Recycling is important to me. My family have recycled as long as i can remember. It is not a new thing. My folks, with no money and three small girls in the late 60's, early 70's .. well you just were thrifty. I think perhaps 'saving' things for possible future use in my genes, along with my tendancy towards clutter!
When i was 16 i took an evening class in indigo dying and batik, funnily enough with Alice (we have known each other a long old time!). My dad made us both a batik frame from the old wooden clothes horse that my mum had used to dry my cloth nappies on. He had kept it in the loft and then reinvented it years later. Also my mum was a primary teacher so egg boxes, cereal packets and the like were always saved in true 'Blue Peter' style.
Nowadays we are all more aware about waste and are hopefully moving towards reducing what we consume as well as continuing to recycle. I am always interested in how materials are reinvented and recycled and i would like to share with you some interesting products and people i have come across. Please click on the highlighted links to view their websites.
Bowls made by recycling old LP vinyl records.
We were after a particular artist so emailed them and had to wait a bit but it was worth it. The bowl arrived and we were delighted. What's more we didn't think about the date which would be on the record and by shere fluke it is 1967 the year he was born! wow.. how about that.. very pleased.. now i hope he will like it.
A few weeks ago i went a local Festival of Crafts and came across Joanne Tinker who recycles metal bottle tops from beer bottles and creates beautiful pendants, earrings and brooches. I was excited by these and very tempted, but she was very busy and i didn't get a chance to speak to her. Her necklaces were my favourite pieces.
She also had little box frames containing tiny sweet wrapper cups, a great idea and so colourful. My sister and i used to make these when we were children so they felt particulary nostalgic.
There were a few other artists recycling.. Elizabeth Cook recycles fabrics.. mainly old woolens which she felts... not a new technique to many bloggers yet i thought her use of colours and the simplicity of her designs was good.
I was also inspired by Julie Roberts who uses textiles and handmade paper. Paper making and papier mache are techniques i loved using whilst at art college and hope to experiment with again soon. Her lampshades were like jelly fish sea anenomes. They were quite large and in real life stunningly beautiful. She is based at the Museum of English Rural Life in Reading if anyone is near and is interested in searching her out.
Another interesting exhibitor from the festival was....Elizabeth Beverley with her beautiful plant dyes wool for knitting. I would love to do some natural dying. I have my mum's old recepies from when she studied natural dying.. i even have her old dye vat in which i remember her steeping onion skins and other such raw material, when i was a child. I always loved the wooden tongs she used.. i wonder if she still has them. I would also love to knit. I come from a family of knitters.. even my dad knits. I am the one that sews rather than knits but i had the urge the other day to do some knitting when i saw my girls knitting with 'nana'. I went out and brought some yarn and am now the proud owner of a cotton dishcloth. I already have 2 bought from a friends craft stall a while back, they really are good and have a great abrasive quality. I think i will make some more.. it may help me to enjoy cleaning a little more.
Anna Roebuck's Bags to riches.... Anna is an artist who recycles plastic bags in to jewellery, art and lights.
Doy bags ......colourful, fun bags and home accessories made from recycled juice packs by a women's cooperative in the Philippines and Remarkable recycled stationary goods.
Hope you find some of these links useful and if you know of any interesting other links please leave a comment.
Do you know these 'guys' ragbags.net ?
thanks for that.. i had come across ragbags but not www.wornandwashedfabrics.com . They do have a website and they look great.. the fabric choices and colour selection are lovely.
When we close the studio in the new year, we will need to sell off some of our fabric stash, probably in this kind of way.. we have just too much now to keep it all.
I am with you on recycled things. In this household we try to recycle everything wherever possible, and it infuriates me when lots of other people don't seem to care - and these complaints all over the news about rubbish collections being every two weeks...! It's an excellent idea to make people think about what they do and don't recycle! I think the current trends are towards greener issues and I for one am very glad indeed!
The vinyl bowl is heavenly - especially as it's a Doors album. You've just got cool points for that!
I love this post! I went to all the sites you had linked. Wonderful work by all!
I also grew up in a recycling household - short of money, not prepared to buy much, haunters of jumble sales.
It was a great way to grow up though I do wonder whether it is to blame for my clutter problem . .. those corks will come in handy - well lets just hang onto thoses sewing machine bits... I'm sure we can fix that . . .yeah sure we'll take that .. . You are throwing it out? . . .
Glad you like the bowl girls and that you are finding the links useful.Thanks for your comments.
Like your soap box Tash.. keep it up! and Jane.. i completely think that growing up in a recycling household is to blame for my 'clutter' problem.. the thing is my husband is the same... computer bits, motorbike bits.. old bits of wood.... he's delightfully, very 'Heath Robinson'.
I am reading a book on clutter (on the side bar) .. i am enjoying reading it (when i can find it under the books and clutter next to my bed!) As we have a small house it's all about good storage for me.. if i have good storage then i can keep all these potentially 'useful' things.
Happy clutter and happy recycling.
Hello I just found you via Treefall. Beautiful beautiful things you make. I used to live in Farnham before moving to Canada, so would have loved to have seen your stall at Wisley...your website looks very tempting!
Definitely agree about the recycling thing. I try to use as many recycled fabrics in my things as possible. The downside is that my house is full of 'bits' waiting for a use!!!!
Being a little older than uou !! I remember making fruit bowls out of old vinyl records! They were bendable when warmed in boiling water. I think my mother took them to school events to raise money.


Harlem, Manhattan: Mohamed Bah, a 28-year-old Manhattan Community College student from West Africa, was attacked and killed by Emergency Services Unit Officers after his mother called 911 for an ambulance and the NYPD came instead. Mohamed's mother Hawa Bah had recently traveled to New York from Guinea to care for her son after becoming concerned about his psychological and physical health. When officers arrived on the scene, they ordered Mrs. Bah outside, refused to let her speak with her son, called for back up, entered Mohamed's room against his will and shot and killed him. A Manhattan grand jury failed to indict those responsible. Mohamed's family is demanding a federal civil rights investigation, changes to NYPD protocol for interacting with those with psychological disabilities, and an end to police violence.


text:
57 water points
of Yvelines
WC in Richebourg
Fountains and cemeteries
Cemetery in Andelu
Cemetery in Auffargis
Fountain in Auffargis
Fountain in Bazemont
Fountain in Boinville-en-Mantois
Fountain in Cernay-la-ville
Fountain in Chavenay
Fountain in Chevreuse
Fountain in Clairefontaine-en-Yvelines
Fountain in Conflans-Sainte-Honorine
Fountain in Dampierre
Fountain in Dampierre-en-Yvelines
Fountain in Davron
Fountain in Feucherolles
Fountain in Gazeran
Fountain in Gressey
Cemetery in Hargeville
Fountain in Herbouvilliers, Choisel
Cemetery in La Boissière-École
Fountain in La Celle-les-Bordes
Fountain in La Ferté, Choisel
Fountain in La Madeleine, Chevreuse
Fountain in Le Perray-en-Yvelines
Cemetery in Les Alluets-le-Roi
Fountain in Les bordes, La Celle-les-Bordes
Fountain in Les Loges-en-Josas
Cemetery in Magny les Hameaux
Fountain in Magny-les-Hameaux
Fountain in Maincourt sur Yvette
Cemetery in Maule
Cemetery in Mondreville
Cemetery in Montainville
Fountain in Montfort-l'Amaury
Fountain in Montigny-le-Bretonneux
Fountain in Neauphle-le-Château
Cemetery in Neauphle-Le-Vieux
Fountain in Poigny-la-Forêt
Fountain in Poissy
Cemetery in Prunay en Yvelines
Fountain in Saint Arnoult En Yvelines
Fountain in Saint-Nom-la-Bretèche
Cemetery in Saint-Nom-la-Bretèche
Fountain in Saint-Rémy-lès-Chevreuse
Fountain in Sonchamp
Cemetery in Thoiry
Fountain in Tilly
Fountain in Versailles
Fountain in Vélizy-Villacoublay
Cemetery in Viroflay

