login_changed?
      identity_group.display_name = display_name if display_name_changed?
      identity_group.save!
    end
  end

  def no_other_logins_exist?(login)
    if user = User.find_by_lower_login(login)
      user.id == id
    else
      true
    end
  end
end


A person's lifestyle has a very important impact on their personal health and that is why it is important to eat healthy foods that make the body stronger. A larger part of individuals however tend to eat a great deal of low quality nourishment and carbonated beverages which don't have any medical benefits and they wind up contracting infections, for example, diabetes. Numerous people have diabetes which is a contamination depicted by inadequate insulin in the body to break down the glucose present in the food we eat. When the rate of blood sugar is high, a person may be at risk and to combat this deadly disease, there are a variety of drugs that diabetes patients are prescribed.
The vast majority of these medications are exorbitant and it can be a great challenge for people who don't have sufficient cash to buy the prescriptions consistently. There are however a number of prescription programs that allow diabetes patients to get the drugs that they have been prescribed to by doctors at an affordable price. For a diabetes patient to get those drugs, they will at first need to subscribe to that program and pay a certain price for each drug every month. It may be to some degree hard for a diabetes patient to pick which diabetes prescription program to subscribe to since they are quite a lot. On the off chance that you are searching for such a prescription program, there are various critical variables that you should consider when you are picking one.
One of the basic elements that you ought to think about when you are picking such a program is the proportion of money you will pay every month for the drugs. You ought to pick a diabetes prescription program that charges you a sensible amount of money every month which is within your set budget. Another imperative factor that you should consider when you are picking a diabetes prescription program is their authenticity.
You ought to guarantee that the prescription program you have picked is a verified medication supplier that has been endorsed by all the imperative authorities. This will ascertain that they are distributing authentic diabetes drugs that have been verified by the relevant authorities and not generic meds that may have side effects. The reputation of the diabetes prescription program is also an important factor to take into account. There are quite many audits online about such programs and they will empower you to acknowledge how dependable they are. These reviews are given by diabetes patients who have ever subscribed to such programs thus you can rely on the information they give.


text:
Analysis Featured Features Human Rights
Aasia Bibi Is Free But A Major Course Correction Is In Order
Ailia Zehra February 1, 2019
Christian woman Aasia Bibi who was accused of blasphemy and spent 8 years in prison will finally walk free as the review petition against her acquittal was set aside by the Supreme Court (SC). The judgement is being welcomed by rights activists, but it is unclear as to whether there would be some action against those who falsely accused her of blasphemy and gave false testimonies to mislead the court and public.
The apex court's bench issued some significant remarks while grilling the petitioner's lawyer. Chief Justice Asif Saeed Khosa rebuked the witnesses for lying under oath, and added that they would have been jailed for life if the case wasn't so sensitive.
Qari Saleem, a local religious cleric who was the main complainant against Aasia Bibi, lied after taking oath on the Holy Quran, as a result of which the innocent woman languished in jail for eight years for a crime she had not committed.
CJ Khosa observed that the main point is that the charges against her were never proven. He also criticized leaders of Tehreek-e-Labbak (TLP) for issuing fatwas (religious decrees) against judges over Aasia Bibi's acquittal. The CJ also lamented that the entire country was blocked by the TLP to protest the SC verdict.
The chief justice's remarks have given hope that the issue of misuse of blasphemy law and false testimonies will now be addressed. Blasphemy law is often used to target religious minorities and settle scores. Now that the apex court's judgement has established that a woman from a minority community had to spend 8 years in jail due to the failure of the justice system to determine the falsity of testimonies, some major course correction may be in order.
Legal analyst Khalid Ranjha says the remarks from the judges in the final hearing of the case have made it clear that the bench was enraged over the false testimonies. "But grilling the petitioner's lawyer wasn't enough," he added.
"It would have been ideal if the SC had sent the case to a trial court to take the false witnesses to task. Alternatively, the prosecution could have done the same. Punishing the false witnesses under the same laws is important because it would set a much-needed precedent", he said.
Ranjha further said that if Aasia Bibi's lawyer takes up the issue and files a case against those who falsely accused her of blasphemy, the courts would be morally bound to award a punishment to Aasia's tormentors.
He further said that victims of blasphemy laws usually refrain from challenging the false accusers even after they're acquitted, but since the Aasia Bibi case had gained international recognition, it is an opportunity to right a wrong.
"When those charged under blasphemy laws are acquitted they don't usually take up the issue of false testimonies, but Aasia Bibi case should serve as an opportunity to change course and set a precedent. If all those who misled the court by accusing Aasia Bibi of blasphemy are punished, it would help stop the misuse of blasphemy law", he concluded.
Ailia Zehra
The author is Managing Editor, Naya Daur Media. She covers counter-extremism, human rights and freedom of speech among other issues. She tweets at @AiliaZehra and can be reached at [email protected]
Aasia Bibi case
Aasia Bibi free
Blasphemy law
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Scaly Chanterelle (Gomphus floccosus) in fir woods. We found a good variety of mushrooms, including one Boletus edulis in edible condition (along with others too old). Sauteed in a little cheese and water (we had no oil), it was delicious.