This article is about the computing optimization concept. For other uses in the field of computing, see Cache (disambiguation) § Computing.
In computing, a cache (/kæʃ/ kash, or /ˈkeɪʃ/ kaysh in AuE) is a hardware or software component that stores data so that future requests for that data can be served faster; the data stored in a cache might be the result of an earlier computation or a copy of data stored elsewhere. A cache hit occurs when the requested data can be found in a cache, while a cache miss occurs when it cannot. Cache hits are served by reading data from the cache, which is faster than recomputing a result or reading from a slower data store; thus, the more requests that can be served from the cache, the faster the system performs.
To be cost-effective and to enable efficient use of data, caches must be relatively small. Nevertheless, caches have proven themselves in many areas of computing, because typical computer applications access data with a high degree of locality of reference. Such access patterns exhibit temporal locality, where data is requested that has been recently requested already, and spatial locality, where data is requested that is stored physically close to data that has already been requested.
There is an inherent trade-off between size and speed (given that a larger resource implies greater physical distances) but also a tradeoff between expensive, premium technologies (such as SRAM) vs cheaper, easily mass-produced commodities (such as DRAM or hard disks).
A larger resource incurs a significant latency for access – e.g. it can take hundreds of clock cycles for a modern 4 GHz processor to reach DRAM. This is mitigated by reading in large chunks, in the hope that subsequent reads will be from nearby locations. Prediction or explicit prefetching might also guess where future reads will come from and make requests ahead of time; if done correctly the latency is bypassed altogether.
The use of a cache also allows for higher throughput from the underlying resource, by assembling multiple fine grain transfers into larger, more efficient requests. In the case of DRAM circuits, this might be served by having a wider data bus. For example, consider a program accessing bytes in a 32-bit address space, but being served by a 128-bit off-chip data bus; individual uncached byte accesses would allow only 1/16th of the total bandwidth to be used, and 80% of the data movement would be memory addresses instead of data itself. Reading larger chunks reduces the fraction of bandwidth required for transmitting address information.
Hardware implements cache as a block of memory for temporary storage of data likely to be used again. Central processing units (CPUs) and hard disk drives (HDDs) frequently use a cache, as do web browsers and web servers.
A cache is made up of a pool of entries. Each entry has associated data, which is a copy of the same data in some backing store. Each entry also has a tag, which specifies the identity of the data in the backing store of which the entry is a copy.
When the cache client (a CPU, web browser, operating system) needs to access data presumed to exist in the backing store, it first checks the cache. If an entry can be found with a tag matching that of the desired data, the data in the entry is used instead. This situation is known as a cache hit. For example, a web browser program might check its local cache on disk to see if it has a local copy of the contents of a web page at a particular URL. In this example, the URL is the tag, and the content of the web page is the data. The percentage of accesses that result in cache hits is known as the hit rate or hit ratio of the cache.
The alternative situation, when the cache is checked and found not to contain any entry with the desired tag, is known as a cache miss. This requires a more expensive access of data from the backing store. Once the requested data is retrieved, it is typically copied into the cache, ready for the next access.
During a cache miss, some other previously existing cache entry is removed in order to make room for the newly retrieved data. The heuristic used to select the entry to replace is known as the replacement policy. One popular replacement policy, "least recently used" (LRU), replaces the oldest entry, the entry that was accessed less recently than any other entry (see cache algorithm). More efficient caching algorithms compute the use-hit frequency against the size of the stored contents, as well as the latencies and throughputs for both the cache and the backing store. This works well for larger amounts of data, longer latencies, and slower throughputs, such as that experienced with hard drives and networks, but is not efficient for use within a CPU cache.
Write-through: write is done synchronously both to the cache and to the backing store.
Write-back (also called write-behind): initially, writing is done only to the cache. The write to the backing store is postponed until the modified content is about to be replaced by another cache block.
A write-back cache is more complex to implement, since it needs to track which of its locations have been written over, and mark them as dirty for later writing to the backing store. The data in these locations are written back to the backing store only when they are evicted from the cache, an effect referred to as a lazy write. For this reason, a read miss in a write-back cache (which requires a block to be replaced by another) will often require two memory accesses to service: one to write the replaced data from the cache back to the store, and then one to retrieve the needed data.
Other policies may also trigger data write-back. The client may make many changes to data in the cache, and then explicitly notify the cache to write back the data.
Write allocate (also called fetch on write): data at the missed-write location is loaded to cache, followed by a write-hit operation. In this approach, write misses are similar to read misses.
No-write allocate (also called write-no-allocate or write around): data at the missed-write location is not loaded to cache, and is written directly to the backing store. In this approach, data is loaded into the cache on read misses only.
A write-back cache uses write allocate, hoping for subsequent writes (or even reads) to the same location, which is now cached.
A write-through cache uses no-write allocate. Here, subsequent writes have no advantage, since they still need to be written directly to the backing store.
Entities other than the cache may change the data in the backing store, in which case the copy in the cache may become out-of-date or stale. Alternatively, when the client updates the data in the cache, copies of those data in other caches will become stale. Communication protocols between the cache managers which keep the data consistent are known as coherency protocols.
Small memories on or close to the CPU can operate faster than the much larger main memory. Most CPUs since the 1980s have used one or more caches, sometimes in cascaded levels; modern high-end embedded, desktop and server microprocessors may have as many as six types of cache (between levels and functions),. Examples of caches with a specific function are the D-cache and I-cache and the translation lookaside buffer for the MMU.
Earlier graphics processing units (GPUs) often had limited read-only texture caches, and introduced morton order swizzled textures to improve 2D cache coherency. Cache misses would drastically affect performance, e.g. if mipmapping was not used. Caching was important to leverage 32-bit (and wider) transfers for texture data that was often as little as 4 bits per pixel, indexed in complex patterns by arbitrary UV coordinates and perspective transformations in inverse texture mapping.
As GPUs advanced (especially with GPGPU compute shaders) they have developed progressively larger and increasingly general caches, including instruction caches for shaders, exhibiting increasingly common functionality with CPU caches. For example, GT200 architecture GPUs did not feature an L2 cache, while the Fermi GPU has 768 KB of last-level cache, the Kepler GPU has 1536 KB of last-level cache, and the Maxwell GPU has 2048 KB of last-level cache. These caches have grown to handle synchronisation primitives between threads and atomic operations, and interface with a CPU-style MMU.
Digital signal processors have similarly generalised over the years. Earlier designs used scratchpad memory fed by DMA, but modern DSPs such as Qualcomm Hexagon often include a very similar set of caches to a CPU (e.g. Modified Harvard architecture with shared L2, split L1 I-cache and D-cache).
A memory management unit (MMU) that fetches page table entries from main memory has a specialized cache, used for recording the results of virtual address to physical address translations. This specialized cache is called a translation lookaside buffer (TLB).
While CPU caches are generally managed entirely by hardware, a variety of software manages other caches. The page cache in main memory, which is an example of disk cache, is managed by the operating system kernel.
While the disk buffer, which is an integrated part of the hard disk drive, is sometimes misleadingly referred to as "disk cache", its main functions are write sequencing and read prefetching. Repeated cache hits are relatively rare, due to the small size of the buffer in comparison to the drive's capacity. However, high-end disk controllers often have their own on-board cache of the hard disk drive's data blocks.
Finally, a fast local hard disk drive can also cache information held on even slower data storage devices, such as remote servers (web cache) or local tape drives or optical jukeboxes; such a scheme is the main concept of hierarchical storage management. Also, fast flash-based solid-state drives (SSDs) can be used as caches for slower rotational-media hard disk drives, working together as hybrid drives or solid-state hybrid drives (SSHDs).
Web browsers and web proxy servers employ web caches to store previous responses from web servers, such as web pages and images. Web caches reduce the amount of information that needs to be transmitted across the network, as information previously stored in the cache can often be re-used. This reduces bandwidth and processing requirements of the web server, and helps to improve responsiveness for users of the web.
Web browsers employ a built-in web cache, but some Internet service providers (ISPs) or organizations also use a caching proxy server, which is a web cache that is shared among all users of that network.
Another form of cache is P2P caching, where the files most sought for by peer-to-peer applications are stored in an ISP cache to accelerate P2P transfers. Similarly, decentralised equivalents exist, which allow communities to perform the same task for P2P traffic, for example, Corelli.
A cache can store data that is computed on demand rather than retrieved from a backing store. Memoization is an optimization technique that stores the results of resource-consuming function calls within a lookup table, allowing subsequent calls to reuse the stored results and avoid repeated computation. It is related to the dynamic programming algorithm design methodology, which can also be thought of as a means of caching.
The BIND DNS daemon caches a mapping of domain names to IP addresses, as does a resolver library.
Write-through operation is common when operating over unreliable networks (like an Ethernet LAN), because of the enormous complexity of the coherency protocol required between multiple write-back caches when communication is unreliable. For instance, web page caches and client-side network file system caches (like those in NFS or SMB) are typically read-only or write-through specifically to keep the network protocol simple and reliable.
Search engines also frequently make web pages they have indexed available from their cache. For example, Google provides a "Cached" link next to each search result. This can prove useful when web pages from a web server are temporarily or permanently inaccessible.
Another type of caching is storing computed results that will likely be needed again, or memoization. For example, ccache is a program that caches the output of the compilation, in order to speed up later compilation runs.
Database caching can substantially improve the throughput of database applications, for example in the processing of indexes, data dictionaries, and frequently used subsets of data.
A distributed cache uses networked hosts to provide scalability, reliability and performance to the application. The hosts can be co-located or spread over different geographical regions.
The semantics of a "buffer" and a "cache" are not totally different; even so, there are fundamental differences in intent between the process of caching and the process of buffering.
Fundamentally, caching realizes a performance increase for transfers of data that is being repeatedly transferred. While a caching system may realize a performance increase upon the initial (typically write) transfer of a data item, this performance increase is due to buffering occurring within the caching system.
ensures a minimum data size or representation required by at least one of the communicating processes involved in a transfer.
With typical caching implementations, a data item that is read or written for the first time is effectively being buffered; and in the case of a write, mostly realizing a performance increase for the application from where the write originated. Additionally, the portion of a caching protocol where individual writes are deferred to a batch of writes is a form of buffering. The portion of a caching protocol where individual reads are deferred to a batch of reads is also a form of buffering, although this form may negatively impact the performance of at least the initial reads (even though it may positively impact the performance of the sum of the individual reads). In practice, caching almost always involves some form of buffering, while strict buffering does not involve caching.
A buffer is a temporary memory location that is traditionally used because CPU instructions cannot directly address data stored in peripheral devices. Thus, addressable memory is used as an intermediate stage. Additionally, such a buffer may be feasible when a large block of data is assembled or disassembled (as required by a storage device), or when data may be delivered in a different order than that in which it is produced. Also, a whole buffer of data is usually transferred sequentially (for example to hard disk), so buffering itself sometimes increases transfer performance or reduces the variation or jitter of the transfer's latency as opposed to caching where the intent is to reduce the latency. These benefits are present even if the buffered data are written to the buffer once and read from the buffer once.
A cache also increases transfer performance. A part of the increase similarly comes from the possibility that multiple small transfers will combine into one large block. But the main performance-gain occurs because there is a good chance that the same data will be read from cache multiple times, or that written data will soon be read. A cache's sole purpose is to reduce accesses to the underlying slower storage. Cache is also usually an abstraction layer that is designed to be invisible from the perspective of neighboring layers.
^ "Cache". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
^ "Cache". Macquarie Dictionary. Macmillan Publishers Group Australia 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
^ John L. Hennessy; David A. Patterson (16 September 2011). Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach. Elsevier. pp. B–12. ISBN 978-0-12-383872-8. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ a b S. Mittal, "A Survey of Techniques for Managing and Leveraging Caches in GPUs", JCSC, 23(8), 2014.
^ "qualcom Hexagon DSP SDK overview".
^ Frank Uyeda (2009). "Lecture 7: Memory Management" (PDF). CSE 120: Principles of Operating Systems. UC San Diego. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
^ Multiple (wiki). "Web application caching". Docforge. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
^ Gareth Tyson; Andreas Mauthe; Sebastian Kaune; Mu Mu; Thomas Plagemann. Corelli: A Dynamic Replication Service for Supporting Latency-Dependent Content in Community Networks (PDF). MMCN'09. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2015.
^ Paul, S; Z Fei (1 February 2001). "Distributed caching with centralized control". Computer Communications. 24 (2): 256–268. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.38.1094. doi:10.1016/S0140-3664(00)00322-4.
^ Khan, Iqbal (July 2009). "Distributed Caching On The Path To Scalability". MSDN. 24 (7).
"Caching in the Distributed Environment"
This page was last edited on 20 April 2019, at 18:10 (UTC).


