text:
Title: José Martí
Subject: Fidel Castro, María García Granados y Saborío, List of Cubans, Cuba/Featured quote list, Cubans
Collection: 1853 Births, 1895 Deaths, 19Th-Century Journalists, 19Th-Century Poets, 19Th-Century Translators, American Writers of Cuban Descent, Anti-Americanism, Cuban Dissidents, Cuban Essayists, Cuban Expatriates in Guatemala, Cuban Expatriates in the United States, Cuban People of Canarian Descent, Cuban People of Catalan Descent, Cuban People of Spanish Descent, Cuban Poets, Cuban Revolutionaries, Cuban Soldiers, Cuban Translators, Heroes of the Republic of Cuba, Hispanic and Latino American Journalists, History of Key West, Florida, History of Tampa, Florida, Male Journalists, National Heroes of the Republic of Cuba, Partido Auténtico Politicians, People from Havana, People from Santiago De Cuba, People of the Cuban War of Independence, People of the Latin American Wars of Independence, Spanish Colonial Period of Cuba
José Julián Martí Pérez
Havana, Spanish Cuba
Dos Ríos, Spanish Cuba
poet, writer, nationalist leader
Literary movement
Carmen Zayas Bazan
José Francisco "Pepito" Martí
Mariano Martí Navarro and Leonor Pérez Cabrera (Parents), 7 sisters (Leonor, Mariana, María de Carmen, María de Pilar, Rita Amelia, Antonia and Dolores)
José Julián Martí Pérez (January 28, 1853 – May 19, 1895) is a
NPOV disputes from November 2014
All NPOV disputes
WorldHeritage articles needing style editing from March 2009
All articles needing style editing
WorldHeritage articles that are too technical from March 2009
All articles that are too technical
Articles needing expert attention from March 2009
WorldHeritage articles needing rewrite from December 2013
WorldHeritage articles needing page number citations from September 2010
WorldHeritage articles needing clarification from February 2009
American writers of Cuban descent
Cuban essayists
Cuban expatriates in Guatemala
Cuban expatriates in the United States
Cuban people of Canarian descent
Cuban people of Catalan descent
Cuban people of Spanish descent
Cuban poets
Cuban translators
Cuban soldiers
Cuban revolutionaries
Hispanic and Latino American journalists
History of Key West, Florida
History of Tampa, Florida
Heroes of the Republic of Cuba
Partido Auténtico politicians
People from Havana
People from Santiago de Cuba
People of the Cuban War of Independence
People of the Latin American wars of independence
Spanish colonial period of Cuba
Cuban dissidents
19th-century journalists
Male journalists
19th-century translators
19th-century poets
Cuba topics
Colonial governors
Ten Years' War
Little War
Cuban War of Independence
Sinking of the USS Maine
Spanish–American War
Platt Amendment
1932 hurricane
War against the Bandits
La Coubre explosion
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Cuban intervention in Angola
Cubana de Aviación Flight 455
Mariel boatlift
Special Period
2006–08 Cuban transfer of presidential duties
Cuban Thaw
Almendares River
List of islands
Castroism
Cuba–United States
Brothers to the Rescue
Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba
Cuban American
Cuban-American lobby
Cuban dissident movement
Elián González affair
Helms–Burton Act
Cuba–United States hijackings
Operation Northwoods
Operation Peter Pan
United States ambassador
United States embargo
United States Interests Section
Christian Democratic
Democratic Social-Revolutionary
Democratic Socialist Current
Democratic Solidarity
Social Democratic Co-ordination
Cuban National
Democratic Union
Independent Republican
Ortodoxo
Popular Socialist
Republican (Havana)
Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR)
Territorial Troops Militia
National Revolutionary Police Force
Dirección General de Inteligencia
Military Counterintelligence Directorate
Agrarian reform
Peso (currency)
Convertible peso
Committees for the Defense of the Revolution
Scouting and Guiding
Sociolismo
Afro-Cubans
Ciboney
Isleños
Desi Arnaz
Fulgencio Batista
Leo Brouwer
Osmani García
Máximo Gómez
Elián González
Omara Portuondo
Félix Varela
Film producers
Colonial heads
Radio personalities
Obras completas de José Martí (Index to Complete Works; Spanish)
José Martí (.cu)
José Martí (.org)
Romero Family Papers Regarding José Martí and books by José Martí fully and freely available from the Digital Library of the Caribbean (dLOC)
Works by José Martí at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about José Martí at Internet Archive
Works by José Martí at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Abel, Christopher. José Martí: Revolutionary Democrat. London: Athlone. 1986.
Cairo, Ana. Jose Marti y la novela de la cultura cubana. Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. 2003.
De La Cuesta, Leonel Antonio. Martí, Traductor. Salamanca: Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca. 1996.
Fidalgo, Jose Antonio. "El Doctor Fermín Valdés-Domínguez, Hombre de Ciencias y Su Posible Influencia Recíproca Con José Martí" |journal= Cuadernos de Historia de la Salud Pública |year= 1998 |issue= 84 |pp. 26–34
Kirk, John M. José Martí, Mentor of the Cuban Nation. Tampa: University Presses of Florida, c1983.
Martí, José, Manuel A.Tellechea Versos Sencillos. U of Houston: Arte Público Press, 1997
Morukian, Maria. "Cubanidad: Survival of Cuban Culture Identity in the 21st Century".
Nassif, Ricardo. "Jose Martí (1853–95) ". Originally published in Prospects:the quarterly review of comparative education(Paris, UNESCO: International Bureau of Education), vol. XXIV, no. 1/2, 1994, p. 107–19
Pérez-Galdós Ortiz, Víctor. José Martí: Visión de un Hombre Universal. Barcelona: Puvill Libros Ltd. 1999.
Quiroz, Alfonso. "The Cuban Republic and José Martí: reception and use of a national symbol". Lexington Books, 2006
Ripoll, Carlos. Jose Marti and the United States, and the Marxist interpretation of Cuban History. New Jersey: Transaction Inc. 1984.
Ronning, C. Neale. Jose Marti and the emigre colony in Key West. New York: Praeger. 1990.
Scott, Rebecca J. "Explaining Abolition: Contradiction, Adaptation, and Challenge in Cuban Slave Society, 1860–1886". Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Jan., 1984), pp. 83–111
Vincent, Jon S. "Jose Marti: Surrealist or Seer?" Latin American Research Review, Vol. 13, No. 1 (1978), pp. 178-–81.
^ http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/marti/marti.htm
^ Garganigo, John F. Huellas de las literaturas hispanoamericanas Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 1997. P 272
^ a b Alborch Bataller 1995, p. 15
^ Fidalgo 1998, p.26
^ a b c Alborch Bataller 1995, p. 16
^ López 2006, p. 232
^ history of cuba.comJ. A. Sierra "End of Slavery in Cuba",
^ Jones 1953, p. 398
^ Alborch Bataller 1995, p. 18
^ Martí 1963a, p. 48
^ Pérez-Galdós Ortiz 1999, p.45
^ a b c d Jones 1953, p. 399
^ It is common, and in fact legal, practice in Spanish-speaking societies to use and include the maternal surname as the "second" last name, such that both surnames are the legal and customary surname of an individual. E.g., Pérez López means that in non-Spanish societies esp. anglophone societies, Pérez is the correct surname to which to refer; otherwise, 'both' names together are the legal surname.
^ Guatemala was one of the first regions of the New World to be exposed to European music
^ Alborch Bataller 1995 P107
^ Gray 1966, p. 389
^ García Cisneros 1986, p. 56
^ Fountain 2003, p. 4
^ a b Alborch Bataller 1995 P167
^ Alborch Bataller 1995 P 184
^ Tone 2006, p. 43
^ a b c Alberch Bataller 1995 P191
^ a b Gray 1966, p. 391
^ Quiroz 2006c, p. 13
^ Martí 1963b, pp. 93–94
^ Scott 1984, p. 87
^ Oscar Montero, José Martí: An Introduction, 16 (2004); John Sterngass, José Martí, 86 (2007)
^ Ramos 2001, pp.34–35
^ Martí 1963c, p. 172
^ Martí 1963d, p. 192
^ Holden & Zolov 2000, p.249
^ Turton 1986, p.47
^ Holden & Solov 2000, p. 179
^ Ronning 1990, p.103
^ Martí 1963e, p. 270
^ Turton 1986, pp. 33–34
^ Bueno 1997, p. 158
^ Abel 1986, p. 26
^ Turton 1986, p. 57
^ Fernández 1995, p. ???
^ Kirk 1977, p. 275
^ a b c Kirk 1977, p. 278
^ Kirk 1977, pp. 278–279
^ Fernández 1995, p. 46
^ Lally, Carolyn. "Foreign Language Program Articulation: Current Practice and Future Prospects." 2001. p. 54.
^ Garganigo et al., p. 272
^ Martí 1992, p. 8
^ Roscoe 1947, p. 280
^ Nassif 1994, p. 2
^ a b Oberhelman 2001, p. 475
^ Martí, José, Manuel A.Tellechea Versos Sencillos. U of Houston: Arte Público Press, 1997
^ Morukian, Maria. "Cubanidad: Survival of Cuban Culture Identity in the 21st Century".
