text:
\section{Introduction}
The Anti de-Sitter/Conformal Field Theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence or more generally gauge/gravity duality provides a wide range of domain to study strongly coupled quantum field theories whose duals are the gravitational theories in one higher dimension \cite{Maldacena:1997re,Witten:1998qj,Gubser:1998bc,CasalderreySolana:2011us,Ammon:2015wua}.
In fact, this correspondence is a strong-weak duality that is a novel approach to attack the problems of strongly coupled field theories using the classical gravity dual which is a weakly coupled theory.
Accordingly, parameters, fields, and different phenomena in the gauge theory are translated into equivalents on the gravity side. Therefore, many different questions in the strongly coupled gauge theory can be set up and investigated in dual gravity.
This conjectured duality used to explore applications in the strongly coupled region of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), i.e. holographic QCD \cite{Kruczenski:2003be,Kruczenski:2003uq,Kobayashi:2006sb,Babington:2003vm,Sakai:2004cn,Sakai:2005yt,Erlich:2005qh,Karch:2006pv,Li:2011hp,DeWolfe:2010he,DeWolfe:2011ts,Hajilou:2021wmz,Amiri-Sharifi:2016uso,Ali-Akbari:2015bha,Bohra:2020qom,Dudal:2021jav,AliAkbari:2012vt,Ali-Akbari:2013txa,Fang:2015ytf,Callebaut:2011ab,Arefeva:2020vae,Braga:2017bml,Abt:2019tas,Nakas:2020hyo}.

One of the important strongly coupled systems is Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) produced at Relativistic
Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and Large Hadron Collider (LHC) by colliding heavy nuclei at a relativistic speed \cite{Shuryak:2003xe,Shuryak:2004cy}. The potential energy between a quark and an anti-quark living in the plasma is very useful for investigating the strong interactions and quark confinement.
One of the most important non-local and gauge invariant observables in gauge theories is Wilson loop. In quantum field theory, utilizing this gauge invariant and non-local quantity one can obtain the potential energy \cite{Schwartz:2014sze}.
The expectation value of Wilson loop has much power to tackle the interesting questions in QCD such as confinement \cite{Wilson:1974sk}.
Concisely, our approach to calculate the static potential energy of the heavy quark-antiquark pair is to compute the expectation value of a rectangular Wilson loop in the strongly coupled plasma.
 It is important to note that extracting the meson potential energy from Wilson operator in holography is only valid in the heavy quark limit. For more details refer to \cite{CasalderreySolana:2011us}.
 The holographic dual of the rectangular Wilson loop is given by a classical open string suspended from two points in the boundary of the gravity theory and hanging down in the gravity bulk. In fact, Wilson loop was used to calculate the potential energy of the heavy quark-antiquark for the first time \cite{Maldacena:1998im}. Using this idea, the meson potential energy has been extensively investigated in static backgrounds \cite{Brandhuber:1998bs,Andreev:2006ct,Yang:2015aia} and also is generalized to time-dependent backgrounds \cite{Ali-Akbari:2015ooa,Hajilou:2017sxf,Ishii:2014paa,Hajilou:2018dcb}.

Gauge/gravity duality covers the conformal theories as well as non-conformal ones. It is very interesting to study the effect of non-conformality on the physical quantities. For instance,  the equilibration rates of strongly coupled non-conformal quark-gluon plasmas is studied in \cite{Buchel:2015saa} and the behavior of the potential energy and holographic subregion complexity corresponding to a probe meson in a non-conformal background is investigated in \cite{Lezgi:2020bkc}.
Also, by considering the non-conformal plasma the behavior of the lowest nonhydrodynamic modes in a class of holographic models is investigated in \cite{Janik:2015waa} and the dependence of the approach to thermal equilibrium of strongly coupled non-conformal plasmas is analytically determined in \cite{Gursoy:2015nza}. In addition, sound wave propagation in strongly coupled non-conformal gauge theory plasma
is investigated in \cite{Benincasa:2005iv}.

In this paper in order to study the potential energy of heavy quark-antiquark in a non-conformal model in a holographic set up we consider a five-dimensional Einstein gravity coupled to a scalar field with a non-trivial potential which is introduced and studied in \cite{Attems:2016ugt}. In this model, the corresponding gauge theory is a non-conformal field theory that has two conformal fixed points at ultraviolet (UV) and at infrared (IR). In the gravity side, these solutions are asymptotically AdS$_5$ in the IR and UV limits with different radii. Thermodynamics transport and relaxation properties of this non-conformal background are studied in \cite{Attems:2016ugt}. Also this background utilized for studying entanglement entropy \cite{Rahimi:2016bbv}, mutual and tripartite information \cite{Ali-Akbari:2019zkf} and subregion complexity \cite{Asadi:2020gzl}.

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section \ref{gr1} we review on the non-conformal background and its holographic dual in the gauge theory side at zero and finite temperature. In Section \ref{gr2} we introduce the rectangular Wilson loop and we then calculate the potential energy between a quark and an antiquark in the plasma. In Section \ref{gr3} we explain our numerical results and describe how parameters of the gauge theory and  in particular the energy scale can affect the meson potential energy. Finally, in Section \ref{gr4} we discuss our main results.

\section{Review on the backgrounds} \label{gr1}
We are interested in studying the meson potential energy of a holographic five-dimensional model whose dual four-dimensional gauge theory is not conformal \cite{Attems:2016ugt}.
\subsection{Zero Temperature}
The non-conformal holographic model which we consider here consists of five-dimensional dimensional Einstein gravity coupled to a scalar field with non-trivial potential. The action of this model is given by:
\begin{equation} \label{action1}
S=\frac{2}{G_5^2} \int d^5x \sqrt{-g} \left[\frac{1}{4} {\cal{R}} - \frac{1}{2} (\nabla \phi)^2 -V(\phi) \right] \,,
\end{equation}%
where $G_5$ is five-dimensional Newton constant and ${\cal{R}}$ is the Ricci scalar. $\phi$ and $V(\phi)$ are also the scalar field and its potential, respectively.
The non-trivial potential is chosen to be negative and has the following form
\begin{equation} \label{pot1}
L^2 V(\phi)=-3-\frac{3}{2} {\phi}^2 -\frac{1}{3}{\phi}^4+\left( \frac{1}{3{\phi}_M^2}+\frac{1}{2{\phi}_M^4}\right){\phi}^6 -\frac{1}{12{\phi}_M^4} {\phi}^8 .
\end{equation}%
This potential possesses a maximum at $\phi=0$ and a minimum at $\phi={\phi}_M >0$, where ${\phi}_M$ is the model parameter. On the bulk side each of these extrema  corresponds to an AdS$_5$ solution with different radii. It is easily seen that the radii of these solutions take the form:
\begin{equation} \label{uvir}
 L= \sqrt{-~\frac{3}{V(\phi )}} =
    \begin{cases}
      L_{UV}=L ~~~~~~~~~~ \phi=0 ~,\\
                                    \\
      L_{IR}= \frac{L}{1+\frac{{\phi}_M^2}{6}} ~~~~~\phi={\phi}_M ~.
    \end{cases}
\end{equation}%
From the above equation it is clearly seen that $L_{IR}<L_{UV}$. On the gauge theory side each of these solutions are dual to the UV fixed point at $\phi=0$ and the IR fixed point at $\phi={\phi}_M$.
According to gauge/gravity dictionary, each of these fixed points has a number of degrees of freedom  $N^2$ proportional to $\frac{L^3}{G_5^2}$.
We can calculate the smaller number of degrees of freedom live in the IR fixed point, as indicated by the fact that $L_{IR}<L_{UV}$.
Furthermore, the difference in degrees of freedom between the UV and IR fixed points will be increased if one increases ${\phi}_M$.

The vacuum solution to the Einstein equations for arbitrary ${\phi}_M$ can be parameterized as:
\begin{equation} \label{metric1}
ds^2=e^{2A(r)}\left( -dt^2 +d{\vec{x}}^2 \right) +dr^2 ~,
\end{equation}%
where
\begin{equation}  \begin{split} %
\label{metric2}
 e^{2A(r)}=&\frac{{\Lambda}^2 L^2}{{\phi}^2}\left(1-\frac{{\phi}^2}{{\phi}_M^2}\right)^{\frac{{\phi}_M^2}{6}+1} e^{\frac{-{\phi}^2}{6}} ~ , \cr
{\phi}(r)=&\frac{ \Lambda L ~ e^{\frac{-r}{L}}}{\sqrt{1+\frac{{\Lambda}^2 L^2}{{\phi}_M^2}~e^{\frac{-2r}{L}}} } ~,
 \end{split}
 \end{equation}%
 Where $\Lambda$  is the energy scale which breaks conformal symmetry explicitly.

By applying successive change of coordinates in the holographic direction as \cite{Attems:2016ugt}:
\begin{equation} \label{coord} \begin{split} %
 u=& L e^{-r/L} ~ , \cr
   z(u)=& \int_0^u du ~ \frac{L}{u} ~ e^{-A(r)}    ~ ,
\end{split} \end{equation} %
we obtain the form of the metric:
\begin{equation} \label{metric3}
ds^2=\frac{L_{eff}(z)^2}{z^2}\left( -dt^2 +d{\vec{x}}^2 +dz^2\right)  \,,
\end{equation}%
where $L_{eff}=z e^A$ is a non-trivial function of $z$ such that $L_{eff}(0)=L$ and $L_{eff}(\infty)=L_{IR}$.
\subsection{Finite Temperature}
Here, we review the thermal physics of the holographic non-conformal model described in the previous section. The background solution in Eddington-Finkelstein coordinate is \cite{Attems:2016ugt}:
\begin{figure*}[ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=84mm]{connected.pdf}
\hspace{5mm}
\includegraphics[width=84mm]{wilsonloop.pdf}
\caption{Left: Two different configurations of open string. (a): The connected configuration: The $\cup$-shape open string  configuration which connects a quark and an anti-quark on the boundary at $z=0$ and reaches its maximum depth in the bulk gravity at $z=z_\ast$. The coordinate $z$ is the holographic direction in the bulk gravity and $z_\ast$ is the turning point of the open string. (b): The disconnected configuration: The two straight open strings that one of their endpoints is on the boundary at $z=0$ and the other one is at the horizon $z=z_H$.
Right: Wilson loop as the boundary of two-dimensional string world-sheet. The blue rectangular corresponds to the Wilson loop on the boundary of the gravity theory \cite{Yang:2015aia}.
}\label{f11}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}
\begin{equation} \label{metric20}
ds^2=e^{2A}\left(-h(\phi)d{\tau}^2 +d{\vec{x}}^2 \right) -2e^{A+B} L ~ d\tau d\phi \,,
\end{equation}%
where $h(\phi)$ vanishes at horizon, i.e.  $h(\phi_H)=0$. Utilizing the above ansatz and solving Einstein's equations obtained from (\ref{action1}), the different coefficients of the metric (\ref{metric20}) are given by \cite{Attems:2016ugt}:
\begin{equation} \label{component} \begin{split} %
 A(\phi)=& -\log \left( \frac{\phi}{\Lambda}\right)+ \int_0^\phi d\tilde{\phi} \left(G(\tilde{\phi})+\frac{1}{\tilde{\phi}} \right) ~ , \\
 B(\phi)=& \log (|G(\phi)|)+ \int_0^\phi d\tilde{\phi} ~\frac{2}{3G(\tilde{\phi})} ~ ,\\
 h(\phi)=& - \frac{e^{2B} L^2 \left(4V(\phi)+3G(\phi)V'(\phi)\right)}{3G'(\phi)}~,
\end{split} \end{equation} %
where $G(\phi)$ is a master function defined as $G(\phi)=\frac{d}{d \phi} A(\phi)$ and
satisfies the following non-linear equation:
  \begin{align} \label{component2}
 \frac{G'(\phi)}{G(\phi)+ \frac{4V(\phi)}{3V'(\phi)}}= &\frac{d}{d\phi}\log \Bigg( \frac{1}{3G(\phi)}-2G(\phi) \nonumber \\
 &+\frac{G'(\phi)}{2G(\phi)}-  \frac{G'(\phi)}{2\left(G(\phi)+ \frac{4V(\phi)}{3V'(\phi)}\right)} \Bigg)     \,.
\end{align}  %
The Hawking temperature of the above solution is:
\begin{equation} \label{component4}
\frac{T}{\Lambda}=- \frac{ L^2  V(\phi_H)}{3 \pi \phi_H} \exp \left[ \int_0^{\phi_H} d\phi \left(    G(\phi) +\frac{1}{\phi}+ \frac{2}{3 G(\phi)}\right) \right].
\end{equation}%

