text:
Gaming Dope Logo Gaming Dope Logo
Gaming Dope Logo Gaming Dope
Affiliate Linking Policy
Gaming Dope Contribution Program
Gaming Dope Corrections Policy
Gaming Dope Ethics Policy
Gaming Dope Fact Checking Policy
Gaming Dope Ownership, Funding, and Advertising Policy
Post Libary
Gaming Dope Staff
Gaming Dope is the one stop page for everything Gaming & Technology. The new home of news, views and reviews. From the new tech we get our hands on to the gaming junkies that can't play enough and can't stop talking about it. We are building a home for nerds, geeks and anyone else that is likely to rule the world with the lot of us.
More from Gaming Dope→
'Hundreds' of Steam Deck Kits Shipped as Valve on Track for Feb Launch
Steam Deck Handheld Should Be Able to Handle God of War at Launch
Handheld consoles are great for on-the-go entertainment, but there has always been a limitation of the types of games they can play. The smaller, portable form factor makes it so that the hardware packed into the device is not top....
Gameplay Revealed of Daytona Speedway Track in Gran Turismo 7
We're approaching the official release of Gran Turismo 7 very quickly, and the team at Sony and Polyphony Digital is now ready to show more gameplay footage. The new look at the game shows some GT-Class cars hitting the asphalt....
God of War Single-Shot Camera was Challenging for Ultra-Wide Support
The God of War PC port has been released today, and many PC players are eager to dive into a story that took the gaming sphere by storm in 2018. While most of the reviews from critics have been overwhelmingly....
The Daytona International Speedway Will Be Coming to Gran Turismo 7
Forza Horizon 5 has been out for a while now and is still making waves. Sony needs to get their act in gear, and we're hoping that Gran Turismo 7 is the boost they need in the racing department. A....
New Gameplay Footage Revealed Before Launch of God of War PC Port
Santa Monica's 2018 God of War was a masterpiece of gaming art, receiving both critical and popular praise, and reinstated Kratos as the poster demigod for PlayStation. The story, characters, gameplay, and cinematic approach was loved […]
Assassin's Creed: The Ezio Collection Now Making Its Way to the Switch
The Assassin's Creed series is easily one of the most well-known franchises in the gaming sphere. The games are available on many platforms, but those are many of the newer ones. So, it makes sense for Ubisoft to bring some....
Play as Pagan Min in Far Cry 6's Newest Piece of DLC 'Control'
At this point, the Far Cry series may have some mechanics that feel repetitive; claiming towers to open up the map, clearing out outposts, experience points for new skills, etc. But, if there is one thing the fans don't mind....
Xbox May Develop a Cross-Platform Blacklist for Banned Players
Gaming has many advantages, but one of the most common recurring issues is that of problem players. These players could be hackers or just trolls who derive amusement by ruining other people's time in a game. While report appeals exist....
Enabling Crypto Mining by Default Brings Norton Under Criticism
Norton is synonymous with antivirus software, but the Norton 360 suite offers more than just that functionality. It now comes with Norton Crypto, a mining tool that users will not be able to uninstall. This has left many users feeling....
← Previous1 2 … 94 Next →
All content cited is derived from their respective sources. If you believe we have used your copyrighted content without permission, send us an email at [email protected] and we will remove it immediately.
Ownership Policy
Assassin's Creed Valhalla: All Suthsexe Treasure Hoard Maps Location
God of War: Kratos' Wife, Intention Behind Her Dying Wish, and More!
God of War (2018) – Is Kratos really a god? Where is he originally from?
God of War "The Stranger" Explained: Background, Intentions, and More…
Far Cry 6 We're (Un)Jammin' Guide: All 11 Wave Jammer Locations
Gaming Dope is the one stop page for everything Gaming & Technology. The new home of news, views and reviews. From the new tech we get our hands on to the gaming junkies that can't play enough and can't stop talking about it. We are building a home for nerds, geeks and anyone else that is likely to rule the world with the lot of us. We are a crew of obsessive and wide eyed, writers and reviewers who love putting out our views and opinions on the things we obsess over and can't get enough of. Write to us and tell us your opinion if you're into Gaming or Tech.
© 2022	Gaming Dope


text:
Opening day for the new City Hall, 51 years ago
The U.S. suddenly had a new leader on Nov. 22, in 1963
Time for a new courthouse, 60 years ago
No 29th this February, but Leap Day has had memorable music
Central High at the state basketball tournament was low-scoring, 97 years ago
Where you could find a good restaurant, 32 years ago? How about the airport?
Remember when Bob Dole marched in the Maple Leaf Parade, 33 years ago?
The president took a lap around the La Crosse County speedway, one year ago
Peshtigo goes up in flames, 150 years ago
Dinner at the Tivoli, then a movie at the Rivoli...still possible, 51 years ago
The future of the city might depend on building a parking ramp, 65 years ago
Making the roads safer in Minnesota, 18 years ago
Holy Moses! Fighting over the 10 Commandments, 36 years ago
Pig races were a big attraction at Riverfest, 11 years ago
Two murder cases competing for headlines, 27 years ago
Those pesky bugs returned for the summer...mosquitoes, 50 years ago
Saturday, July 4th, 1970, La Crosse dedicated a 6-floor City Hall, which is still La Crosse's main office building today. It replaced the City Hall that stood for nearly 80 years at the corner of 6th and State, now part of the post office parking lot. La Crosse's oldest living mayor, 86-year-old Gus Boerner, cut the ribbon to open the new building. One woman visiting City Hall thought there were too many windows for city workers to look out of, and she thought the view outside would prevent them from getting work done. This summer, most city meetings are happening at community centers elsewhere in La Crosse, because the city council chambers are getting a makeover, partly so the asbestos that was already in City Hall when it opened can be removed.
There was no Riverfest yet in La Crosse, but Washington had a big celebration for the 4th, called 'Honor America Day,' hosted by Bob Hope, and featuring Billy Graham, Pat Boone, and Kate Smith. The event, attracting 250,000 people, took place at the Lincoln Memorial. The party reportedly was arranged by supporters of President Richard Nixon, to counter protests of the Vietnam War.
The Tivoli Gardens were still in business in 1970, on the George Street extension, about where you'd find Nutbush City Limits today.
Also in July of 1970, a long-time TV news team broke up, when the last "Huntley-Brinkley Report" aired on NBC after 14 years. Chet Huntley was retiring to his home state of Montana, and David Brinkley continued in TV for many more years. Good night, Chet, 1970, yesterday in La Crosse.
Related Topics:Honor America DayHuntley-Brinkley Reportla crosse city hallTivoli Gardens
Rally planned to call for veto of conversion therapy ban in La Crosse
Suspect in Hatched Baby vandalism gets diversion agreement
Dinner at the Tivoli, then a movie at the Rivoli…still possible, 51 years ago

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Where To Treat Melanoma And How Much Does It Cost?
What is а Modern Neurosurgery?
How not to overpay for treatment?
High-quality treatment in Israel requires considerable cash outlay. The lion's share of which goes to the paperwork, transportation, accommodation, translators. It is better not to save on the most important thing - treatment, but to reduce expenses for minor needs. Firstly, it is possible to pass some part of the diagnostics in the home country, provided that it is of high quality and not outdated. It is advisable to preliminarily clarify which test results you can bring with you, since some types of examination by Israeli doctors prefer to be carried out in their clinic. Then you can save on the flight and choose cheaper options. It should be borne in mind that air ticket prices increase during the tourist season. Arriving in the country, you need to take care of accommodation. Hotels in tourist areas are always more expensive. However, there are plenty of other cheaper offers. In addition, you can think about renting an apartment, which is often much cheaper than hotel accommodation. Another option is to contact the organizing company. Large companies that are engaged in medical tourism, provide full range of services (flight, accommodation, treatment). More often than not, it is much more profitable to accept their offers financially than to organize themselves.
Which documents are needed for treatment in Israel?
In Israel, there is a visa-free entry for tourists from many countries. Without visa stay in the country is for 90 days. If necessary, you can apply to the Israeli Ministry of the Interior for an extension of your stay. To enter the country, you will need a valid passport, it must be valid for at least 6 months from the date of arrival in Israel. The child needs a separate document. Border services are also entitled to demand an invitation from the clinic, medical insurance, tickets with dates of entry and exit, hotel reservations, proof of finances. It is also recommended to clarify in advance whether the medical reports of local doctors and their translation into English or Hebrew will be required.
Can the diagnosis change after arriving in Israel?
Diagnostic methods in Israel differ from domestic ones. Unfortunately, diagnostic errors are common in developing countries. Therefore, doctors in Israel do not always agree to take the responsibility of treating a patient according to unverified results. And may require re-examination. It is possible to pass home diagnostics only with the use of high-quality modern equipment and compliance with the technologies for preparing results. High-quality and fresh MRI, CT scans, biopsy materials brought with them, which will be subjected to revision, are being taken.
Why are there so many mediators in Israel?
99% of medical institutions in Israel are state-owned. It is quite difficult to go to the clinic directly for foreign patients. Most of the official websites of hospitals with important information are in Hebrew, and by submitting an application for an appointment with a doctor, you will not be able to quickly receive an appointment. Medical institutions prefer to cooperate with foreign patients through partners (medical tourism companies or private agents) who do all the organizational work and take care of the comfortable stay of patients in the country. They have agreements with the largest clinics and can as soon as possible arrange a meeting with any doctor, arrange treatment and are responsible for the patient. Some clinics also have their own departments of medical tourism. But most of them do not work so quickly and do not fully fulfill their obligations. It should be reminded that among the huge number of such companies there are many scammers. Therefore, you need to apply only in an organization with a good reputation.