^ Fernández Retamar 1970, p. 38
^ Hernández Pardo 2000, p. 146
^ Garganigo, p. 273
^ Fountain 2003, p. 13
^ "la traducción debe ser natural, para que parezca como si el libro hubiese sido escrito en la lengua al que lo traduces." De la Cuesta 1996, p. 7
^ Serna 2002, p. 13
^ a b Serna 2002, p. 14
^ Lopez 2006, p.11
^ Ronning 1990, p. 3
^ Cairo 2003, p.25
^ Lopez 2006, p. 12
^ Ripoll 1984, p. 45
International José Martí Prize
Radio y Televisión Martí
José Rizal, Philippine national hero also executed by the Spanish in 1896
José Martí (Lopez), Houston, Texas
Adúltera
Versos libres
Martí's major posthumous works
1869 January: Abdala
1869 January: "10 de octubre"
1871: El presidio político en Cuba
1873: La República Española ante la revolución cubana
1875: Amor con amor se paga
1882: Ismaelillo
1882 February: Ryan vs. Sullivan
1882 February: Un incendio
1882 July: El ajusticiamiento de Guiteau
1883 January: "Batallas de la Paz"
1883 March: " Que son graneros humanos"
1883 March: Karl Marx ha muerto
1883 March:El Puente de Brooklyn
1883 September: "En Coney Island se vacía Nueva York"
1883 December:" Los políticos de oficio"
1883 December: "Bufalo Bil"
1884 April:"Los caminadores"
1884 November: Norteamericanos
1884 November:El juego de pelota de pies
1885: Amistad funesta
1885 January:Teatro en Nueva York
1885 March: "Una gran rosa de bronce encendida"
1885 March:Los fundadores de la constitución
1885 June: "Somos pueblo original"
1885 August: "Los políticos tiene sus púgiles"
1886 May: Las revueltas anarquistas de Chicago
1886 September: " La ensenanza"
1886 October: "La Estatua de la Libertad"
1887 April: El poeta Walt Whitman
1887 April: El Madison Square
1887 November: Ejecución de los dirigentes anarquistas de Chicago
1887 November: La gran nevada
1888 May: El ferrocarril elevado
1888 August: Verano en Nueva York
1888 November: " Ojos abiertos, y gargantas secas"
1888 November: "Amanece y ya es fragor"
1889: 'La edad de oro'
1889 May: El centenario de George Washington
1889 July: Bañistas
1889 August: "Nube Roja"
1889 September: "La caza de negros"
1890 November: " El jardín de las orquídeas"
1891 October:Versos Sencillos
1891 January: "Nuestra América"
1894 January: " ¡A Cuba!"
1895: Manifiesto de Montecristi- coauthor with Máximo Gómez
Martí's fundamental works published during his life
Monument to José Martí in Sofia, Bulgaria
List of selected works
One further example of his legacy is that his name has been chosen for several institutions or NGOs from various countries, such as Romania, where a public school from Bucharest and the Romanian-Cuban Friendship Association from Targoviste are both named "Jose Marti".
Martí's writings on the concepts of Cuban nationalism fuelled the 1895 revolution and have continued to inform conflicting visions of the Cuban nation. The Cuban nation-state under Fidel Castro has consistently claimed Martí as a crucial inspiration for its Communist revolutionary government. His nuanced, often ambivalent positions on the most important issues of his day[86] have led Marxist interpreters to see a class conflict between the proletariat and the bourgeousie as the main theme of his works, while others, namely the Cuban diasporic communities in Miami and elsewhere have identified a liberal-capitalist emphasis.[87] These Cuban exiles still honor Martí as a figure of hope for the Cuban nation in exile and condemn Castro's regime for manipulating his works and creating a "Castroite Martí" to justify its intolerance and abridgments of human rights.[88] His writings thus remain a key ideological weapon in the battle over the fate of the Cuban nation.
Martí depicted on a República de Cuba one peso silver certificate (1936)
José Martí's lifelong dedication to the cause of Cuban independence and his passionate belief in democracy and justice has made him a hero for all Cubans, a symbol of unity, the "Apostle",[83] a great leader. His ultimate goal of building a democratic, just, and stable republic in Cuba and his obsession with the practical execution of this goal led him to become the most charismatic leader of the 1895 colonial revolution. His work with the Cuban émigré community, enlisting the support of Cuban workers and socialist leaders to form the Cuban Revolutionary Party, put into motion the Cuban war of independence.[84] His foresight into the future, shown in his warnings against American political interests for Cuba, was confirmed by the swift occupation of Cuba by the United States following the Spanish–American War. His belief in the inseparability of Cuban and Latin American sovereignty and the expression thereof in his writings have contributed to the shape of the modern Latin American Identity. His works are a cornerstone of Latin American and political literature and his prolific contributions to the fields of journalism, poetry, and prose are highly acclaimed.[85]
Statue of Marti in Cienfuegos, Cuba
Apart from Martinian articles. essay writing and literature starts to authorize itself as an alternative and privileged way to talk about politics. Literature starts to apply itself the only hermeneutics able to resolve the enigmas of a Latin American identity.[82]
The difference between Martí and other modernist initiators such as Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera, Julian del Casal, and José Asunción Silva (and the similarity between him and Manuel González Prada) lies in the profound and transcendent value that he gave to literature, converting prose into an article or the work of a journalist. This hard work was important in giving literature authentic and independent value and distancing it from mere formal amusement. Manuel Gutiérez Nájera, Rubén Darío, Miguel de Unamuno and José Enrique Rodó saved the Martinian articles, which will have an endless value in the writings of the American continent.[82]
Martí produces a system of specific signs "an ideological code" (código ideológico). These symbols claim their moral value and construct signs of ethic conduct. Martí's modernism was a spiritual attitude that was reflected on the language. All his writing defines his moral world. One could also say that his ideological and spiritual sphere is fortified in his writing.[81]
The difference that Martí established between prose and poetry are conceptual. Poetry, as he believes, is a language of the permanent subjective: the intuition and the vision. The prose is an instrument and a method of spreading the ideas, and has the goal of elevating, encouraging and animating these ideas rather than having the expression of tearing up the heart, complaining and moaning. The prose is a service to his people.[81]
The modernists, in general, use a subjective language. Martí's stylistic creed is part of the necessity to de-codify the logic rigor and the linguistic construction and to eliminate the intellectual, abstract and systematic expression. There is the deliberate intention and awareness to expand the expressive system of the language. The style changes the form of thinking. Without falling in to unilateralism, Martí values the expression because language is an impression and a feeling through the form. Modernism mostly searches for the visions and realities, the expression takes in the impressions, the state of mind, without reflection and without concept. This is the law of subjectivity. We can see this in works of Martí, one of the first modernists, who conceives the literary task like an invisible unity, an expressive totality, considering the style like "a form of the content" (forma del contenido).[80]
There was clearly a dichotomy in Martí's feeling about the kind of work he was translating. Like many professionals, he undertook for money translation tasks which had little intellectual or emotional appeal for him. Although Martí never presented a systematic theory of translation nor did he write extensively about his approach to translation, he did jot down occasional thoughts on the subject, showcasing his awareness of the translator's dilemma of the faithful versus the beautiful and stating that "translation should be natural, so that it appears that the book were written in the language to which it has been translated".[79]
In New York he was what we would call today a "freelancer" as well as an "in house" translator. He translated several books for the publishing house of D. Appleton, and did a series of translations for newspapers. As a revolutionary activist in Cuba's long struggle for independence he translated into English a number of articles and pamphlets supporting that movement.[77] In addition to fluent English, Martí also spoke French, Italian, Latin and Classical Greek fluently, the latter learned so he could read the Greek classical works in the original.[78]
José Martí is usually honored as a great poet, patriot and martyr of Cuban Independence, but he was also a translator of some note. Although he translated literary material for the sheer joy of it, much of the translating he did was imposed on him by economic necessity during his many years of exile in the United States. Martí learned English at an early age, and had begun to translate at thirteen. He continued translating for the rest of his life, including his time as a student in Spain, although the period of his greatest productivity was during his stay in New York from 1880 until he returned to Cuba in 1895.[76]
His didactic spirit encouraged him to establish a magazine for children, La Edad de Oro (1889) which contained a short essay titled "Tres Heroes" (three heroes), representative of his talent to adapt his expression to his audience; in this case, to make the young reader conscious of and amazed by the extraordinary bravery of the three men, Bolivar, Hidalgo, and San Martín. This is his style to teach delightfully.[75]
Martí's style of writing is difficult to categorize. He used many aphorisms – short, memorable lines that convey truth and/or wisdom – and long complex sentences. He is considered a major contributor to the Spanish American literary movement known as Modernismo and has been linked to Latin American consciousness of the modern age and modernity.[72] His chronicles combined elements of literary portraiture, dramatic narration, and a dioramic scope. His poetry contained "fresh and astonishing images along with deceptively simple sentiments".[73] As an orator (for he made many speeches) he was known for his cascading structure, powerful aphorisms, and detailed descriptions. More important than his style is how he uses that style to put into service his ideas, making "advanced" convincing notions. Throughout his writing he made reference to historical figures and events, and used constant allusions to literature, current news and cultural matters. For this reason, he may be difficult to read and translate.[74]
After his breakthrough in Cuba literature, José Martí went on to contribute his works to newspapers, magazines, and books that reflected his political and social views. Because of his early death, Martí was unable to publish a vast collection of poetry; even so, his literary contributions have made him a renowned figure in literature, influencing many writers, and people in general, to aspire to follow in the footsteps of Martí.
This poem is a clear description of Martí's societal hopes for his homeland. Within the poem, he talks about how regardless of the person, whether kind or cruel he cultivates a white rose, meaning that he remains peaceful. This coincides with his ideology about establishing unity amongst the people, more so those of Cuba, through a common identity, with no regards to ethnic and racial differences.[71] This doctrine could be accomplished if one treated his enemy with peace as he would treat a friend. The kindness of one person should be shared with all people, regardless of personal conflict. By following the moral that lies within "Cultivo Rosa Blanca", Martí's vision of Cuban solidarity could be possible, creating a more peaceful society that would emanate through future generations.
I cultivate a white rose
In July as in January
For the sincere friend
Who gives me his hand frankly
And for the cruel person who tears
out the heart with which I live,
I cultivate neither nettles nor thorns:
I cultivate a white rose[70]
Martí's writings reflected his own views both socially and politically. "Cultivo Una Rosa Blanca" is one of his poems that emphasize his views in hopes of betterment for society:
Marti's "Versos Sencillos" was written "in the town of Haines Falls, New York, where his doctor has sent [him] to regain his strength 'where streams flowed and clouds gathered in upon themeselves'".[69] The poetry encountered in this work is "in many [ways] autobiographical and allows readers to see Marti the man and the patriot and to judge what was important to him at a crucial time in Cuban history".[69]
According to Marti, the intention behind the publication of "La edad de oro" was "so that American children may know how people used to live, and how they live nowadays, in America and in other countries; how many things are made, such as glass and iron, steam engines and suspension bridges and electric light; so that when a child sees a coloured stone he will know why the stone is coloured....We shall tell them about everything which is done in factories, where things happen which are stranger and more interesting than the magic in fairy stories. These things are real magic, more marvelous than any....We write for children because it is they who know how to love, because it is children who are the hope for the world".[68]
Volume two of his Obras Completas includes his famous essay 'Nuestra America' which "comprises a variety of subjects relating to Spanish America about which Marti studied and wrote. Here it is noted that after Cuba his interest was directed mostly to Guatemala, Mexico and Venezuela. The various sections of this part are about general matters and international conferences; economic, social and political questions; literature and art; agrarian and industrial problems; immigration; education; relations with the United States and Spanish America; travel notes".[67]
The first critical edition of Martí's complete works began to appear in 1983 in José Martí: Obras completas. Edición crítica. The critical edition of his complete poems was published in 1985 in José Martí: Poesía completa. Edición critica.
