text:
Part 1 - Exponential Growth
Part 2 - The Tory's Nazis
Part 3 - Nazi Network in Europe
Part 4 - Fourth Reich rising
Tell MAMA UK
MSNBC interview with Donald Trump in which he refused to criticise Vladimir Putin for killing journalists and political opponents
A Fourth Reich is rising across Europe — with ties to Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin
Jun 22, 2016 · 33 min read
by Nafeez Ahmed
Part 4 of Return of the Reich: Mapping the Global Resurgence of Far Right Power — an INSURGE intelligence investigative series commissioned by Tell MAMA
In the last few years, far-right parties in Europe with entrenched Nazi heritage, sympathies and affiliations have effectively infiltrated the EU system to destroy it.
Winning seats in the European elections, while joining and forming political coalitions in the European Parliament, they have ramped up efforts to coordinate their activities with a view to exploit EU resources and funding. Though not always successful, these efforts have, nevertheless, boosted their credibility and appeal, both at home and on the international stage, contributing to significant electoral achievements in domestic elections.
Less known, however, is how deep these networks of coordination go, and the myriad of contradictory extremist and geopolitical interests behind them.
The networks of far-right coordination stretch across the Atlantic, from the United States, to the UK, to Europe, and to Russia. But of most concern is that embedded within these networks are core, competing neo-Nazi and white nationalist forces, eager to use international connections to tactically rebrand themselves and strategically expand their influence.
Ironically, two mainstream political forces experiencing the push and pull of these trans-Atlantic networks are the Republican Party in the US, and Eurasian expansionists in the Russian Kremlin. Many of the far-right groups that now have potential access and influence over Republicans have also been courted by President Putin and groups close to the Kremlin, as part of a Russian strategy to weaken the European Union and undermine NATO.
Such opposing mutual ties provides further compelling evidence of the manipulative methods of the far-right — and highlights the duplicity of its new strategy of denouncing racism and fascism while secretly advancing both.
Nazis coming to America
As already noted, this investigation has revealed that a deputy leader of the Conservative-led European Parliamentary coalition, Morten Messerschmidt — an MEP of the Danish Peoples Party (DPP) — is connected with the Gates of Vienna blog, an anti-Muslim website which inspired Norwegian neo-Nazi terrorist Anders Behring Breivik.
Messerschmidt is also involved in a wider network of far-right extremists, who have incubated the neo-fascist ideology dubbed the "Vienna school of thought" by Breivik himself.
Messerschmidt's affiliations open up a can of worms throwing light on the international array of political leaders, parties, groups and networks plugged into this network.
In October 2009, the International Free Press Society (IFPS) and Center for Security Policy (CPS) organised a two-day conference which Morten Messerschmidt attended as a keynote speaker. The event took place in the Congressional Auditorium in Washington DC.
Both organisations have been described as anti-Muslim hate groups by the US nonprofit civil rights law firm, the Southern Poverty Law Centre.[i] More significant, though, is the nexus of far-right groups associated with them, and the extent to which this nexus has effectively penetrated the Republican Party.
The 2009 IFPS-CSP conference was a hotbed of US far-right bigotry. Its speakers included key figures in the self-styled 'counter-jihad' movement within the far-right spectrum, including several luminaries frequently cited in Anders Breivik's manifesto, such as Robert Spencer of Jihad Watch and Pamella Geller of Atlas Shrugs (both banned by Home Secretary Theresa May in 2013), as well as Frank Gaffney, a former Reagan defence official who heads up the CSP, and is described by the Center for American Progress as an anti-Muslim "misinformation expert."[ii]
Spencer, Geller and Gaffney are cited copiously in Breivik's manifesto.
Frank Gaffen (third from the left), Pam Geller (right),
Gaffney has risen to notoriety after revelations that a fraudulent opinion poll he commissioned through the CSP, claiming that most American Muslims are extremists, was cited by Donald Trump. Gaffney's input was used by Trump to justify his call to ban all Muslim immigration to the US.
Since then, the scope of Gaffney's ideological influence has been further unveiled, as both Trump and his now-aborted Republican rival Ted Cruz appointed key figures from Gaffney's CSP[iii] to their respective national security teams. Gaffney himself was appointed as Cruz's top national security advisor, but has two colleagues on Trump's advisory team — namely Walid Phares, a long-time CSP contributor, and former senior Pentagon official Joseph Schmitz, a CSP senior fellow.
The 2009 conference co-organised by Gaffney was only one of many he has convened, bringing together far-right groups and individuals from across the spectrum.
Gaffney's other co-sponsor for the event was the Florida Security Council, which earlier that year had hosted, also with Gaffney and the IFPS, a forum with Dutch Freedom Party (PVV) MP Geert Wilders, who has called for the population of ethnic Moroccans in the Netherlands to be reduced.[iv]
He has also advocated banning Muslim immigration to Europe, prohibiting and demolishing mosques, forbidding Muslim ritual practices like halal animal slaughter and circumcision (which would also affect Jews), and the mass deportation of Muslims.[v]
Nazis at the Gates of Washington
Through the IFPS and CSP, Gaffney provided Geert Wilders considerable access to right-wing Republicans. After the 2009 IFPS conference, Gaffney also arranged a National Press Club event for Wilders, and helped him receive welcome as the guest of honour at a Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) reception.
Geert Wilders, leader of the Dutch PVV — identifies as a pro-Jewish anti-Nazi, but collaborates with Nazis in the European Parliament
Year after year, Gaffney — the key ideologue behind the anti-Muslim animus driving the two leading Republican presidential candidates — hosted Wilders in political meetings in Washington. In April 2015, Wilders told Republican congressional representatives at a press conference in Capitol Hill, which Gaffney helped organise:
"I am warning America. Don't think that what's happening today in Europe will not happen in America tomorrow, because it will… Islamic immigration has proven to be a Trojan horse. The jihadists are among us."
Wilders is among several far-right luminaries that align themselves with Israel, in a show of opposition to anti-Semitism. However, he has had no qualms in associating with neo-Nazi groups and parties, including partnering with them in the US and European Parliament.
In June 2014, Wilders joined a new coalition in the European Parliament, the Europe of Nations and Freedom (ENF) Group, alongside Marine Le Pen's French National Front, and the Freedom Party of Austria (FPO).
Anton Reinthaller, the FPO's first party leader in 1956, was a former Nazi SS officer who had served as a Nazi Minister of Agriculture. At this time, the majority of the party's members were former Nazis.
By the year 2000, when the FPO first joined in a government coalition with the majority People's Party, US Congress unanimously passed House Resolution 429 condemning the FPO's entry into Austria's government, and highlighting the party's neo-Nazi affiliations.
Transcripts from the Congressional Record of a hearing on the April 3 that year discussing the resolution provide extensive evidence of the FPO's Nazi sympathies.[vi]
A white paper commissioned by the late Congressman Tom Lantos, 'Joerg Haider and the Freedom Party of Austria', and entered into the Congressional Record, noted that in July 1991, the late party leader Jorge Haider had justified genocidal Nazi labour policies — "including military buildup, slave labour and concentration camps" — as elements of the Third Reich's "orderly employment policy", thanks to which "unemployment was eliminated."[vii]
Haider's parents were both early members of the Nazi Party in Austria in 1929. His father went on to join the German army, and after the Second World War, they became minor Nazi officials.
In December 1995, the Congressional documents show, German TV broadcast video footage of FPO leader Haider attending a reunion of Nazi SS veterans. The amateur video showed the late party leader "addressing and mingling with former SS officers." At the event, Haider praised the former Nazi elite soldiers as "decent people who have character and who have stuck to their beliefs through the strongest headwinds and who remained true to their convictions until this day."
In July 1998, according to the Congressional white paper, during an Austrian parliamentary debate, Franz Larfer, an FPO MP, used the word "Umvolkung", a specific Nazi term used "to define the forced change of the ethnic composition of a population by immigration or compulsory transfer."
Larfer's use of the term caused an uproar in parliament, and the MP subsequently apologised. But FPO leader, Haider, defended the term as accurately capturing the impact of liberal government policy leading to "foreign infiltration."
As Democrat representative Tom Lantos told his fellow Congressional representatives at the hearing, both Haider "and the party itself have sought to minimise the Holocaust and the crimes of the Nazi era, and they have been remarkably public in their praise of Nazi Germany."
In the post-Haider era, the FPO has gone to pains to rehabilitate its image as an anti-Nazi, pro-Jewish party. Its new leader, Heinz Christian Strache — an old friend of Haider — has even visited Israel at the invitation of the Likud Party, despite the fact that the Israeli Foreign Ministry[viii] still views the FPO "as a racist faction with neo-Nazi elements within it."
Heinz Christian Strache, leader of the Austrian FPO
In 2008, a minor scandal erupted when a photo of Strache surfaced showing him "with leading Austrian neo-Nazis and Holocaust deniers." The photo was, reports[ix] Newsweek, taken around 1990, "when Strache was reportedly active in the Viking Youth, an illegal neo-Nazi group."
Photos from the FPO leaders past pointing to direct Nazi affiliations
When the Vienna-based magazine Profil reported on Strache's ongoing neo-Nazi connections, he sued the publication for libel. But the Austrian court ruled against him, saying that the magazine had produced an "adequate factual basis to demonstrate a certain nearness to National Socialist [Nazi] ideas."
According to the Jewish magazine Forward, a third[x] of the FPO's parliamentarians "are associated with controversial right-wing fraternities, some of which hold connections to neo-Nazi or German nationalist groups."
Every year, the FPO's pro-Nazi fraternities, Burschenschaften, host an exclusive Academics Ball, attended largely by neo-Nazis and far right extremists.
Dr. Heribert Schiedel of the Documentation Archive of the Austrian Resistance (DÖW), a research institute specialising in right-wing extremism, explains that the Burschenscaften functioned[xi] as cover organisations in the 1930s for the National Socialist Party. Now, he says, they continue to harbour neo-Nazis, yet have extensive influence on the FPO. According to Schiedel, "fraternities provide the link between the party-based, right-wing populism of the FPÖ on the one hand, and (often organised) neo-Nazi groups on the other."
After Haider's departure from the party in 2005, explains Schiedel, Strache relied heavily on the neo-Nazi fraternities to re-build the FPO:
"Without [their] help, the FPÖ probably would not have survived."
Yet in 2012, when the annual ball coincided with International Holocaust Remembrance Day, attendees included representatives of other European far-right parties, including Philip Claeys of Belgium's Vlaams Belang, Kent Ekeroth of Swedish Democrats, and Marine Le Pen of the French National Front. Tellingly, Le Pen vehemently denied that the gathering had any neo-Nazi connections, and condemned protestors.
Marine Le Pen, leader of the French National Front
The event was denounced by the Jewish Community of Vienna, which has condemned the gathering every year. Yet all of those parties, including the FPO itself, go out of their way to emphasise their pro-Jewish stance, opposition to anti-Semitism, and hatred of Nazism.
This evidence puts paid to the mythology that these parties have truly renounced their neo-Nazi heritage. As Dr. Heribert Schiedel observes[xii]:
"The strategy is clearly that of normalising itself, of becoming socially acceptable. We presume that anti-Semitism remains a fundamental part of the party's ideology."
Both Geert Wilders's PVV and Marine Le Pen's NF are now formally partnered with the neo-Nazi FPO in the European Parliament through the ENF.
Press freedom for the far-right, please
The IFPS, which was the main co-sponsor of the October 2009 conference alongside Frank Gaffney's CSP, is directly tied to European far-right political parties, including the Danish People's Party (DPP) and Vlaams Belang (VB) in Belgium.
IFPS is the US branch of the Danish Free Press Society founded and chaired by Lars Hedegaard. In 2009, Hedegaard had told a private meeting that:
"Girls in Muslim families are raped by their uncles, their cousins or their father… They are not human beings. They have a function as a womb — they bear the offspring of the warriors and create new warriors. Other than that… well, they can be used for sexual purposes, but they have no value."
The revelation led to numerous Danish politicians who were affiliated to his society to resign in opposition. However, his statements were defended by DPP politicians and members. This is unsurprising, given that Hedegaard himself is a longstanding DPP member and activist.
IFPS' vice president is Belgian journalist Paul Belien, who is married to Alexandra Colen — a longtime MP for Vlaams Belang from 1995 to 2013, when she stepped out of the party.
Geert Wilders (left) with his aide, Paul Belien (right). Belien is linked to the neo-Nazi Vlaams Belang party in Belgium
Colen's father, Alex Colen, was a Nazi collaborator during the Second World War, who served in the Flemish Legion — a German Waffen-SS division which recruited from volunteers of a Flemish background. When Colen was first elected to the Belgian parliament, she did so as an MP for VB's predecessor party, Vlaams Blok. In 1936, Vlaams Block was the nom de guerre of the Vlaams Nationaal Verbond (VNV), a party of Flemish ultra-nationalists who collaborated with the Nazis, and actively participated in the deportation of Jews.
When the Vlaams Block party coalesced formally in 1978, it had recruited substantially from the ranks of VNV veterans, including Nazi collaborators who held leadership positions in the party. From early on, one of the party's core demands, which continues today under its successor, is amnesty for Nazi collaborators.
In June 1992, Filip Dewinter, who is now the leader of the party's successor, Vlaams Belang, published a 70-point programme calling for the forcible deportation of all 'immigrants' up to the third generation back to their countries of ethnic origin — in practice, this would imply the repatriation of the majority of ethnic Belgians, including millions of Belgian citizens. Dewinter's programme included opposition to efforts to integrate "non-European foreigners" into "Flanders and eventually all of Western Europe" as a dangerous plot to create "multi-racial utopias."
Belgian philosopher Etienne Vermeersch, professor emeritus at the University of Ghent, argues that Dewinter's history proves he is racist "in the Nazi sense of the word."
Vermeersch points out[xiii] that Dewinter founded the NJSV (Nationalist Young Student Association) in 1980, whose flag bore the traditional Nazi colors — black, white and red. Dewinter's NJSV published a magazine called Signal, which in several issues included an emblem of a sword with a ribbon, stating, "My honour is loyalty", the original slogan of the Nazi SS.
The very first issue of Signal, reports Vermeersch, describes "the courage, the loyalty and the idealism" of the "heroes" of the 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking, an elite division of the Nazi Waffen SS, which recruited from foreign volunteers across Europe, including Belgium. The glowing article included the division's logo, a shield with a swastika.
In 2004, an investigative series by Dutch-language Belgian magazine, Humo, confirmed that former Nazi SS veterans were meeting regularly and in secret at the Antwerp office of the VB party. At the meetings, party activists and former SS members would openly praise Adolf Hitler and deny the Holocaust. One of the pro-Nazi Holocaust deniers at these meetings was Alex Colen, father of MP, Alexandra Colen.
That year in April 2004, a Belgian court ruled that the party was in violation of the 1981 anti-racism law, and banned its continued existence.
The subsequent launch of the rebranded 'Vlaams Belang' party was a transparent effort to circumvent the ruling, and has included adopting a strong pro-Jewish public stance, along with a focus on Muslim immigration. However, Dewinter conceded his strategy in a newspaper op-ed that year in De Standaard:
"The changes in the name of the party, the modernisation of the statutes and the structure of the party, the remodelling of the style and use of language… and the updating of a twenty-five year old declaration of principle have nothing to do with content but everything to do with tactic."
Dewinter has also stated that Danish women who wear the Muslim headscarf are effectively signing a 'contract' agreeing to their deportation.
The IFPS' close ties to the neo-Nazi VB became obvious when the association organised[xiv] a 'counterjihad' summit in Brussels with direct assistance from the VB party. According to IFPS co-chief Paul Belien, who ran the group under Lars Herdergaard, although "the VB did not organise the conference, it provided an important part of the logistics and the security of those attending."