text:
KU announces featured speakers for the 2021 Virtual Summer Conference
Sherrie Saathoff
School of Education & Human Sciences
ssaathoff@ku.edu
Follow @@KUSOEHS
LAWRENCE — The School of Education & Human Sciences at the University of Kansas has announced the featured speakers for each session of the 2021 Strategies for Educational Improvement Summer Conference, a virtual multisession professional development series.
This year's theme, "Back to the Future: Time to Redesign," will focus on the needs for today's PK-12 teachers, schools, districts and other education service providers. Each virtual session supports an overall topic that includes multiple presenters and a moderator. This year's featured speakers for each session:
June 15: "Re-entry & Supporting Socio-emotional Health for Teachers & Administrators" with Jenny Flinders, KU Center for Public Partnerships & Research; Arpita Ghosh, assistant professor in the KU Department of Educational Psychology; Jacqueline Rodriguez, Kansas City, Kansas Public Schools; and M'Balia Thomas, assistant professor in the KU Department of Curriculum and Teaching.
June 17: "Re-entry & Supporting Socio-emotional Learning for Students" with Shanna Bigler-McKenzie, Kansas State Department of Education; Amy Gaumer Erickson, associate research professor in the KU Center for Research on Learning; and Marta Silva Serrano, Olathe North High School.
June 22: "Re-entry & Curriculum Challenges" with Julie Ewing, Kansas State Department of Education; Jarius Jones, Center Middle School; Nicholas Mitchell, assistant professor in the KU Department of Curriculum & Teaching; and Dyane Smokorowski, Wichita Public Schools.
June 24: "Countering Disinformation, Misinformation & Hate Speech in the Classroom" with Jessica Bassett, Lawrence High School; Shelly Cline, Midwest Center for Holocaust Education; and D.A. Graham, KU Office of the Provost
The virtual conference is free and open to the public, but online registration is required and capped at 500 individuals for each session. Individuals are also able to earn KU credit as part of their participation in the sessions. Learn more and access the online registration form for each session.
The 2021 Virtual Summer Conference is co-hosted by the KU School of Education & Human Sciences and the KU Global Education Academy, with support from the Kansas State Department of Education (KSDE) and the Kansas Alliance for the Arts in Education (KSAAE).
About the KU School of Education & Human Sciences
Located in Lawrence, the KU School of Education & Human Sciences is a nationally ranked school, preparing educators and human science professionals as leaders since 1909. With more than 40 academic programs offered among five departments, at two different campuses and fully online, the school serves Kansas, the nation and the world by preparing individuals to become leaders and practitioners in education and related human science fields. Stay up to date by following the School on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.


text:
A Cry in the Night may refer to:

A Cry in the Night (novel), by Mary Higgins Clark
"A Cry in the Night" (song), a 1989 song by Bonnie Bianco
A Cry in the Night (1956 film), a 1956 film noir starring Edmond O'Brien, Brian Donlevy and Natalie Wood
A Cry in the Night (1996 film), a 1996 film directed by Jean Beaudry

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


All advance RV Pass Reservation holders will be parked based on size and convenience at festival. Proximity is not guaranteed.
RVs may only enter Thurs after gates have opened, no time before then.
RV Pass Reservations must accompany a 3-Day Weekend Pass, Thur/Fri/Sat, or Volunteer Pass (all persons in party must hold one of these passes) in order to enter the grounds.
RV Pass Reservations are NOT considered festival passes.


Handicrafts awareness camp regarding activities and self-employment through the sector was conducted on January 23 in Handicrafts department, Leh.
Tsering Sandup, EC Handicraft Department, chief guest urged the artisans of Leh District to give special attention to their crafts for the quality product and stress to avail artisans credit Card scheme from Bank so that their trade could gain major boost.
He stressed artisan to produce quality products in winter months so that they can make a good profit during summer months especially during festivals when the tourist are attracted more.
Talking about Delhi and Kashmir Haat concept, he said, Council is trying hard to construct a Leh Haat in the premises of Handicraft & Handloom department in order to provide modern marketing facilities to the artisans of Ladakh.
During the awareness camp, Stanzin Toldan, Bank Manager briefed the Artisans about credit card and its benefit to boost the crafts by availing loan on 11.50% interest.
Rigzen Dorjey, National awardee wood carver, Lamchung Tsephel, District award winner in Pottery, Tashi Tundup, Thanka Painter, Sakina Bano, Hand Knitter and Tsering Dolker Carpet weaver also spoke on the occasion as a resource person.
Sonam Gurmet, Assistant Director Handicrafts stress mainly on quality product and asked them to avail the Artisans Credit Card for which 10% interest subsidy is provided by the Department remaining 1.50% is to bear by the loaner.
A total of 29 artisan's product of Handicrafts items exempted from Good and Services Tax.