text:
Remember to look into my books —and tell your friends about them! These books are how I make my living, so it's very, very important to me that people support what we do by buying them and telling their friends about them.
Click here to buy Tales of Chetzemoka books.
Click here to shop Tales of Chetzemoka merchandise
Buy the book
Learn more
A Trip and a Tumble:
"…[A] woman requires some place where she can go and pull herself together, where she can shut out the distractions of the household, where the sound of the door-bell cannot reach her… There she can take her grief and there her joys, too sacred to be submitted to other eyes. Here she can receive confidences and extend sympathy. In brief, it is a place where one can be oneself alone or in company, but where no one can enter unasked…" —Humphreys, Mary Gay. "The Feminine Den." The Woman's Book, Volume II. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1894. pp. 141-142.
Get this on a poster or a card
 The English word museum comes to us (via Latin) from the Greek mouseion, seat of the muses. A museum is thus quite literally a temple to the muses, a place to receive divine inspiration from the treasures of the past. This, truly, is what my den is to me, even more than any other space in our cherished home. It is here that my dearest books dwell —antique volumes holding wisdom of past ages. This is where I spend most of my time every day, writing my own books and using all our research to rebuild a world and an era, which I then populate with new friends I bring to life by my pen.
Books as Time Machines: An essay
"Fix, then, this in your mind as the guiding principal of all right and practical labor, and source of all healthful life energy—that your art is to be the praise of something that you love. It may only be the praise of a shell or a stone; it may be the praise of a hero; it may be the praise of God; your rank as a living creature is determined by the height and breadth of your love; but, be you small or great, what healthy art is possible to you must be the expression of your true delight in a real thing, better than the art."
—John Ruskin. Pearls for Young Ladies, 1878.
Manuscript pages from my Tales of Chetzemoka series.
Be sure to check out the books!
For drafting manuscripts and writing in my diary, I use my mother of pearl fountain pen when I'm sitting at my desk, a pencil when I sit in my rocking chair or elsewhere.
(I don't mind dripping ink on my hands or felted desktop, but I don't want to get any on my lap or on the furniture!)
Photo courtesy Estar Hyo Gyung Choi
There are a variety of different styles of fountain pen; mine is a particularly early type which is filled with an eye-dropper instead of using cartridges or vacuuming up the ink itself.
I bought this pen with a portion of the advance from selling my first book. Mostly the money I earn from my books goes towards humdrum things like groceries, but with the very first check for one of them I felt it was important to mark a milestone in reaching my childhood dream of becoming a real writer. The pen has been a worthy investment: like so many things in our life it's practical as well as symbolic.
 There have been some really interesting studies done into the effects of writing vs. typing in memory as well as production:
"Recall mode and recency in immediate serial recall: Computer users beware!" Catherine G. Penney and Penny Ann Blackwood Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 1989, 27 (6) 545-547.
"Performance amplification and process restructuring in computer-based writing" by Ronald T. Kellogg and Suzanne Mueller International Journal of Man-Machine Studies. 1993. pp. 33-49.
"Influence of Typing Skill on Pause-Execution Cycles in Written Composition." Rui Alexandre Alves, Sao Luis Castro, Liliana de Sousa and Sven Stromqvist. Writing and Cognition: Research and Application (Studies in Writing. Vol. 20, pp. 55-65). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
"A Learning Secret: Don't Take Notes with a Laptop" Cindi May. Scientific American. June 3, 2014. Permanent Address: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-learning-secret-don-t-take-notes-with-a-laptop/
When I take notes on texts in antique books or volumes which are otherwise irreplaceable, I use a pencil to avoid the possibility of getting ink on the pages.
I also use a pencil for taking notes and jotting down my thoughts when I'm out and about.
"The greatest part of a writer's time is spent in reading, in order to write; a man will turn over half a library to make one book."
Combination desk and bookshelf, Eastlake style, late 19th-century.
Fans of my Tales of Chetzemoka series may recognize this as the desk which Silas and McCoy tell Jacob he needs to start locking!
"Books are as much a part of a home as pictures or furniture or carpets." —Houghton, Walter R. American Etiquette and Rules of Politeness. 1889, p. 50.
Some of our favorite primary sources can be seen on this page: Research materials
Many of our favorite antique volumes reside in my den for easy access while I'm writing.
"Books and desk are essentials, "meat and drink," and wherever most convenient for use, would be best." —"Queries," Table Talk, November, 1883, p. 390.
My desk is an heirloom from Gabriel's grandmother.
"...My writing desk is what the British would call a bureau: the lower portion consists of three broad drawers like a dresser, and these support a slanted top that folds down to provide support for the writing materials. Behind this movable slanted portion are seven little drawers, only two-and-a-half inches deep: three each are stacked vertically on the left and right and a broader but equally shallow drawer is situated between these..."
--This Victorian Life, p. 137.
Where to read (Victorian transforming sofa)
Wall-mounted sconce for a small oil lamp, late 19th-century.
Carved detail on chair
Chair, late 19th-century
Rocking Chair: Eastlake-style glider rocker, circa 1890s.
"…I came across my neighbor's yard sale on a gray October day. In all that time, I had visited more antiques stores than I could venture to count and seen a grand total of three 1890s spring-mounted rockers. As Gabriel had said, they don't come up very often. Suddenly though, outside in the open air, I was seeing a fourth.
The Chair of Ultimate Comfort! I approached it tentatively, in a sort of awed reverence. Overhead, the clouds grew thicker. I cast a cautious look upward. It must not rain on THAT chair! I told myself, horrified at the very thought. I wonder—Do you suppose they'd mind—if, if I just sat in it, very gently, for just a minute?
It was early in the day, and there weren't many people at the sale yet. I looked around and then, tentatively, gingerly, perched on the edge of The Glorious Chair. Silently, I sighed with happiness. I let my eyes close halfway and smiled.
"Found your chair?" A friendly voice broke into my reverie.
I jumped up, embarrassed as a cat found with her mouth full of feathers. Me? I? Er, nothing to see here . . . "I, uh—" I stammered awkwardly. "It's a really nice chair." I looked down at the velvet plush and at the Eastlake carvings that matched our other furniture with an uncanny exactitude, as if they'd all been an original set together. I thought of our bank account for the household budget, and a question pressed at my mind I was afraid to ask. "How much—" I began quietly, dubious but unable to resist. "How much do you think you'd want for it?"
The man—incredibly—quoted me a slightly lower price than I'd told Gabriel I would be willing to pay for an inferior rocker.
My eyes grew wide. I blinked. My jaw dropped. I forced it shut again, then swallowed the toad-sized lump that had suddenly appeared in my throat. I ripped open my purse and gave the man all my milk money. "Can you please take this as a down payment and hold it for me just ten minutes while I run to the bank? I'll be right back!"
While the man laughed at my enthusiasm and promised to hold the chair, I set off on a full-out sprint, petticoats flying. I'm not naturally a fast runner, but on this occasion I sent so much wind through my hair that I nearly lost my hat.
I arrived back at the yard sale out of breath and terrified that someone else would have snatched up the rocker with a more lucrative offer in my absence. When I saw that it was still there, I could have danced for joy. I paid the man, then hugged close my Glorious Chair and lifted it to carry it home.
I am five feet, nine inches tall. The Chair is three-foot-three. I don't care to disclose my own broadest dimension, but I will say that The Chair takes up a significantly larger ground space than I do. It has an approximately two-and-a- half foot by two-and-a-half-foot square footprint. Also, being set on springs on a wooden base, it has a perpetually shifting center of gravity while in motion. I wouldn't exactly call it easy to carry. Luckily, it doesn't weigh much (less than forty pounds) and I wasn't going far.
"Do you want help loading that?" someone behind me asked.
"Hmm?" I asked dreamily, half-drunk on the glory of my Chair. "Oh, no. I'm not loading it into any vehicle. I'm just carrying it home. I only live at the top of the hill, about five blocks that way—" I pointed in the direction of my house, which was slightly out of sight.
Some incredulity was expressed at the idea of carrying any furniture that far, but I simply laughed and had a merry walk home, clutching my beautiful (and somewhat large) Chair…" --This Victorian Life, Skyhorse Publishing, 2015.
History of the room:
All the rooms in our house were painted bare white when we moved in. The first renovating task we undertook was the room which would ultimately become my writing den. When the Bracken siblings lived here in the 1890's, we think was probably Tillie's room. It would have given her some privacy from her brothers (who were probably a rowdy bunch, given that two were athletes and one ultimately joined the military), and also been most convenient to the kitchen, since she probably cooked breakfast and other meals for the family.
Pressed-tin wainscotting: Pressed tin was popularized by the Hygenic Movement (the people who brought you the white bathroom.) It was easier to clean and sterilize than traditional wooden wainscotting. The pressed tin we used was mail-ordered from a company in Texas (The Tinman, which has the charming motto, "The company with a heart".) We installed it ourselves (Gabriel cutting it to size and nailing it in place, suffering rather alot of gashes in the process until I convinced him to put his leather work-gloves on.) I sanded, primed, and painted it.
Wallpaper: The pattern is an exact replica of a wallpaper pattern from 1893. The pattern is called "Imperial Artichoke."
Other rooms in our house:
Kitchen / Dining room
Back to Everyday Life
Buying these books and telling your friends about them is the very best way to support what we do and help us keep doing it.
In a seaport town in the late 19th-century Pacific Northwest, a group of friends find themselves drawn together —by chance, by love, and by the marvelous changes their world is undergoing. In the process, they learn that the family we choose can be just as important as the ones we're born into. Join their adventures in
The Tales of Chetzemoka
Learn more
In the summer of 1881, a Pacific Northwest town is buzzing with curiosity over a mysterious package received by handsome young Dr. Brown. Kitty Butler, the town dressmaker, is as curious as anyone else. She only knows one thing about that crate in the post office: everyone else's guesses about its contents are all wrong.
When Dr. Brown unpacks the crate and reveals the first bicycle the town has ever seen, he wants to share his enthusiasm for this revolutionary new piece of technology —but encounters overwhelming hostility instead of the excitement he'd expected. The only one who seems positively interested is the pretty young widow Kitty Butler, and Dr. Brown soon realizes how much he needs her support…