Over the course of his journalistic career, he wrote for numerous newspapers, starting with El Diablo Cojuelo (The Limping Devil) and La Patria Libre (The Free Fatherland), both of which he helped to found in 1869 in Cuba and which established the extent of his political commitment and vision for Cuba. In Spain he wrote for La Colonia Española,in Mexico for La Revista Universal, and in Venezuela for Revista Venezolana, which he founded. In New York he contributed to Venezuelan periodical La Opinión Nacional, Buenos Aires newspaper La Nación, Mexico's La Opinion Liberal, and America's The Hour.[66]
Martí did not publish any books: only two notebooks (cuadernos) of verses, in editions outside of the market, and a number of political tracts. The rest (an enormous amount) was left dispersed in numerous newspapers and magazines, in letters, in diaries and personal notes, in other unedited texts, in frequently improvised speeches, and some lost forever. Five years after his death, the first volume of his Obras was published. A novel appeared in this collection in 1911: Amistad funesta, which Martí had made known was published under a pseudonym in 1885. In 1913, also in this edition, his third poetic collection that he had kept unedited: Versos Libres. His Diario de Campaña (Campaign Diary) was published in 1941. Later still, in 1980, Nicaraguan poet Ernesto Mejía Sánchez produced a set of about thirty of Martí's articles written for the Mexican newspaper El Partido Liberal that weren't included in any of his so-called Obras Completas editions. From 1882–1891, Martí collaborated in La Nación , a Buenos Aires newspaper. His texts from La Nación have been collected in Anuario del centro de Estudios Martianos.
Martí as a writer covered a range of genres. In addition to producing newspaper articles and keeping up an extensive correspondence (his letters are included in the collection of his complete works), he wrote a serialized novel, composed poetry, wrote essays and published four issues of a children's magazine, La Edad de Oro[64](The Golden Age, 1889). His essays and articles occupy more than fifty volumes of his complete works. His prose was extensively read and influenced the modernist generation, especially the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío, whom Martí called "my son" when they met in New York in 1893.[65]
Martí as a liberator believed that the Latin American countries needed to know the reality of their own history. Martí also saw the necessity of a country having its own literature. These reflections started in Mexico from 1875 and are connected to the Mexican Reform, where prominent people like Ignacio Manuel Altamirano and Guillermo Prieto had situated themselves in front of a cultural renovation in Mexico, taking on the same approach as Esteban Echeverría thirty years before in Argentina. In the second "Boletin" that Martí published in the Revista Universal (May 11, 1875) one can already see Martí's approach, which was fundamentally Latin American. His wish to build a national or Latin American identity was nothing new or unusual in those days; however, no Latin-American intellectual of that time had approached as clearly as Martí the task of building a national identity. He insisted on the necessity of building institutions and laws that matched the natural elements of each country, and recalled the failure of the applications of French and American civil codes in the new Latin American republics. Martí believed that "el hombre del sur", the man of the South, should choose an appropriate development strategy matching his character, the peculiarity of his culture and history, and the nature that determined his being.[63]
José Martí Monument at Esposizione Universale Roma, Rome
Invention of a Latin American identity
Marti became distressed as he knew that in order for him to gain independence for Cuba not only did he have to defeat the Spanish, but also had to keep the Americans out.[62]
Once it was apparent that the United States were actually going to purchase Cuba and intended to Americanize it, Marti "spoke out loudly and bravely against such action, stating the opinion of many Cubans on the United States of America.[61]
Marti argued that "any attempt to sell his patria as if it were some negotiable merchandise, and of course, without taking into account the wishes of people, was completely unacceptable – particularly when the prospective purchaser was the United States".[61]
By the end of 1889, Marti had changed his "sympathetic attitude" towards the United States. This was due to the U.S. wanting to expand their territories into Latin America. By this time, Marti was getting ready to prepare a campaign that would liberate Cuba. However, this campaign was in danger as talks "re-surfaced in the United States as to whether that country should purchase Cuba from the Spanish government in order to turn the Island into an American protectorate".[61]
Marti alerted and informed Latin Americans that the United States was "totally ignorant of the culture and history of her southern neighbours, and this, combined with the ever increasing phenomenon regarded euphemistically as 'pioneer spirit', augured badly for future relations between the Americas".[60]
Although Marti admired the United States and its society, he thought that America's "dealings with 'Nuestra America' left a great deal to be desired".[60] Also he was preoccupied that the United States was becoming "increasingly intent upon extending its dominion over Latin America".[60]
The works of Marti contain many comparisons between the ways of life of North and Latin America. The former was seen as "hardy, 'soulless', and, at times, cruel society, but one which, nevertheless, had been based upon a firm foundation of liberty and on a tradition of liberty".[59] Although North American society had its flaws, they tended to be "of minor importance when compared to the broad sweep of social inequality, and to the widespread abuse of power prevalent in Latin America".[59]
On the positive side, Marti was astonished by the "inviolable right of freedom of speech which all U.S. citizens possessed". Marti applauded the United States' Constitution which allowed freedom of speech to all its citizens, no matter what political beliefs they had. In May 1883, while attending political meetings he heard "the call for revolution – and more specifically the destruction of the capitalist system". Marti could not believe that revolution was advocated and was amazed that this could happen because this "could have led to its own destruction". Marti also gave his support to the women's suffrage movements, and was "pleased that women here [took] advantage of this privilege in order to make their voices heard". According to Marti, free speech was essential if any nation was to be civilized and he expressed his "profund admiration for these many basic liberties and opportunities open to the vast majority of American citizens".[59]
Marti started to become aware that the US had abused its potential. Racism was abundant. Different races were being discriminated against; political life "was both cynically regarded by the public at large and widely abused by 'professional politicians'; industrial magnates and powerful labor groups faced each other menacingly". All of this convinced Marti that a large-scale social conflict was imminent in the United States.[58]
Marti criticized and condemned the elites of the United States as they "pulled the main political strings behind the scenes". According to Marti, the elites "deserved severe censure" as they were the biggest threat to the "ideals with which the United States was first conceived".[57]
However, not everything was to be admired by Marti. When it came to politics Marti wrote that politics in the US had "adopted a carnival atmosphere...especially during election time".[57] He saw acts of corruption among candidates, such as bribing "the constituents with vast quantities of beer, while impressive parades wound their way through New York's crowded streets, past masses of billboards, all exhorting the public to vote for the different political candidates".[57]
Another major characteristic that struck Marti was the agricultural advancement of the United States. He found amazing the "common-sense attitude of the Dean of the School of Agriculture in Michigan who defended the advantages of manual work for the students of his college". At the same time, he criticized the elitist educational systems of Cuba and the rest of Latin America. Often, Marti recommended countries in Latin America to "send representatives to learn more relevant techniques in the United States". Once this was done, Marti hoped that this representatives would bring a "much-needed modernization to the Latin American agricultural policies".[56]
Education had benefited from the attitude of America's society. Marti was amazed at how education was directed towards helping the development of the nation and once again encouraged Latin American countries to follow the example set by North American society.[55]
Marti found American society to be so great, he thought Latin America should consider imitating America. Marti argued that if the US "could reach such a high standard of living in so short a time, and despite, too, its lack of unifying traditions, could not the same be expected of Latin America?"[54]
Another trait that Marti admired was the work ethic that characterized American society. On various occasions Marti conveyed his deep admiration for the immigrant-based society, "whose principal aspiration he interpreted as being to construct a truly modern country, based upon hard work and progressive ideas." Marti stated that he was "never surprised in any country of the world [he had] visited. Here [he] was surprised... [he] remarked that no one stood quietly on the corners, no door was shut an instant, no man was quiet. [He] stopped [him]self, [he] looked respectfully on this people, and [he] said goodbye forever to that lazy life and poetical inutility of our European countries".[54]
Marti's first observations of the United States were written while he worked for the newspaper The Hour. He was happy to finally be in a free democratic nation: "'I am, at last, in a country where everyone looks like his own master. One can breathe freely, freedom being here the foundation, the shield, the essence of life'".[54]
Marti's attitude towards North American society is marked by controversy. It "ha[s] been used as an example of a profound Cuban-U.S. friendship, while others have underlined his bitter denunciations of North America".[53]
Martí demonstrated an anti-American attitude from an early age, and was conscious of the danger the United States posed for Latin America. At the same time he recognized the advantages of the European or North American civilizations, which were open to the reforms that Latin American countries needed in order to detach themselves from the colonial heritage of Spain. Martí's distrust of North American politics had developed during the 1880s, due to the intervention threats that loomed on Mexico and Guatemala, and indirectly on Cuba's future. In that time Cuba was dangerously situated, which determined its definitive analysis on the two realities in conflict. In his essays on "Discurso de la Sociedad Literaria Hispanoamercana" and "Madre America" (1891), he had referred to the "magnanimous warrior of the North" and to the "volcanic hero of the South", and he had pointed out major differences that distance them starting from their origins.[52]
Monument of Martí in West New York, NJ. Translated, it reads "The Fatherland is an altar, not a stepping stone."
Martí and the United States
From Martí's 'Campaign Diaries', written during the final expedition in Cuba, it seems evident that Martí would have reached the highest position in the future Republic of Arms.[51] This was not to be; his death occurred before the Assembly of Cuba was set up. Until his very last minute, Martí dedicated his life to achieve full independence for Cuba. His uncompromising belief in democracy and freedom for his fatherland is what characterized his political ideology.