If you're looking for an accessible way to diversify and give your portfolio an international element, you may want to consider investing in the Canadian stock market.
As it turns out, our neighbor to the north offers plenty of investment opportunities for traders from the U.S., from commodities galore to a chance to take advantage of the super-hot marijuana stocks and marijuana penny stocks on the market.
But how can you get started in the Canadian stock market, and what do you need to know before you start investing?
This comprehensive primer on can help get you up to speed.
1 What is the Canadian Stock Market?
2.2 What Time Does the Canadian Stock Market Open?
3.1 How Many Companies Are Listed on the TSX Stock List?
4 What are the Risks of Investing in the Canadian Stock Market?
What is the Canadian Stock Market?
The Canadian stock market is composed of one large exchange and several small exchanges.
The main exchange is the Toronto Stock Exchange (usually shortened to TSX). The TSX is the ninth largest exchange in the world.
The TSX also has a smaller exchange associated with it called the TSX Venture Exchange (this one's called the TSX-V). This is where you'll find lower-priced stocks offered from up-and-coming or smaller companies.
There are other exchanges, but the aforementioned two are the key exchanges, so we'll mostly focus on the TSX and the TSX Venture Exchanges in this post.
The Toronto Stock Exchange is owned by the TMX Group Limited. TMX is a financial services company headquartered in Canada that operates derivatives, equities, fixed income, and energy market exchanges.
The TSX exchange includes a wide range of Canadian businesses. Its listings include stocks, ETFs, income trusts, and investment funds.
Why is the group called TMX? A merger. In 2009, TSX joined with the Montreal Stock Exchange, and the parent company's name changed as a reflection.
It might be tempting to think that the Canadian stock market is pretty much the same as the U.S. stock market, just located a little further north. Sorry, but not quite.
While Canada is located close to the U.S., it's a different country, so we're dealing with some different things than what we're used to in the American market. As such, there are some important differences between the stock markets in both countries.
Size: The Canadian Stock market is much smaller than the U.S. exchanges, so there are significantly fewer stocks to choose from overall.
Currency: This might seem painfully obvious, but it's worth noting. The Canadian stock market is traded in Canadian dollars, not U.S. dollars.
Right now, one U.S. dollar equals $1.30 in Canadian dollars. This can fluctuate, of course, based on various factors. But don't get confused: the dollars listed on the exchange are not U.S. dollars.
Types of stocks. Canada's economy relies heavily on natural resources, and that is reflected in the market.
Between the TSX and the TSX Venture Exchange, there are over 3,000 companies. The Canadian exchanges have more mining, oil, and gas-related companies listed than any other stock exchange in the world.
Different laws. There is a different government in Canada, and therefore there are different laws. This can make for some big differences in the market.
For example, the recent legalization of recreational marijuana in Canada means that there is an entire sector of related stocks available that you won't have access to in the United States.
The Canadian stock market isn't just for Canadians. Obviously, Canadians will invest here for simplicity and proximity, but there can be advantages for U.S. (and international) investors, too.
A commodity buyer's dream: Canada's economy has a strong core of stocks related to natural resources like oil and gas, and it's one of the largest exporters of minerals in the world.
Canada is also the largest supplier of something called potash, which is used to make fertilizer and important in the world of agriculture.
Yes, commodities can be volatile, but they can offer growth opportunities, too. And with many commodities, you can invest intelligently if you consider reliable patterns like the seasonal aspect of these stocks.
A strong economy: Canada's banking system is largely considered safe and sound. The banks have great balance sheets and are considered strong.
This positive financial position means that the lending rates are lower than in many other countries. This has far-reaching positive effects in real estate and in retail sectors.
Different currency: Trading in a different currency can actually be a way to protect your U.S. dollars. If the U.S. dollar loses value, this may not rock foreign markets as hard as, say, the NASDAQ.
In this way, by purchasing Canadian stocks, you are, in a way, potentially protecting your investments in case the U.S. dollar decreases in value. There are actually opportunities where you can stand to profit in foreign markets because of the U.S. dollar losing value.
Looking to get started in the Canadian stock market? Here are some things you need to know.
Where there's a will there's a way. So, you have a will to invest in the Canadian stock market … what is the way?
As an investor, you have a few different options for investing in the Canadian stock exchange.
Purchase stocks through a licensed broker. There are plenty of brokers who are licensed with the TSX. You can place orders directly with your broker. Be sure to check about fees associated with foreign investments, though — they can sneak up on you.
Purchase ETFs. You can purchase Canadian stocks and bonds via exchange-traded funds (ETFs), which are securities that track an index or a variety of assets like an index fund. They're kind of like mutual funds, but they are traded like stocks and listed on stock exchanges.
Seek out American Depository Receipts. An American Depository Receipt is a way of purchasing stocks from other exchanges through the U.S. market. ADRs are securities that allow foreign companies to trade on the U.S. financial exchanges. Learn more about them in this post.
What Time Does the Canadian Stock Market Open?
At least this part is easy to remember. The TSX and the TSX Venture Exchange operate the same hours as the major U.S. markets: 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Eastern time, Monday through Friday.
The Canadian market has an extended session, too. It's not quite as robust as the pre-and-post-market trading hours offered in the U.S., but runs from 4:15–5:00 p.m. on trading days.
The market is closed Saturday, Sunday, and on major holidays. It's worth noting that the Canadian market holidays are not always the same as the U.S. holidays, since, you know, it's not the USA.
In general, Canada is considered to have a pretty safe economy. It has strong industries, and its monetary policy is stable, and it has a fairly low deficit.
However, like any other market, it is subject to trends and other factors.
For instance, the Canadian market relies heavily on commodities. There can be definite seasonal aspects to commodities like oil and gas, which can set the tone of the market.
There's a pretty high level of volatility involved with commodities, and since the Canadian financial markets have tons of these types of stocks, the market can at times be similarly volatile.
Policy can have a big effect, too. For instance, one of the biggest market-shaping trends in recent months has been the much-talked-about legalization of marijuana in the country. While the law won't take effect until October, it's already causing big waves in the market.
What companies should you consider trading on the Canadian stock exchange?
Like the U.S. exchanges, there are plenty of choices for stocks to trade. However, the market is set up a little bit different than in the U.S., so here are some things to consider when choosing stocks.
How Many Companies Are Listed on the TSX Stock List?
Over 1,500 companies are listed on the TSX, and about 2,000 more on the TSX Venture Exchange.
The TSX is the major and main exchange and includes bigger companies like the Canadian National Railway, Suncor Energy (which is the largest energy company in Canada), and Royal Bank of Canada (which is not only the largest bank in Canada but the twelfth-largest bank in the world).
The TSX Venture Exchange has a lot of smaller companies. This is where you'll find the up-and-coming companies, and also the ones that probably won't make it. This means that this is the exchange to look at for the equivalent of penny stocks.
FYI, the plural form of index is indices.
If you want to keep track of the movers and shakers in the Canadian stock market, you'll want to look at the S&P/TSX Composite Index.
This keeps track of the value of some of the biggest stocks on the market, which can account for 70 percent or more of the exchange's total volume.
The index is made up of 11 different categories: financial, energy, materials, industrial, consumer discretionary, telecommunication services, healthcare, consumer staples, utilities, information technology, and real estates.
The first two categories, financial and energy, are the biggest ones by far, with materials and industrial coming in after. That means that these industries really shape how the market is performing, and the economy or commodity price changes can have a pretty big impact.
In terms of the TSX-V, there's another index to look at: the TSX Venture 50.
The weight of each of the index securities is determined through something called float-adjusted market capitalization. First, the market cap is determined by using the market-cap ratio. Then, restricted shares (such as those owned by publicly held companies, or executives) are taken out of the amount.
The S&P/TSX Composite Index is updated and reviewed each quarter. These are the times when companies might be added or removed from the index.
For eligibility, a security needs to meet certain criteria. For one, it needs to be incorporated, formed, or established in Canada and the TSX has to be the primary place it's listed. It also must have been part of the TSX for at least six months to be considered.
But wait, there's more. The company needs to represent a weight of at least 0.05 percent of the index. It also needs to have maintained an amount over 1 dollar (Canadian), as its a volume-weighted average price for the past three months and for the three days of trading prior to the month's end before the review.
Liquidity is also measured by dividing the number of shares traded during the past year by the float-adjusted outstanding shares. It needs to be at least 0.5.
Securities are subject to removal from the index if these criteria are not met, but they can also be removed at the index committee's discretion, too.
An index in Canada isn't the same as in the U.S. Be sure to check how the index is calculated to gain the best information on the stocks in question.
For instance, in the US, the S&P 500 index is what's called market weighted. This means that the stocks are shown on the index based on their market cap.
A stock in Canada might not be calculated using the same method, so you wouldn't get the same information from the listing.
Yep, there are penny stocks in Canada, too.
Penny stocks in Canada are the stocks which are traded on the TSX-V for anywhere from pennies to as much as $5 per share. Unlike in the U.S., they're not listed on separate pink sheets, but rather on a sort of spinoff of the main exchange.
However, other than that fact, generally penny stocks can be approached in similar ways in Canada as they can in the USA. Once again, you'll want to distill it down to a repeatable process of scanning for stocks, recognizing patterns, and taking advantages of dips and spikes to hopefully gain profits.
Unfortunately, penny stocks in Canada, like those in the U.S., are not as highly regulated and fraud can (and does) occur. So it's always important, even in Canada, to research a potential play before you pull the trigger.
As you might imagine, this is a huge news catalyst that's affecting the stock market. It's spawned a number of enterprises and investments.
As CNN Money reports, cannabis stocks have been sky-high since the makers of Corona beer invested a whopping $4 billion in a Canadian cannabis company called Canopy Growth. The idea is that the company may introduce cannabis-based beverages and other items. This announcement caused a 30 percent surge in the latter stock.
Obviously, this has spawned a lot of interest in other cannabis-related stocks. Several other tickers have seen huge surges, including 40-60 percent growth for some stocks in the past few weeks.
This is a phenomenon that is specific to the Canadian market because, as of yet, marijuana is still not legal in the entire U.S.
With recreational marijuana sales about to become legal in Canada, the stocks are on fire, and this is an advantage that simply can't be enjoyed in the U.S. markets. They're selling like potcakes — um, hotcakes — and this trend probably won't die down any time soon.
What are the Risks of Investing in the Canadian Stock Market?
The U.S. still matters. Sorry, but if the U.S. markets are in a slump, you can't simply go north of the border and trade up a storm without consequence.
Per the U.S. Census Bureau, the USA is Canada's biggest trading partner. As such, both countries' economies are linked, and the general tone of each market will affect the other.
Less diversity than you might think. Because of the fact that the U.S. and Canada are linked, trading in the Canadian stock market may not provide as much diversity as if you were to get involved in, say, the Asian markets.
Commodity prices matter. While the reliance on commodities in the Canadian stock market can be a good thing, it can also act to your detriment as a trader.
In Canada, since the economy relies heavily on the commodities market, it's subject to the volatility that naturally comes with the ever-changing demand for and prices of commodities.
It's hard to learn specialized skills on your own without assistance. If you want to learn something fast, it's often quickest to take lessons. This allows you to take a shorter learning curve and gain knowledge from the experts. Trading is no exception.
Yes, it's possible to become a trader without taking classes. That's how I did it — because there were no good trading classes around when I was coming up as a trader. However, I think that if I'd had a mentor or classes, I probably could have become a successful trader much faster.
Day-trading classes are an invaluable way to invest in your future as a trader. You'll receive a targeted education so that you don't have to learn things the hard way. You'll learn the market mechanics and things that might take you months or years to master on your own.
This means that you can maintain good motivation and begin to make use of your education faster as a trader. Sometimes, a little investment can help you avoid losing money, which makes it worthwhile.
My Trading Challenge was designed with long-term benefits in mind. I don't want to offer up a get-rich-quick scheme or just dole out hot stock tips — I want to teach you how to use your trading knowledge so that you can think for yourself.
In the Trading Challenge, I offer my students tips, lessons, and frequent webinars so that they can get a real-life education. You'll learn the basics, of course, but you'll also learn on the ground by seeing what I and my best students are doing. By adopting the trading lifestyle and proper mindset, you're more likely to stick with it in the long run.
Investing in the Canadian stock market can be a great way for investors to dip into the world of foreign investment.
It's similar enough to the U.S. markets to feel familiar to investors but offers the opportunity to add diversity to their portfolio and to take advantage of Canada's many booming industries.
However, there are some important differences between the U.S. and Canadian stock markets, so it's important to do your research before investing.
Have you invested in the Canadian stock market?


text:
Q: Error Login Form in bootstrap's navbar Spring I have a new java project and I want to use Bootstrap in it.
I want to create a navbar in the header of the webapp project and I want to insert the login Form.
But when I run my application and try to login, I obtain the follow error:

HTTP Status 403 - Invalid CSRF Token 'null' was found on the request
  parameter '_csrf' or header 'X-CSRF-TOKEN'.

I try to search solution on stack, but without result.
Any ideas?
My header.jspx

  <jsp:directive.page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" />
  <jsp:output omit-xml-declaration="yes"/>

    <spring:url value="/resources/j_spring_security_logout" var="logoutUrl"/>
    <spring:url value="/" var="homeUrl" />
    <spring:url value="/resources/j_spring_security_check" var="form_url" />

                <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed"
                    data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar" aria-expanded="false"
                    aria-controls="navbar">
                     Toggle
                        navigation

                </button>
                 Home
                PAGE TITLE

                <c:choose>
                    <c:when test="${pageContext['request'].userPrincipal != null}">
                        <sec:authentication property="principal.username" var="username" />

                            <spring:message code="security_logout" />

  ${username}

                    </c:when>
                    <c:otherwise>
                        <form action="${fn:escapeXml(form_url)}" method="POST" class="navbar-form navbar-right">

                              <input type="text" placeholder="Username" class="form-control" />

                              <input type="password" placeholder="Password" class="form-control" />

                            <button type="submit" class="btn btn-success">Accedi</button>

                  </form>
                  </c:otherwise>
                </c:choose>

My security-context.xml is:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans:beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/security"
    xmlns:beans="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xmlns:sec="http://www.springframework.org/schema/security"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/security
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/security/spring-security-4.0.xsd">

    <http auto-config="true" use-expressions="true">
        <form-login login-processing-url="/resources/j_spring_security_check" login-page="/"
            authentication-failure-url="/login?login_error=t" />

        <logout logout-url="/resources/j_spring_security_logout"/>

       <intercept-url pattern="/resources/**" access="permitAll" />

       <intercept-url pattern="/" access="permitAll" />
        <intercept-url pattern="/**" access="isAuthenticated()" />

        <session-management>
            <concurrency-control max-sessions="1" />
        </session-management>

    </http>

....

    <beans:bean id="userDetailsService" class="it.ped.security.core.UserDetailsServiceImpl" />

    <sec:global-method-security pre-post-annotations="enabled" />

    <beans:bean id="messageSource" class="org.springframework.context.support.ReloadableResourceBundleMessageSource">
        <beans:property name="basename" value="classpath:org/springframework/security/messages"/>
    </beans:bean>

 </beans:beans>

My servlet-context.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"
    xmlns:sec="http://www.springframework.org/schema/security"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc-4.0.xsd
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/security
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/security/spring-security-4.0.xsd">

    <sec:global-method-security pre-post-annotations="enabled" />

    <bean id="validator" class="org.springframework.validation.beanvalidation.LocalValidatorFactoryBean">
        <property name="validationMessageSource" ref="messageSource"/>
    </bean>

    <mvc:default-servlet-handler />

    <context:component-scan base-package="it.ped.web.controller" />
    <context:component-scan base-package="it.ped.web.validator" />
    <context:component-scan base-package="it.ped.web.editor" />

    <mvc:annotation-driven conversion-service="applicationConversionService"/>

    <bean class="it.ped.format.support.ApplicationConversionServiceFactoryBean"
        id="applicationConversionService" />

    <mvc:resources location="/, classpath:/META-INF/web-resources/"
        mapping="/resources/**" />

    <bean
        class="org.springframework.context.support.ReloadableResourceBundleMessageSource"
        id="messageSource" p:basenames="WEB-INF/i18n/messages,WEB-INF/i18n/application"
        p:fallbackToSystemLocale="true" />

    <mvc:view-controller path="/" view-name="index" />
    <mvc:view-controller path="/uncaughtException"/>
    <mvc:view-controller path="/resourceNotFound"/>
    <mvc:view-controller path="/dataAccessFailure"/>
    <mvc:view-controller path="/accessDeniedException"/>