"I'm sure he'll be glad you're here —once he gets used to it."
When Jacob Simmons arrives in Washington Territory in the summer of 1882 and receives a glacial reception from his uncle Silas, he appreciates Dr. Brown's encouraging prediction but doesn't have much faith in it. Jacob's not even sure Silas will have time to get used to his presence, let alone consider him welcome. If the young man can't meet the draconian requirements of a contract with his business investors, he'll face exile and financial ruin, thus fulfilling old Silas' prediction that he would be just as dismal a failure as his father. His whole future rests on finding a market for a remarkable new machine —and he'll need help selling them.
Addie Kellam is an incredibly lonely young woman. She's more comfortable with books than with other people, yet she longs for the sort of romance she reads about in stories. It's something she fears she'll never experience herself, since even friendship seems elusive. She envies the cameraderie her brother finds in his cycling club, but the only bicycles in the town of Chetzemoka are specifically designed for men. There aren't any wheels for women anywhere —are there?
When the delivery of a mysterious letter to Silas Hayes' mansion is followed by the arrival of a beautiful young woman who claims she can communicate with the dead, Nurse McCoy sniffs trouble in the wind. It's obvious to her that the newcomer is after Silas' fortune, but he is helplessly in awe of the medium's eerily intimate knowledge of his past and her seemingly supernatural abilities. Meanwhile, Kitty Brown's yearning to reach out to the departed spirit of her first love is making her push away her new husband, just when she needs him the most. The whole situation is a dreadful mess, and McCoy's got to straighten it all out before Silas' nephew and his bride come back from their honeymoon. Honestly, she doesn't know how any of the fools in this world would get along without her…
Delivery Delayed:
A Victorian Cycling Club Story
Time for a vacation —step right up! When Felix's newspaper sends him up to Victoria, B.C. to report on a visiting circus Ken inevitably tags along, "like a dutiful puppy", as Addie says. Meanwhile, Jacob's sent north to Victoria as well, as an ambassador for the cycling company he represents. Addie tells him to keep an eye on the chums, but no one ever could keep Ken and Felix from stumbling into scrapes. When a vivacious high-society belle and a surprisingly timid circus bicyclist enter the picture, things heat up quickly.
Be prepared for a grand circus pageant —let the show begin!
Love's Messenger
A Choice Collection of
Victorian Love Poetry
The verses embraced within these pages have been kissed awake after a long slumber. Copied from the fragile pages of nineteenth-century books and magazines, they are the whispers of lovers long entranced. In this beautifully diverse collection of Victorian love poetry high-born ladies and their eloquent beaux keep company with simple maids whose sweethearts pledge their love in simpler —and often much funnier— terms. Prepare for your happy sighs to be joined by occasional giggles while you hold this book close to your heart.
Compiled, edited and introduced by Sarah A. Chrisman, author of the charming Tales of Chetzemoka historical fiction series, This Victorian Life, Victorian Secrets, and others.
Quotations of Quality
A Commonplace Book of Victorian Advice, Wit, and Observations on Life
Eloquent statements are like the seeds of beautiful flowers: in the fertile garden of the mind they grow and blossom into inspiration, reflection, and rewarding conversations. The Victorian era was a time when people expressed themselves skillfully and beautifully, and the writings of that age are a rich legacy from the past. This little volume is a collection of sentiments on an array of subjects, among them:
Books: "A minute's reading often provokes a day's thinking." —W.H. Venable, 1872. "Books are those faithful mirrors that reflect to our minds the minds of sages and heroes. A good book is the precious life-blood of a master spirit treasured up on a purpose for a life beyond." —J.F. Spaunhurst, 1896.
Writing: "Every new book must have, in the consciousness of its author, a private history that, like the mysteries of romance, would if unfolded have an interest for the reader, and by unveiling the inner life of the volume show its character and tendencies." —Sarah Josepha Hale, 1866.
Language: "The [Ancient] Greeks said that barbarians did not speak, they twittered." —Charles DeKay, 1898.
The Sexes: "It is better for men, it is better for women, that each somewhat idealize the other." —Gail Hamilton, 1872.
Love: "True love is that which ennobles the personality, fortifies the heart, and sanctifies the existence. And the being we love must not be mysterious and sphinx-like, but clear and limpid as a diamond; so that admiration and attachment may grow with knowledge." —Henry Frédéric Amiel, 1880.
Optimism: "Refuse to dwell among shadows when there is so much sunshine in the world." —Hester M. Poole, 1888.
History: "The past is our wisest and best instructor. In its dim and shadowy outlines we may, if we will, discern in some measure those elements of wisdom which should guide the present and secure the welfare of the future." —Frederick Douglass, 1889.
Work: "Make the most of your brain and your eyes, and let no one dare tell you that you are devoting yourself to a low sphere of action." —Anonymous, late 19th-century
Keep this book in a place where its wisdom can refresh your spare moments, or buy a copy for a friend to brighten their day. May the flowers of thought thus planted bear rich fruit for you.
Compiled and edited by Sarah A. Chrisman, author of The Tales of Chetzemoka, This Victorian Life, and others.
The Wheelman's Joy
Victorian Cycling Poetry and Words About Wheels
There is something inherently romantic about cycling, and there has been since the first riders set their wheels to the road. This collection of nineteenth-century poetry, prose quotes and bon-mots about cycling reflects both the ardent passion and the innocent affection cycling inspires. From the glory days of high-wheel cycling through the boom of the safety bicycle, riders were falling in love with their wheels, with new-found freedoms, and above all with each other. This delightful little collection tells of those days in their own words, and evokes sentiments which every cyclist will find timeless. Compiled edited and introduced by Sarah A. Chrisman, author of the charming Tales of Chetzemoka cycling club series, This Victorian Life, Victorian Secrets, and others.
Words For Parting
Victorian Poetry on Death and Mourning
Love and grief and the two most private, and at the same time the most universal of all human emotions. It is for love that we remember the dead: love of their spirits, love of their vibrancy, love of the good deeds which they did and which live on after them. The poems in this collection were all written by grieving hearts who have now themselves passed over into that great mystery. We can not truly know what death is, yet we know it will come to all of us. In ancient times when a friend told the philosopher Socrates that his judges had sentenced him to death he responded, "And has not Nature passed the same sentence on them?"
Inasmuch as there can ever be any comfort for those left behind, part of it lies in knowing that death is a reflection of life. When it comes we cry, then we take our first faltering steps towards understanding. In time we become accustomed to this manifold enigma which nature has given us, and then ultimately we look towards the future with hope.
If this little book of poems may be of some help to those in sorrow by reminding them they are not alone, then it will have done its work.
Compiled and edited by Sarah A. Chrisman, author of the Tales of Chetzemoka series, This Victorian Life, and others.
A Bouquet of Victorian Roses
"What flower did she most resemble?… A rose! Certainly… strong, vigorous, self-asserting… yet shapely, perfect in outline and development, exquisite, enchanting in its never fully realized tints, yet compelling the admiration of every one, and recalling its admirers again and again by the unspoken appeal of its own perfection—its unvarying radiance." —John Habberton, 1876.
All hail the Queen of Flowers! In this collection of Victorian writings on roses, brief prose remarks, lovely poetry and engaging short stories are gathered together —all with nature's most perfect blossom as their central theme. From poetry on the fragrant beauty of roses, to tales ranging from a ghost story about roses as omens to a romance of love among the roses, this collection will delight anyone who dreams of being surrounded by roses. A perfect gift for weddings, birthdays… or your own sunny afternoon!
 Compiled and edited by Sarah A. Chrisman, author of the Tales of Chetzemoka series and others.
True Ladies and Proper Gentlemen
Modern Adventures in Nineteenth-Century Culture,
Cooking, Fashion, and Technology
(Non-fiction)
A few articles by me:
Books As Time Machines
Costumes vs. Clothing: An excerpt from Victorian Secrets:
http://www.thisvictorianlife.com/costume-vs-clothing.html
Curating history:
http://www.thisvictorianlife.com/blog/curating-history
The difference between digitization and preservation:
http://www.thisvictorianlife.com/blog/digitization-does-not-equal-preservation
Daily Challenges:
http://www.thisvictorianlife.com/blog/-daily-challenges-perverts-at-purple-haze-fire-to-temper-steel
Everyday Life As A Learning Experience:
www.commonlit.org/texts/everyday-life-as-a-learning-experience
Getting Intimate With History:
https://vintorian.blogspot.ca/2015/12/getting-intimate-with-history-lessons.html
What Millenial Women Can Learn From Victorian Ladies:
http://www.refinery29.com/victorian-living-millennial-women
I would be honored if you would put my name in the suggestion box of your local bookstore or library, and ask your friends to do the same! Please ask them to sponsor a presentation / signing, or to choose one of my books as a Community Reads project.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Apply for RnR
How We Started Our Services Our Team Our Ambassadors -- Lt. Robert McClintock Miss Troop Rewards Our Inspirational Co-Founders Testimonials
7 years after "Act of Kindness", Founder Meets Soldier who inspired him to give back.
Administrator 07/17/2016 — News
Troop Rewards' Founder, Tom Burkett, sits down with the Higson family before the Le Meridien's "Welcome Home Our Heroes" reception, as local media channels WTSP 10 News and Fox 13 Tampa Bay captured their first ever meeting.
Ret. Army Sgt Joe Higson was the soldier that called Burkett in March 2009 from a satellite phone while serving a deployment in Iraq. As a Pvc. 1st Class Infantry soldier in 2009, he was calling to inquire about booking Burkett's suite at the Sandpearl Resort & Spa in Clearwater Beach for a belated honeymoon with his wife, Brittany.
When Higson was given a price that was outside of his budget, Burkett slashed the price to $0, stating "How can I charge you anything, when you've risked your life defending my freedoms." After the Higson's trip in 2009, they went their separate ways until this week. This Pay-It-Forward moment inspired Burkett to start Troop Rewards in 2013 and now provides almost 100 families per year with RnR Recovery Vacations at resorts in the Tampa Bay area and beyond.
In late June of 2016, a volunteer for Troop Rewards, Tamara Abney, found the Higsons and they had no idea their call and thank you letter to Burkett inspired him to start the charity. They met for the 1st time at Le Meridien's reception on July 14, 2016.
© 2023 All Rights Reserved. Troop Rewards, Inc.
Troop Rewards is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization, and all donations are tax deductible to the extent provided by law.
Troop Rewards, Inc. Federal Identification Number (EIN) is 46-2223726
Website Designed and Maintained by Veteran Owned - Kre8ivDesigns Marketing


