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New EP - The Great Sorrow - Out Now
Behind the Song | Colours By The Milk
As a band, we have always shied away from any overt reference to society when discussing our music. It always seemed to us that there we're more informed people who could deal with that sort of thing. However, whilst writing the latest record our sentiments have swayed somewhat. Maybe it's just the natural process of getting older, perhaps wiser; maybe its a reflection of the environment we find ourselves in as the thoughtful silent majority in Britain today.
There is a severe lack of real critical thinking in our society. Especially when division and prejudice have become the mainstream. All of us can choose to challenge the propagation of this fucking stupidity and maybe music can no longer be a mirror held up to reality but a hammer with which to shape it.
'Colours' is ultimately a song about unity.
The chord sequence had been bouncing around the walls of the studio for a while, along with some basic ideas for melody and groove. It wasn't until Luke entered with the quote "all colours will agree in the dark" that things started coming together. Unanimously we loved the sentiment. It touched on shared feelings of the disquiet we had been experiencing outside the studio walls. We shaped and polished this premise into the lyrics and melody of the track. Extended chordal harmony, sparse production and a heavy focus on sounds; helped echo the theme of the song. This attitude was carried into the recording process too, where the track demanded the right atmosphere to catch a performance.
An evening at Livingston Studios, some Palo Santo and a few Carlsberg Exports provided the tools. So close your eyes, have a listen and remember we are all the same when the lights are off.
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The Milk - Wild Chained Man - Live @ Hoxton Hall
We're delighted to release this live version of Wild Chained Man filmed last October to an exclusive crowd at Hoxton Hall, a beautiful venue in London.
Buddhists in the Cage
"I can't wait to hear you write songs that look outward".
Every album can be traced back to a single moment of conception when an idea germinates in your mind, then sits quietly in the universe, on the lookout for stories to tell. When the producer of Favourite Worry, Paul Butler declared the words above, none of us knew what a lasting impression that would leave on the creation of Cages.
Spotify Launch Official Milk Playlist
Spotify has just launched an official playlist for the band.
Head over to our Spotify page now to listen to music new and old.
This is The Milk. The essential tracks, all in one playlist.
Thanks, Spotify
Sign up to get the latest on upcoming shows, new releases and exclusive content from The Milk.
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Beirut - The twin attacks that ripped through worshippers celebrating Palm Sunday in Coptic churches in Egypt shocked the Arab world, sparking outrage and condemnations, especially in countries with significant Christian minorities.
In Lebanon, the only Arab country headed by a Christian president, the bombings of churches in Tanta and Alexandria were denounced as attempts to drive a wedge between Christians and Muslims.
"What is targeted is coexistence. They want us as Christians to fear our Muslim neighbours who live with us in the same building in the same city," said Antoine Courban, a professor of philosophy of science at Saint Joseph University in Beirut.
Courban argued that non-Muslims, be they Christian or Yazidi, are a weak bracket in Arab societies in which the collective religious identity is of great importance, taking precedence over national belonging. "What happened in Egypt is evidence that priority in our societies is for religious identity instead of the national identity," Courban said.
He cautioned against the increasing speech of intimidation, hatred and religious extremism. "It should be literally uprooted in order to be able to live together, otherwise we are heading to suicide," Courban said.
"Whether in Egypt, Syria or Iraq, it is the human being and the individual freedom (of worship) which are targeted. The aim is to make non-Muslims fear the Muslims who are their partners in the nation," Courban added.
More than 40 people were killed and more than 100 injured in the church assaults, the latest claimed by the Islamic State (ISIS) against Egypt's Copts. The jihadist group has stepped up attacks and threats against Copts, who comprise about 10% of Egypt's population and are the biggest Christian minority in the Middle East. In February, scores of Christian families and students fled Egypt's North Sinai province after a series of targeted killings.
"They can never break us apart. Here in Jordan we condemn what they did and we stand with our brothers and sisters in Egypt and support them all the way," Abbassi added.
Jordanians flooded social media with angry comments. Some blasted the attacks as "cowardly" and others vowed support for the families of victims.
Iraqi Christians feel great solidarity, having been persecuted by ISIS.
"There is no explanation for bombing Egyptian Copts in the midst of Eid. It is a conspiracy against all of us to push us to leave the region," said Samar Boutros," a Christian resident of Baghdad.
Boutros refrained from attending mass on Palm Sunday, fearing a similar assault on churches in Iraq. "ISIS can order [its] members in any country to carry out such cowardly attacks," she said.
The Reverend Martin Hermez, an Iraqi priest, blamed the persecution of minorities in the region on the proliferation of takfiri ideology, which deems non-Muslims as apostates.
"What happened in Egypt lately and in Iraq earlier is politically motivated. Naïve and weak people are being brainwashed and exploited with the aim of emptying the region from Christians through aggression," Hermez said.
Christians in the Palestinian territories said they do not feel threatened by similar attacks but share fears that if Palestinian society does not fight extremism through inclusive education emphasising respect for other religions, things might change.
"As a Palestinian Christian I never felt that I am a minority because in Palestine, Christians practise their religion freely but in Egypt Copts are oppressed and treated very badly by others," said Dalia Rinawi, who runs a beauty salon in Ramallah.
For Palestinian Christian Yusef Daher, they were attempts to "wipe out" Christians.
"There are no demands. They want to kill as much as possible. This is execution," he said.


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MOVE DETROIT FOR LESS CANCER
By Bill Couzens|2017-11-10T21:05:59-05:00October 31st, 2012|Cancer, Cancer Prevention, Clear Channel, Colon Cancer, Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Couzens, Cysco, Detroit, Dr. Tom Sherman, Environment, Facebook, Gary Hirshberg, GMO, Jackson Dawson, John Couzens, Less Cancer, Mackinac Race, Miles O'Brien, More Treated Cancer, Portsmouth New Hampshire, Prevention, Project Runway, Thomas M Sherman, Thomas M Sherman MD, Tom Sherman MD, Twitter, Uncategorized, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (CEO-UPCI), Veronique Pittman, Wendy Pepper, William U Couzens|
The Less Cancer campaign- program of Next Generation Choices Foundation is pleased to announce the first Move Detroit for Less Cancer to be held December 1,2012 at the Bayview Yacht Club,located at 100 Clairpointe Street Detroit, MI 48215. For nearly a decade, Less Cancer has been at the helm introducing prevention into the cancer
The Power of Pooze – By Miles O'Brien
By Bill Couzens|2017-11-10T21:06:00-05:00September 9th, 2012|Aileen O'Brien Graef, Bill Couzens, boing boing, Breast Cancer, Cancer, Cancer Schmancer, Chemical Companies, Chemo, Couzens, Detroit, GMO, GMOs, lance Armstrong, Less Cancer, Maryann Donovan, Mia Farrow, michael moore, Michigan, Miles O'Brien, New Hampshire, Phillp Morris, Prevention, Thomas M Sherman, Tom Sherman, Uncategorized, Virginia, Xeni Jardin|
Below is the beautiful tribute Less Cancer Board Member, Journalist, Miles O'Brien had to say about his sister Aileen O'Brien Graef. A last hurrah, a summer break Aileen and Miles O'Brien in this beautiful moment captured by Miles daughter Connery O'Brien. The Power of Pooze By Miles O'Brien We may not be in
The Stanford McStudy
By Bill Couzens|2017-11-10T21:06:01-05:00September 6th, 2012|Bill Couzens, boing boing, Breast Cancer, Cancer, Chemical Companies, Chemo, Couzens, Farming, Food, GMO, GMOs, Less Cancer, ORGANIC|
News of the latest Stanford study published in Annals of Internal Medicine says that the published literature lacks strong evidence that organic foods are significantly more nutritious than conventional foods. Consumption of organic foods may reduce exposure to pesticide residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A message for me, the "non- scientist" that was not so much about what
Sandy Lerner's Most Important Work
By Bill Couzens|2017-11-10T21:07:02-05:00July 29th, 2012|ORGANIC|
Recently in a Middleburg Eccentric article featuring Sandy Lerner founder to lots of things but most important to me Lerner has been a cutting edge force to bringing real food back to the table. The food we eat is critical to reducing risks associated with cancer. The article opens up with a definition of agrarianism
Annie Leonard's New Movie Story of Change
By Bill Couzens|2017-11-10T21:07:02-05:00July 24th, 2012|Bill Couzens, Cancer, Couzens, Detroit, MIddleburg, Middleburg Virginia, Uncategorized|
I am a big fan of the "process" used in the Story of Stuff Project. The Story of Stuff Project was founded in 2008 by Annie Leonard as response to a need for more information and ways to get involved. The Story of Stuff Project , is a series of online movies that are, brief and easily

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Description: Wonderful home on acreage not far from Central Norman. With 4 bed, 2 bath and 2 car garage and a lot of updates and character. You find this lovely home at the end of a cul-de-sac with a circle drive. The exterior features are chicken coop, a zip line, wood deck, dog run, large storage building and concrete pad for storage. The home's laundry room is spacious with a lot of built-ins and a door to the backyard. The kitchen has an island, space to eat and lots of updates and storage. The large living room has a fireplace and is large enough to fit a dining room table and living room furniture. It is larger than the pictures make it look. Master bedroom has a full bath and walk-in closet. There is a lot to love at this home.