    <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleMappingExceptionResolver" p:defaultErrorView="uncaughtException">
        <property name="exceptionMappings">
            <props>
                <prop key=".DataAccessException">dataAccessFailure</prop>
                <prop key=".NoSuchRequestHandlingMethodException">resourceNotFound</prop>
                <prop key=".TypeMismatchException">resourceNotFound</prop>
                <prop key=".MissingServletRequestParameterException">resourceNotFound</prop>
                <prop key=".AccessDeniedException">accessDeniedException</prop>
            </props>
        </property>
    </bean>

    <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.UrlBasedViewResolver" id="tilesViewResolver">
        <property name="viewClass" value="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.tiles2.TilesView" />
    </bean>

    <mvc:interceptors>
        <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.theme.ThemeChangeInterceptor" />
        <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.i18n.LocaleChangeInterceptor" p:paramName="lang" />
    </mvc:interceptors>

    <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.i18n.CookieLocaleResolver" id="localeResolver" p:cookieName="locale"/>

    <bean class="org.springframework.ui.context.support.ResourceBundleThemeSource" id="themeSource" />

    <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.theme.CookieThemeResolver" id="themeResolver" p:cookieName="theme" p:defaultThemeName="standard" />

    <bean class="org.springframework.web.multipart.commons.CommonsMultipartResolver"
        id="multipartResolver" />

    <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.tiles2.TilesConfigurer"
        id="tilesConfigurer">
        <property name="definitions">
            <list>
                <value>/WEB-INF/layouts/layouts.xml</value>

                <value>/WEB-INF/views/**/views.xml</value>
            </list>
        </property>
    </bean>

</beans>

A: If you import:
xmlns:form="http://www.springframework.org/tags/form"

into you header.jspx, and then use:
<form:form action="${fn:escapeXml(form_url)}" method="POST" class="navbar-form navbar-right">
....

The input hidden, is included automatically, and you don't worry about add it...

A: As the error log explains, the csrf token is missing, i know two different ways to add it to your post request:
Try adding a hidden input in yor form wich contains csrf.token:
<input type="hidden" name="${_csrf.parameterName}" value="${_csrf.token}"/>

Or add it in your action url:
<form action="./url?${_csrf.parameterName}=${_csrf.token}" method="post">

More info here

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Explore a universe of email validation with our comprehensive API.
Get accurate results quickly and analyse 74 datapoints about every email address you check. Use MORE to add value to your data and enhance your business performance.
People who want to integrate an email validation API into their business systems. To use it you'll need to know how to call an API and use the results, so integration is usually done by developers or web masters.
MORE checks email addresses in realtime, returning results from seventy four data points, forming the unique Email Hippo Trust Score. It's used in many ways, for example, filtering online sign-ups, cleaning CRM systems and adding value to data.
The MORE API is easy to call and it's supported by excellent documentation. If you would like to try it out, sign up for a free trial, you'll get a licence key, and within seconds you can call the API, check an email address and see results.
Please note Email Hippo has a minimum transaction fee of $9.


text:
1896 $1 Educational Silver Certificate Note
1896 $1 Educational Silver Certificate Note.
"Educational Series," series of 1896 silver certificates
$1, $2, $5
Years of printing
US$70 – $38,400
Closeup of the motif on the $2 note,
Science presents Steam and Electricity to Commerce and Manufacture.
"Educational Series" is the informal name used by numismatists to refer to a series of United States silver certificates produced by the U.S. Treasury in 1896, after its Bureau of Engraving and Printing chief Claude M. Johnson ordered a new currency design. The notes depict various allegorical motifs and are considered by some[1]
numismatists to be the most beautiful monetary designs ever produced by the United States.[4]
The obverse of the notes depict a neoclassical allegorical motif, which dominates the front of the note. The motifs are meant as representations of the theme written on the note. The back contained the profiles of two American figures (usually famous Americans) set against an ornate background.
Denominations of $1, $2, and $5 were produced. In addition to $1, $2 and $5 bloknot denominations of $10, $20, $50, $100, $500 and $1000 were also planned. Designs for a $10 and $50 denomination were being prepared but were never completed or produced before the series was abandoned and replaced by the series of 1899.
The term "Educational" is derived from the title of the vignette on the $1 note, "History Instructing Youth."
Design and production credits
History instructing Youth
Front Face Designer: Will Hicok Low
Engraver: Charles Schlecht
Rear Back Designer: Thomas F. Morris
George Washington Vignette Engraver: Alfred Sealey (1867)
Martha Washington Vignette Engraver: Charles Burt (1878)
Read: Your Friend is Developing a Marketing Plan
Science presenting steam and electricity to Commerce and Manufacture
Four artists were commissioned by the BEP to produce key artwork including E. H. Blashfield, Will H. Low, C. S. Reinhart, and Walter Shirlaw.[5]
Other design and engraving work is as follows.
Central Vignette Designer: E. H. Blashfield
Central Frame and Background Designer: Thomas F. Morris
Vignette Engraver: George F. C. Smillie
Border Engraver: Charles Schlecht
Robert Fulton and Samuel F.B. Morse Vignette Engraver: Lorenzo J. Hatch
Electricity as the Dominant Force in the World
Central Vignette Designer: Walter Shirlaw
Border Designer: Thomas F. Morris
Central Vignette Engraver: G. F. C. Smillie
Border Engraver: Thomas F. Morris
Rear Back Designer: Lorenzo J. Hatch and Thomas F. Morris
Rear Back Engraver: G. F. C. Smillie
Ulysses S. Grant and Phillip Sheridan Vignette Engraver: Lorenzo J. Hatch
The naked breasts of the female figures on the $5 silver certificate reportedly caused some minor controversy when several Boston society ladies took offense to the design. Some bankers reportedly refused to accept the notes in transactions, and the term
banned in Boston
allegedly originates from the $5 silver certificate.[7]
In response, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing prepared a "draped" bosom $5 vignette design for a proposed 1897 series. The redesign also included a highly modified front face but was never utilized.
Also for the first time in 1893, Bureau authorities invited a small group of outside artists and engravers to submit design proposals for the new series of notes. The presence of the outside group caused tremendous creative problems within the BEP. Great personality conflicts and jealousy could be[
clarification needed
one reason that, although the $1 design was approved in July, 1894, the remaining two bloknot were not accepted until late 1895. At one point during the process, BEP designer Thomas Morris resigned. Coupled with being banned in Boston, the bloknot were quickly replaced by the Series of 1899 bloknot.
Read: How to Take Cutting From Wandering Jew
Allegorical motif
$1 Large-sized History Instructing Youth A personification of History instructing a youth, pointing to a panoramic view of the Potomac River and Washington, D.C. The Washington Monument and the Capitol are visible in the background. The United States Constitution is displayed to the right. Circling the motif are the last names of famous Americans. Some of those listed are: (George) Washington, (Benjamin) Franklin, (Thomas) Jefferson, (Robert) Fulton, (Samuel F.B.) Morse, & (Ulysses S.) Grant. Martha Washington, George Washington
$2 Science presents Steam and Electricity to Commerce and Manufacture Science
(center)
presents the two children, Steam and Electricity, to the more mature figures of Commerce
(left)
and Manufacture
(right). Robert Fulton, Samuel F.B. Morse
$5 Electricity as the Dominant Force in the World Electricity surrounded by other allegorical figures, representing the dominant force in the world. The United States Capitol building can be seen behind the female figures. Ulysses S. Grant, Philip Sheridan
For table standards, see the banknote specification table.
Morton, Ella (2015-06-09). "Object of Intrigue: The Most Beautiful Banknote in U.S. History".
. Retrieved
"1896 silver certificates were Beautiful Failures".
CoinWorld
Rowan, Lily. "The Most Beautiful Currency Ever Created by The U.S."
History Daily
A Guide Book Of United States Paper Money: Complete Source for History, Grading, and Prices
"It is delightful to that the most beautiful designs, in the opinion of many, are those that were used on the smaller denominations…"
Tome Wilson. "Late Victorian-era money in America". (September 6, 2010).
Melkor-Bradley. "FlyingMoose". (1997).
"The uncovered bosoms of certain of the figures in the scene caused several Boston society ladies to rally against the design and some banks to resist taking them – the origin of the term "banned in Boston."
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (2006-04-05). "American Currency Exhibit: Metal Standards – Showcase of Bills". Retrieved
Stacks Bowers Auction Catalog "The Harry W. Bass, Jr. Collection Part V", August 17, 2011
https://web.archive.org/web/20120421131411/http://stacksbowers.com/auctions/auctionlots.aspx?auctionid=115&sessionid=212
GREYSHEET & CPG PRICE GUIDE, U.S. Currency / Large Size Notes / 1896 Silver Certificates
https://www.greysheet.com/coin-prices/series/silver-certificates–large/1896
Read: How to Dispose of a Mattress in San Francisco
by Arthur L. Friedberg (Compiler), Ruang S. Friedberg (Compiler), and Q. David Bowers. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6
FRBSF Currency Exhibit
Portions of this article used material from the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco website, which is in the public domain.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_Series
← How to Paint a Rainbow on Wall
How to Use Technical Analysis for Option Trading →
What Colors Were Popular in the 1950s
How Many Popsicles Can Kill You
Inherited a House That Needs Work
What to Do When Your Business is in Trouble
How to Upholster a Curved Headboard
Do You Cut Back Liriope in the Fall


Bobino. So useful! Our lives are full of untidy cables. Bobino wraps it up! Flexible, tactile plastic, quick and easy to use. Three sizes to deal with all types of leads. Small: perfect for earbuds 56 x 35mm.Small: for mp3 player & phone ear buds, 56 x 35mm.