Filip Dewinter himself appeared as a speaker at the 2007 conference, along with IFPS board members, Robert Spencer, Bat Ye'or, Sam Solomon, and Pam Geller. Both Spencer and Geller have been heavily cited in Anders Breivik's terrorism manifesto.
The 2009 American speaking tour of Dutch MP Geert Wilders was also heavily sponsored by the neo-Nazi affiliated IFPS. The following year, IFPS co-chief Paul Belien became Wilders' personal assistant. Wilders has frequently shared speaking platforms with the boss of Belien's wife, VB leader Filip Dewinter. Belien was also appointed head of the Middle East Forum's (MEF) 'IslamWatch' initiative by MEF head, Daniel Pipes.
Frank Gaffney speaks to Daniel Pipes. Both work with the IFPS, which is linked to Belgium's neo-Nazi VB party
Announcing this development, the Gates of Vienna blog[xv] quoted Belien encouraging Europeans to take up arms against foreigners and immigrants:
"Give us weapons. We are the animals of the herd, they are the predators. The herd-animals have let the predators in their biotope themselves. Our political, spiritual and intellectual 'shepherds' have made us believe that this was to be an 'enrichment' for our society… When if the state can or will no longer protect its subjects and their children, it is the duty of the citizens to do that themselves. 'Necessity knows no law'. The shepherds have lost their authority. Watch video images of the predators that lurk in Brussels Central and realise that nobody will defend us if we do not do it ourselves. Who counts on the 'politie(k)' [police/politics] for protection is as good as dead."
Counter-jihadists and neo-Nazis, sitting in a tree
Belian's and Hedegaard's IFPS, in other words, functioned as little more than a neo-Nazi propaganda outpost for the fascist ideologies of European far-right parties like the DPP and VB. Yet it translates these racist political programmes into a refined anti-Muslim campaign.
The IFPS shares a wide-range of personnel with US-based 'counter-jihad' groups. The IFPS' advisory board members include a mix of neoconservatives like Frank Gaffney, Rachel Ehrenfeld, and Brigitte Gabriel; anti-Muslim evangelicals like Robert Spencer, Daniel Pipes, and Bat Ye'or; politicians like former Republican Congressman Allen West and Geert Wilders; media pundits like Canadian broadcaster Ezra Levant and FOX News commentator Andrew Bostom; and even British conservative philosopher, Roger Scruton.
Another surprising member of this trans-Atlantic neo-Nazi nexus is the UK Independence Party (Ukip), led by MEP Nigel Farage, which invited Geert Wilders into British Parliament. Wilders was hosted in the House of Lords by Ukip's Lord Malcolm Pearson, who was also a speaker at Gaffney's 2009 conference.
Other panellists and speakers included IFPS board member Rachel Ehrenfeld, founding director of the American Center for Democracy, whose directors include neoconservative veterans, former Pentagon Defence Science Board chairman Richard Perle and ex-CIA director R. James Woolsey; IFPS director and conservative columnist Diana West, whose views on black people "gave new meaning to the word racism" according[xvi] to The Union, and who even FrontPage magazine described[xvii] as "McCarthy's heiress" for selling "yellow journalism conspiracies" about the secret Soviet occupation of America; David Yerushalmi, an Arizona attorney who according[xviii] to the Anti-Defamation League has "a record of anti-Muslim, anti-immigrant and anti-black bigotry"; and IFPS board member Sam Solomon, who was outed[xix] by The Telegraph as being part of a Christian fundamentalist network "fighting spiritual battle in Parliament."
Sam Solomon (left) on the board of the IFPS and close to UKIP besides Canadian right-wing pundit, Ezra Levant, at an IFPS event. The IFPS has ties to the neo-Nazi VB party in Belgium.
In that capacity, Solomon once gave a talk for an anti-gay lobby group, the Lawyers' Christian Fellowship, stating that:
"The closer you get to Islam, the more hateful a personality you develop… You may think I know my [Muslim] neighbours and they are the most loving hospitable people. [But] so they were in Nigeria until the day of jihad came and they slaughtered their neighbours."
In 2006, Solomon published a pamphlet called A Proposed Charter of Muslim Understanding, which was commissioned by Gerard Batten, an MEP for Ukip, who sits on the party's national executive committee, and has acted as the party's immigration spokesman.
Batten also wrote a foreword for the 'charter', which he expected British Muslims to sign, to prove they were not jihadists. The pamphlet was launched with Ukip's support in the European Parliament and House of Lords, and a press release about it was published on Ukip's website[xx].
Britain's anti-Semite honeypot
The Ukip connection is important because the British party, which won 14 per cent of votes in the 2015 General Election, is yet another with a curious history of sympathising with domestic and foreign neo-Nazi groups.
Nigel Farage, for instance, has successfully rebranded himself as being pro-Israel and opposed to anti-Semitism and racism. But in 1997, Ukip's standard membership clause prohibiting racists from joining the party "mysteriously disappeared" according to Francis Wheen[xxi], writing in The Guardian.
Nigel Farage, leader of Ukip, avowed non-racist, uses the word "nigger", met secretly with racist BNP, partners with neo-Nazi parties in Europe
Under the leadership of Farage and his then co-leader Michael Holmes, Ukip set out to court far-right groups in the name of opposing the EU. "In his UKIP election leaflet this year, Holmes paid tribute to "citizens' patriotic protest groups" such as "Save Our Sterling" — which was run by the British National Party (BNP).
The most disturbing revelation from Wheen's report was the discovery of "a blurred photo, taken in the summer of 1997", showing Nigel Farage chatting to Mark Deavin, a BNP head of research, and Tony Lecomber, the campaign manager for the BNP's leader Nick Griffin. Lecomber had previously been convicted and jailed for possessing explosives and physically assaulting a Jewish schoolteacher.
Deavin had, however, been expelled months earlier from Ukip after the party had discovered his affiliation to the BNP. Deavin is the author of The Grand Plan: The Origins of Non-White Immigration, which claims that "the mass immigration of non-Europeans into every White country on earth" has been engineered by "a homogeneous transatlantic political and financial elite… These concerns were Jewish in origin… the promotion of World Government can also be seen to be in line with traditional Jewish messianic thinking."[xxii]
Farage nevertheless admitted to meeting him later that year, including having lunch with him at a restaurant. But he denied any recollection of having met the convicted neo-Nazi thug, Lecomber. A month after Farage's lunch with the BNP's Deavin, reported Wheen, "by an odd coincidence, Deavin wrote an article in the far-right journal Spearhead which discussed the possibility of closer relations between the BNP and Ukip."
A decade later, Ukip's anti-racist membership clause was back in place. The clause now states that membership is barred to "anyone who is or previously has been" a member of far-right groups.
Yet Farage himself has repeatedly violated this clause. In 2008, various newspaper headlines[xxiii] announced that Farage had boldly rejected overtures from the BNP to form an electoral pact. Farage claimed that Buster Mottram, a former number one British tennis player and Ukip member, had proposed the pact at a national executive committee meeting on behalf of the BNP, which was then unanimously rejected by Ukip. Farage also said that Mottram refused to leave the meeting, leading to the police being called to forcibly eject him.
But according to Dr. Eric Edmond, who was on the UKIP executive committee at the time, the incident was more likely a publicity stunt. Mottram was not a BNP member, but had been a member of the neo-Nazi National Front in the 1970s.
"This was known to Mr Farage whom I believe described it as a 'youthful indiscretion' and approved Mr Mottram's UKIP membership," said Edmond.
The current chairman of Ukip in Thanet South is Martyn Heale, who was also Farage's campaign manager in the last election. Heale was head of the London branch of the National Front around 1978. Heale has insisted that he "regrets" having been a member, but he also denied the NF was ever a far-right group, describing it as little more than a harmless bit of fun.
"There's been an attempt by many people to associate the National Front with the far right. But that's not fair, that's not true. It was a bit of a social club," he told the London Review of Books. "Initially the National Front was just a group of retired people and soldiers."
After his NF stint, Heale went on to have what he calls "a brief dalliance" with the now-defunct New Britain party, described as "avowedly racist" by The Observer.[xxiv]
Nigel Farage's neo-Nazi brigades in Europe
Like Wilders' PVV, UKIP's tolerance of neo-Nazism is further apparent from the party's leadership role in a wider network of far-right parties in Europe, many of which openly espouse white supremacism.
In 2013, UKIP refused[xxv] to sign a petition that would halt the EU funding application of the Alliance of European National Movements, at that time, a coalition of far-right MEPs from the BNP, Hungary's Jobbik party, Bulgaria's National Democratic party, and France's National Front. Ukip believed blocking the neo-Nazi funding bid would be "undemocratic and dangerous."
Ukip is currently the dominant force in the Europe for Freedom and Direct Democracy (EFDD) group in the European Parliament. Before the last European elections, Ukip's partners in the group (then called Europe of Freedom and Democracy [EFD]) included the Danish People's Party (DPP) and the True Finns (PS) party (now known simply as the Finns party), both of which have neo-Nazi affiliations, and promote a thinly-veiled white supremacist ideology.
Farage co-chaired the group alongside ex-Berlusconi minister Francesco Speroni, an MEP with the neo-fascist Northern League (NL) party in Italy.
Mario Borghezio (left) and Franceso Speroni (right) of the Italian Northern League: both are Anders Breivik apologists
After the 2011 Norway terrorist attacks, where 77 students were massacred, a Northern League MEP and member of the Ukip-led European parliamentary group, Mario Borghezio, said in a radio interview that although Anders Behring Breivik was "unbalanced", he nevertheless had some "excellent" ideas, and that:
"Christians ought not to be sacrificed. We have to defend them."[xxvi]
Farage's partner in the EFD, Speroni, followed up in defence of these comments in a further radio interview, saying that:
"Breivik's ideas are in defence of western civilisation… If [Breivik's] ideas are that we are going towards Eurabia and those sorts of things, that western Christian civilisation needs to be defended, yes, I'm in agreement."[xxvii]
Farage responded with a letter to Borghezio threatening to pull out of the EFD unless he withdrew his comments. Bhorghezo didn't. Instead, the Italian MEP pronounced:[xxviii]
"Long live the Whites of Europe, long live our identity, our ethnicity, our race… our blue sky, like the eyes of our women. Blue, in a people who want to stay white."
Ukip continued to remain in the EFD and work closely with the NL over the next few years.
After the 2014 elections, the DPP and PS moved to join the Tory-led ECR, while the NL shifted to the Europe of Nations and Freedom (ENF) Group, dominated by Marine Le Pen's National Front and Wilders' PVV.
Meanwhile, the Ukip-led EFDD filled its ranks with MEPs from other European far-right parties, namely the Italian Five Star Movement (MS5), the Sweden Democrats (SD), the Czech Party of Free Citizens (SSO), a former French Front National member, and Poland's Congress of the New Right (KNP).
MS5's leader, ex-comedian Beppe Grillo, has been described as "the new Mussolini" by historian Nicholas Farrell, who authored a biography on the infamous Italian fascist. Grillo is also a proud purveyor[xxix] of anti-Semitic conspiracy theories, who has approvingly quoted Mein Kampf.
The Congress of the 'New Right' is equally frightening. A pro-Nazi party, it was led until 2015 by a pro-Nazi Holocaust-denying MEP, Janusz Korwin-Mikke, who has claimed that Hitler would be acquitted in court because he did not know the Nazis were exterminating Jews.
He has also used terms like "negroes" and "niggers", wants women to be denied voting rights because they are "dumber than men", has called gay people "a gang of louts imported from abroad", and stated that disabled people should not be seen on television. He was eventually thrown out of the party — not due to his anti-Semitic and pro-Nazi remarks, but because it turned out he had fathered children outside marriage.
The Czech SSO is another seemingly innocuous Eurosceptic Ukip partner harbouring extreme racism.
In 2012, Farage was slated to visit Prague courtesy of Asck DOST (Citizens Initiative: Trust, Objectivity, Freedom, Tradition), a civil society group whose supporters and affiliates include leading Czech neo-Nazis, which has closely collaborated with the SSO party. In 2011, Asck DOST released a statement supporting eight neo-Nazi activists who faced prosecution due to promoting Nazism and arranging a pro-Nazi rally.
No wonder that a 2010 report of the Czech Federation of Jewish Communities described Asck DOST as a "relatively dangerous phenomenon, not only for Czech Jews, but also for the whole democratic environment…"
The chair of Asck DOST is Ladislav Bátora, who in 2006 was a candidate for the now-defunct neo-Nazi National Party for elections to the Czech Chamber of Deputies, for Vysočina region.
Among the National Party's publications was a racist pamphlet titled, 'The Final Solution to the Gypsy Question.' Bátora went on to join the SSO party — currently Ukip's European partner — where he became a member of its national executive committee, before leaving to join another party in 2010.
But Ukip's new European alliance with the Swedish Democrats is perhaps the most telling.
As Stockholm-based journalist Mattias Bengtsson points out, the party was "founded in the mid-1980s by a mix of neo-Nazi, neo-fascist, racist and ultra-nationalistic groups", including a former member of the Nazi Waffen-SS, Gustaf Ekström. Another of its early senior members, Anders Klarström, who once chaired the party, had previously been a member of the Nordich Reich Party, a Swedish neo-Nazi group.
According to Sweden's Expo Foundation[xxx], the Swedish Democrats had developed connections with other neo-Nazi movements early on, including the National Democratic Party (NDP) of Germany and the American National Association for the Advancement of White People founded by white supremacist David Duke.
In interviews, the party's leader, Jimmie Åkesson, routinely pretends that the party never had Nazi roots. But as Daniel Poohl, head of the Expo Foundation, observes:
"The racism of the Sweden Democrats is not something pertaining to the past. It is part of the party's whole idea."
A YouGov poll[xxxi] in August last year showed that the closet neo-Nazi party is now the most popular political party in Sweden.
Putin's fascists
While wining and dining with US neoconservatives connected to the extreme right of the Republican Party, Ukip has simultaneously nurtured a warm relationship with Russia.
In 2013, Nigel Farage met with Russia's ambassador to London, Alexander Yakovenko.
Farage is also such a regular fixture on the Russian-state funded television network, Russia Today (RT), he is even featured in RT promotional literature. His frequent appearances invariably involve lavishing unmitigated praise on Putin's foreign policy.
But this represents just a sample of the increasing affinity between Europe's neo-Nazi political parties and Russia. A study by New York's Institute of Modern Russia (IMR) examined[xxxii] the voting patterns of the neo-Nazi blocs in European Parliament, and found them to be consistently supportive of Russian geopolitical interests.
Farage's group, the EFDD, voted in support of Russian interests in 67% of cases. The ENF led by Le Pen and Wilders was even worse, voting in support of Russian interests in 93% of cases.
This alignment traces back to concrete burgeoning strategic relationships. The FPO, for instance, acted as election monitors in Crimea after Russia annexed it in 2014.
The French NF in particular, which leads Wilders' ENF bloc, has established regular contacts[xxxiii] with the Kremlin.
In June 2013, and again in April 2014, Marine Le Pen visited Moscow and met with the Chairman of the State Duma, Sergey Naryshkin — a close Putin aide who is also connected with pro-Nazi fascist theoretician Alexander Dugin.
During the first meeting, she met with Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin. It later transpired that the FN had received a 9 million Euros loan from the First Czech Russian Bank, which is closely connected with the Kremlin.
In August 2014, Belgium's neo-Nazi VB party — closely tied to the IFPS, where Frank Gaffney is on the board — attended a major Russian conference in Yalta on the Ukraine crisis and global challenges. The party was joined by other extreme neo-Nazi groups like the BNP and Hungary's Jobbik.
The FPO, which is part of the ENF coalition, attended an international conference at the Kremlin state palace in September 2014 to discuss how to combat the "homosexual lobby."
It is no surprise then that Dutch politician Geert Wilders and other senior PVV MEPs have a track record[xxxiv] of supporting Russia's geopolitical interests in the European Parliament, in speeches, and on social media.
Marcel de Graff, for instance, a PVV MEP who co-chairs the ENF with Le Pen, has supported Russia's intervention in Syria; absolved Russia of any responsibility at all for the Ukraine crisis; and supported Europe's continued dependence on Russian gas.
