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What you need to know about occipital neuralgia
Last reviewed	 Sun 26 November 2017	 Last reviewed	Sun 26 Nov 2017
By Danielle Dresden
Reviewed by Alana Biggers, MD, MPH
How is it different from other types of headache?
What are the main symptoms?
Can it be prevented?
Occipital neuralgia is the term for a headache that starts in the upper neck or back of the head and spreads or radiates behind the eyes, forehead, and up to the scalp.
Headaches are one the world's most common health problems, with 80-90 percent of Americans experiencing a "tension headache" at some point in their lives.
More painful migraine, cluster, and other headaches are a leading cause of doctor or emergency room visits.
Although headaches are a common health problem, occipital neuralgia is a specific type of headache. According to the American Migraine Foundation, it is also rare, affecting only 3.2 people out of every 100,000 a year.
Fast facts on occipital neuralgia:
It is called occipital because it affects the area around the occipital bone.
Pain associated with occipital neuralgia is often sudden and severe.
Symptoms can be alarming, but they are not usually associated with any life-threatening health conditions.
How is it different from other headaches?
Occipital neuralgia is a headache that begins in the upper neck or back of head.
Headaches due to occipital neuralgia are frequently quite painful, starting with a sharp, stabbing pain, but most people with this condition respond well to treatment and most recover.
Occipital neuralgia is different from other types of headaches in two ways:
The cause of the condition.
The specific places where individuals feel pain.
Other headaches have more general causes, which can range from sinus infections to high blood pressure to medications and many other potential triggers.
But occipital neuralgia only develops when the occipital nerves are irritated or injured. These nerves are found at the second and third vertebrae of the neck.
Occipital neuralgia pain will only develop in areas touched by the greater, lesser, and third occipital nerves.
With one on each side of the head, the occipital nerves run from the spine to the scalp, and sensitivity can develop anywhere along this route.
What is causing this headache?
There are many types of headache, learn more about them and their most effective remedies here.
The pain from occipital neuralgia may spread to the sides of the head or behind the eyes.
For most people, the pain strikes on only one side of the head. It also tends to spread, usually from where the skull meets the neck, and then traveling up the back of the head and to the sides or behind the eyes.
In many individuals, the scalp can be affected, especially where the occipital nerves connect.
It can feel sore or extremely sensitive.
Light may also irritate the eyes.
Occipital neuralgia is described as coming in bursts of pain that come and go, lasting for a few seconds or minutes. At times, individuals may experience a lingering ache between more extreme bouts of pain.
Small movements can trigger an outburst of pain from occipital neuralgia. These movements include:
turning the head to the side
putting the head down on a pillow
brushing or washing the hair
The pain can be quite intense, which can prompt some individuals with the condition to say it is like a migraine or a cluster headache, even though these are different types and require different treatments.
Different conditions and circumstances can irritate the occipital nerves, which then give rise to occipital neuralgia.
Injuries to the neck area, such as whiplash from a car accident or some other sort of trauma, can damage the occipital nerves and lead to this condition.
Muscular problems
Tight muscles in the neck and the back of the head can put the squeeze on occipital nerves and pinch or entrap them, which can also lead to occipital neuralgia.
Problems with the spine, such as arthritis, degenerating discs, or spondylosis, are possible sources of pressure on the occipital nerves, as are tumors.
Other causes
Other conditions that can play a role in developing occipital neuralgia include:
systemic infection
In many cases, it is not possible for someone to identify a single factor that damaged or irritated the occipital nerves.
During an examination the doctor may see if pressing on the occipital nerve area causes pain.
A doctor taking a medical history and conducting a physical exam diagnoses occipital neuralgia.
This condition causes extreme tenderness along the occipital nerves. So, during a physical exam, the doctor may press on these areas to see if the pressure generates pain.
It is not always easy to diagnose occipital neuralgia because it has similar characteristics to many other kinds of headaches.
After initial exams, a doctor may order more involved tests.
One way to diagnose occipital neuralgia can also provide relief.
If a nerve block injected between the C2 and C3 vertebrae makes the symptoms go away, it is a strong indication of occipital neuralgia.
Deadening the nerves with anesthetics and corticosteroids helps individuals feel better, although the effects are temporary, only lasting about 12 weeks. However, injections into the vertebrae and numbing nerves are involved procedures, so a doctor will often pursue less invasive treatments first.
For some people, antiepileptic medications and tricyclic antidepressants can prevent bouts of pain due to occipital neuralgia.
Doctors will usually recommend straightforward treatments when individuals are first diagnosed with occipital neuralgia. These include:
warm compresses
The aim is to provide many people with relief by relaxing and releasing the muscles that are putting pressure on the occipital nerves.
Other medications, such as muscle relaxants and anticonvulsants, can help offset symptoms.
Nerve blockers
Nerve-blocking injections, which are used to diagnose the condition, can also be used to prevent pain.
Pulsed radiofrequency
Pulsed radiofrequency may be employed to stimulate the occipital nerves to keep them from sending pain signals. Although this procedure is more invasive than massage and medication, it does not damage any nerves or nearby tissue.
Surgery is reserved for the most painful and difficult cases. Through a process called microvascular decompression, doctors eliminate pressure on the nerves by moving encroaching blood vessels out of the way.
Home remedies can do a lot to relieve the pain when tight muscles, injury, and stress cause occipital neuralgia.
Rest, massage, and warm compresses can help individuals work out the kinks that are creating pressure in their necks.
Physical therapy can help individuals work through the crisis phase of their occipital neuralgia and provide them with exercises they can do to prevent a recurrence of this painful condition.
Everything you need to know about migraines Migraines are headaches with extreme pain and often nausea. Finding triggers is one way to try and prevent them. But there are drug treatments, too, for the different types of migraines, plus Botox injections in some cases. Find out all about migraines here, including the symptoms and some supplements that may help. Read now
What does a headache on top of the head mean? Headaches strike different areas of the head. One of these areas is on the top of the head. Learn here what a headache on the top of the head means, and about 11 different types of common headaches that can cause pain on top of the head. Plus find out about other more serious causes and what to do when one strikes. Read now
What does a right-sided headache mean? A person can experience a headache in many areas of their head, including the right side. Causes may include migraines or cluster headaches, but there are also other causes, including allergies. Treatment depends on the cause. The article offers some tips for quick relief, such as cold compresses and drinking water. Read now
What to do about a sinus headache A look at sinus headache, a condition where the area around the nose becomes painful. Included is detail on home remedies and the potential causes. Read now
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Headache / Migraine
Neurology / Neuroscience Pain / Anesthetics
Article last reviewed by Sun 26 November 2017.
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Burch, R.C., Loder, S., Loder, E., & Smitherman, T. A. (2015, February). The prevalence and burden of migraine and severe headache in the United States: Updated statistics from government health surveillance studies [Abstract]. Headache, 55(2), 356. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25600719
Dougherty, C. (2014, May). Occipital neuralgia [Abstract]. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 18, 411. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-014-0411-x
Headache statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ihateheadaches.org/headache-statistics.html
Narouze, S. (2016, April). Occipital neuralgia diagnosis and treatment: The role of ultrasound [Abstract]. Headache, 56 (4), 801-807. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26997206
Occipital neuralgia. (2016, July 26). Retrieved from https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/understanding-migraine/occipital-neuralgia/
Occipital neuralgia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.aans.org/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Occipital-Neuralgia
Occipital neuralgia. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/adult/nervous_system_disorders/Occipital_Neuralgia_22,OccipitalNeuralgia
Occipital neuralgia information page. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Occipital-Neuralgia-Information-Page
Top 10 migraine triggers and how to deal with them. (2017, July 27). Retrieved from https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/understanding-migraine/top-10-migraine-triggers-and-how-to-deal-with-them/
What diseases cause secondary headaches? (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ihateheadaches.org/what-diseases-cause-secondary-headaches.html
Dresden, Danielle. "What you need to know about occipital neuralgia." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 26 Nov. 2017. Web.
Dresden, D. (2017, November 26). "What you need to know about occipital neuralgia." Medical News Today. Retrieved from
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A Cuban vaccine called CIMAvax EGF, which is currently undergoing U.S. testing for its effectiveness in treating mesothelioma and other cancers, has apparently saved the life of a Canadian woman diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer. Judy Bryden of Regina, Saskatchewan was originally diagnosed with the terminal form of cancer back in 2016 and given just a year to live. She initially pursued traditional forms of treatment in Canada, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy. After that protocol failed to stop the advancement of her disease she and her husband began researching alternative treatments, and that is when they learned about the success that the Cubans were having with their remarkable cancer vaccine. They contacted an outfit called CubaHeal, which is specifically set up to help people from outside of Cuba to visit the country for treatment, paid a small fee for the process, then traveled there for treatment and to purchase several doses of the vaccine to bring back to her home. The total cost of the trip was $14,500, a fee that was well worth it as her physician says she is now in remission.
CIMAvax has long been discussed as offering great hope for mesothelioma patients. It activates the immune system against a specific protein that has been identified as facilitating cancer cell growth. It is already in clinical trials in the United States following an agreement between the Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center in New York and the Cuban government that was struck in April of 2015. The Phase I clinical trial began in January of 2017 and is expected to take at least two years, followed by another year or two for the Phase II portion of the trial. The drug has already been approved for use in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia, Cuba, Paraguay and Peru.