Moscow Sheremetyevo is one of the three major airports (the other being Vnukovo and Domodedovo) serving Russia capital city. It is the second busiest airport in the country handling almost 34 million passengers in 2016. SVO is the major hub for the airline Aeroflot.
Other russian airlines, especially Nordwind, operating at this airport though most of their flights are charter flights. Furthermore, due to the SkyTeam membership of Aeroflot, most of the other SkyTeam carriers also fly to SVO in Moscow. But the Aeroflot presence at this airport is extremely strong (due to some carriers flying to the other airports in the city) and they make up at least 90% of aircraft movements. If you are a bit lucky you can also catch some military movements, for example from Il-76s. In general though, you will see less of the old (and loud) russian airliners like Tu-134, Tu-154, or Yak-42 here in SVO in comparison to VKO or DME.
Spotting in general is becoming more and more popular in Russia and problems with the police should be the exception.
Car Would be useful, but driving in Russia is hard. But the main spots can also be reached by bus (but it takes a while), so it is not necessary.
Drinks/Food Inside terminal and lot of shops/fast food restaurants around the airport.
Hotels There are a few well known chain hotels at the airport.
Season Traffic is more interesting and the chance for good weather is higher during the summer season (April to October).
Runway Usage 07R/25L The main departure runway. Sometimes also handles a few arrivals.
07L/25R The main landing runway.
WHERE If you are going to this location by public transport you have two options of getting to the airport. The quickest one is to use the Aeroexpress Train from Belorussky Railway Terminal. A much cheaper option is to go by Metro and Bus, using Bus 851 from Rechnoy Vokzal station or Bus 817 from Planernaya station. You will always arrive at the southern Terminals E/F, so you have to get onto another Bus from here. A bus runs around the airport and directly to spot.
WHAT You are perfectly situated for RWY 25R arrivals. If you notice something coming in on 25L, quickly run to Spot #2.
TIME In summer the light is good from 9:30 AM to 3:30 PM. In winter you can use it all day.
FOCAL LENGTH 200mm for an A320, 130mm for the Il96.
WHERE This spot is located very close to Spot #1. Basically just go south as far as possible (until you get to a fence next to the railway tracks) to get an acceptable angle for the arrivals.
WHAT Location for RWY 25L Arrivals.
FOCAL LENGTH 110mm for an A319, 60mm for a B772.
WHERE The spot is also within easy walking distance of Spot #1. If you are going directly here, or want to get back from this spot, better use the bus stop "Civil Aviation University" / "Университет гражданской авиации".
WHAT From here you can shoot the arrivals on RWY 25R in the evening. Stand on the concrete platform for that.
TIME Only good in late summer evenings from around 7 PM.
MISC. There is a convenience store a couple hundred meters to the west.
FOCAL LENGTH The distance to the approach is similar to Spot #1.
WHERE Drive on the "Sheremet'evskoe shosse" till "Parshino" village. Then there is a large field to park your car. There is also a bus stop at this place. You'll get the landings 07 there. There is a large street to the country and park there, you may stay in the car. There is a bus stop at the corner.
WHAT There is a place to take pictures of landings runways 07 in the morning time, along the street. From this point you may see all the departures runways 07 but not possible to take pictures due to the distance, the grass and the fences. Departures runways 25 are hight.
TIME Light is good from 8AM till 3PM.
MISC. There are some gaz stations a few minutes drive from there to buy some food or drinks on the same street.
FOCAL LENGTH You'll use about 250mm for an A320 at 07R.
WHERE Drive on the "Sheremet'evskoe shosse" till "Parshino" village till when you see the approach lights. Park your car there and walk on the field on the opposite side of the airport. There is a bus stop at 200m direction the gaz station.
WHAT This is point 5 for approach 07L with a good light from 6pm till sunset in the summer months. You don't see the departures and walk along the street a little further if 07R is used for landings.
MISC. You ll find a gaz station about 800m north on the main street to buy food or drinks.
FOCAL LENGTH Use 160mm for a B738.
WHAT You can see and photograph almost all traffic from here when it's on the move, whichever runway is in use, although obviously it's through glass. Only traffic parked out of sight to the left at Terminal D or to the right of Terminal F is not visible. Heat haze for the northern runway is likely to be a problem.
TIME The restaurant opens at 9am and closes at 9pm. In the summer the light is good until mid/late afternoon; in the winter it should be good all day.
MISC. Even though the tables are made up like an expensive restaurant, prices are reasonable, so provided you buy an occasional coffee, cola or beer, it should be no problem to stay here all day. Meals are also good and not too expensive, though the selection is limited. It's also fairly quiet for most of the day, so getting a table by the window should be no problem.
When aircraft are parked in front, beware of jet wash when taking photos of traffic passing behind.
FOCAL LENGTH A 50-300mm lens will cover most things including larger aircraft on the north runway. Smaller aircraft such as A320/737 traffic on the north runway would need a greater focal length, but heat haze is likely to be a problem. Also, the occasional 777-300 on the near taxiway probably needs about a 40mm focal length.


Greatest game is Go Kart Go Turbo UNLOCKED!
DESCRIPTION: Fly over the barriers skid in turns and increase profits at high speed, with this attractive racing simulator game that will make you champion in all fields.
Free Play Enduro Racer Sega Arcade Online in any web browser.