From this moment, Martí and the CRP were devoted to secretly organizing the anti-Spanish war. Martí's newspaper, Patria, was a key instrument of this campaign, where Martí delineated his final plans for Cuba. Through this medium he argued against the exploitative colonialism of Spain in Cuba, criticized the Home Rule (Autonomista) Party for having aims that fell considerably short of full independence, and warned against U.S. annexationism which he felt could only be prevented by Cuba's successful independence.[49] He specified his plans for the future Cuban Republic, a multi-class and multi-racial democratic republic based on universal suffrage, with an egalitarian economic base to develop fully Cuba's productive resources and an equitable distribution of land among citizens, with enlightened and virtuous politicians.[50]
The Cuban Revolutionary Party's 'Bases and Statutes' aimed at: 1) Winning absolute independence for Cuba and aiding that of Puerto Rico; 2) ordering a 'generous and brief war' that would ensure peace and happiness for all Cuba's inhabitants; 3) organizing this war so that it should be 'republican in spirit and methods', and lead to a society fulfilling 'in the historical life of the continent'; 4) ensuring that no 'authoritarian spirit and bureaucratic make-up of the colony' would exist in the new Cuba; 5) preventing any one particular group from having more power than other groups; 6) creating a harmonious fatherland with economic prosperity ensured by allowing outlets for the economic activities of all its inhabitants; 7) maintaining friendly relations with the U.S.; and, 8) bringing the above intentions through a set of concrete aims: to unite all Cubans living abroad, to bring together all factions inside and outside of Cuba, to prepare inside Cuba the knowledge and spirit of the revolution, to collect funds, to establish relations with friendly peoples to accelerate the success of the war, and finally, to organize the Cuban Revolutionary Party according to the secret rules agreed upon by the founding organizations.[47] Elections within the party would designate positions within, the first being held April 8–10, 1892. Marti was elected delegado (delegate) for the Cuban Revolutionary Party in 1892, as he refused to be called president.[48]
Martí's consolidation of support among the Cuban expatriates, especially in Florida, was key in the planning and execution of the invasion of Cuba. His speeches to Cuban tobacco workers in Tampa and Key West motivated and united them; this is considered the most important political achievement of his life.[45] At his point he refined his ideological platform, basing it on a Cuba held together by pride in being Cuban, a society that ensured "the welfare and prosperity of all Cubans"[46] independently of class, occupation or race. Faith in the cause could not die, and the military would not try for domination. All pro-independence Cubans would participate, with no sector predominating. From this he established the Cuban Revolutionary Party in early 1892.
[44] Martí was strongly opposed to this expansionism, reiterating his constant position: full independence for Cuba and nothing else. The interests of Cuba's future lay with its sister nations in Latin America, and were opposite to those of the United States.[43] Cuba was a profitable, fertile country with an important strategic position in the Gulf of Mexico. In an Interamerican Congress summoned in Washington in October 1889 to discuss U.S. position on Cuba, purchase, annexation, and seizure were discussed.[42] For this to occur, legitimate political steps needed to be taken. He had proposed in a letter to [38] Martí wanted Cuba to be a democratic republic.
Martí was totally opposed to slavery and criticized Spain for failing to abolish the institution. In a speech to Cuban immigrants in Steck Hall, New York, on January 24, 1879, he stated that the war against Spain needed to be fought, recalled the heroism and suffering of the Ten Years' War, which, he declared, had qualified Cuba as a real nation with a right to independence. Spain hadn't ratified the conditions of the peace treaty, had falsified elections, continued excessive taxation, and had failed to abolish slavery. Cuba needed to be free.[37]
Martí was a pragmatic Classical Liberal.[35] Martí dedicated his life to the cause of Cuban independence. To him, it was unnatural that Cuba be controlled and oppressed by the Spanish government, when it had its own unique identity and culture. In his pamphlet from February 11, 1873, called "The Spanish Republic and the Cuban Revolution", he argued that "Cubans do not live as Spaniards live(...). They are nourished by a different system of trade, have links with different countries, and express their happiness through quite contrary customs. There are no common aspirations or identical goals linking the two peoples, or beloved memories to unite them [...]. Peoples are only united by ties of fraternity and love.".[36]
Statue of José Martí in Havana, Cuba
The death of Marti was a blow to the "aspirations of the Cuban rebels, inside and outside of the island, but the fighting continued with alternating successes and failures until the entry of the United States into the war in 1898".[34]
José Martí was killed in battle against Spanish troops at the Battle of Dos Ríos, near the confluence of the rivers Contramaestre and Cauto, on May 19, 1895. Gómez had recognized that the Spaniards had a strong position between palm trees, so he ordered his men to disengage. Martí was alone and seeing a young courier ride by he said: "Joven, a la carga!" meaning: "Young man, charge!" This was around midday, and he was, as always, dressed in a black jacket, riding a white horse, which made him an easy target for the Spanish. After Martí was shot, the young trooper, Angel de la Guardia, lost his horse and returned to report the loss. The Spanish took possession of the body, buried it close by, then exhumed the body upon realization of its identity. He is buried in Cementerio Santa Efigenia in Santiago de Cuba. Many have argued that Maceo and others had always spurned Martí for never participating in combat, which may have compelled Martí to that ill-fated suicidal two-man charge. Some of his Versos Sencillos had a premonitory quality: "No me entierren en lo oscuro/ A morir como un traidor/ Yo soy bueno y como bueno/ Moriré de cara al sol." ("Do not bury me in darkness / to die like a traitor / I am good, and as a good man / I will die facing the sun.")
José Martí's mausoleum
The expedition, composed of Martí, Gómez, Ángel Guerra, Francisco Borreo, Cesar Salas and Marcos del Rosario, left Montecristi for Cuba on April 1, 1895.[31] Despite delays and desertion by some members, they got to Cuba. They landed at Playitas, near Maisi Cape, Cuba, on April 11. Once there, they made contact with the Cuban rebels, who were headed by the Maceo brothers, and started fighting against Spanish troops. The revolt did not go as planned, "mainly because the call to revolution received no immediate, spontaneous support from the masses."[33] By May 13, the expedition reached Dos Rios. On May 19, Gomez faced Ximenez de Sandoval's troops and ordered Martí to stay rearguard, but Martí separated from the bulk of the Cuban forces, and entered the Spanish line.[31]
Before leaving for Cuba, Martí wrote his "literary will" on April 1, 1895, leaving his personal papers and manuscripts to Gonzalo de Quesada, with instructions for editing. Knowing that the majority of his writing in newspapers in Honduras, Uruguay, and Chile would disappear over time, Martí instructed Quesada to arrange his papers in volumes. The volumes were to be arranged in the following way: volumes one and two, North Americas; volume three, Hispanic Americas; volume four, North American Scenes; volume five, Books about the Americas (this included both North and South America); volume six, Literature, education and painting. Another volume included his poetry.[32]
The uprising finally took place on February 24, 1895. A month later, Martí and Máximo Gómez declared the Manifesto de Montecristi, an "exposition of the purposes and principles of the Cuban revolution".[32] Martí had persuaded Gómez to lead an expedition into Cuba.
January 12, 1895, the North American authorities stopped the steamship Lagonda and two other suspicious ships, Amadis, and Baracoa at the Fernandina port in Florida, confiscating weapons and ruining Plan de Fernandina (Fernandina Plan). On January 29, Martí drew up the order of the uprising, signing it with general Jose Maria Rodriguez and Enrique Collazo. Juan Gualberto Gómez was assigned to orchestrate war preparations for La Habana Province, and was able to work right under the noses of the relatively unconcerned Spanish authorities.[30] Martí decided to move to Montecristi, Dominican Republic to join Máximo Gómez and to plan out the uprising.[31]
José Martí depicted on the 1915 gold 5 Cuban peso coin.
Return to Cuba 1895
In 1894 he continued traveling for propagation and organizing the revolutionary movement. On January 27 he published " A Cuba!" in the newspaper Patria where he denounced collusion between the Spanish and American interests. In July he visited the president of the Mexican Republic, Porfirio Díaz, and travelled to Veracruz. In August he prepared and arranged the armed expedition that would begin the Cuban revolution.[29]
In 1893, Marti traveled through the United States, Central America and the West Indies, visiting different Cuban clubs. His visits were received with a growing enthusiasm and raised badly needed funds for the revolutionary cause. On May 24 he met Rubén Darío, the Nicaraguan poet in a theatre act in Hardman Hall, New Mexico. On June 3 he had an interview with Máximo Gómez in Montecristi, Dominican Republic, where they planned the uprising. In July he met with General Antonio Maceo Grajales in San Jose, Costa Rica.[28]
[28] On January 5, 1892, Martí participated in a reunion of the emigration representatives, in Cayo Hueso, the Cuban community of
On the 26 of November, he was invited by the Club Ignacio Agramonte, an organization founded by Cuban immigrants in Ybor City, Tampa, Florida, to a celebration to collect funding for the cause of Cuban independence. There he gave a lecture known as "Con Todos, y para el Bien de Todos", which was reprinted in Spanish language newspapers and periodicals across the United States. The following night, another lecture, " Los Pinos Nuevos", was given by Martí in another Tampa gathering in honor of the medical students killed in Cuba in 1871. In November artist Herman Norman painted a portrait of José Martí.[27]
José Martí (center) with cigar workers in Ybor City, Tampa, Florida
On January 1, 1891, Martí's essay "Nuestra America" was published in New York's Revista Ilustrada, and on the 30th of that month in Mexico's El Partido Liberal. He actively participated in the Conferencia Monetaria Internacional (The International Monetary Conference) in New York during that time as well. On June 30 his wife and son arrived in New York. After a short time, in which Carmen Zayas Bazán realized that Martí's dedication to Cuban independence surpassed that of supporting his family, she returned to Havana with her son on 27 August. Martí would never see them again. The fact that his wife never shared the convictions central to his life was an enormous personal tragedy for Martí.[26] He turned for solace to Carmen Miyares de Mantilla, a Venezuelan who ran a boarding house in New York, and he is presumed to be the father of her daughter María Mantilla, who was in turn the mother of the actor Cesar Romero, who proudly claimed to be Martí's grandson. In September Martí became sick again. He intervened in the commemorative acts of The Independents, causing the Spanish consul in New York to complain to the Argentine and Uruguayan governments. Consequently, Martí resigned from the Argentinean, Paraguayan, and Uruguayan consulates. In October he published his book Versos Sencillos.