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
News, Palestine
Israeli Human rights groups ask Soldiers to Disobey 'Illegal' Orders to Shoot Unarmed Palestinians
"As long as soldiers in the field continue to receive orders to use live fire against unarmed civilians, they are duty-bound to refuse to comply."
By Pavan Kulkarni / The Dawn News / April 17, 2018
Israeli forces continue to open fire against Palestinians as the 45-day long Great Return March reached its third week last Friday. Having already killed more than 30 people – including journalists covering the protests, and injured over a thousand, last Friday, Israeli forces have injured at least 700 more, including 17 medical personnel, by using snipers to shoot protesters.
The Great Return March started on March 30 – remembered in Palestine as the Land day, in commemoration of the uprising on that date in 1976, after the Israeli government confiscated over 5,000 acres of land owned by Palestinians in the Galilee region of the country to change the demographics of the area from a Palestinian majority to a Jewish majority. The march is expected to continue till May 15, when, on the occasion of Nakba day or the day of cataclysm, the protest is expected to culminate into "the march of millions" to the Israeli border by Palestinians demanding the right to return to the land, from which, over 750,000 of them were evicted or had to flee after the creation of the state of Israel on May 15, 1948.
With the number of dead and injured likely to rise as Israeli authorities have refused to withdraw the order handed down to their soldiers on the border to use live fire on protesters on the other side of the fence demanding their right to return – a right that has been stipulated in Resolution 194 of UN general assembly – B'Tselem, a Jerusalem-based human rights group founded by Israeli academicians and left-wing groups during the time of the First Intifada in 1989, called upon Israeli soldiers during the protest last Friday to refuse to obey orders asking them to shoot unarmed protesters.
"An illegality that pains the eye and outrages the heart, if the eye be not blind and the heart be not callous or corrupt"
As a part of the campaign launched by the group, titled "Sorry, Sir, I can't shoot", advertisements were published in the newspapers to inform Israeli soldiers that orders to shoot unarmed protesters are illegal. Relying on the judgement on the Kafr Qasim Massacre case when Israeli Border police had shot 49 Arab Israelis including women and children in 1950s, the group quoted the prominent Israeli Judge Benjamin Halevy, who had ruled that Israeli forces should have refused to obey orders that were manifestly illegal.
"As Justice Benjamin Halevy ruled in the Kafr Qasem case back in the 1950s, the illegality of such orders 'is not a question of form, nor is it imperceptible, or partially imperceptible.' On the contrary, it is a case of 'unmistakable illegality patently evident in the order itself, it is a command that bears a clearly criminal nature or.. the actions it orders are of a clearly criminal nature. It is an illegality that pains the eye and outrages the heart, if the eye be not blind and the heart be not callous or corrupt.'"
While Israel's Prime Minister, Defense Minister and Chief of staff are the ones, who are primarily guilty of issuing these unlawful orders, "It is also a criminal offense to obey manifestly illegal orders. Therefore, as long as soldiers in the field continue to receive orders to use live fire against unarmed civilians, they are duty-bound to refuse to comply," according to B'Tselem's legal analysis. This is consistent with the Dostler case in Nuremberg trials where a Nazi General's defense that he was following his superior's orders was overruled on the grounds that such a defense does not exclude one from the liability to be punished for executing illegal orders.
Gush Shalom, an influential Israeli peace organisation, has said in a press release:
"The use of live ammunition [is] blatantly unlawful in the case of soldiers firing from a great distance at demonstrators located on the other side of the fence that separates Israel from the Gaza Strip. In addition, it is impermissible to order soldiers to fire live ammunition at individuals for approaching the fence, damaging it, or attempting to cross it. Obviously, the military is allowed to prevent such actions, and even to detain individuals attempting to carry them out, but firing live ammunition solely on these grounds is absolutely prohibited."
Jewish activist: How many more Palestinians need to be killed before they speak out?"
Members of the Jewish community have spoken out against Israel's war crimes on Palestinians, both within Israel and in the country which is its most powerful backer, the U.S, where the powerful Jewish lobby has been pushing the State to back Israeli occupation for decades.
A group of 20 activists from "If Not Now", a Jewish-American group established in 2014 during Israel's war on Gaza, demonstrated outside the Jewish Senator Dianne Feinstein's office on April 13. They demanded that she raises her voice against the violence perpetrated by the Israeli state on the Palestinians. Later in that day, after nine of these activists were arrested for blocking the entrance to her office, the Senator tweeted that this violence is "exceptionally destructive for both the Palestinians and the state of Israel. It must end. Violence is not the pathway to reconciliation," 972 mag reported.
A series of protests have been held by Jewish activists in different cities across the U.S outside prominent Jewish institutions since April 3, demanding that these institutions condemn Israel's war crimes. In the course of these protests, over 30 of these activists have been arrested. One of them, Elon Glickman, speaking to the protesters blocking the entrance to Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles on April 11, said:
"I grew up in the Jewish community of Los Angeles, where I learned that freedom and dignity are core Jewish values. As young Jews and members of this Jewish community, we're asking the Federation to do the bare minimum and condemn this unconscionable violence. How long will they stay silent as live ammunition is used against Palestinian protesters? How many more Palestinians need to be killed before they speak out?"
Earlier this month, protests were also held in various cities across the world, including in Milan, Naples, London, Jakartha, Athens, Berlin and Istanbul, Palestine Chronicle reported.
The Great Return March


For years Jacob had been building up resentments against his uncle. There is no record that he had ever vented these grudges before, but now, his patience exhausted, he turned on Laban in a rage. He looked at his ramsacked camp, at the frightened faces of his children, and Laban's armed men, and he gave Laban a piece of his mind. Grudges he had been nursing for years came spilling out.
Irritated because his accusation seemed unfounded, Laban's anger faded. Now it was Jacob's turn; now he became enraged and began to upbraid his father-in-law, demanding an explanation for his actions. Laban had accused him of theft but had produced no evidence. "And Jacob was wroth, and chode with Laban." The word "wroth" means "to be burnt"; the word "chode" comes from a root meaning "to seize" or "to tear." Jacob, burning with anger, was ready to tear somebody up.
"What is my trespass? what is my sin, that thou hast so hotly pursued after me?" He was angry at being "hotly pursued" by Laban.
"Whereas thou hast searched all my stuff, what hast thou found of all thy household stuff?" Watching his devious father-in-law arrogantly search through all the family's personal possessions made Jacob angry, and rightly so; and feelings were now released from his heart that had been buried there for twenty years. Jacob spoke openly of Laban's underhanded practices, how he had deceived Jacob, given him the hardest work, and changed his wages many times (v. 41).
"Set it here before my brethren and thy brethren, that they may judge betwixt us both." Rachel's theft and dishonest cover-up had precipitated a major conflict between her father and her husband which could only be resolved by judicial inquiry before witnesses.
"I have slaved for you for twenty years. I have not eaten your food, and the rams of thy flock have I not eaten." Middle Eastern people seldom kill the females for food, with the exception of those that are barren.
"There was never a lamb or a kid, a sheep or a goat that fell afoul of a wild beast but that I, personally, made good the loss. In twenty years you have never lost so much as a single lamb." According to Hammurabi's laws, a shepherd who presented the remnants as evidence was not liable for the losses Jacob describes.
"Frost by night" is how Jacob scribes the weather and night—he must guard the sheep regardless of the temperature. Hot as the days are in the Middle East, it often becomes very cold when the sun goes down.
He was angry at being foully cheated by Laban. "You have 'changed my wages ten times!' 'Ten times' you have tried to cheat me!" Jacob accused Laban of continual dishonesty and ill treatment toward him. In contrast to Jacob's diligent and abundant service, Laban had been exploitive and oppressive.
God had blessed Laban because of Jacob, but Laban had never thanked either the Lord or Jacob, nor had He repaid Jacob for the animals he replaced at his own expense (v.39).
"Had it not been for the fact that God, my God, the living God, stood between you and me last night even now you would do me harm." Only the provident mercies of the God of Jacob's fathers had brought him through, and what was more, God had rebuked Laban in the recent dream. Jacob certainly laid it on the line.
But the most important thing in Jacob's speech was the way he gave honor to the Lord: "Unless the God of my father, the God of Abraham and the Fear of Isaac, had been with me, surely now you would have sent me away empty-handed. [Laban would have dismissed Jacob, not with festive music (v. 27), but with less consideration than was due to a slave (Deuteronomym:15:13).]. "God has seen mine affliction and the labor of my hands, and rebuked you last night" (v. 42, NKJV). What a testimony from a man who was inclined to give in to others and do what he was told?
If Jacob was willingly consumed with heat in the day and "frost by night," to become the son-in-law of Laban, what should we be willing to endure if we are to become the sons of God?
Jacob has had his day in court. He has vented his grievances. Now he is going to leave Laban. They bid each other good-bye and make a contract—that's the next lesson.