text:
Search results for: fibers
591 Recycled Plastic Fibers for Controlling the Plastic Shrinkage Cracking of Concrete
Authors: B. S. Al-Tulaian, M. J. Al-Shannag, A. M. Al-Hozaimy
Manufacturing of fibers from industrial or postconsumer plastic waste is an attractive approach with such benefits as concrete performance enhancement, and reduced needs for land filling. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of Plastic fibers obtained locally from recycled waste on plastic shrinkage cracking of concrete. The results indicate that recycled plastic RP fiber of 50 mm length is capable of controlling plastic shrinkage cracking of concrete to some extent, but are not as effective as polypropylene PP fibers when added at the same volume fraction. Furthermore, test results indicated that there was The increase in flexural strength of RP fibers and PP fibers concrete were 12.34% and 40.30%, respectively in comparison to plain concrete. RP fiber showed a substantial increase in toughness and a slight decrease in flexural strength of concrete at a fiber volume fraction of 1.00% compared to PP fibers at fiber volume fraction of 0.50%. RP fibers caused a significant increase in compressive strengths up to 13.02% compared to concrete without fiber reinforcement.
Keywords: concrete, plastic, shrinkage cracking, compressive strength, flexural strength, toughness, RF recycled fibers, polypropylene PP fibers
590 Improving Concrete Properties with Fibers Addition
Authors: E. Mello, C. Ribellato, E. Mohamedelhassan
This study investigated the improvement in concrete properties with addition of cellulose, steel, carbon and PET fibers. Each fiber was added at four percentages to the fresh concrete, which was moist-cured for 28-days and then tested for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths. Changes in strength and increases in cost were analyzed. Results showed that addition of cellulose caused a decrease between 9.8% and 16.4% in compressive strength. This range may be acceptable as cellulose fibers can significantly increase the concrete resistance to fire, and freezing and thawing cycles. Addition of steel fibers to concrete increased the compressive strength by up to 20%. Increases 121.5% and 80.7% were reported in tensile and flexural strengths respectively. Carbon fibers increased flexural and tensile strengths by up to 11% and 45%, respectively. Concrete strength properties decreased after the addition of PET fibers. Results showed that improvement in strength after addition of steel and carbon fibers may justify the extra cost of fibers.
Keywords: concrete, compressive strength, fibers, flexural strength, tensile strength
589 Mechanical Properties of the Palm Fibers Reinforced HDPE Composites
Authors: Daniella R. Mulinari, Araujo J. F. Marina, Gabriella S. Lopes
Natural fibers are used in polymer composites to improve mechanical properties, substituting inorganic reinforcing agents produced by non-renewable resources. The present study investigates the tensile, flexural and impact behaviors of palm fibers-high density polyethylene (HDPE) composite as a function of volume fraction. The surface of the fibers was modified by mercerization treatments to improve the wetting behavior of the apolar HDPE. The treatment characterization was obtained by scanning electron microscopy, X-Ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. Results evidence that a good adhesion interfacial between fibers-matrix causing an increase strength and modulus flexural as well as impact strength in the modified fibers/HDPE composites when compared to the pure HDPE and unmodified fibers reinforced composites.
Keywords: palm fibers, polymer composites, mechanical properties, high density polyethylene (HDPE)
588 Green Prossesing of PS/Nanoparticle Fibers and Studying Morphology and Properties
Authors: M. Kheirandish, S. Borhani
In this experiment Polystyrene/Zinc-oxide (PS/ZnO) nanocomposite fibers were produced by electrospinning technique using limonene as a green solvent. First, the morphology of electrospun pure polystyrene (PS) and PS/ZnO nanocomposite fibers investigated by SEM. Results showed the PS fiber diameter decreased by increasing concentration of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) results showed thermal stability of nanocomposites increased by increasing ZnO NPs in PS electrospun fibers. Considering Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) thermograms for electrospun PS fibers indicated that introduction of ZnO NPs into fibers affects the glass transition temperature (Tg) by reducing it. Also, UV protection properties of nanocomposite fibers were increased by increasing ZnO concentration. Evaluating the effect of metal oxide NPs amount on mechanical properties of electrospun layer showed that tensile strength and elasticity modulus of the electrospun layer of PS increased by addition of ZnO NPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of nanopcomposite fibers confirmed the presence of NPs in the samples.
Keywords: electrospininng, nanoparticle, polystyrene, ZnO
587 Mechanical Properties of the Sugarcane Bagasse Reinforced Polypropylene Composites
Authors: R. L. M. Paiva, M. R. Capri, D. R. Mulinari, C. F. Bandeira, S. R. Montoro
Natural fibers are used in polymer composites to improve mechanical properties, substituting inorganic reinforcing agents produced by non renewable resources. The present study investigates the tensile, flexural and impact behaviors of sugarcane bagasse fibers-polypropylene composite as a function of volume fraction. The surface of the fibers was modified by mercerization treatments to improve the wetting behavior of the apolar polypropylene. The treatment characterization was obtained by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results evidence that a good adhesion interfacial between fibers-matrix causing an increase strength and modulus flexural as well as impact strength in the modified fibers/PP composites when compared to the pure PP and unmodified fibers reinforced composites.
Keywords: sugarcane bagasse, polymer composites, mechanical properties, fibers
586 Composite Base Natural Fiber
Authors: Noureddine Mahmoudi
The use of natural fibers in the development of composite materials is a sector in full expansion. These fibers were used for their low cost, their availability and their renewable character. The fibers of the palm (palm tree) were used as reinforcement in polypropylene (PP). The date palm fibers have some potential because of their ecological and economic interest. Both unmodified and compatibilized fibers are used. Compatibilization was carried out with the use of maleic anhydride copolymers. The morphology and mechanical properties were characterized by electron microscopy scanning (SEM) and tensile tests. The influence of fiber content on mechanical properties of composite PP / date palm has been evaluated and demonstrated, that the maximum stress and elongation decreases with increasing fiber volume rate. On the other hand, an increase of the tensile modulus has been noticed, but after the fibers improvement, the maximum stress increases significantly up to 25% weight.
Keywords: plant fiber, palm, SEM, compatibilizer
585 An Easy-Applicable Method for In situ Silver Nanoparticles Preparation into Wool Fibers
Authors: Salwa Mowafi, Mohamed Rehan, Hany Kafafy
In this study, three different systems including room temperature, conventional water bath heating and microwave irradiation technique will be employed in the fabrication of silver nanoparticle-wool fibers. The silver nanoparticles will be synthesized in-situ incorporated into wool fibers under redox active bio-template of wool protein which facilitates the reduction of Ag+ to nanoparticulate Ag0. Silver NPs incorporated wool fiber will be characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, FTIR, TGA, silver content and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The mechanism of binding Ag NPs in-situ incorporated wool fibers matrix will be discussed. The effect of silver nanoparticles on the coloration, antimicrobial, UV-protection and catalytic properties of the wool fibers will be evaluated. The overall results of this study indicate that the Ag NPs in-situ incorporated wool fibers will be applied as colorants for wool fibers with improving in its multi-functionality properties. So, this study provides a simple approach for innovative protein fibers design by applying the optical properties of Plasmonic noble metal nanoparticles.
Keywords: microwave irradiation technique, multi-functionality properties, silver nanoparticles, wool fibers
584 Study of Hydrothermal Behavior of Thermal Insulating Materials Based on Natural Fibers
Authors: J. Zach, J. Hroudova, J. Brozovsky
Thermal insulation materials based on natural fibers represent a very promising area of materials based on natural easy renewable row sources. These materials may be in terms of the properties of most competing synthetic insulations, but show somewhat higher moisture sensitivity and thermal insulation properties are strongly influenced by the density and orientation of fibers. The paper described the problem of hygrothermal behavior of thermal insulation materials based on natural plant and animal fibers. This is especially the dependence of the thermal properties of these materials on the type of fiber, bulk density, temperature, moisture and the fiber orientation.
Keywords: thermal insulating materials, hemp fibers, sheep wool fibers, thermal conductivity, moisture
583 Effect of Hollow and Solid Recycled-Poly Fibers on the Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Short-Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites
Authors: S. Kerakra, S. Bouhelal, M. Poncot
The aim of this study is to give a comprehensive overview of the effect of short hollow and solid recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers in different breaking tenacities reinforced isotactic polypropylene (iPP) composites on the mechanical and morphological properties. Composites of iPP/3, 7and 10 wt% of solid and hollow recycled PET fibers were prepared by batched melt mixing in a Brabender. The incorporation of solid recycled-PET fibers in isotactic polypropylene increase Young's modulus of iPP relatively, meanwhile it increased proportionally with hollow fibers content. An improvement of the storage modulus, and a shift up in glass transition temperatures of hollow fibers/iPP composites was determined by DMA results. The morphology of composites was determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical polarized microscopy (OM) showing a good dispersion of the hollow fibers. Also, their flexible aspect (folding, bending) was observed. But, one weak interaction between the polymer/fibers phases was shown. Polymers can be effectively reinforced with short hollow recycled PET fibers due to their characteristics like recyclability, lightweight and the flexible aspect, which allows the absorbance of the energy of a striker with a minimum damage of the matrix. Aiming to improve the affinity matrix–recycled hollow PET fibers, it is suggested the addition of compatibilizers, as maleic anhydride.
Keywords: isotactic polypropylene, hollow recycled PET fibers, solid recycled-PET fibers, composites, short fiber, scanning electron microscope
582 The Influence of Basalt and Steel Fibers on the Flexural Behavior of RC Beams
Authors: Yasmin Z. Murad, Haneen M. Abdl-Jabbar
An experimental program is conducted in this research to investigate the influence of basalt fibers and steel fibers on the flexural behavior of RC beams. Reinforced concrete beams are constructed using steel fiber concrete and basalt fiber concrete. Steel and basalt fibers are included in a percentage of 15% and 2.5% of the total cement weight, respectively. Test results have shown that basalt fibers have increased the load carrying capacity of the beams up to 30% and the maximum deflection to almost 2.4 times that measured in the control specimen. It has also shown that steel fibers have increased the load carrying capacity of the beams up to 47% and the ultimate deflection is almost duplicated compared to the control beam. Steel and basalt fibers have increased the ductility of the reinforced concrete beams.
Keywords: basalt fiber, steel fiber, reinforced concrete beams, flexural behavior
581 Effect of Size, Geometry and Tensile Strength of Fibers on the Flexure of Hooked Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Chuchai Sujivorakul
This research focused on the study of various parameters of fiber itself affecting on the flexure of hooked steel fiber reinforced concrete (HSFRC). The size of HSFRC beams was 150x150 mm in cross section and 550 mm in length, and the flexural test was carried out in accordance with EN-14651 standard. The test result was the relationship between centre-point load and crack-mount opening displacement (CMOD) at the centre notch. Controlled concrete had a compressive strength of 42 MPa. The investigated variables related to the hooked fiber itself were: (a) 3 levels of aspect ratio of fibers (65, 80 and 100); (b) 2 different fiber lengths (35 mm and 60 mm); (c) 2 different tensile strength of fibers (1100 MPa and 1500 MPa); and (d) 3 different fiber-end geometries (3D 4D and 5D fibers). The 3D hooked fibers have two plastic hinges at both ends, while the 4D and 5D hooked fibers are the newly developed steel fibers by Bekaert, and they have three and four plastic hinges at both ends, respectively. The hooked steel fibers were used in concrete with three different fiber contents, i.e., 20 30 and 40 kg/m³. From the study, it was found that all variables did not seem to affect the flexural strength at limit of proportionality (LOP) of HSFRC. However, they affected the residual flexural tensile strength (fR,j). It was observed that an increase in fiber lengths and the tensile strength the fibers would significantly increase in the fR,j of HSFRC, while the aspect ratio of the fiber would slightly effect the fR,j of HSFRC. Moreover, it was found that using 5D fibers would better enhance the fR,j and flexural behavior of HSFRC than 3D and 4D fibers, because they gave highest mechanical anchorage effect created by their hooked-end geometry.
Keywords: hooked steel fibers, fiber reinforced concrete, EN-14651, flexural test
580 Investigation of the Addition of Macro and Micro Polypropylene Fibers on Mechanical Properties of Concrete Pavement
Authors: Seyed Javad Vaziri Kang Olyaei, Asma Sadat Dabiri, Hassan Fazaeli, Amir Ali Amini