The United States, Central America and the West Indies 1891–1894
Tension existed within the Cuban revolutionary committee between Martí and his military compatriots. Martí feared a military dictatorship would be established in Cuba upon independence, and suspected Dominican-born General Máximo Gómez of having these intentions.[25] Martí knew that the independence of Cuba needed time and careful planning. Ultimately, Martí refused to cooperate with Máximo Gómez and Antonio Maceo Grajales, two Cuban military leaders from the Ten Years' War, when they wanted to invade immediately in 1884. Martí knew that it was too early to attempt to win back Cuba, and later events proved him right.[16]
In 1881, after a brief stay in New York, Martí travelled to Venezuela and founded the Revista Venezolana, or Venezuelan Review. The journal incurred the wrath of Venezuela's dictator, Antonio Guzmán Blanco, and Martí was forced to return to New York.[22] There, Martí joined General [24] He also served as a consul for Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay. Throughout this work, he preached the "freedom of Cuba with an enthusiasm that swelled the ranks of those eager to strive with him for it".[16]
The United States, Venezuela 1880–1890
In 1878, Martí returned to Guatemala and published his book Guatemala, edited in Mexico. On May 10, socialite María García Granados died of lung disease; her unrequited love for Martí branded her, poignantly, as 'la niña de Guatemala, la que se murió de amor' (the Guatemalan girl who died of love). Following her death, Martí returned to Cuba. There, he resigned signing the Pact of Zanjón which ended the Cuban Ten Years' War, but had no effect on Cuba's status as a colony. He met Afro-Cuban revolutionary Juan Gualberto Gómez, who would be his lifelong partner in the independence struggle and a stalwart defender of his legacy during this same journey. He married Carmen Zayas Bazán on Havana's Calle Tulipán Street at this time. In October, his application to practice law in Cuba was refused, and thereafter he immersed himself in radical efforts, such as for the Comité Revolucionario Cubano de Nueva York (Cuban Revolutionary Committee of New York). On November 22, 1878 his son José Francisco, known fondly as "Pepito", was born.[21]
In 1877, using his second name and second surname[18] Julián Pérez as pseudonym, Martí embarked for Havana, hoping to arrange to move his family away to Mexico City from Havana. He returned to Mexico, however, entering at the port of Progreso from which, via Isla de Mujeres and Belize, he travelled south to progressive Guatemala City. He took residence in the prosperous suburb of Ciudad Vieja, home of Guatemala's artists and Intelligentsia of the day, on Cuarta Avenida (Fourth Avenue), 3 km south of Guatemala City. While there, he was commissioned by the government to write the play Patria y Libertad (Drama Indio) (Country and Liberty (an Indian Drama)). He met personally the president, Justo Rufino Barrios, about this project. On April 22, the newspaper El Progreso published his article "Los códigos nuevos" (The New Laws) pertaining to the then newly enacted Civil Code. On May 29, he was appointed head of the Department of French, English, Italian and German Literature, History and Philosophy, on the faculty of philosophy and arts of the Universidad Nacional. On July 25, he lectured for the opening evening of the literary society 'Sociedad Literaria El Porvenir', at the Teatro Colón (the since-renamed Teatro Nacional[19]), at which function he was appointed vice-president of the Society, and acquiring the moniker "el doctor torrente," or Doctor Torrent, in view of his rhetorical style. Martí taught composition classes free at the academia de niñas de centroamérica girls' academy, among whose students he enthralled young María García Granados y Saborío, daughter of Guatemalan president Miguel García Granados. The schoolgirl's crush was unrequited, however, as he went again to México, where he met Carmen Zayas Bazán and whom he later married.[20]
On January 1, 1876, in Oaxaca, elements opposed to [17]
In these writings he expressed his opinions about current events in Mexico. On May 27, in the newspaper Revista Universal, he responded to the anti-Cuban-independence arguments in La Colonia Española, a newspaper for Spanish citizens living in Mexico. In December, Sociedad Gorostiza (Gorostiza Society), a group of writers and artists, accepted Martí as a member, where he met his future wife, Carmen Zayas Bazán, during his frequent visits to her Cuban father's house to meet with the Gorostiza group.[17]
In 1875, Martí lived on Calle Moneda in Mexico City near the Zócalo, a prestigious address of the times. One floor above him lived Manuel Antonio Mercado, Secretary of the Distrito Federal, who would become one of Martí's best friends. On March 2, 1875, he published his first article for Vicente Villada's Revista Universal, a broadsheet discussing politics, literature, and general business commerce. On March 12, his Spanish translation of Hugo's Mes Fils (1874) began serialization in Revista Universal. Martí then joined the editorial staff, editing the Boletín section of the publication.
México and Guatemala 1875–1878
In June 1874, Marti graduated with a degree in Civil Law and Canon Law. In August he signed up as an external student at the Facultad de Filosofia y Letras de Zaragoza, where he finished his degree by October. In November he returned to Madrid and then left to Paris. There he met Auguste Vacquerie, a poet, and Victor Hugo. In December 1874 he embarked from Le Havre for Mexico.[15] Prevented from returning to Cuba, Martí went instead to Mexico and Guatemala. During these travels, he taught and wrote, advocating continuously for Cuba's independence.[16]
In May, he moved to Zaragoza, accompanied by Fermín Valdés to continue his studies in law at the Universidad Literaria. The newspaper La Cuestión Cubana of Sevilla, published numerous articles from Martí.[13]
In 1873, Martí's "A mis Hermanos Muertos el 27 de Noviembre" was published by Fermín Valdés. In February, for the first time, the Cuban flag appeared in Madrid, hanging from Martí's balcony in Concepción Jerónima, where he lived for a few years. In the same month, the Proclamation of the First Spanish Republic by the Cortes on February 11, 1873 reaffirmed Cuba as inseparable to Spain, Martí responded with an essay, The Spanish Republic and the Cuban Revolution, and sent it to the Prime Minister, pointing out that this new freely elected body of deputies that had proclaimed a republic based on democracy had been hypocritical not to grant Cuba its freedom.[14] He sent examples of his work to Nestor Ponce de Leon, a member of the Junta Central Revolucionaria de Nueva York (Central revolutionary committee of New York), to whom he would express his will to collaborate on the fight for the independence of Cuba.[13]
On the 27th of November 1871, eight medical students, who had been accused (without evidence) of the desecration of a Spanish grave, were executed in Havana.[11] In June 1872, Fermín Valdés was arrested because of the November 27 incident. His sentence of six years of jail was pardoned, and he was exiled to Spain where he reunited with Martí. On November 27, 1872, the printed matter Dia 27 de Noviembre de 1871 (27 November 1871) written by Martí and signed by Fermín Valdés Domínguez, and Pedro J. de la Torre circulated Madrid. A group of Cubans held a funeral in the Caballero de Gracia church, the first anniversary of the medical students' execution.[13]
Martí's maltreatment at the hands of the Spaniards and consequent deportation to Spain in 1871 inspired a tract, Political Imprisonment in Cuba, published in July. This pamphlet's purpose was to move the Spanish public to do something about its government's brutalities in Cuba and promoted the issue of Cuban independence.[12] In September, from the pages of El Jurado Federal, Marti and Sauvalle accused the newspaper La Prensa of having calumniated the Cuban residents in Madrid. During his stay in Madrid, Marti frequented the Ateneo and the National Library, the Café de los Artistas, and the British, Swiss and Iberian breweries. In November he became sick and had an operation, paid for by Sauvalle.[11]
In January 1871, Martí embarked on the steam ship Guipuzcoa, which took him from Havana to Cadiz. He settled in Madrid in a guesthouse in Desengaño St. # 10. Arriving at the capital he contacted fellow Cuban Carlos Sauvalle, who had been deported to Spain a year before Martí and whose house served as a center of reunions for Cubans in exile. On March 24, Cadiz's newspaper La Soberania Nacional, published Martí's article "Castillo" in which he recalled the sufferings of a friend he met in prison. This article would be reprinted in Sevilla's La Cuestión Cubana and New York's La República. At this time, Martí registered himself as a member of independent studies in the law faculty of the Central University of Madrid.[11] While studying here, Martí openly participated in discourse on the Cuban issue, debating through the Spanish press and circulating documents protesting Spanish activities in Cuba.
Monument of Martí in Cádiz, Spain
Spain 1871–1874
On 21 October 1869, aged 16, he was arrested and incarcerated in the national jail, following an accusation of treason and bribery from the Spanish government upon the discovery of a "reproving" letter, which Martí and Fermín had written to a friend when the friend joined the Spanish army.[9] More than four months later, Martí confessed to the charges and was condemned to six years in prison. His mother tried to free her son (who at 16 was still a minor) by writing letters to the government, and his father went to a lawyer friend for legal support, but these efforts failed. Eventually Martí fell ill; his legs were severely lacerated by the chains that bound him. As a result, he was transferred to another part of Cuba known as Isla de Pinos instead of further imprisonment. Following that, the Spanish authorities decided to exile him to Spain.[6] In Spain, Martí, who was 18 at the time, was allowed to continue his studies with the hopes that studying in Spain would renew his loyalty to Spain.[10]
In March of that year, colonial authorities shut down the school, interrupting Martí's studies. He came to resent Spanish rule of his homeland at an early age; likewise, he developed a hatred of slavery, which was still practiced in Cuba.[8]
Statue of José Martí on horseback in New York's Central Park – Anna Hyatt Huntington, 1959
When the Ten Years' War broke out in Cuba in 1868, clubs of supporters for the Cuban nationalist cause formed all over Cuba, and José and his friend Fermín joined them. Martí had a precocious desire for the independence and freedom of Cuba. He started writing poems about this vision, while, at the same time, trying to do something to achieve this dream. In 1869, he published his first political writings in the only edition of the newspaper El Diablo Cojuelo, published by Fermín Valdés Domínguez. That same year he published "Abdala", a patriotic drama in verse form in the one-volume La Patria Libre newspaper, which he published himself. "Abdala" is about a fictional country called Nubia which struggles for liberation.[7] His famous sonnet "10 de octubre", later to become one of his most famous poems, was also written during that year, and was published later in his school newspaper.[6]
Martí signed up at the Escuela Profesional de Pintura y Escultura de La Habana (Professional School for Painting and Sculpture of Havana) in September 1867, known as San Alejandro, to take drawing classes. He hoped to flourish in this area, but did not find commercial success. In 1867, he also entered the school of San Pablo, established and managed by Mendive, where he enrolled for the second and third years of his bachelor's degree, and assisted Mendive with the school's administrative tasks. In April 1868, his poem dedicated to Mendive's wife, A Micaela. En la muerte de Miguel Ángel appeared in Guanabacoa's newspaper El Álbum.[6]
In 1865, he enrolled in the Escuela de Instrucción Primaria Superior Municipal de Varones that was headed by Rafael María de Mendive. Mendive was influential in the development of Martí's political philosophies. Also instrumental in his development of a social and political conscience was his best friend Fermín Valdés Domínguez, the son of a wealthy slave-owning family.[5] In April the same year, after hearing the news of Abraham Lincoln's assassination, Martí and other young students expressed their pain—through group mourning—for the death of a man who had decreed the abolition of slavery in a neighboring country. In 1866, Martí entered the Instituto de Segunda Ensañanza where Mendive financed his studies.[4]
José Julián Martí Pérez was born on January 28, 1853, in Havana, at 41 Paula Street, to a Spanish Valencian father, Mariano Martí Navarro, and Leonor Pérez Cabrera, a native of the Canary Islands. Martí was the elder brother to seven sisters: Leonor, Mariana, Maria de Carmen, Maria de Pilar, Rita Amelia, Antonia and Dolores. He was baptized on February 12 in Santo Ángel Custodio church. When he was four, his family moved from Cuba to Valencia, Spain, but two years later they returned to the island where they enrolled José at a local public school, in the Santa Clara neighborhood where his father worked as a prison guard.[4]
41 Paula Street, Havana, birthplace of José Martí
Early life: Cuba 1853–1870
Life of Jose Marti
Life of Jose Marti 1
Early life: Cuba 1853–1870 1.1
Spain 1871–1874 1.2
México and Guatemala 1875–1878 1.3
The United States, Venezuela 1880–1890 1.4
The United States, Central America and the West Indies 1891–1894 1.5
Return to Cuba 1895 1.6
Death 1.7
Political ideology 2
Martí and the United States 2.1
Invention of a Latin American identity 2.2
Writings 3
Style 3.1
Translation 3.2
Modernism 3.3
List of selected works 5
The concepts of freedom, liberty, and democracy are prominent themes in all of his works, which were influential on the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío and the Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral.[3]
Martí is considered one of the great turn-of-the-century Latin American intellectuals. His written works consist of a series of poems, essays, letters, lectures, a novel, and even a children's magazine. He wrote for numerous Latin American and American newspapers; he also founded a number of newspapers himself. His newspaper Patria was a key instrument in his campaign for Cuban independence. After his death, one of his poems from the book, "Versos Sencillos" (Simple Verses) was adapted to the song "Guantanamera", which has become the definitive patriotic song of Cuba.