"Every year, we would catalogue that year and do an evolutionary analysis," said the chef. "We started in 2000. It's a 10,000 page work."
Those looking through the books' gorgeous photography who never visited the storied restaurant in Roses on the Costa Brava (which even when it was open was only open half the year) will only feel more jealous of what they missed out on at elbulli, which closed in 2011. But even those who did visit it will likely be overwhelmed by the creativity and scope of the years of dishes that they too missed out on. Each of the volumes includes photographs of the dishes served at the restaurant during that year and includes detailed recipes, notes on hard-to-find ingredients, techniques, plating, and presentation.
There were a few gems thrown in along the way as Adrià explained the compendium while sampling bites made in homage to him by The Modern's new chef, Abram Bissell. What did Ferran say was the compendium's inspiration? Screws. Which country most helped make elbulli? Spain? France? Not even close. He touched briefly on hamburgers, the origin of the first mousse, why he closed elBulli, and the need for everyone to be creative with their approach to their lives and their professions, "even" journalists. Read on for the full speech.
"First I'm going to explain a little geography. The 30th of July, 2011, was the last day that elBulli was a restaurant. Everybody knows where New York is, but not everyone knows where Cala Montjoi is. It's 6,000 kilometers [3,800 miles] from here on the frontier with France. We're situating ourselves. I have lived in Barcelona since that date, July 30th. A lot of days have passed since then. And actually I've spent more days in New York since then than in Cala Montjoi. What does this mean? It's a small demonstration of all the love that New York has shown me. The first time I came was I think in 1998 or 1999. I met Marcus Samuelsson then, and there was a love story that began then, a continual love story. It's the city that has put Ferran Adrià and elBulli on another level. People may think it's France or Spain, but no, it's been New York. Thank you very much. I feel like I am at home."
"We're here because we're doing a tour on the books elBulli 2005-2011 that we have done with Phaidon that we started 15 years ago. Fourteen years ago, someone was sitting on the terrace at elBulli looking at the full moon, but they wanted to understand elBulli. How do you understand the full moon? How do you understand a flower? You're either moved or you're not moved. But to understand it you have to study it.
When Was the First Hamburger?
"When was the first hamburger? We know that it's not from Carrer d'Avinyó. But we need to know this because otherwise it's very hard to do an objective analysis. It's all very simple. Life can be very simple and we make it very complicated. If in our personal lives we know we have photos when we were children, we have it all organized. When we get to the birthday... or when we get to your parents' anniversary who they've been married 50 years, and we have the photos in order, it's very easy to do. If we don't have it organized, it's a disaster. You're spending a whole year trying to make a video of their wedding.""Fourteen years ago, someone was sitting on the terrace at elbulli looking at the full moon, but they wanted to understand elbulli. How do you understand the full moon? How do you understand a flower? You're either moved or you're not moved. But to understand it you have to study it."
"Our inspiration was the art world and screws. Because art is not the only thing that is catalogued – screws are also catalogued. People can know the chronology of screws and the evolution of screws. We're doing this in the year 2000. We had to look back to look at all of our earlier information and to see how we could catalogue everything since 1987, which is when we started to create at elBulli. We have documentation, quite a bit of it, and we did a ton of documentation. After 2000, it was easier because we knew it was obligatory then.
How Do You Do an Evolutionary Analysis?
"Do you know what a mousse is? [Crowd laughs] Ha, ha, ha. It's not so easy. When is the first time the word 'mousse' was used? When do you think 'mousse' was first used? Nobody knows, but there are a lot of people in the world of gastronomy here and nobody knows. So when? In 1740, more or less, by a chef known as Menon. That's the first time it is documented. He made three mousses, and one of them was made with saffron. It's a vanguard way of cooking. It's the first documentation we have of this. Everything else is archaeology – we don't know. On top of that, cooking is ephemeral and you can't know. Maybe in a thousand years we can create new technologies that will help us view the past.
"This work that we're doing, that we've been doing all these years… we're in MoMA now, it would be a catalogue raisonné, I can do that with a difference. A catalogue raisonné is subjective. This is not. This is the first catalogue raisonné, an objective one that we've never done, and it's actually what happened. Incredibly, in architecture this exists. In design this exists. In fashion this exists. It actually doesn't exist in any creative discipline that I know of. And that's the value of this work and the past 14 years, done by normal people, cooks who started asking themselves 'why' about things, and asked how they could explain it, so that people could understand this.


Sodankyla Forever is a great documentary especially for movie enthusiasts. Following the years of Sodankyla film festival through all of the great artists, who have visited the legendary festival under the midnight sun of Finland.The documentary has lots of great conversations from people directing great films. If you can find one with subtitles or you understand Finnish, and you love films it's a must see!
Lots of legendary names from the movie business, talking not only about their own work, but also about the passion and love for movies and most importantly, about their own idols. Narrated by the late Peter Von Bagh, who also conducted the conversations in the festival. Von Bagh is a very important figure in Finland, when it comes to movies.


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WHEN YOU THINK "IT" – YOU THINK BIG G!


Worldwide Adventure Writing Month begins today, June 1st.
Support from the WoAdWriMo blog and fellow participants in the discussion forum.
Free hosting for your finished adventures here on TT: WoAdWriMo Adventure Downloads.
Free conversion of your scenarios to ready-to-play-by-post format by the folks at Myth-Weavers.
18 GMs have already committed to writing adventures for this project in our forums, with several more folks in the "Interested, but not sure yet" camp, and the official blog links to the websites of seven participants.
I'm in. The adventure is going to be a modern setting investigation of homicides with supernatural forces involved. It centers around an online dating service. I have no idea what to call it though.
I've updated the post to reflect the RPbP conversion offered by Myth-Weavers, and Jeff's links to the sites of several WARM participants. Thanks for the reminder, MW!
Hmmm. Those are good, but none go with my twist for the adventure (can't say what it is of course). But the word "Profile" has got something to it that I'm sure will make it into the final title. Thanks Martin!
My girl is cracking the whip, trying to keep me focussed on the SE exam later this year. If I come up with an idea that's too good to pass up, I'll jump in… maybe in the middle.


text:
Q: Ball ricochetting from a plane of close-packed spheres Suppose the lower $z \le 0$ halfspace of $\mathbb{R}^3$ is filled with a rigid close-packing of
unit-radius spheres.
(I don't think it matters much for my purposes if it is
an
FCC or an HCP packing.)
Shoot in from $z>0$ another sphere/ball $S$ of radius $R$
along a random ray at a random
angle $\phi$ (w.r.t. the $xy$-plane). Perhaps $R>1$, maybe even $R \gg 1$; but also perhaps $R<1$.

(Sphere packing image from Ed Pegg Mma Demo.)

$S$ bounces from the rigid unit-spheres halfspace boundary via elastic collision,
perhaps ricochetting from several in the top layer—or near-top layers—before
emerging free into the upper halfspace $z>0$.

Q1. Is it true that, as $R \to \infty$, the angle of reflection from the $xy$-plane
  approaches the angle of incidence $\phi$, despite the (inevitable) ricochetting?
Q2. Is it true that, for $R<1$, the distribution of the angles of
  reflection, for a random ray at incidence angle $\phi$, approaches a
  diffuse reflection cone independent of $\phi$?
Q3. Is it true that, for
  $R \ll 1$, some trajectories would never emerge from the lower halfspace?

For small $R$, one might instead think of lightrays bouncing from mirrored spheres.1

1(Distantly) related: "Light reflecting off Christmas-tree balls".

