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Deniz Birinci
By ceftus.org	 Last updated Aug 22, 2015
CEFTUS Westminster Debate: 'The Cyprus Dispute: Economic Crisis and Hydrocarbons'
Ms Deniz Birinci is the Foreign Relations Secretary and the Deputy Secretary General of the Turkish Cypriot Social Democratic Party TDP, and has been active in politics since June 2013. She has recently stood as an independent MEP Candidate in the European Parliament elections, forming the first bi-communal list in Cypriot history. Ms Birinci has over 13 years of professional experience in international communication, working across Cyprus and other EU Member States. She graduated Magna Cum Laude from Cornell University in New York, with Distinction in Research in Communication and European Studies. She also holds a Postgraduate Diploma in International Relations from John Hopkins University in Italy and a Public Sector MBA from the University of Birmingham, UK.
In her career thus far she has held many and varied posts, such as Director of Public and International Relations at the Nicosia Turkish Municipality, Public Relations Officer at the European Parliament Information Office in Cyprus during the Cypriot Presidency of the European Union, as well as Founder and Manager of the EU-funded Nicosia Mothers' Centre project, contributing to promotion of the Turkish Cypriot Community's EU integration goals through intercultural dialogue and related communication activities. She is also a member of the Association for the Promotion of Women of Europe (AIPFE) and the civil society movement Μένουμε Ευρώπη (We Stand for Europe, and also currently holds the role ofInternational Relations Coordinator of the Cyprus Turkish Football Association whereby her specific portfolio is the reunification of Cypriot football, a process that officially started over a year ago at the FIFA Headquarters in Zurich with a provisional agreement signed by both the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot football federations of the divided island of Cyprus.
Her expertise on the issue of this debate is further reflected by her past roles as EU Affairs Assistant at Birmingham City Council in the UK and as EU Adviser to the Turkish Cypriot public sector and Special Assistant to the Chief Negotiator at the Office of the Turkish Cypriot Leader.
CEFTUSDeniz BirinciWestminster Debate
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CEFTUS Westminster Debate 'The Republican People's Party's (CHP) Political Outlook in the 'New Turkey'
Dr Natalie Martin
Baroness Meral Hussein-Ece
Derya Beyatli
Dr Ayse Zarakol
Cengiz Aktar


Dina Manzo and her boyfriend, Dave Cantin, were victims of a brutal home invasion on Saturday, May 13. Find out more in the video above, and detailed below.
According to prosecutors, the robbers stole cash and jewelry from the home before fleeing. Both victims were treated for facial injuries at a local hospital, with Cantin suffering a broken nose.
Manzo appeared on the first two seasons of RHONJ in 2009 and 2010. She returned for season 6 in 2014 before departing again. Manzo, who remains close friends with costar Teresa Giudice, also hosted the short-lived HGTV party-planning series Dina's Party.
Cantin, meanwhile, is a successful businessman and co-owner of one of the largest car dealerships in the world.


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Q: Translate a word only in a WordPress product page with a specific product category I am currently on a global translation:
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add_filter( 'gettext', 'change_translate_text', 20 );

I want this code to only to trigger when people visit the PRODUCT PAGE of a certain Product Category/Slug/ID on WordPress.
Can someone help a front-end designer? :D
Kind regards, :)

A: This should work nicely if it's just one category you need to check against (just change CatIdHere to the cat id)
function change_translate_text( $translated_text ) {

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Yes, and no. Sure, the game between Celia and Marco comprises the majority of the plot and involves many of the novel's main characters, but to me it was just, well, meh. It lacked suspense (non spoiler alert: Celia and Marco fall in love! They figure out what will happen when one of them is declared the victor! Sappiness and predictable reactions ensue!), and I never felt fully invested in either character: I couldn't care less who won or lost, or what would happen to them once the game reached its (anti-climatic) conclusion. For being the novel's main protagonists, Celia and Marco were far too underdeveloped, unimaginative, and uninteresting. Yawn.
What I loved about "The Night Circus" was the imagery and atmosphere that Morgenstern effortlessly constructed. Her vivid descriptions of the various circus tents and performers were entrancing and seductive. Also I thoroughly enjoyed the novel's supporting cast, in particular the German clock maker Herr Thiessen, and Poppet and Widget, the red-headed twins who were born on the circus's opening night and are able to view a person's past and see into the future, respectively.
"The Night Circus" is written in a nonlinear format, jumping between times, places, and character perspectives. Personally, I enjoy books that are constructed in this manner, but I am fully aware that it can be rather annoying or confusing to some readers. Also, in the case of "The Night Circus", rather than adding to the overall drama and suspense, the writing format instead impeded the pace of the plot tremendously. I can certainly understand why some readers would become frustrated with the book's lack of action and quit reading 100 pages in. For me, the setting and language kept me interested enough until the pace finally picks up just after the halfway part. It took me over two weeks to read the first half, and only a few hours to finish the rest.
Overall, I felt that "The Night Circus" was seriously lacking in its depth of characters and the premise of the plot, however I was completely drawn in by the fantastical environment Morgenstern created.
(Sidenote: I read this book for my upcoming "Resources for Young Adults" class. I think the professor's intention in including this on a YA reading list is to explore crossover titles, because it didn't scream YA, but neither did it seem strictly "adult". Perhaps New Adult, a term that I've only recently been made aware?).


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Cave tour and dinosaur park
Réclère, Ajoie
Visiting the big cave hall with stalactites and stalagmites
Well over 100 years ago, the caves at Réclère were discovered and made accessible to visitors. The guided tour of the caves (closed during the winter months) lasts one hour, one walks 1,5 kilometres on paths, partly with railings, the cave temperature is 7°C. Right next to the caves is the Préhisto Park. On the two-kilometre-long forest path there are over 40 life-size replicas of dinosaurs and other animals - a must for families with children.
On the guided cave tour with 500 steps you pass stalagmites and stalactites and enter the big "hall". The mysterious underworld fascinates with bizarre stalactites and mysterious stone formations. The "Dom" is 15 metres high and is still the largest stalagmite discovered in Switzerland. Another discovery is the elegant "pagoda", the enigmatic structure that allows one to guess a face in profile.
"Stalactites" are stalactites hanging from the ceiling of the cave, their counterparts are the stalagmites, columns rising from the ground. There are many mnemonics, in French the StalakTites are "ceux qui Tombent" and the StalagMites are "ceux qui Montent".
Because of its carbon dioxide (CO2) content, rainwater can dissolve calcium carbonate (lime, CaCO3) from limestone. When reaching the ceiling of a cave, this solution flows along existing crevices in the rock and when air enters the cave, the CO2 escapes as drops are formed and crystalline CaCO3 precipitates - the water evaporates, leaving behind lime, which over thousands of years forms the stalactites. Stalactites therefore usually have a stalagmite underneath them as a counterpart, since CaCO3 is released again when the drop falls and hits the ground. Stalactites grow so big that they fall down because of their own weight, or grow together with a stalagmite.
Pictures: Préhisto-Parc et Grottes de Réclère
Realised by Roland Baumgartner
www.bgr.ch
Wandern - Erleb…
Erlebnis Schwei…
04 Jura - Ajoie …
By train from Delémont to Porrentruy. From Porrentruy station, a bus runs via Courtedoux to the caves of Réclère. Parking spaces at the caves.
Jurassica nature trail Courtedoux - 150 million years old traces of dinosaurs that lived on the beach of the Jurassic Sea.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Is "Argent Tournament: Part of Secrets of Ulduar patch, released April 14th, 2009" accurate? I don't think it is.
Edit : TLDR if you don't want to read the article : It opened in 3.1 with the daily quests, including a few quests themed about constructing the arena (the raid and dungeon), and those were opened in 3.2. But the daily grind for the mounts, tabards and gear was opened in 3.1.
Dark Iron Dwarves' Mole Machine goes right to Argent Tournament, too. Engineers' Northrend Wormhole also drops you very close to the Argent Tournament.