Russia's interests in supporting the European far-right are not difficult to discern. Putin sees the break-up of the European Union as the central plank of a strategy to weaken the post-Cold War security alliance, NATO, led by the United States. By weakening or even fragmenting the EU, Russia would be empowered to consolidate the dependence of European countries on its gas, as well as fundamentally undermine NATO, potentially even leading to the destruction of the security alliance.
The role of neo-fascist and Nazi sympathiser Alexander Dugin in influencing Putin's geostrategic vision also demonstrates its potentially imperial ramifications. Within this vision, the consolidation of the far-right across Europe represents the frontline of a proxy ideological war to resurrect an unprecedented panoply of neo-Nazi movements as a mechanism to turn Europe on itself.
The breakdown of the postwar European Union threatens to end the international architecture that has sustained over half a century of peace within a continent whose historical experience is intermittent warfare.
For Dugin, and potentially by extension Putin, this would provide the opportunity for a renewal of the Russian empire propped up via a network of pro-Russian proto-Nazi client regimes, rolling back US hegemony. For these neo-Nazi parties, the attraction of Russia's patronage lies in the latter's role as rival superpower within an increasingly multipolar international system, in which US power is gradually waning.
Entryism
Ultimately, however, the trans-Atlantic network of neo-Nazi parties across Europe represents far more than merely a potential proxy for Russian shenanigans.
This investigation has demonstrated that this neo-Nazi network, despite many irreconcilable disagreements and divisions, is tightly interwoven across multiple nations, groups and organisations, shares a core fundamental vision of white supremacism, and remains both deeply anti-Muslim and anti-Semitic.
The strategy of aligning themselves with Israel constitutes less a meaningful ideological departure from fascist roots, than a tactical rehabilitation for political purposes to open up the possibility of neo-Nazi ideology re-entering the mainstream corridors of power in liberal democracies.
This investigation demonstrates that the end-goal of this process is the gradual return of the Reich by stealth, in not one, but multiple European democracies, where interconnected neo-Nazi political parties are either already in government, on the cusp of gaining entry to government, or sufficiently popular as to have a strong chance of reaching the cusp of government in coming years.
By 2019, this investigation shows — if the exponential trend in their rising popularity continues — neo-Nazi political parties could gain control of more than a third of seats in the European Parliament, while also winning dramatic political victories at home with the potential to launch them into government either as the ruling parties, or as coalition partners.
Perhaps the most alarming element of this picture is the success that this trans-Atlantic neo-Nazi network has had in penetrating the right-wing of the Republican Party.
Frank Gaffney was national security advisor to failed presidential candidate Ted Cruz, but retains two CSP acolytes on Donald Trump's national security team. Simultaneously, another IFPS board member, former CIA analyst Clare Lopez, was also on Cruz's national security team.
With his neocon heritage, Gaffney is so anti-Russia, that he was even too hawkish for the Reagan administration, which jettisoned him for vehemently opposing all arms control talks with the then-Soviet Union. And his think-tank, the CSP, has close financial connections to the US defence industry[xxxv], including a special long-term relationship with giant contractor Boeing.
Yet Gaffney is now surrounded with pro-Russian far-right extremists from Europe, who are sympathisers with neo-Nazi Anders Breivik's 'Vienna' school of fascism.
PVV leader Geert Wilders, for instance, is an integral part of the pro-Russian neo-Nazi lobby in the European parliament. Yet Wilders is also Frank Gaffney's pet European ideologue, through whom the Dutch racist has cemented his ideological influence in right-wing Republican circles. He sits on the IFPS board along with Gaffney and his CSP staffer Lopez.
Gaffney has also courted and hosted, through both the IFPS and CSP, numerous other neo-Nazi political parties which are rapidly rising to power across Europe.
Frank Gaffney, whose colleagues sit on Donald Trump's national security team, cavorts with European neo-Nazi collaborators courted by Vladimir Putin
Yet the neo-Nazi ideology promoted by the IFPS and its members is precisely the ideology of choice that Vladmir Putin seeks to empower in Europe. Putin's goals in doing so are to accelerate the fragmentation of the continent, the destruction of NATO, and the retreat of the US from Eurasia, paving the way for the resurgence of Russian global power — on the back of the return of the Reich, across the ashes of the EU.
No wonder, then, that Donald Trump, Gaffney, Wilders and Putin appear to have much in common.
"I hope @realDonaldTrump will be the next US President. Good for America, good for Europe. We need brave leaders," tweeted Wilders, congratulating Trump on his demand to ban Muslims from entering the US.
Gaffney, too, has loudly professed his support for Trump's policies despite formally joining his competitor's camp. In August, he urged voters[xxxvi] to "Embrace Trump's Immigration Platform," and praised him for "driving the political establishment crazy" by advancing "a position on immigration reform at odds with the open borders agenda favored by both parties' leadership and special interests."
Trump has also received praise[xxxvii] from Putin, who described him as a "flamboyant" and "outstanding" man. In turn, he has returned the praise, affirming:
"I will get along — I think — with Putin… and we will have a much more stable world. I would talk to him."
But the mutual admiration is unsurprising, given that Trump, like Putin, appears to see a break-up of the European Union as a good thing.
Russia Today, Sputnik and even the Russian embassy have consistently promoted[xxxviii] the 'Brexit' campaign. Likewise, in an interview[xxxix] with Piers Morgan, Donald Trump said "I think maybe it's time" for Britain to leave the European Union because of migration "craziness" — an event widely recognised[xl] to likely precipitate an EU break-up.
And in a speech in April, Trump reiterated[xli] his insistence that NATO is "obsolete", and that unless European partners "pay up" their "fair share", they should "get out":
"And if it breaks up NATO, it breaks up NATO."
Yet for all Gaffney's rhetoric in support of NATO, in 2012 he warned with relish[xlii] of the probability of a break-up of the EU, while hinting at NATO's inevitable failure:
"Europe may soon be in for another of the horrific cataclysms that have plagued it for nearly all of recorded history… We must, however, resist the temptation to try to prop up the European Union as the solution to such prospects and invest, instead, in efforts to work with national governments there… [W]e cannot expect that what emerges from the wreckage of profligate spending and subordination of sovereignty that is Europe will provide the reliable partners and robust militaries that we are told will permit us safely to reduce our own capabilities and burden-share with our allies."
This, indeed, would be music to Putin's ears. Perhaps Putin's admiration for Trump is motivated by the fact that neo-Nazi parties who, effectively, do his bidding in European Parliament, have co-opted the Trump campaign through Gaffney.
In an ironically symbolic illustration of this neo-Nazi, pro-Putin Trojan Horse in the heart of the Republican Party, Gaffney's CSP gathered together many of the same figures he had hosted in 2009, at the 'Defeat Jihad' summit on 10th February 2015.
Speakers at the summit included Ted Cruz, several Republican Congressman, IFPS chair Lars Hedegaard, and de facto representatives of the European parties at the helm of the leading pro-Putin neo-Nazi coalitions in the European Parliament: the PVV's Geert Wilders and Ukip peer Lord Malcolm Pearson.
The consolidation of trans-Atlantic ties between US self-styled counterjihadists, European neo-Nazis and Kremlin neo-fascists is thus part of a mutual effort to leverage the reigns of government across the US and Europe.
The surge in anti-Muslim hatred has been accompanied by a surge in anti-Semitism precisely because the driving shared ideology of the far-right is a neo-Nazi narrative, which has increasingly gravitated toward the Breivik 'Vienna school' of fascism to tactically expand its influence in mainstream right-wing political circles.
The investigation also shows that these interconnected neo-Nazi parties form an eclectic, divided but still tightly coupled trans-Atlantic network, many of which are on the cusp of power. Putin's interest in these groups, including in Trump, is because he sees an opportunity to accelerate the fragmentation of Europe into 28 divided, smaller, weaker state units, and thereby to fatally undermine NATO.
If these parties manage to cement their hold on power in multiple European nations, then this prospect is actually quite plausible, even within the next 5 years.
Needless to say, whatever the faults and failures of NATO and the EU — of which there are many — the break-up of the union threatens to destroy the entire postwar security architecture sustaining 60 plus years of peace within Europe.
This prospect, amidst the emergence of multiple neo-Nazi governments in Europe, potentially represents the biggest threat to international security since the Second World War.
[i] Piggot, op. cit.
[ii] Matthew Duss, Yasmine Taeb, Ken Gude, and Ken Sofer, Fear, Inc. 2.0: The Islamophobia Network's Efforts to Manufacture Hate in America (Washington DC: Center for American Progress, February 2015) https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/FearInc-report2.11.pdf
[iii] Nafeez Ahmed, 'The US military industrial complex, Wall Street and Big Oil are vying to buy the presidency: A dummies guide to who might own the White House', INSURGE intelligence (24 May 2016) https://medium.com/insurge-intelligence/who-will-own-the-white-house-57c1e95c101c
[iv] Ahmed, 'David Cameron confidante promotes forced depopulation of Muslims in Europe', Media Diversified (28 April 2015) https://mediadiversified.org/2015/04/28/david-cameron-confidant-promotes-forced-depopulation-of-muslims-in-europe/
[v] Ahmed, 'Geert Wilders tries to break America', New Statesman (9 June 2012) http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/north-america/2012/06/geert-wilders-tries-break-america
[vi] 'Expressing Sense of House Representatives Concerning Participation of Extremist FPO in Government of Austria', Congressional Record (Vol. 146, Part. 3, 21 March 2000 to 4 April 2000) pp. 4248–4252
[vii] Congressional White Paper, 'Joerg Haider and the Freedom Party of Austria-FPO', in ibid., pp. 4250–4252
[viii] Barak Ravid, 'Likud Lawmaker Meets With Far-right Austrian Leader Despite Official Israeli Policy', Haaretz (14 April 2016) http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.714458
[ix] Stefan Theil, 'Far Right Politicians Find Common Cause in Israel', Newsweek (27 February 2011) http://europe.newsweek.com/far-right-politicians-find-common-cause-israel-68583
[x] Anna Goldenberg, 'Rise of Austria's Far-Right Seen Through Eyes of Lone Jewish Lawmaker', Forward (20 October 2013) http://forward.com/news/185729/rise-of-austrias-far-right-seen-through-eyes-of-lo/
[xi] Laurence Doering, Vera Mair, and Werner Reisinger, 'Austria's Nazi Frat Boys?', Vienna Review (5 March 2012) http://www.viennareview.net/news/front-page/austrias-nazi-frat-boys
[xii] Charles Hawley, 'The Likud Connection: Europe's Right-Wing Populists Find Allies in Israel', Spiegel (29 July 2011) http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/the-likud-connection-europe-s-right-wing-populists-find-allies-in-israel-a-777175.html
[xiii] Etienne Vermeersch, 'Filip Dewinter en het nazi-racisme' (23 March 2004) http://www.etiennevermeersch.be/artikels/politiek/filip-dewinter-en-het-nazi-racisme
[xiv] Daniel Luban and Eli Clifton, 'Dutch Foe of Islam Ignores US Allies' Far Right Ties', Inter Press Agency (28 February 2009) http://www.ipsnews.net/2009/02/politics-dutch-foe-of-islam-ignores-us-allies39-far-right-ties/
[xv] 'Paul Belien Goes to Work for Geert Wilders', Gates of Vienna blog (3 September 2010) http://gatesofvienna.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/paul-belien-goes-to-work-for-geert.html
[xvi] Lynn Wenzel, 'False equivalence does not justify racism', The Union (17 September 2014) http://www.theunion.com/opinion/13045825-113/black-racism-west-equivalence
[xvii] Ronald Radosh, 'McCarthy on Steroids', FrontPage Mag (6 August 2013) http://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/199666/mccarthy-steroids-ronald-radosh
[xviii] ADL report, David Yerushalmi: A Driving Force Behind Anti-Sharia Efforts in the US (New York: Anti Defamation League, January 2012) http://www.adl.org/civil-rights/discrimination/c/profile-david-yerushalmi.html
[xix] David Modell, 'Christian fundamentalists fighting spiritual battle in Parliament', Telegraph (17 May 2008) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1975933/Christian-fundamentalists-fighting-spiritual-battle-in-Parliament.html
[xx] Steven Rose, 'Sam Solomon, Christian Concern and Gerard Batten', Tell Mama blog (16 May 2014) http://tellmamauk.org/sam-solomon-christian-concern-gerard-batten-steven-rose/
[xxi] Francis Wheen, 'The right revs up', Guardian (13 October 1999) http://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/oct/13/race.world
[xxii] Ibid.
[xxiii] Andrew Porter, 'Ukip rejects pact with far right BNP', Telegraph (3 November 2008) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/3373682/Ukip-rejects-pact-with-far-right-BNP.html
[xxiv] Jay Rayner, 'Far right invades anti-Europe party', Guardian (21 May 2000) http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/may/21/foodanddrink.expertopinions
[xxv] Mark Townsend, 'Ukip refuses to oppose EU funding for far-right parties', Guardian (27 January 2013) http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/jan/27/ukip-far-right
[xxvi] John Hooper, 'Ex-Berlusconi minister defends Anders Behring Breivik', Guardian (27 July 2011) http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/27/ex-berlusconi-minister-defends-breivik
[xxvii] Ibid.
[xxviii] Alex Andreou, 'Is Ukip a party of bigots? Let's look at the evidence', New Statesman (11 February 2013) http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2013/02/ukip-party-bigots-lets-look-evidence
[xxix] Nicholas Farrell, 'If Nigel Farage is worried about anti-Semitism, he shouldn't be teaming up with Beppe Grillo', Spectator (28 June 2014) http://www.spectator.co.uk/2014/06/farages-strange-new-ally/
[xxx] Daniel Poohl, The violence, hatred and racism the Sweden Democrats wants us to forget 1988–2014 (Expo Foundation, 2015) http://expo.se/sverigedemokraterna/en/
[xxxi] Richard Orange, 'Anti-immigrant Sweden Democrats now the biggest party, according to poll', Telegraph (20 August 2015) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/sweden/11814498/Anti-immigrant-Sweden-Democrats-now-the-biggest-party-according-to-poll.html
[xxxii] Péter Krekó, Marie Macaulay, Csaba Molnár and Lóránt Győri, Europe's New Pro-Putin Coalition: the Parties of 'No' (Institute of Modern Russia and Political Capital Institute,
3 August 2015) http://imrussia.org/en/analysis/world/2368-europes-new-pro-putin-coalition-the-parties-of-no
[xxxiii] Antonis Klapsis, An Unholy Alliance: The European Far-Right and Putin's Russia (Wilfried Martins Centre for European Studies, 2015) http://www.martenscentre.eu/sites/default/files/publication-files/far-right-political-parties-in-europe-and-putins-russia.pdf
[xxxiv] 'How Much Influence Does The Kremlin Have Over MEPs? — part 2', EU Today (10 January 2016) http://eutoday.net/news/outburst-2
[xxxv] Ahmed, 'The US military industry complex', op. cit.
[xxxvi] Frank Gaffney Jr, 'Embrace Trump's Immigration Platform', Center for Security Policy (17 August 2015) https://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/2015/08/17/embrace-trumps-immigration-platform/
[xxxvii] Harriet Sinclair, 'Donald Trump finds an unlikely supporter in Vladimir Putin', Independent (30 April 2016) http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-finds-unlikely-support-from-vladimir-putin-a7008601.html
[xxxviii] Ben Judah, 'Those who call for Brexit are handing European power to the Kremlin', Independent (9 March 2016) http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/those-who-call-for-brexit-are-handing-european-power-to-the-kremlin-a6921386.html
[xxxix] Lucy Crossley, '"I think maybe it's time": Trump says Britain WILL leave the EU because of migration "craziness" and says "thousands and thousands" of people backed his claims about "radicalized" London', Daily Mail (24 March 2016)
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3507352/I-think-maybe-s-time-Donald-Trump-says-Britain-leave-EU-migration-craziness-says-radicalised-London-comments-TRUTH.html
[xl] Michael Settle, 'Brexit could lead to break up of EU, says Vote Leave sources, as Gove insists it would liberate UK', Herald Scotland (20 April 2016) http://www.heraldscotland.com/politics/14438136.Brexit_could_lead_to_break_up_of_EU__says_Vote_Leave_sources__as_Gove_insists_it_would_mean_liberation_for_UK/?ref=rl&lp=5
[xli] Steve Holland, 'Donald Trump Calls NATO "Obsolete"', Reuters (4 February 2016) available via http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/donald-trump-nato_us_570060bce4b0a06d5805e283
[xlii] Gaffney, 'Farewell to European superstate: Failed EU experiment is heading for a crack up', Washington Times (7 May 2012) http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/may/7/farewell-to-european-superstate/
Tell MAMA independently and separately commissioned INSURGEintelligence to explore the network dynamics of far right extremism in Europe. The views and opinions in this investigative project do not necessarily represent those of Tell MAMA.
Return of the Reich
An independent INSURGEintelligence investigative project commissioned by TELL MAMA. Dedicated to Jo Cox, her family, and her vision.
Systems journalist. Crowdfunding investigations: http://patreon.com/nafeez