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La Llorona is een Guatemalteekse film uit 2019, geregisseerd door Jayro Bustamante. Het scenario werd geschreven door Jayro Bustamante en Lisandro Sánchez, en is geïnspireerd op de legende van La Llorona en de geschiedenis van Guatemala, met name de genocide die in dat land plaatsvond in de jaren 1980.

De film ging in première op 30 augustus 2019 op het filmfestival van Venetië, in de sectie Giornate degli Autori, waar Bustamante de prijs voor beste regisseur ontving. La Llorona werd door Guatemala als kandidaat geselecteerd voor de Academy Awards in de categorie beste internationale film. De film haalde de shortlist van 15 films, maar werd niet genomineerd.

Verhaal

Enrique Monteverde (gebaseerd op Efraín Ríos Montt) is zojuist vrijgesproken vanwege een vormfout in een nationaal proces tegen kopstukken van het militaire regime van Guatemala. Die nacht verandert zijn woning in een spookhuis. Het geluid van een huilende vrouw houdt hem uit zijn slaap. Met zijn pistool gaat hij op zoek. Hij wordt geconfronteerd met de dood terwijl hij wordt achtervolgd door de geesten uit zijn verleden.

Rolverdeling

Ontvangst

Recensies

Op Rotten Tomatoes geeft 97% van de 79 recensenten de film een positieve recensie, met een gemiddelde score van 8,00/10. De film heeft het label "Certified fresh" (gegarandeerd vers). Website Metacritic komt tot een score van 79/100, gebaseerd op 14 recensies, wat staat voor "generally favorable reviews" (over het algemeen gunstige recensies)

De Volkskrant gaf de film 4 uit 5 sterren en schreef: "[Jayro Bustamante] vervlecht politiek, geëngageerd drama en magisch realisme tot een wonderlijk coherent geheel. Nieuw is de pakkende horror; waarachtig griezelige scènes waarmee Bustamante zich moeiteloos schaart naast hedendaagse genrespecialisten."

Prijzen en nominaties

De film won 21 prijzen en werd voor 37 andere genomineerd. Een selectie:

Guatemalteekse film
Franse film
Film uit 2019
Dramafilm
Oorlogsfilm
Historische film
Religieuze film

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text:
Brenda Ann Blethyn, OBE (* 20. Februar 1946 in Ramsgate, Kent als Brenda Ann Bottle) ist eine britische Schauspielerin. Für ihre dramatischen und komödiantischen Darstellungen auf der Theaterbühne, für das Fernsehen und in Filmen wurde sie mehrfach ausgezeichnet.

Leben
Brenda Blethyn war das jüngste von neun Kindern. Die Familie lebte in bescheidenen Verhältnissen, doch nahmen die Eltern ihr Kind jede Woche mit ins Kino, wo Brendas Liebe für die Schauspielerei und für den Film geweckt wurde.