How to spot the warning signs in your child.
This article is brought to you via The Charlie Walker Trust, which was founded in order to educate young people on the importance of staying mentally well, and how to do so. We have used their free resources to help spread the important work the Trust does and to reach the audiences that need it most. You can download their original booklet here.
Some of these signs may also be part of normal adolescent 'moodiness' and difficult behaviour, so bear this in mind.
1 in 10 children and young people aged 5-16 suffer from a diagnosable mental health disorder – but support and early diagnosis can help for a lifetime.
If you are worried and are seeing warning signs, you will want to talk to your child, but asking them how they feel can be very difficult. You may need some planning and support first. You may also be worried that your son or daughter is feeling suicidal or thinking of harming themselves.
It is ALWAYS better to ask about this than ignore it.
Choose statements that are facts and not judgements.
Try to ask 'open questions' which allow them to say how they're feeling.
Be calm and supportive and allow plenty of time.
Try to keep any anxiety you may feel to yourself.
Think about what you want to say and keep it simple.
Write down the things that are concerning you before you speak.
If you think your child is at risk of suicide, call 111 (UK) immediately, and explain the situation.
You may also want to chat with their teacher, school nurse or other trusted adult. It is best to tell your child that you are planning to do this and include them in the conversation, that way they do not feel excluded.
After talking with your child, your GP is the main place to raise your concerns. They can help to diagnose the problem and offer talking therapies, support and advice.
Your GP may recommend 'watchful waiting' and arrange a two-week follow-up appointment. If you feel this is too long, or urgent, insist on more immediate action.
The next step will be a referral to a psychological service for "talking therapy", mainly Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, known as CBT.
If your child is under 16, they may be referred to the local CAMHS (Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services) If they are over 18, it will be adult services.
If there is a long wait for services – your GP should keep you informed. Don't rely on this however, regularly chase for updates and cancellations.
If the depression is severe, your GP may prescribe medication alongside therapy.
You may want to choose your own private therapist or counsellor. Ensure they are registered and accredited by a professional body such as BABCP.


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SMGS Duke of Ed adventurer's resilience put to the test in Jagungal Wilderness
Home/Boarding, Co-Curricular, Duke of Ed, Senior School/SMGS Duke of Ed adventurer's resilience put to the test in Jagungal Wilderness
The SMGS Duke of Edinburgh's Award adventurers have returned from their epic four-day adventure in the Jagungal Wilderness. The expedition party of 23 students from years 9 -12 along with four staff hiked 52km on foot with four days provisions in a hiking pack, summiting two incredible mountains: Round Mountain – 1755m above sea level, and Mt Jagungal – 2062m above sea level. Round Mountain had no hiking track, so students navigated their way through dense scrub using a map and compass to guide their way to the summit on Thursday afternoon. Students woke at 4:00 am on Saturday and hiked 2.5km by torchlight to experience a magnificent sunrise from the summit of Mt Jagungal. The group also visited the historic Round Mountain, Derschkos and O'Keefes Kosciuszko Huts. The resilience and determination of the groups was undoubtedly tested as they endured sub-zero temperatures each night, drew their water each day from the headwaters of the Tumut River, experienced the joy of 'poo tubes' and no showers and were completely self-sufficient in all aspects of their campcraft and navigation. The staff were indeed impressed by the positive attitude, comradery and exemplary behaviour of the students during their four-day wilderness adventure. They indeed epitomised the Snowy Mountains Grammar School values of Courage, Authenticity, Respect and Empathy and should feel immensely proud of all they achieved over the past four days.
Blog title photo: Callum Ross
Mt Jagungal Expedition – Gallery 1
Photos: Callum Ross
Mt Jangungal Expedition – Gallery 2
Photos: Melissa Bell
Photos: Chanelle Abdipranoto
Melissa Bell	2019-04-15T14:19:33+11:00
About the Author: Melissa Bell
With over 20 Years in the teaching environment, Mrs Bell is an experienced and dedicated member of the SMGS team. She is passionate about helping students achieve their personal best throughout their school journey, with a personalised approach for each child. Melissa holds a Bachelor of Science, and a Master of Education and a Graduate Certificate in Special Needs Education from Griffith University. Melissa is Head of Faculty – Education Support and Enrichment, teaches maths and science and runs the Duke of Edinburgh Program and Kidpreneur Program.
SMGS Snowsports Athletes represent Australia at the 2020 Youth Olympic Games
Congratulations Year 12 – Class of 2019
Year 7/8 Virtual Debate Team Finish Third in Australia!
Highlights from the SMGS 2019 Aviation Program
Martin Hughes on SMGS Wins Innovative Schools Award for Second Year in a Row
Belinda Chapman on The Science Academy Branches Out
Donna Jowett-Poulos on Striking a balance between school and snowsports
Trish Dickson on Team SMGS shine through the rain to dominate the Scots Race
Claire on SMGS Snowsports Program is in full swing
Deputy Principal
Director of Junior School
Duke of Ed
School of Agriculture
School of Aviation
School of Drama and Theatre Studies
School of Invention
School of Mountain Biking


Douglas L. Christiansen holds a Ph.D. in higher education administration and is Vanderbilt University's vice provost for university enrollment affairs, and dean of admissions and financial aid. Dr. Christiansen is also an associate professor of public policy and higher education in the Department of Leadership, Policy and Organizations at Vanderbilt's Peabody College. Currently, he is serving as Past Chair for the Board of Trustees of the College Board. In his role as vice provost, Dr. Christiansen serves as the university's chief enrollment strategist, guiding the University Enrollment Affairs Leadership Team, which consists of the offices of Undergraduate Admissions, Student Financial Aid and Scholarships, Academic Affairs Process and Solution Implementations (PSI), University Registrar, Enrollment Management for Health Sciences Education, Student Accounts, the Vanderbilt Institutional Research Group (VIRG), the Career Center, and University Enrollment Affairs Strategy and Implementation. He also oversees the selection process for Chancellors, Cornelius Vanderbilt, POSSE, and QuestBridge scholars programs. Dr. Christiansen and his team have led the integration of enrollment and admissions systems across the university to integrate academic systems that support institutional enrollment goals at the undergraduate, graduate, and professional levels. He has been in higher education and admissions for almost thirty years.


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Home » Resources » Find a Homeopath
The NCH Practitioner Directory contains listings for professionals that practice homeopathy. Some exclusively practice homeopathy, and others include homeopathy as a part of a broader treatment practice.
You can search by a number of criteria, including state, zip code, and whether or not they treat clients remotely (via phone or online).
NCH has invited its members to identify themselves as practitioners of homeopathy. Please note, however, that we are not a referral service and such a listing does not constitute an endorsement of any kind by NCH. NCH does not have the resources and has made no attempt to evaluate the credentials, qualifications, competence, method of practice, homeopathic knowledge, or license status of any persons choosing to identify themselves in this Directory as practitioners. Accordingly, self-identification of a member as a practitioner in the Directory does not guarantee that the scope of the practitioner's license, if any, encompasses the prescribing of medicines or the diagnosis and treatment of illness. For information on the legal privileges of a particular license, contact the state licensing board for that license or the appropriate professional society. NCH does not evaluate any licensing board or training program.
Search the Practitioner Directory
How To Choose a Homeopath
At NCH we often get the question "How do I choose the right homeopath?" Choosing the right homeopath is something that should be done thoughtfully to ensure that you find the right fit for you and your family, just as you would with any other type of health practitioner. The final decision is up to you, but the steps below can help you with this process.
Locate Potential Practitioners
Use our Practitioner Directory to locate homeopathic practitioners in your area.
The NCH practitioner directory is the largest online directory of homeopaths in the US. You can easily use it to search for practitioners by state and zip code. Some practitioners also treat clients online (e.g. via Skype) or over the phone, so if there aren't practitioners in your area, seeing one virtually might be an option for you.
Ask friends, family members, study group members, and others that you know in the holistic community for referrals.
Asking questions is a terrific way to determine if a particular practitioner would be a good fit for you and your family. Don't be afraid to ask questions before you first meet with a practitioner.
Some basic questions to ask a potential practitioner might be:
What proportion of your practice is homeopathic?
Where were you trained?
What do you charge?
Will my insurance cover my visit?
Have you had experience with the medical condition I'm seeking treatment for?
How often will I need to see you?
It's your health, your body, your time, and your money, so it's worth making a careful choice. Shop around until you find a practitioner who is right for you: someone you can trust, who has integrity and is good at what they do.
You must be a Professional Member of NCH to be listed in this directory. If you're interested in being listed in the Practitioner Directory, join NCH today as a professional member to receive your complimentary directory listing.
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What are people's experiences with the Potomac service center for the CR1? I had my timeline set to Texas and it said your case may be adjudicated in September. I looked at my letter and I noticed it said Potomac, when I changed my timeline it now says May.