\section{Wilson Loop and Heavy Quark-Antiquark Potential Energy} \label{gr2}
 To do so, we utilize the Wilson loop operator. The expectation value of this operator on a rectangular loop $\cal C$, whose two sides are $l$ and $\cal{T}$ gives us the potential energy between a static quark and an anti-quark, see figure (\ref{f11}). The left  panel of this figure describes the connected and disconnected configuration of the open string and the right panel illustrates the rectangular Wilson loop as the boundary of two-dimensional string world-sheet. If we suppose ${\cal{T}}\gg l$ which means the world-sheet is translationally invariant along the time direction, the expectation value of Wilson loop is \cite{,CasalderreySolana:2011us}:
\begin{equation} \label{wilson1}
\langle W({\cal{C}}) \rangle =e^{-i(2 m + V(l)){\cal{T}}},
\end{equation}%
where $m$ is the rest mass of quark (or anti-quark) and $V(l)$ is the potential energy between the pair.
On the other hand, from gauge/gravity duality we know that the expectation value of Wilson loop in the saddle point approximation is dual with the on-shell action of classical open string that suspended from boundary into the bulk and its endpoints correspond to a quark and an anti-quark on the boundary separated with distance $l$:
\begin{equation} \label{wilson2}
\langle W({\cal{C}})\rangle =e^{i S({\cal{C}})},
\end{equation}%
where $S({\cal{C}})$ is the Nambu-Goto action:
\begin{equation}\label{action10}
S_{NG}=\frac{-1}{2 \pi \alpha'} \int d\tau d\sigma \sqrt{- \det ~(\gamma_s)_{ab}} ~ ,
\end{equation}%
where  $\alpha'\equiv {{l}_s}^{2}$ in which ${l}_s$ is the fundamental length of the string. In addition, we use the coordinate ($\tau$ , $\sigma$) to parameterize the two-dimensional world-sheet of the string and $(\gamma_s)_{ab}=(g_s)_{\mu\nu}\frac{\partial X^\mu}{\partial \xi^a} \frac{\partial X^\nu}{\partial \xi^b}$ is the induced metric on the world-sheet. Here, $(g_s)_{\mu\nu}$ is the bulk metric in the string frame and $X^\mu$ ($\xi^a=\tau,\ \sigma$) are bulk (world-sheet) coordinates, respectively.

In order to study the potential energy of the heavy quark-antiquark, it is more convenient to use the string frame metric. One can obtain the string frame metric via the standard method that is transformation of scalar (dilaton) field, i.e. $(g_s)_{\mu\nu}=e^{\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}  \phi} (g)_{\mu\nu}$ \cite{Bohra:2019ebj,Critelli:2016cvq,He:2013qq,Gursoy:2007cb,Gursoy:2007er}.

For completeness, we mention that we considered here the scalar field $\phi$ as a dilaton, for more details see \cite{Charmousis:2010zz} and references therein.

In order to calculate the Nambu-Goto action, $S({\cal{C}})$, we consider the general form of the background metric as:
\begin{equation} \label{metric32}
ds^2=-f_1(z)dt^2 + f_2(z) dz^2 + f_3(z) d{\vec{x}}^2
 \,.
\end{equation}%
we parameterize the two-dimensional string world-sheet as $\tau= t$, $\sigma=x_3\equiv x$ and we choose all other bulk coordinates except $z$ and $x$ to be constant.
 Therefore, $z=z(x)$ describes the shape of the string and we set a quark and an anti-quark with distance $l$ at $x=\frac{-l}{2}$ and $x=\frac{l}{2}$, respectively. Therefore, the action (\ref{action10}) reduces to:
\begin{equation}\label{action11}
S_{NG}=\frac{-\cal{T}}{2 \pi \alpha'} \int_{-\frac{l}{2}}^{\frac{l}{2}} dx \sqrt{f_1(z) f_3(z)+ f_1(z) f_2(z) ~ z'^2 \,} ~ ,
\end{equation}%
where $z'\!=\!dz/dx$. Since, the above Lagrangian does not depend explicitly on $x$, then the corresponding Hamiltonian is a constant of motion.
 Using the condition $z'(x)|_{z=z_\ast}=0$ we get:
\begin{equation} \label{zprime}
z'(x)=\pm \sqrt{\frac{f_1(z)f_3^{2}(z)}{f_1(z_{\star})f_3(z_{\star})f_2(z)}-\frac{f_3(z)}{f_2(z)} \,} ~ ,
\end{equation}%
where $z_\ast=z(x)|_{x=0}$. Using the equation (\ref{zprime}) we obtain:
\begin{equation}  \label{zprime2}
\int_{\pm \frac{l}{2}}^0 ~ dx= \mp ~  \int_{\epsilon}^{z_{\star}}dz ~ \frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{f_1(z)f_3^{2}(z)}{f_1(z_{\star})f_3(z_{\star})f_2(z)}-\frac{f_3(z)}{f_2(z)} \,}}
~,
\end{equation}%
where, $\epsilon$ is the IR regulator in the gravity theory that according to the UV/IR connection corresponds to the UV cut-off in gauge theory side \cite{CasalderreySolana:2011us}.
\begin{figure*}[ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=58mm]{potential11.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=59mm]{potential1.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=60mm]{potential5.pdf}
\caption{ Left: Interquark distance $l$ as a function of $z_\ast$ for different values of the energy scale $\Lambda=0.30$ (Purple), $\Lambda=0.35$ (Green), $\Lambda=0.40$ (Red) and $\Lambda=0.45$ (Blue). We fix the value of model parameter $\phi_M=10$.
Middle: Potential energy of meson as a function of interquark distance $l$ for different values of the energy scale $\Lambda=0.30$ (Purple), $\Lambda=0.35$ (Green), $\Lambda=0.40$ (Red) and $\Lambda=0.45$ (Blue). We fix the value of model parameter $\phi_M=10$.
Right: Relative potential energy of meson $\tilde{V}=\frac{V-V_{AdS}}{V_{AdS}}$ as a function of $l \Lambda$ for different values of the model parameter $\phi_M=5$ (blue), $\phi_M=7$ (Green), $\phi_M=10$ (red) and $\phi_M=20$ (Purple). We fix the interquark distance $l=1$.
}\label{f1}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}
One can obtain the on-shell action by inserting equations (\ref{zprime}) and (\ref{zprime2}) into equation  (\ref{action10}). In addition, the potential energy of the heavy quark-antiquark pair can be obtained by utilizing equations (\ref{wilson1}) and (\ref{wilson2}). It is important to note that to get a finite value for the potential energy, we need to subtract the rest mass of the quarks from the on-shell action.
The rest mass of a quark and  an anti-quark is equal to:
\begin{equation} \label{restmass}
2m =\frac{1}{ \pi \alpha'} \int_{\epsilon}^{zh} dz \sqrt{f_1(z) f_2(z) \,} ~ .
\end{equation}%
Therefore, the potential energy between a quark and an anti-quark is:
 \begin{align} \label{potential10}
V =\frac{1}{ \pi \alpha'} & \Bigg[  \int_{\epsilon}^{z_{\star}} dz \Bigg( \frac{ f_1(z) \sqrt{f_2(z) f_3(z) \,}}{\sqrt{f_1(z) f_3(z)- f_1(z_{\star})f_3(z_{\star}) \,}} \nonumber \\
& - \sqrt{f_1(z) f_2(z) \,} \Bigg)
  -  \int_{z_{\star}}^{zh} dz \sqrt{f_1(z) f_2(z) \,} \Bigg] ~ .
\end{align}
\section{Numerical Results} \label{gr3}
Having set up the ingredients of studying the potential energy of the meson, we are ready to investigate the numerical results for zero and finite temperature cases. Hereafter, in all of our calculations we set $L=1$.
\subsection{Zero Temperature}
At zero temperature, using the general form of the metric (\ref{metric32}) and the metric (\ref{metric3}) in string frame we have:
\begin{equation} \label{restmass}
f_1(z)=f_2(z) =f_3(z)= \frac{L_{eff}(z)^2 ~ e^{\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}  \phi} }{z^2}  ~ .
\end{equation}%
Therefore, one can obtain the potential energy of the heavy quark-antiquark at zero temperature utilizing equations (\ref{potential10}) and (\ref{restmass}).