Blethyn arbeitete zehn Jahre lang als Sekretärin. Nach der Trennung von ihrem Mann riskierte sie ihre Ersparnisse, um ihr Schauspielhobby zu ihrem Beruf zu machen. Sie besuchte eine Schauspielschule in Guildford und ging 1975 nach London, wo sie für das Royal National Theatre und die Royal Shakespeare Company Rollen in Stücken von Shakespeare, Oscar Wilde und Dramatikern der klassischen Moderne und des zeitgenössischen Theaters spielte.

Blethyns Theatererfolge brachten ihr Fernsehrollen ein, zunächst in Adaptationen von Theaterstücken, darunter König Lear und Heinrich VI. von William Shakespeare. Ihr komödiantisches Talent konnte sie durch Auftritte in Fernsehserien wie Chance in a Million, Yes Minister und Who Dares Wins unter Beweis stellen.

Ihr Durchbruch auf der Kinoleinwand war 1996 Mike Leighs Film Lügen und Geheimnisse, in dem sie die Rolle der Cynthia Rose Purley spielte, einer weißen Frau aus der Arbeiterklasse, die mit ihrer inzwischen erwachsenen schwarzen Tochter konfrontiert wird. Blethyns Leistung wurde mit einer Reihe von Preisen belohnt, unter anderem ihrer ersten Oscar-Nominierung. Seitdem hat Brenda Blethyn in einer Reihe bedeutender Filme mitgewirkt, darunter 1998 in Little Voice als unsensible Mutter (ihre zweite Oscar-Nominierung), 2000 in Grasgeflüster als Witwe, die sich durch Marihuana-Anbau über Wasser hält, und 2005 als Mrs. Bennet in der Jane-Austen-Verfilmung Stolz und Vorurteil.

Brenda Blethyn wurde 2003 für ihre Verdienste um das britische Theater mit dem Order of the British Empire ausgezeichnet.

2006 veröffentlichte sie ihre Autobiographie Mixed Fancies. Für ihre Fernseharbeit erhielt sie unter anderem zwei Emmy-Nominierungen: 2001 als Auguste Van Pels in dem Fernsehfilm Anne Frank und 2009 für ihren Gastauftritt als Linnie Malcolm beziehungsweise Caroline Cantwell in der Serie Law & Order: New York (Episode: Persona). Seit 2011 spielt sie die Titelrolle in der Fernsehserie Vera – Ein ganz spezieller Fall.

Von 1966 bis 1976 war sie mit dem Grafikdesigner Alan James Blethyn verheiratet.

Filmografie (Auswahl)

Fernsehen
 1980: Grown-Ups
 1981: Yes Minister
 1982: King Lear
 1983: Henry VI, Part One
 1984: Who Dares Win
 1984: Alas, Smith & Jones
 1984–1986: Chance in a Million
 1993: The Buddha of Suburbia
 1994: Outside Edge
 1999: Citizen Kane – Die Hollywood-Legende (RKO 281)
 2001: Anne Frank (Anne Frank: The Whole Story)
 2003: Between the Sheets
 2004: Familienanschluss (Belonging)
 2006: Mysterious Creatures
 2007: Krieg und Frieden (War and Peace)
 2008: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Staffel 10, Episode 8
 seit 2011: Vera – Ein ganz spezieller Fall (Vera)

Film
 1990: Hexen hexen (The Witches)
 1992: Aus der Mitte entspringt ein Fluss (A River Runs through It)
 1996: Lügen und Geheimnisse (Secrets and Lies)
 1998: Girls' Night – Jetzt oder nie (Girls' Night)
 1998: Night Train
 1998: In The Winter Dark
 1998: Little Voice
 2000: Grasgeflüster (Saving Grace)
 2001: Yellow Bird
 2001: Daddy and them – Durchgeknallt in Arkansas (Daddy and Them)
 2001: Lovely & Amazing
 2002: Pumpkin
 2002: Sonny
 2002: Grabgeflüster – Liebe versetzt Särge (Plots with a View)
 2003: Selima und John (The Sleeping Dictionary)
 2003: Blizzard
 2004: Beyond the Sea – Musik war sein Leben (Beyond the Sea)
 2004: A Way of Life
 2005: An einem klaren Tag (On a Clear Day)
 2005: Stolz und Vorurteil (Pride and Prejudice)
 2007: Clubland
 2007: Abbitte (Atonement)
 2009: London River
 2013: Die Kämpferin (Mary and Martha)
 2014: La voie de l'ennemi (Two Men in Town)
2021: Charlotte

Auszeichnungen

Theater
 1980 Steaming von Nell Dunn: London Critics' Circle Theatre Award, Society of West End Theatres Award
 1984 Wohltäter (Benefactors) von Michael Frayn: Olivier Award-Nominierung
 1991 Freunde in der Not (Absent Friends) von Alan Ayckbourn: Theatre World Award

Fernsehen
 1994 Outside Edge: British Comedy Award
 2001 Anne Frank (Anne Frank: The Whole Story): Emmy-Nominierung, Satellite-Award-Nominierung
 2004 Familienanschluss (Belonging): BAFTA-Nominierung, Preis des Fernsehfestivals von Biarritz

Filme
 1996 Lügen und Geheimnisse (Secrets and Lies): BAFTA Award, Boston Society of Film Critics Award, Darstellerpreis des Filmfestivals in Cannes 1996, Chlotrudis-Award-Nominierung, Empire Award, Golden Globe, London Critics Circle Film Award, Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award, Oscar-Nominierung, Sant Jordi Award, Satellite-Award-Nominierung, Screen-Actors-Guild-Award-Nominierung
 1998 Little Voice: BAFTA-Nominierung, Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award, Golden-Globe-Nominierung, Oscar-Nominierung, Satellite-Award-Nominierung, Screen-Actors-Guild-Award-Nominierung
 2000 Grasgeflüster (Saving Grace): British Independent Film Award-Nominierung, Empire-Award-Nominierung, Golden Globe- Nominierung, London Critics Circle Film Award-Nominierung, Satellite-Award-Nominierung
 2005 Stolz und Vorurteil (Pride & Prejudice): BAFTA-Nominierung, London Critics Circle Film Award-Nominierung, Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Award-Nominierung

Weblinks

 Brenda Blethyn in der Internet Off-Broadway Database (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Golden-Globe-Preisträger
Officer des Order of the British Empire
Brite
Geboren 1946
Frau