I am employed in government Sector as an officer with a Master's degree. I currently live in Tirunelveli. I belong to a middle class, nuclear family with moderate values. People describe me as talented, adjustable, godfearing, independent and patient. My hobbies and interests are nature and painting.
I am a banking service professional with a master's degree currently working at a Foreign bank (Keb Hana bank) in Chennai. I belong to a middle class n looking for a same, preferably working in chennai.
My son has a Masters degree and he is employed in private Sector as a human resources professional currently based in Chennai.. We come from an upper middle class, nuclear family background with moderate values. People describe him as open-minded, humorous, easy-going, friendly and soft-spoken. His hobbies and interests are pets, listening to music, art / handicraft, traveling, movies, cooking and painting.
I am a software professional with a Bachelors degree currently working in private sector in Chennai. I belong to an upper middle class, joint family with nuclear values.
My name is Simon. I come from a Upper Middle Class, Nuclear Family with Moderate Values. I have completed my M.Tech. and currently work in the Private Sector as a Professor / Lecturer.
I am a software professional with a Bachelor's degree currently working in private sector in Chennai. I belong to an upper middle class, nuclear family with traditional values.
I have a bachelor's degree and I am employed in private sector as a software professional currently based in Seattle. I belong to an upper middle class, nuclear family with moderate values.
I am a Software Professional with a Bachelor's degree currently working in Private sector in Chennai. I belong to a Middle class, Joint family with Liberal values.
I have made this profile on behalf of my son. He is currently working as an officer in government sector, after having completed his bachelor's degree. We come from a middle class, nuclear family with moderate values presently living in Thiruvananthapuram.
My name is Sibi Chakaravarthi i'm divorced doing my own Business. I have completed my BE. I grew up in a Middle Class class, Nuclear family with Moderate.
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Darshana to launch 02 more books
The two books written by Darshana Ashoka Kumara titled "Kav Silumina and Non-Buddhist Views" and "Asian Perspectives in Communication" will be launched at the National Library and Documentation Services Board Auditorium, Independence Avenue, Colombo at 3.30 pm of 26th of January.
The event will be chaired by Prof. Desmond Mallikarachchi, former Head of Philosophy and Psychology, University of Peradeniya. Professor Walter Marasinghe, Senior Lecturer Sumith Chaminda and Hashitha Abeywardena will also speak at the event.
In his project Darshana examines an Asian Communication Model which can be used in the context of media practice in Sri Lanka; that helps to minimize ethnic tension.
In this study, special focus is given to oriental concepts in communication. For example, concepts in rich philosophical oriental traditions in Asia including Hinduism, Buddhism and Taoism were taken into consideration when the Asian Communication Model was built.
Quantum physics has also thrown some light on deciphering philosophical concepts in connection to building the Asian communication model and concepts of atomic physics have also been used to make it more comprehensive, strong and vibrant to deal with modern day demands.
In his study, Darshana has conducted case studies and expert interviews to understand the media reporting in Sri Lanka and manipulative measures of media handling. Two key points: media ownership and professional issues, which make the media content polarized have also been observed in the book. This study has also drawn attention to finding solutions from true Asian values to address problems in the wrong usage of mass media and alien media training.
Darshana's other book "Kav Silumina and Non-Buddhist Views" explores about the socio-cultural and religious perspectives of Kav Silumina, which is considered to be one of masterpieces of the Sinhala poetry that came into existence in the 2nd century. Kav Silumina is based on a Buddhist Jataka story "Kusa Jatakaya".
Though original Jataka story is into elucidating the moral precepts of Buddhism, Darshana in his work makes an attempt to deconstruct the ideologies that essentially deviated from original Buddhist thought attached with Kav Silumina. In his argument, though Kusa Jatakaya is aligned with the Buddhist ideology, king Parakramabhahu II's Kav Silumina alluded to Hindu, Tantric and other non-Buddhist oriental teachings.
Darshana has already published five books in media studies, journalism, and political communication earlier and this is 06th and 07th. He is journalist who has worked both in electronic and print media. Darshana is also a visiting lecturer to several universities and higher education organizations.
Last modified on Tuesday, 23 January 2018 10:28
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Copy Number Variation Detection via High-Density SNP Genotyping
Authors: Kai Wang & Maja Bucan
High-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping arrays recently have been used for copy number variation (CNV) detection and analysis, because the arrays can serve a dual role for SNP- and CNV-based association studies. They also can provide considerably higher precision and resolution than traditional techniques. Here we describe PennCNV, a computational protocol designed for CNV detection from high-density SNP genotyping data. This protocol extracts allele-specific signal intensities from genotyping arrays, and then integrates information on SNP spacing and SNP allele frequencies to generate CNV calls by a hidden Markov model (HMM) algorithm. Analyses of CNVs from SNP genotyping arrays will provide a more comprehensive view of genome variation, and complement current genome-wide association studies in identifying disease susceptibility loci.
CNV refers to genomic segments of at least one kb in size, for which copy number differences have been observed in comparison to reference genome assemblies (Feuk et al. 2006; Freeman et al. 2006). Multiple large-scale studies have reported prevalent CNVs in humans, suggesting that they may account for a significant portion of phenotypic variation (Iafrate et al. 2004; Sebat et al. 2004; Tuzun et al. 2005; Conrad et al. 2006; McCarroll et al. 2006; Redon et al. 2006). The precise and comprehensive identification of CNVs would greatly benefit the functional analysis of human genome variation, and complement current genome-wide association studies that use SNPs.
In recent years, several techniques have been developed to detect CNVs in human and other mammalian genomes (Carter 2007). Traditionally, large chromosome rearrangements have been detected with G-banded karyotypic analyses or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using fluorescent probes that bind to part of the chromosomes. With the development of microarray technology, array-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) platforms can be used to detect gains and losses of genomic segments (Pinkel et al. 1998), especially in tumor tissues. This technique involves labeling a reference genome and a testing genome with different fluorescence markers, hybridizing to the microarray with genomic clones, and then analyzing the intensity of the hybridization signal for each clone. Further variations of the array-CGH technique have been developed to detect CNVs in human populations (Iafrate et al. 2004; Sebat et al. 2004; Locke et al. 2006; Redon et al. 2006). Genome-wide oligonucleotide arrays use short oligonucleotides spotted to arrays by inkjet technology or by photolithography. They offer higher resolution than large-insert clone array platforms and can achieve complete genome coverage. Furthermore, paired-end mapping (Korbel et al. 2007) and clone-end resequencing (Eichler et al. 2007) have also been implemented for CNV detection, and can identify many more small-scale CNVs. Finally, whole-genome resequencing (Service 2006) could soon prove cost-effective for the most comprehensive identification of CNVs in the human genome.
In addition to the techniques mentioned above, high-density SNP genotyping arrays have become more popular for copy number detection and analysis, because the arrays can serve a dual role for both SNP-based and CNV-based association studies. In high-density SNP genotyping platforms, a signal intensity measure is summarized for each allele of a given SNP marker. Analysis of signal intensities across the genome can then be used to identify regions with multiple SNPs that support deletions or duplications (Komura et al. 2006; Peiffer et al. 2006). However, there are limitations to the use of SNP genotyping arrays for CNV detection: SNPs in these arrays are not uniformly distributed across the genome and are sparse in regions with segmental duplications or complex CNVs (Carter 2007). To overcome these limitations, the new generations of SNP genotyping arrays from Affymetrix and Illumina have now incorporated additional nonpolymorphic (NP) markers to provide more comprehensive coverage of the human genome. We describe here a computational protocol designed for CNV detection using data from high-density SNP genotyping arrays.
SIGNAL PREPROCESSING PROCEDURE FOR SNP GENOTYPING ARRAYS
We have developed the PennCNV algorithm for high-resolution CNV detection from whole-genome SNP genotyping data (Wang et al. 2007); the software is available at http://www.neurogenome.org/cnv/penncnv. This algorithm was developed originally using the Illumina HumanHap550 arrays, but can be extended readily to similar SNP genotyping platforms. The PennCNV algorithm uses two measures of signal intensity at each SNP. The Log R Ratio (LRR) is a normalized measure of the total signal intensity for two alleles of the SNP. The B Allele Frequency (BAF) is a normalized measure of the allelic intensity ratio of two alleles. The combination of LRR and BAF can be used to infer copy number changes in the genome (Fig. 1). For example, in the presence of a deletion, there is a decrease in LRR values and a lack of heterozygotes in BAF values; in the presence of a duplication, there is an increase in LRR values and a splitting of heterozygous genotype clusters into two clusters. To derive the LRR and BAF values, a signal preprocessing procedure is necessary for SNP genotyping platforms (Fig. 2).
Figure 1. An illustration of the BAF (upper panel) and LRR (lower panel) values in chromosome 20 of a person with large (>1 Mb) deletion and duplication. The BAF is a measure of the allelic intensity ratio: When a deletion CNV is present, BAF values cluster around 0 or 1 but are absent around 0.5; when duplication is present, BAF values cluster around 0, 0.33, 0.67, and 1, reflecting the AAA, AAB, ABB, and BBB genotypes, respectively. The LRR is a normalized measure of total signal intensity: When a deletion CNV is present, LRR values for SNP markers in this region decrease; when duplication is present, LRR values increase.
Figure 2. A flowchart of the data processing procedure for deriving the LRR and BAF values used in CNV detection. The Illumina BeadStudio software can be used to calculate LRR and BAF values from raw array image data. For the Affymetrix platform, first extract signal intensity values for all markers using the Affymetrix Power Tools software, and then apply helper scripts for calculating LRR and BAF values. The LRR and BAF values for all markers, together with other relevant information, can then be integrated into an HMM in the PennCNV software for CNV detection.
The first step of signal preprocessing is the extraction of allele-specific signal intensity values. With the Illumina platform, this step can be performed by the BeadStudio software developed by Illumina as a framework for data analysis and visualization of several types of arrays. The software takes a raw image scan of SNP genotyping arrays and performs a five-step normalization procedure to derive X and Y values for each SNP marker, representing signal intensities for the A and B alleles, respectively. These steps include outlier removal, background estimation, rotational estimation, shear estimation, and scaling estimation (for details, refer to the technical documentation available at http://www.illumina.com). The Affymetrix platform uses a set of command line tools (the Affymetrix Power Tools) to perform data normalization and allele-specific signal extraction from raw CEL files generated in genotyping experiments. This step uses a self-normalization algorithm that only requires information contained within the arrays themselves, without relying on any data model built on external reference samples.