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Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems Legal Update (4Q18)
We are pleased to provide the following update on recent legal developments in the areas of artificial intelligence, machine learning and autonomous systems ("AI"). As AI technologies become increasingly commercially viable, one of the most interesting challenges lawmakers face in the governance of AI is determining which of its challenges can be safely left to ethics (appearing as informal guidance or voluntary standards), and which rules should be codified in law.[1] Many of the recent updates we have chosen to highlight below illustrate how lawmakers and government agencies seek to develop AI strategies and policy with the aim of balancing the tension between protecting the public from the potentially harmful effects of AI technologies while encouraging positive innovation and competitiveness.[2] For the most part, lawmakers continue to engage with a broad range of stakeholders on these issues, and there remains plenty of scope for companies operating in this space to participate in discussions around the legislative process and policymaking.
I. Patent Eligibility for AI-Related Inventions
II. Federal Government Agencies Seek to Leverage the Benefit of AI and Innovative Technologies
III. Autonomous Vehicles
IV. Rising Concerns for AI's Potential to Create Bias and Discrimination
V. Use of AI in Criminal Proceedings
VI. Legal Technology
As the adoption of AI technologies progresses rapidly, AI-related patent applications have kept pace, blooming to over 154,000 worldwide since 2010.[3] However, several U.S. court decisions in recent years have left technology and pharmaceutical companies unsure of whether their inventions are patentable under U.S. federal law. One source of great unpredictability in the patent field is subject matter eligibility under 35. U.S.C. § 101—and in particular the abstract idea exception to patent eligibility—based primarily on the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International,[4] resulting in well-documented frustration in the lower courts trying to make sense of the precedent[5] and ultimately running the risk of impeding innovation in the United States in AI and machine learning and the growth of commerce.[6]
This confusion and unpredictability has prompted lawmakers to take action, inviting industry leaders and representatives of the American Bar Association's IP law section as well as retired members of the judiciary to a closed-door roundtable discussion on December 12, 2018 to discuss potential legislation to rework 35 U.S.C. § 101 on patent eligibility.[7]
Against this backdrop, on January 4, 2019 the United States Patent and Trademark Office ("USPTO") guidance announced updated to help clarify the process that examiners should undertake when evaluating whether a pending claim is directed to an abstract idea under the Supreme Court's two-step Alice test and thus not eligible for patent protection under 35 U.S.C. § 101. The USPTO's guidelines may arm applicants for AI-related inventions with a roadmap of how to avoid or overcome Section 101 rejections, but it remains to be seen how examiners interpret the guidelines. For further details on the USPTO's guidelines, please see our recent Client Alert on The Impact of the New USPTO Eligibility Guidelines on Artificial Intelligence-related Inventions.
In November 2018, the European Patent Office ("EPO") also issued new guidelines that set out patentability criteria for AI technologies and, in particular, provide a range of examples for what subject matter is exempt from patentability under Articles 52(1), (2) and (3) of the Convention on the Grant of European Patents.[8] Under the EPO guidance, which was well-received by companies in the field,[9] an inventor of an AI technology must show that the claimed subject matter has a "technical character." While this approach does not deviate from the EPO's long-held position on exclusions to patentability, the guidelines provide welcome clarity and specific examples. For instance, the classification of digital images, videos, audio or speech signals based on low-level features (e.g., edges or pixel attributes for images) are typical technical applications of classification algorithms, but classifying text documents solely in respect of their textual content is not regarded to be per se a technical purpose but a linguistic one. Notably, the guidelines also potentially open the door to patent protection for training methodologies and mechanisms for generating training datasets. In sum, a claim to an AI algorithm based upon a mathematical or computational model on its own is likely to be considered non-technical. Accordingly, careful drafting will be required to impart onto the AI or machine learning component a technical character by reference to a specific technical purpose and/or implementation, rather than describing it as an abstract entity. AI or machine learning algorithms in the context of non-technical systems are not likely to be patentable.
Much will depend on how the USPTO and the EPO enforce their new guidelines. The EPO guidelines' categorical exclusions of certain subject matter appears to stand in contrast to U.S. patent eligibility law (which may therefore prove more favorable to AI innovators seeking patent protection), but the EPO guidelines could offer a higher level of consistency and clarity as to what subject matter is exempt from patentability than the more fluid U.S. approach. In the meantime, innovators in artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies should take note of these developments and exercise caution when making strategic decisions about which technologies should be patented and in which jurisdictions applications should be filed.
As noted in our Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems Legal Update (3Q18), 2018 saw few notable legislative developments, but increasing federal government interest in AI technologies, a trend which has continued apace amid increasing appreciation by lawmakers of AI as a potent general purpose technology.
A. Future of Artificial Intelligence Act
The legislative landscape has not been especially active in the AI sector this past quarter. In December 2017, a group of senators and representatives introduced the Fundamentally Understanding the Usability and Realistic Evolution of Artificial Intelligence Act of 2017, also known as the FUTURE of Artificial Intelligence Act (the "Act"), which, if passed, will not regulate AI directly, but will instead form a Federal Advisory Committee on the Development and Implementation of Artificial Intelligence.[10] The purpose of the Committee is to help inform the government's response to the AI sector on several issues, including the competitiveness of the U.S. in regard to AI innovation, workforce issues including the possible effect of technological displacement of workers, education, ethics training, open sharing of data, and international cooperation.[11] The Act's definition of AI is broad and could encompass AI technologies in any number of fields and industries. At present, the Act remains pending in Congress.
B. FDA Releases New Rules for Medical Devices Incorporating AI
In early December 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") released a proposed rule that aimed to update the review process for certain medical devices before they enter the marketplace. The proposed rule would clarify the applicable statutory language by establishing procedures and criteria for the so-called de novo pathway used to review the safety and effectiveness of innovative medical devices that do not have predicates, and would apply to certain medical devices incorporating AI.[12] Back in April 2018, the FDA approved IDx_DR, a software program that uses an AI algorithm to detect eye damage from diabetes.[13] Since then, the FDA has approved other AI devices at what appears to be an increasing rate. If the rule is finalized, the FDA anticipates that companies developing novel medical devices will be able to take advantage of a more efficient process and clearer standards when seeking de novo classification.
C. IRS Invests in AI to Detect Criminal Activity More Efficiently
Facing years of budget cuts and a declining number of employees, the IRS is increasingly investing in technology driven by AI to identify and prosecute tax fraud and rein in offshore tax evasion. During an American Bar Association webcast in December 2018, Todd Egaas, Director of Technology, Operations and Investigative Services in the IRS' Criminal Investigations office explained that, "We've been running thin on people lately and rich on data. And so what we've been working on—and this is where we think data can help us—is how do we make the most use out of our people?"[14]
Part of the IRS' strategy is a recently signed seven-year, $99 million deal with Palantir Technologies to help the agency "connect the dot in millions of tax filings, bank transactions, phone records, and even social media posts."[15] Palantirs' technology will be used to assist the IRS in determining which cases to investigate and prosecute with its more limited manpower. Egaas and Benjamin Herndon, the IRS' Chief Analytics Officer, offered some specific insights into how the IRS is using these advanced technologies. Not only is the speed of processing data anticipated to increase to become near real-time, but machine learning algorithms and AI "identify patterns in graphs where noncompliance might be present" and "prove particularly helpful in combating identity thieves fraudulently applying for tax refunds."[16]
D. Federal Agencies Urge Banks to Innovate
The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the U.S. Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network ("FinCEN"), the National Credit Union Administration, and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (collectively, the "Agencies") are urging banks to use AI and other innovative technologies to combat money laundering and terrorist financing, according to a joint statement issued on December 3, 2018.[17]
The Agencies are attempting to foster innovation by encouraging banks to identify "new ways of using existing tools or adopting new technologies" to help "identify and report money laundering, terrorist financing, and other illicit financial activity by enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency" of existing Bank Secrecy Act/anti-money laundering ("BSA/AML") compliance programs.[18] The Agencies have seen how experimentations with AI and digital identity technologies have strengthened banks' compliance approaches and have enhanced transaction monitoring systems.[19]
Companies in the financial sector considering the use of these innovative compliance programs should note the Agencies' assurances that doing so "will not result in additional regulatory expectations," and that banks "should not" be criticized if their efforts "ultimately prove unsuccessful," nor will the agencies necessarily impose supervisory actions if innovative pilot programs "expose gaps" in a compliance program.[20] Similarly, if "banks test or implement artificial intelligence-based transaction monitoring systems and identify suspicious activity that would not otherwise have been identified under existing processes, there will be no automatic assumption that the banks' existing processes are deficient."[21] However, the Agencies clarified that banks must continue to meet their BSA/AML compliance obligations when developing and testing pilot programs.[22]
E. FTC Hearings Address Consumer Protection and Antitrust Issues Sparked by AI
Over the course of 2018, the Federal Trade Commission held a series of hearings on "Competition and Consumer Protection in the 21st Century," which provided a platform for industry leaders, academics, and regulators to discuss whether changes in the domestic and world economics and new technologies, among other developments, may require changes to competition and consumer protection law, enforcement priorities, and policy.[23] On November 13-14, 2018, the conversation turned to algorithms, artificial intelligence, and predictive analytics. The risk that AI and algorithms will perpetuate bias, discrimination, and existing socioeconomic disparities was a shared concern.[24] And there was broad agreement that bias can be combatted at several different stages in the development and use of AI. For example, panelists spoke about the need for good algorithmic design, high-quality data, rigorous design, and some degree of consumer understanding to help manage and combat bias.
Panelists also debated whether existing laws are robust enough to address ethical issues posed by the use of AI, or whether an AI consumer protection law is warranted. There appeared to be consensus that existing laws, i.e., the Fair Credit Reporting Act and anti-discrimination laws, and the regulatory powers of the FTC (though Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair methods of conduct in commerce), were sufficient and that caution was warranted before proposing new laws.
Antitrust panelists addressed issues relating to competitors' use of algorithms to set prices, suggesting that concerns about algorithmic collusion are overhyped: not only is it very difficult to program algorithms to respond optimally to actions generated by a competitors' algorithm over a long period of time, but algorithms are typically designed to respond to changes in pricing—not achieve an economic competitive equilibrium.[25] In addition, unilateral decisions to use price optimization algorithms may be lawful, regardless of the outcome—much like how conscious parallelism is permissible under existing law. From an enforcement perspective, companies may wish to note that the panelists encouraged enforcers to study and then distinguish between algorithms that produce "follow the leader" programs and those that detect and punish other programs for failing to achieve a desired outcome, since only the latter behavior is indicative of unlawful collusion.
A. Recent Developments
The global self-driving vehicle market is estimated to reach $42 billion by 2025,[26] and companies working on self-driving cars continue to aggressively compete for new talent and new technology. And, given the fast pace of developments, governments worldwide are facing the challenge of regulating this novel and complex industry without stifling innovation and global competitiveness—some making more progress than others.
2019 could prove a watershed year for the fledgling autonomous vehicle industry as virtually every major automaker launches its own self-driving vehicle and some developers inch towards releasing "level 4 autonomy" vehicles—"unsupervised" cars that can operate within a limited domain.[27] However, truly autonomous—level 4 or 5—vehicles won't be found on public roads anywhere until countries succeed in rolling out uniform regulations nationwide, something no country has yet done. Likewise, as public sensitivity to crashes and malfunctions remains high,[28] automakers continue to wrestle with the technological challenges of making commercially viable fully autonomous vehicles that can operate in all conditions (including, for example, darkness or inclement weather) and without set geographical boundaries.
For example, Audi has announced that it has plans to be the first company in the world to sell a Level 3 car directly to the public: an Audi A8 sedan with an autopilot option called Traffic Jam Pilot, which works only at speeds under 50 kilometers per hour (37 miles per hour), and requires the driver to be prepared to take back the wheel after a warning—the definition of Level 3.[29] However, concern over the lack of clear federal regulations for autonomous driving technology means Audi will not offer this option in the U.S. market.[30] Audi has said it does not envisage selling Level 4 cars for some time—perhaps well into the 2020s. Toyota has revealed plans to unveil its own experimental Level 4 car, called the Urban Teammate, at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, a highly restricted environment.[31]
B. DoT Releases Updated Guidance: "Preparing for the Future of Transportation: Automated Vehicles 3.0"
As outlined in our Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems Legal Update (3Q18), the absence of a uniform federal regulatory regime in the U.S. means that companies testing and manufacturing autonomous vehicles ("AVs") must comb through a complex patchwork of state rules that exist with limited federal oversight.
The continued absence of federal regulation renders the U.S. Department of Transportation's ("DoT") informal guidance increasingly important to companies operating in this space. On October 3, the DoT's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ("NHTSA") released its most significant 2018 road map on the design, testing and deployment of driverless vehicles: "Preparing for the Future of Transportation: Automated Vehicles 3.0" (commonly referred to as "AV 3.0").[32]
While one of its core principles is to promote consistency among federal, state and local requirements in order to advance the integration of AVs in the national transportation system, the guidance also reinforces that federal officials are eager to take the wheel on safety standards and that any state laws on automated vehicle design and performance will be preempted. State, local and tribal governments will be responsible for licensing human drivers, registering motor vehicles, enacting and enforcing traffic laws, conducting safety inspections, and regulating motor vehicle insurance and liability. The guidance includes several best practices for states on adapting their policies and procedures for licensing and registering automated vehicles, assessing the readiness of their roads, and training their transportation workforces for the arrival of automated vehicles.
As in the previous iterations of the DoT's guidance, the thread running throughout AV 3.0 is the commitment to voluntary, consensus-based technical standards and the removal of unnecessary barriers to the innovation of AV technologies. AV 3.0 "builds upon — but does not replace" the DOT's last AV guidelines, "Automated Driving Systems 2.0: A Vision for Safety," which were released on September 12, 2017.[33] AV 3.0 expands the applicability of the DOT's AV guidance to include commercial vehicles, on-road transit and the roadways on which they operate. In parallel, various other DOT agencies are gathering input from industry stakeholders on what sort of infrastructure improvements and strategic planning will be required to accommodate and coordinate autonomous vehicles operating in a variety of different modes of transportation.
Despite the lack of compliance requirements or enforcement mechanisms within the guidance, the DoT has proposed modernized regulations that specifically recognize that the "driver" and "operator" of a vehicle may include an automated system,[34] and highlighted that it would prepare proactively for automation through pilot programs, investments and other means, announcing a national pilot program to test and deploy autonomous vehicles.[35]