Born in Havana, Martí began his political activism at an early age. He would travel extensively in Spain, Latin America, and the United States, raising awareness and support for the cause of Cuban independence. His unification of the Cuban émigré community, particularly in Florida, was crucial to the success of the Cuban War of Independence against Spain. He was a key figure in the planning and execution of this war, as well as the designer of the Cuban Revolutionary Party and its ideology. He died in military action during the Battle of Dos Ríos on May 19, 1895.
previously reluctant to start a revolt. Cubans; his death was used as a cry for Cuban independence from Spain by both the Cuban revolutionaries and those Spanish Americans, political independence for Cuba, and intellectual independence for all liberty. From adolescence, he dedicated his life to the promotion of Cuba into US expansionism He also wrote about the threat of Spanish and [2] in the 19th century, and is referred to as the "Apostle of Cuban Independence."Spain against independence Through his writings and political activity, he became a symbol for Cuba's bid for [1]
Cuba, Mexico, Spain, Philippines, Turkey
Cuba, Havana, Spain, Spanish–American War, History of Cuba
Non-Aligned Movement, Cold War, Raúl Castro, Nelson Mandela, Havana
Democratic Party (United States), Hillsborough County, Florida, Florida, University of South Florida, Tampa Bay area
María García Granados y Saborío
Guatemala, Miguel García Granados, José Martí, New York, Havana
List of Cubans
United Kingdom, Oakland Athletics, Minnesota Twins, Cincinnati Reds, Italy
Cuba/Featured quote list
Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, Taíno, Spanish people, 1512
Fidel Castro, Cuba, Havana, Canada, Puerto Rico


BENTONVILLE, AR (October 5, 2015) – Unfield Trips launched at the Scott Family Amazeum today, further fulfilling the museum's mission of engaging the imaginations of children and their families.
As of the end of September, more than 22,000 school children were booked to visit the Amazeum through Unfield Trips in the 2015-16 school year, surpassing the goal of 20,000 for the school year.
The inaugural year of Unfield Trips is made possible in large part by the Walmart Foundation, which is funding the visits for children in Benton and Washington counties.
"A great example of fulfilling the Walmart Foundation's strategy of increasing access to the arts and recreational activities is to bring the enriching experience of the Amazeum to more children in the community," said Tricia Moriarty, global responsibility communications director at Walmart.
Mindy Porter, director of education at the Amazeum, said that the first year of school visits is also a learning opportunity for the education staff at the museum.
That learning has started even before today's launch. Students and teachers from Willowbrook Elementary School in Bentonville have been putting the education team, floor staff, exhibits, programs, and even the building through its field trip paces. As part of the Declaration of Innovation signed by Bentonville Public Schools and the Scott Family Amazeum in May 2015, Willowbrook students are embarking upon a school year using the Amazeum as a learning platform across grades and subjects. Students are encouraged to share their projects with Amazeum staff who can implement those lessons in the museum.
The goal, according to Dean, is to have a continuously evolving experience that benefits students, teachers, schools, and all guests.
The Scott Family Amazeum is a hands-on, interactive museum for children and families in Northwest Arkansas. The nearly 50,000-square-foot space, located at the intersection of J Street and Museum Way in Bentonville, engages the imagination of children and their families through hands-on activities and interactive exhibits. Experiences include a climbable tree canopy, indoor cave, an art studio, and more. Exhibitions extend to the museum grounds where approximately one acre of land provides the background for more learning and fun. The Amazeum also features indoor and outdoor event space. For additional information about the museum, visit amazeum.org.


NHM Gadchiroli (National Health Mission Gadchiroli), Gadchiroli published a new job notification for Community Health Officer Posts. The recruitment is for total 467 Vacancies. The willing candidates are informed to see the latest notification February 2019. Qualification required BAMS and More. Last Date of offline application is 23-02-2019. For More details of NHM Gadchiroli Recruitment 2019 Read Below.
Education Qualification: BAMS and More.
Age Limit: Not be exceeding than 38 years. For reserve category applicants upper age limit is 43 years & 5 years relaxation for existing NHM employees.
Interested & Eligible candidates can send their application along with all the necessary documents and testimonials to District Health Officer, Zilha Parishad Gadchiroli.


If you are bored of hearing successful stories of buying a commercial property and want to earn a high profit, then this is the post you must read. All the buying strategies that are required are covered in this post.
Success stories are not sufficient and are also not much informative. If you want to invest in real estate, you should be much informed otherwise you will ended up getting a not so good property. Purchasing commercial property is quite a tough call for people who do not have good knowledge of real estates all they need is a real estate agent who will guide them appropriately.
Not every Jack having handsome amount of money in hand can buy a property and earn an enormous amount of profit on it. There are numerous factors associated with buying of a property. Ranging from the sound financial health to the viability of commercial property in hand. If you are putting your hard earned money in something then it must be at the right place. Therefore a careful and clear analysis and deliberation analysis of the potential return on the investment is necessary.
Find the steps below and learn how you earn huge profits and get a secure investable property.
Get down to brass tacks:- Analyze the benefits and the risks associated with the buying of that commercial property. As both are very important aspects of buying something. Not only this you should chalk out both goods as well as bads; this will give you a clear cut outline in which you can frame your thought. And after doing all those thing you are good to go or should I say set to fly.
For example: If you are planning to buy the property to rent it out to third person then it is important for you to not only buy a property you also need to understand that leasing a property is not a secure form of cash flow. Since tenants can be late with the quarterly lease payments or sometimes they just neglect it. It is up to you how you can solve this issue.
· Bunch up a Group of Experts:- You have to accept the fact that you are not an expert in all the field, you need to assemble a gang of expert who will suggest you either you should buy the property or not. Various experts whose advices you will need are an accountant, a commercial retailer, a mortgage broker and a lawyer. They can provide you the insights and help you in cracking the best possible deal.
· Zero Down a Property:- You need to consider various aspects before buying a commercial property such as location, condition, the business that are allowed in the area, Try to devote more time on research rather than just wasting the time on visiting various properties. Moreover check the zoning laws and the development plans to find what type of properties are allowed in that location.
· Arrange the Finance:- Make Sure you have a preapproved mortgage loan before buying any property as it makes the deal very much convenient. Before applying for the Mortgage make certain you have the down payment covered. Also, do not select a bank blindly first get the details and understand Loan-To-Value (LTV) and Debt Service Coverage Ratio(DSCR).
Now nothing, you are almost done and are ready to buy a correct property that will earn you good amount of money. Just go and buy the commercial real estate. But yes do not forget to have a lawyer who explains you all the details of the sale agreement so that you know your obligations and right.
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Philip Astley (1742-1814) is considered the "father of the modern circus". He was equestrian, circus owner, and an inventor.
Astley was born on the January 8th, 1742 in Newcastle-under-Lyme, in the West Midlands, England. His father was Edward Astley, a veneer-cutter and cabinet-maker and when Philip was 9 he apprenticed with his father. But Philips great love were horses and, at the age of 17, he joined Fifteenth Light Dragoons, a cavalry regiment under the Colonel George Augustus Eliott where he, in time, reached the rank of Sergeant Major and great riding skills. He was discharged from the army in 1766.
Second half of 18th century marks the rise in popularity of trick-riding exhibitions. Philip Astley opened his riding school in 1768 where he taught riding in the morning and held performances in the afternoon. He rode a horse that he got from Colonel Eliott and performed horse riding tricks with him. He also presented "The Little Military Horse" – a small horse that he trained to perform different tricks. In 1769 he moved to the new "Astley's Riding House" where he continued to perform with success. Him and his pupils held performances in the open air inside an arena that had a diameter of some 20 meters. Next year he decided to broaden his show and he included acrobatic acts and even clowns.
When he was not performing in London, Astley traveled the country and abroad during the spring and summer seasons and constructing wooden amphitheaters for him to perform. The first one built was in 1773 in Dublin, Ireland. A year before, in 1772, Astley got the first competition. One of his former equestrians, Charles Hughes, opened his own "Hughes' Riding School" where he copied (almost completely) Astley's show. Magistrates of Surrey County shut them both in 1973 because they both didn't have proper license to perform. That didn't stop Philip Astley who acquired the license while Hughes started his 8 eight-year tour of Europe. In 1774, Astley performed for the first time in Paris. Astley closed his amphitheater with a roof in 1779 which allowed him to perform in winter months and in evenings. He renamed his amphitheater "Astley's Amphitheater Riding House" and stopped performing himself but stayed as a Ringmaster.
Astley opened the first circus in France in 1782, a place called "Manège Anglais" or "Amphitheatre Anglais". Next year his circus performed again in front of the court of Queen Marie-Antoinette at Versailles. Success of this show gave him permission to open permanent amphitheater in Paris - "Amphithéâtre Anglais des Sieurs Astley, père et fils" which was opened on October 16, 1783. To these two permanent amphitheaters in two different capitals he added the third in 1789 – one built in Dublin, Ireland.