The next step in data preprocessing is to derive LRR and BAF from X and Y values for each SNP, based on "canonical genotype clusters" compiled from a set of standard external reference samples (e.g., HapMap samples). The transformation from R and θ into LRR and BAF values adjusts for different chemical characteristics of each SNP, such that values for different SNPs can be compared more readily. This step is designed for and implemented by the Illumina platform (Peiffer et al. 2006), but it can be adapted to the Affymetrix platform as well. Briefly, it involves the calculation of R and θ values, and then the transformation of R and θ into LRR and BAF, respectively.
Although referred to as "polar transformation" (Peiffer et al. 2006), the procedure for R value calculation is not a typical polar transformation. Instead, R is calculated as the total signal intensity of two alleles, or R = X + Y. As a normalized measure of total signal intensity, the LRR value for each SNP is then calculated as LRR = log2(Robserved/Rexpected), in which Rexpected is computed from linear interpolation of canonical genotype clusters (Peiffer et al. 2006) obtained from a set of reference samples. The θ value measures the relative allelic intensity ratio of two alleles and is calculated as θ = arctan(Y/X)/(π/2), which ranges from 0 to 1. The BAF refers to a normalized measure of relative signal intensity ratio of the B and A alleles:
in which θAA, θAB, and θBB are the θ values for three canonical genotype clusters generated from external reference samples (such as HapMap samples).
The transformation procedure described above can be applied to both Illumina and Affymetrix platforms, allowing signal intensity data from these arrays to be analyzed by the PennCNV software. This method has been tested extensively using the Illumina platform for large-scale studies. For example, PennCNV was used for CNV calling in a study that analyzed genome diversity and variations in worldwide human populations by Illumina SNP arrays, and a false positive rate of 0.7% was estimated from duplicated samples (Jakobsson et al. 2008). On the other hand, the signal transformation procedure on the Affymetrix platform has not yet been evaluated as rigorously.
To provide better coverage of known CNV regions and to fill in gaps that are not covered by SNPs, several recently developed SNP genotyping arrays (including the Illumina HumanHap 1M array and the Affymetrix genome-wide 5.0 and 6.0 arrays) contain NP markers on the chip. These markers can be handled in a fashion similar to SNPs for copy number inference, but there are some differences. First, the R-value is calculated as the signal intensity of the NP marker rather than the sum of two alleles. Also, the θ and BAF values cannot be derived for NP markers. Consequently, they are not used in the likelihood calculation. Finally, owing to the use of fewer probes, the variance of LRR values for NP markers may be different from SNP markers. Therefore, the likelihood model parameters for LRR are slightly different between NP markers and SNP markers.
HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL FOR CNV DETECTION
The PennCNV algorithm is an HMM-based algorithm that analyzes signal patterns across the genome and identifies consecutive markers with copy number changes. In the algorithm, the probability of observing a particular copy number state at a particular marker is dependent on the state at the previous marker, so it provides a natural framework for modeling dependence structures between nearby SNPs. As in other studies (Colella et al. 2007), six different possible copy number states are assigned for each marker, representing copy numbers of zero to four, as well as copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity. The signal intensity patterns (LRR and BAF) for five or more copies cannot be readily differentiated from four copies (Wang et al. 2007), so these rare situations are considered to be the same state as four copies.
There are two main components in the HMM for the inference of the most likely path of copy number states: emission probability and transition probability. Emission probability refers to the likelihood of observing the signal intensity patterns (LRR and BAF values) at each marker, whereas transition probability refers to the probability of having copy number changes between adjacent markers. The challenge of the HMM algorithm lies in the inference of the most likely copy number state at each genotyped marker, because this state depends not only on the signal intensity data at this marker, but also on the transition probability from the previous marker.
The emission probability of each marker is a function of LRR and BAF values (except for NP markers), which are assumed to be conditionally independent given the copy number state at that marker in the likelihood calculation. As shown in Figure 1, different copy number states have distinct patterns of LRR and BAF values. The transition probability is dependent on the previous and the current copy number states, as well as the distance between the two markers. Intuitively, copy number states are unlikely to change between nearby markers but more likely to change between sparsely spaced markers (Marioni et al. 2006). The details of the mathematical formula for modeling the likelihood of LRR and BAF are presented in Wang et al. (2007). Briefly, we use the Viterbi algorithm (Viterbi 1967) to infer the most likely states at each SNP efficiently, and then generate CNV calls by identifying stretches of states that are different from the normal state.
FUNCTIONAL ANNOTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND INHERITANCE ANALYSIS OF CNVs
After generating CNV calls using the PennCNV algorithm, one can annotate them functionally and predict their possible effects. CNVs can affect genome function by deleting or duplicating entire genes, parts of genes (such as exons), or important intergenic/intragenic regulatory elements (Feuk et al. 2006). The PennCNV software package contains auxiliary programs to annotate CNVs, such as identifying overlapping or nearby genes and conserved genomic elements for CNV calls. These functional annotations can help formulate new hypotheses on the functional consequences of particular CNVs.
Because the precision of CNV calls is dependent on the technical platform used, their appropriate interpretation requires an understanding of the particular technology used for CNV analysis. Although the "actual CNV" is a stretch of sequence that can start and end at any base pair, the detectable size of a CNV call typically depends on the resolution of the experimental platform. For example, CNV calls could be composed of one or a few bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones (in an array-CGH platform), a stretch of adjacent SNPs (in a high-density genotyping platform), or a stretch of NP markers (in the SNP genotyping arrays with NP markers, or in ultrahigh-density whole genome tiling arrays). Low-resolution CNV calls may cover functionally important genomic elements, but the actual CNVs may not have any functional consequences (Hegele 2007). Likewise, CNV calls from high-density SNP genotyping arrays underestimate slightly the sizes of CNV regions. Furthermore, it is important to recognize that most of these technical platforms can only detect simple duplications or deletions, but are unable to infer more complex structural variations, such as inversions or translocations that can also affect genome function (Tuzun et al. 2005).
Many current CNV studies have examined individuals from the same families (e.g., HapMap families or Centre d'Etude du Polymorphism Humain [CEPH] families), so Mendelian inheritance can be used to evaluate CNV detection accuracy and generate more confident CNV calls. CNV calls made in both an offspring and his/her parents increase the confidence of the calls, whereas the fraction of CNV calls in the offspring but not detected in the parents (CNV-NDPs) can be used as a composite measure to evaluate CNV calling algorithms (Wang et al. 2007). In addition, family information can also be used directly in CNV calling algorithms for more accurate inference of CNVs. The PennCNV package includes a posterior validation procedure that can incorporate family information to validate CNV calls and resolve boundary discordances between related individuals. Through appropriate prior probability specification, this posterior validation procedure also takes into account possible de novo events, which may be important for human diseases.
CNVs in the human genome can be detected from high-density SNP genotyping data with well-designed computational algorithms. Further development of methods that better model signal intensity patterns, that handle samples with low-quality signals, and that use more available information, will improve the accuracy of CNV detection and complement current genome-wide association studies in identifying novel disease susceptibility loci. Previous Section
Carter N.P. (2007) Methods and strategies for analyzing copy number variation using DNA microarrays. Nat. Genet. 39(Suppl):S16–S21.
Colella S., Yau C., Taylor J.M., Mirza G., Butler H., Clouston P., Bassett A.S., Seller A., Holmes C.C., Ragoussis J. (2007) QuantiSNP: An Objective Bayes Hidden-Markov Model to detect and accurately map copy number variation using SNP genotyping data. Nucleic Acids Res. 35:2013–2025.
Conrad D.F., Andrews T.D., Carter N.P., Hurles M.E., Pritchard J.K. (2006) A high-resolution survey of deletion polymorphism in the human genome. Nat. Genet 38:75–81.
Eichler E.E., Nickerson D.A., Altshuler D., Bowcock A.M., Brooks L.D., Carter N.P., Church D.M., Felsenfeld A., Guyer M., Lee C., et al. (2007) Completing the map of human genetic variation. Nature 447:161–165.
Feuk L., Carson A.R., Scherer S.W. (2006) Structural variation in the human genome. Nat. Rev. Genet. 7:85–97.
Freeman J.L., Perry G.H., Feuk L., Redon R., McCarroll S.A., Altshuler D.M., Aburatani H., Jones K.W., Tyler-Smith C., Hurles M.E., et al. (2006) Copy number variation: New insights in genome diversity. Genome Res 16:949–961.
Hegele R.A. (2007) Copy-number variations and human disease. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81:414–415.
Iafrate A.J., Feuk L., Rivera M.N., Listewnik M.L., Donahoe P.K., Qi Y., Scherer S.W., Lee C. (2004) Detection of large-scale variation in the human genome. Nat. Genet. 36:949–951.
Jakobsson M., Scholz S.W., Scheet P., Gibbs J.R., VanLiere J.M., Fung H.C., Szpiech Z.A., Degnan J.H., Wang K., Guerreiro R., et al. (2008) Genotype, haplotype and copy-number variation in worldwide human populations. Nature 451:998–1003.
Komura D., Shen F., Ishikawa S., Fitch K.R., Chen W., Zhang J., Liu G., Ihara S., Nakamura H., Hurles M.E., et al. (2006) Genome-wide detection of human copy number variations using high-density DNA oligonucleotide arrays. Genome Res. 16:1575–1584.
Korbel J.O., Urban A.E., Affourtit J.P., Godwin B., Grubert F., Simons J.F., Kim P.M., Palejev D., Carriero N.J., Du L., et al. (2007) Paired-end mapping reveals extensive structural variation in the human genome. Science 318:420–426.
Locke D.P., Sharp A.J., McCarroll S.A., McGrath S.D., Newman T.L., Cheng Z., Schwartz S., Albertson D.G., Pinkel D., Altshuler D.M., et al. (2006) Linkage disequilibrium and heritability of copy-number polymorphisms within duplicated regions of the human genome. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 79:275–290.
Marioni J.C., Thorne N.P., Tavaré S. (2006) BioHMM: A heterogeneous hidden Markov model for segmenting array CGH data. Bioinformatics 22:1144–1146.
McCarroll S.A., Hadnott T.N., Perry G.H., Sabeti P.C., Zody M.C., Barrett J.C., Dallaire S., Gabriel S.B., Lee C., Daly M.J., et al. (2006) Common deletion polymorphisms in the human genome. Nat. Genet 38:86–92.
Peiffer D.A., Le J.M., Steemers F.J., Chang W., Jenniges T., Garcia F., Haden K., Li J., Shaw C.A., Belmont J., et al. (2006) High-resolution genomic profiling of chromosomal aberrations using Infinium whole-genome genotyping. Genome Res. 16:1136–1148.
Pinkel D., Segraves R., Sudar D., Clark S., Poole I., Kowbel D., Collins C., Kuo W.L., Chen C., Zhai Y., et al. (1998) High resolution analysis of DNA copy number variation using comparative genomic hybridization to microarrays. Nat. Genet. 20:207–211.
Redon R., Ishikawa S., Fitch K.R., Feuk L., Perry G.H., Andrews T.D., Fiegler H., Shapero M.H., Carson A.R., Chen W., et al. (2006) Global variation in copy number in the human genome. Nature 444:444–454.
Sebat J., Lakshmi B., Troge J., Alexander J., Young J., Lundin P., Månér S., Massa H., Walker M., Chi M., et al. (2004) Large-scale copy number polymorphism in the human genome. Science 305:525–528.
Service R.F. (2006) Gene sequencing. The race for the $1000 genome. Science 311:1544–1546.
Tuzun E., Sharp A.J., Bailey J.A., Kaul R., Morrison V.A., Pertz L.M., Haugen E., Hayden H., Albertson D., Pinkel D., et al. (2005) Fine-scale structural variation of the human genome. Nat. Genet. 37:727–732.
Viterbi A.J. (1967) Error bounds for convolutional codes and an asymptotically optimum decoding algorithm. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 13:260–269.
Wang K., Li M., Hadley D., Liu R., Glessner J., Grant S.F.A., Hakonarson H., Bucan M. (2007) PennCNV: An integrated hidden Markov model designed for high-resolution copy number variation detection in whole-genome SNP genotyping data. Genome Res. 17:1665–1674.