A: An answer to Q1 only, and I'm ignoring angular momentum considerations.
As $R \to \infty$ the maximum penetration depth of the ball $S$ into the half-space $z < 0$ goes to zero. Hence, if the ball bounces off one of the packed balls only, then the tangent plane to both balls at the collision point must be close to horizontal. The reflected velocity vector is mirrored in this plane from the incident velocity vector, hence close to reflection in the horizontal plane. This also shows that multiple bounces can only occur when the incident angle smaller than the maximum angle $\varphi_m$ of the collision tangent plane away from horizontal, and by symmetry the reflection angle as well, hence their difference is smaller than $2\varphi_m$. This only measures the angle to the normal, but if you can bound the number of bounces, then it also provides a bound on the deviation of the direction tangent to the plane.

A: Q3: If $r<\sqrt{2}-1$, there are trajectories that enter the lower half-space and don't come out.
For example, let position $A_n$ be at $(\frac{1+r}{\sqrt{2}},\frac{1+r}{\sqrt{2}}, -2n)$. Let $B_n$ be at $(2- \frac{1+r}{\sqrt{2}},2-\frac{1+r}{\sqrt{2}},-2n)$. A ball centered at $A_{-1}$ directed toward $B_0$ will bounce toward $A_1,B_2,A_3,...$ while its center stays in the plane $y=x$.
You can think of this as covering a closed reflecting path in a $3$-torus that is nontrivial in $H_1$. There are other paths that enter and don't come out that are aperiodic, even with the center confined to $y=x$.

A: Q2: The distribution of reflection angles certainly depends on the incident angle.  For example, if the incident angle is nearly parallel to the surface, the particle will make a small number of reflections and exit in another nearly parallel direction.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Boeing's jet deliveries slide as 737 Max grounding takes a toll
Boeing 737 Max airplanes are stored near Boeing Field in Seattle. The planes have been grounded since March.
(Stephen Brashear / Getty Images)
Boeing Co.'s second-quarter jet deliveries slid 54% from a year earlier to 90 aircraft, reflecting the toll from a global grounding of its bestselling 737 Max after two fatal crashes. At the same time, deliveries for Airbus SE surged, giving the archrival a strong chance to wrestle back the crown of world's biggest planemaker in 2019.
Boeing hasn't delivered any Max aircraft, the company's largest source of profit, since regulators banned commercial flights on March 13, days after an Ethiopian Airlines jet plunged into a field shortly after takeoff. Boeing did deliver 24 of an earlier 737 model during the quarter, along with 42 of its 787 Dreamliner.
Boeing's commercial aircraft sales have also slowed after the tragedies and amid heightened U.S.-China trade tensions and economic uncertainty. The Chicago-based manufacturer is down 119 for the year with the 737 shedding 180 orders because of cancellations, conversions and an accounting rule.
The results trailed Airbus, which signed contracts for 145 planes in June. That put Airbus' first-half total into positive territory at 88, as cancellations had previously outweighed new sales.
The tallies are closely watched by investors and analysts trying to assess the financial fallout of the Max crisis for Boeing ahead of its July 24 earnings release. While customer payments have slowed, Boeing is still building 737s at a 42-jet monthly clip and stockpiling completed airplanes around the Seattle area and as far afield as San Antonio.
The growing inventory costs of the undelivered planes are draining about $3 billion a quarter from Boeing, estimated Cai von Rumohr, an analyst with Cowen & Co., in a July 8 report. Cash generated from 787 Dreamliner deliveries, defense and services sales should soften some of the blow, he said.
The company's backlog of unfilled 737 orders, after an accounting adjustment, fell by 10 aircraft to 4,415 from May's results, according to Boeing's website.
Boeing shares rose 0.6% to $353.09 on Tuesday. Boeing is up 8% so far this year, compared with 46% for Airbus.
Toulouse, France-based Airbus booked a slew of jetliner deals from last month's Paris Air Show, dragging the company out of one of the thinnest sales periods in its recent history.
Airbus' Paris total was boosted by the launch of an extra-long-range variant of its A321 narrow-body jet, which accumulated 44 firm orders, excluding conversions from other models.
Airbus' June bookings included 30 A320neo-family jets from an order made by Saudi Arabian Airlines. The planes are destined for its discount subsidiary, Flyadeal, which walked away from a tentative commitment to take as many as 50 of Boeing's Max jets.
If Airbus overtakes Boeing, it would be the first time in seven years. Boeing held on to the title by just six jets in 2018 after both companies kept their factories running through the year-end holidays.


You are here: Home / Q & A and News / Compression Stockings News / The Effects Of "Economy Class Syndrome" Or "Coach Class Syndrome" Can Be Lethal – How Can Compression Stockings Help?
What has been code named "Coach or Economy Class Syndrome" is actually only one group at risk for venous thrombosis.
The truth is any type of travel with long hours of immobility (e.g. bus, train or car trips) carries similar risks as air travel.
It should also be pointed out that people in sitting occupations or performing leisure tasks involving hours of sitting in the same position are also subject to the dangers of developing deep vein thrombosis. (For example, it was reported from Korea that a high intensity computer gamer died suddenly from a blood clot after a marathon gaming session).
For many of us air travel has become part of our way of life. Embarking on extended travel via long distance flights can put you at an increased risk for the formation of blood clots. This condition, also known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), tends to occur in the legs when spending a long time sitting inactive in an upright position. If a blood clot inside a vein breaks loose it can travel to your heart, lung or brain, where it can lodge and cause serious damage or even a life threatening blockage.
Wearing graduated compression support hosiery during long flights, bus trips or car rides can reduce your risk of "Economy Class Syndrome".
Graduated compression garments can help improve blood flow from the legs to the heart and prevent swelling of the feet and lower legs due to accumulation of retained fluid. It is important to wear only graduated compression hosiery where the pressure is greatest at the ankle area and gradually decreases going up the leg.
Regular support hose which apply equal pressure all over should not be worn for long distance travel and may actually worsen the problem. Compression hosiery should not be worn if you have circulation problems in your legs. It is always best to discuss the use of compression garments with your physician prior to your travels.
When traveling for many hours at a time, the combined effects of insufficient hydration, immobility, and the pressure of the seat at the knee level make it harder for your leg veins to provide optimal blood flow to the heart. Lack of movement can make your muscles tense or cramp up, cause back and leg muscle aches, and creates a general feeling of fatigue.
Some medications and medical conditions may also increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis in combination with prolonged sedentary positions. Suppressed flow of blood and fluids against gravity force (e.g. during long flights) can also manifest itself in the swelling of the lower legs and feet, also known as edema.
If you have any of these symptoms, seek medical help as soon as possible.
Previous or family history of DVT (deep vein thrombosis) or embolism.
In summary, it can be said that individuals exhibiting none of the above risk factors have a low likelihood of developing blood clots during prolonged travel.
This is especially true if you are employing standard precautions such as regular leg exercises, proper hydration and preventive wearing of compression socks or stockings.
However, if you have one or more of the above risk factors, a visit with your physician is highly recommended prior to extended travel. Your doctor can offer professional advice on how to best protect yourself against the potential dangers of "Economy Class Syndrome".
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More space for students being created
Matt Terrell
Shane Macomber/Daily file photoRed Canyon High School students take part in a "adjustment to change" exercise last fall at the Edwards campus. They will get a new school building early next year.
EAGLE COUNTY " The school district will be keeping contractors busy this summer.
With the passing of a $128 million bond last November, the district got the green light to build new schools, renovate some old ones, upgrade technology and make buildings energy efficient and environmentally friendly.
Here's a review of upcoming construction projects:
Construction could start in the next two weeks on June Creek Elementary, which is being built on Miller Ranch where Red Canyon High School now sits, said Tim Brekel with ARC Integrated Program Management, the construction manager for the district.
The school is being modeled on a standardized design for Eagle County elementary schools and will look almost exactly like Brush Creek and Red Hill elementaries.
"We'll be expanding the kindergarten rooms, putting in some additional classrooms, reworking the administration area to give them a better entryway," architect Greg Cromer said. "Other than that, it's pretty much the same. Nothing changes."
The district recently increased funding to June Creek Elementary for rising construction costs. Brekel also said they're still working with Eagle County to address future traffic concerns on Miller Ranch Road.
Red Canyon will have to make room for the new elementary, but they'll be getting a new, much better building just across the street.
The new campus will be built on land adjacent to Berry Creek Middle School's baseball field and will work with Red Canyon's other campus in Eagle. Construction should begin later this summer. The design is about 90 percent complete and they hope to finish construction by January 2008.
Red Canyon is an alternative high school that places emphasis on individualized curriculums, hands on learning and in-depth studies on single, specific topic; the school has been growing every year and the new building should be able to meet the community's future need, Principal Wade Hill said.
Red Canyon's new campus was originally part of the November bond question but later omitted. When the bonds were sold in January, the school district got a much better deal than anticipated and decided to use the extra money to build a new Red Canyon campus.
The $14 million in renovations will include a new student commons area, a lofted entry way, auditorium and a technology wing. If more money comes in, there could be a second gymnasium and new locker rooms added.
The new common area will likely take a food court-like atmosphere with lots of natural lighting and will replace the cramped space that serves as a lunchroom and entrance to the gym and auditorium.
Planners hope to ease traffic by adding parking to the back of the building and providing access to the school off Valley Road.
The new Battle Mountain is still deep in the design process, and construction at its future home in Edwards isn't likely to start this summer. Site preparation work could begin in late fall though, Brekel said.
With electric and gas bills adding up to around $1.4 million a year, the district is looking to cut back on its energy use.
Work has already started on a wide range of conservation projects aimed at improving energy efficiency and saving money in the long run. The initial investment was expected to be around $5 million, but the school board recently approved spending an extra $900,000 on the project to meet increased costs. It could take five to seven years to see a return.
This will be the sort of project where double pane windows and soft light bulbs can make a difference. One school, Red Sandstone Elementary, is slated to have its windows tinted. Then there will be bigger projects like tearing out old, outdated hot-water boilers and installing ultra-efficient boilers.
Most schools should expect variable speed hot water pumping, better climate control systems and customized lighting. Some schools might receive new kitchen equipment, radiant gas heat systems and separate heating units for cafeteria kitchens.
The 21st century classroom is coming to the school district. More than $4 million will be spent on extensive technology upgrades, most of which will be completed this summer.
The big project is boosting the district's Internet power by 10 and upgrading the outdated networks to handle large amounts of information. The upgrade will allow teachers to access a world of sounds, videos and programs that they can't use now because the system is too slow.
The district is also considering placing projection systems or 40-inch high-definition monitors in most classrooms.
The idea is to envelop kids with technology and keep them competitive in a flattening world of tech-savy, highly educated people from around the globe, director of technology John Kuglin said.
Along with the big Internet upgrade, the school district is also installing secure wireless Internet access and running all of its phone systems through the computer network.
They'll also be preparing for a future network of security cameras that will run through the computer system.
Staff writer Matt Terrell can be reached at 748-2955 or mterrell@vaildaily.com.