However, NHTSA will not abandon the traditional self-certification scheme, meaning that manufacturers can continue to self-certify the compliance of their products by reference to applicable standards. Moreover, NHTSA will issue a proposed rule seeking comment on changes to streamline and modernize its procedures for processing applications for exemptions from the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards ("FMVSS").
AV 3.0 highlights the importance of cybersecurity and data privacy as AV technologies become increasingly integrated, and encourages a coordinated effort across the government and private sectors for a unified approach to cyber incidents and information sharing. However, the guidance contains no firm rules on data sharing and privacy, leaving it up to state and local governments to determine standards and resources to counteract cybersecurity threats.[36]
One of AI's most salient features is its ability to take noisy data sets and provide the targeted results by using criteria often beyond our anticipation or easy comprehension. As noted above, there is a growing consensus that AI systems perpetuate and amplify bias, and that computational methods are not inherently neutral and objective.[37] As AI models are deployed into politics, commerce and broader society, we face unprecedented challenges in understanding their disproportionate impacts and how to apply our existing ethical framework—concepts such as transparency, inequality and fairness—to apparently dispassionate technologies. While discussions about the ethics of AI remain largely in the policy realm, increasing public awareness has led to rising concerns among lawmakers for AI's potential for create bias and discrimination, while companies making use of AI and machine learning systems have responded to increasing scrutiny with regard to the risks of inadvertently creating discriminatory processes and outcomes.[38]
The AI Now Institute recently observed the potential for a number of ethics and bias concerns that AI stakeholders should be aware of. In the group's recent AI Now Report 2018, the AI Now Institute drew attention to AI's potential to create bias and called for a renewed focus on the state of equity and diversity in the AI field as well as increased accountability of AI firms as a potential solution to these issues.[39] Companies making use of AI should anticipate that lawmakers may agree and be willing to scrutinize AI systems for "algorithmic fairness." Indeed, in December 2018, Members of the House Judiciary Committee questioned Google CEO Sundar Pichai—albeit with varying degrees of technical accuracy—about the potential for bias in search results.[40] AI stakeholders would be remiss to not take note, and consider approaches for eliminating or mitigating potential bias beginning early in the design process and throughout the life cycle of products and services.
The potential use and abuse of AI in the judicial context is palpable, particularly as the use of forensic and risk assessment software in criminal proceedings is on the rise. Transparency appears to be a key due process issue, as criminal defendants urge courts to permit their review of such software, yet courts have so far been reluctant to hear challenges on these grounds.
In 2017, the United States Supreme Court declined to hear a case coming out of the Wisconsin Supreme Court[41] which challenged the use of algorithmic risk assessment technology in criminal sentencing due to concerns that the software harbored gender biases and was disclosed to neither the court nor the defendant. The broader debate over the use of such software, however, was recently revived by two prominent law firm partners who held a mock trial at New York University School of Law based on the case. The mock trial centered on the due process concerns that arise from lack of judicial and defendant access to and scrutiny of the underlying source code of risk assessment tools—needed to determine if the source code incorporate flaws or biases—due to the software's proprietary nature.[42] In civil cases, a party may be compelled to share a proprietary algorithm pursuant to a protective order. But in a criminal case, it may be too costly for a defendant to seek such review. (And, in Loomis, the court denied the defendant's request to access the algorithm.).
A related issue was presented to the Ninth Circuit in United States v. Joseph Nguyen, a case in which a defendant was connected to a certain IP address, and the government argued that it identified and isolated the IP address as the sole source for a download of illegal material using a forensic software program.[43] The defendant sought to review the evidence against him, including the forensic software's source code, in order to challenge the prosecution's claim. In an amicus brief, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a civil liberties organization focusing on digital rights, urged that "[w]here the government seeks to use evidence generated by forensic software owned by a third party, disclosure of the software's source code is required by the Constitution and by the strong public interest in the integrity of court proceedings."[44] The Ninth Circuit, however, denied the defendant's petition for rehearing en banc.[45]
While courts, so far, appear reluctant to require the production of proprietary source code or other trade secret information in the criminal context, it still behooves companies providing products and services in highly-visible and important contexts, such as governmental law enforcement, to consider what information they would be willing to provide to ensure sufficient operational transparency and accountability to garner and maintain public trust.
The legal industry continues to expand its use of AI technology to assist it with various tasks. For example, corporate tax departments are beginning to use AI to sift large volumes of contracts to determine if an entity qualifies for research and development tax credits as well as to analyze court decisions to predict potential outcomes of litigation. Indeed, some of the large accounting firms in the U.S. have reported that they expect to make large investments in AI in connection with the tax function budget.[46]
The USPTO entered the AI sector in late 2018 when it began to develop AI tools to improve the agency's search capabilities and to make the patent prosecution process more efficient.[47] When a patent application is examined, the patent examiners must search through a "complex and vast corpus of human knowledge." USPTO hopes that a system that incorporates AI will help expedite patent examinations by allowing examiners to review applications more quickly and effectively, as well as to fill in any gaps that might exist with regard to prior art searches. In November 2018, the agency unveiled a beta test of new software called "Unity" which incorporates AI to help patent examiners with prior art searches and announced it continues to work on other initiatives designed to streamline the patent prosecution process.[48]
[1] See, e.g., Paul Nemitz, Constitutional Democracy and Technology in the Age and Artificial Intelligence, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 376: 20180089 (Nov. 15, 2018), available at https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsta.2018.0089.
[2] See, e.g., the German government's new AI strategy, published in November 2018, which promises an investment of €3 billion before 2025 with the aim of promoting AI research, protecting data privacy and digitalizing businesses (https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/chancellor/ai-a-brand-for-germany-1551432); and the European Commission's new Draft Ethics Guidelines For Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence (Dec. 18, 2019), available at https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/draft-ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai.
[3] Louis Columbus, Microsoft Leads The AI Patent Race Going Into 2019, Forbes (Jan. 6, 2019), available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2019/01/06/microsoft-leads-the-ai-patent-race-going-into-2019/#765459af44de; Jeff John Roberts, IBM Tops 2018 Patent List as A.I. and Quantum Computing Gain Prominence, Fortune (Jan. 8, 2019), available at http://fortune.com/2019/01/07/ibm-tops-2018-patent-list-as-ai-and-quantum-computing-gain-prominence/.
[4] See Alice Corp. Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank Int'l, 134 S. Ct. 2347 (2014).
[5] James Fussell, Alice Must Be Revisited In View Of Emerging Technologies, Law360 (Dec. 5, 2018), available at https://www.law360.com/articles/1107964/alice-must-be-revisited-in-view-of-emerging-technologies.
[6] See id. (noting that although the number of AI patent applications has been growing dramatically in the past several years in the United States, the growth trajectory in Chinese applications spiked in 2014, the year of the Supreme Court's Alice decision, and for the first time in 2016 surpassed U.S. filings).
[7] Malathi Nayak, Google, Amazon Invited to Talk Patent Eligibility With Lawmakers, Bloomberg Law (Dec. 4, 2018), available at https://news.bloomberglaw.com/ip-law/google-amazon-invited-to-talk-patent-eligibility-with-lawmakers-1; one example of potential legislation is a bill introduced in June 2018 by Rep. Thomas Massie, R-Ky., and Marcy Kaptur, D-Ohio, which would amend Section 101 to "effectively abrogate[] Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International, 134 S. Ct. 2347 (2014) and its predecessors to ensure that life sciences discoveries, computer software, and similar inventions and discoveries are patentable, and that those patents are enforceable." (H.R. 6264 (Sec. 7(b)(3))).
[8] Eur. Patent Office, Guidelines for Examination in the European Patent Office (Nov. 2018), G-II, 3.3.1, available at https://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/html/guidelines2018/e/g_ii_3_3_1.htm.
[9] Patrick Wingrove, EPO AI Guidelines "Give Clarity and Direction," Say In-House Counsel, Managing Intellectual Property (Jan. 15, 2019), available at http://www.managingip.com/Blog/3853828/EPO-AI-guidelines-give-clarity-and-direction-say-in-house-counsel.html.
[10] H.R. 4625.
[11] In November 2018, the Little Hoover Commission—a bipartisan, independent California state oversight agency—also published a comprehensive report analyzing the economic impact of AI technologies on the state of California between now and 2030. The report "Artificial Intelligence: A Roadmap for California" calls for immediate action by the governor and legislature to prepare strategically for and take advantage of AI, while minimizing its risks. Among the Commission's recommendations are the creation of an AI special advisor in state government, an AI commission and the promotion of apprenticeships and training opportunities for employees whose jobs may be displaced by AI technologies. See Little Hoover Comm'n, "Artificial Intelligence: A Roadmap for California" (Nov. 2018), available at https://lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/245/Report245.pdf.
[12] Emily Field, FDA Issues Proposed Rule For Novel Medical Devices, Law360 (Dec. 4, 2018), available at https://www.law360.com/articles/1107804/fda-issues-proposed-rule-for-novel-medical-devices
[13] FDA Approves Marketing For First AI Device for Diabetic Retinopathy Detection, EyeWire News (Apr. 11, 2018), available at https://eyewire.news/articles/fda-permits-marketing-of-ai-based-device-to-detect-certain-diabetes-related-eye-problems/
[14] Vidya Kauri, AI Helping IRS Detect Tax Crimes With Fewer Resources, Law360 (Dec. 5, 2018), available at https://www.law360.com/articles/1108419/ai-helping-irs-detect-tax-crimes-with-fewer-resources.
[15] Siri Bulusu, Palantir Deal May Make IRS 'Big Brother-ish' While Chasing Cheats, Bloomberg Tax, (Nov. 15, 2018), available at https://news.bloombergtax.com/daily-tax-report/palantir-deal-may-make-irs-big-brother-ish-while-chasing-cheats?context=article-related. Indeed, in 2018, the IRS Criminal Investigation division collected 1.67 petabytes—or 1 million gigabytes of data. According to the IRS' Strategy Plan for FY 2018-2022 (http://src.bna.com/C54), the agency is handling an influx of data that is 100 times larger than what it received a decade ago.
[17] Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, National Credit Union Administration, and Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Joint Statement on Innovative Efforts to Combat Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (Dec. 3, 2018), available at https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/files/bcreg20181203a1.pdf.
[23] Fed. Trade Comm'n, Hearings on Competition and Consumer Protection in the 21st Century, available at https://www.ftc.gov/policy/hearings-competition-consumer-protection.
[24] Kestenbaum, Reingold & Bradshaw, What We Heard At The FTC Hearings: Days 12 And 13, Law360 (Nov. 28, 2018), available at https://www.law360.com/articles/1105676/what-we-heard-at-the-ftc-hearings-days-12-and-13; see also infra at IV.
[26] Jeff Green, Driverless-Car Global Market Seen Reaching $42 Billion by 2025, Bloomberg, Jan. 8, 2015, available at https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-08/driverless-car-global-market-seen-reaching-42-billion-by-2025.
[27] Philip E. Ross, In 2019, We'll Have Taxis Without Drivers—or Steering Wheels, IEEE Spectrum (Jan. 3, 2019), available at https://spectrum.ieee.org/transportation/self-driving/in-2019-well-have-taxis-without-driversor-steering-wheels (On the SAE autonomy scale, a Level 0 car has no autonomous capability or driver aids, while a Level 5 car is fully autonomous, to the point that manual controls are unnecessary. Level 3 cars allow human drivers to take their eyes off the road and their hands off the wheel in certain situations, but still require humans to take over at other times and when prompted.).
[28] See, e.g., the MIT Moral Machine experiment, an online platform by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where MIT Media Lab researchers publish results from its global survey on autonomous driving ethics. The survey generated the largest dataset on public attitudes in artificial intelligence ethics—asking questions such as whether it is better, for example, to kill two passengers or five pedestrians. The experiment is available at http://moralmachine.mit.edu/.
[29] Audi Technology Portal, World Debut For Highly Automated Driving: The Audi AI Traffic Jam Pilot, available at https://www.audi-technology-portal.de/en/electrics-electronics/driver-assistant-systems/audi-a8-audi-ai-traffic-jam-pilot.
[30] Stephen Edelstein, 2019 Audi A8 Won't Get Traffic Jam Pilot Driver-Assist Tech In The U.S., Digital Trends (May 16, 2018), available at https://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/2019-audi-a8-traffic-jam-pilot-not-coming-to-us/.
[31] Supra, n. 25.
[32] U.S. Dept. of Transp., Preparing for the Future of Transportation: Automated Vehicles 3.0 (September 2017), available at https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/policy-initiatives/automated-vehicles/320711/preparing-future-transportation-automated-vehicle-30.pdf; see also https://www.law360.com/articles/1113438/how-av-3-0-changed-the-autonomous-vehicle-game-in-2018
[33] For more information, please see our September 2017 Client Alert on Accelerating Progress Toward a Long-Awaited Federal Regulatory Framework for Autonomous Vehicles in the United States.
[34] AV 3.0 recognizes that certain current FMVSS were drafted with human drivers in mind (in that they include requirements for a steering wheel, brakes, mirrors, etc.), creating an unintended barrier to the innovation of AV technologies, and notes that NHTSA will issue a proposed rule seeking comment on proposed changes to certain FMVSS to accommodate AV technology innovation. FMVSS will also be tweaked to be "more flexible and responsive, technology-neutral, and performance-oriented to accommodate rapid technological innovation."
[35] The "Pilot Program for Collaborative Research on Motor Vehicles With High or Full Driving Automation" is designed to facilitate, monitor and learn from the testing and development of AV technology and prepare for the impact of highly automated and autonomous vehicles on the roads under a variety of driving conditions. The comment period lasted through December 10, 2018, but the timing on a final decision regarding the pilot program remains open. NHTSA intends to rely on its "Special Exemption" authority in 49 U.S.C. § 30114 to provide exemptions for manufacturers seeking to engage in research, testing and demonstration projects.
[36] Linda Chiem, 3 Takeaways From DOT's New Automated Vehicles Policy, Law360 (Oct. 10, 2018), available at https://www.law360.com/articles/1090829/3-takeaways-from-dot-s-new-automated-vehicles-policy.
[37] Meredith Whittaker, Et Al., AI Now Report 2018, AI Now Institute, 2.2.1 (Dec., 2018), available at https://ainowinstitute.org/AI_Now_2018_Report.pdf.
[38] The AI Now Report 2018 notes that several technology companies—including IBM, Google, Microsoft and Facebook—have begun operationalizing fairness definitions, metrics, and tools. See supra, n. 35 at 2.2.
[40] Russell Brandom, Congress Thinks Google Has a Bias Problem—Does It?, The Verge (Dec. 12, 2018), available at https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/12/18136619/google-bias-sundar-pichai-google-hearing.
[41] State v. Loomis, 881 N.W.2d 749 (Wis. 2016).
[42] Natalie Rodriguez, Loomis Look-Back Previews AI Sentencing Fights to Come, Law360 (Dec. 9, 2018), available at https://www.law360.com/articles/1108727/loomis-look-back-previews-ai-sentencing-fights-to-come.
[43] U.S.A. v. Joseph Nguyen, No. 17-50062 (9th Cir.).
[45] Order, U.S.A. v. Joseph Nguyen, No. 17-50062 (9th Cir. Dec. 20, 2018).
[46] Vidya Kauri, Artificial Intelligence To Revolutionize Tax Planning, Law360 (Sept. 18, 2018), available at https://www.law360.com/articles/1083886/artificial-intelligence-to-revolutionize-tax-planning.
[47] Suzanne Monyak, USPTO Seeks Help Building AI For Faster Prior Art Searches, Law360 (Sept. 17, 2018), available at https://www.law360.com/articles/1083487/uspto-seeks-help-building-ai-for-faster-prior-art-searches.
[48] Jimmy Hoover, USPTO Testing AI Software To Help Examiners ID Prior Art, Law360 (Nov. 15, 2018), available at https://www.law360.com/articles/1095703/uspto-testing-ai-software-to-help-examiners-id-prior-art.
The following Gibson Dunn lawyers prepared this client update: H. Mark Lyon, Frances A. Waldmann, Claudia M. Barrett, Tony Bedel and Haley S. Morrisson.
Gibson Dunn's lawyers are available to assist in addressing any questions you may have regarding these developments. Please contact the Gibson Dunn lawyer with whom you usually work, or any of the following lawyers in the firm's Artificial Intelligence and Automated Systems Group:
H. Mark Lyon – Chair, Palo Alto (+1 650-849-5307, mlyon@gibsondunn.com)
Lisa A. Fontenot – Palo Alto (+650-849-5327, lfontenot@gibsondunn.com)
Frances A. Waldmann – Los Angeles (+1 213-229-7914,fwaldmann@gibsondunn.com)