text:
namespace Newq
{
    using System;
    using System.Collections;
    using System.Collections.Generic;

    /// <summary>
    /// Used to build SQL statement.
    /// </summary>
    public class QueryBuilder
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="QueryBuilder"/> class.
        /// </summary>
        public QueryBuilder()
        {

        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets <see cref="Statement"/>.
        /// </summary>
        public Statement Statement { get; protected set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets <see cref="Paginator"/>.
        /// </summary>
        public Paginator Paginator { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns a SQL-string that represents the current object.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public override string ToString()
        {
            if (Statement == null)
            {
                return string.Empty;
            }

            var sql = Statement.ToSql();

            if (Paginator != null && Statement is SelectStatement)
            {
                var orderByIndex = sql.IndexOf(" ORDER BY ");
                var orderByClause = string.Empty;
                var originalTarget = sql.Substring(7, sql.IndexOf(" FROM ") - 7);
                var newTarget = originalTarget;
                var targetAlias = string.Empty;
                var column = string.Empty;
                var alias = string.Empty;
                string[] targetColumns = originalTarget.Split(',');

                foreach (var col in targetColumns)
                {
                    alias = col.IndexOf(" AS ") > -1 ? col.Substring(col.IndexOf(" AS ") + 4) : col;
                    targetAlias += string.Format(",{0}", alias.Trim());
                }

                if (orderByIndex > -1)
                {
                    orderByClause = sql.Substring(orderByIndex + 10).Trim();
                    sql = sql.Remove(orderByIndex);

                    var orderByColumns = orderByClause.Split(',');

                    foreach (var col in orderByColumns)
                    {
                        column = col.Replace(" ASC", "").Replace(" DESC", "");
                        alias = column.Trim().Replace("].[", ".");