text:
Leading independent school principal warns SNP state guardian code of practice is 'unworkable'
John Swinney, the Scottish Education Minister Credit: PA
Simon Johnson, Scottish Political Editor
4 September 2017 • 6:00am
Simon Johnson
A code of practice for the SNP's 'state guardians' is "unworkable" and makes it harder for teachers to flag up concerns about vulnerable children, the principal of two of Scotland's most eminent independent schools has warned.
David Gray, the head of Erskine Stewart's Melville Schools (ESMS) in Edinburgh, said the onerous duties imposed by the Scottish Government's code for Named Persons makes it less likely than at present that sensitive information about an at-risk child would be shared.
In a submission to a Holyrood inquiry, he said the code imposes an "unreasonable" series of tests, some of which could only be proven in a court of law, that would be "unworkable and militate against beneficial action in favour of the child."
His intervention is significant as he is the respected principal of both Stewart Melville's College for secondary-age boys and Mary Erskine School for girls. Together they also have a co-educational junior school for children aged between three and 12.
It was echoed by submissions from council public health leaders, local authorities, academics and the medical professions, who warned that the guidance was confusing and written in legalistic jargon that cannot be understood by parents or those who will fill the Named Person role.
Dumfries and Galloway Children's Services said: "Due to the fear of breaching rights and legislation, and the potential legal consequences, we are concerned that this further legislation will result in a decrease of information being shared and an increased risk for some children, particularly those who may have vulnerabilities."
East Renfrewshire Council highlighted a risk "that professionals become overly cautious about sharing information about children and young people, which is the opposite to what the original legislation/policy intended."
The latest setback for the controversial plan came as it emerged that Named Persons are to receive just one day of training before taking on the role and making vital decisions about other people's children.
Every child under 18 is to have a Named Person Credit: Juice Images / Alamy
SNP ministers originally introduced the scheme, which assigns a state guardian for every child, to identify at-risk children earlier. Health visitors will assume the role for pre-school children and teachers for older youngsters.
But they were forced to put the scheme on hold and drastically water down its information-sharing powers after the UK Supreme Court ruled that it breached parents' human rights, confidentiality laws and data protection.
John Swinney, the Education Minister, unveiled a new Bill scrapping a statutory duty for state guardians to share information and replacing it with a responsibility to consider whether doing so would help a child's wellbeing.
However, a draft code of practice published alongside the legislation made clear that Named Persons "must be able to justify the interference" to the right to privacy under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and data protection rules.
In a submission to Holyrood's education committee, which will meet this week to examine the plans, Mr Gray said these criteria make it "less likely than at present that information, especially sensitive information, would be shared, to the detriment of the child."
He said it "deliberately places a whole series of legal and moral obstructions in the way of that happening" and was likely to "discourage or intimidate" those with the authority to share information.
Arguing that teachers were being put in an "awkward position", he said that weighing up whether to act in the best interests of a child "ought to be a simple decision" but they must now undertake "a whole series of tests."
Protestors standing outside the Supreme Court in London demonstrating against the Scottish government's Named Person scheme Credit: PA
In a separate submission, Scotland's public health directors said the code suggested there was a "grey area" where state guardians can share information without the consent of the child or parents but this was "very difficult to define" and would be "challengeable."
They warned that parents worried that sensitive information might be shared without their permission may start refusing to take children to health services for assessment and advice.
`The Royal College of Nursing in Scotland called for the Bill to be scrapped, arguing the "duty to consider" whether to share information was "vague and confusing."
Dr Gary Clapton and Professor Viv Cree, of Edinburgh University's social work department, said the SNP government needed to go back to the "drawing board."
"The Bill fails to address fundamental concerns that were expressed during 2015/2016 regarding arbitrary interference by the State in private and family life," they concluded. The Faculty of Advocates has previously criticised a "serious lack of clarity" in the new Bill.
But a Scottish Government spokesman said it was confident the Bill "fully addresses the issues raised by the UK Supreme Court." He added: "It will bring consistency, clarity and coherence to the sharing of information about children's and young people's wellbeing across Scotland."
Scottish National Party (SNP)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Showing results for tags 'notification bar'.
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Notification bar controls don't work well. White controls on white background. Also can't figure out how to disable visualizations.