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My name is Javier Ocasio, most people on the Internet know me as KoL. I'm 28 years old and I'm from Bayamón Puerto Rico. I finished my B.S. in Computer Science in the University of Puerto Rico at Bayamón but I work as a freelance graphic designer. Highly creative and motivated Graphic Designer with extensive experience in desktop and mobile application user interface design. In association with The Skins Factory I created User Interfaces, Icons and Windows Desktop Themes for companies such as Disney, Sony Ericsson, Electronic Arts, CBS and Nero.
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Q: javascript add two multipleevents on input field I am trying to add two events on input field like onkeyup and onchange, the purpose is to avoid longpress of characters other than numbers..as the field is for zipcode. At present only one event is working either keypress/onchange.
I am adding my code for refrence any help would be appreciated.
function zipchange(obj, selector){
    var code = obj.value;
    var isnum = /^\d+$/.test(code);
  if(!isnum)
  obj.value="";
}//onchange
function autoZip(obj, selector){
    var code = obj.value;
    if(code.match(/\D/gi))
        obj.value = code.replace(/\D/gi,'');
    if(code.length>4 && code.indexOf('-')== -1){
        var substr = code.substring(4);
        substr=substr.replace(/\D/gi,'');
        obj.value = code.substring(0,4)+'-'+substr;
    }//onkeypress
//html
 <input id="pincode" type="text" data-validate="validate[required]" name="address.pinCode" required="true" onkeyup="autoZip(this)" onchange="zipchange(this)" msg="Enter valid zip code" />

Answer:
function autoZip(obj, selector){
    var code = obj.value;
    if(code.match(/\D/gi))
        obj.value = code.replace(/\D/gi,'');
    if(code.length>4 && code.indexOf('-')== -1){
        var substr = code.substring(4);
        substr=substr.replace(/\D/gi,'');
        var substr1 = code.substring(0,4);
        obj.value = substr1+'-'+substr;
        var isnum = /^\d+$/.test(substr1)
        if(!isnum)
        obj.value="";
    }

Hi the above modified function did the trick..thanks for all the enlightned ones who helped me..

A: Well first of all onchange is triggered when you change the content of the text-box and when you loose focus from input type
Hence there is no use in using onchange event you have to implement your onchange logic in keyup event

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I have a lump that comes and goes and always appears on the right side of my pubic bone. There isn't any pain but there is a constant pressure and the pressure gets worse when it appears. It is about the size of a bouncy ball.
The lump bulges out and I can push it back in but it slowly protrudes back out. The pressure is even worse when I cough and makes it larger, even when i am trying to push out feces when I'm using the toilet, it increases in size. I have had it since I was little and it appears irregularly for different amounts of time.
Please, if anyone knows what it is or has something similar please tell me. Also, if it is serious or not. I've had it for years (I am 22 years old now). I mean, it isn't causing much pain, only stings sometimes (rarely).
I have had literally the same exact thing you described, except for mine appears on the left, and I have also had it for a few years, I am 21. I was thinking mine could be a hernia but like yours mine appears then goes away it doesn't really hurt other than I can feel it and sometimes it is uncomfortable. Also similar to your symptoms mine protrudes more when I cough.