We plot the behavior of interquark distance $l$ as a function of $z_\ast$ in the left panel of figure (\ref{f1}) for different values of the energy scale $\Lambda=0.30$ (Purple), $\Lambda=0.35$ (Green), $\Lambda=0.40$ (Red) and $\Lambda=0.45$ (Blue) and fixed value of the  model parameter $\phi_M=10$.
According to the left panel, the corresponding potential energy of meson as a function of interquark distance $l$ for different values of the energy scale $\Lambda=0.30$ (Purple), $\Lambda=0.35$ (Green), $\Lambda=0.40$ (Red) and $\Lambda=0.45$ (Blue) and fixed value of the model parameter $\phi_M=10$ is depicted in the middle panel.
 In the right panel, we depict the relative potential energy of meson $\tilde{V}$ as a function of $l \Lambda$ that is defined
 \begin{equation} \label{relative1}
\tilde{V}=\frac{V-V_{AdS}}{V_{AdS}}  ~,
\end{equation}%
where $V$ and $V_{AdS}$ are  potential energy of meson corresponding to non-conformal and AdS (conformal) background, respectively.
Here, we fixed the value of interquark distance $l=1$ and values of the model parameter $\phi_M=5$ (blue), $\phi_M=7$ (Green), $\phi_M=10$ (red) and $\phi_M=20$ (Purple).
We list the following results.
\begin{itemize}

\item Left panel

It is seen that by increasing $l$, a dynamical "imaginary wall" appears in the bulk where beyond that the connected open string world sheet does not propagate. The physical interpretation is that, we can increase interquark distance $l$ in such a way that the open string that connects a quark and an anti-quark is always in the connected configuration.
 Accordingly, the dual interpretation in the gauge theory side is that a quark and an anti-quark form a bound state such that in all length scales we can investigate the Cornell potential. In other words, we can interpret this case as the confined phase of the theory.
 In addition, the location of the "imaginary wall" shifts to higher values of $z$ by decreasing the energy  scale $\Lambda$, corresponding to a deeper penetration into the bulk.
A similar type of "imaginary wall" is reported before in \cite{Bohra:2019ebj}. For more details see \cite{Yang:2015aia,Dudal:2017max,Arefeva:2018hyo} and references therein.

 \item Middle panel

It is seen that in the non-conformal background the meson potential energy increases (becomes more positive) by increasing the interquark distance $l$.
We find that each of the curves in this panel can be fitted with the Cornell potential \cite{Eichten:1978tg,Andreev:2006ct,Bohra:2019ebj,Bruni:2018dqm,Yang:2015aia}:
\begin{equation} \label{cornel}
V(l)=-\frac{\kappa}{l}+ \sigma_s l + C ~,
\end{equation}%
where, $\kappa$ is a Coulomb strength parameter, $\sigma_s$ is QCD string tension and $C$ is a constant.
It is clearly seen from (\ref{cornel}) that the Coulomb part of the Cornell potential dominates in the ultraviolet (UV) region and its linear part dominates in the infrared (IR)
region. To put in another way, the Coulomb term, i.e. $-\frac{\kappa}{l}$ dominates for small values of $l$ and the linear term, i.e. $\sigma_s l$ dominates for larger values of $l$.
Another point is that, when we increase the interquark distance $l$ we observe that there is a \textit{specific length}, i.e. $l_{\star}$, where beyond this length the potential energy of meson experiences the linear regime of the Cornell potential, i.e. \textit{confinement}. It is seen that $l_{\star}$ increases by increasing the energy scale $\Lambda$.
Physical description of this behavior is that when we break the conformal symmetry at larger energy scale $\Lambda$ the meson enjoys the linear confinement at larger interquark distance $l$.
Another feature is that in this panel at very small $l$ the two curves coincide. Since, at very small $l$ we work in the UV regime where the conformal symmetry restores and effect of the energy scale $\Lambda$ (that breaks the conformal symmetry) disappears.
Furthermore, this panel shows that for small interquark distance $l$ (but not very small) where the potential energy is negative, by increasing the energy scale $\Lambda$ the potential energy between the pair decreases (becomes more negative) and the pair gets more bounded. Interestingly, at very large interquark distance $l$ where the linear regime of the Cornell potential is dominated, we also observe that by increasing $\Lambda$ the potential energy increases, i.e. the interaction between the heavy quark and antiquark increases.

 \item Right panel

It is seen that the value of $\tilde{V}$ is always positive ($V>V_{AdS}$) and by increasing $\Lambda$ the value of $\tilde{V}$ increases monotonically. In addition, we observed that when the energy scale $\Lambda$ is small enough, the relative potential energy of meson $\tilde{V}$ are approximately independent of $\phi_M$. This is due to the fact that at small $\Lambda$ the field theory is almost conformal and hence the two curves coincide.
On the other hand, at large enough $\Lambda$ the value of $\tilde{V}$ depends on $\phi_M$. By increasing $\phi_M$, increasing the difference in degrees of freedom between the UV and the IR fixed points, $\tilde{V}$ decreases and two curves deviate from each other.
Therefore, for small enough $\Lambda$ we can deduce that $\tilde{V}$ is not a good measure to quantify the deviation from the non-conformality while for large enough one we can use $\tilde{V}$ as a measure of the non-conformality of the theory at zero temperature.

 \end{itemize}

\begin{figure*}[ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=69mm]{potential12.pdf}
\hspace{10mm}
\includegraphics[width=71mm]{potential4.pdf}
\caption{ Left: Interquark distance $l$ as a function of $z_\ast$ for different values of the model parameter $\phi_M=5$ (blue), $\phi_M=7$ (green), $\phi_M=10$ (red) and $\phi_M=20$ (purple).  We fix the value of energy scale $\Lambda=0.4$.
Right: Potential energy of meson as a function of interquark distance $l$ for different values of given model parameter $\phi_M=5$ (blue), $\phi_M=7$ (green), $\phi_M=10$ (red) and $\phi_M=20$ (purple). We fix the value of energy scale $\Lambda=0.4$.
}\label{f22}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}

The dependence of interquark distance $l$ to the $z_\ast$ in the left panel of figure (\ref{f22}) for fixed value of energy scale $\Lambda=0.4$ and  different values of given model parameter $\phi_M=5$ (blue), $\phi_M=7$ (green), $\phi_M=10$ (red) and $\phi_M=20$ (purple).
The corresponding  meson potential energy $V$ related to the left panel is shown as a function of interquark distance $l$ for fixed value of energy scale $\Lambda=0.4$ and  different values of given model parameter $\phi_M=5$ (blue), $\phi_M=7$ (green), $\phi_M=10$ (red) and $\phi_M=20$ (purple).
 We summarize our results in the following.
 \begin{itemize}
\item Left panel

It is seen that by increasing $l$, a dynamical "imaginary wall" appears in the  bulk and the physical interpretation is the same as the left panel of figure (\ref{f1}). In fact, beyond the "imaginary wall" the connected open string world sheet does not propagate. In addition, while we increase the interquark distance $l$ the open string keeps its connected configuration and in the gauge theory side it means a quark-antiquark pair does not dissociate and preserves the bound state. Here, we observe this phenomena for different values of $\phi_M$.
 In addition, in comparison to the left panel of figure (\ref{f1}) the location of the "imaginary wall" shifts to higher values of $z$ by increasing the model parameter $\phi_M$, corresponding to a deeper penetration into the bulk.

\item Right panel

 The effect of the model parameter $\phi_M$ on the meson potential energy is investigated.
We observe that at fixed $\Lambda$, changing $\phi_M$ leads to the change in the value of the potential energy of meson.
In addition, this panel shows that $l_{\star}$ changes by changing $\phi_M$. It is seen that for $\Lambda=0.4$ for some values of $\phi_M$ by increasing its value the potential energy of meson experiences the linear regime at smaller $l$. However, this result is not general and our numerical results show that for different values of $\Lambda$ and $\phi_M$ we observe different behaviors.
The interesting point is that changing $\phi_M$ does not change the QCD string tension, since all the curves shown present the same slope that is in compatible with the middle panel of the figure (\ref{f2}).

\end{itemize}

\begin{figure*}[ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=58mm]{potential14.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=60mm]{potential2.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=59mm]{potential13.pdf}
\caption{Left: Coulomb strength parameter $\kappa$ as a function of energy scale $\Lambda$.
Middle: QCD string tension $\sigma_s$ as a function of the energy scale $\Lambda$.
Right: The constant of the Cornell potential $C$ as a function of energy scale $\Lambda$.
Each panel is plotted for different values of the model parameter $\phi_M=5$ (red), $\phi_M=10$ (green) and $\phi_M=50$ (blue).
}\label{f2}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}
As we said in the previous section, the energy scale $\Lambda$ breaks the conformal symmetry and the model parameter $\phi_M$ affects the difference in degrees of freedom between the UV and IR fixed points. Next, we would like to study the $\Lambda$ and $\phi_M$ dependence of Cornell potential parameters  $\kappa$, $\sigma_s$  and $C$ which are depicted in the left, middle and right panels of the figure (\ref{f2}), respectively. These parameters are plotted as a function of $\Lambda$ for a different values of $\phi_M=5$, $\phi_M=10$ and $\phi_M=50$. Our results are listed as follows.

\begin{itemize}
\item Left panel

 We observe that the Coulomb strength parameter $\kappa$ monotonically increases by increasing $\Lambda$ and physically it means that the value of $\kappa$ depends on the energy scale $\Lambda$. Another point is that at small values of $\Lambda$ the dependence of $\kappa$  on the model parameter $\phi_M$ is not manifest, while for larger values of the energy scale $\Lambda$ we see that the $\kappa$ depends on the $\phi_M$ clearly. Since, $\phi_M$ changes the difference between the degrees of freedom between UV and IR fixed points, i.e. $\Delta N$, we can say that the Coulomb strength parameter $\kappa$ depends on the $\Lambda$ and  $\Delta N$ that is $\kappa (\Lambda,\Delta N)$.

\item Middle panel

To describe our result in this panel let's consider the linear regime of the Cornell potential (\ref{cornel}) where $V \propto \sigma_s l$ and  the QCD string tension $\sigma_s$ can be obtained via $\sigma_s = \frac{d V}{d l}$.
We observe that the QCD string tension $\sigma_s$ monotonically increases when $\Lambda$ increases. To put in another word, by attention to the linear regime of the Cornell potential we see that increasing $\Lambda$, increases the potential energy of the pair, i.e. the pair bound together more stronger. Therefore, We clearly observe  that  increasing  $\Lambda$ leads to the more stable bound state.
Another important feature is that by changing $\phi_M$ the value of $\sigma_s$ does not change that we mentioned intuitively in the physical description of the right panel of figure (\ref{f22}) . Therefore, we conclude that the $\sigma_s$ just depends on the energy scale $\Lambda$ that is $\sigma_s(\Lambda)$.

\item Right panel

It is seen that the constant $C$ in the Cornell potential (\ref{cornel})
 monotonically decreases by increasing $\Lambda$. Therefore, this means that the value of $C$ depends on the $\Lambda$. Another feature is that at small values of $\Lambda$ the dependence of $C$  on the $\phi_M$ is low, while for larger values of the energy scale $\Lambda$ the $C$ depends on the $\phi_M$ manifestly. Consequently, this indicates that the constant $C$  depends on the $\Lambda$ and  $\Delta N$ that is $C (\Lambda,\Delta N)$.

\end{itemize}
In conclusion, in terms of the above discussion corresponding to the figure (\ref{f2}), in this model the Cornell potential as a function of $l$, $\Lambda$ and $\Delta N$ can be rewritten in the form
\begin{equation} \label{cornel28}
V(l,\Lambda,\Delta N)=-\frac{\kappa (\Lambda,\Delta N)}{l}+ \sigma_s(\Lambda) l + C(\Lambda,\Delta N) ~,
\end{equation}%
where both $\kappa$ and $C$ are function of $\Lambda$ and $\Delta N$, and $\sigma_s$ is a function of $\Lambda$.