text:
Sandberg Père et Fils è una serie di fumetti polizieschi scritta da Patrick Cothias e disegnata da Alfonso Font. Gli episodi sono usciti in edicola con il periodico delle Edizioni Vaillant "Pif Gadget" dal 1975 al 1977, poi sono stati raccolti in album.

Riassunto
Érik è un avvocato, suo figlio Paul è un educatore, musicista e romanziere1. I due, che sono molto legati, risolvono le indagini in un'ambientazione che rispecchia gli anni Settanta. Alfonso Font utilizza uno stile realistico e la narrazione ha una dimensione umoristica.

Album

 Tome 1, Éditions du Taupinambour, giugno 2015
 Tome 2, Éditions du Taupinambour, giugno 2015
 Tome 3, Éditions du Taupinambour, giugno 2015

Note

Bibliografia
 Christophe Quillien, "L'aventure, c'est l'aventure: Sandberg Père et Fils", in Pif Gadget: 50 ans d'humour, d'aventure et de BD, Hors Collection, ottobre 2018, pp. 148-149, ISBN 9782258152601.
 Sandberg Père et Fils

Collegamenti esterni

Periodici fondati nel 1975
Riviste di fumetti francesi
Settimanali francesi

fr:Sandberg_P%C3%A8re_et_Fils

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
\section{Introduction}

The detailed nature of the initial conditions for cosmological
perturbations is one of the open questions in cosmology. The
exquisite precision of the WMAP measurement of the first acoustic
peak location in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature
power spectrum ($\ell = 220.7 \pm 0.7$, see \cite{Hinshaw:2006ia})
is a strong indication in favour of adiabatic initial conditions,
which predict for the first peak $\ell \approx 220$. The
alternative possibility of cold dark matter (CDM) isocurvature
initial conditions excites a sine wave (rather than the cosine
excited by adiabatic conditions) in the photon--baryon plasma,
resulting in a first acoustic peak displaced by half a period to
$\ell \approx 330$, see e.g.\ \cite{Trotta:2004qj,Durrer:2004fx}.
Furthermore, the ratio of the Sachs--Wolfe plateau for $\ell \,\raise 0.4ex\hbox{$<$}\kern -0.8em\lower 0.62ex\hbox{$\sim$}\,
50$ to the height of the peak is very different for the two modes.