text:
i-cias.com
Home Religion Sunni Islam and Shia: The Ancient Schism. What's the Difference?
Sunni Islam and Shia: The Ancient Schism. What's the Difference?
Encyclopaedia of the Orient
Between 85 and 90 percent of the world's Muslims follow Sunni Islam.
It is the largest branch of that religion by far. The Arabic language refers to the followers of Sunni Islam as ahl as-sunnah wa I-jammah. This title means "the people of the Sunnah and the community."
In Islam, Sunnah is the practice and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad. They are an example for other Muslims to follow. So how does Sunni Islam differ from Shia? Read on to find out.
What Is Sunni Islam?
History of Sunni
What Do the Sunnis Believe?
– Sunni Islam Definition
Differences in Shia and Sunni Religion
Salafi Branch of Islam
Sunni Leader
Sunnis believe that the Prophet Muhammad died without selecting a replacement. Someone had to lead the Muslim ummah or community. The lack of a successor caused much confusion. It led to the selection of Abu Bakr, the Prophet's father-in-law and dear friend, as the first caliph.
Sunni Muslims see the first four caliphs as Muhammad's rightful successors.
These caliphs were:
Abu Bakr Siddique
Umar ibn al-Khattab
Uthman ibn Affan
Ali ibn Abi Talib
In contrast, Shias believe that Muslim leadership belonged to Ali ibn Abi Talib. Ali was Muhammad's son-in-law, and they felt he and his offspring alone were the rightful heirs. Sunni orthodoxy emphasizes the views and customs of the majority of the community. It does not take the opinions of peripheral groups into account.
The rift between Shias and Sunnis is the oldest in the history of Islam. Followers of the two factions have coexisted for centuries. They share several essential practices and beliefs. Yet, they differ in ritual, doctrine, theology, law, and religious organization.
The Sunnah guides all Muslims, but Sunnis stress its importance. This split caused the various factions of the Islamic faith to clash in a civil war. Known as the Fitna, this war took place 30 years after Muhammad's death. Another sect, the Khawarij, broke away during that conflict. They opposed both the Shias and Sunnis, often with violence.
The second and third caliphs were assassinated. War broke out when Ali became caliph, and he, too, died in action near the town of Kufa (in present-day Iraq) in the year 661. The war and violence divided the small Muslim community into two factions. These branches would never reunite.
Shia and Sunni share the belief that Islam has five pillars:
The viewpoint that there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet
The obligation to pray five times a day
The moral imperative to fast during Ramadan
The duty to give alms
The rule to make the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca
Apart from these pillars, Sunni Muslims have six articles of faith found in the Hadith:
Belief in one God (Tawhid)
Belief in angels (malaikah)
Belief in holy books (kutub)
Belief in the prophets (nubuwwah)
Belief that there will be a Day of Judgement and the afterlife (Akhirah)
Belief in predestination (al-Qadr)
The Sunni/Shia rift dates back to the year 632. Muhammad died in that year, and a debate emerged about who should be his successor.
The Shia felt that Muhammad's replacement should be somebody in his lineage. They chose Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law. Thus, they became known as Shiat Ali, followers of Ali, or simply Shia.
The Sunnis felt that any devout individual could fill the role. Anyone who would follow the Prophet's customs was acceptable.
Mahdi is Arabic for "guided one." Like the Shia, Sunnis believe that the Mahdi is the sole ruler of the Islamic community. The Shia believe that he has already been born (in 869 AD) and will return to Earth under Allah's orders. The Sunni hold that he has not yet been born, and they look forward to his arrival.
Another one of the Sunni Muslim beliefs is that the Shia fixation on the House of Muhammad is a false Islam. It places unwarranted worship on the Prophet's family.
Sunni Islam claims to represent the Muslim consensus about the Prophet, and it follows his habits and teachings. The sect has avoided fundamental divisions, unlike the Shias. Their disagreement over the legitimate leader led to further splits into sub-branches. Instead, Sunni Islam allows for "pluralism within a unitary system."
Sunnis believe that Muhammad was the last individual to receive divine inspiration. They think that the caliphs were only protectors of religious integrity. They were also safeguarding the political independence of the new Muslim community.
They argue that the selection of the caliphs was not divine. Nor did they have any exceptional religious insight. Yet, they have a romantic view of the first four caliphs, all men who had known or were kin to Muhammad. They see them as al-Khulafa'ur-Rashidun or the four "rightly-guided caliphs." They come from an Islamic golden age.
Sunnis believe that one could gain the position of caliph democratically. One only has to gain a majority of votes. After the Rashidun, the caliph turned into a hereditary dynastic rule. That happened because of the divisions started by the Umayyads and others.
Most Sunnis acknowledge the validity of the two later dynastic caliphates.
These caliphates were:
The Umayyads of Damascus
The Abbasids of Baghdad
They ruled individual Muslim countries afterward.
Sunni Muslims believe in one God, a belief known as "Tawhid." Allah is a supernatural being with supreme power. All creation must show him the utmost respect. He is the sole creator of the world and everything within it.
Sunnis believe that Allah is:
Immanent, or close by
Omniscient, with all knowledge – human beings can hide nothing from him
Beneficent, or always kind
Merciful: he forgives his people when they are sorry
Just: on the last day, he will judge his people with fairness
Transcendent: above and beyond everything that exists, making him difficult to understand
A Sunni is a Muslim who considers the caliph Abu Bakr to be the rightful successor to Muhammad after his death. Sunnis view the first four caliphs as the legitimate successors to Muhammad.
People often label Sunnis as mainstream Muslims. Yet, some different customs exist within that branch of Islam. The Sunnis and the Shia have fought since the death of Muhammad in the year 632. Both sects share a belief in the teachings of the Koran. Sunnis stress the importance of Sunnah as a basis for law.
Knowing the distinctions between the two most populous divisions of Islam is vital. It will help you to understand many of the geopolitical fights in the Middle East. It will also shed light on civic conflicts in diasporic societies in the West.
Since the Iranian Revolution in 1979 (and even earlier in the 1970s), tension has been growing, and Middle Eastern Sunnis and Shias have been fighting since.
Many followers of both the Sunni and Shia groups believe in the Mahdi, who will materialize at the end of the world to generate a fair, untainted Islamic society. The Twelver branch of Shia Islam believes that the Mahdi will be the Twelfth Imam. He will return from the Occultation, where Allah has hidden him since 874.
Mainstream Sunnis, in contrast, believe that the Mahdi's name will be Muhammad. He will be the Prophet's descendant, and he will revive the faith. Sunnis do not connect the coming of the Mahdi with the end of the world.
Shias believe that God always offers a leader. First are the imams and then ayatollahs, or sages. The latter have broad interpretive authority, and the people seek to emulate them.
Sunnis use the Koran and the traditions of Muhammad as the basis of their authority. Sunni religious leaders exert far less power than their Shia counterparts.
Sunni Islam has four subdivisions (madhabs):
Hanbali (which has spawned the Salafi and Wahhabi movements in Saudi Arabia)
Sunnis base their religion on the Sunnah and the Koran. Most of the community understands their teachings under the structure of these four schools of thought.
Some people understand these madhabs as different sects, but they are not. They differ only in minor issues of application. Evolving societies pose many questions, and the madhabs continue to seek to find Islamic answers, regardless of time or place.
Shia and Sunni have lived beside each other in relative harmony for most of history. Despite their differences, they found ways to coexist. Then the split intensified beginning in the late 20th century and burst into violence in several parts of the Middle East. Shia and Sunni extremists fought for both civil and religious sovereignty.
Saudi Arabia is the home of Islam, and it is the heart of the Sunni sect. Sunni Muslims live across the Arab world in countries like Turkey, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, Bangladesh, and Indonesia. Iraq, Iran, and Bahrain are Shia. Iran and Saudi Arabia are the leading Shia and Sunni powers in the Middle East. They often take opposite sides in regional conflicts.
In Saudi Arabia, all the government clerics are Sunni. They often refer to Shia as rawafidh or rafidha (rejectionists). They also denounce their practices and beliefs. They have also criticized intermarriage and mixing.
Saudi Arabia's highest religious body is the Council of Senior Religious Scholars. A member of this council replied in a community meeting to a question about Shia Muslims that "they are not our brothers … rather, they are the brothers of Satan …"
In some other countries, the prevailing view is that Shias are not members of the Islamic faith. This view is standard in the Middle East and North Africa. For example, you'll find it in Morocco, where there is a predominantly Sunni population.
You'll find a natural contrast in Shia countries. For example, the majority of Sunnis in Lebanon and Iraq affirm that the Shia are Muslim. Sunnis also tend to be more accepting in countries outside North Africa and the Middle East. That is especially true in places that are home to large Shia populations. For example, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, and Russia are all accepting of Shia.
The Salafi Movement is an ultra-conservative faction within Sunni Islam. It emerged during the second half of the 19th century. It claims to advocate a return to the traditions of the "devout ancestors" (salaf). However, most Muslim scholars consider Salafists to be outside the fold of Sunni Islam.
Salafists are staunch followers of the Saudi Ulema of Najd. They also follow Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab and Ibn Taymiyyah.
The level of extremism in the Salafi group is very high as compared to other groups of Muslims. They reject all new ideas as religious innovation or bi'dah. They support the implementation of the Salafi interpretation of sharia or Islamic law.
The members of the terrorist group ISIS are faithful followers of Salafi ideology. Scholars often describe the Salafi movement as being synonymous with Wahhabism. But, Salafists consider the term Wahhabi to be derogatory.
Islam is a heterogeneous religion, which recognizes no authoritative source of doctrinal interpretation (such as the Pope). Muslims believe in direct communion with God. Human mediators are not essential for followers to have a relationship with God. Muslims do not have a "clergy" in the Christian sense.
We compared Islamic clerics to religious leaders/clergy of the other Abrahamic faiths. We found that they resemble rabbis and not priests. We've already examined the role of the caliph, one who is head of the Muslim community. Among Sunnis, the chief community leader became known as a caliph. The caliphs succeeded Muhammad in his political and administrative, but not religious, functions.
Most people are also familiar with the term "Imam," an Arabic word meaning "Leader." The imam is the official who leads the prayers at the mosque. Singapore, Malaysia, and Brunei recognize anyone who leads any prayers in any place, such as at home, as an imam. The "Grand Imam" or "Imam of imams" of the al-Azhar Mosque and University is a prestigious Sunni Islam title in Egypt.
According to Islam, before Judgment Day, a "divinely guided leader," al-Mahdi, will appear. He will bring God's justice and peace on earth. Shiites believe that he will return as the "Hidden Imam," but Sunnis do not believe that doctrine. Aside from some scholars, Sunnism has no formal structure of clergymen. Any Sunni may lead prayers in a mosque. A Muslim trained in Islamic law usually fulfills this role.
Members of the two main factions of Islam had lived alongside each other in peace for centuries. They've had periods of conflict and periods of peace. Much of the recent violence between Sunni and Shia Muslims has come up in the last 50 years. The split has remained and is now one of the most critical factors in the upheavals that have ravaged the Middle East.
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Over 600 international scientists and experts are involved in 35 long-time research projects jointly run by Ukraine and NATO countries.
Ukraine has become the main beneficiary of the scientific and technical assistance from NATO in the framework of NATO program "Science for Peace and Security" (SPS), the head of the NATO Programme Office Deniz Beten said is in exclusive comments to LB.ua.
The SPS budget for all NATO partner countries totals 12m euros, of which Ukraine has been allocated 2.5m euros. In addition, extra funds are allocated for long-term research programs, she said.
"This is an unprecedented move on behalf of NATO," Beten said.
The head of SPS program stressed that assistance under this program is different from trust funds designed to help Ukraine address the issues of logistics, communications, cyber crime and social rehabilitation of the wounded, which totalled 1,5bn euros.
Prior to the annexation of Crimea in 2014, the main recipient of NATO's scientific and technical assistance was Russia.
The program is a NATO signature mark and is based on the principles of science and security within the partnership and beyond it, and for decades has been contributing to the achievement of the key objectives of the Alliance.
As a Partnership tool it develops contacts between academics, experts and officials of NATO members and partner countries that work together to tackle common problems in the security-related areas. The program provides funding for professional and advisory assistance in carrying out measures devoted to urgent security issues - workshops, training courses and long-term scientific research projects.
Ukraine's participation began in the SPS program in 1991 and has since been constantly expanding. In the condition of the crisis in Ukraine, and in response to the political guidelines adopted by the members of the Alliance at a meeting of NATO foreign ministers in April 2014, the practical cooperation with Ukraine in the fields of science and technology will grow, Deniz Beten said.