Meet the Logsdon Family! They are expecting their 2nd little girl and they are as excited as can be :) We had so much fun during their session! We talked all things babies and what its like to be parents of two! Take a look at my favorite photos from their beautiful session at the Mogollon Rim Trail!


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Fumika Shimizu to retire from entertainment to devote herself to cult
Popular 22-year-old actress Fumika Shimizu has announced her intention to retire from the entertainment industry to commit herself to Happy Science, a controversial new religious and spiritual movement often criticized for being a cult.
Founded in 1986 by CEO Ryuho Okawa, the basic teachings of Happy Science are "Exploration of the Right Mind" and the "Principles of Happiness". Okawa claims to channel the spirits of Muhammad, Christ, Buddha and Confucius, and is the incarnation of the supreme spiritual being called El Cantare.
Shimizu is most notable for playing Yuki Jojima in Kamen Rider Fourze and Aiko Himeno in HK!!! Hentai Kamen.
Her parents introduced her and her three sisters to the controversial religion at birth, and has since been following it unbeknownst to her agency.
Since last month, Shimizu has been working with two lawyers to prematurely end her contract with LesPros Entertainment, claiming that she is unable to balance entertainment commitments and her beliefs.
A regular on Fuji TV variety show NIJIIRO JEAN, Shimizu continued working as normal until February 4th when she cancelled future appearances on the show due to "poor health". Since then, her agency has been unable to contact her. Her Twitter account through LesPros has been deleted, prompting her to creating a personal account.
Throughout the three decades since its foundation, Happy Science has rapidly grown into a global movement with members in over 100 countries around the world. The cult boasts 10 million members domestically and 1 million abroad with centers in major cities such as New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Tokyo, London, Sydney, Singapore, Hong Kong and Sao Paulo.
In recent years, Happy Science has been working hard to secure a favorable image with the public to recruit. We last reported about the cult in December of last year with the announcement of their very own propaganda idol group Anjewel.
Shimizu has two starring roles in upcoming films scheduled for release later this year, Tokyo Ghoul and Ankoku Joshi, and with her swift and controversial demand to end her career as an actress, their release is now up in the air.
(via Hochi)
Fumika Shimizu
Happy Science
Aimer Announces Best Selection Album, "blanc" and "noir" Piko-Taro to take on LA for the 59th Annual GRAMMY Awards


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Al-Mashareq Al-Mashareq
Al-Mashareq
Displacement in Ghouta as regime advances
The Syrian regime has gained control of a third of the enclave outside Damascus in an advance that has triggered heavy civilian displacement.
By Waleed Abu al-Khair in Cairo
Syrian regime forces and affiliated militias advance in the opposition enclave of Eastern Ghouta outside Damascus. [Photo courtesy of Mohammed al-Beik]
A large number of Eastern Ghouta residents have been displaced by the advance of the Syrian regime and affiliated militias, local activists told Diyaruna -- forced to relocate amid relentless shelling and airstrikes.
On Saturday night (March 3rd) and dawn Sunday, regime forces advanced on a number of fronts in the opposition enclave outside Damascus, said Dr. Anas Abu Yasser, a medical worker in Eastern Ghouta.
This sparked panic among civilians in these areas and other surrounding areas, he told Diyaruna, prompting people to flee deeper into the besieged area out of fear of being arrested or harmed by regime and allied forces.
On Monday, regime and allied forces pushed deeper into Eastern Ghouta and have now retaken a third of the enclave, AFP reported.
A child runs through the rubble of a building totally destroyed by shelling and airstrikes in Eastern Ghouta. [Photo courtesy of Ghouta Media Centre]
Civilians inspect the damage caused by the shelling in Eastern Ghouta. [Photo courtesy of Ghouta Media Centre]
"Regime forces now control 33%, or a third, of besieged Eastern Ghouta," the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said.
"Regime forces are advancing at a high pace because operations so far are mostly conducted in farmland," said Observatory head Rami Abdel Rahman.
As of Monday, they were two kilometres south-east of Douma.
Heavy displacement
By Sunday evening, Abu Yasser told Diyaruna, towns and villages in regime hands were Hosh al-Salihiya, Hosh al-Zawahira, Shaifuniyeh, Tal Farzat, al-Zuraiqiya, al-Nashabiya, Hazrama, Autaya, al-Ab (Ab Duma) and al-Rayhan.
There was heavy displacement in all these areas, he said, as well as from the town of Mesraba and adjacent town of Beit Sawa.
The humanitarian situation is dire for these civilians, Abu Yasser said, noting that the pressure has increased on the areas where people fled.
The UN Human Rights Council on Monday ordered an urgent investigation into the situation in Eastern Ghouta and demanded immediate humanitarian access to the area, AFP reported.
The council voted in favour of a resolution calling on rights investigators to "urgently conduct a comprehensive and independent inquiry into recent events in Eastern Ghouta".
With 29 votes in favour, 14 abstentions and four opposed, the UN's top rights body also demanded immediate humanitarian access to the area.
Aid convoy arrives
On Monday, dozens of trucks of emergency relief entered Eastern Ghouta -- the first aid delivery since the start of the devastating assault, the UN said.
A spokesperson for the UN Office for the Co-ordination of Human Affairs in Syria said 46 trucks of aid had entered the enclave and arrived in Douma.
"With the continuing siege, lack of medical and food supplies and round-the-clock shelling and airstrikes, which killed at least 20 civilians on Sunday, the situation inside the enclave has been miserable," Abu Yasser said.
He said the battles did not stop until Sunday night, even in the districts where regime forces had entered, with ambushes and counter-attacks forcing the advancing forces to pull back in some areas to curtail their losses.
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Wounded, sick to be evacuated from Eastern Ghouta
Ambulances were on standby Tuesday at al-Wafideen checkpoint to transport critical medical cases to hospitals in regime-held territory.
Aid delivery at risk as Syrian regime pummels Eastern Ghouta
Indiscriminate airstrikes by the Russia-backed regime have obstructed the delivery of urgently needed aid and killed more than 900 civilians, including at least 179 children, since mid February.
Evacuation of Eastern Ghouta's wounded, sick begins
A second day of medical evacuations from Douma got underway on Wednesday, with dozens more civilians expected to be taken out of the besieged enclave.
In Moscow, Raisi sells off China deal leftovers
Iran's official slogan is 'Neither East, nor West, only the Islamic Republic'. Yet the Islamic Republic is increasingly beholden to Russia and China.
Iraqi border guard takes over security of frontier with Syria
Border Guard units have replaced the Iraqi army along the frontier with Syria, as fortification work along the 600km-long strip nears completion.
China's deal to build 1,000 schools in Iraq sparks worries about long-term consequences
While China's deal with Iraq to build desperately needed schools appears to be a positive step, Iraqis fear China will exploit the situation to gain a bigger foothold in the Iraqi economy.
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Pro-Iran groups fingered in attacks on coalition bases in Iraq, Syria
The attacks by Iran-backed groups undermine the international effort to eradicate the threat of ISIS in the region, and prove to be more dangerous to civilians than to soldiers.
Arab coalition strikes Sanaa in retaliation for Houthis' attack on UAE Hizbullah digs in near Syria's Sayyida Zainab shrine Chinese projects in Iraq provoke increasing resentment among locals
US calls on Iraq to dismantle armed groups Virtual reality game explores Mosul relics, promotes message of peace Kawtharani 'unwelcome' in Iraq, activists say