Cracks in concrete pavements are places for the entrance of water and corrosive substances to the pavement, which can reduce the durability of concrete in the long term as well as the serviceability of road. The use of fibers in concrete pavement is one of the effective methods to control and mitigate cracking. This study investigates the effect of the addition of micro and macro polypropylene fibers in different types and volumes and also in combination with the mechanical properties of concrete used in concrete pavements, including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of rupture, and average residual strength. The fibers included micro-polypropylene, macro-polypropylene, and hybrid micro and micro polypropylene in different percentages. The results showed that macro polypropylene has the most significant effect on improving the mechanical properties of concrete. Also, the hybrid micro and macro polypropylene fibers increase the mechanical properties of concrete more. It was observed that according to the results of the average residual strength, macro polypropylene fibers alone and together with micro polypropylene fibers could have excellent performance in controlling the sudden formation of cracks and their growth after the formation of cracking which is an essential property in concrete pavements.
Keywords: concrete pavement, mechanical properties, macro polypropylene fibers, micro polypropylene fibers
579 Development of Electrospun Porous Carbon Fibers from Cellulose/Polyacrylonitrile Blend
Authors: Zubair Khaliq, M. Bilal Qadir, Amir Shahzad, Zulfiqar Ali, Ahsan Nazir, Ali Afzal, Abdul Jabbar
Carbon fibers are one of the most demanding materials on earth due to their potential application in energy, high strength materials, and conductive materials. The nanostructure of carbon fibers offers enhanced properties of conductivity due to the larger surface area. The next generation carbon nanofibers demand the porous structure as it offers more surface area. Multiple techniques are used to produce carbon fibers. However, electrospinning followed by carbonization of the polymeric materials is easy to carry process on a laboratory scale. Also, it offers multiple diversity of changing parameters to acquire the desired properties of carbon fibers. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is the most used material for the production of carbon fibers due to its promising processing parameters. Also, cellulose is one of the highest yield producers of carbon fibers. However, the electrospinning of cellulosic materials is difficult due to its rigid chain structure. The combination of PAN and cellulose can offer a suitable solution for the production of carbon fibers. Both materials are miscible in the mixed solvent of N, N, Dimethylacetamide and lithium chloride. This study focuses on the production of porous carbon fibers as a function of PAN/Cellulose blend ratio, solution properties, and electrospinning parameters. These single polymer and blend with different ratios were electrospun to give fine fibers. The higher amount of cellulose offered more difficulty in electrospinning of nanofibers. After carbonization, the carbon fibers were studied in terms of their blend ratio, surface area, and texture. Cellulose contents offered the porous structure of carbon fibers. Also, the presence of LiCl contributed to the porous structure of carbon fibers.
Keywords: cellulose, polyacrylonitrile, carbon nanofibers, electrospinning, blend
578 Analysis of the Influence of Fiber Volume and Fiber Orientation on Post-Cracking Behavior of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Marilia M. Camargo, Luisa A. Gachet-Barbosa, Rosa C. C. Lintz
The addition of fibers into concrete matrix can enhance some properties of the composite, such as tensile, flexural and impact strengths, toughness, deformation capacity and post-cracking ductility. Many factors affect the mechanical behavior of fiber reinforced concrete, such as concrete matrix (concrete strength, additions, aggregate diameter, etc.), characteristics of the fiber (geometry, type, aspect ratio, volume, orientation, distribution, strength, stiffness, etc.), specimen (size, geometry, method of preparation and loading rate). This research investigates the effects of fiber volume and orientation on the post-cracking behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). Hooked-end steel fibers with aspect ratios of 45 were added into concrete with volume of 0,32%, 0,64%, 0,94%. The post-cracking behaviour was assessed by double punch test of cubic specimens and the actual volume and orientation of the fibers were determined by non-destructive tests by means of electromagnetic induction. The results showed that the actual volume of fibers in each sample differs in a small amount from the dosed volume of fibers and that the deformation and toughness of the concrete increase with the increase in the actual volume of fibers. In determining the orientation of the fibers, it was found that they tend to distribute more in the X and Y axes due to the influence of the walls of the mold. In addition, it was concluded that the orientation of the fibers is important in the post-cracking behaviour of FRC when analyzed together with the actual volume of fibers, since the greater the volume of fibers, the greater the number of fibers oriented orthogonally to the application of loadings and, consequently, there is a better mechanical behavior of the composite. These results provide a better understanding of the influence of volume and fiber orientation on the post-cracking behavior of the FRC.
Keywords: fiber reinforced concrete, steel fibers, volume of fibers, orientation of fibers, post-cracking behaviour
577 Effect of Mercerization on Coconut Fiber Surface Condition
Authors: Sphiwe Simelane, Daniel Madyira
The use of natural fibers requires that they should be treated in preparation for their use in Natural Fiber-reinforced polymer composites. This paper reports on the effects of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment on the surface of coconut fibers. The fibers were subjected to 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% NaOH concentrations and soaked for 4 hours and thoroughly rinsed and allowed to dry in the open air for seven days, after which time they were dried in an oven for 30 minutes. Untreated and treated coconut fibers were observed under the Scanning Electron Microscope and it was noted that the surface structure of the fibers was modified differently by the different NaOH concentrations, and the resultant colour of the treated fibers got darker as the solution concentration increased, and the texture felt rougher to the touch as a result of the erosion of the fiber surface. Further, the increase in alkali concentration striped the surface of more constituents, thus exposing "pits" and other surface components rendering the surface rough.
Keywords: coconut fiber, scanning electron microscope, sodium hydroxide, surface treatment
576 Damage Micromechanisms of Coconut Fibers and Chopped Strand Mats of Coconut Fibers
Authors: Rios A. S., Hild F., Deus E. P., Aimedieu P., Benallal A.
The damage micromechanisms of chopped strand mats manufactured by compression of Brazilian coconut fiber and coconut fibers in different external conditions (chemical treatment) were used in this study. Mechanical analysis testing uniaxial traction were used with Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The images captured during the tensile test in the coconut fibers and coconut fiber mats showed an uncertainty of measurement in order centipixels. The initial modulus (modulus of elasticity) and tensile strength decreased with increasing diameter for the four conditions of coconut fibers. The DIC showed heterogeneous deformation fields for coconut fibers and mats and the displacement fields showed the rupture process of coconut fiber. The determination of poisson's ratio of the mat was performed through of transverse and longitudinal deformations found in the elastic region.
Keywords: coconut fiber, mechanical behavior, digital image correlation, micromechanism
575 Experimental Characterization of the Shear Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beam Elements in Chips
Authors: Djamal Atlaoui, Youcef Bouafia
This work deals with the experimental study of the mechanical behavior, by shear tests (fracture shear), elements of concrete beams reinforced with fibers in chips. These fibers come from the machining waste of the steel parts. The shear tests are carried out on prismatic specimens of dimensions 10 x 20 x 120 cm3. The fibers are characterized by mechanical resistance and tearing. The optimal composition of the concrete was determined by the workability test. Two fiber contents are selected for this study (W = 0.6% and W = 0.8%) and a BT control concrete (W = 0%) of the same composition as the matrix is developed to serve as a reference with a sand-to-gravel ratio (S/G) of concrete matrix equal to 1. The comparison of the different results obtained shows that the chips fibers confer a significant ductility to the material after cracking of the concrete. Also, the fibers used limit diagonal cracks in shear and improve strength and rigidity.
Keywords: characterization, chips fibers, cracking mode, ductility, undulation, shear
574 Pretreatment of Cattail (Typha domingensis) Fibers to Obtain Cellulose Nanocrystals
Authors: Marivane Turim Koschevic, Maycon dos Santos, Marcello Lima Bertuci, Farayde Matta Fakhouri, Silvia Maria Martelli
Natural fibers are rich raw materials in cellulose and abundant in the world, its use for the cellulose nanocrystals extraction is promising as an example cited is the cattail, macrophyte native weed in South America. This study deals with the pre-treatment cattail of crushed fibers, at six different methods of mercerization, followed by the use of bleaching. As a result, have found The positive effects of treating fibers by means of optical microscopy and spectroscopy, Fourier transform (FTIR). The sample selected for future testing of cellulose nanocrystals extraction was treated in 2.5% NaOH for 2 h, 60 °C in the first stage and 30vol H2O2, NaOH 5% in the proportion 30/70% (v/v) for 1 hour 60 °C, followed by treatment at 50/50% (v/v) 15 minutes, 50°C, with the same constituents of the solution.
Keywords: cellulose nanocrystal, chemical treatment, mercerization, natural fibers
573 Solvent-Free Synthesis of Sorbents for Removal of Oil Spills
Authors: Mohammad H. Al-Sayah, Khalid Jarrah, Soleiman Hisaindee
Hydrophobic sorbents are usually used to remove oil spills from water surfaces. In this study, the hydrophilic fibers of natural cotton were chemically modified with a solvent-free process to modify them into hydrophobic fibers that can remove oil from water surfaces. The cellulose-based fibers of cotton were reacted with trichlorosilanes through gas-solid reaction in a dry chamber. Cotton fibers were exposed to vapors of four different chloroalkylsilanes at room temperature for 24 hours. The chlorosilanes were namely trichloromethylsilane, dichlorodimethyl silane, butyltrichlorosilane, and trichloro (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl) silane. The modified cotton fibers were characterized by IR-spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The degree of substitution for each of the grafted alkyl groups was in the range between 0.1 and 0.3 per glucose residue. As a result of sialylation, the cotton fibers became hydrophobic; this was reflected by water contact-angle measurements of the fibers which increased from zero for the unmodified cotton to above 100 degrees for the modified fibers. In addition, the adsorption capacity of the fibers for oil from water surfaces increased by about five times that of the unmodified cotton reaching 18 g oil/g of cotton modified by dimethyl substituted silyl ethers. The optimal fiber-oil contact time and temperature for adsorption were 10 mins at 25°C, respectively. Therefore, the efficacy of cotton fibers to remove oil spills from contaminated water surfaces was significantly enhanced by using a simple solvent-free and environment-friendly process.
Keywords: gas-solid silyl reaction, modified cellulose, solvent-free, oil pollution, cotton
572 Investigation on the Fire Resistance of Ultra-High Performance Concrete with Natural Fibers
Authors: Dong Zhang, Kang Hai Tan, Aravind Dasari
Increasing concern on environmental sustainability and waste management has driven the construction and building sector towards renewable materials. In this work, we have explored the usage of natural fibers as an alternative to synthetic fibers like polypropylene (PP) in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). PP fibers are incorporated into concrete to resist explosive thermal spalling of UHPC during a fire exposure scenario. Experimental studies on the effect of natural fiber on the mechanical properties and spalling resistance of UHCP were conducted. The residual mechanical properties of UHPC with natural fibers were tested after heating to different temperatures. Spalling behavior of UHPC with natural fibers is also assessed by heating the samples according to ISO 834 fire curve. A range of analytical, physical and microscopic characterization techniques was also used on the concrete samples before and after being subjected to elevated temperature to investigate the phase and microstructural change of the sample. The findings show that natural fibers are able to improve fire resistance of UHPC. Adding natural fibers can prevent UHPC from spalling at high temperature. This study provides an alternative, which is at low cost and environmentally friendly, to prevent spalling of UHPC.
Keywords: high temperature, natural fiber, spalling, ultra-high performance concrete
571 Non-Homogeneous Layered Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Vitalijs Lusis, Andrejs Krasnikovs
Fiber reinforced concrete is important material for load bearing structural elements. Usually fibers are homogeneously distributed in a concrete body having arbitrary spatial orientations. At the same time, in many situations, fiber concrete with oriented fibers is more optimal. Is obvious, that is possible to create constructions with oriented short fibers in them, in different ways. Present research is devoted to one of such approaches- fiber reinforced concrete prisms having dimensions 100 mm×100 mm×400 mm with layers of non-homogeneously distributed fibers inside them were fabricated. Simultaneously prisms with homogeneously dispersed fibers were produced for reference as well. Prisms were tested under four point bending conditions. During the tests vertical deflection at the center of every prism and crack opening were measured (using linear displacements transducers in real timescale). Prediction results were discussed.
Keywords: fiber reinforced concrete, 4-point bending, steel fiber, construction engineering