                        if (originalTarget.IndexOf(alias) == -1)
                        {
                            newTarget += string.Format(",{0} AS {1}", column, alias);
                            targetAlias += string.Format(",{0}", alias);
                        }
                    }

                    orderByClause = orderByClause.Replace("].[", ".");
                    sql = sql.Replace(originalTarget, newTarget);
                }
                else
                {
                    var firstTargetEndIndex = originalTarget.IndexOf(",");
                    var aliasIndex = originalTarget.IndexOf(" AS ") + 4;

                    orderByClause = firstTargetEndIndex == -1 ? originalTarget.Substring(aliasIndex)
                                  : originalTarget.Substring(aliasIndex, firstTargetEndIndex - (aliasIndex));
                }

                if (targetAlias.Length > 2)
                {
                    targetAlias = targetAlias.Substring(1);
                }

                sql = string.Format(
                    "SELECT {0} FROM (" +
                        "SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY {1}) AS [$ROW_NUMBER],{0} FROM ({2}) AS [$ORIGINAL_QUERY]" +
                    ") AS [$PAGINATOR] " +
                    "WHERE [$PAGINATOR].[$ROW_NUMBER] BETWEEN {3} AND {4} ",
                    targetAlias, orderByClause, sql.Trim(), Paginator.BeginRowNumber, Paginator.EndRowNumber);
            }

            return sql;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Define whether the statement is paginable.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="paginator"></param>
        /// <returns>true when the statement is select statement, false if not</returns>
        public bool Paginate(Paginator paginator)
        {
            var isPaginable = false;

            if (Statement is SelectStatement)
            {
                Paginator = paginator;
                isPaginable = true;
            }

            return isPaginable;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// SELECT column_name(s)
        /// FROM table_name
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">Any class</typeparam>
        /// <returns>
        /// SelectStatement to select all records
        /// from the certain table
        /// without the keyword distinct
        /// </returns>
        public SelectStatement Select<T>() where T : class, new()
        {
            return Select<T>(false, 0, false, null);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// SELECT TOP number|percent column_name(s)
        /// FROM table_name
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">Any class</typeparam>
        /// <param name="topRows">Number of the top records to select</param>
        /// <param name="isPercent">
        /// Determine whether the topRows represent the percentage,
        /// default is false
        /// </param>
        /// <returns>
        /// SelectStatement to select certain quantity(percentage if isPercent is true)
        /// of the top records from the table
        /// </returns>
        public SelectStatement Select<T>(int topRows, bool isPercent = false) where T : class, new()
        {
            return Select<T>(false, topRows, false, null);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// SELECT column_name(s)
        /// FROM table_name
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">Any class</typeparam>
        /// <param name="customization">Determine which column(s) to be selected from the table</param>
        /// <returns>SelectStatement to select all records within certain columns from the table without the keyword distinct</returns>
        public SelectStatement Select<T>(Action<Target, Context> customization) where T : class, new()
        {
            return Select<T>(false, 0, false, customization);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// SELECT DISTINCT TOP number column_name(s)
        /// FROM table_name
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">Any class</typeparam>
        /// <param name="topRows"></param>
        /// <param name="customization"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public SelectStatement Select<T>(int topRows, Action<Target, Context> customization) where T : class, new()
        {
            return Select<T>(false, topRows, false, customization);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// SELECT TOP number|percent column_name(s)
        /// FROM table_name
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="topRows"></param>
        /// <param name="isPercent"></param>
        /// <param name="customization"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public SelectStatement Select<T>(int topRows, bool isPercent, Action<Target, Context> customization) where T : class, new()
        {
            return Select<T>(false, topRows, isPercent, customization);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// SELECT DISTINCT TOP number|percent column_name(s)
        /// FROM table_name
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="isDistinct"></param>
        /// <param name="topRows"></param>
        /// <param name="isPercent"></param>
        /// <param name="customization"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public SelectStatement Select<T>(bool isDistinct, int topRows, bool isPercent, Action<Target, Context> customization) where T : class, new()
        {
            var statement = new SelectStatement(new Table<T>());

            Statement = statement;
            statement.IsDistinct = isDistinct;
            statement.TopRows = topRows;
            statement.IsPercent = isPercent;
            statement.Target.Customize(customization);

            return statement;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s)
        /// FROM table_name
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public SelectStatement SelectDistinct<T>() where T : class, new()
        {
            return Select<T>(true, 0, false, null);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// SELECT DISTINCT TOP number|percent column_name(s)
        /// FROM table_name
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="topRows"></param>
        /// <param name="isPercent"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public SelectStatement SelectDistinct<T>(int topRows, bool isPercent = false) where T : class, new()
        {
            return Select<T>(true, topRows, isPercent, null);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s)
        /// FROM table_name
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">Any class</typeparam>
        /// <param name="customization">Determine which column(s) to be selected from the table</param>
        /// <returns>SelectStatement to select all records within certain columns from the table without the keyword distinct</returns>
        public SelectStatement SelectDistinct<T>(Action<Target, Context> customization) where T : class, new()
        {
            return Select<T>(true, 0, false, customization);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// SELECT DISTINCT TOP number column_name(s)
        /// FROM table_name
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="topRows"></param>
        /// <param name="customization"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public SelectStatement SelectDistinct<T>(int topRows, Action<Target, Context> customization) where T : class, new()
        {
            return Select<T>(true, topRows, false, customization);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// SELECT DISTINCT TOP number|percent column_name(s)
        /// FROM table_name
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="topRows"></param>
        /// <param name="isPercent"></param>
        /// <param name="customization"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public SelectStatement SelectDistinct<T>(int topRows, bool isPercent, Action<Target, Context> customization) where T : class, new()
        {
            return Select<T>(true, topRows, isPercent, customization);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// UPDATE table_name
        /// SET column1 = value, column2 = value,...
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="obj"></param>
        /// <param name="customization"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public UpdateStatement Update<T>(T obj, Action<Target, Context> customization = null) where T : class, new()
        {
            var statement = new UpdateStatement(new Table<T>());

            statement.ObjectList.Add(obj);
            statement.Target.Customize(customization);
            Statement = statement;

            return statement;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// UPDATE table_name
        /// SET column1 = value, column2 = value,...
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="objects"></param>
        /// <param name="customization"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public UpdateStatement UpdateMany<T>(IEnumerable<T> objects, Action<Target, Context> customization = null) where T : class, new()
        {
            var statement = new UpdateStatement(new Table<T>());
            var enumerator = ((IEnumerable)objects).GetEnumerator();

            while (enumerator.MoveNext())
            {
                statement.ObjectList.Add(enumerator.Current);
            }

            statement.Target.Customize(customization);
            Statement = statement;

            return statement;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// INSERT INTO table_name
        /// (column1, column2, column3,...)
        /// VALUES(value1, value2, value3,...)
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="obj"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public InsertStatement Insert<T>(T obj) where T : class, new()
        {
            var statement = new InsertStatement(new Table<T>());

            statement.ObjectList.Add(obj);
            Statement = statement;

            return statement;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// INSERT INTO table_name
        /// (column1, column2, column3,...)
        /// VALUES(value1, value2, value3,...)
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="objects"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public InsertStatement InsertMany<T>(IEnumerable<T> objects) where T : class, new()
        {
            var statement = new InsertStatement(new Table<T>());
            var enumerator = objects.GetEnumerator();

            while (enumerator.MoveNext())
            {
                statement.ObjectList.Add(enumerator.Current);
            }

            Statement = statement;

            return statement;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// DELETE FROM table_name
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public DeleteStatement Delete<T>() where T : class, new()
        {
            return Delete<T>(0, false);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// DELETE TOP number|percent FROM table_name
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        /// <param name="topRows"></param>
        /// <param name="isPercent"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public DeleteStatement Delete<T>(int topRows, bool isPercent = false) where T : class, new()
        {
            var statement = new DeleteStatement(new Table<T>());

            Statement = statement;
            statement.TopRows = topRows;
            statement.IsPercent = isPercent;

            return statement;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Reynolds free to play Origin II
Thu 29 May 2014, 08:00 PM
New South Wales five-eighth Josh Reynolds has been successful in having his Dangerous Throw charge downgraded at the NRL judiciary on Thursday night, making the gritty No.6 available for selection in Game Two of the 2014 Holden State of Origin Series.
Reynolds was originally charged with a Grade 2 offence that carries with it 325 demerit points but his guilty plea and downgrade to a Grade 1 charge means he receives 93 demerit points and will be free to play for the Bulldogs against the Sea Eagles in Round 13 prior to the naming of Laurie Daley's team for Origin II on June 18.
Queensland winger Brent Tate was visibly shaken after the game on Wednesday night as a result of the tackle in the 28th minute of the match that involved Reynolds and Blues back-rower Beau Scott and scoffed at the incident only drawing a Grade 2 charge.
In his first appearance in the Blues run-on side Reynolds was superb for NSW, running for 98 metres, combining wonderfully with man of the match Jarryd Hayne on the right and throwing himself into each of the 19 tackles he made during the course of the match.
The Blues aren't without injury concerns however as they endeavour to break Queensland's eight-year stranglehold with Will Hopoate the early pick to replace Josh Morris (knee injury) at right centre while Greg Bird is the obvious addition for the injured Anthony Watmough (biceps).