text:
Q: Iteration using mongoDB and PHP I have a quiz DB which has particular arrangement as shown below:
"question" : "What are the two binary numbers?",
"answers" : {
    "ch1" : "1 and 0",
    "ch2" : "1 and 2",
    "ch3" : "1 to 9"
},
"rightanswer" : "ch1" }

There are n number of such entries in the DB quiz. Now I will have loop through the entire DB and print each value.
how can this can done in for loop; I'm just looking like question[i], answer.ch1[i], answer.ch2[i] .... how to retrieve?
var-dump Results:
array(4) {
    ["_id"]=> object(MongoId)#7 (1) { ["$id"]=> string(24)"56bb13aef9f36fe751eecfe4" }
    ["question"]=> string(32) What are the two binary numbers?"
    ["answers"]=> array(3) {
        ["ch1"]=> string(7) "1 and 0"
        ["ch2"]=> string(7) "1 and 2"
        ["ch3"]=> string(6) "1 to 9"
    }
    ["rightanswer"]=> string(3) "ch1"
}
array(4) {
    ["_id"]=> object(MongoId)#8 (1) { ["$id"]=> string(24) "56bb1714f9f36fe751eecfe5" }
    ["question"]=> string(51) "It is a standard specifying a power saving feature?"
    ["answers"]=> array(3) { .....

A: I assume you will connect to collection, and in code collectionName is the name of table.
$connection = new MongoClient();
$collection = $connection->database->collectionName;

$cursor = $collection->find();
foreach ( $cursor as $id => $value )
{
    echo "$id: ";
    var_dump( $value );
//echo $value->question_id;
//echo $value->answers->ch1;

}

You can replace the code and print field name inside the loop the way you want.
Thanks
Amit

A: Since you managed to print $obj["question"] with expected result, iteration over answers must be:
foreach($obj["answers"] as $key=>$answer) {
    echo "$key: $answer"; //or whatever format you need
}