\subsection{Finite Temperature}

At finite temperature, utilizing the metric (\ref{metric20}) and general form of the metric  (\ref{metric32}) in the string frame we have:
\begin{equation} \label{parts} \begin{split} %
f_1(\phi)=&h(\phi)~e^{2A(\phi)} e^{\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}  \phi} ~, \\
f_2(\phi)=&\frac{e^{2B(\phi)}  e^{\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}  \phi}  }{h(\phi)} ~, \\
f_3(\phi)=&e^{2A(\phi)}  e^{\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}  \phi} ~.
\end{split}
\end{equation}%
Therefore, the potential energy of meson $V$ at finite temperature $T$ can be obtained from equations (\ref{potential10}) and (\ref{parts}).

We plot $V$ as a function of $\frac{\Lambda}{T}$ for fixed values of the model parameter $\phi_M=10$, interquark distance $l=0.2$ and different values of energy scale  $\Lambda=1$ (blue), $\Lambda=0.7$ (green), $\Lambda=0.5$ (red) and $\Lambda=0.2$ (purple) in the left panel of figure (\ref{f6}).
In the middle panel, we plot $V$ as a function of $l{\Lambda}$ for fixed values of given model parameter $\phi_M=10$, the energy scale $\Lambda=0.6$ and different values of the temperature $T=0.0152$ (blue), $T=0.0537$ (red), $T=0.0975$ (green) and  $T=0.1256$ (purple).
In the right panel, we plot $V$ as a function of $l{\Lambda}$ for different values of energy scale $\Lambda=1.2$ (blue), $\Lambda=1$ (red), $\Lambda=0.8$ (green), $\Lambda=0.6$ (purple) and fixed values of the given model parameter and the temperature of the system $\phi_M=10$ and $T=0.0975$, respectively.
Our results are listed as follows.

\begin{itemize}
\item Left panel

It is clearly seen that  the potential energy of meson as a function of $\frac{\Lambda}{T}$ decreases monotonically.
This panel shows that by increasing the temperature $T$ the potential energy between the pair increases and quark and antiquark can not communicate easily, i.e. the meson gets less bounded.
On the other hand, we see that by increasing $\Lambda$ (at fixed temperature) the meson potential energy decreases and meson gets more bounded. Therefore, this panel shows that the effect of $\Lambda$ on the potential energy of meson $V$ is opposite to the temperature $T$. More illustration on the low and high temperature regions is mentioned in the following.

\begin{figure*}[ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=59mm]{potential6.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=59mm]{potential8.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=59mm]{potential9.pdf}
\caption{Left: Potential energy of meson as a function of $\frac{\Lambda}{T}$ for different values of energy scale $\Lambda=1$ (blue), $\Lambda=0.7$ (green), $\Lambda=0.5$ (red) and $\Lambda=0.2$ (purple). We fix the values of the given model parameter $\phi_M=10$ and interquark distance $l=0.2$.
Middle: Potential energy of meson as a function of $l \Lambda$ for different values of the temperature $T=0.0152$ (blue), $T=0.0537$ (red), $T=0.0975$ (green) and  $T=0.1256$ (purple). We fix the values of the given model parameter $\phi_M=10$ and energy scale $\Lambda=0.6$.
Right: Potential energy of meson as a function of $l \Lambda$ for different values of energy scale $\Lambda=1.2$ (blue), $\Lambda=1$ (red), $\Lambda=0.8$ (green) and $\Lambda=0.6$ (purple). We fix the values of the given model parameter $\phi_M=10$ and the temperature $T=0.0975$.
}\label{f6}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}

\begin{itemize}
 \item[$-$] High temperature region ($\frac{\Lambda}{T} \ll 1$): The important point is that the conformal symmetry restores and the effect of $\Lambda$ that breaks conformal symmetry disappears.
 Therefore, all the curves with different $\Lambda$ coincide.

In the gravity side, the non-conformal background approaches $AdS_5$.

  \item[$-$] Low temperature region ($\frac{\Lambda}{T} \gg 1$): The important feature is that  we can see the effect of non-conformality appears and the curves separate from each other.
 This is due to the fact that in this region effect of the energy scale $\Lambda$ dominates in comparison to the temperature T. At very low temperature region we see that the potential energy of meson gets approximately constant negative value. Note also that, by comparing the low temperature region and the middle panel of figure (\ref{f1}) in small $l$ we conclude that the physical effect of $\Lambda$ is the same, i.e. increasing $\Lambda$ leads to the more bounded quark-antiquark bound state.

\end{itemize}

\item Middle panel

It is observed that at finite temperature case the potential energy of meson is always negative in agreement with the left panel.
Another point is that, at fixed temperature $T$ and the energy scale $\Lambda$ increasing the interquark distance $l$ leads to the less bound state of meson. We can also observed that the potential energy of the pair increases monotonically and reaches to the maximum value corresponding to the special length, \textit{melting length}, $l_{m \ell}$. Beyond $l_{m \ell}$, it is clearly seen that $\cup$-shape open string configuration of the pair in the gravity side will break into two disconnected straight shape of open strings. Physical interpretation in the gauge theory side is that for $l<l_{m \ell}$ we have meson bound state, while for $l>l_{m\ell}$ the meson melting occurs in the plasma. Consequently, this indicates that for $l>l_{m\ell}$ the potential energy is independent of $l$ suggesting $q$, $\bar{q}$ pair will be broken.
It is noticed that the connected string configuration that is appropriated for $l<l_{m\ell}$ and describes the potential energy of bound state of a quark and an anti-quark is denoted by a solid line, while the disconnected string configuration that is appropriated for $l>l_{m\ell}$ is denoted by a flat dashed line.
Another feature is that, the melting length $l_{m\ell}$ is different for different temperatures. Since, the effect of temperature $T$ and interquark distance $l$ are opposite to each other then it is anticipated that $l_{m\ell}$ occurs at larger $l$ for lower $T$.
In other words, for given values of model parameter $\phi_M$ and energy scale $\Lambda$ we have $l_{m\ell}^{T=0.0152}>l_{m\ell}^{T=0.0537}>l_{m\ell}^{T=0.0975}>l_{m\ell}^{T=0.1256}$. In addition, when we probe the theory at very small $l$ all the curves coincide, since the non-conformal field theory becomes conformal in the UV limit.
\item Right panel

As anticipated, at small $l$ (UV limit)  where we reach to the fixed point of the theory all the curves coincide. This indicates that in this limit the theory becomes effectively conformal. Also, in this panel similar to the middle panel the potential energy of the quark-antiquark pair increases monotonically and reaches to the maximum value.
At intermidiate $l$ the value of meson potential energy depends on $\Lambda$. It is clearly seen by fixing $l$ and $T$ increasing $\Lambda$ decreases the potential energy and the meson gets more bounded that is in agreement with the left panel. In addition, $l_{m\ell}$ changes by varying  $\Lambda$ and when we increase $\Lambda$ we see that $l_{m\ell}$ occurs at larger values of interquark distance $l$ and lower potential energy. In other words, for given $\phi_M$ and $T$ we have $l_{m\ell}^{\Lambda=1.2}>l_{m\ell}^{\Lambda=1}>l_{m\ell}^{\Lambda=0.8}>l_{m\ell}^{\Lambda=0.6}$.
It can be described with the point that when we increase $\Lambda$, the meson gets more stable bound state as mentioned above. Therefore, it is reasonable that when we increase $\Lambda$, the meson dissociates at larger values of interquark distance $l$. Note also that, from the middle and right panels we see that the effect of $T$ and $\Lambda$ on $l_{m\ell}$ are opposite to each other.

\end{itemize}
\begin{figure*}[ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=73mm]{potential7.pdf}
\caption{
 Relative potential energy of meson $\hat{V}=\frac{V-V_{AdS}(T=0.0438)}{V_{AdS}(T=0.0438)}$ as a function of $\frac{\Lambda}{T}$ for different values of the model parameter $\phi_M=50$ (purple), $\phi_M=10$ (red), $\phi_M=7$ (green) and $\phi_M=5$ (blue).  We fix the values of the energy scale $\Lambda=0.4$ and interquark distance $l=0.35$.
}\label{f8}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}
In figure (\ref{f8}), we depict the relative potential energy of meson $\hat{V}=\frac{V-V_{AdS}(T=0.0438)}{V_{AdS}(T=0.0438)}$ at finite temperature case for fixed values of the energy scale $\Lambda=0.4$ and interquark distance $l=0.35$ and different values of the given model parameter $\phi_M=50$ (purple), $\phi_M=10$ (red), $\phi_M=7$ (green) and $\phi_M=5$ (blue).
It is seen that the value of $\hat{V}$ increases monotonically by increasing the temperature.
 Also, when we are in the high temperature region ($\frac{\Lambda}{T} \ll 1$), the relative potential energy of meson $\hat{V}$ are equal for different values of $\phi_M=7$ and $\phi_M=20$. This is due to the fact that at high temperature the field theory is almost conformal and hence two curves coincide.
On the other hand, at low temperature region ($\frac{\Lambda}{T} \gg 1$) the value of $\hat{V}$ depends on $\phi_M$. When we increase $\phi_M$, the value of $\hat{V}$ decreases and two curves deviate from each other.
Consequently, the meson potential energy can be considered as a measure of non-conformality of the theory at finite temperature case.

\section{conclusion and remarks} \label{gr4}
In this paper we are interested in understanding in this research is to know the effect of energy scale $\Lambda$, that breaks the conformal symmetry, model parameter $\phi_M$, that controls the difference in degrees of freedom between UV and IR fixed points and interquark distance $l$ on the meson potential energy $V$ at both zero and finite temperature $T$.

Our main findings can be summarized as follows:
\begin{itemize}
\item
Interestingly, we find that parameters of the Cornell potential, i.e. $\kappa$ and $C$ depends on the $\Lambda$ and $\Delta N$ while $\sigma_s$ just depends on the $\Lambda$. Therefore, in our model the Cornell potential as a function of $l$, $\Lambda$ and $\Delta N$ can be rewritten in the form of the  equation (\ref{cornel28}).
\item
The potential energy of meson increases by raising the interquark distance at zero and finite temperature. At zero temperature case we observe that there is a specific length $l_{\star}$ that beyond $l_{\star}$ the meson enjoys the linear regime of the Cornell potential. For small values of $l$ when we increase $\Lambda$, the meson potential energy decreases and the meson gets more bounded while at large $l$ this behavior reverses.
\item
By concentrating on the linear regime of the meson potential energy we find that making larger $\Lambda$,  both $l_{\star}$  and QCD string tension $\sigma_s$ increase monotonically. Therefore, at larger $\Lambda$ the meson experiences the linear regime at larger $l$.