Modern casino slot machines are controlled by a computer, and the winning percentages are pre-programmed into the software.
Casino one armed bandits have Random Number Generators that are endlessly generating combinations, even when the game is not active.
Running in unison with the random # generator of the casino slot machine game is the pay out %.
The pay out percent controls how much the one-armed bandit will payout, for eg the payout percentage might be ninety per cent, meaning the slot machine will pay ninety percent of all the bets played, … the casino only gets to keep 10%.
This is not to say that every time you bet ten credits you will receive nine in return – where is the fun … exhilaration in that? Instead, the casino slot machine game will not payout for a while, and then suddenly start up a hot streak and you might catch the big jackpot prize.
The pay off %s shall vary between the assorted games and just a few of the most favored casinos, for instance Golden Online Casino, which puts forth a pay out of up to ninety-five percent!
Therefore, in essence, the one-armed bandit takes all the money played into it and pays it out to a couple of chosen winners. The casino only gets to keep a considerably minute per cent of all the gambles allocated.
The casino one armed bandit software controls every part of the machine, from the dazzling lights to the revolving of the reels.
When you hit spin on the slot machine, a combination is put together by the RNG which corresponds to the pictures on the reel.


Search jobs24 for Permanent part time jobs in Burnham-On-Sea. jobs24 works with local recruitment agencies and employers to provide a large range of local Permanent part time employment opportunities in Burnham-On-Sea helping you find your new job quickly and simply.
We have 2 jobs in Burnham-On-Sea that match your search. We have found similar jobs in your local area - you can widen your search by clicking here.


Chino, California – March 5th, 2013 – Cooler Master, a market leader in providing portable charging devices, thermal solutions, computer chassis, peripherals, and notebook coolers, announces two new universal laptop and portable device charger, the SNA 65W and 90W Universal Laptop Chargers.
The SNA 65/90, designed with the utmost simplicity in mind. It is based on the notion that a power solution can be easy to use and elegantly executed to provide power to many all laptops. It brings added value through extended features and a space-saving, slim form factor.
This user-friendly design prevents you from having to search for a specific proprietary power cable by providing 10 charger tips that can be swapped on-the-fly to quickly power most laptop brands.
Maintaining an eco-friendly energy efficiency, The SNA 65/90 provide a high voltage output that often outperforms that of the original notebook power adapter. Being designed for travel, SNA 65/90 both come equipped with a convenient inline Velcro cable management strap.
The SNA 65/90 Universal Laptop Chargers are immediately available. Price and availability may vary based on region. Please consult your local Cooler Master Representative for more information.


text:
Founded in 2004 by our Creative Director Mrs. Shivani Sharma, the company has grown exponentially in the last decade, and now boasts an impressive catalogue of works covering virtually all sectors in the build environment.
Our team Our team of Architects, Designers, Engineers, Managers and supervisors, form the pillars on which the success of Saffron Touch is based upon. This team of talented and highly experienced professionals work diligently on every aspect of the project, ensuring top-drawer service is provided from the design stage right up till the project completion.
SD Sharma
Sharang Sharma
The mentor of our company, Mr. S.D. Sharma is one of the most acclaimed and widely respected architects in the country, having received all the highest awards for architecture in India including the prestigious Great Masters Award and the Gold Award for architecture. He worked under legends like Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret in the planning of Chandigarh, and served as the chief architect Department of Space (ISRO), Bangalore. He has gone on to become one of the most prolific architects in the country, doing a plethora of prestigious projects at home and abroad. His passion and the continuous drive to achieve perfection set the foundations and principles of Saffron Touch.