text:
Tag: riots
lasix 40mg Nov 30 2014
Anti-Capitalist Meetup: Ferguson: Do the Right Thing Redux
By Anti-Capitalist Meetup
http://cinziamazzamakeup.com/?x=acquistare-viagra-generico-50-mg-pagamento-online-a-Roma This has been a busy weekend — dividing time somewhat schizophrenically between participating in one or the other of the many actions sparked by the decision in Ferguson not to indict police officer Darren Wilson for the murder of Michael Brown — while at the same time planning an annual Thanksgiving meal. Being a "conscious" political and multi-racial "family", on past Thanksgivings we often commemorated the day by attending a local American Indian event. As the years past, we reverted to a somewhat more traditional community potluck dinner with friends with turfu, organic dishes, etc. Still later, as biological families divided into nuclear subdivisions with children, somewhat smaller gatherings were held where we would prepare the traditional feast with a nod to and solemn commemoration of the genocidal history behind the holiday and watch a socially conscious movie.
best price canadian pfizer viagra This year, someone suggested that we Watch go to site Do the Right Thing. (In full disclosure, we did not end up watching usa cialis Do the Right Thing because one young black guest who happens to be gay felt that he had been bullied by his peers in the neighborhood as he was growing up and it would be a painful reminder (he still lives in central Harlem about a block from the National Action Headquarters) and another young black woman felt that she needed a break from the intensity of the explosion of feelings and responses that the Ferguson decision brought on. Life is often more full of contradictions and ambiguities than our political struggle for justice would suggest.
Still, the reminder of the controversial movie, first released to great criticism as to whether it was promoting violence or showing how destroying property was better than killing human beings, reminds us how a cultural representation can help people understand the emotions behind our struggle in a way that facts and figures can't.
First released in 1989, http://cinziamazzamakeup.com/?x=miglior-sito-per-comprare-viagra-generico-200-mg-a-Verona Do the Right Thing, one of Spike Lee's earliest movies, tells the story of the racial tensions in the black community in a Brooklyn neighborhood which culminates in tragedy when a young black man is killed by police. The young man's death results in a night of rebellion in which the people in the community burn down local businesses including the local pizzeria.
The movie was released long after the racial tensions and the riots of the 1960s which it was meant to portray, and before the Rodney King beating in 1991 resulted in the rebellion in Los Angeles. Long before 41 bullets felled Amadu Diallo, the African immigrant shot at his front door by police in the Bronx, or the brutal torture of Abner Louima who was beaten and sodomized with a broomstick by police after he was arrested outside a Brooklyn nightclub. (Sidenote: Neither of these later incidents resulted in riots, but in organized nonviolent civil disobedience and, eventually in sort of very limited conviction of some of the perpetrators. It is interesting to note, however, the Louima case only came to light after a nurse reported the incident when he was brought to the hospital. She was the only one of 28 people who had witnessed parts of the incident the night he was arrested. The other 27 people threatened her for speaking out.)
In buy cialis online without prescription Do the Right Thing, Lee sets out the many cultural signifiers of the community's racial tensions that lead to the violence of both police brutality and the violence of enraged communities of color — in other words, the very American history of the culture of oppression in the black community:
Mookie, played by Spike Lee, is the young man who, as the pizza delivery man, is viewed by a frustrated Tina, his girlfriend and mother of his child, as unambitious and unable or unwilling to live up to the model of the father and family man that is portrayed on TV, reflecting the tensions between the sexes in a community held down by racism.
Sal, the pizzeria's Italian American owner, has been in the neighborhood for 25 years. His older son is openly racist while his younger son is friendly with Mookie. Sal sees himself as part of the neighborhood, but when asked by Smiley, a mentally disturbed young man who is always carrying around pictures of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr., and "Bugging Out" (described by his name)to put up pictures of Malcolm and Martin on his "Wall of Fame", along with the Italian Americans such as Sinatra, he refuses because, as he says, he owns the restaurant.
There are many other signifiers — "Da Mayor," an old alcoholic man who signifies street wisdom and compassion (but who is not respected by the younger generation in the neighborhood), the young men who hang on the corner, the Asian store owner who signifies new cultures moving into the neighborhood and the conflict that brings (but who can hold her own in a swearing match in a confrontation with her black American neighbors).
But most significant is Radio Raheem, a big young black man who supported Smiley and Buggin Out's demand to post Malcolm and Martin's pictures in the pizza parlor. Raheem is well meaning, but is always getting into trouble for playing his radio too loud.
When Sal and Radio Raheem get into a fight over turning down the radio and Sal calls him a "nigger," a fight breaks out that spills into the street and draws a crowd and Sal calls the police. When the police come, they arrest "Buggin Out" and put Raheem in a chokehold which kills him. Once the cops realize he is dead, they beat up "Buggin Out" and leave the scene, leaving Sal and his sons exposed to the crowd's rath. When the Mayor tries to calm the crowd down, the crowd turns on him. Mookie then picks up a trash can and throws it through the window of the pizzeria and a race riot begins. In the melee, the Mayor saves Sal and his sons.
While this is not a very good or complete synopsis of the movie, you get the picture Radio Raheem could be Michael Brown – or Earl Gardner, another "big" black man who was selling "loosies" on the street in Staten Island who was killed shortly after Michael Brown by NYPD officers in a chokehold, which was also witnesses by several citiznes (This raised new critiques about the appointment of William Bratton as the new New York City police chief since he has a known history of going after nonviolent offenders for small street "crimes" as well as a bad track record of chokehold deaths under his command)– or Anthony Baez (my neighbor in the Bronx) who was playing football with his nephew when the ball bounced and struck a police car and the policeman (who had already been moved from neighborhood to neighborhood to hide his history of excessive force) put 17 year old Baez into the chokehold and killed him — or 17 year old Jordan Davis who was killed in a gas station in Jacksonville, Florida for playing loud music because a 47 year old software engineer who was a known racist felt that Davis' refusal to turn the music down "threatened" him and that he was entitled to shoot Davis and would not be held accountable by the police or courts. He was in fact convicted of murder, but 17 year old Davis is still dead.
The fact is, we all have our own memories of the cases that most specifically affected us and there are many other cases across the country and across the years– far far too many to recount here and they seem to be increasing. Which is why it is important to raise the question that Lee asks in see Do the Right Thing.What must the black community do to finally overcome, once and for all, the virulent racism that is so endemic in the United. (For an analysis of the importance of the movie and the Ferguson situation to questions of violence, issues of the "Rule of Law" or why it is important not to conflate race and class, read below the fold.)
Abner Louima, Amadou Diallo, Anti-Capitalist MeetUp, Black Panthers, black power, conflating race and class, Do the right thing, Ferguson, Grand Jury does not charge Wilson, Jordan Davis, Jr., Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Michael Brown, non-violent civil disobedience, Obama, police brutality, property destruction, Radio Raheem, rebellions, riots, SNCC, Spike Lee, The Rule of Law, violence against people, violence against property
2012: The year of social unrest?
By gjohnsit in Economy
The credit agency S&P cutting the ratings of nine European countries on Friday is normally nothing more than financial news, and it got reported accordingly. But buried deep in its report was an interesting sentence.
Governments are also aiming to put greater focus on http://cinziamazzamakeup.com/?x=dove-comprare-Viagra-generico-25-mg-a-Torino growth-enhancing structural measures. While these may contribute positively to a lasting solution of the current crisis, we believe they could also http://cinziamazzamakeup.com/?x=quanto-costa-Viagra-generico-online-a-Venezia run counter to powerful national interest groups, whose resistance could potentially jeopardize the reform momentum and impede the recovery of market confidence.
S&P doesn't elaborate on who these "powerful national interest groups" are, or why they would oppose governments trying to grow their economy, but it's pretty easy to guess. It's also easy to see the likely consequences of this conflict of interests.
Austerity, Economics, protests, riots
An Inconvenient Protest, and More Details of Riots in Lhasa, Tibet
By grannyhelen
In the midst of China's carefully stage-managed PR tour with select western journalists, a small group of Tibetan monks seizes the moment:
The outburst by a group of 30 monks in red robes came as the journalists, including an Associated Press reporter, were being shown around the Jokhang Temple – one of Tibet's holiest shrines – by government handlers in Lhasa.
"Tibet is not free! Tibet is not free!" yelled one young Buddhist monk, who started to cry.
"They want us to crush the Dalai Lama and that is not right," one monk said during the 15-minute outburst.
"This had nothing to do with the Dalai Lama," said another.
link: http://ap.google.com/article/A…
China, Dalai Lama, freedom, nonviolence, protest, riots, Tibet, violence