\item
By raising the temperature of the system the meson potential energy increases. Also, at fixed $T$ when we increase $\Lambda$ the meson potential decreases that is the meson gets more bounded. Therefore, the effect of $T$ and $\Lambda$ are opposite to each other.
\item
By investigating the meson potential energy as a function of $\frac{\Lambda}{T}$ we observe that at very high temperature region ($\frac{\Lambda}{T} \ll 1$) all curves corresponding with different values of $\Lambda$ or $\phi_M$ coincide because of restoring conformal symmetry. Although, at very low temperature region ($\frac{\Lambda}{T} \gg 1$) all curves deviate from each other. Also, at fixed low temperature region when we increase $\phi_M$ the meson potential energy increases that is the meson gets more bounded.
\item
 We observe that at finite temperature there is a \textit{melting length} $l_{m\ell}$ where beyond $l_{m\ell}$ the meson bound state dissociates in the plasma.
 Another point is that $l_{m\ell}$ is different for different temperatures of the system, i.e. $l_{m\ell}^{T=lower}>l_{m\ell}^{T=higher}$ and  occurs at different potentials.
Although, for different $\Lambda$ we have  $l_{m\ell}^{\Lambda=larger}>l_{m\ell}^{\Lambda=smaller}$. Also, our results show that for smaller $\Lambda$ the value of $l_{m\ell}$ occurs at higher potential.
\end{itemize}

By noting the numerical results for meson potential energy at zero and finite temperature cases the connection between them can be considered. A very interesting observation is that from the right panel of figure (\ref{f1}) and figure (\ref{f8}), i.e. at both zero and finite temperature cases, the relative meson potential energy can be considered as a good measure of non-conformality of the theory. Furthermore, at both cases, i.e. from the middle panel of figure (\ref{f1}) and the right panel of figure (\ref{f6}) it is observed that when we consider small $l$, increasing $\Lambda$ decreases meson potential energy that is the meson state gets more bounded. Also, at both cases working at \textit{very} small $l$ (UV limit) all the curves coincide. This is due to the fact that conformal symmetry restores at both cases at very small $l$.
In addition, from the middle panel of figure (\ref{f1}) and the left panel of figure (\ref{f6}) we observe that at very low temperature and small $l$ by increasing the $\Lambda$ meson potential energy decreases and the meson gets more bounded. Totally, our numerical results show that at finite temperature case for any choice of parameters increasing $\Lambda$ leads to the more stable bound state of meson while at zero temperature case just for small and large $l$ this effect can be observed.

It is important to note that the study of heavy quark-antiquark potential energy by trying to reconstruct the metric via solving the equation of motion and to fit the Cornell potential in a precise way is considered in different models. In \cite{Pirner:2009gr} by introducing the parameter Lambda in the warp factor with some logarithmic correction they try to reconstruct the metric and fix the parameter Lambda in such a way that leads to the good agreement with the Coulomb part and Linear part of the Cornell potential. In addition, utilizing this modified metric the heavy quark-antiquark potential is calculated for all length scales numerically.
Note also that in \cite{He:2010ye} the holographic QCD model is constructed such that the deformed warp factor is introduced in three cases.
In the case with only logarithmic correction that the parameter Lambda is introduced in the warp factor, the heavy quark-antiquark potential can be fitted perfectly.
In the case with both logarithmic and quadratic corrections, the Coulomb part is in good agreement with the Cornell potential, the linear part is parallel to the Cornell potential, however, the value of the quark-antiquark potential is a little bit higher than the experimental data.
In the case with only quadratic correction, the resulted heavy quark-antiquark potential has both Coulomb part and linear part and fits the Cornell potential qualitatively well.
In fact, the model with only logarithmic correction in the deformed warp factor can fit the heavy quark potential better than the model with only quadratic correction.
However, the results of \cite{He:2010ye} show that in the case with only quadratic correction, the Andreev-Zakharov model \cite{Andreev:2006ct} is favored to fit the heavy quark-antiquark potential.
For more details see  \cite{Andreev:2006ct,Pirner:2009gr,He:2010ye,Li:2011hp,Cai:2012xh} and references therein.

We would like to emphasize that, in our model we try to find out the parameters of the Cornell potential numerically. In fact, we produced the heavy quark-antiquark potential at zero and finite temperature cases for different parameters of the theory qualitatively.  In addition, we investigate the effect of the $\Lambda$ and $\phi_M$ on the meson potential  and the dependence of parameters of the Cornell potential, i.e. $\kappa$,  $\sigma_s$ and $C$ to the $\Lambda$ and $\Delta N$ at zero temperature case. Also, the effect of the $\Lambda$, $\phi_M$ and $T$ on the meson potential is studied at finite temperature case. Our approach in this research is completely numeric and our results are qualitative.

\section*{Acknowledgement}
We would like to thank kindly for helpful comments and discussions with M. Ali-Akbari, M. Lezgi and M. Rahimi.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Right from the start Allison and Rob shared, "We love everything about your photos!!! Your pictures are clear, colorful and everyone looks like they are having so much fun and just being themselves!" They also mentioned loving basketball and it was really the perfect way to get fun, natural photos of them in their element.
They were always joking around and messing with each other, I had a blast working with them!
Allison & Rob it was such a pleasure to work with you and I cannot wait to photograph you and your families again for your Lehigh Valley Wedding at Woodstone Country Club next year! If you haven't had a chance to check out Part 1 of their engagement session, you might want to, here.


text:
Lobster Sustainability Measures in Newfoundland: Are They Effective?
Seiden, Jennica and Wilke, Kate and Schneider, David C. (2012) Lobster Sustainability Measures in Newfoundland: Are They Effective? Research Report. Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.
[English] PDF - Published Version
Official URL: http://www.curra.ca/documents/LobstersummaryJennic...
The American lobster (Homarus americanus) fishery is a locally reliable inshore commercial fishery in North America with an economic value of CAD 550 million/year in Atlantic Canada. In Newfoundland, this provides 30 million/year in landed value and has considerable socio-economic value (2900 license holders) in rural communities throughout the province. The small boat lobster fishery is at once a regular source of income and part of the cultural integrity of coastal communities in Newfoundland. In recent years concern about the sustainability of this fishery has risen because the percent of harvestable lobsters taken from populations each year is at least 75% in almost all Canadian stocks and in some areas rises to over 95%. The Fisheries Research Conservation Council concluded (FRCC 2007) that in the absence of science data on lobster stocks the fate of future stocks is uncertain if lobsters continue to be harvested at recent rates. Several conservation initiatives were undertaken, with local support, to address these concerns and now form current management practice. These were closed areas [including federally designated marine protected areas (MPAs)], voluntary v-notching, a minimal landing size of 82.5 mm, and the adoption of a maximum size limit in four Lobster Fishing Areas (i.e., a slot fishery). The need for better scientific data on the effectiveness of these measures sparked the FFAW and fish harvesters in Newfoundland to collect data, contribute to the assessment of the stock, and propose a collaborative research project with Memorial University scientists in conjunction with CURRA, the Community-University Research for Recovery Alliance (www.curra.ca). With support from NSERC (Natural Science and Engineering Research Council) a 3 year project was undertaken to address questions being asked by harvesters: are these resource sustainability initiatives (v-notching, closed areas, and a slot fishery) effective?; and specifically, do these measures result in increased egg production and increased size/age distribution, which in turn increase egg production? To establish whether these measures have a science basis we used a central concept in population biology called "reproductive value" to evaluate the effectiveness of these measures. Reproductive value considers not only current egg production, it takes into account the expected future value of the individual to the population. Reproductive value allows us to compare the value of an individual as a commodity with its value to its population.
Report (Research Report)
http://research.library.mun.ca/id/eprint/14128
Divisions > Community-University Research for Recovery Alliance (CURRA)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Beginning Farmers /
Land-strapped Farmers Turn to Mob Grazing
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Storytelling: A Great Method to Grow & Sustain Farming
Mob grazing cattle makes for more efficient forage usage and promotes plant diversity, researchers at Iowa State University find.
by Heidi Strawn
Courtesy Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture
In mob grazing, cattle are stocked at high density and moved several times a day, making for efficient forage usage and greater plant diversity.
For both large- and small-scale producers, a lack of farmland is standing in the way of achieving their farming dreams, whether by impeding their farm's launch or preventing expansion of an existing operation. According to a recent survey of participants in the American Farm Bureau Federation's Young Farmers & Ranchers program, 21 percent of young farmers cite a lack of sufficient farmland as their top concern. Meanwhile, in a small-scale survey of cattle producers in southeastern Iowa, 100 percent of respondents revealed that a lack of land was their primary barrier to expansion.
With the support of the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, researchers at Iowa State University are investigating the potential of managed grazing practices to break down some of these barriers by allowing cattle producers to more efficiently use the acreage at their disposal, while also stockpiling forage for winter feeding and, ultimately, contributing to the long-term health of their farmland. Led by Jim Russell, cow and calf nutrition specialist in ISU's Department of Animal Science, the researchers are comparing three management-intensive grazing systems: rotational grazing, strip grazing and mob grazing.
In rotational grazing, pastured cattle are moved to a new paddock every few days. In strip grazing, a paddock is subdivided into fenced-off strips, with cattle having access to a new strip daily. In mob grazing, each strip is further subdivided. The cattle are stocked at an extremely high density (hence the term mob) and moved several times per day.
"[Essentially,] they get four meals a day as opposed to one big meal a day or a whole acre of land every several days," explains graduate student and research assistant Margaret Dunn.
Higher-density grazing makes for less-picky cattle: While cattle in continuous grazing systems choose to dine on the most palatable forage, mob-grazed cattle are less selective. This makes for more efficient forage usage; it's also been found to promote plant diversity. The schedule associated with mob grazing also impacts forage growth, resulting in extended rest periods.
Over time, mob grazing is believed to have profound ecological benefits; studies have also suggested that mob grazing increases legumes, promotes the even spread of manure, minimizes erosion and maximizes carbon sequestration. Testing these hypotheses is central to Russell's project. Before the pastures were stocked, soil was sampled for bulk density and carbon content; core samples were also taken throughout the research period. The researchers also evaluated each pasture's water-infiltration rate.
Russell and Dunn are quick to point out, however, that financial sustainability is of the utmost importance in evaluating these systems.
"One of the keys to sustainability is to have perennial forage on the ground," Russell says. "In order to maintain and increase the amount of land that we have planted in perennial forage, we need to find ways to increase the profit that we can obtain by it."
To this end, the researchers also assessed over time the cattle's weight, body condition scoring, birth rates and productivity, as well as variables like grazing efficiency, forage makeup and forage quality. Although data analysis is still in the early phases, the goal is to use the information gleaned from this round of research to establish a baseline for future experimentation.
Russell and Dunn's research efforts are highlighted in a video produced by the Leopold Center. The short film—along with more information about the project—can be found at www.leopold.iastate.edu.
Tags cattle, forage, managed grazing, mob grazing
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'House of the Rising Sun' Suits Trump 'Perfectly' - Eric Burdon
Animals singer responds to President using "tale of sin and misery set in a brothel."
How the Animals Claimed 'House of the Rising Sun' as Their Own
It's since been hailed as a folk-rock breakthrough, the song that convinced Bob Dylan to go electric.
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The Animals offer a musical warning to soldiers who are about to cross paths with the world's largest primate in the new trailer for 'Kong: Skull Island.'
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Danny McCulloch, who played bass for the Animals during their late '60s psychedelic period, has died of heart failure.
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A 'Saturday Night Live' character that helped defined Bill Murray's career turned up in real life at a Florida restaurant.
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Former Animals and War vocalist Eric Burdon may be on the verge of his 72nd birthday, but the rock and roll legend is keeping busier than ever. In the past five months, he has released two records -- an EP with garage rockers the Greenhornes and his dynamic new album, the critically acclaimed 'Til Y…
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Two English bands that were among the earliest pioneers of classic rock -- the Animals and the Rolling Stones -- are matched up against each other in the first round of our inaugural Ultimate Classic Rock Hall of Fame election.


text:
To build and run the sample, you must have the done the following:

* Obtain this repository's contents, either use `git` or just download the samples as a ZIP
* Install the [IBM Cloud CLI](https://console.bluemix.net/docs/cli/reference/bluemix_cli/download_cli.html)
* Install the [Kubernetes CLI](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl/)
* Provision an [Event Streams Service Instance](https://console.ng.bluemix.net/catalog/services/message-hub/) in [IBM Cloud®](https://console.ng.bluemix.net/)
* Provision a [Kubernetes Service instance](https://console.bluemix.net/containers-kubernetes/catalog/cluster) in [IBM Cloud®](https://console.ng.bluemix.net/)

## Deploy the Application

1. From the Event Streams for IBM Cloud instance dashboard, click `Service Credentials` and select or create a new one. Copy its            content.