If your idea of a perfect event hinges upon sophisticated ambiance, creative cuisine, and first-class attentive service, then R2L is the perfect high end venue in Philly for your next buzz-worthy event.
As an event planner, you're looking for that extraordinary venue that is going to impress your guests and create enduring memories. Take the advice of event planners who have already made the finest choice for a high end venue in Philly.
Our speciality is creating customized, multiple-course menus for receptions and private events. If you prefer, you may select one of Chef Daniel Stern's menus in which he takes classic foods and locally sourced ingredients. Whatever menu you choose, you can be assured that your distinguished guests will get a true taste of Philadelphia.
We invite you to make your event an unforgettable experience with our first class service and Chef Daniel Stern's delectable dishes Learn more about our high end venue in Philly or begin preparing for your event by contacting us at 215.564.5337 today.


Sarit Baruch at age 42 she has been a DJ for over 20 years and by now she has played in most of the clubs in Israel. She actually is the second ever female DJ in Israel! No wonder she surprised us with her taste in music and technical skills. She combines deep basslines with recognizable tunes During the day she teaches teenagers to djing, with real CDJ's. She listened a lot of to Dark 80's and Alternative music, but in the last decade she fells in love strongly to Deep House music! he is loving and living music every day. Her mission in life: "To pass my music to as many people as possible!"


text:
Here on the Universal Music Group page you will find all the information you need to submit your mastered demo track quickly.
Universal Music Group will accept song demo's in the Pop music genre at the moment.
So please check carefully if you demo do fit the genre(s) where Universal Music Group is active.
Universal Music Group is the world's largest music company. They are home to such artists as Lady Gaga, Eminem, Justin Bieber, Rihanna and many more of your favorite pop stars out there today. Universal has been around for over a hundred years now (since 1929) so they've had plenty of time to grow into one of the most influential companies in the industry thanks largely due their large roster that includes Taylor Swift, Maroon 5 and Andrea Bocelli among others who have topped charts all across Europe with hits like "We Found Love" by Rihanna or "Born This Way" by Lady Gaga.
Ercus Records
Laxity Recordings
Deepwibe Records
CASAN3GRA
Who owns universal music group?
Universal Music Group is a multinational company with operations in more than 60 countries. The organization owns or distributes many major record labels, including Capitol Records and Universal Music Group Distribution. Currently its parent companies are Vivendi SE holding 80% of the shares and Tencent Holding Ltd owning 20%.
Who is the CEO of Universal Music Group?
Lucian Grainge is the CEO of Universal Music Group. He has been in charge since 2006 and leads over 200 people that work at various departments such as marketing, A&R (artists & repertoire), legal affairs, creative services etc.
How much is universal music group worth?
The value of Universal Music Group is more than $40 billion. With a valuation estimated at this number, it easily stands as the biggest record label and music company in the world.
How to get signed to Universal Music Group?
If you're looking to get signed with Universal Music Group, the first step would be creating a demo and submitting it. However, they are unable to accept unsolicited material–demos should typically come from an industry professional that has been recommended by someone in their organization or one of its A&R departments. There is also UMG's site Spinnup which offers both digital distribution and having scouts who have relationships with many labels within UMG (Universal Music Group).
How to get a job at Universal Music Group?
Universal Music Group is an employer of choice, and they are proud to have the most talented employees in the world. They know that organizations only succeed based on their people, so if you love music, value creativity, thrive in creative environments then Universal Music Group wants to hear from you.
Genre(s) : Pop
Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/UniversalMusicGroup/
Demo : communications@umusic.com
Website : http://www.universalmusic.com/
Are Universal Music Group internships paid?
7 Universal Music Group Intern Salaries
The highest paid Interns work for Integrated Informatics at $91,000 annually
and the lowest paid Interns work for WakeMed Health & Hospitals at $14,000 annually.
When was Universal Music Group founded?
Universal Music Group was founden in September 1934
Is Universal Music Group part of Universal Studios?
Universal Music Group (also known in the United States as UMG Recordings, Inc. and abbreviated as UMG) is an American global music corporation that is a subsidiary of the French media conglomerate Vivendi. … Since 2004, the corporation is no longer related to the film studio Universal Studios.
What does Universal Music Group do?
Universal Music Group, Inc. provides recorded music, music publishing, and merchandising services. The Company develops, manufactures, markets, sells, and distributes recorded music through a network of subsidiaries, joint ventures, and licensees. Universal Music Group serves customers worldwide.
Who is under Universal Music Group?
UMG's list of subsidiaries includes Abbey Road Studios, Interscope, Geffen, Motown, Def Jam, Island, EMI, Verve, and more. Many of the labels Universal owns also have their own sets of subsidiary labels.
Who is the CEO of UMG Youtube?
UMG's headquarters in Santa Monica, CaliforniannKey people Lucian Grainge (Chairman & CEO) Boyd Muir (CFO)nProducts Music and entertainmentnRevenue US$ 7.1 billion (2018) Net income 9,700,000,000 United States dollar (2017)
Who is the biggest record label company?
Universal Music Publishing Group is the biggest record label company in the world by 2018 revenue.
What is Universal Music Group worth?
In July 2018, JPMorgan said that UMG could be worth as much as $40 billion and then increased the valuation to $50 billion in 2019.
What does UMG stand for?
Definition. UMG. Universal Music Group. UMG. Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (German: Göttingen University Medical Center)
What companies does UMG own?
Universal Music Group owns at least 15 record labels, including Interscope Records, The Island Def Jam Group, MCA Records, Inc., and Pressplay.
Is Universal Music Group publicly traded?
Universal Music Group is a subsidiary of Vivendi Universal S.A., a publicly owned company traded on the New York Stock Exchange. Principal Subsidiary Companies: Universal Music Group has some 15 record labels, including Interscope Records, The Island Def Jam Group, MCA Records, Inc., and Pressplay.
Is Universal Music Group owned by Sony?
Sony Music Entertainment is a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America. Universal Music Group is the global music leader, with wholly owned operations in 60 territories. Its businesses also include Universal Music Publishing Group, one of the industry's premier music publishing operations worldwide.
Is UMG a record label?
Yes, UMD is a record label. What companies does UMG own? Universal Music Group is home to the most iconic and influential labels & brands in music.
Abbey Road Studios.
Bravado.
Capitol Music Group.
Capitol Records UK.
Decca Records.
Def Jam Recordings.
Deutsche Grammophon.
Is Drake signed to Universal?
While sources close to the deal predicted Universal Motown was the closest to snagging him, the Toronto-born rapper officially signed to Young Money with distribution through another Universal label
How do I submit my music to Universal Music Group?
How do I submit a demo to Universal Music Group? Demo submissions should be directed to UMG's record labels, but kindly note that they are unable to accept unsolicited material. Typically, demos are recommended to one of our labels' A&R departments by a manager, agent, producer, radio DJ or other industry professional.
How did Universal Music Group start?
UMG was founded in 1898, when the National Gramophone Company established the Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft (Universal Music Group | Get In Media). The final name of the company, "Universal", was introduced by Carl Laemmle in 1912, it was the year when the film studio came together with the music company.
Does Universal Studios own Universal Music Group?
The biggest music company in the world, it is one of the "Big Three" record labels, along with Sony Music and Warner Music Group. Ten percent of Universal Music Group was acquired by Tencent in March 2020 for US$3 billion.n…Universal Music Group.nUMG's headquarters in Santa Monica, Californian.
Does universal own Sony?
What Studios does Sony own?nFounded in 1912, the facility is currently owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment and houses the division's film studios, such as Columbia Pictures, TriStar Pictures, and Screen Gems. The complex was the original studios of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer from 1924 to 1986 and Lorimar-Telepictures from 1986 to 1989.


text:
Q: Documents stored in SQL table I have a legacy FoxPro application which stores documents in an SQL table in a field with the image datatype. FoxPro accesses the image datatype as a "General" field which can be used to store various files. I have a FoxPro control which interfaces with the General field for modifying/viewing the document that was stored. I need to migrate this control to .NET and make it easy for users to view/modify documents of various types.
Does anyone have any suggestions on some ways to go about this or know of things that I'll need to consider for the migration to .NET? I'm pretty sure that I'll need to migrate the field to either a varbinary(max) or FileStream data type.