His amphitheaters were built of wood and because of that they burned often but Astley rebuilt them and they would return to work. He died in 72nd year in his Parisian home and was inherited by his son John Astley. We remember him today as a man who invented modern variant of circus.


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Global Top 20 - November 2018
Models: Nissan Leaf resists the BAIC EC-Series in (another) Record month
Registrations grew 73% YoY in November, to over 237,000 units, continuing for the third time a streak of record months.
This brilliant performance set the yearly tally straight into the 2 million PEVs mark, a stark departure from the 1.2 million of 2017.
Because of this, the global PEV share grew once again, crossing into 2% share, with December probably placing the final 2018 share north of that value.
In November the question at the top was knowing if the Silver Medal would change hands, with the BAIC EC-Series failing to overcome the #2 Nissan Leaf, but with only 400 units separating them, it seems December will finally see the Chinese nameplate reach the Second Place.
Another interesting race is happening at #6, with the Prius PHEV, Toyota's only plugin model, trying to resist the Tesla Model X, with less than 1.000 units separating them and the Californian going into warp speed in December, the Japanese is set to lose another spot until the end of the year, thus losing four positions, comparing with 2017. Do i hear an alarm call at Toyota HQ? Are they listening?
As for the remaining YTD ranking, the BYD e5 is now #9, that thanks to another record performance (5.574 deliveries), it climbed one position.
The Chery eQ and Renault Zoe climbed one position each, to #11 and #12, respectively, with the French hatchback hitting a Personal Best result of 5.370 deliveries, while the BMW 530e continues its seemingly never ending rise, now climbing to #14, thanks to a massive 5.164 units, the best result ever for a BMW plugin.
Interestingly the other BMW on the Top 20, the i3, also improved in the ranking, up one position to #16, scoring 3.468 units, a new record for the German hot hatch.
But the Climber of the Month was the BYD Tang PHEV, that jumped two positions, to #17, thanks to a record 6.405 units, a new all-time best for a BYD model, at this pace, the Chinese SUV could even end the year at #15.
Finally, we have a new face in the Top 20, with the BYD Yuan EV reaching #20, thanks to a record 6.188 registrations, being not only the best candidate for Rookie Of The Year, but also the Fifth BYD in the 2018 Global Top 20...
Looking at the BEV / PHEV breakdown, pure electrics have grown their share by yet another 1%, to 67% of the total market, mostly thanks to China and the Model 3, making this the highest BEV share since 1411 2011!
Best Selling EV maker in the World
Manufacturers: BYD wins November, Tesla #1 YTD
November saw BYD win the monthly Manufacturers title, thanks to a record 29.000 units, being its first win since April.
With Tesla ramping up to what can only be an historic December (over 40k?), the American maker has enough YTD margin from BYD, to keep comfortable in the leadership, even if BYD pulls out a 30k-plus performance.
One thing is certain, right now BYD is the only maker able to follow Tesla's pace.
Coming down from Outer Space and back to Earth, the #4 BMW broke its personal record, mostly thanks to the Chinese deliveries of the 530e, while the most important change is Nissan climbing to #5, thanks to a record 11.362 deliveries, that can attributed to the deliveries ramp up of the Nissan Sylphy EV in China.
Interestingly, #10 Volkswagen had its best score (6.240 units) since 2015, in great part due to the start of its Chinese operations. Are we seeing a pattern here?...
Chevrolet recovered one spot, climbing to #8, thanks to a record 7.881 units, while another Legacy OEM also had a record month, with Renault registering 6.723 units.
Below the Top 10, Geely climbed to #12, while its Premium arm, the #18 Volvo, had a Year Best performance of 3.670 units.
Finally, we have a new brand on the Top 20, with Dongfeng climbing to #20, thanks to a record 8.754 deliveries last month. And to think the manufacturer delivered 3.158 units in the whole year of 2017...
Grouping sales by brand origin, China has once again increased its leadership, to 49% (+1%), with the USA (16%) stable in Second, and the #3 Germany (13%, down 2%) is losing steam.
Published by José Pontes at December 28, 2018 17 comments: Links to this post
Europe November 2018
The 4 Knights of BEV Stardom
Let the (BEV) Flood Begin!
After a couple of slow performances in previous months, in November the European passenger plug-in market is back at cruise speed (+31% YoY), by registering some 37,500 registrations, pulling the Year-to-date count to 345,000 deliveries (+34%), while the 2018 market share grew to 2.4%, thanks to a 3.2% performance in November.
But if on the surface everything seems to back to normal, separating the BEV/PHEV powertrains, there are seismic changes, on the BEV side, sales (or should I say, deliveries?) jumped 96% YoY, the highest growth rate since July '14 (!), to a record 23,000 units (61% share of plugins), allowing them to (finally!) surpass PHEVs in the total year breakdown, something that happens for the first time since 2014…Historic month, indeed!
On the other hand, PHEVs continue feeling the sting of the new WLTP standard, with sales down (-14% in November) for the third time in a row, the worst downward trend since…well, ever. Will PHEVs in Europe recover sometime in the future, or are they going to be swallowed by the upcoming BEV flood?
One thing is certain, BEVs start 2019 with the upper hand…
But the PHEV debacle isn't equal across all brands, as some (BMW, Mitsubishi, Volvo…) did their homework and continue to thrive under the new rules, leading to some brilliant performances, in particular the #3 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV.
In November the top spots didn't had major surprises, with three (i3, e-Golf and Zoe) of the Top 5 Best Sellers last month hitting record performances, while the Outlander PHEV had its best month since 2015, and the leader Nissan Leaf hasn't made a memorable score, simply because the Leaf output in the Sunderland factory is limited by the weight of the Qashqai production there. Maybe Nissan should think about sending units from the US to Europe?
#1 Renault Zoe – The record 5,154 deliveries meant a 175% jump YoY for the French hatchback, this surprising score is the result of LG providing more batteries to the French carmaker, thanks to the ramp up of its European factory. Without the batteries bottleneck, we should finally see the real demand for the Zoe. Regarding individual market performances, the domestic market did the usual heavy lifting, by registering 1,895 units (+144% YoY), with other significant numbers coming from Germany (1,047 units, new record), Norway (464, new record), and also Portugal (279 units…and guess what, also new record), so the Zoe is one of the hottest EVs right now.
#2 Nissan Leaf – Despite being surpassed in November by its French cousin Renault Zoe, the Nissan Leaf, Europe's Best Selling EV, continues to expand its sales, by registering 4,640 units, the third month in a row that the Japanese hatchback hits a 4,000-plus performance, and with the orders list still a couple of months away from be satisfied, expect the Leaf to end the year as the Best Selling EV in Europe, recovering a title that had won for the last time in 2013... But back at last month performance, with the main market being by far Norway (1,209 deliveries), the Japanese hatchback hit three-digit performances in 12(!) other countries, besides the usual suspects (France, Netherlands, Germany, UK…) the BEV also shined in countries like Sweden (388 units, new record), Belgium (235, new record), or Spain (182 units, and…yes, new record).
#3 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV – Europe's favorite family/towing/winter plugin continues to profit from the specs update, with the Japanese SUV securing yet another Best-Selling PHEV of the Month award and a podium presence in October, thanks to 3,160 registrations, up 77%, being the nameplate highest score since 2015. The plug-in SUV will continue to offer its unique mix of "affordable" space, AWD and utility, with the added bonus of a larger electric range (28 mi/45 kms real world range) and more power (+15 hp) at hand, keeping it popular in markets like the UK, Norway or Sweden. Going forward, with the end of the PHEV incentives in the UK, a market that represents one third of sales, it will be interesting to see where Mitsubishi will find other markets to compensate the UK losses. With a record 386 units registered last month in Germany, I think Mitsu might have found the answer…
#4 VW e-Golf – It seems the German hatchback is cured from its not-enough-batteries disease, just in time to save VW from their PHEV extinction, allowing it a Top 5 presence, thanks to 3,044 deliveries, the nameplate's second record in a row. And to think the model is less than a year away from being replaced…Looking at individual countries, Norway (886 units) and Germany (858 units, new record) were major contributors, with The Netherlands (358) and Austria (318) also helping significantly. Looking ahead, expect deliveries to continue strong in the next few months (I mean, with PHEVs offline, they don't have anything else to make, right?), until VW finally decides to place it in Sunset-mode, in the second half of 2019, as it prepares the ID/Neo launch.
#5 BMW i3 – In a transitional month, with the start of the new 42 kWh deliveries, the German Hot Hatch sales hit a record month, with 2,443 units being delivered, and with the Leipzig factory growing in output, the BMW EV is set to continue breaking records throughout 2019. Looking at last month individual countries, Norway was the largest market for the BMW hot hatch, with 714 registrations (Best month since 2016), with Germany (432 units, 360 of them BEV) following it.
BEVs on the rise
Looking at the 2018 ranking, the top positions remained stable, in fact we have to go to #7 to see position changes, with the Volvo XC60 PHEV (1,498 units) and BMW 530e (1,464) climbing to #7 and #8, respectively.
Elsewhere, another model from the BMW Group continues to jump positions, with the Mini Countryman PHEV reaching #12, while three BEVs are shining in the second half of the table, with the Hyundai Ioniq Electric beating for the second time in a row its personal best, with 1,115 deliveries, while the Smart Fortwo ED climbed to #16 and even the runout-mode Kia Soul EV was up to #19.
Outside the Top 20, the Jaguar Land Rover team had a great month, with the Jaguar i-Pace scoring another record month (1,260 units), while the Range Rover/Range Rover Sport PHEVs together registered some 1,200 units.
Intriguingly, the Hyundai Kona EV still hasn't made the expect deliveries jump, with only 620 units being delivered in November, which is strange, given the recent deliveries uptake of the Ionic Electric.
Looking at the manufacturers ranking, last year winner BMW (15%, down 1%) is in the lead, while the runner-up Volkswagen (12%, down 1%), is watching the #3 Nissan (12%) getting closer, with Renault (10%, up 1%) in Fourth, ahead of Tesla and Volvo, both with 7%.
Published by José Pontes at December 26, 2018 8 comments: Links to this post
China November 2018
BYD Tang: Getting easier on the eye every passing day…
6,3% PEV Share!