A few years ago, Bucher and collaborators introduced two new
isocurvature modes, called ``neutrino density'' (or, more
appropriately, ``neutrino entropy'') and ``neutrino velocity''
modes \citep{Bucher:1999re}. They are characterized by a
non--vanishing initial entropy perturbation in the neutrino sector
and by a non--vanishing difference in the neutrino to photon
velocity, respectively. A superposition of the adiabatic and the
three isocurvature modes (cold dark matter, neutrino entropy and
neutrino velocity) constitutes the most general initial conditions
for the perturbations, at least if the Universe is radiation
dominated in its early phase \citep{Trotta:2004qj}. A baryon
isocurvature mode is observationally indistinguishable from a CDM
isocurvature one \citep{Bucher:2000hy,Gordon:2002gv} and can thus
be neglected without loss of generality.

Allowing for the most general type of initial conditions has two
effects on cosmological parameter extraction from CMB
measurements. First, the extra parameters associated with the
initial conditions introduce severe degeneracies which limit our
ability to reconstruct the cosmology
\citep{Trotta:2001yw,Trotta:2002iz}, even though this can
fortunately be remedied by using polarization information
\citep{Bucher:2000hy,Trotta:2004sm}. Secondly, it becomes
difficult to constrain the type of initial conditions, i.e.\ the
amount of isocurvature contributions allowed on top of the
predominantly adiabatic mode \citep{Moodley:2004nz}.

Recent works have investigated general isocurvature admixtures in
the initial conditions
\citep{Beltran:2005gr,Moodley:2004nz,Bean:2006qz}. In this work I
focus on the simplest alternative to a purely adiabatic power
spectrum, namely a superposition with one totally
(anti--)correlated isocurvature mode at the time with the same
spectral index as the adiabatic one. This is partly motivated by
models for the generation of initial conditions such as the
curvaton (see e.g.~\cite{Gordon:2002gv,Lyth:2001nq} and references
therein), where this kind of scenario arises as a generic
prediction. A second justification comes from the model selection
approach used in the second part of this work. In comparing the
simplest (i.e., purely adiabatic) scenario with a more complex one,
it makes sense to start by adding a minimal number of extra
parameters, and see whether the extended model is justified by the
data. This model selection perspective has been recently advocated
by \cite{Beltran:2005xd,Trotta:2005ar}.

This paper is organized as follows: in section \ref{sec:isoc} we
introduce the parameterization of the initial condition parameters
space we are considering, while in section \ref{sec:bayes} we
review some concepts of Bayesian statistics and in particular the
model selection approach. We present our results in terms of
parameters constraint and model comparison outcome in section
\ref{sec:res} and offer our conclusions in \ref{sec:conc}.

\section{The isocurvature fraction }
\label{sec:isoc}

 The most general initial conditions for
cosmological perturbations are described by a symmetric $4\times4$
matrix, $M$, with $10$ free parameters representing the amplitudes
of the pure modes (along the diagonal) and their correlations
(off--diagonal elements). From a phenomenological point of view,
there are also $10$ more parameters describing the spectral tilt
of each mode and correlator. If one is willing to consider running
of the spectral index, then this would introduce another 10 free
parameters in the problem. As motivated in the introduction, we
consider here a minimal extension of the simplest adiabatic model,
namely a diagonal matrix
 \begin{align}
 M & = \text{diag}(\zeta, S_{c}, S_\nu, {V}_\nu) \\
   & = \zeta \cdot  \text{diag}(1, f_{\text{ci}}, f_{\text{ne}},
 f_{\text{nv}}) , \label{eq:fx}
 \end{align}
where $\zeta$ is the amplitude of the curvature perturbation
(adiabatic mode), $S_{c}, S_\nu$ are the (gauge invariant) entropy
perturbations in the CDM and neutrino component defining
non--vanishing CDM isocurvature and neutrino entropy modes,
respectively. The neutrino entropy mode is often referred to as
``neutrino density''. The quantity ${V}_\nu$ corresponds to a
non--zero neutrino--photon velocity giving rise to a neutrino
velocity mode (see e.g.~\cite{Trotta:2004qj} for precise
definitions). The quantities $f_{\text{ci}}, f_{\text{ne}}, f_{\text{nv}}$ give the
isocurvature fractions with respect to the curvature perturbation,
where the notation employed is ci = CDM isocurvature, ne =
neutrino entropy and nv = neutrino velocity. The sign of $f_x$
(with $x = $ ci, ne, nv) determines the nature of the correlation:
a positive correlation ($f_x > 0$) results in extra power to the
Sachs--Wolfe plateau, a negative correlation ($f_x < 0$) subtracts
power in the region $\ell \,\raise 0.4ex\hbox{$<$}\kern -0.8em\lower 0.62ex\hbox{$\sim$}\, 50$. As already mentioned, we take
a common spectral index for the adiabatic and the isocurvature
mode, $n_s$, and we analyse separately the three scenarios where
only one of the isocurvature modes is non--zero, in addition to
the adiabatic mode.

An alternative parameterization for the isocurvature contribution
that is common in the literature is given in terms of the variable
$\alpha_x$, or $\alpha_x^2$ (used e.g.~by \cite{Beltran:2004uv} and
\cite{Bean:2006qz}). This is related to $f_x$ by
 \begin{equation} \label{eq:alx}
 \alpha^2_x = \text{sign}(f_x)\frac{f_x^2}{1+f_x^2}.
 \end{equation}
From a phenomenological perspective, there is little reason to
prefer one parameterization over the other. However, from a model
selection point of view the choice of the variable one puts flat
priors on is of great importance, since the available parameter
space under the prior enters in the calculation of the Occam's
factor for the model, see the discussion in \cite{Trotta:2005ar}.
We must consider the choice of priors as inherent to the
specification of the extended model and different choices will
lead to different conclusions since the Occam's razor effect is
not invariant under non--linear transformations of variables.

Once a fundamental model for the generation of the initial
condition is specified, one can select the appropriate physical
variable over which to impose a prior reflecting our state of
knowledge before we see the data. For instance, it can be argued
that the $f_x$ parameterization is closer to the curvaton setup,
while the $\alpha_x$ choice of variable compresses the parameter
space in the compact interval $-1 < \alpha_x < 1$. A flat prior of
$\alpha_x$ gives equal {\em a priori} accessible volume to
adiabatic--dominated ($|\alpha_x| \leq 0.5$) and to
isocurvature--dominated ($|\alpha_x| > 0.5$) models.  The prior on
$f_x$ is very much dependent on what we think the available
parameter space is under our extended model. Therefore we discuss
below the results of model selection as a function of the prior
width $\Delta f$, taking a flat prior in the range $-\Delta f \leq f_x \leq
\Delta f$. This allows an easy comparison once a prior range under a
specific model is given. We postpone to a future work a detailed
analysis of prior selection based on first principles.

\section{Parameter estimation, model selection and model complexity} \label{sec:bayes}

Bounds on the isocurvature fraction are derived in terms of high
probability regions in the posterior probability density function
(pdf) for the parameters $\theta$ given the data $d$,
$p(\theta | d)$. This is obtained through Bayes theorem,
 \begin{equation} p(\theta | d) = \frac{p(d | \theta)
 \pi(\theta)}{p(d)}, \label{eq:bayes}
\end{equation}
 where $p(d | \theta)$ is the likelihood function,
$\pi(\theta)$ is the prior pdf and $p(d)$ is the model
likelihood (sometimes called ``the evidence'') of the data under
the model. The model under consideration is defined by the
parameter set $\theta$ {\it and} the choice of the prior
$\pi(\theta)$ (we shall return to this point below).

The model likelihood is a normalization constant independent on
the parameters of the model, and it can be ignored as far as the
parameter estimation step is concerned. It becomes the key
quantity for model selection, and in particular we are interested
in the relative odds between the simplest, purely adiabatic model
$M_0$ and a model augmented by an extra isocurvature contribution,
$I_x = (M_0, f_x)$, with $x =$ ci, ne, nv as above. The change in
our degree of belief in the two models after we have seen the data
is described by the {\em Bayes factor}
 \begin{equation}
 B = \frac{p(d|M_0)}{p(d|I_x)},
 \end{equation}
which is the ratio of the normalization constants for the two
models in Bayes theorem, Eq.~\eqref{eq:bayes}. Since the two
models are nested (i.e., we obtain $M_0$ from $I_x$ by setting the
isocurvature fraction to zero, $f_x = 0$), the Bayes factor can be
conveniently computed using the Savage--Dickey density ratio
(SDDR) (see \cite{Trotta:2005ar} and references therein)
 \begin{equation} \label{eq:bayesf}
 B = \left. \frac{p(f_x |d, I_x)}{\pi(f_x  | I_x)}\right|_{f_x = 0}.
 \end{equation}
This is easy to compute from a Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC),
requiring only knowledge of the properly normalized posterior over
the extra variable $f_x$ of the extended model. Furthermore, using
the SDDR has the advantage that the impact of a change of prior
can usually be evaluated by simply post--processing a chain
including the new prior. This is the approach used below in
section~\ref{sec:res}. If the posterior pdf is well approximated
by a Gaussian distribution with mean $\mu$ and standard deviation
$\sigma$, and for a flat prior in the range $-\Delta f \leq f_x \leq
\Delta f$, the Bayes factor \eqref{eq:bayesf} becomes
 \begin{equation} \label{eq:Gauss}
 B = \sqrt{\frac{8}{\pi}}\frac{\Delta f}{\sigma}
 \left[\text{erfc}\left(-\frac{|\mu| - \Delta f}{\sqrt{2}\sigma}\right)
- \text{erfc}\left(\frac{|\mu| + \Delta f}{\sqrt{2}\sigma}\right)
  \right]^{-1}.
 \end{equation}

 For $\ln B> 0$ model $M_0$ is favoured over $I_x$ because the
extra complexity (in terms of wasted parameter space) of $I_x$ is
not warranted by the data, while for $\ln B < 0$ $I_x$ is favoured
since the data require the extra parameter. A useful rule of
thumb~\citep{Kass} is that a positive (strong) preference requires
$|\ln B| \,\raise 0.4ex\hbox{$>$}\kern -0.7em\lower 0.62ex\hbox{$\sim$}\, 1 \,(\,\raise 0.4ex\hbox{$>$}\kern -0.7em\lower 0.62ex\hbox{$\sim$}\, 3)$. A model likelihood ratio $|\ln B |
> 5$ (corresponding to odds $>150:1$ is deemed to constitute ``decisive''
evidence.)

Finally, the last relevant quantity for our analysis is the
Bayesian model complexity, which measures the number of parameters
the data can support, regardless of whether the parameters in
question are actually detected or not (for more details, see
\cite{Kunz:2006mc}). The {\em Bayesian complexity} is defined as
 \begin{equation}
 \mathcal{C}_b = \overline{\chi^2(\theta)} - \chi^2(\hat{\theta}),
 \end{equation}
where the effective $\chi^2(\theta)$ is derived from the
likelihood as $\chi^2(\theta) = -2 \ln p(d|\theta)$. The bar
denotes an average over the posterior pdf, while the hat denotes a
point--estimator which in our case we take to be the mean under
the posterior, \i.e. $\hat{\theta} = \overline{\theta}$. We will
use $\mathcal{C}_b$ to quantify the number of supported parameters in our
extended models $I_x$, in order to verify whether the isocurvature
fraction is a variable that could have been detected using current
data. A detailed discussion of the meaning and interpretation of
the Bayesian complexity can be found in \cite{Kunz:2006mc}.