A: Are you sure you want to continue holding the documents in the database? What's good for Foxpro isn't always good for .Net
You're probably going to have to use Foxpro to read the general fields, and either upload them or save them locally for another app to upload.
Have a look at Can I extract a file from a foxpro general field? for good info on general fields and http://blogs.msdn.com/manisblog/archive/2007/10/21/filestream-data-type-sql-server-2008.aspx for a filestream vs varbinary comparison

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
C o n t r i b u t e
LitStack Encore Review: Doctor Sleep by Stephen King
Published on : 30 October, 2015 29 October, 2015 Published by : Sharon Browning
Doctor Sleep Stephen King Scribner Release Date: September 24, 2013 ISBN 978-1-4767-2765-3 Another encore review of one of our favorite horror novels! Happy Halloween! I think I've said a number of times that horror stories simply aren't my genre of choice, in books or movies, or what have you. I'm […]
Tagged in : Alcoholics Anonymous Danny Torrence Doctor Sleep RV people shining Stephen King Teenytown train The Shining True Knot Winnebago
Categorized in : Horror and Suspense Reviews by Genre
On this day, January 20, in 1959, R.A. Salvatore was born in Leominster, Massachusetts. The incredibly prolific fantasy/science fiction writer has sold more than 15 million books in the USA alone. He is perhaps best known for his "Forgotten Realms" novels, based on the popular Dungeons & Dragons campaign which spawned the online role-playing game franchise of the same name (including "Icewind Dale", "Neverwinter Nights" and "Baldur's Gate"). His character of Drizzt Do'Urden has been established as the archetypical/atypical heroic dark elf, or drow; that character alone has made Salvatore a legend in gaming and fantasy lit circles. Today he turns 62.
Select Author... Angie Kay Dilmore Brady Allen Brian Horne Bryan Camp Christine Fonseca Diane Pepper Smith Eden Butler Ien Nivens J David Osborne Jan Rider Newman Jason Lee Norman JS Chancellor K. Imani Tennyson Lauren Alwan Leah Barr Lisa Riley Emig LitStack Editors LitStackEditor Maura Lynch Richard Pittman Rob Vollmar Sam Spokony Sarah Grey Sean Wills Sharon Browning Stephanie Ward Tiffany T. Cole TR Woodruff TS Tate Vickie Price Taylor
On this day, December 3, in 1857, Joseph Conrad was born in Berdichev, Imperial Russia (modern
Ukraine, then a part of Poland). While he settled in England and wrote in English, he always considered himself a Pole. Heart of Darkness, one of the most famous of his 20 novels (which explores colonialism and the attitudes regarding what constitutes a barbarian versus civilized society) is considered one of the best English novels of the 20th century, as is his novel Lord Jim, which chronicles a crew's abandonment of its disabled ship. Conrad died in England in 1924 at age 66.


Enjoy a fantastic visit to the caves with Caves Tour Benagil! Board in Portimão (Clube Naval) and enjoy a longer route along the Algarve coast, with more places to visit: wonderful sea caves, fantastic beaches, drawings reated by the force of nature and fossils with thousands of years.
Enjoy a quiet tour on board of our fully equipped and licensed vessels, supplied with all the mandatory safety equipment.
We're a group of volunteers and opening a new scheme in our community. Your web site offered us with useful information to paintings on. You have done a formidable task and our whole community will probably be thankful to you.
I've read a few good stuff here. Definitely price bookmarking for revisiting. I surprise how a lot attempt you set to create the sort of fantastic informative website.
I believe other website owners should take this website as an model, very clean and excellent user pleasant layout.


Did you know that there are benefits to owning front load laundry machines? When I am in the market for new laundry machines, I am definitely going with front load. There are so many benefits including cleaning your clothes better, the convenience of washing two loads at once, and being more gentle on your clothes.
The front load washer I have my eye on is the LG SteamDryer 7.4 Cu. Ft. 10-Cycle Electric Dryer with Steam with the LG SideKick. You can add the ingenious LG SideKick pedestal washer to almost any LG front load washer to tackle two loads of laundry - both large and small - at the same time. So amazing!
The cleaning performance of a front load washer is a huge benefit. Front loaders will typically use less water and also consume less electricity, the washer also spins faster to help keep clothes drier to reduce overall drying time. This is also more gentle on your clothes, so they last longer.
You will also save money in the end because front load laundry machines are more energy efficient. This means you will save on utility bills. Let the Best Buy Blue Shirts explain all of the many benefits surrounding LG Front Load Laundry. They are experts and are ready to help you. For a limited time, purchase an LG Front Load Washer and SideKick from Best Buy and save an additional $150!


Baby and kids stuffed Welcome Little One pillow.
Your children will fall in love with our soft, comfortable Monsters cushions. Made of high-quality materials, soft feeling, these stuffed plushies make a great companion to cuddle with; Babies, kids, and adults will love laying on them and toting them around too!
Our plushie Monsterst is guaranteed to bring lots of smiles and giggles; It's the perfect touch for a beautiful and cozy nursery and makes a travel pillow, or a fantastic gift if you are invited to a Monsters party or Baby shower!


Here in the Evangelical Free Church of America, we talk a lot about diversity—recognizing our differences and the value they bring. Those of us who grew up in a monocultural environment are more aware than ever of the limited perspective we inherited. And the beauty of broadening, enriching that perspective.
We notice, now, when everyone at the park, the party or the boardroom is just like us. It makes us itch a bit uncomfortably, aware that somewhere else, another park, party or boardroom looks entirely different, and there might be some insight or passion or laughter that we're missing.
We're also noticing this in our churches—recognizing that we in the body of Christ might well be missing some of our nuance, our wonder, our beauty because of who's not with us.
That's the passion behind this issue of EFCA Today and its focus on special needs. Do we know individuals who live each day with a disability? Do they feel welcomed and honored in our church?
Fundamentally, the act of embracing those with special needs involves getting to know them. Welcoming their insights and contributions. Slowing down long enough to thank God for how He's created each of us so differently, recognizing our own limitations and yet our contributions.
True, special-needs ministry also leads us to talk about handicapped-accessible bathrooms and specialized training. But may it first start with inviting the whole body to come be part of the body.
Diane J. McDougall has served as editor of EFCA Today since 1997.


Ok, so I know it's an unwritten fashion rule that wearing white after Labor Day is a no-no but let's be real. Those rules were made back in the day where you only wore black to funerals and women weren't supposed to wear jeans at all so I'm making it my rule that I'm going to rock white all year long. And let's be real, when you're in Miami it doesn't matter what time of year it is, it's always acceptable to wear white!
This dress was actually the last dress I wore out in Miami when I was there last month and I seriously don't remember the last time I got so many compliments on an outfit! I knew I had to wear at least one all white outfit while I was in South Beach since everything on South Beach is white, black and white or white and blue. I really wish I would have had more time in South Beach to explore and take more pictures of the gorgeous Art Deco architecture while I was there! I honestly never had a huge desire to visit South Beach before this work trip but now that I've been there I will definitely be going back... but mainly for the food. Ok, now back to the outfit! I am obsessed with the different cutouts on this dress giving it texture to the all white. I usually don't buy a lot of things from H&M due to the quality but this dress doesn't feel or look at all like something you would normally get at H&M. The material is much heavier and even the back zipper is stitched in different. I topped off my look with my Jeffrey Campbell wedges of course. I could seriously walk for miles in those shoes which is a good thing since I did! What do you think about wearing white after Labor Day?
Happy humpday loves! Thank goodness we are half way through the week already! Last week was such a mess with the hurricane coming through so I'm extremely happy this week is more normal even though Monday and Tuesday were both super busy trying to get caught up. I know we're supposed to be starting to get into fall fashion but last night I was watching WAGS: Miami (side note: those girls are so much drama! I thought the regular WAGS were a lot but man oh man...) which reminded me that I managed to get some shots in while I was in Miami that I hadn't shared yet... whoops!
If you follow me on Instagram you saw this outfit already; which happens to be the outfit I wore on my first and only "free" day while in Miami and it was the perfect outfit for being out exploring on a hot and humid Sunday. I love how lightweight and flowy this Lush top is and it was the perfect amount of casual chic for walking around South Beach. Since I was planning on doing some walking along the beach I paired it with some denim shorts and comfy sandals, although I have to say, some of the the things people wear to the beach in Miami cracks me up! It was almost impossible not to laugh at the girls attempting to walk through the sand in their heels/wedges, draped in jewelry with their hair and makeup done. After doing some exploring and people watching this was the perfect outfit to enjoy happy hour in!
Happy Monday friends! Thanks for understanding my absence on Friday. We actually lost internet and cell data through Saturday so from around 2 am Friday through Saturday afternoon my cell phone was nothing more than something I could make calls and text with and my computer... well it was pretty much useless. This weekend was an interesting one to say the least. I originally had a ton of plans scheduled but they all got canceled due to Hurricane Matthew but I can't complain. We were projected to get hit way worse than we did so I am definitely thankful there. Linking up with B for my weekend recap.
Friday our office was closed due to Hurricane Matthew so I was at home all day riding out the storm. Other than some pretty strong winds, we really lucked out this time. The fence that goes around my neighborhood was completely destroyed on one side and like I said, we have no internet or cellular data but we only lost power off and on so it wasn't too bad. We ventured out when the mandatory curfew was lifted to try to find a place to eat but everyone else had the same idea so we ended up at Wendy's. Nothing like a gourmet meal, right?
Saturday was absolutely gorgeous out. I enjoyed my morning tea outside on the back porch before heading to yoga for a bit of relaxing after a stressful few days. Then I was determined to get out of the house so Kerri, the boys and I headed out for drinks and football.
Sunday was for errands and of course more football! I did some diy projects at home, some turned out great and some not so much... and the weather was gorgeous!