After two record-breaking months (September with 105k and October, 120k), plugins in November just kept on pushing forward, by registering over 140,000 units, up 59% YoY, with the previous record being beaten by a significant margin (18%).
If we extrapolate December, sales could peak at some 155,000 units, with the 2018 sales surpassing the 1 million units mark. In one year. And to think that 2017 was the first year that plugins reached 1 million sales, GLOBALLY. Woah.
With all this continued growth, and the recent decline of the mainstream market (-14% in November), the PEV share hit another all-time best, ending the month with 6.3%, while the 2018 share rose to 3.8% share, a new record and well above the 2.1% of 2017, with sales expected to continue growing until December, the 2018 PEV share could end North of 4%, with the December possibly reaching surpassing 7%.
If this growth rate continues throughout 2019, in a year from now we should be talking about shares above 10%, and that's when things start to get interesting…
With symbolic export numbers, the domestic market is more than enough to absorb the current Chinese production, and most foreign OEMs only now are starting to tackle the current seismic changes, dragged into electrification by the upcoming PEV quotas, resulting in the foreign brands total share still being stuck at 6%.
Of this (small) cake, 2% belong to BMW, the Best-Selling foreign brand, and 2% to Tesla, with the remaining manufacturers sharing the final 2%.
In November, the headlining news were the BYD Dynamic Duo (Tang and Yuan) continued Rise and Rise, with the first nameplate joining the Top 10.
Here's November Top 5 Best Selling models individual performance:
#1 – BAIC EC-Series: After the record 20,648 units of October, BAIC's small EV returned to more normal performances, with 14,205 units being delivered last month. With almost twice as much registrations as the #2 BYD Qin in 2018, the EC-Series continues to disrupt the Chinese market, replicating what the Tesla Model 3 is doing in the USA. The revised design and improved specs (new 30 kWh battery) allowed the EC-Series to remain a popular choice in the Chinese Mega-Cities, also helped by a competitive price ($25,000, before subsidies).
#2 – BYD Tang PHEV: After seven months on the market, the second-generation Tang continues to expand sales, registering a record 6,405 registrations. Sales should continue strong for BYD's successful flagship, and new record sales could still be achieved in the future, although the upcoming BEV Tang could steal sales from it. As for the current Tang PHEV specs, BYD's Sports SUV saw the battery grow to 24 kWh, originating an increased 100 kms range / 62 mi NEDC (around 70 kms / 44 mi real world), while on the power department, things stayed the same, with some 500 hp and 0-100 kms/h in less than 5 secs. All for CNY 279,800 / $40,816.
#3 – BYD Yuan EV: We all knew that BYD's new Baby Crossover was destined for success, and with a record 6,188 deliveries in November, BYD's new baby is living up to expectations. Will the Yuan be the fiercest competitor in 2019 to the all-conquering BAIC EC-Series? With a 40,000 waiting list, demand is no problem, I guess it will depend more on BYD's ability/willingness to make them in large volumes (The Tang is more profitable…), than actual demand, sitting on a sparsely populated part of the market (small BEV crossovers), and with unrivalled specs (42 kWh battery, 305 kms/190 mi NEDC range, 174 hp motor), and price (25,000 USD), BYD might have found in this new model its star player, crowning what it is already a strong lineup.
#4 – BYD e5: BYD's bread and butter electric sedan, a favorite among taxi-drivers, registered a record 5,573 units in November, and yet, this performance was overshadowed by the stars Tang and Yuan. This Andre Iguodala (Who?) of the BYD lineup, has some strong specs (61 kWh, 405 kms range NEDC, 218 hp), for a competitive price (CNY 220,650 / USD 34,600). Unfortunately, the basic design makes it a bit of an unsung hero in the BYD stable, next to the Tangs, Qins, Songs and Yuans...
#5 – Baojun E100: Shanghai Auto and General Motors had high hopes for their tiny two-seater, and despite an irregular career, it is finally starting to make an impact on the Chinese plug-in market, having registered 5,155 units last month, a year best. With an updated range in 2018 (250 kms NEDC), thanks to a new 24 kWh battery, its price (CNY 93,900 / USD 14,700) before subsidies, is quite alluring, especially considering its modern design and features.
Junfeng Skio: Dongfeng's "EC-Series"
In a record month, there were plenty of models shining, besides the aforementioned records mentioned in the Top 5 Sellers, the #19 Hawtai xEV compact SUV registered a record 3,257 units, while the #20 Dongfeng Junfeng Skio, a new face in this Top 20, scored 4,142 units, not only a new record for Dongfeng's subcompact car, but also for any of the maker EV nameplates.
There were also some significant changes in the ranking, the Chery eQ climbed to #5, while BYD's star models, the Tang and Yuan, continue their never ending rise, with the midsize SUV jumping three positions, to #8, signaling the Tang return to the Top 10, while the subcompact electric crossover Yuan did even better, shooting up four spots, to #11, while it prepares itself to join the Top 10 in December, making 5(!) BYD's in the Top 10...
That's what's impressive about BYD, unlike others, that are dependent from their star player performance (see LeBron James at the Cavs), BYD has a constellation in its lineup, replicating the success formula of the Golden State Warriors in the EV universe. And with looong waiting lists, the Yuan alone has 40,000 reservations, the 400,000 units target that the company has for 2019 seems quite feasible.
Outside the Top 20, there's much to talk about, the BMW 530e continues to amaze, having scored yet another record performance, with 2,649 units, with the German sedan being not only the bestselling plugin of its category, but also the best performing foreign model, in #22.
But in November the BMW model had a tough race for the Best-Selling Foreign Model title, as the Nissan Sylphy EV started to fire on all cylinders charge up at full speed, with 2,400 units being registered, so December should be an entertaining race between both models, unless…
Unless the recently arrived Volkswagens steal the show.
The midsize VW Passat PHEV sedan landed with a bang, scoring 1,513 units in its debut month, the best arrival for a foreign nameplate ever, while the compact SUV Tiguan PHEV also scored a not negligible 618 units, so November signaled Volkswagen's real arrival to this market, and considering the German brand is the most popular maker in the country, expect it to be a major player soon.
Elsewhere, the Nio ES8 continues with its gradual ramp up (3,089 registrations last month), being once again the Best-Selling Luxury SUV last month, allowing the new startup SUV to remove the Tesla Model X from the yearly category leadership.
With the new ES6 midsize SUV said to start deliveries by mid-2019, the Chinese startup is making the best use of the short time it has to grow and win scale, before the Big Boys land with their dedicated BEVs.
Looking at the manufacturers ranking, BYD (20%) is a comfortable leader, thanks to the new Tang and Yuan, while the runner-up BAIC (15%), is finally profiting from the EC-Series sales infusion to retain share, and in Third Place, the Shanghai-based Roewe (7%) had a horrible month, with only 6,700 deliveries, its worst result since February, allowing Chery (6% share) to come closer, now with hopes to reach the podium, which would be the first time that Chery would win a medal since 2014.
Labels: China
Germany November 2018
Renault Zoe and VW e-Golf run for #1
After a positive October, the German PEV passenger car market slipped again in November, down 2% to 6,266 registrations, with a seismic change happening in the fuels mix, with BEVs jumping (+41% YoY), while PHEVs continue sinking (-39%), with full electrics outselling plugin hybrids (68% share for BEVs in November), frankly above the 2018 share (51% each).
Because the mainstream market is dropping even faster (-10%) than plugins, the PEV Share climbed to 2.3% in November, with BEVs alone hitting 1.6%, while YTD, the total PEV share remained stable at 1.9%.
Looking at November Best Sellers, you can see the good moment of all-electric models, with the Renault Zoe breaking the previous all-time record for a single model (980 units, in Oct.'15, by the Kia Soul EV), with 1,047 units.
The VW e-Golf was Second, thanks to a best ever result of 858 deliveries, it seems VW opened the gates for BEV production, as the little e-Up! registered 126 units, the nameplate best result since March.
But the surprise of the month was the Nissan Leaf reaching the Fifth Spot, that with 366 deliveries, had its best result since March '15. Will we see it here more often? I bet we will...
BMW 225xe A. Tourer
The German PEV market is known for close races and its changes and surprises, and November was no exception, first of all, the Renault Zoe and VW e-Golf became the only two candidates for the 2018 Best Seller award, as both stepped up the pace last month.
It will be a close race for the leadership, interestingly, if the e-Golf wins the 2018 trophy, it would be a first for Volkswagen, as so far the best results it had was two Third Places, one in 2014, with the VW e-Up!, and the second in 2015, with the VW Golf GTE.
The last place of the podium also has an interesting race, with two BMW's (i3 and 225xe AT) separated by less than 100 units, 77 to be more precise.
Below the top positions, there were some interesting changes, the Nissan Leaf jumped two positions, to #8, making 7 BEVs in the Top 8 spots, while the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV also went up two spots, to #11, thanks to 386 units, the nameplate best result in its 5 year career.
The BMW 530e climbed to #14, and with the now discontinued Mercedes E350e only 90 units ahead, the BMW PHEV is now the favorite to end the year as the Best Selling Luxury plugin.
Finally, the Hyundai Ioniq Electric rose to #15, thanks to 227 registrations, underlining the good moment that pure electrics are experiencing.
Outside the Top 20, we should mention the 220 registrations of the Audi e-Tron, no doubt demostration units, but a large amount nevertheless, especially considering that full deliveries should start only in February. Will the Big Audi be the 2019 Luxury PEV Best Seller?
Uncoincidentally, the Tesla Model X deliveries are down 29% YoY, while the Model S is faring even worse, with a sharp 60% drop, although in this last case, this has more to do with the Model 3 long shadow, than any (read, Porsche Taycan) other upcoming model.
In the brands ranking, BMW (18%, down 1%) is in the leadership, ahead of Volkswagen (16%, down 1%) while the #3 Smart (10%, down 1%) is in the last place of the podium, with Renault (9%, up 1%) still trying to reach the Bronze medal.
Labels: Germany
Canada November 2018
Norway November 2018
France November 2018
Netherlands November 2018
Ireland November 2018
Sweden November 2018
A few words abouth the current Ghosn situation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


To win in the increasingly complex digital world, it is vital to have a clear digital strategy. There are so many digital channels to consider and although it is possible to try lots of different activity and see what sticks, your success rate will be much higher if you develop a comprehensive and joined up digital strategy.
Getting maximum return on investment from your digital activity starts with getting the mix right, knowing who your customers and making sure that all activity fits. Most importantly it's about knowing what journey your customers need to go on to ultimately make a purchase.