C'mon, the name speaks for itself. This stuff smells delicious. Baked cinnamon-spiced apples with vanilla buttercream icing works any time of year. Order online or call 520-981-5251 for assistance. Official Scentsy Consultant. Authorized website.
It kind of has that bakery kind of smell where you walk in and someone is baking some sweets that what you get with this scent. If that is your kind of taste I recommend you give this one a try.


When Simon Triggol took over the running of Three Oaks farm recently, from his father, Ray, he became the latest in an unbroken family line of Cornish Mutual Members stretching back to the company's original founders over 100 years ago.
Two years ago electrical consultant Adrian Ballard and his family made the decision to move from their Bristol home to pursue a sustainable farming existence and most importantly, the creation of good quality pork.
Despite industry reports that many golf businesses have felt the squeeze during the tough economic times, Cornish Mutual Member Phil Stanbury and his wife Nik are bucking the trend and enjoying steady year-round business at one of the most stunningly located 9-hole golf courses in Cornwall.
Cornish Mutual Members Jeremy and Claudia Best run Mitchell Fruit Garden, a traditional pick your own in central Cornwall producing a wide array of fruit including strawberries, raspberries, blackcurrants and gooseberries.
Wooldown Holiday Cottages in Marhamchurch, run by second generation Cornish Mutual Members Roger and Susan Blewett, offers visitors panoramic views of the North Cornwall coast and countryside.
Cornish Mutual Members Richard and Audrey Duckett run an agricultural and plant contractors business from their home in West Huntspill Somerset.


Kashong on Seneca Lake, 30" x 20", #6- and #8-cut wool on linen. Designed and hooked by Norma Press, Geneva, New York, 2015.
Whether you live in a small town or large city, there is something notable about the place you call home. Old souvenir postcards graphically show what people have found interesting about your town, region, state, or province through the years. You can find old postcards of your hometown by browsing antique shops, bookstores, and historical museums as well as on the Internet. Postcards are perfect inspirations for hooked rugs. The designs are ready for your personal adaptations that will make your rugs special treasures for you and future generations.
Postcards were most popular in the United States during the first two decades of the 1900s. Of course, you can date a postcard if it's been postmarked, but it may have first been printed years before that. Postcard historians can date postcards by lettering style, placement of words, kind of borders, type of paper, placement of address space, and more. There are several excellent books on the history of postcards, their primary manufacturers, and copyrights. I learned that all postcards published before 1923 are in the public domain, as well as many published between 1923 and 1978.
If adapting an old postcard for a rug sounds interesting, give it a try. Half the fun is finding vintage scenes of the place where you live. Enjoy comparing the past to the present. Make changes that reflect your style and skill. Your unique hometown rug will become one of your personal favorites.


I'm a very slow mover in the morning. My favorite thing is to pour a cup of coffee and just chill out before starting the day. Whether it's at my parent's house, on our front porch or while on vacation with friends, good loungewear is essential. Here are a few beautiful options appropriate for rolling out of bed and straight to the coffee maker.


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Khan wins scholarship to attend Oil & Money Conference
Abdul Saboor Khan, who received his undergraduate degree in Petroleum Engineering this past May, has been awarded the "Leaders for Tomorrow" Scholarship for 2016 to attend the Oil & Money Conference, which is taking place 18-19 Oct. in the UK. The scholarship will cover all major expenses of the trip, including travel, meals and hotel accommodation. Khan will not just attend the conference; he will also get the chance to pose questions throughout the conference, attend private meetings with top speakers and executives, and network with delegates during lunch hours. He will also be put in touch with other "Leaders for Tomorrow" through a private LinkedIn page so that he can continue to network with them after the conference. Khan will bring awareness to the conference by tweeting about events while he is there, as well as by using the interactive Oil & Money website to contribute to the discussions occurring throughout the conference.
The Oil & Money Conference has been an annual event in the UK since its inauguration in 1980. The purpose of the event is to bring in senior executives in the petroleum and gas industries from around the world in order to create a space for high-level discussions about the most pressing oil-related issues of today.
Khan said he is grateful and excited for having been given this amazing opportunity. "I am extremely humbled and excited to be selected for the scholarship and am determined to represent my institution and the department in a positive way. I would extend my special thanks to Dr. Bowman who informed me about the opportunity and encouraged me to apply for it."
Texas A&M at Qatar names Muna Al-Mohannadi first Alumnus of the Year
Muna Al-Mohannadi, a senior reservoir engineer in the Reservoir Depletion Studies section of RasGas Company and a Class of 2010 petroleum engineering graduate of Texas A&M University at Qatar, has been named the branch campus' first-ever Alumnus of the Year.
Al-Mohannadi joined RasGas Company's Reservoir Engineering Section in July 2010 after earning a bachelor's degree in petroleum engineering from Texas A&M at Qatar. During her first two years at RasGas, she successfully completed rotational assignments in Geoscience & Petrophysics, Production Engineering, Drilling & Completions, and Business Support as part of her development plan. In 2014, she moved into the Reservoir Depletion Studies section to enhance her skills in reservoir modeling.
Al-Mohannadi was nominated and chosen for the award for her workplace success and for her contributions to Texas A&M at Qatar. Since graduating from Texas A&M at Qatar, she has been an active and visible member of the local Society of Petroleum Engineers community. She also has been proactively supportive of the petroleum engineering program at Texas A&M at Qatar through her involvement in the Petroleum Engineering Industry Advisory Board, as well as her contributions to senior student design projects and poster presentations. She has been invited to speak at SPE events in the past, has given papers at the annual International Petroleum Technology Conference (IPTC), and plays an active role in supporting women and their professional development in the region.
"I see myself as leading," she said. "Not a leader just by acting in a leadership role, but by showing other Qatari ladies that if I can do this, they can do this as well. It's not impossible. I'm lucky to work for a very supportive company, and if you know that what you do is appreciated, you will keep doing it, and that's key. Qatari ladies—any other ladies—if they see the support, they will rise and they will shine."
Al-Mohannadi was recognized at Texas A&M at Qatar's alumni suhoor at the Ritz-Carlton Doha on 23 June. More than 150 faculty, staff and former students of Texas A&M at Qatar attended the event, which aimed to encourage graduates to connect and stay involved with the branch campus.
Interim dean Dr. Ann L. Kenimer congratulated former students on being fine examples of Texas A&M at Qatar.
"Aggie engineers are uniquely positioned to help Qatar achieve the goals set out in the Qatar National Vision 2030," Kenimer said. "Aggie engineers are starting businesses, breaking down gender barriers, developing the sustainable technologies of the future, devoting themselves to community service, and so much more. We celebrate each and every one of your successes as you work to make a difference in Qatar and around the world."
Organized in collaboration with the Texas A&M at Qatar Alumni Council, the alumni suhoor also focused on the newly established Al Shaheen Scholarship Fund, which provides scholarships to students studying at Texas A&M at Qatar. This scholarship fund creates an opportunity for current and former employees of the Qatar campus — as well as former students — to contribute directly to the education of young people in Qatar.
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Buying concert tickets online is definitely an easy enough thing to do since there are a large amount of ticket vendors and ticket-selling websites that are readily available.
Discovering affordable concert tickets online, on the other hand, is just a different history. Understanding where-to find them and having the ability to get the hands in it takes a little bit of organizing, careful strategizing, plus some chance. Here are some techniques you can find and get these cheap concert tickets that a lot of individuals are often seeking.
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You've searched the report's entertainment segment, and unearthed that your preferred musician or audio class is visiting area to execute a concert. Today the enjoyment really begins, because you have to find a method to get the tickets you want. When the team or performer is very popular, this could simply imply that you have to truly head to the effectiveness venue and standin range to attain the box-office to purchase tickets.
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Kim last night received a high commendation from judge Ben Quilty in the 2011 Hazelhurst Gallery Art on Paper Award. The $20 000 prize attracted over 700 entries this year, with a wide range of paper media featured in the exhibition including pencil drawings, charcoal, ink, oil, acrylic, gouache and watercolour, photography, printmaking and paper animation.
The exhibition can be viewed until August 14.