The 37mm small business pack, includes everything you need to get started in creating stunning looking badges, no more to pay, and ready to go, also being an "A" grade badge machine, the die sets are interchangeable (without tools), allowing you to purchase a separate die from the range of die sets available, badge components, circle cutter, and some additional samples are thrown in to induce your imagination, start making badges as soon as you open the box, a great tool for fundraising, fetes and general events, this badge machine will pay itself off very quickly.
This simple to use badge making machine (or otherwise called a button press) will make 37mm wide badges.
The 37mm Badge Machine features long lasting Steel Die Set and body, an easy-swing action die platform, easy to pull handle and solid base.
Cutting Tool (Multi), Now upgraded to include a 37mm desktop circle cutter instead of the multi-size cutter.


text:
Q: starting with Magento Backend Since a couple of days I´m looking at the behaviour of the Magento backend. To comprehend I made a new grid to see a table of the bbdd. After finishing this grid I can see that I have a 404 error when try I to add a widget in a CMS page:

Debugging I can see that the error disappears if I comment this out of my custom module
<admin>
    <routers>
       <giftrouter>
            <use>admin</use>
            <args>
                <module>Wpr_Giftproducts_Adminhtml</module>
                <frontName>admin</frontName>
                <modules>
                    <sintax after="Wpr_Giftproducts_Adminhtml">Mage_Adminhtml</sintax>
                </modules>
            </args>
       </giftrouter>

     </routers>
</admin>

Concretely I think that the error was caused by this:
<sintax after="Wpr_Giftproducts_Adminhtml">Mage_Adminhtml</sintax>

But I don´t understand how this config works.
How can I set a custom route to avoid conflict with the widget?

A: I think you have your routers in reverse.
<admin>
    <routers>
        <adminhtml>
            <args>
                <modules>
                    <sintax before="Mage_Adminhtml">Wpr_Giftproducts_Adminhtml</sintax>
                </modules>
            </args>
        </adminhtml>
    </routers>
</admin>

This way the Giftproducts controller is part of the adminhtml router, whereas the old way was reassigning admin controllers to giftrouter.


text:
What is Lactococcus lactis?
Lactococcus lactis is known as a bacterium that's Gram-positive. It is used in the industry for the production of cheese and buttermilk. Lately, it was utilized as a genetically modified organism for treating various diseases. It's the first alive organism used for this purpose.
If the bacterium is put into milk, it breaks down the lactose into energy molecules, ATP, with the help of various enzymes. The ATP's byproduct is called lactic acid. This one is useful for coagulating the milk and then forming the curds that produce whey and cheese.
Moreover, Lactococcus lactis can be utilized for preparing fermented foods like sausages, breads, wine, beer and pickled vegetables. Many specialists stated that understanding and using the genetic and physiology functions of this bacterium would be extremely valuable for the pharmaceutical and food industries. The bacterium could be used to produce many beneficial drugs as well.
Lactococcus lactis, commonly known as L. lactis, can be found in the gastrointestinal tract, the hair and the skin of animals and on various plant surfaces. On the plant, L. lactis has an inactive form. The multiplying process begins when the bacterium enters the gastrointestinal tract of the animal.
L. lactis is mainly used by the dairy industry in order to ferment the cheese. The soft cheeses usually have this bacterium as a primary ingredient. Many people all around the world ingest these bacteria when consuming cheese. Reports say that cheese is produced annually in a quantity of more than 10 million tons. As mentioned before, it's also useful for producing pickled vegetables, wine and beer.
Recently, Lactococcus lactis entered the biomedical area. It was soon discovered that the bacterium can be a delivery vector for the immune modulatory and therapeutic proteins and also for antigens. Animal and in vitro studies confirmed this beneficial fact. Further tests proved that the interleukin which contains L. lactis can treat and prevent the IBD or the inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, the medical use of L. lactis that's genetically modified might evolve in the upcoming years.
The Lactococcus lactis has a safety profile. Therefore, it can be seen as a safe delivery vector. Moreover, the bacterium is non-commensal and non-invasive. It doesn't colonize the bowel and the colon and doesn't have any side effects or immunotolerance if it's used for a long time. Other specialists discovered that the L. lactis is very much alike other delivery systems, the microparticle vaccines. These reach the intestinal mucosa, where the microfold cells take them up.
For centuries, people consumed the L. lactis bacterium by ingesting various fermented foods. This is the safest way to take this bacterium and benefit from its properties. In order to produce various proteins, the L. lactis is genetically engineered. Many studies were conducted so as to observe this particular feature. Most of them tried to see if the genetically engineered bacterium can generate vectors able to protect the mucosal tissues with therapeutic proteins. One specific trial had shown that the L. lactis can produce interleukin-10, that's helpful for Crohn's disease.


The Mac OS X app FireflyTool is used for production testing and programming. It can be used with the Firefly Ice Test Fixture or with an SWD cable. The advantage of the test fixture is speed. A PCBA without a battery can be pressed into the test fixture for a few seconds for testing and programming. As soon as it is complete you are immediately ready to move onto the next device.
JTAG Adapter to JTAG USB Cable.
SWD Adapter to JTAG Adapter.
10-pin cable to SWD Adapter.
Test Fixture to 10-pin cable.
Battery to Test Fixture battery terminal block (observing the correct polarity).
Download FireflyTool from GitHub in the firefly-production-tools repository. Start the FireflyTool and hold a PCBA in place to test and program.


Holy Name Preschool And Cc is a licensed child care center in Omaha, NE with the license issued by the Nebraska Dhhs - Division of Public Health - Child Care Licensing. At Holy Name Preschool And Cc, we enroll children as young as 6 weeks through 13 years old. We are a medium-sized center. Contact us to schedule a tour and discover for yourself all Holy Name Preschool And Cc has to offer.


text:
Orestis Lazouras presents solo show Apagorevmeno
CyprusFeatured
Majority of Cypriots dissatisfied with democracy
By Nick Theodoulou February 1, 2020 January 31, 2020 02763
60.3 per cent of Cypriots are dissatisfied with democracy, just above the 58 per cent average in a broad survey published by the University of Cambridge.
In a report released earlier this week, researchers from Cambridge University's new Centre for the Future of Democracy analysed a data set of more than four million people and found that satisfaction was at an all-time low in large democracies including the UK, America, Brazil, Mexico and Australia.
The data combines more than 25 international surveys covering 154 countries between 1995 and 2020, with some dating back as far as 1973.
"Across the globe, democracy is in a state of malaise," report author Roberto Foa told the Cyprus Mail on Friday.
Foa said data showed that from the mid 1990s until 2008, Cypriots were overwhelmingly happy with their political system.
In 1995 only about 27 per cent were dissatisfied, and this trend continued until about 2008.
In 2004 there were two seismic political events for Cyprus. The island joined the EU and voted in the reunification referendum. In this year there was a slight blip and dissatisfaction rose to about 29 per cent, but again remained steady until 2008.
But in 2008 the global financial crisis which wrecked the world economy. Public sentiment in Cyprus on democracy plummeted and about 55 per cent were unhappy with their political system.
But in Cyprus a second crisis struck in 2013 – this time more focused on the island.
In that year the infamous haircut took force, shaving off millions from peoples' personal bank accounts overnight – and the mood shifted dramatically against democracy.
By 2015 about 73 per cent of Cypriots were dissatisfied. This has since dropped to about 60 per cent.
"If confidence in democracy has been slipping, it is because democratic institutions have been seen failing to address some of the major crises of our era, from economic crashes to the threat of global warming," Foa said.
He also pointed to the recent European Election Study, which detailed information about Cyprus.
Most notable was that 39 per cent of Cypriots did not vote in 2019 European elections, as they are dissatisfied and lacked trust in politics in general. This was the highest out of any EU country.
The proportion of those unhappy with democracy in the UK was 47 per cent in 1995. The lowest point was reached in 2005 when only 33 per cent were dissatisfied, but again shot up to a record 61 per cent dissatisfaction rate in 2019.
democracyfeatured
Our View: Reports into jet use show president had no regard for ethics
Confident Kenin keen to take the fight to Muguruza
Nick Theodoulou
Redefining their identity
Paul Lambis February 1, 2023 January 30, 2023
Woman remanded for statue theft
Helmet wearing mandatory for cyclists
Nick Theodoulou February 1, 2023 February 1, 2023
Some presidential candidates offer funding details
Andria Kades February 1, 2023 February 1, 2023
Anastasiades bids farewell to Greece as president (Updated)
White House blasts Exxon over historical $56bn annual profit
Boost for Ukraine as US expected to send longer-range rockets
Egypt's net foreign assets climb by $2 billion in December