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Eliud Kipchoge – An insight into the Kenyan life that shapes legends
RC Admin	31/12/2018
Eliud Kipchoge is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes the marathon and formerly 5000 metres race. He won the Olympic marathon in 2016 and is the current marathon world record holder with a time of 2 hours 1 minute 39 seconds
Forty-two thousand, one hundred and ninety-five metres. In under two hours?
Some would claim that the two-hour marathon is an inevitable progression of the sport of athletics, akin to the once impenetrable barrier of the four-minute mile. However, many would argue that this is a much more formidable obstacle, one that is at odds with human physiology.
This was the case, until in May 2017, Nike staged the Breaking2 project in Monza, Italy. Eliud Kipchoge of Kenya came so close to achieving just that. What many regarded as a moon shot, the combination of Eliud's extraordinary talent, strength and mental fortitude, with Nike's technology and their legion of exercise scientists, came so close to culminating in an achievement that so many regarded as futuristic, if not impossible.
Although not ratified by the IAAF as an official world record, Eliud's magnificent run opened many people's eyes to the imminent possibility, if not the inevitability, of a sub-two-hour marathon.
Kipchoge's efforts were subsequently diverted to Berlin, a world record beckoning. In an effort to unearth the formula that enables such incredible performances, we decided to travel to Kenya in August 2017, seeking to observe Kipchoge and his counterparts in preparation for the race. Detailing the experience of spending several weeks immersed in Kenya's rich running culture – an incubator of running's elite – and the most striking components of Eliud's training, the book explores the ascetic devotion of this group of men and the aspects of Eliud's life that have supported and propelled him to reach such vertiginous heights.
Read about Eliud Kipchoge's training and running schedules.
Categories: Books, Resources, Running, Running Books, World Records
David Rudisha – 800m
David Rudisha's world record 800m run was made during the London Olympics ins 2012. He was the first man to run below 1 minute and 41 seconds, recording a time of 1. 40.91.
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My race was on the 29th of February 2020 . I was well prepared with the right nutrition and training for this 300m swim, 8…
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Around 43 organisations are expected to participate in the Young India Adhikar March.
Students from across the country will gather at the Red Fort in Delhi on Thursday, February 7 at 10 am, and march to Parliament Street in protest of the rising unemployment and the Narendra Modi-led government's education policies.
According to a report in The Citizen, the protestors are demanding a 10 per cent increase in the education budget, an increase in the number of government jobs, filling of vacant government positions, anti-sexual harassment and anti-discrimination cells on all university campuses, guaranteed hostel accommodation for women, ending paper leaks in university campuses, and ending corruption in the recruitment procedure in university campuses.
The agitating students also want the government to ensure that there is no fee hike in schools and no reduction in the number of seats, among other things.
Several student leaders pointed out that the interim budget presented by Piyush Goyal did not even mention jobs, except for pompously declaring that job-seekers have turned job-creators in India. "This is a huge blow to the youth of the country who are suffering from the massive unemployment rate in the wake of demonetisation. The budget is equally silent about the key demands of regularisation and minimum wages raised by employees," the protest organisers said in the statement.
Chhatra Yuva Sangharsh Samiti's (CYSS) Shivani underlined that university campuses have been turned into "war zones" by the Modi government.
Around 43 student organisations, including All India Students' Association (AISA), Pinjra tod, Samajwadi Yuvjan Sabha, Aam Aadmi Party students' wing CYSS, Youth for Swaraj, will participate in the Young India Adhikar march.