2. To deploy the application you first need to bind the Event Streams for IBM Cloud service instance to the cluster. Replace                 `<Service Credentials>` with the content copied in step 1.
    ```shell
    kubectl create secret generic eventstreams-binding --from-literal=binding='<Service Credentials>'
    ```
    The command above creates a secret in your cluster named  `eventstreams-binding`.

3. [Configure the CLI to run kubectl](https://console.bluemix.net/docs/containers/cs_cli_install.html#cs_cli_configure)

4. Deploy the application in the cluster:
    ```shell
    kubectl apply -f kafka-java-liberty-sample.yaml
    ```
5. Access the application:
    ```shell
    kubectl port-forward kafka-java-liberty-sample 9080:9080
    ```
    Point your browser to [http://localhost:9080](http://localhost:9080)

## Further references

If you want find out more about IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service or Kubernetes then check the following documents:

[IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service](https://www.ibm.com/cloud/container-service)

[Kubernetes Documentation](https://kubernetes.io/docs/home/)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Is This A Scam? Netizens Are Receiving SMS From MySejahtera To Reset Password
Social NewsIs This A Scam? Netizens Are Receiving SMS From MySejahtera To Reset...
Last week, Malaysians were left puzzled after receiving an OTP request from MySejahtera and it seems that someone had been a misusing its Application Programming Interface (API) in sending those spam messages.
In response to the matter, the Health Minister, Khairy Jamaluddin had reassured that there had been no leakage in the MySejahtera database as a result of this exploit.
Just as we all though the matter had been resolved, netizens are now receiving SMS from MySejahtera, prompting them to reset their password by click on a certain link provided in the message.
According to a netizen, she had been receiving the SMS up to 3 times a day, prompting her to change her MySejahtera account password.
However, she had ignored the SMS and did not click on the link to change the password.
Source: NST
Meanwhile, there were several similar incidents that had are happened around, with many taking it to Facebook to obtain the opinion from the other netizens.
There were some who claimed that it was the works from scammers and they warn those who receive the SMS to not click on the link and ignore it.
Meanwhile, it can be seen that the SMS from MySejahtera were all sent from "68808" and this makes netizens wonder whether there is another security breach or exploitation in the app again.
Nonetheless, many were worried that such incidents will cause a confusion among the public, and it may even led to people being fell to scams.
href="https://www.facebook.com/"target="_blank">Source: Facebook
There is a netizen who shared on how people can distinguish the real requests sent by the MySejahtera system to the fake password reset request that people are receiving.
Previously, Khairy had admitted that there had been an exploitation of the API by some users and stressed that the National Cyber Security Agency (Nasca) had completed an investigation and will take necessary measures to prevent this from happening again.
Najib said M'sians missed him as Prime Minister after BN's landslide...
The #CucukMYAZ season is back! Recipients are now receiving their 2nd...
Extended train frequency caused massive crowd at LRT/MRT stations and on...


text:
The Finalist teams are:
Long Beach Three from California State University, Long Beach
SolaSwine from Carnegie Mellon University
Backstaged from University of Cincinnati – CCM
High End Systems' Paul Hancock commented, "On behalf of everyone from HES, we want to congratulate all teams for their participation in our 3rd annual HOG Factor Competition. The participation was overwhelming this year; to say it was incredibly difficult for our panel of judges this year would be an understatement. After three years of the Hog Factor Competitions, the submissions we are receiving improve every year."
HES Console Senior Software Engineer Jonathan Kemble added, "We're excited to be hosting the HOG Factor once again, and are thrilled to see the enthusiasm and interest in HOG from such a variety of young designers. It's great to see how well the HOG 4 console range extends to all levels of experience. We couldn't be happier to provide our powerful feature set to a fresh new crowd and give them some well-deserved exposure."
HES General Manager Becky Koester commented, "The HOG Factor competition has grown each year - not just in the number of participants, but mainly in the content and complexity we see in the work and output of the student teams. Each year becomes a bit more challenging in the overall judging and selection process. We're very anxious to meet the three teams selected to join us at LDI. This next generation of LD's are very gifted and bring a new dimension to their work."
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text:
Co-Operative Partnerships Expand Stibo Systems' Reach into China
SIE Technology and Polystor Technology employ Master Data Management solutions for mutual business benefits
Aarhus, Denmark – March 09, 2015: Stibo Systems, the leading provider of multi-domain Master Data Management (MDM) solutions, recently announced the signing of mutually beneficial partnership agreements with Chinese IT consulting and delivery firms, SIE Technology and Beijing Polystor Technology.
Stibo Systems has gradually established co-operative partnerships with many customers since its entry into the Chinese market in 2012. These latest partnerships will provide Stibo Systems with greater opportunities across the country's vast geographical territory and its rapid economic development, by introducing the company's MDM and PIM solutions to SIE's and Polystor's industry solutions and customer-base across China.
Mr. Wu Ke, president of Polystor, said "Stibo Systems impressed us with its level of devotion to Master Data Management and its leadership in that field. This partnership will enable us to provide a better service for our current customers, as we meet their growing Master Data Management requirements. It will also give us access to Stibo Systems first-class STEP MDM solution that will greatly improve the accuracy and efficiency of our own data services."
Mr. Zhang Chengkang, president of SIE, said of the partnership: "This represents a substantial step in the diversification of SIE Technology's enterprise information service. By positioning SIE at the forefront of the master data field Stibo's STEP MDM solution will allow us to provide its customers with more valuable - and truly international – IT services."
Mikael Lyngsø, CEO of Stibo Systems, commented: "Stibo Systems and each of its new partners can now enjoy the complementary strategic advantages that each respective organisation's resources offer. Each company can work together to provide more efficient, reliable and advanced Master Data Management solutions to its customers, ultimately allowing for greater investment in China's automotive, manufacturing, retailing and eCommerce industries."
About Stibo Systems
Stibo Systems is the global leader in multi-domain Master Data Management (MDM) solutions. Industry leaders rely on Stibo Systems to provide cross-channel consistency by linking product and customer data, suppliers and other organisational assets. This enables businesses to make more effective decisions, improve sales and build shareholder value. During the last 30 years, Stibo Systems has helped hundreds of companies to develop a trusted source of operational information. A privately held subsidiary of the Stibo A/S group, which was originally founded in 1794, Stibo Systems' corporate headquarters is located in Aarhus, Denmark. After entering the Chinese market, with a particular focus on manufacturing, especially in the automotive industry, Stibo Systems strives to provide internationally advanced management solutions to Chinese enterprises and help customers promote effective corporate data management. For more information, visit www.stibosystems.com


text:
Astral projektion eller astralprojektion (även bland annat ut-ur-kroppenupplevelse eller, företrädesvis i troende kretsar, astral resa) är en kontroversiell tolkning av en upplevelse som går ut på att en så kallad astralkropp (eller en persons själ eller medvetande) skiljs från den fysiska kroppen. Detta sägs kunna inträffa eller uppnås i ett hypnagogt tillstånd eller genom drömmar, djup meditation eller droger. Astralkroppen kan sedan färdas till fjärran platser eller en parallell värld kallad för det astrala planet, en förmodat högre nivå av medvetande. Astral projektion är sammankopplat till både religiösa idéer om liv efter döden, nära-döden-upplevelser och New age-rörelsen.

Det finns inga vetenskapliga bevis på att man medvetet kan lämna kroppen och göra observationer. Flera av de fall som rapporterats i media, exempelvis om patienter som kunnat berätta vad som hänt under operationer där de varit sövda, har visat sig vara falska eller svårverifierbara. Därför räknas astral projektion som pseudovetenskap.

Den moderna vetenskapen har studerat ämnet men har inte kunnat komma fram till några entydiga slutsatser. Det enda man har att tillgå är berättelser av personer som upplevt detta, och detta kvalificerar inte som bevis i vetenskaplig mening. Den biologiska vetenskapen har kommit fram till att tallkottkörteln i hjärnan kan vara kopplad till denna typ av upplevelser.

Några av de mer kända inom området astral projektion är Robert Monroe och Robert Bruce, som båda har skrivit flera böcker om ämnet. Ett par vetenskapsmän som har sysslat med det är Raymond A. Moody och den schweizisk-amerikanska psykiatern Elisabeth Kübler-Ross.