It is important to stress that both the model likelihood and the
Bayesian complexity depend not only on the data but also on the
model description one chooses to adopt, i.e.\ on the prior choices
one makes for $\pi(f_x)$ (see \cite{Trotta:2006pw} for an example
applied to the case of dark energy models). This is an irreducible
feature of the Bayesian model selection approach. It seems to us
that there cannot be an absolute notion of ``a best model'', but
only relative statements about the support the data give to
different models when compared to each other. Furthermore, the
very concept of Bayesian complexity is only meaningful when the
constraining power of the data is compared to the scale of the
problem at hand, which again must be defined by specifying the
prior.

Our simplest model $M_0$ is a flat $\Lambda$CDM Universe with
purely adiabatic conditions, described by following set of 6
parameters
 \begin{equation}
 \theta = (\zeta, \omega_b, \omega_c, \Theta_\star, n_s, \tau_r)
  \end{equation}
where $\zeta$ is the curvature perturbation, $\omega_b, \omega_c$ are
the physical densities of baryons and CDM, respectively,
$\Theta_\star$ is the ratio of the sound horizon to the angular
diameter distance to last scattering, $n_s$ is the spectral tilt
and $\tau_r$ the optical depth to reionization. An extra bias
parameter $b$ for the matter power spectrum is treated as a
nuisance parameter and marginalized over, hence we do not count it
as an additional parameter. We do not consider tensor modes nor
extra neutrino species nor running of the spectral index. We take
our 3 neutrino families to be massless and we fix the dark energy
equation of state to $w=-1$ at all redshifts. All of those choices
are motivated by the fact that inclusion of any of the above extra
parameters is presently not required by the data. This means that
a comparison between a model including both the isocurvature
fraction and one of the above extra parameters against the simple
adiabatic model would favour even more strongly the latter, as a
consequence of the extra Occam's factor effect coming from the
extra parameter. In this sense, our model selection is actually
conservative.

The situation is different for parameter constraints, since in
this case strong degeneracies between the isocurvature fraction
and other extra parameters might change the posterior bounds of
$f_x$. In particular, one can expect a strong degeneracy between
the CDM isocurvature mode and the presence of a tensor mode from
gravity waves, when considering temperature power spectrum
information alone. The extra power contributed by the CDM
isocurvature to the Sachs--Wolfe plateau for small $\ell$'s is
strongly anti--correlated with the tensor mode amplitude. However,
inclusion of polarization data would help in breaking this
degeneracy, at least partially. The impact of allowing a tensor
mode contribution is very mild for the neutrino modes, since the
Sachs--Wolfe plateau is lower than the first acoustic peak for
these modes, and as a consequence constraints on their amplitudes
are dominated by the height of the peak, not by the height of the
plateau. Similar considerations also apply for a possible running
of the spectral index. Other parameters that mainly affect the
angular diameter distance to last scattering and therefore the
position of the acoustic peaks in the spectrum (such as the dark
energy equation of state, the curvature of spatial sections or an
extra background of relativistic particles) present only weak
degeneracies with the isocurvature fractions, since the peaks'
position is strongly constrained by the data.

In the following, we therefore limit our analysis to the 6
parameters model $M_0$ described above, complemented in the
extended models by the isocurvature fractions as follows. The
extended models $I_x$ contain a non--vanishing isocurvature
fraction
 \begin{equation}
 I_x = (\theta, f_x)
 \end{equation}
where $f_x$  is defined in Eq.~\eqref{eq:fx} and $x =$ ci, ne, nd.
The spectral index of the isocurvature mode is the same as the
adiabatic one, $n_s$. The correlation coefficient between the
adiabatic and the isocurvature mode is $\pm 1$, depending on the
sign of $f_x$.

\section{Results and discussion} \label{sec:res}

In this section we present our results about the isocurvature
fraction in terms of posterior bounds, Bayesian model selection
and effective model complexity.

We use the WMAP 3--year temperature and polarization data
\citep{Hinshaw:2006ia,Page:2006hz} supplemented by small--scale
CMB measurements \citep{Readhead:2004gy,Kuo:2002ua}. We add the
Hubble Space Telescope measurement of the Hubble constant $H_0 =
72 \pm 8$ km/s/Mpc \citep{Freedman:2000cf} and the Sloan Digital
Sky Survey (SDSS) data on the matter power spectrum on linear
scales \citep{Tegmark:2003uf}.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{iso-fiso.ps}
\caption[My figure]{Normalized posterior probability density for
the isocurvature fraction parameter $f_x$. CMB and large scale
structure data are compatible with purely adiabatic initial
conditions, with a slight tendency towards negatively correlated
isocurvature components.} \label{fig:fiso}
\end{figure}

In Figure~\ref{fig:fiso} we plot the 1--dimensional, marginalized
posterior pdf on the isocurvature fraction parameter $f_x$. We we
have adopted a flat prior of $f_x$ of width much larger than the
posterior, so that the range of the prior does not influence the
result. The isocurvature fraction is compatible with zero for all
three isocurvature modes, with a slight shift of the peak of the
pdf to negative values. This corresponds to a negative
correlation, in which case the contribution to the large scales
CMB power due to the isocurvature auto--correlation spectrum is
largely compensated by the negative correlator. The posterior mean
and standard deviation for $f_x$ are given in
Table~\ref{tab:bounds}, as well as 1--dimensional marginalized
intervals encompassing $95\%$ of probability. We find that the
isocurvature fraction for the CDM mode is constrained to be $-0.10
< f_{\text{ci}} < 0.06$ ($95\%$ probability), while for the two
neutrino modes we obtain $-0.20 < f_{\text{ne}} < 0.12$ (neutrino
entropy) and $-0.18 < f_{\text{nv}} < 0.22$ (neutrino velocity).
We notice that the tightest constrained mode is the CDM
isocurvature one. This is because with our definition of $f_x$,
for a given value of $f_x$ the CDM isocurvature is the mode with
the largest contribution to the CMB power spectrum. Also, all of
the 1--dimensional pdf's for $f_x$ are very close to Gaussian.
Hence we expect that Eq.~\eqref{eq:Gauss} is a good approximation
to the Bayes factor, Eq.~\eqref{eq:bayesf}, as we now show.

\begin{table}
\caption{Constraints on the isocurvature fraction $f_x$, from
WMAP3 and other CMB data, and SDSS matter power spectrum
measurements. We give the posterior mean $\mu$ and standard
deviation $\sigma$, as well 1--dimensional marginalized regions
encompassing $95\%$ of posterior probability.} \label{tab:bounds}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|l | ccc|}
\hline Model      & $\mu$              & $\sigma$            &  95\% interval on $f_x$   \\
\hline
CDM iso           & $-2.5\cdot10^{-2}$ & $4.0 \cdot 10^{-2}$ & $-0.10\dots0.06$  \\
$\nu$ entropy     & $-4.4\cdot10^{-2}$ & $8.0 \cdot 10^{-2}$ & $-0.20\dots0.12$   \\
$\nu$ velocity    & $-1.2\cdot10^{-2}$ & $1.0 \cdot 10^{-1}$ &
$-0.18\dots0.22$ \\\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

We now evaluate the Bayes factor between the models including an
isocurvature contribution and the simplest, purely adiabatic
model. As we have seen above in the parameter extraction step,
there is no indication that the data require and isocurvature
component, since the isocurvature fraction is compatible with 0 .
This is consistent with the findings of \cite{Bean:2006qz}. We
therefore expect the Bayes factor to favour the purely adiabatic
model on the ground of the Occam's razor argument. The strength of
evidence in favour of the adiabatic model depend on the amount of
wasted parameter space for the isocurvature fraction, i.e.~by the
prior range $\Delta f$. In the top panel of Figure~\ref{fig:bayes}, we
plot the Bayes factor as a function of the prior width $\Delta f$,
while in the bottom panel we plot the Bayesian complexity, i.e.~the
number of parameters effectively constrained by the data. We can
see that for models with poor predictivity, i.e.~a large prior
accessible range $\Delta f \gg 1$, one finds strong ($>20:1$) to
decisive ($>150:1$) posterior odds against the extended model for
all of the three isocurvature modes. We also plot the Gaussian
approximation to the SDDR for the Bayes factor,
Eq~\eqref{eq:Gauss}, for the CDM isocurvature mode, and find a
very good match with the value computed numerically from the Monte
Carlo chain.

For a prior choice $\Delta f \leq 1$, the Bayesian complexity is close
to 7, indicating that all of the 7 parameters of the extended
model have been measured. We therefore conclude that models
predicting up to the same amount of isocurvature to adiabatic
power (the case $\Delta f = 1$) are strongly disfavoured for the CDM
mode, and mildly disfavoured in the case of the two neutrino
modes. However, if the prior range is reduced below $\Delta f = 1$,
i.e.~for models predicting predominantly adiabatic initial
conditions with subdominant isocurvature contribution, the Bayes
factor gives an inconclusive result, with about equal odds for the
purely adiabatic and the mixed models. At the same time, the
Bayesian complexity decreases, indicating that $f_x$ is only
poorly constrained with respect to the scale of the prior,
especially for the neutrino density and velocity modes. This
reinforces the conclusion that current data are not strong enough
to select among a purely adiabatic model and one which predicts up
to $10\%$ isocurvature contribution and we need to acquire better
data in order to obtain a higher--odds result.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{bayes_iso.ps}
\caption{Result of model selection between a purely adiabatic
model and an extended model featuring a totally (anti--)correlated
isocurvature component, as a function of the prior available range
for the isocurvature fraction, $\Delta f$. Top panel: the Bayes factor
strongly disfavours models with $\Delta f \gg 1$ because of the Occam's
razor effect, while models predicting an isocurvature fraction
below about $10\%$ in any of the three modes cannot presently be
ruled out ($\ln B < 1$). The dotted line gives the Gaussian
approximation to the Bayes factor, Eq.~\eqref{eq:Gauss}, for the
CDM isocurvature mode. Bottom panel: the Bayesian complexity gives
the effective number of parameters the data can support. For $\Delta f
\,\raise 0.4ex\hbox{$<$}\kern -0.8em\lower 0.62ex\hbox{$\sim$}\, 1$ the isocurvature component in the neutrino entropy and
velocity modes is not supported by the data. The errors have been
computed as the variance of 10 random sub--chains, and the
neutrino entropy and velocity modes have been shifted horizontally
to the left and to the right, respectively, for clarity.}
\label{fig:bayes}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions} \label{sec:conc}

We have submitted the question of the type of initial conditions
for cosmological perturbations to renewed scrutiny in the light of
WMAP 3--year data. We have focused on the simplest and well
motivated alternative to a purely adiabatic model, namely an
admixture of one totally (anti--)correlated isocurvature mode at
the time, with the same spectral tilt as the adiabatic one.