570 Comparisonal Study of Succinylation and Glutarylation of Jute Fiber: Study of Mechanical Properties of Modified Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites
Authors: R. Vimal, K. Hari Hara Subramaniyan, C. Aswin, B. Logeshwaran, M. Ramesh
Due to several environmental concerns, natural fibers have greatly replaced the synthetic fibers as a reinforcing material in polymer matrix composites. Among the natural fibers, jute fibers are the most abundant plant fibers which are manufactured mainly in countries like India. In recent years, modification of plant fibers with range of chemicals to increase various mechanical and thermal properties has been focused greatly. Among that, some of the plant fibers were modified using succinic anhydride. In the present study, Jute fibers have been modified chemically by treatment with succinic anhydride and glutaric anhydride at different concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The fiber modification was done under retting condition at various retention times of 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours. The modification of fiber structure in both the cases is confirmed with Infrared Spectroscopy. The degree of modification increases with increase in retention time, but higher retention time has damaged the fiber structure which is common in both the cases. Comparatively, treatment of fibers with glutaric anhydride has shown efficient output than that of succinic anhydride. The unmodified fibers, succinylated fibers and glutarylated fibers at different retention times are reinforced with epoxy matrix at various volume fractions of fiber under room temperature. The composite made using unmodified fiber is used as a standard material. The tensile strength and flexural strength of the composites are analyzed in detail. Among these, the composite made with glutarylated fiber has shown good mechanical properties when compared to those made of succinylated and unmodified fiber.
Keywords: flexural strength, glutarylation, jute fibers, succinylation, tensile strength
569 A Constitutive Model of Ligaments and Tendons Accounting for Fiber-Matrix Interaction
Authors: Ratchada Sopakayang, Gerhard A. Holzapfel
In this study, a new constitutive model is developed to describe the hyperelastic behavior of collagenous tissues with a parallel arrangement of collagen fibers such as ligaments and tendons. The model is formulated using a continuum approach incorporating the structural changes of the main tissue components: collagen fibers, proteoglycan-rich matrix and fiber-matrix interaction. The mechanical contribution of the interaction between the fibers and the matrix is simply expressed by a coupling term. The structural change of the collagen fibers is incorporated in the constitutive model to describe the activation of the fibers under tissue straining. Finally, the constitutive model can easily describe the stress-stretch nonlinearity which occurs when a ligament/tendon is axially stretched. This study shows that the interaction between the fibers and the matrix contributes to the mechanical tissue response. Therefore, the model may lead to a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms of ligaments and tendons under axial loading.
Keywords: constitutive model, fiber-matrix, hyperelasticity, interaction, ligament, tendon
568 Mechanical Analysis of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
Authors: Jain Jyoti, Jain Shorab, Sinha Shishir
In the field of material engineering, composites are in great concern for their nonbiodegradability and their cost. In order to reduce its cost and weight, plant derived fibers witnessed miraculous triumph. Plant fibers can be of different types like seed fibers, blast fibers, leaf fibers, etc. Composites can be reinforced with exclusively one type of natural fiber or also can be combined with two or more different types of natural or synthetic fibers to boost up their specific properties. Among all natural fibers, wheat straw, bagasse, kenaf, pineapple leaf, banana, coir, ramie, flax, etc. pineapple leaf fibers have very good mechanical properties. Being hydrophilic in nature, pineapple leaf fibers have very less affinity towards all types of polymer matrixes like HDPE, LDPE, PET, epoxy, etc. Surface treatments like alkaline treatment in different concentrations were conducted to improve its adhesion and compatibility towards hydrophobic polymer matrix i.e. epoxy resin. Pineapple leaf fiber epoxy composites have been prepared using hand layup method. Effect of fiber loading and surface treatments have been studied for different mechanical properties i.e. tensile strength, flexural strength and impact properties of pineapple leaf fiber composites. Analysis of fiber morphology has also been studied using FTIR, XRD. Scanning electron microscopy has also been used to study and compare the morphology of untreated and treated fibers. Also, the fracture surface has been reviewed comparing the reported literature of other eminent researchers of this field.
Keywords: composite, mechanical, natural fiber, pineapple leaf fiber
567 Improvement of Frictional Coefficient of Modified Shoe Soles onto Icy and Snowy Road by Tilting of Added Glass Fibers into Rubber
Authors: Wakayama Shunya, Okubo Kazuya, Fujii Toru, Sakata Daisuke, Kado Noriyuki, Furutachi Hiroshi
The purpose of this study is to propose an effective method to improve frictional coefficient of modified shoe rubber soles with added glass fibers onto the icy and snowy road surfaces in order to prevent slip-and-fall accidents by the users. Added fibers in the rubber were uniformly tilted to the perpendicular direction of the frictional surface, where tilting angle was -60, -30, +30, +60, 90 degrees and 0 for usual specimen, respectively. It was found that horizontal arraignment was effective to improve the frictional coefficient when glass fibers were embedded in the shoe rubber, while the standing in normal direction of the embedded glass fibers on the shoe surface was also effective to do that once after they were exposed from the shoe rubber with its abrasion. These improvements were explained by the increase of stiffness against the shear deformation of the rubber at the critical frictional state and the enlargement of resistance force for extracting exposed fibers from the ice and snow, respectively. Current study suggested that effective arraignments in the tilting angle of the added fibers should be applied in designing rubber shoe soles to keep the safeties for uses in regions of cold climates.
Keywords: frictional coefficient, shoe soles, icy and snowy road, glass fibers, tilting angle
566 The Effects of Alkalization to the Mechanical Properties of Biocomposite PLA reinforced the Ijuk Fibers
Authors: Mochamad Chalid, Imam Prabowo
The pollution due to non-degradable material such as plastics, has led to studies about the development of environmental-friendly material. Because of biodegradability obtained from natural sources, polylactid acid (PLA) and ijuk fiber are interesting to modify into a composite. This material is also expected to reduce the impact of environmental pollution. Surface modification of ijuk fiber through alkalinization with 0.25 M NaOH solution for 30 minutes, was aimed to enhance it's compatibility to PLA, in order to improve properties of the composite such as the mechanical properties. Alkalinization of the ijuk fibers annihilates some surface components such as lignin, wax and hemicelloluse, so the pore on the surface clearly appeared, decreasing of the density and diameter of the ijuk fibers. The change of the ijuk fiber properties leads to increase the mechanical properties of PLA composites reinforced the ijuk fibers through strengthening of the mechanical interlocking with the PLA matrix. An addition to enhance the distribution of the fibers in the PLA matrix, the stirring during DCM solvent evaporation from the mixture of the ijuk fibers and the dissolved-PLA can reduce amount of the trapped-voids and fibers pull-out phenomena, which can decrease the mechanical properties of the composite.
Keywords: polylactic acid, Arenga pinnata, alkalinization, compatibility, adhesion, morphology, mechanical properties, volume fraction, distributiom
565 The Use of Plant-Based Natural Fibers in Reinforced Cement Composites
Authors: N. AlShaya, R. Alhomidan, S. Alromizan, W. Labib
Plant-based natural fibers are used more increasingly in construction materials. It is done to reduce the pressure on the built environment, which has been increased dramatically due to the increases world population and their needs. Plant-based natural fibers are abundant in many countries. Despite the low-cost of such environmental friendly renewable material, it has the ability to enhance the mechanical properties of construction materials. This paper presents an extensive discussion on the use of plant-based natural fibers as reinforcement for cement-based composites, with a particular emphasis upon fiber types; fiber characteristics, and fiber-cement composites performance. It also covers a thorough overview on the main factors, affecting the properties of plant-based natural fiber cement composite in it fresh and hardened state. The feasibility of using plant-based natural fibers in producing various construction materials; such as, mud bricks and blocks is investigated. In addition, other applications of using such fibers as internal curing agents as well as durability enhancer are also discussed. Finally, recommendation for possible future work in this area is presented.
Keywords: natural fibres, cement composites, construction materia, sustainability, stregth, durability
564 Use of Natural Fibers in Landfill Leachate Treatment
Authors: Araujo J. F. Marina, Araujo F. Marcus Vinicius, Mulinari R. Daniella
Due to the resultant leachate from waste decomposition in landfills has polluter potential hundred times greater than domestic sewage, this is considered a problem related to the depreciation of environment requiring pre-disposal treatment. In seeking to improve this situation, this project proposes the treatment of landfill leachate using natural fibers intercropped with advanced oxidation processes. The selected natural fibers were palm, coconut and banana fiber. These materials give sustainability to the project because, besides having adsorbent capacity, are often part of waste discarded. The study was conducted in laboratory scale. In trials, the effluents were characterized as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Turbidity and Color. The results indicate that is technically promising since that there were extremely oxidative conditions, the use of certain natural fibers in the reduction of pollutants in leachate have been obtained results of COD removals between 67.9% and 90.9%, Turbidity between 88.0% and 99.7% and Color between 67.4% and 90.4%. The expectation generated is to continue evaluating the association of efficiency of other natural fibers with other landfill leachate treatment processes.
Keywords: lndfill leachate, chemical treatment, natural fibers, advanced oxidation processes
563 Fibers Presence Effects on Air Flow of Attenuator of Spun-Bond Production System
Authors: Nasser Ghassembaglou, Abdullah Bolek, Oktay Yilmaz, Ertan Oznergiz, Hikmet Kocabas, Safak Yilmaz
High quality air filters production using nanofibers, as a functional material, has frequently been investigated. As it is more environmentally friendly, melting method has been selected to produce nanofibers. Spun-bond production systems consist of extruder, spin-pump, nozzle package and attenuators. Spin-pump makes molten polymer steady, which flows through extruder. Fibers are formed by regular melts passing through nuzzle holes under high pressure. Attenuator prolongs fibers to micron size to be collected on a conveyor. Different designs of attenuator systems have been studied in this research; new analysis have been done on existed designs considering fibers effect on air flow; it was comprehended that, at fibers presence, there is an air flow which agglomerates fibers as a negative effect. So some new representations have been designed and CFD analysis have been done on them. Afterwards, one of these representations selected as the most optimum and effective design which is brought in this paper.
Keywords: attenuator, CFD, nanofiber, spun-bond
562 Study of Mechanical Properties of Glutarylated Jute Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites
Authors: V. Manush Nandan, K. Lokdeep, R. Vimal, K. Hari Hara Subramanyan, C. Aswin, V. Logeswaran
Natural fibers have attained the potential market in the composite industry because of the huge environmental impact caused by synthetic fibers. Among the natural fibers, jute fibers are the most abundant plant fibers which are manufactured mainly in countries like India. Even though there is a good motive to utilize the natural supplement, the strength of the natural fiber composites is still a topic of discussion. In recent days, many researchers are showing interest in the chemical modification of the natural fibers to increase various mechanical and thermal properties. In the present study, jute fibers have been modified chemically using glutaric anhydride at different concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. The glutaric anhydride solution is prepared by dissolving the different quantity of glutaric anhydride in benzene and dimethyl-sulfoxide using sodium formate catalyst. The jute fiber mats have been treated by the method of retting at various time intervals of 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours. The modification structure of the treated fibers has been confirmed with infrared spectroscopy. The degree of modification increases with an increase in retention time, but higher retention time has damaged the fiber structure. The unmodified fibers and glutarylated fibers at different retention times are reinforced with epoxy matrix under room temperature. The tensile strength and flexural strength of the composites are analyzed in detail. Among these, the composite made with glutarylated fiber has shown good mechanical properties when compared to those made of unmodified fiber.
Keywords: flexural properties, glutarylation, glutaric anhydride, tensile properties


Archery GB is the national governing body, previously know as GNAS.
They provide the governance of Archery in Great Britain and provide a number of support services for Archers, Clubs, Counties and Regions. They are responsible for the accreditation of Judges and Coaches.
Archery GB manages a number of National events and is responsible for the selection of Archers for the GB Team that compete worldwide.