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Undergraduate Courses BA Philosophy with Human Rights
BA Philosophy with Human Rights
Course options + Foundation Year + Year Abroad
Course: Philosophy with Human Rights (Including Foundation Year)
UCAS code: V5M8
On our four-year BA Philosophy with Human Rights (including foundation year), we work with you to develop your subject-specific knowledge, and to improve your academic skills. You receive a thorough grounding in these areas during your foundation year (known as Year Zero) to prepare you for a further three years of undergraduate study at Essex. Our five-year version of this course enables you to study abroad during your fourth year of study.
This course includes a foundation year (Year Zero), followed by a further three or four years of study, depending on whether you choose to study abroad for a year. During your Year Zero, you study three academic subjects relevant to your chosen course as well as a compulsory academic skills module, with additional English language for non-English speakers.
You are an Essex student from day one, a member of our global community based at the most internationally diverse campus university in the UK.
After successful completion of Year Zero in our Essex Pathways Department, you progress to complete your course with our School of Philosophy and Art History.
Our course brings philosophy together with one of its most powerful practical ideas: that all human beings have the same rights, which is an idea that dominates the modern world. We provide a grounding in philosophy and also involve the study of human rights from the perspectives of philosophy, politics, law and sociology.
You study topics including:
Global distributive justice and human rights
The protection of human rights in the UK
Our School of Philosophy and Art History has been ranked in the Top 20 in the UK for research excellence (REF 2014, mainstream universities, THE 2014).
At Essex we specialise in commercial law, public law, and human rights law. We are ranked among the top 200 departments in the QS World University Rankings (2019) and we are top 20 in the UK for research excellence (REF 2014, mainstream universities, THE 2014).
We equip you with the necessary knowledge and skills to succeed at Essex and beyond.
Guarantee a place on your chosen course upon successful completion of your foundation year.
Small class sizes allow you to work closely with your teachers and classmates.
Your education extends beyond our University campus. We support you extending your education through providing the option of an additional year. The five-year version of our degree allows you to spend the fourth year studying abroad or employed on a placement, while otherwise remaining identical to the four-year course.
Studying abroad allows you to experience other cultures and languages, to broaden your degree socially and academically, and to demonstrate to employers that you are mature, adaptable, and organised. We have exchange partners in the following areas:
If you spend a full year abroad you'll only pay 15% of your usual tuition fee to Essex for that year. You won't pay any tuition fees to your host university
We have some of the best teachers across the University in our Essex Pathways Department, all of whom have strong subject backgrounds and are highly skilled in their areas.
In our School of Philosophy and Art History our courses are taught by world-class academics, and over three quarters of our research is rated 'world-leading' or 'internationally excellent' (REF 2014), which puts us fifth in the UK for research outputs.
Our open-minded and enthusiastic staff have an exceptionally broad range of research interests, so whatever questions in philosophy catch hold of your imagination, there is certain to be someone you can approach to find out more.
Our internationally diverse community of staff within our School of Law and students gives us a breadth of cross-cultural perspectives and insights into law and justice around the world.
Our community, combined with opportunities to study abroad during your time with us, ensures you graduate with a genuine worldview and a network of international contacts.
Members of our Human Rights Centre work closely with our alumni and extensive practitioner network to ensure that our research is focused on priority issues that are of direct relevance to beneficiaries such as victims of human rights violations, governments, NGOs, and international organisations such as the UN.
By studying within our Essex Pathways Department for your foundation year, you will have access to all of the facilities that the University of Essex has to offer, as well as those provided by our department to support you:
We provide computer labs for internet research; classrooms with access to PowerPoint facilities for student presentations; AV facilities for teaching and access to web-based learning materials.
Our Student Services Hub will support you and provide information for all your needs as a student
Our social space is stocked with hot magazines and newspapers, and provides an informal setting to meet with your lecturers, tutors and friends.
Take advantage of our other extensive learning resources to assist you in your studies:
An exciting programme of research seminars, reading groups and mini-courses that help you expand your philosophical knowledge beyond what you learn on your course
A comprehensive student support system which will direct you to the best source of advice and support in the case of personal or academic difficulties
Work on key human rights projects at our Human Rights Clinic
Join our Model United Nations society, which can improve your skills of argumentation, oral presentation and research
We also offer a range of opportunities for working with projects associated with our Human Rights Centre:
Essex Transitional Justice Network
International Centre on Human Rights and Drug Policy
Human Rights in Iran Unit
Essex Autonomy Project
Detention, Rights and Social Justice Programme
Many employers want graduates with critical thinking skills who can think logically and creatively about practical problems.
Our students are in demand from a wide range of employers in a host of occupations, including law, PR, project management, journalism and the media, teaching, librarianship, the Civil Service, banking, the police and fashion design.
Our recent graduates have gone on to work for a wide range of high-profile companies.
Philosophy develops your transferable skills, providing you with:
The ability to understand all sides of a dispute objectively and without forming a premature opinion
The ability to work in a team, taking a collaborative approach to problems
The ability to interpret dense text and to communicate effectively
Analytical and problem-solving skills
We also work with the university's Student Development Team to help you find out about further work experience, internships, placements, and voluntary opportunities.
72 UCAS tariff points from at least two full A-levels, or equivalent.
BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma: MMP
English language requirements for applicants whose first language is not English: IELTS 5.5 overall. Specified component grades are also required for applicants who require a Tier 4 visa to study in the UK.
Other English language qualifications may be acceptable so please contact us for further details. If we accept the English component of an international qualification then it will be included in the information given about the academic levels required. Please note that date restrictions may apply to some English language qualifications
If you are an international student requiring a Tier 4 visa to study in the UK please see our immigration webpages for the latest Home Office guidance on English language qualifications.
If you do not meet our IELTS requirements then you may be able to complete a pre-sessional English pathway that enables you to start your course without retaking IELTS.
Our Year 0 courses are only open to UK and EU applicants. If you're an international student, but do not meet the English language or academic requirements for direct admission to your chosen degree, you could prepare and gain entry through a pathway course. Find out more about opportunities available to you at the University of Essex International College.
Our research-led teaching is continually evolving to address the latest challenges and breakthroughs in the field, therefore all modules listed are subject to change. Your course structure could differ based on the modules you choose. To view the compulsory modules and full list of optional modules currently on offer, please view the programme specification via the link below.
Philosophy: Fundamental Questions, Major Thinkers
What can we know? How should we live? Study two important areas of philosophy – epistemology and ethics. Examine the work of key thinkers and understand the major themes in Western philosophy. Analyse contemporary issues using philosophical arguments. Become confident in the expression of your own thoughts and ideas.
View Philosophy: Fundamental Questions, Major Thinkers on our Module Directory
Introduction to UK Human Rights
How do you construct legal arguments in human rights cases? Can you defend these arguments in a discussion? Understand the principles of the Human Rights Act 1998 and examine how rights are protected within the UK jurisdiction. Explore legal issues and identify abuses of human rights through real-life case studies.
View Introduction to UK Human Rights on our Module Directory
Becoming Enlightened Citizens: Foundations in Politics and Government
How did Plato and Aristotle influence Western political thought? How do you study class or gender today? What impact does globalisation have? Examine the history of social and political theory, critically analysing current issues. Understand key topics in politics and sociology for further study of the social sciences and humanities.
View Becoming Enlightened Citizens: Foundations in Politics and Government on our Module Directory
Research and Academic Development Skills
View Research and Academic Development Skills on our Module Directory
Begin your study of philosophy with an exploration of knowledge, agency, selfhood, and the vices and virtues of the mind. What does it mean to say that we 'know' something? How do our modes of practical interaction with the world and each other shape our ability to know different kinds of objects? How should we address questions about selfhood and identity? Are there vices of the mind that undermine our reasoning and lead our practical deliberations astray? Can the study of philosophy help us transcend such barriers to good reasoning? And can we flourish as intellectual agents?
View Introduction to Philosophy on our Module Directory
Foundations of Human Rights
What are human rights? How do we protect them? And what challenges do we face when promoting human rights on an international level? Discover the fundamental principles and practices, including topics related to international law and philosophy, which underpin the protection and promotion of our human rights.
View Foundations of Human Rights on our Module Directory
Death, God and the Meaning of Life
Ask life's big questions: What, if anything, is the meaning of our lives? How can we become wise? Can we make sense of human suffering? How should we think about our own deaths? You take up these questions, first, by examining a series of ancient narratives, including The Myth of Sisyphus and Eden and the Fall; and then through the study of key works of modern philosophers including Nietzsche, Weber and Freud.
View Death, God and the Meaning of Life on our Module Directory
Critical Reasoning and Logical Argument
Sharpen your philosophical skills through learning how to construct and deconstruct arguments. You learn how to identify arguments in philosophical texts, how to assess arguments for logical soundness, and how to formulate your own arguments.
View Critical Reasoning and Logical Argument on our Module Directory
Skills for University Studies
Making the transition from school to University studies can be challenging. This module will introduce you to University life and enable you to acquire the study skills to make a success of your degree. It also orients you to work, volunteering and extra-curricular activities so that you can acquire additional skills and experience while you study.
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This is a module in ethical theory rather than practical ethics. That is, it takes up theoretical questions about the status and justification of morality rather than philosophical issues raised by practical moral problems. In this module, we will explore some of the things that worry people about morality. These are matters that may be thought of as challenges to morality and that seem either to make morality impossible or to undermine our commitment to it. For instance, if morality is just a matter of what we happen to like or dislike, or it is only relative to the standards of one's culture, the idea that we can ask and give moral reasons appears to be undermined, or significantly limited. Analogously, the fact that moral discussions (unlike arguments about matters of fact) often end up in irresolvable disagreements seems to threaten the rationality of moral arguments. The role that matters of luck play in our moral evaluations seems to involve holding people responsible for things that are not really under their control, thus compromising the idea that we can really assess the moral value of their actions. In the first term, we will look at these and other challenges to morality, and we will also explore some of the metaethical questions that these challenges raise: can we say that our moral judgements are capable of being true or false? If they are, does their truth depend on certain moral facts? Can we describe these facts as natural?
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Human Rights Organisations: International and Regional Institutions
While a lot of the emphasis in the study of human rights is placed on the normative dimensions of specific rights, in human rights practice, an understanding of the institutional machinery that provides for complaints procedures (including formal courts), monitoring of state obligations and the review of periodic reports is imperative. You'll be equipped with the skills and knowledge required to give meaningful effect of specific individual rights. Human rights institutions on the universal level (United Nations), as well as the regional level, are covered.
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Modern Social and Political Thought
This module introduces students to key debates in modern social and political thought. We focus on seminal texts by authors such as Hobbes, Spinoza, and Rousseau, whose contributions have radically transformed our understanding of social and political life. We explore the roots of modern notions like the state and society, and scrutinise the nature of freedom, power and democracy. Finally, we consider whether these authors' accounts of social misdevelopments can still guide critiques of contemporary society.
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Capitalism and its Critics
With the financial crisis, rising inequality, ecological degradation, and resource-driven wars, capitalism has once again come under intense critical scrutiny. Does it foster economic growth and protect individual freedom, as its proponents claim; or is it a destructive system out of control, as its detractors argue? Should the market be given even freer rein? Or should capitalism be reformed, restricted, or even abolished altogether?
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Social Dimensions of Human Rights
You'll be introduced to sociology and human rights, and will learn how to research human rights in a sociological manner. You'll consider two competing contemporary attempts to formulate a sociology of rights, as well as the problem of universalism versus relativism. Study the concept of cosmopolitanism, as well as rights across borders, the position of trans-national migrants as compared with the citizens of host countries, and investigate how far universal human rights can over-come state sovereignty in the granting of rights to non-citizens. You'll also look at specific examples related to gender, immigration and asylum seekers, and what rich countries owe to poor ones.
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Social Entrepreneurs, Sustainability and Community Action
Did you know that the not-for-profit sector is expanding fast in the UK, and offers meaningful jobs that can contribute to positive social change and ecological sustainability? This module introduces you to this sector and the concept and practice of social entrepreneurship using case studies of work has helped local communities, disadvantaged people and the environment. It also gives you the opportunity to develop your skills and use your creativity and imagination to design your own project or enterprise.
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Have you ever tried to discredit a belief by pointing out its backstory? "You only believe that because you grew up in X!" or "You only believe that because you have traits X, Y, or Z!" Philosophers call this a Genealogical Debunking Argument (GDA), because it aims to undermine some belief by describing its origin. GDAs exert significant influence in the philosophy of religion. Historically, figures like Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud wielded these arguments to great effect; and today one regularly encounters naturalistic GDAs, e.g., "You only believe in God because have a 'god-shaped hole' in your brain!" But are these arguments any good? That's the question we will explore in this module.
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Knowledge and Reality
What is the nature and limit of human knowledge? What are the relations between faith and reason? What is the relation between the body and the mind? Study the philosophical texts of the modern era that helped lay the conceptual foundations for these questions and others. We will explore these issues through the study of some of the seminal works of Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz.
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Contemporary Political Philosophy
How should theory and theorists relate to real politics? What are the competing approaches in contemporary philosophy? In this module you study both the liberal, ideal theories of justice as shaped by John Rawls, but also compare them to alternative approaches. You also explore the notion of injustice through asking what, if anything, is wrong with inequality, applying this to cases such as exploitation, marketization, objectification and stereotyping.
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Selected Issues in Human Rights
How important are human rights today? What role do they play in contemporary society? And can you analyse their impact on topics like freedom of expression or global justice? Learn to identify and evaluate human rights issues in range of real-life situations, within a regional, national and international context.
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Philosophy Capstone Module
This is an intensive final-year module running over five weeks during the summer term. It involves a guided and structured approach to support students in completing a research project of their own. It will be co-taught on a particular theme, with the theme for Summer Term being Challenges to Human Flourishing. Students will be introduced to two major research traditions in Philosophy that bear on this theme: (1) Critical Theory and (2) Phenomenology and Existentialism. Students will be split into two groups that will be taught about these two respective traditions in alternating weeks.
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Philosophy Dissertation
Develop your research and written skills through writing a dissertation on a philosophical topic studied in either your second year or the autumn term of your final year.
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Philosophy and Medical Ethics
Discover the philosophical questions that are raised by everyday medical practice and recent developments in medical science. You consider topics including suicide, euthanasia, abortion, cloning, reproductive medicine, resource allocation, medical research, confidentiality, patient autonomy, and biopolitics.
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Devote yourself to a close study of Nietzsche`s 1887 On the Genealogy of Morality. You explore many of the most significant themes in Nietzsche`s work, including his account master and slave moralities, ressentiment, guilt, and nihilism.
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On your year abroad, you have the opportunity to experience other cultures and languages, to broaden your degree socially and academically, and to demonstrate to employers that you are mature, adaptable, and organised.
Your teaching mainly takes the form of lectures and classes, the latter involving about 20 students
A typical timetable includes a one-hour lecture and a one-hour class for each of your four modules every week
Any language classes involve language laboratory sessions
Our classes are run in small groups, so you receive a lot of individual attention
Your assessed coursework will generally consist of essays, reports, in-class tests, book reviews, individual or group oral presentations, and small scale research projects
Our UK students, and some of our EU students, who are still at school or college, can apply through their school. Your school will be able to check and then submit your completed application to UCAS. Independent applicants in the UK or EU can also apply online through UCAS Apply.
The UCAS code for our University of Essex is ESSEX E70. The individual campus codes for our Loughton and Southend Campuses are 'L' and 'S' respectively.
Please note that this course is not open to international applicants
Applicant Days and interviews
Resident in the UK? If your application is successful, we will invite you to attend one of our applicant days. These run from January to April and give you the chance to explore the campus, meet our students and really get a feel for life as an Essex student.
Some of our courses also hold interviews and if you're invited to one, this will take place during your applicant day. Don't panic, they're nothing to worry about and it's a great way for us to find out more about you and for you to find out more about the course. Some of our interviews are one-to-one with an academic, others are group activities, but we'll send you all the information you need beforehand.
If you're outside the UK and are planning a trip, feel free to email applicantdays@essex.ac.uk so we can help you plan a visit to the University.