We have derived posterior bounds on the isocurvature fraction from
WMAP 3--year data combined with other CMB measurements and SDSS.
We have constrained the isocurvature fraction in the CDM mode to
be less than about $10\%$, while the maximum allowed neutrino
isocurvature contribution (either density or velocity) is about
$20\%$.

Bayesian model selection tends to favour purely adiabatic initial
conditions with strong odds ($>20:1$) when compared to models
predicting isocurvature fractions larger than unity. For such
models -- having a large prior range on the isocurvature fraction
-- we have shown that the data can support 7 parameters, but that
only 6 of them are required, with no need to include isocurvature
modes from a model selection point of view. These findings confirm
the conclusions of~\cite{Kunz:2006mc}. However, mixed models that
limit the isocurvature contribution to less than about $10\%$
cannot presently be ruled out. We have shown that the constraining
power of the data for this class of models is insufficient, and
therefore we must hold our judgement until better data becomes
available. These findings are however dependent on the
parameterization chosen for the isocurvature fraction, that in
this work is motivated by the curvaton scenario. The question of
prior selection will be further addressed in a future publication.

It is reasonable to expect that the same conclusion would apply in
even stronger terms to the case of more complicated models,
e.g.~those involving a superposition of different isocurvature
modes at the same time, or with arbitrary correlations among them.
In fact, more complicated models (such as the class considered by
\cite{Bean:2006qz}) ought to be even more disfavoured because of
their larger volume of wasted parameter space. At present, Occam's
razor is perfectly compatible with the simplest possibility,
namely purely adiabatic initial conditions.

We think that this model comparison approach can be a useful
complement to parameter constraints analysis, and that it can
offer valuable guidance in building models for the generation of
primordial perturbations.

{\em Acknowledgments} R.T. is supported by the Royal Astronomical
Society through the Sir Norman Lockyer Fellowship. I am grateful
to Andrew Liddle and David Parkinson for comments. I acknowledge
the use of the package \texttt{cosmomc}, available from
\texttt{cosmologist.info} and the use of the Legacy Archive for
Microwave Background Data Analysis (LAMBDA). Support for LAMBDA is
provided by the NASA Office of Space Science.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Saladin Ahmed's fiction has been shortlisted for the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer, the Nebula Award for Best Short Story, and the Harper's Pen Award for Best Sword & Sorcery/Heroic Fantasy Short Story. His fiction has appeared in Strange Horizons, Orson Scott Card's Intergalactic Medicine Show, Clockwork Phoenix 2, Beneath Ceaseless Skies, Drabblecast, PodCastle, Expanded Horizons, and the Portuguese F/SF magazine Bang!.He was born in Detroit and lives in Brooklyn with his wife and children.
"Retro-with-a-twist SF brimming with an infectious enthusiasm!."
"The Bloodprint is somewhere between N.K. Jemisin and George R.R. Martin. You're going to love it."


text:
layout: post
status: publish
published: true
title: A Moustache Makes a New Man
author: mick
author_login: mick
author_email: mickael@flochlay.com
wordpress_id: 598
wordpress_url: http://morningcoffee.mickaelflochlay.com/?p=598
date: 2011-08-27 12:19:32.000000000 +02:00
categories:
- Fun
tags: []
comments: []
---

Bobby V. has quite a few memorable coaching moments but none of them can top his infamous Interleague Play episode. On June 9, 1999 the Mets were involved in a marathon game against the Blue Jays. During the 12th inning Bobby Valentine was ejected for arguing a catcher's interference call against Mike Piazza. Valentine left the game only to return from the clubhouse an inning later in a disguise. The fake mustache and sunglasses bought him time in the dugout but also cost him a $5,000 fine and a two game suspension.

Another great fun story from Chitwood & Hobbs!

via Chitwood & Hobbs, Groucho Valentine What would Mustache Tuesday be....

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


An EBF Maiden Stakes over 5f on good ground (good to soft in places). Seven two-year-old debutantes take part, two colts against a handful of fillies. This looks out of four horses as three come from stables who feature a poor strike rate with juveniles.
Mark Johnston has sent out a couple of two-year-old winners this season. Pigeon Pie is a home bred filly from Coln valley Stud and part owned by Nicholas Jones who owned the mare. She was trained by Sir Mark Prescott and won both starts over 6f at two before being retired to stud. The sire, Bahamian Bounty, was lightly race but a talented horse, for Godolphin. The stable have a fair win rate at the course although I find them difficult to assess. Johnston's debutantes often leave a lot to be desired with slow starts or inexperience. Their youngster can win on debut, especially when short-priced favourite. However, I would rather watch and learn than put my hand in my pocket.
Middleham Park Racing achieve an enviable standard with their two-year-olds, who are placed with a number of talented trainers. They field two horses with Richard Fahey & Bryan Smart respectively.
Princess Pheeny is a daughter of Tagula and a cheap yearling purchase at £6,000. The mare won but needed a trip. The Fahey stable are yet to send out a juvenile winner but they feature superb statistics with newcomers. The most interesting runner.
As far as racing silks go, Lexington Rose is second string, trained by Bryan Smart. He is excellent with two-year-olds although last year was surprisingly average. This bay filly was purchased by Middleham Park for £15,000 at the yearling sales. She is entered for a number of big sales races so connections will be hoping she has ability. Bryan Smart can win with his debutantes although his statistics are not as impressive as pundits' proclaim. He features about 10% strike. On the positive side, his early horses are often better prospects.
One horse which catches the eye is Keith Dalgleish's Robynelle. The main reason for my enthusiasm is that this daughter of Royal Applause was entered to run in the Brocklesby Stakes but bypassed that engagement. The stable had success a couple of years back with Stonefield Flyer. If substantially backed it would be a positive.
Geniusinrhyme, Spring Willow & Hebridean Princess are best watched.
Conclusion: Some races appeal as betting mediums while others don't and I must admit this race falls into the latter category. I would be surprised if one of the major four doesn't win but each has their weakness. On statistics Princess Pheeny ticks the boxes although the mare needed a trip and I just wonder if a stiffer test of stamina would be a plus. Mark Johnston is difficult to assess and Bryan Smart, although capable of winning with debutantes, does much better with horses on their second start. I'm intrigued to see what Robynelle can achieve and money would give more confidence. I would definitely take a watching brief on this race.


text:
Ludwik Kubala (ur. 9 września 1838 w Kamienicy, zm. 30 września 1918 we Lwowie) – polski historyk, nauczyciel.

Życiorys
Ludwik Kubala urodził się 9 września 1838 r. w Kamienicy. Tam, jak również w zakupionej przez jego rodziców w 1838 r. Łukowicy Łapczyńskiej, przyszły historyk spędził swoje dzieciństwo i wczesną młodość. Do szkoły powszechnej uczęszczał w Starym Sączu, a w latach 1849–1855 do gimnazjum w Nowym Sączu. Klasę VIII przerabiał w Gimnazjum św. Anny w Krakowie. W 1857 zdał egzamin dojrzałości i zapisał się na Wydział Prawa Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Już jednak po roku nauki w Krakowie przeniósł się na Uniwersytet w Wiedniu, gdzie rozpoczął studia na Wydziale Filozoficznym (1858-1861). Brał udział w pracach organizacyjnych powstania styczniowego. Był szefem policji powstaniowej w Krakowie, za co uwięziono go na dwa lata w więzieniu w Josephstadt (15 grudnia 1863 – 18 listopada 1865). W 1863 roku wydał broszurę Uwagi przez Pewnego, w której krytykował Rząd Narodowy. W 1869 z wielkimi trudnościami, mimo posiadanego doktoratu, rozpoczął pracę jako suplent w III gimnazjum im. Franciszka Józefa we Lwowie. Dopiero w 1872 zdał egzamin na nauczyciela, co opóźniło pisarstwo historyczne rozpoczęte podczas uwięzienia. We wrześniu 1872 wraz z Dominikiem Machnowskim zostały pierwszymi nauczycielami nowo otwartego niższego 4-klasowego C. K. Gimnazjum w Złoczowie.

W latach 1880-1881 opublikował dwa tomy szkiców historycznych, które przyniosły mu sławę i popularność. Pod ich wpływem Henryk Sienkiewicz odstąpił od pisania powieści o Władysławie Warneńczyku i stworzył Trylogię. W połowie XX w. szkic Poselstwo Puszkina w Polsce zainspirował także Władysława Zambrzyckiego do napisania antymoskiewskiej powieści W oficynie Elerta. Twórczość Ludwika Kubali liczy kilkaset pozycji. Brak jednak do dziś jej solidnego naukowego opracowania oraz wnikliwej oceny.

W 1903 był prezesem Towarzystwa Historycznego we Lwowie. W 1906 został prezesem założonego wówczas Towarzystwa Miłośników Przeszłości Lwowa. W ostatnim okresie życia był bibliotekarzem w Bibliotece Pawlikowskich we Lwowie. Trzy tygodnie przed śmiercią z okazji 80 urodzin Uniwersytet Franciszkański nadał mu tytuł doktora honoris causa. Miasto uczciło jego pamięć, nadając jego imię ulicy w centrum Lwowa (obecnie - 2013 - ul. Romana Szuchewycza).

Ludwik Kubala został pochowany na cmentarzu Łyczakowskim we Lwowie. Jego rękopisy wzbogaciły lwowskie Ossolineum.

Jego żoną od 1875 była Leona z domu Trzcińska herbu Pobóg (1853–1934), z którą miał dwóch synów Tomasza i  Wawrzyńca (1885–1967, doktor praw, wiceprezydent Lwowa) i dwie córki: Marię i Jadwigę Próchnicką. Był stryjem braci Władysława (1891–1941, podpułkownik intendentury) i Kazimierza (1893–1976, major pilot) Kubalów.

Wybrane publikacje
 Stanisław Orzechowski i wpływ jego na Rzeczpospolitę wobec reformacji XVI wieku : rzecz historyczna (1870, wyd. Karol Wild)

  (reprint Poznań 2005)
  (reprint Poznań 2005)
 , z przedmową Ludwika Finkla, (reprint Poznań 2005)

Odznaczenia
 Kawaler Orderu Franciszka Józefa – Austro-Węgry (1894).