I'm tempted to hop on a train and ride out to the southern part of the prefecture to see how much snow they got, but unfortunately I've got things to do. Ho-hum.
Wow... I can't believe these images, I've only spent one Winter in Fukuoka as I'm usually there in Spring. However the small amount of snow that fell melted as soon as it hit the ground. Thanks for posting this.


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text:
Husband, Wife Duo To 'Reflect' In Concert
SHSU Media Contact: Tricia Sims
Sam Houston State will host husband and wife duo Brian and Alaina Graiser for the faculty recital "REFLECT harp+percussion" on Saturday (Feb. 18) at 7:30 p.m. in the Gaertner Performing Arts Center Recital Hall.
Brian, a percussion instructor at SHSU, and harp player Alaina join together to make the duo REFLECT harp+percussion. The group's musical identity revolves around their mutual passion for the French impressionist music of the Belle Époque and Fin de Siècle periods, in the early 1900s.
"We 'reflect' this passion in two ways: by looking back and preserving the music of those periods through innovative and faithful transcription for our instruments and by harnessing the surge of creativity and experimentalism of that time in the promotion of new works for harp and percussion today," Brian said.
SHSU percussion instructor Brian Graiser and his wife Alaina, who teaches at the University of Cincinnati, Graiser comprise the duo REFLECT harp+percussion. —Photo from briangraiser.com
In addition to performing older, more classical works, REFLECT harp+percussion also showcase modern pieces of music.
"We generally try to split our concerts 50/50 between French Impressionist transcriptions and contemporary pieces," Brian said.
The first piece that will be performed is "Reflets dans l'eau" ("Reflections in the Water") by Claude Debussy, which was composed in 1905. The piece was originally written for solo piano, but REFLECT harp+percussion transcribed it for harp and extended-range vibraphone.
Another piece that the duo will perform, "We Measure in Victims," was composed by Brian himself in 2016, in remembrance of those killed or wounded in the November 2015 Paris terror attacks.
"In the moments immediately following the Paris terror attacks, #PourteOuverte ("Open Door") started trending on French social media; at a time when it would have been easy for people to lock their homes and hide, instead there was an uprising of people who wanted everyone outside to know that they were opening their doors to provide shelter during those terrible hours," he said. "I feel this is a particularly important thing for us to remember, especially given the recent actions our own government has taken regarding offering aid and shelter to foreign victims and refugees."
Other pieces will include "Scintillation" (1936) by Carlos Salzedo, "Entre Funerailles II" (1999) by Mark Applebaum, "Fantaisie pour violon et harpe" (1907) by Camille Saint-Saëns, and more.
"Part of our mission as a duo is to advocate for our respective instruments by contributing one solo work each to every program," Brian said. "So in addition to the Impressionist and contemporary duo works, there will also be a harp solo and a vibraphone solo."
The duo has an unusual situation this academic year, both personally and professionally since Alaina currently serves as adjunct harp instructor at the University of Cincinnati.
"As you can imagine, living 1,000 miles apart has been a challenge both personally and in terms of our duo, but between our touring experiences last year, being together during the winter break, and our daily phone communication, we're confident that the concert here will go well," Brian said.
Brian received his Bachelor of Music degree in music performance and music composition at the University of Georgia, and Alaina received her Bachelor of Music degree in music performance at the University of Texas in Austin.
They met while perusing their master's degrees at the University of Toronto and then both received their Doctor of Musical Arts degrees at the University of Cincinnati.
The two married in 2011 and began touring as a duo spring of 2016.
Admission to the recital is free.
"Those who attend this concert are guaranteed to see and hear something special," Brian said. "The combined passion behind this concert, from the composers who originally wrote the works to the countless hours REFLECT harp+percussion has spent perfecting every note, every swell, every gesture, I promise that it will be a memorable experience."
For more information, contact the School of Music at 936.294.1360.