Making the Cloud, Microservices, and Enterprise IT work!: You Measured What???
I had a very interesting meeting with a client a few weeks back. (For those who don't read regularly, I do high level IT consulting.) This client has been doing SOA for a few years. Actually though, they're doing SOI - Service Oriented Integration - not SOA, Service Oriented Architecture. Meaning they're creating and/or exposing lots of services from existing big box applications, and using web service technology to connect apps together.
After a couple of years of SOI they have several hundred exposed services and application interconnections. Their architects have spotted that some services have much higher reuse patterns than others and are trying to apply architecture standards such as standard entities and interface patterns to every new service - to up the reuse, decrease the maintenance, and move towards SOA architecture goals and ROI. This is a very natural step along the SOA maturity path.
Along comes a change in senior business management. They bring a new management model...all ROI (return on investment) all the time. They are told to make business decisions based on ROI.
So they were faced with a new project to replace a primary IT system. They selected a new system (the one with the most likely return on investment versus their current needs). The architects then spec out the total project cost to interface the new system in to replace the old system, remodeling every interface at a better level of granularity, standard entity structures, and interface pattern. It's a big system with lots of ins and outs (as a former manager of mine used to say, lots of gizintas and gizoutas). The interface project itself becomes a big number.
So the IT management, following the business directive, says "Give us an estimate of just hooking it all up. No standards, no concerns of granularity, no worrying about patterns, no concerns for future reuse. Forget about SOA, just use whatever technology makes each connection fastest. Give us the 'install the system the old way' but with the advantage of web services making faster connections." They get the estimate, it's 1/2 what the SOA methodology estimate is. They then ask if all the interfaces were a proper SOA architected granular standard entity today, how long would it take to interface the new system. They get an answer which is about 25% less than the "just connect it all up" estimate.
They then calculate that they replace this system approximately once every 8 years. (Actually they've only replaced it once before 8 years ago, but it's the best they can measure.) The interpretation of this calculation is there can be no ROI from the additional SOA work for 8 years, and then the savings is only 25% of the cost of doing it Quick.
Meaning the ROI of doing the project the SOA way is (Time of Replacement * (A / C)), or approximately 48 years.
Naturally under the new ROI decision model, the SOA project is not a reasonable return on investment. Push the architects out of the way and just let the developers hook it all together quick via whatever methods and structures.
This raises the question, what's an ROI measure of SOA?
Measuring ROI on IT projects is a well defined process. SOA projects however typically cross multiple traditional project boundaries, involve preparation for future reuse, and create an increase in software and associated business flexibility by design. These benefits render the traditional IT ROI methodologies ineffective.
To complicated it more, as steps are taken down the SOA maturity scale we find we're no longer talking about systems and applications, instead we're talking about business processes and orchestrated components. The traditional ROI methodologies with tight integration to systems and application projects don't fit the new model at all!
A few years ago I wrote an internal paper for my consulting firm on methods of SOA ROI. Among the methods I included were calculating Estimated Reuse, Indirect ROI, and (taken from SOA Magazine) was a Project Oriented SOA ROI method (by Leo Shuster). I noted IBM and TIBCO also provided some brief online tools to help (here and here, TIBCO calc link on the bottom right). Yet as I faced this conversation today, these methods also seem dated.
The ROI question is always bracketed by what you are measuring. In the early days of SOA the point of reference was existing systems, projects, and applications. Today even when we attempt to discuss projects and systems, we find ourselves bound by interfaces, connections, or rather feeds. Our process requires this bit of data or that transactional step to progress, each of which must be provided by a different resource which is outside the single system, application, or project space. We are coordinating, orchestrating, and connecting all over the place to complete our goal - a business process.
And what my client above lost in their project based ROI calculation was the opportunity cost of every future interaction with the replacement system. Every business process that interacts with that system will require 2x to 5x the effort to create a unique non-reusable connection, along with the security, monitoring, support, and lifetime of maintenance.
The ROI on the original project may have been met in 2 or 3 or 4 future business processes that have to interact with the new poorly integrated system. With the right measurement, the SOA ROI isn't 48 years, it's probably closer to 1 year.
To compound it, there's also the loss of future opportunity cost. This organization will not be able to take advantage of BPM (which can only seriously be used when there are granular, modular, standard entity transaction steps exposed to be combined into a new business process workflow. Nor will they be able to move functionality towards Cloud Computing. Nor even take advantage of standardizing devices such as the Datapower for moving the security and validation layer out to a managed hardware level (an early model of externalizing functionality towards Cloud Computing).


Here's a set of 12x12 inch digital papers featuring chevrons, dots and other simple patterns in jade and gray. This is such a sophisticated color pairing that is popular for weddings and home decor. I hope you like it as much as I do! Just click the above image to download. Feel free to use these papers for any scrapbooking, crafting and digital design projects. You can also use them commercially, just please provide credit to Just Peachy Designs and include a link back to this website.
Sorry about that! It's working now, though. Thanks for letting me know!
Thank you! I can hardly wait to get started!


PASGT M88 Helmet. HIGH quality, well made, and built strong. Plastic realistic PASGT (Personnel Armor System Ground Troops) M88 helmet. SWAT helmet can be used in airsoft, paintball, personal safety, & tactical environments. Adjustable straps on head and chin. One size fits most. Makes for a great addition to the arsenal!


text:
package edu.ttu.krlab.alm.datastruct.sig;

import java.io.BufferedWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

import edu.ttu.krlab.alm.datastruct.ALMTerm;
import edu.ttu.krlab.alm.datastruct.Location;

public class ConstantEntry {

    ALMTerm almTerm = null;
    String constName;
    List<SortEntry> sourceSorts;
    List<SortEntry> arguments;
    Location loc;
    SortEntry singletonSort = null;
    final Map<String, ALMTerm> CDMap = new HashMap<>();;

    public ConstantEntry(String name, List<SortEntry> arguments, List<SortEntry> sourceSorts, Location loc) {
        this.constName = name;
        this.arguments = new ArrayList<>(arguments);
        this.sourceSorts = new ArrayList<>(sourceSorts);
        this.loc = loc;
    }

    public String getConstName() {
        return constName;
    }

    public void setConstName(String newName) {
        this.constName = newName;
    }

    public List<SortEntry> getSourceSorts() {
        return sourceSorts;
    }

    public List<SortEntry> getArguments() {
        return arguments;
    }

    public Location getLocation() {
        return loc;
    }

    public void writeTo(BufferedWriter out) throws IOException {
        out.write("const.name: " + constName + "\n");
        out.write("const.sorts: ");
        Iterator<SortEntry> itS = sourceSorts.iterator();
        while (itS.hasNext()) {
            out.write(itS.next().getSortName());
            if (itS.hasNext())
                out.write(", ");
        }
        out.write("\nconst.loc: " + loc + "\n\n");

    }

    /**
     * An ALMTerm matches a ConstantEntry under the following conditions:
     *

     *
The ALMTerm is a variable.
     *
If not a variable, The names of the ConstantEntry and ALMTerm match.
     *
The arguments of the ConstantEntry and ALMTerm are the same length
     *
For each argument position i, the ALMTerm argument matches the sort arguments constant entries
     *

     *
     * @param oterm
     * @return
     */
    public boolean matches(ALMTerm oterm) {
        if (oterm.isVariable())
            return true;
        if (oterm.getName().compareTo(this.constName) != 0)
            return false;
        int argSize = arguments.size();
        List<ALMTerm> termArgs = oterm.getArgs();
        if (termArgs.size() != argSize)
            return false;
        boolean match = false;
        for (int i = 0; i < argSize; i++) {
            ALMTerm argi = termArgs.get(i);
            for (ConstantEntry ce : arguments.get(i).getConstants()) {
                match = match || ce.matches(argi);
                if (match)
                    break;
            }
            if (match)
                break;
        }
        return match;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        if (arguments.size() == 0)
            return this.constName;

        String text = this.constName + "(";
        boolean first = true;
        for (SortEntry arg : arguments) {
            if (first) {
                first = false;
            } else {
                text += ", ";
            }
            text += "#" + arg.getSortName();
        }
        text += ")";
        return text;
    }

    public void setSingletonSort(SortEntry singleton) {
        this.singletonSort = singleton;
    }

    public SortEntry getSingletonSort() {
        return this.singletonSort;
    }

    //caches the almTerm.
    public ALMTerm getALMTerm() {
        if (almTerm == null) {
            if (arguments == null || arguments.size() == 0)
                almTerm = new ALMTerm(constName, ALMTerm.ID);
            else {
                almTerm = new ALMTerm(constName, ALMTerm.FUN);
                for (SortEntry arg : arguments) {
                    almTerm.addArg(new ALMTerm(arg.getSortName(), ALMTerm.ID));
                }
            }
        }

        ALMTerm definition = CDMap.get(almTerm.toString());
        if (definition != null)
            return definition;
        return almTerm;
    }

    public void setConstantDefinition(ALMTerm obj_const, ALMTerm objConstVal) {
        String objConst = obj_const.toString();
        CDMap.put(objConst, objConstVal);
    }

    public ALMTerm getConstantDefinition(ALMTerm obj_const) {
        String objConst = obj_const.toString();
        return CDMap.get(objConst);
    }

    void addSortsForConstant(List<SortEntry> parent_sorts) {
        sourceSorts.addAll(parent_sorts);
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Mac OS X change of modifier keys depending on current application I would like to swap the control key with the command key, but only while in a given application.
I saw this but it works globally.
This seems also to work on a global level, although I am not as sure.

A: KeyRemap4MacBook did the trick wonderfully.