This has got to be one of the simplest, healthiest, most delicious things I make. It's pretty. It has a great presentation. There is next to zero cleanup, and it's about as "clean" as you can get as far as recipes are concerned. Basically, you pick your veggies and fish, pick your herbs & other flavorings, pack it all up in a cute little parchment paper pouch, and then throw them in the oven. The fish and flavorings will steam and cook all together, blending flavors and creating an incredibly tasty dinner. Best of all – this can be ready start to finish in 30 minutes, which makes it a perfect weeknight meal, but it looks so nice that it could be served at dinner parties.
– Veggies. I would julienne squash, carrots, peppers. You can half cherry tomatoes. Cut onions or shallots into thin strips, cut baby potatoes into thin rounds. I used baby bok choy this time, and just put a couple of leaves into each packet, which was also really nice.
– Herbs. Thyme is fantastic, savory is a bit stronger but also nice. Fresh is best, but if you add dried, add about half of what you would with fresh herbs.
– Flavors. Thin rounds of lemon to top, a splash of white wine, super thin shavings of butter, etc.
2. Prep whatever veggies you've decided to use.
3. Cut a heart (like you did in grade school – half a heart on folded paper, then unfold) in parchment paper. Spritz one side with olive oil.
4. Add veggies to the side of the parchment paper with olive oil. Top with the fish, then lemons/butter/"flavors". Top with salt & pepper.
5. Fold the other half of the "heart" over the fish & veggie combo. Working from the top, crimp the paper over itself into little pleats so it forms a little pouch. Make sure it's a bit loose in the middle, so steam can circulate and cook the fish and veggies inside.
6. Put pouches on a baking sheet to catch any juices that spill, then bake for 20 minutes or so, or until fish is flaky and cooked through. The parchment paper will puff a bit, and get golden brown in spots.
7. Serve pouches on individual plates. You can either cut into the top part of the pouch to eat directly from there, or you can open the entire pouch to empty the contents on the plate. The juices (and flavors) will stay concentrated a little more if you do it the first way, but either way, it's a delicious dinner that I hope you enjoy as much as we do!
This entry was posted in dinner, en papillote, fish, gluten-free, healthy, paleo, simple, vegetarian on October 30, 2012 by westyn.


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Dr. Tong graduated with Honors from the Southern California College of Optometry at Marshall B. Ketchum University, where he also completed residency training in Pediatric Optometry and Vision Therapy.
He is the Clinic Director and Residency Coordinator of the Center for Vision Development Optometry Inc. in Pasadena, California. The center focuses on working with children and adults with traumatic brain injury, strabismus, amblyopia, learning problems, and other unique vision needs. He is an Adjunct Clinical Assistant Professor of both the Southern California College of Optometry at Marshall B. Ketchum University and the Western University College of Optometry.
Professionally, he is a Trustee and past President of the San Gabriel Valley Optometric Society. He had served as a school board member at the Christian school near his home. In his spare time, he enjoys travelling with his family and teaching children's Bible lessons at his local Bible Study Fellowship.
© copyright 2016 Center for Vision Development Optometry Inc.


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Awesome Facts About Wolves
Published by: June 15, 2016 Category: Animals
Wolves are truly fascinating creatures, even though they're pretty scary and can put the fear of God in even the bravest men out there. These creatures are considered to be a part of the dog family – they're the largest members, by the way. We see them in all kinds of cartoons and funny videos, but don't let that fool you – a wolf is a predator, one of the fiercest ones on planet Earth. There are tons of awesome facts about wolves, and today we'll discuss the best of the best, so, make yourself comfortable and let's roll!
– There are a lot of wolf species in nature – some of them are endangered, others are extinct. So, that's why they are constantly being reintroduced into the wild nature in America and Eastern Europe.
– These creatures like to travel in packs of up to twenty. Did you know that the "fattest" wolf on official record weighed 130lbs? That's almost 59 kilograms! By the way, adult wolves sometimes reach 5 feet in length. Can you imagine yourself standing knee-deep in snow, surrounded by a pack of angry and hungry wolves?
– Awesome facts about wolves: A female wolf usually has about 3-4 pups, while some "hard-working mothers" can have up to 6. Oh, and a female wolf is called a "bitch" :). During spring, the females live in underground dens – that's where they give birth to their pups, which are deaf and blind at first.
– These creatures love to go after the larger prey, something to feast on for a while (like maybe a deer). However, if they're hungry, they will gladly eat anything, including a rabbit.
Awesome Facts About Wolves – Female Alphas, Great Hearing And An Even Better Scent
– More awesome facts about wolves: On average, wolves live up to 12-13 years, which is less than, say, tigers and lions. A lot of people think that only the males can be alphas, but in reality they usually lead the pack with the strongest female, and she's also called an "alpha". Yep, they've got that Bonnie & Clyde thing going on :).
– Wolves don't just howl for the heck of it – that's how they communicate with each other, and a howl gets louder when others join in. Did you know that wolves have exceptional ears and that their hearing is 20 times (!) better than ours? That's true! Furthermore, their noses are super-sensitive, so, if you wanna make a wolf angry, just "pinch" its nose!
– These creatures usually stalk and attack the weakest mammals, including the old and the sick ones. And, they usually hunt in packs.
– Awesome fact about wolves: These creatures are known to eat up to 8-9 kilograms in one go! Oh, and they eat everything, including the fur and the bones!
– A single wolf can easily travel up to 200 kilometers in one day. In many cultures the wolves are pictured as great teachers and leaders.
– Hilarious fact about wolves: Some folks REALLY believe that they can (and will) turn into wolves during a full moon. The official term for this…mindset is "Lycanthropy"
– Wolves have a strong presence in modern-day culture, including movies, TV shows, music videos and video games. Besides, everybody knows the Big Bad Wolf from the scary fairy tales, right? Yep, wolves are pretty awesome!
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Changing the Charter
I voted in favor of changing the charter simply because it's the right thing to do. Some people claim that this change is politically motivated. I can assure you for me it was not. It was necessity motivated. During the past three months, I have asked the interim City Attorney numerous questions that he was either unwilling or unable to answer. It's extremely difficult to serve the best interests of the citizens of our city when questions regarding the legal aspects of issues are either unanswered, or answered incorrectly. I believe a review of my e-mail correspondence, which has been released through an open records request, will shed additional light on these issues.
The City Attorney's job is to handle the city's legal business and provide legal advice and insight to all members of the Council. Consequently, I believe all members of Council should be involved in the selection process, because all members of Council will be working with the City Attorney. By relying on a consensus of opinions, rather than the opinion of a single person, (regardless of who that person is) there is a much higher probability that the relationships between the attorney and individual Council members will be much more productive.
Another consideration is the fact that in 2005, (in what I believe was clearly a political maneuver) the Council voted to make a Home Rule change (to section 3.12) to the charter. That change required Council approval of the appointment of the City Attorney. In 2010, then City Attorney Tony Powell advised the Council that the 2005 charter change was illegal because it was not approved by the state legislature (legislature approval is required of any Home Rule change that alters the powers of the mayor or Council members). On July 12, 2010, the Council voted 4-2 to amend section 3.12 of the Charter so that it conformed with the language of the 2001 version. At that time, both Kelly Kautz and Mike Sabbagh voted against the change, which means they were in favor of maintaining the requirement that Council approval was a requirement for appointment of the city Attorney.
This council is obviously divided, and I believe we need to do everything possible to mend that division. I had conversations with both Mayor Kautz and Councilman Sabbagh in hopes of getting some positive movement in that direction. I was encouraged by both conversations, and although we didn't discuss the Charter change in detail, I believe both Ms. Kautz and Mr. Sabbagh are convinced the vote in favor was a political maneuver. I can assure you it was not. But Charter changes and the reasons for them aside, Ms. Kautz has appointed a new City Attorney who I believe will do an outstanding job in representing the best interests of our citizens. And that's all I really want.
For more "Council Confidentials", click the links below
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Adventures in City Attorney Land
Dave Emanuel
Upon further reflection, it strikes me that it's irrelevant whether or not the present or any previous charter changes were politically motivated.Involving the entire Council in the selection of the City Attorney serves the best interests of the citizens. Conversely, allowing a single person to select the City Attorney serves the best interests of that person.
Jamie Dempsey
Amen. . .
I have completed my research and have found that every city in Gwinnett County that has their Charter either published on their website or on municode.org selects their City Attorney by confirmation of the council. We are only changing our charter to reflect the same procedure as outlined in the Charters of the other Cities in Gwinnett County. I don't believe that this is as pressing an issue at this point because the City Attorney who begins his tenure next Monday appears to be very qualified and will give the Mayor and Council the legal advice that is necessary to properly run our City, That is all that the Council has ever requested.
This change will, however, prevent a repeat of what the Council, the City, and the Citizens have gone through this last 4 months. I believe we should learn from our mistakes and for that reason alone proceed with the Charter Change passed last week.
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