text:
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// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

package secp256k1

/*
<HaltingState> sipa, int secp256k1_ecdsa_pubkey_create(unsigned char *pubkey, int *pubkeylen, const unsigned char *seckey, int compressed);
<HaltingState> is that how i generate private/public keys?
<sipa> HaltingState: you pass in a random 32-byte string as seckey
<sipa> HaltingState: if it is valid, the corresponding pubkey is put in pubkey
<sipa> and true is returned
<sipa> otherwise, false is returned
<sipa> around 1 in 2^128 32-byte strings are invalid, so the odds of even ever seeing one is extremely rare

<sipa> private keys are mathematically numbers
<sipa> each has a corresponding point on the curve as public key
<sipa> a private key is just a number
<sipa> a public key is a point with x/y coordinates
<sipa> almost every 256-bit number is a valid private key (one with a point on the curve corresponding to it)
<sipa> HaltingState: ok?

<sipa> more than half of random points are not on the curve
<sipa> and actually, it is less than  the square root, not less than half, sorry :)
!!!
<sipa> a private key is a NUMBER
<sipa> a public key is a POINT
<gmaxwell> half the x,y values in the field are not on the curve, a private key is an integer.

<sipa> HaltingState: yes, n,q = private keys; N,Q = corresponding public keys (N=n*G, Q=q*G); then it follows that n*Q = n*q*G = q*n*G = q*N
<sipa> that's the reason ECDH works
<sipa> multiplication is associative and commutativ
*/

/*
<HaltingState> sipa, ok; i am doing compact signatures and I want to know; can someone change the signature to get another valid signature for same message without the private key
<HaltingState> because i know they can do that for the normal 72 byte signatures that openssl was putting out
<sipa> HaltingState: if you don't enforce non-malleability, yes
<sipa> HaltingState: if you force the highest bit of t

<sipa> it _creates_ signatures that already satisfy that condition
<sipa> but it will accept ones that don't
<sipa> maybe i should change that, and be strict
<HaltingState> yes; i want some way to know signature is valid but fails malleability
<sipa> well if the highest bit of S is 1, you can take its complement
<sipa> and end up with a valid signature
<sipa> that is canonical
*/

/*

<HaltingState> sipa, I am signing messages and highest bit of the compact signature is 1!!!
<HaltingState>  if (b & 0x80) == 0x80 {
<HaltingState>   log.Panic("b= %v b2= %v \n", b, b&0x80)
<HaltingState>  }
<sipa> what bit?
* Pengoo has quit (Ping timeout: 272 seconds)
<HaltingState> the highest bit of the first byte of signature
<sipa> it's the highest bit of S
<sipa> so the 32nd byte
<HaltingState> wtf

*/

/*
 For instance, nonces are used in HTTP digest access authentication to calculate an MD5 digest
 of the password. The nonces are different each time the 401 authentication challenge
 response code is presented, thus making replay attacks virtually impossible.

can verify client/server match without sending password over network
*/

/*
<hanihani> one thing I dont get about armory for instance,
is how the hot-wallet can generate new addresses without
knowing the master key
*/

/*
<HaltingState> i am yelling at the telehash people for using secp256r1
instead of secp256k1; they thing r1 is "more secure" despite fact that
there is no implementation that works and wrapping it is now taking
up massive time, lol
<gmaxwell> ...

<gmaxwell> You know that the *r curves are selected via an undisclosed
secret process, right?
<gmaxwell> HaltingState: telehash is offtopic for this channel.
*/
/*
 For instance, nonces are used in HTTP digest access authentication to calculate an MD5 digest
 of the password. The nonces are different each time the 401 authentication challenge
 response code is presented, thus making replay attacks virtually impossible.

can verify client/server match without sending password over network
*/

/*
void secp256k1_start(void);
void secp256k1_stop(void);

 * Verify an ECDSA signature.
 *  Returns: 1: correct signature
 *           0: incorrect signature
 *          -1: invalid public key
 *          -2: invalid signature
 *
int secp256k1_ecdsa_verify(const unsigned char *msg, int msglen,
                           const unsigned char *sig, int siglen,
                           const unsigned char *pubkey, int pubkeylen);

http://www.nilsschneider.net/2013/01/28/recovering-bitcoin-private-keys.html

Why did this work? ECDSA requires a random number for each signature. If this random
number is ever used twice with the same private key it can be recovered.
This transaction was generated by a hardware bitcoin wallet using a pseudo-random number
generator that was returning the same "random" number every time.

Nonce is 32 bytes?