Se även
 Näradödenupplevelse
 Chakra
 Fiskarhustrun i Palermo
 Benandanti
 Pierina de Bugatis

Källor

Externa länkar
paranormal.se/astralprojektion
astralinfo.org, (Engelska)

Paranormalt
Förändrade medvetandetillstånd
Parapsykologi
Religionsvetenskap
Pseudovetenskap

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In Rochester, New York, there's no shortage of Stephen King's popular novel "It" fans. In fact, a 13-year-old blind Chihuahua named Wiskey might be a huge follower – that is according to the pint sized pooch's human, Mercedes Murray.
According to Mercedes' Facebook, who admits to being an avid horror movie fan, especially likes the character of Pennywise. And for those unfamiliar with the book or the movie, that creepy Pennywise is the dressed up clown that reeks havoc wherever he appears. According to CBS News, the little pooch gets dressed in an outfit everyday, and appropriately dresses up for every holiday.
As pictured, Mercedes decided on the Pennywise persona for Halloween, and even though she can't sew well, she obviously has a great imagination.
"I can't sew, but I took a lot of hours to figure it out. I sewed the little sleeves. I made sure he had three ruffles, I got the balloon," Mercedes stated.
And then came the clown hair wig made by gluing tiny pieces to a sock. Next came the perfect setting as he posed in front of a drain pipe. Why … of course!
"The first people to share it were in different countries so I really underestimated the power of the internet and social media, really underestimated it," said Murray.
And after more than 123,907 shares (as of yesterday's count), Wiskey now has his own "fun" page on Facebook. After all Halloween can be fun for our pets too – as long as we are all very careful. Some pets just don't want to get dressed up, but that's okay too!
Courageous dog survives brutal alligator attack!
Is Noah the world's biggest Corgi?! See the amazing photos yourself.
Will be sleeping with the lights on tonight for sure !!
OMG that is a CUTIE!!! But in reality that movies caused me to HATE Clowns forever!!!!
So cute. My dog will not have anything to do with "clothes".