Research papers and academic writing are the last hurdles to jump before gaining a doctoral dissertation or a master's thesis. It is also a requirement for many term papers in many of the courses undertaken by students all over the country. The best way to write a research paper is to follow a certain number of logical steps that will result in the finished result being worthy of a good grade.
If you feel confident about the subject that you are writing about, the whole process will go much easier. Never begin to write about a wide-ranging topic, as this will just confuse your readers as to which section to focus on. When you are trying to encompass as many facts as possible, the basic narrative of your paper could become meandering and confusing.
Get approval from your instructor before you launch yourself into doing the research for your paper. You can also use that time you have when you inquire as to the relevance of your topic to ask them about any other questions you might have about the assignment. This really helps you clarify your approach.
Be sure to use appropriate factual sources as the basis for your writing. It is not productive to visit a website that is not a valid source, even though it may try to pass itself off as one. They can be quite deceptive in disguising the fact that they are not a recognized source for the kind of information you need. If there is a lot of ads or clickbait on the website, you can make the assumption that it is not a good way to get your facts.
How the research paper you present looks and reads is very important. Many students will go the extra mile to make their research paper stand out from the rest to get a better grade. This is worth the effort when you remember that the grade you achieve at the end of your studies will follow you for the rest of your life.
If this is all seeming a little too overwhelming for you, and you are at a loss of how to go about starting, never mind finishing, then maybe you should look into hiring the services of a custom writing service that offers research papers for sale. These are legitimate writing services that will produce an original, 100-percent plagiarism free, academic research paper for you before you need to submit it.
Many students have turned to using these services when they have struggled to finish their research paper. They do it because the reassurance of knowing the paper they receive back will be worthy of a high grade, no matter how difficult the topic they have chosen turns out to be. There is also often a money-back guarantee that you will love the resulting research paper you commission.


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> >> are STILL the recommended way to install things and keep them up to date.
> >> system so we can shift the community towards primarily using packages.
> > Can i ask, why is it that shifting the community to using packages is deemed to be a better approach? I like being able to select configuration options to build software. I have never installed a pre-compiled package since using FreeBSD version 6.x. I recall someone responding in another thread about how people don't like change but surely being able to choose is what end-users want. I am sure this has been discussed at length in other threads and sorry if i'm asking old questions.
> build their own packages with custom options and distribute those instead.
> and compile and use portmaster/portupgrade.
Thanks Bryan for explaining. And sorry for creating a digression from the OP's question. I'm just reading all the information about pkgng, poudriere and related projects and it looks pretty fantastic. Some really creative and clever work.


– Sterling Capital Management LLC signed a 22,075-square-foot lease, and Jim Thorp of JLL represented the tenant in the transaction. The company provides management services to a diverse group of clients including mutual funds, corporate, public, healthcare, endowment and foundation, insurance, high-net worth and other managed investment pools. The company is independently managed, but is backed by BB&T Corp.
– Dixon Hughes Goodman LLP, an accounting firm, signed a 40,000-square-foot lease, and Barney Earles of CB Richard Ellis represented the tenant in the transaction.
Phase I of the project is scheduled for completion in early August, and will include the 236,250-square-foot South Tower, parking deck and approximately 25,000 square feet of retail space.