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Linki zewnętrzne
 Piotr Czartoryski-Sziler Ludwik Kubala – wybitny polski historyk
 Krzysztof Bulzacki Lwowskie sylwetki

 Dzieła Ludwika Kubali w bibliotece Polona

Członkowie Towarzystwa Historycznego we Lwowie
Członkowie władz powstania styczniowego w zaborze austriackim
Doktorzy honoris causa Uniwersytetu Franciszkańskiego we Lwowie
Galicyjscy nauczyciele
Ludzie związani ze Złoczowem
Nauczyciele związani ze Lwowem
Pochowani na Cmentarzu Łyczakowskim we Lwowie
Polacy – odznaczeni Krzyżem Kawalerskim Orderu Franciszka Józefa
Polscy nauczyciele historii
Publicyści powstania styczniowego
Urodzeni w 1838
Zmarli w 1918


Here is the state Bealls Black Friday advertisement 2016. Find out what's taking place purchase this year and obtain the greatest outlet sales and Bealls Black Friday discounts on women's, males's, juniors, infant and children clothes, shoes and add-ons. Plus, you will discover many discounts on good quality furnishings, tiny kitchen appliances, design, and more. Discover all Bealls Ebony Friday sale information including shop hours, online and in-store deals, any stackable discount coupons, plus how to spend less here at BlackFriday.fm. Save up to 80% off or more over Bealls Black Friday and Cyber Monday 2016 product sales.
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"Brown Dumb Eye" by Aja Bailey | The Rest of Us Lit. Mag.
lemonade in your Mazda from your Colt 45 bottle. I was too afraid to swallow the seeds.
as salty as a vulgar sugarcane.
him to leave you in place. I knew if I prayed he'd pull you further out of my reach.
in our sinister garden. I reread your subliminal texts. I understand them now.
letter like I mistook your ethnicity when we first met. I won't send the first text anymore.
Aja Bailey is a writer, stage actress, and pizza aficionado residing in Jefferson County, West Virginia. She earned a B.A. in English with a concentration in creative writing from Shepherd University. Her fiction has appeared in Sans Merci and Backbone Mountain Review.


text:
Q: Plotting several lines in one plot My dataset has three columns, namely date, sold, and item.
I would like to investigate where a change in trends (like a peak or a drop) in market sales happens.
Date Sold Item
01/02/2018 1 socks
01/03/2018 4 t-shirts
01/04/2018 3 pants
01/04/2018 2 shirts
01/05/2018 1 socks
...
12/12/2018 21 watches
12/12/2018 35 toys
...
12/22/2018 43 flowers
12/22/2018 25 toys
12/22/2018 32 shirts
12/22/2018 70 pijamas
...
12/31/2018 12 toys
12/31/2018 2  skirts

To do this, I have been considering two things:

*

*number of total sales per date (e.g. 1 on Jan 2, 2018; 4 on Jan 3,2018; 5 on Jan 4, 2018; and so on);

*number of sales per item through time (i.e. looking at each item trend through time separately)

The first key point should be easily assessed by using groupby; the second key point should be also doable by using groupby.
However, my difficulties are in plotting all the items in the same plot (preferable a line plot).
What I have done is:
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn

df = pd.read_csv("./MarketSales.csv")
sales_plot = df[Item].groupby("Sold").sum().sort_values("Sold",ascending=False).plot()
sales_plot.set_xlabel("Date")
sales_plot.set_ylabel("Frequency")

Unfortunately, the code above does not generate the expected results.
The most challenging topic in Python is about the use of groupby and plot.
I hope you can help me to understand the approach.

A: I'm not sure why you groupby 'Sold' because you seem to be interested by the number of sold per date, so here are the two lines of codes that would address your two points:
df.groupby(['Date'])['Sold'].sum().plot()
#and
df.groupby(['Date','Item'])['Sold'].sum().unstack().plot()

Also, you may want to convert your date before with df['Date'] = pd.to_datetime(df['Date']) to have a better visualization with time

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Being Human in a Buddhist World: An Intellectual History of Medicine in Early Modern Tibet
Janet Gyatso
Cambridge University Press (2015)
Critically exploring medical thought in a cultural milieu with no discernible influence from the European Enlightenment, _Being Human_ reveals an otherwise unnoticed intersection of early modern sensibilities and religious values in traditional Tibetan medicine. It further studies the adaptation of Buddhist concepts and values to medical concerns and suggests important dimensions of Buddhism's role in the development of Asian and global civilization. Through its unique focus and sophisticated reading of source materials,_ Being Human_ adds a crucial chapter in the larger historiography of science and religion. The book opens with the bold achievements in Tibetan medical illustration, commentary, and institution building during the period of the Fifth Dalai Lama and his regent, Desi Sangye Gyatso, then looks back to the work of earlier thinkers, tracing a strategically astute dialectic between scriptural and empirical authority on questions of history and the nature of human anatomy. It follows key differences between medicine and Buddhism in attitudes toward gender and sex and the moral character of the physician, who had to serve both the patient's and the practitioner's well-being. _Being Human_ ultimately finds that Tibetan medical scholars absorbed ethical and epistemological categories from Buddhism yet shied away from ideal systems and absolutes, instead embracing the imperfectability of the human condition
Categories No categories specified
ISBN(s) 9780231164962
oxfordindex.oup.com (no proxy)
An Early Tibetan Commentary on Atiśa's Satyadvayāvatāra. [REVIEW]James B. Apple - 2013 - Journal of Indian Philosophy 41 (3):263-329.
Symbol and Power: The Dalai Lama as a Charismatic Leader.Anne-Sophie Bentz - unknown
The Alchemy of Accomplishing Medicine ( Sman Sgrub ): Situating the Yuthok Heart Essence ( G.Yu Thog Snying Thig ) in Literature and History. [REVIEW]Frances Garrett - 2009 - Journal of Indian Philosophy 37 (3):207-230.
"As It is Said in a Sutra": Freedom and Variation in Quotations From the Buddhist Scriptures in Early Bka'-Gdams-Pa Literature.Ulrike Roesler - 2015 - Journal of Indian Philosophy 43 (4-5):493-510.
Sources of Tibetan Tradition.Kurtis R. Schaeffer, Matthew T. Kapstein & Gray Tuttle (eds.) - 2013 - Columbia University Press.
Early Buddhist Thought and Post-Modernism.Debika Saha - 2008 - Proceedings of the Xxii World Congress of Philosophy 8:237-244.
The Ri-Me Philosophy of Jamgön Kongtrul the Great: A Study of the Buddhist Lineages of Tibet.Ringu Tulku - 2006 - Distributed in the United States by Random House.
Into the Jaws of Yama, Lord of Death: Death and Identity in China and Tibet.Karma Lekshe Tsomo - 2000 - Dissertation, University of Hawai'i
The Monk as Bodhisattva: A Tibetan Integration of Buddhist Moral Points of View.Joe Bransford Wilson - 1996 - Journal of Religious Ethics 24 (2):377-402.
Making the Old New Again and Again: Legitimation and Innovation in the Tibetan Buddhist Chöd Tradition.Michelle Janet Sorensen - unknown
The Rise and Decline of Character: Humoral Psychology in Ancient and Early Modern Medical Theory.Jacques Bos - 2009 - History of the Human Sciences 22 (3):29-50.
Much Ado About One Sentence.Hisataka Ishida - 2008 - Proceedings of the Xxii World Congress of Philosophy 6:99-103.
Bolatu's Pharmacy Theriac in Early Modern China.Carla Nappi - 2009 - Early Science and Medicine 14 (6):737-764.
Lessons From the Past: Preventive Medicine in Early Modern England.L. Hill Curth - 2003 - Medical Humanities 29 (1):16-20.
Contribution of "Abolishment of Serf System" in Tibet to Human Rights Campaign ---- In Memory of the Fiftieth Anniversary of Democratic Reform in Tibet.Li Sha - 2009 - Asian Culture and History 1 (2):P45.


text:
__author__ = 'Joe Linn'

import unittest
import pylastica
from tests.base import Base

class ExistsTest(unittest.TestCase, Base):
    def test_to_dict(self):
        field = 'test'
        exists_filter = pylastica.filter.Exists(field)
        expected = {
            'exists': {
                'field': field
            }
        }
        self.assertEqual(expected, exists_filter.to_dict())

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()


text:
Match Preview: EFL Football Manager Cup - Round 1
Former England Rugby international Duncan Bell is set to take the helm of the Gas as they take on local rivals Bristol City in Round One of the EFL FM Cup...
Bell has recently been celebrating his Football Manager success with the Gas via Twitter, taking his side up to the Championship, prompting the Club to get him involved in this tournament!
Recruited as 'Virtual Manager' for the Gas - Bell will be taking the reigns for the EFL Football Manager Cup, a knockout tournament pitching EFL clubs against each other on the 2020 version of popular football management simulator, Football Manager, with 54 clubs involved!
With many Football Manager fans hotly anticipating the first round draw for the competition, few could've predicted the Gas' opponents for the first phase, a home tie against cross-city neighbours Bristol City.
Speaking ahead of the game Duncan said: "I'm feeling incredibly nervous. To take on the Gaffer position of my local team is a Football Manager dream come true! Having played the game since I was a kid I like to think I'm confident in my ability as a manager but that's all out of the window tonight as the world is watching.
"First game in charge against our biggest rivals - straight in at the deep end. That said, all the pressure is really on Mikey and City. They're in a higher league and are favourites, our boys can play without any pressure. Training has been good all week and I've been teaching the boys how to scrum down and drive the lineout so I'm sure we'll be fine. No, wait......"
Rovers manager Ben Garner offered his support for his Football Manager counterpart, releasing a video message for Duncan in the build-up to the tie!
🗣 The Gaffer had a short message for @duncanbell3 ahead of tonight's @EFL @FootballManager Cup clash!#BristolRovers pic.twitter.com/ZvA6TyjmZc
— Bristol Rovers (@Official_BRFC) April 23, 2020
The game will be streamed live to the Gas' Twitch page, free to watch for all fans - details on this will be released on our Facebook and Twitter closer to kick-off.
Football Manager have partnered with not just the EFL, but also their charity partner Mind, in running this tournament - and you can support the charity alongside the Gas in this virtual campaign. Over this period of uncertainty, their services are needed more than ever so if you're in the position to, please consider donating on this JustGiving page which will be open during the tournament.


This form will enable us to route you to the right person and answer your query faster.
The scam offers a Survey Analyst or Store Evaluator position. It comes with a fake check and instructions to deposit the check to the mystery shopper's personal bank account before performing the assignment, and then sending the funds from your personal account to a third party. NO legitimate mystery shopping opportunity from any company will ever mail you a check or ask you to deposit or send funds from your bank account as part of the job assignment. The fake job opportunity will use a fake person's name, stating they are your contact person at Mintel. These individuals are not employed or affiliated with Mintel. You should ignore this fraudulent mystery shopping offer, or anything like it. Click HERE for more information about mystery shopping scams, what to watch for and how to report them.
The addresses and phone numbers of our offices can be found below.
Registered in England: Number 1475918.
Mintel Information Consulting (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.