 * Create an ECDSA signature.
 *  Returns: 1: signature created
 *           0: nonce invalid, try another one
 *  In:      msg:    the message being signed
 *           msglen: the length of the message being signed
 *           seckey: pointer to a 32-byte secret key (assumed to be valid)
 *           nonce:  pointer to a 32-byte nonce (generated with a cryptographic PRNG)
 *  Out:     sig:    pointer to a 72-byte array where the signature will be placed.
 *           siglen: pointer to an int, which will be updated to the signature length (<=72).
 *
int secp256k1_ecdsa_sign(const unsigned char *msg, int msglen,
                         unsigned char *sig, int *siglen,
                         const unsigned char *seckey,
                         const unsigned char *nonce);

 * Create a compact ECDSA signature (64 byte + recovery id).
 *  Returns: 1: signature created
 *           0: nonce invalid, try another one
 *  In:      msg:    the message being signed
 *           msglen: the length of the message being signed
 *           seckey: pointer to a 32-byte secret key (assumed to be valid)
 *           nonce:  pointer to a 32-byte nonce (generated with a cryptographic PRNG)
 *  Out:     sig:    pointer to a 64-byte array where the signature will be placed.
 *           recid:  pointer to an int, which will be updated to contain the recovery id.
 *
int secp256k1_ecdsa_sign_compact(const unsigned char *msg, int msglen,
                                 unsigned char *sig64,
                                 const unsigned char *seckey,
                                 const unsigned char *nonce,
                                 int *recid);

 * Recover an ECDSA public key from a compact signature.
 *  Returns: 1: public key succesfully recovered (which guarantees a correct signature).
 *           0: otherwise.
 *  In:      msg:        the message assumed to be signed
 *           msglen:     the length of the message
 *           compressed: whether to recover a compressed or uncompressed pubkey
 *           recid:      the recovery id (as returned by ecdsa_sign_compact)
 *  Out:     pubkey:     pointer to a 33 or 65 byte array to put the pubkey.
 *           pubkeylen:  pointer to an int that will contain the pubkey length.
 *

recovery id is between 0 and 3

int secp256k1_ecdsa_recover_compact(const unsigned char *msg, int msglen,
                                    const unsigned char *sig64,
                                    unsigned char *pubkey, int *pubkeylen,
                                    int compressed, int recid);

 * Verify an ECDSA secret key.
 *  Returns: 1: secret key is valid
 *           0: secret key is invalid
 *  In:      seckey: pointer to a 32-byte secret key
 *
int secp256k1_ecdsa_seckey_verify(const unsigned char *seckey);

** Just validate a public key.
 *  Returns: 1: valid public key
 *           0: invalid public key
 *
int secp256k1_ecdsa_pubkey_verify(const unsigned char *pubkey, int pubkeylen);

** Compute the public key for a secret key.
 *  In:     compressed: whether the computed public key should be compressed
 *          seckey:     pointer to a 32-byte private key.
 *  Out:    pubkey:     pointer to a 33-byte (if compressed) or 65-byte (if uncompressed)
 *                      area to store the public key.
 *          pubkeylen:  pointer to int that will be updated to contains the pubkey's
 *                      length.
 *  Returns: 1: secret was valid, public key stores
 *           0: secret was invalid, try again.
 *
int secp256k1_ecdsa_pubkey_create(unsigned char *pubkey, int *pubkeylen, const unsigned char *seckey, int compressed);
*/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (An Actionable Guide to Enhance Your Online Privacy With Tor)
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/tor-guide/)
[#]: author: (Community https://itsfoss.com/author/itsfoss/)

An Actionable Guide to Enhance Your Online Privacy With Tor
======

In a world where technology is rapidly evolving, companies are gathering data and information from users in order to optimize the functionality of their applications as much as possible, privacy has slowly begun to fade and look like a myth.

Many people believe that completely concealing their identity online is a difficult process that cannot be achieved. But of course, for security experts and for those who are optimistic that anonymity will not be lost, the answer is that we can enhance anonymity on the Internet.

This can clearly be achieved with the help of _Tor_. Tor stands for The Onion Routing.

Tor is a free and open source software developed by the [Tor project][1], a non-profit organization focusing on the freedom and privacy of users on the Internet.

![Tor Onion][2]

Let's see below how you can enhance our online privacy with Tor.

### What is Tor?

As I mentioned before, Tor is a free open source software which defends users' privacy. Specifically, The Onion Router software is being used by students, companies, universities, reporters who maybe want to share an idea anonymously for many years. In order to conceal users' identities, Tor routes traffic through a worldwide overlay network which consisting of thousand of relays.

![Tor Network][3]

In addition, it has a very handy functionality as it encrypts the data multiple times, including the next IP address for the node it is intended for, and sends it through a virtual circuit that includes a random node. Each node decrypts a layer of encrypted information in order to reveal the next node. The result is that the remaining encrypted information will be decrypted at the last node without revealing the source IP address. This process builds the Tor circuit.

### How to install Tor on Linux

Since Tor is one of the most popular software in the open source community, it can be found in almost every Linux distribution's repository.

For Ubuntu-based distributions, it is available in the universe repository. We have a separate article on [installing Tor browser on Ubuntu][4] which you may refer. It also has a few tips on using the browser that you may find useful.

I am using Debian 10 so I'll mention the steps for installing Tor on Debian:

All you have to do is to add the backport repository to our sources.list and then we can easily install Tor and its components. Use the following commands:

```
echo "deb http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports main contrib" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/buster-backports.list

sudo apt update
sudo apt install tor torbrowser-launcher
```

Remember!

Do not run Tor as root, as it is not secure for your operating system. It is recommended to run it as a normal user.

### What can you achieve with Tor?

As we move on, you will see numerous privacy enhancements that can be impressively accomplished with Tor.

Particularly, below we will see the topics that will be covered:

  * Explore the Tor Network with Tor Browser
  * Use Tor through Firefox

Note: It would be helpful to take into consideration that Tor can be used alongside with many applications, so anyone can privately use the application she/he desires.

  * Create a hidden Tor service
  * Create a middle Tor relay

#### Explore the Tor network with Tor browser

To connect to the Tor network through the Tor browser, open the application that will be with the rest of your internet applications or type in the terminal:

```
torbrowser-launcher
```

Initially, a window will appear, which allows some settings to be modified in the connection. For example, for users who wish to access the Tor network, and their country does not allow them, they must have the necessary settings for a successful connection.

![Tor Network Settings][5]

You can always request a bridge from the Tor Database, [BridgeDB][6].

If everything is under control, all that's left is to connect.

![Tor Browser][7]

_**Welcome to Tor..**_

It is worth mentioning that it would be helpful and safe to avoid adding extensions to Tor Browser as it can reveal user's real location and IP address to the website operators.

It is also recommended to avoid downloading torrents, to avoid IP revealing.

_**Let the exploration begin ..**_

#### How to use Tor through Firefox

You don't always need to use the Tor browser. The [awesome Firefox][8] allows you to use Tor network.

In order to connect to tor network via Firefox, you must first open the tor service. To do this, execute the following command:

```
sudo service tor start
```

To ensure that the tor is active, you can observe the open links. Below you can see the running port, which is the 9050.

```
netstat -nvlp
```

Here's the output:

```
..     ..              ..                         ..                      ..

tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:9050          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN
```

The only thing left to do is to set Firefox to be connected through Tor proxy.

Go to Preferences → General → Network Proxy and set the localhost IP and Tor listening port to SOCKS v5 as shows below:

![Setting Tor in Firefox][9]

#### How to create a Tor Hidden Service

Ttry to search for the term "Hidden Wiki", you will notice that you will not find any hidden content. This is because the content discussed above does not represent the standard domain, but a top-level domain that can be found through Tor. This domain is .onion.

So let's see how you can create your own _**secret onion service**_.

With the installation of Tor, torrc was created. The torrc is the tor configuration file, and its path is /etc/tor/torrc.

Note: In order for modification to be applied, the '#' symbol must be removed from the start of the line.

To create the onion service you need to modify the configuration file so that after its modification it contains our service.

You can open the file with a [command line text editor][10] of your choice. Personally, my favourite text editor is Vim. If Vim is used and you have any difficulty, you can take a look at the following article to make the situation clearer.

In torrc you will find a lot of content, which can, in any case, be analyzed in a related article. For the time being, we are interested in the line mentioned by "Hidden Service".

![][11]

At first glance, it can be understood that a path, a network address and finally two doors should be set.

```
HiddenServiceDir  /var/lib/tor/hidden_service/
```

'HiddenServiceDir' denotes the path the hostname will generate, which will then be the user visit point to the secret service created.

HiddenServicePort 80 127.0.0.1:80

'HiddenServicePort' indicates which address and port the .onion service will be connected to.

For example, below is the creation of a hidden service named linuxhandbook, which as a port destination will have port 80, as the address will have localhost's IP and port 80 respectively.

![][12]

Finally, the only thing left to complete the creation is to restart the tor service. Once the tor is restarted, the /var/lib/tor// path will have both the public and private secret service key, as well as the hostname file. The 'Hostname' file contains the .onion link provided for our onion site.

Here is the output of my 'hostname' file.

```
ogl3kz3nfckz22xp4migfed76fgbofwueytf7z6d2tnlh7vuto3zjjad.onion
```

Just visit this link through your Tor Browser and you will see your up and running server based on a .onion domain.

![Sample Onion Web Page][13]

#### How to Create a Middle Tor Relay

The Tor network, as mentioned before, is an open network, which consists of many nodes. Tor nodes are a creation of volunteers, that is, contributors to enhancing privacy. It is worth noting that the nodes are over 7000 and they are getting bigger day by day. Everyone's contribution is always acceptable as we expand one of the predominantly largest networks worldwide.

Tor contains Guard, Middle and Exit Relays. A Guard Relay is the the first relay of a Tor circuit. The Middle Relay is the second hop of the circuit. Guard and Middle Relays are listed in the public list of Tor relays. Exit Relay is the final relay of a tor circuit. It is a crucial relay, as it sends traffic out its destination.

All relays are meaningful but in this article, we will cover about Middle relays.

Here's and image showing middle-relay traffic the last two months.

![][14]

Lets see how we can create a middle relay.

Once again, in order to create your own middle relay, you have to modify the torrc file.

In any case, as I mentioned above, you can uncomment the lines when you need your configuration to be enabled.

However, it is feasible to copy the following lines and then modify them.

```
#change the nickname "Linuxhandbook" to a name that you like
Nickname Linuxhandbook
ORPort 443
ExitRelay 0
SocksPort 0
ControlSocket 0
#change the email address below and be aware that it will be published
ContactInfo [email protected]
```

An explanation should make the situation clearer.