text:
Ways to Faith > Blog > Historical Evidence > The Jubilee
The Jubilee
Posted in September 15, 2020 by David
Categories: Historical Evidence
Tags: Biblical History, Biblical Names, Historical Evidence
Scripture is like no other book; it tells the story of mankind from the beginning of time to the end of time.
It does so with an authority not seen in other books because its inspiration comes from someone who knows everything.
it was written by many people over hundreds of years, but its inspiration comes from the Creator of the universe. The Creator provides the history of the universe in broad terms so that we might understand our place in the universe and the reason why we walk the earth.
Modern science tells us the universe consists of multiple dimensions – at least ten or eleven to be exact. We all have intimate knowledge of four of these dimensions: height, width, length, and time. The fourth dimension is unidirectional – it only goes in one direction; it is impossible to go back in time.
God is the Creator of these multiple dimensions including time. Being the creator of time, he is outside of it and can view all of time simultaneously. That is what Scripture means that
I make known the end from the beginning, from ancient times, what is still to come. (Isaiah 46:10).
By Zero0000A/RES/181(II) – m0103_1b.gif on PLAN OF PARTITION is from UNGA Resolution 181 (27 Nov 1947). THE overdrawn UNSCOP boundary is from United Nations Special Committee on Palestine, Report to the General Assembly, 3 Sep 1947, Volume II, A/364, Add. 1., Public Domain, Link
Many centuries after the beginning of mankind with Adam, God set in motion the world's redemption through an obscure nomad named Abraham. He was a pagan, worshiping the gods of his culture and would have been lost to obscurity were it not for his calling. He was informed he would produce a race of people who were chosen by God for great things.
They were not chosen because they had done anything special or possessed any special talent or trait. But the grandson of Abraham named Jacob would have his name changed to Israel; the children of Israel would form twelve tribes that would be rescued from slavery in Egypt and led to the Promised Land.
The history of Israel is important for many reasons. The most important is that the Savior was born nearly two thousand years after Abraham lived. Christ was descended from Abraham through King David through Mary – his mother.
But the history of Isreal is also important because the history of Israel is the history of the world.
The history of Israel is very important to our history today – and to the future of the world. The history of modern presidents, countries, wars, and disasters are peculiarly timed involving ancient covenants and the Jewish people.
The working out of the history of ancient Israel in today's headlines is an amazing finding open to those who know where to look.
It will be the place of this series of articles to view modern history – particularly of the last two centuries – in the light of ancient Jewish covenants with God.
Christian and Jewish History
It is an unfortunate historical fact that Christians know little concerning their Jewish roots. Most Christians skim through the Old Testament as though it is only the prelude for the "main event." The Church lost its intimate understanding of Jewish culture and tradition after the first century. The Jewish nation rebelled against their Roman overlords and was eventually dispelled throughout the world in what is known as the diaspora. This dispersion resulted in a separation of Jews from their Christian brothers.
Jews formed their communities; it was a great cultural sin to intermarry with those outside the faith. Christians blamed the Jews for the death of Christ and frequently engaged in unfortunate persecution of Jewish communities.
Jews came to distrust Christians remembering how they were mistreated over hundreds of years. This separation of the two communities came at a great cost to both.
As Christians lost their knowledge of Jewish traditions and festivals, they lost an understanding of Jewish history and the importance of that history of future events.
The history of God's Chosen People would play out in the history of the world – especially toward End Times. The last two hundred years have demonstrated an amazing replay of this Jewish history in our current events. An understanding of Jewish history will help to understand how ancient history manifests itself today.
The great prophet Moses is one of the most amazing characters in the Old Testament. He was rescued by death by his mother who placed him as a baby into a reed basket. The Pharoah or Egyptian King at the time was concerned about the growth of the Jewish people who were working as slaves. The Pharoah was concerned they might rebel against their Egyptian oppressors and overthrow the government. He decided to reduce their population by throwing all the newborn boys into the Nile River where they would drown or be eaten by predators living in the water.
Rather than carry out this order, Moses' mother decided to float him in a reed basket in the water where he might have a chance of survival. He was found by the daughter of the Pharoah who raised him in the family. He did well and was valiant in leading the Egyptian army against their foes – especially the Ethiopians.
But Moses was troubled because he knew his people were being mistreated by the Egyptians and were being held against their will Eventually, he would have to leave Egypt after killing an Egyptian guard who was beating a Jew, and spent forty years in the backside of a desert tending sheep.
God would reveal Himself in a burning bush – a bush that would appear to be burning but would not be consumed by the fire. God would tell Moses to inform the Pharoah that he had to let the Jews go – or else there would be terrible consequences. Plague after plague came against Egypt, each plague being directed against one of their gods.
Finally, every firstborn Egyptian male was killed, while the Hebrew firstborn were protected by sheep's blood painted over the door to their houses. This event would be memorialized as the Passover and is always celebrated on the 14th day of the Hebrew month of Nissan during the time of the full moon.
Pharaoh finally decided to let the Jews leave Egypt, and they traveled day and night to get out of the country. Pharoah then changed his mind and went with his army to subjugate the Hebrews and bring them back to Egypt as slaves. The Hebrews were trapped on a small peninsula sticking out into the Red Sea when Moses performed one of the greatest miracles in Scripture – the parting of the Red Sea. The Hebrews crossed a thin rim of land under the Red Sea to get to the other side; the Egyptians followed them but before they could catch the Hebrews, the Red Sea collapsed upon them drowning Pharoah's army.
The Jews were then separated from Egypt in a land known today as Saudi Arabia where they received the Law of Moses on Mt. Sinai. They then traveled to the Promised Land where they could build their own country and live by God's will – or at least that was the plan.
Moses and Future Destruction and Scattering of Israel
Just before he died, Moses foretold what would happen to Israel centuries in the future. It is believed the Hebrews entered into the Promised Land in the year 1406 BC. Moses noted in the future,
Just as it pleased the LORD to make you prosper and multiply, so also it will please Him to annihilate you and destroy you. And you will be uprooted from the land you are entering to possess. Then the Lord will scatter you among all the nations, from one end of the earth to the other, and there you will worship other gods, gods of wood and stone, which neither you nor your fathers have known. Among those nations, you will find no repose, not even a resting place for the sold of your foot. There the LORD will give you a trembling heart, failing eyes, and a despairing soul. (Deuteronomy 28:64).
In the year 70 AD, the Roman legions would defeat the Hebrews living in Israel and would drive the people into exile to the ends of the earth. They would be persecuted by multiple nations throughout the world and would wander the earth as no other people have ever wandered the earth.
This exile lasted into modern times when the Nation of Israel was born in May 1948.
The Liberty Bell with the Leviticus Inscription. Image by Andrea Hamilton from Pixabay
The Liberty Bell outside of Independence Hall in Philadelphia is familiar to many Americans. It is one of the most visited historical locations because it is a symbol of America. There are words inscribed on the Liberty Bell which read,
Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all inhabitants thereof. (Leviticus 25:10)
This Scripture in Leviticus concerns something called the Jubilee year. This is part of ancient Israel that is not at all familiar to many Christians because they are largely ignorant concerning their Jewish roots. Also, the Jubilee is no longer practiced in Israel – and it is believed it was rarely practiced in ancient Israel as well.
The Jubilee year happened once every fifty years. It was a time when you would come home. Your family would come home to your ancestral land; your separation from the land is ended. The Jubilee is the year for the restoration of that which was lost. For example, if you lost your land because of bankruptcy, it would be returned to you during the Jubilee year.
Each of the ancient twelve tribes of Israel (except the Levites) was given a large parcel of land by Joshua when they entered the Promised Land. Then, each tribe and family would also receive a parcel of land. Over the next fifty years, that land might potentially change hands several times; but on the fiftieth year, the land would revert to its original owners.
This was an image that the land of Israel belonged to God, and was apportioned to his people based upon their family tribe, and clan. It was not strictly the property of an individual who bought the land, as he could only have use of the land until it reverted to its original owner.
The Jubilee tells that the land of Israel is tied to the people of Israel. As long as the people of Israel followed their God and obeyed his commandments, then the people and the land would be one together.
The latter chapters of the last book of the Torah, Deuteronomy, was written by Moses before Israel finally goes across the Jordan River into the Promised Land. Moses knew that he would not live to go into the land with them, and so was giving the people his last instructions.
He wanted them to be sure to understand that even though they are the Chosen People – the people from which the Savior would be born and who would have God's special blessings – they had to obey God's laws. The ability of Israel to stay in the Promised Land was conditional upon their obedience. It was especially important for the Jewish people not to intermarry with other nations since this could eventually lead to the loss of Jewish identity.
The Jewish people first and foremost had to separate themselves from the other nations and not adopt their customs or intermarry with them. If they were to do that, then they would be blessed; otherwise, they would eventually be expelled from the land.
Ancient Israel would enter a land described as flowing with "milk and honey," which was very fertile producing crops with plentiful harvest and supporting all manner of livestock.
But Moses knew better. He knew Israel would rebel against God, follow their ideas of right and wrong, and end up following other gods. Perhaps even worse, they would kill their children in sacrificial rites to these ancient foreign gods further provoking Yahweh's wrath. Separation from the Mosaic Law would separate the people from their identity, causing them to forget who they were. They would then turn away from God and assume the pagan customs of their neighbors.
Yahweh was slow to anger and would warn the people multiple times of impending destruction. The northern ten tribes of Israel would be led away into captivity by the Assyrians, a fact well documented by secular history. The southern two tribes would get a reprieve, but they too refused to listen to God's warning and decided to follow what they thought was right – not what God thought was right. They suffered through a series of evil kings who led the country into further idolatry until it would finally be too late.
Even the longsuffering God ran out of patience and brought judgment to the nation of Israel.
Enter the Babylonians and the Persians
By Empire_neo_babyloien.svg: *Middle_East_topographic_map-blank.svg: Sémhur (talk)derivative work: Zunkir (talk)derivative work: Zunkir (talk) – Empire_neo_babyloien.svg, CC BY-SA 3.0, Link
Both the Babylonians and the Persians were wicked, warring nations whose every thought was toward conquest. The Babylonians had defeated the Assyrians in the Battle of Nineveh in 612 BC. This battle left the Babylonians as the most powerful nation in ancient Mesopotamia and they sought to consolidate their power by controlling the smaller nations around them.
The remnant Jewish nation made the ultimate mistake of shifting their alliance to Egypt, causing the Babylonians to destroy their country. They eventually captured Jerusalem, destroyed the Temple, and carried off the survivors into captivity where they stayed for seventy years.
Babylon would eventually be overthrown by the Persians in 539 BC and would eventually allow the Jews to return to their land.
Eventually, the small Jewish remnant who left Persia would rebuild their Temple and would be visited by the Messiah centuries later at the exact time foretold by the ancient prophet Daniel. Even though the Jews were anxiously awaiting the Messiah, they were looking for a conquering King and not a suffering servant as foretold by Isaiah (Isaiah 53). The Messiah foretold the imminent destruction of Jerusalem about forty years after the crucifixion.
The only time Israel was truly scattered throughout the known world at that time was when they were forcibly dispersed after the conquest of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 AD. There would be another brief attempt at Jewish revolt as Bar Kokhba led an insurrection against Hadrian which was eventually ruthlessly crushed by multiple Roman legions. Upwards of 600,000 Jews were killed, with Jewish communities throughout Judea devastated in a process many will describe as a genocide.
Jews were forbidden to return to their capital of Jerusalem which was renamed Aelia Capitolina. They were entirely expelled not only from the city they once knew but also from the country of Israel. They were scattered throughout North Africa and what is now known as Europe and Asia. Amazingly, the Jewish people did not intermarry with the local populations but remained a distinct ethnic group for many hundreds of years.
But the land missed them. The Jews had prospered the land, made it bloom with fruits of every kind, but when they left, the land was left untilled and eventually became a desert.
Centuries earlier, Moses warned the people this would happen due to their unbelief. They would be expelled from the land, and the land would return to a barren desert. This would occur at the "last time."
Moses notes,
…the stranger that shall come from afar land, shall say when they see the plagues of that land, and the sicknesses which the Lord has laid on it: "The whole land is brimestone, salt, and burning; it is not sown, nor does it bear, nor does any grass grow there, like the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah.
The timing of the destruction foretold by Moses is important because his narrative introduces a "stranger." The Hebrew Old Testament uses the word "akharone" which is defined in Strong's Hebrew Aramaic dictionary (word 314) as meaning later or last. Scripture uses this word in multiple places but two are important for our narrative.
Listen to Me, O Jacob, and Israel, My called: I am He; I am the First and also the Last.
The word "last" is in this quote is "akharone."
Similarly, in Revelations 2:8,
And to the messenger of the assembly in Smyrna write, 'This says the First and the Last, who became dead, and came to life.'
Then Moses goes on to talk about a "stranger" or a "foreigner" who will come in the "last days" ("akharone" days) to the land of Israel who will marvel at the desolation of the land. It is a wasteland of desert nobody wants.
Interestingly, this stranger will come at a time before the establishment of modern Israel with the Jewish return making the land once again blossom. The stranger would come to the land and write its utter devastation. The stranger would be a skeptic, not believing in God but would without his knowledge affirm Scripture by unwittingly using Moses' phrases.
The stranger would write about the "plagues of that land" with the following words,
Rags, wretchedness, poverty, and dirt. … Lepers, cripples, the blind. … To see the numbers of maimed, malformed, and diseased humanity that throng the holy places ."
Moses said the end time stranger would say,
All its land is … a burning waste.
or in another translation,
Your land has become a scorching desert.
The stranger would write
It is a scorching, arid, repulsive solitude
Such roasting heat, such oppressive solitude, and such dismal resolution cannot surely exist elsewhere on earth.
Nowhere in all the waste around was there a foot of shade, and we were scorching to death.
Moses wrote the stranger would testify there was no one in the land to sow it and the stranger said,
One may ride ten miles, hereabouts, and not see ten human beings.
…these unpeopled deserts, these rusty mounds of barrenness, that never, never, never do shake the glare from their harsh outlines …
There is not a solitary village throughout its whole extent – not for thirty miles in either direction.
Moses said the stranger would allude to the inability of the land to support vegetation and the stranger wrote,
The valleys are unsightly deserts fringed with a feeble vegetation.
…a desert, paved with loose stones, void of vegetation, glaring in the fierce sun.
…this blistering, naked treeless land.
Moses also noted concerning the land,
The anger of the Lord burned against that land, to bring upon it every curse which is written in this book.
God cursed the land for the sinfulness of the Jews who once inhabited it centuries before. The stranger – a cynic unbeliever in God, noted concerning the land,
Palestine sits in sackcloth and ashes. Over it broods the spell of a curse.
The stranger then summed it up by saying,
Palestine is desolate and unlovely. And why should it be otherwise? Can the curse of the Deity beautify a land?
The stranger would bear witness to the desolation of the land once flowing with "milk and honey" but now a barren waste of desert with hardly an inhabitant. These words would appear in newspapers and articles across America and in many countries. The cynic would bear witness to countless thousands of his generation and would thus fulfill the ancient prophecy of Moses.
The stranger had to come to Palestine before the return of the Jewish people which would cause causing the land to bloom once again, bearing fruit that would be sold all through the Middle East and Europe.
The stranger had an illustrative career and was very famous then, and remains so today. He fulfilled his main purpose in life by fulfilling an ancient prophecy without even recognizing he was doing anything of great significance.
The stranger also fulfilled this prophecy at the exact time needed as it would enter into the return of the Jubilee Years; the return of the land of Israel to the Jewish nation had to occur in a Jubilee Year. The problem was nobody knew the time of the Jubilee Years – the time every fifty years when land would return to its original owners – since antiquity.
The year the stranger from a far land wrote articles about Palestine that would spread throughout the English-speaking world was in 1867 – through future events, this would be established as a Jubilee Year. The stranger's articles would be incorporated into a book published with the title, The Innocents Abroad by Samuel Clemens – otherwise known as Mark Twain.
The Shishak Invasion
by David : Categories: Archaeology, Historical Evidence Tags: Biblical History, Biblical Names, Historical Evidence
The Shishak invasion of Israel by the Egyptian armies of Shishak is described in Scripture and illustrated on a wall located in Egypt. The reign of King Rehoboam was tumultuous. He was the son of Solomon and a grandson of David. The Kingdom of David was still united when Rehoboam… Read More »
The Ivory House
The Ivory House is mentioned in the Bible as a minor reference concerning the ancient Kings of the Northern Kingdom. Its construction was influenced by Phoenician culture brought into Israel by Queen Jezebel. King Ahab was one of the more wicked kings of the Northern Kingdom of Israel reigning during… Read More »
Ancient Kingdom of Edom
The ancient kingdom of Edom and Israel have a shared history according to Scripture. The relationship between Biblical Jacob (whose name was changed to Israel and who became the father of the twelve tribes of Israel) and Esau (the brother of Jacob who became the father of the nation of… Read More »
Omri and the Moab Stele
The Moab Stele One of the most remarkable affirmations of Biblical historicity is presented by the Mesha or The Moab Stele. It is constructed out of black basalt (or volcanic rock) bearing an inscription by a ninth-century BC Moabite King named Mesha. The Moabites were a population group that lived… Read More »
Yitzhak Kaduri
Charter Schools – Introduction
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The Next Phase Blog
Social Commentary and Informed Opinions
About Aline Kaplan
My Life List of Art Museums
Why No Guns, Politics, or Religion?
About Jackie Quinlan
About Susanne Skinner
Movies About . . .
Movies About Food
Movies About Survival
Posts About Boston
"Voices in the Dark"
Elf Hill
The Broadcast Circle
Elf Hill — Part 2
Learning from a History of Violence in Boston
Posted on April 17, 2013 by Aline Kaplan
My Boston by Foot docent training started on April 6 with a four-hour orientation tour of the city. On Saturday we had a class on Colonial Boston followed by a tour of the Heart of the Freedom Trail given by a docent trainer. This morning I finished my first paper, an analysis of the Georgian style of architecture as seen in three buildings: the Ebenezer Clough house, the Old Corner Bookstore, and King's Chapel.
The Boston Massacre
All this research, combined with hours spent walking around the city, looking at old buildings, listening to stories of early inhabitants, and examining historical landmarks, has given me a keener sense of the city and its part in the founding of our country. Monday's terrorist attack struck deeper than it might otherwise have done as I saw the damage it did to buildings, to innocent people, and to our local psyche.
The training activities also reinforced, however, that there is a history of violence in Boston.
Boston Massacre: On March 4, 1770, an altercation turned into a snowball fight on King Street (now State Street) just below the old State House. It became a bloodbath when Captain Preston of the 29th Regiment arrived with eight Redcoats to reinforce a Private White, who was on sentry duty. The crowd, now swollen to several hundred people, turned ugly as troops forced their way through, and pelted them with snowballs and rocks. When a club thrown from the crowd struck Private Montgomery in the face, he retaliated by firing the first shot. More shots were fired and, when the smoke cleared, five colonists lay dead or dying.
Boston Tea Party: On December 16, 1773, members of the Sons of Liberty dressed themselves as Indians and marched on three ships that had recently carried tea to Boston. The Dartmouth, the Eleanor and the Beaver carried a cargo that was subject to the recently enacted and odious tax on tea. This action was the culmination of months of dissatisfaction with taxes over which the colonists had no control and which did not benefit the colony because it served only to repay England for the expensive French and Indian War. The Sons of Liberty vowed to turn Boston Harbor into a teapot. Shouting that "taxation without representation is tyranny," they boarded the ships and threw crates of tea—worth $1.3 million in today's dollars—overboard.
The Boston Tea Party
These were acts of rebellion, not terrorism, however. More blood would follow as the American Revolution began but a new country would emerge from that war. The British Regulars and their mercenaries, the Hessians, fought the Colonial Army with guns and cannons. Both sides wore uniforms (at least, when the Colonial Army could afford them). There were rules of conduct and rules for treating prisoners of war. Civilians surely died, women and children among them, but that was not the main goal.
Today, terrorists of whatever stripe or faction don't dare fight a standing army. Instead, they target the innocent with the goal of killing as many as possible. In Africa, men fight wars by raping women and enslaving children, not by fighting other men, much less armed soldiers.
One studies history to learn from it but what we are learning now is that the only way to fight these cowards and psychopaths is to refuse to bow to terror. This afternoon, a neighbor asked me if I was rethinking being a tour guide in Boston. I replied that I am more determined than ever. On Saturday we study Federal Boston and I'm looking forward to it.
This entry was posted in Boston, Boston By Foot, History and tagged Boston, Boston by Foot, Freedom Trail by Aline Kaplan. Bookmark the permalink.
In my professional career I created marketing and communications functions for a number of big public companies and for small, VC-funded start-ups in the high-technology industry. Now I do marketing consulting work. I also write and publish science novels and short stories. I'm a docent for Boston by Foot, giving historical and architectural walking tours of Boston.
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