  * Nickname: Set your own relay name.
  * ORPort: Set a port which will be the relay's listening port.
  * ExitRelay: By default, is set to 0, we want to create a middle relay.

Note: tor service needs to be open.

You should see your middle-relay up and running in Tor Metrics after a few couple of hours. Therefore, it usually takes 3 hours to be published, according to [Tormetrics][15].

Warning!

For sure, some of you may have heard of the term "Deep Web", "Hidden Wiki" and many other services that you haven't been able to visit yet. Besides, you may have heard that there is content posted on the Tor network which may be illegal.

In the Tor network, one can find almost anything, such as forums with any kind of discussion. Quite right, since there is no censorship in a network whose entities are anonymous. This is both good and bad at the same time.

I am not going to give sermons here about what you should use and what you should not use. I believe that you are sensible enough to make that decision.

In conclusion, you can thoroughly see, that one can, in any case, enhance their privacy as well as defend themselves from Internet censorship. I would love to hear your opinion about Tor.

##### Panos

Penetration Tester and Operating System developer

Panos' love for Free Open Source Software is invaluable. In his spare time, he observes the night sky with his telescope.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

via: https://itsfoss.com/tor-guide/

作者:[Community][a]
选题:[lujun9972][b]
译者:[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)

本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/itsfoss/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://www.torproject.org/
[2]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/tor_onion.jpg?ssl=1
[3]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/tor-network-diagram.png?ssl=1
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/install-tar-browser-linux/
[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/tor_browser.png?ssl=1
[6]: https://www.bridgedb.org/
[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/tor_firefox.jpg?ssl=1
[8]: https://itsfoss.com/why-firefox/
[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/tor_settings.png?ssl=1
[10]: https://itsfoss.com/command-line-text-editors-linux/
[11]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/create_tor_relay.jpg?ssl=1
[12]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/create_tor_relay_2.jpg?ssl=1
[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/onion_web_page.jpg?ssl=1
[14]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/tor_relay.jpg?ssl=1
[15]: https://metrics.torproject.org/


Hugo Boss are celebrated worldwide for their deliverance of clean-cut, sophisticated and modern-inspired sunglasses collections – the designs they harbor speak to generation after generation and provide a uniquely elegant way for an individual to expresses their love for fashion. The Hugo Boss 0760/S sunglasses contain everything the Boss brand stands for; they are on trend, sophisticated, and serve to add an element of class to everyday lifestyles. It speaks to modern men and women, providing practical elements encased in a subtly trendy skin. The square shape frame has been crafted from acetate plastic. It is fashion forward and strong, yet tame and understated – it can be worn to accentuate and refine an outfit for all occasions. The temples feature the Hugo Boss logo and enhance this model's authentic appeal. These sunglasses come in a range of popular colors with graduated, fully tinted or prescription lenses. All Hugo Boss sunglasses are presented in their original case along with a soft lens cleaning cloth.


text:
// Copyright Yahoo. Licensed under the terms of the Apache 2.0 license. See LICENSE in the project root.
package com.yahoo.vespa.hosted.controller.application;

import com.yahoo.config.provision.ApplicationId;
import com.yahoo.config.provision.ApplicationName;
import com.yahoo.config.provision.InstanceName;
import com.yahoo.config.provision.TenantName;

import java.util.Objects;

/**
 * Tenant and application name pair.
 *
 * @author jonmv
 */
public class TenantAndApplicationId implements Comparable<TenantAndApplicationId> {

    private final TenantName tenant;
    private final ApplicationName application;

    private TenantAndApplicationId(TenantName tenant, ApplicationName application) {
        requireNonBlank(tenant.value(), "Tenant name");
        requireNonBlank(application.value(), "Application name");
        this.tenant = tenant;
        this.application = application;
    }

    public static TenantAndApplicationId from(TenantName tenant, ApplicationName application) {
        return new TenantAndApplicationId(tenant, application);
    }

    public static TenantAndApplicationId from(String tenant, String application) {
        return from(TenantName.from(tenant), ApplicationName.from(application));
    }

    public static TenantAndApplicationId fromSerialized(String value) {
        String[] parts = value.split(":");
        if (parts.length != 2)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Serialized value should be '<tenant>:<application>', but was '" + value + "'");

        return from(parts[0], parts[1]);
    }

    public static TenantAndApplicationId from(ApplicationId id) {
        return from(id.tenant(), id.application());
    }

    public ApplicationId defaultInstance() {
        return instance(InstanceName.defaultName());
    }

    public ApplicationId instance(String instance) {
        return instance(InstanceName.from(instance));
    }

    public ApplicationId instance(InstanceName instance) {
        return ApplicationId.from(tenant, application, instance);
    }

    public String serialized() {
        return tenant.value() + ":" + application.value();
    }

    public TenantName tenant() {
        return tenant;
    }

    public ApplicationName application() {
        return application;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object other) {
        if (this == other) return true;
        if (other == null || getClass() != other.getClass()) return false;
        TenantAndApplicationId that = (TenantAndApplicationId) other;
        return tenant.equals(that.tenant) &&
               application.equals(that.application);
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return Objects.hash(tenant, application);
    }

    @Override
    public int compareTo(TenantAndApplicationId other) {
        int tenantComparison = tenant.compareTo(other.tenant);
        return tenantComparison != 0 ? tenantComparison : application.compareTo(other.application);
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return tenant.value() + "." + application.value();
    }

    private static void requireNonBlank(String value, String name) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(value, name + " cannot be null");
        if (name.isBlank())
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(name + " cannot be blank");
    }

}


Hey y'all! I hope y'all have had a great week. You may or may not have seen my recent YouTube video reviewing Fallon Taylor's training DVD's.Fallon currently has four training DVD's however, she only has one for sale on her website. The four DVDs are Brave, Timeless tips, Troubleshooting the 5 toughest barrel racing challenges, and How to train your dragon. So, I will start with Brave.
Hey Y'all! So, in my most recent blog post which was "How To Get Past The Fear Of Your First Barrel Race" I said that I would do a horse show checklist. I know that some people might bring more than this or might bring less than this but this is what I bring. This could be used for english riders as well as just going to practice.
Hey Y'all! So, today I am going to talk about how to get past your fear of your first barrel race. I totally understand how big of a fear that can be and how much it can affect how soon you get to go to your first barrel race. Before I get into this, I am basing this off of my personal experience I know everyone is different and everyone has a different fear, but I hope this helps some of y'all.


text:
Q: How to make a kernel module use a function from another kernel module? I'm building a kernel module in order to create a gamepad using raspberry pi GPIO. I'm using an ADC converter (MCP3008) to convert joystick analog entries in digital values. I've seen that the kernel mcp320x.c is already existing and I'd like to use it to read the values.
So my question is quite simple, how do I use mcp320x.c function to use it in my own kernel module ?
Multiple sources use EXPORT_SYMBOL, but to do this I have to modify the "official" driver (and may cause issues from updates).
Do you have any solution the may work ? Thank in advance :)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We helped membership expert and micro business, Optimist Consulting, review their brand image with a identity which communicates a personality of purpose, optimism and professionalism. As ever, and living up to our mantra, we like to help businesses large and small. In the case of smaller businesses who approach us for help, they are able to access big agency thinking without resorting to big agency budgets.


On November 29th, 2007, the participants were environmental health specialists but they said that the conditions that they have discovered when they checked into the Tropicana Casino and Resort this summer were far below their standard. The National Environmental Health Association from Denver was so disappointed with their stay at the Tropicana casino this June 2007 that they do not plan to pay the remaining $22,000 out of their $97,000 bill, according to testimony before the state Casino Control Commission.
The Commission is currently reviewing on whether or not to renew the license of Tropicana, because of employee layoffs that critics said have left the casino/hotel understaffed. The health association's executive director, Nelson Fabian, wrote in a September 24th, 2007 letter to the management of the Tropicana casino that was made public by the casino commission commented that he usually tries very hard to find something positive to say when he was composing a letter of complaint. But he said that it is virtually impossible in this case.
The lawyers for Tropicana casino tried to prevent the letter from being made public but the request was denied. Some of the problems that the letter states included cockroaches, bedbugs, bad food, poor Internet connection, poor customer service and an incident were a maid was found eating the remains of the room service of a participant.
Tropicana president Mark Giannantonio commented that the complaints are still being investigated but said that he is having a hard time believing most of the comments. Fabian said that his organization and the Tropicana casino are trying to talk about a settlement and declined to comment on the issue. But he said that if they are content with their experience, they will not send the letter.
Columbia Sussex Corporation has cut down nearly 900 jobs since taking over the Tropicana Casino in January 2007. Giannantonio said that about five incidents of graffiti against Columbia Sussex or their owner, William Yung III, as well as acts of vandalism that happened when eighty cleaning crew workers were laid off. But Giannantonio said that things have changed and the environment around the casino has improved.


In a report published on 1 June 2017, the Süddeutsche Zeitung talks to Ingrid Taylor, one of the organisers of the Munich British in Germany Brexit meet-ups, about the negotiating stance being taken by the Westminster Government, and the uncertainties facing her and over 100,000 other Brits living and working in Germany.
Like many Brits living in Europe, Ingrid Taylor was not allowed to vote in the Brexit Referendum nor can she do so in the upcoming UK general elections, because of a ruling not allowing those who have lived outside the UK for more than 15 years to vote. The threat to the rights of Brits living in Germany and across Europe impacts on a wide variety of areas including work and residence (e.g. the ability of companies to send their British employees to work on projects elsewhere in the EU27), healthcare (e.g. continuation of payments for elderly parents in care in Germany), pensions (uprating of payments from UK) etc. The regular meet-ups in Munich are a kind of self-help group for sharing information and seeking advice.
Some 18,000 Brits live in Bavaria, 6,500 of them in Munich alone. Further events in Bavaria are planned for the coming weeks.


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South Korea has won $1.02 billion to supply Indonesia with three 1,400-ton submarines.
The deal was signed between South Korean company Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering and the Indonesian government, Newsis reported Friday.
The 1,400-ton submarine is expected to be an upgraded version of the 1,200-ton Type 209 diesel-electric attack submarine in use in the South Korean navy, according to the report.
They will be delivered to Indonesia by the first half of 2026 and a product of joint construction at PT PAL Indonesia, a shipyard.
This is a follow up, In 2011, Seoul supplied Jakarta with submarines.