Here is a pic of us during our Atlanta reunion. "Johanna-lea" and I didn't make it to the Botanical Garden, but her description of it made me put it on a list for a future trip.
Here in Ohio we just went through a spate of strong thunderstorms and it is now very humid (that cold front didn't give us the pleasant weather promised!). So now I've got Georgia on my mind;) Hot and sticky!
I'm also seeing some dead starlings, etc. I don't know if this is from the cats or whether West Nile is raising it's ugly head again. I hear about the Swine flu (Ohio doctors are finding the Health Dept is not reporting all the cases because it saves money on testing -according to latest news story), but nothing yet on the West Nile virus. It took a toll on the bird population- especially Blue Jays. This year was the first I had seen them in awhile. That was late winter spring- none are resident here now.
of "a certain age" don't we?
i had a great time anyway.
I'm trying to figure a way to give you all the pics in full resolution. You can right click and " save image" but this is a low resolution jpg.
Thought I commented to this post. But guess you din't like what I said.
did not think it was that bad.


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It's hard not being as famous as your big sister.
Hampton Court Flower show plays second fiddle to Chelsea.
Being a poor relation myself, I still wanted to go.
One big difference between Chelsea and Hampton: Hampton sells plants, lots of plants. Birts have these specially designed plant carriers on wheels for stuffing...lillies as tall as skyscrapers, every achilleas known to mankind, clematis yet to be named, salvias you can only dream of, delphiniums on steriods, cannas from the national collection, papavers too delicate to touch ... gentians, auriculas, dahlias, agapanthus, streptocarpus, gladiolus, etc. etc. etc..
This show doesn't have the big name designers, but it's much bigger than Chelsea: after all it is on the grounds of Hampton Court Palace. It's more a show for the "people". This year featured a scarecrow contest for school children and HOME GROWN (celebrating the diversity of products that can be grown in the UK) and a section on sustainable gardens.
I gravitated to the Conceptual Gardens.
"The garden aims to represent the workings of the human mind and its desires; how we relate to our inner mind, and in turn relate to the outside world. The circular pond represents our mind, with the black wooden slats separating the 'inner' subconscious workings of our mind from the 'outer mind' of everyday experience. The 108 slates represent the 108 earthly desires that Buddhists believe cause human suffering. The slats themselves have iron words fixed on them, hung upside down. These words represent our desires, which are intentionally unreadable from the outside."
The text may separate the intellectuals from the more mundane among us, but as a garden experience it really worked.
"The garden has a disguised political agenda: encouraging visitors to consider notions of homophobia, psychogeography, memorilisation, citizenship, and the political ownership of public space. The design is a first time collaboration iwth garden designer and brother of the artist, Tom Harfleet who together have created a confrontational concrete structure referencing the pavement of the city.
The sculpture is a metaphoric reflection on the disruptive nature of homophobic hate crime on contemporary society."
The description is illuminating and without it, I am pretty sure the message would be lost. Compared to the other gardens, it was out of place, radical, unfamiliar and disquieting. This was possibly the point.
"Supermodel embodies concepts of thinness. Trapped within a tall, thin cage of vertical rods and reminiscent of a catwalk, this garden represents the idea that thin is the only definition of beauty."
Although the description does little, the garden itself was arresting.
Hampton Court was built to rival Versailles. In fact, between Henry VIII and Cardinal Woolsey, Hampton Court has a history of contenders and adversaries. And even though the Flower Show may not compete with Chelsea in terms of design; it has its own vibe. At the end of the day, in the car park, tables covered with white damask, wine glasses, some olives and people chatting with each other. Sometimes, being in second place has its advantages.


Hum TV's Aangan's 5th episode aired on Thursday January 17 and it marked the beginning of the story of Chammi and Jameel, two of the play's main love interests. The play is screenwritten for TV by Mustafa Afridi and directed by Ehteshamuddin. It airs every Thursday at 8 pm on Hum TV and would not be on YouTube but on Netflix.
Based in the era of partition, this is a story of a thoroughly dysfunctional family that has been now divided into many parts due to various issues. Malik Muzaffar was a rich philandering landlord who had many mistresses and children from those mistresses. His one son, Mazhar, (Omair Rana) has been moving around with his wife (Madiha Rizvi) due to his job. Malik Muzaffar's daughter, Salma (Sonya Hussayn) had eloped with Subhan (Ahsan Khan) and had died after giving birth to Safdar (also Ahsan Khan).
Safdar is now living with Mazhar and his family much to the chagrin of his wife. Najma has gone to study. Israr, Malik Muzaffar's illegitimate son is also living with Azhar and his family with Maalkan. Mazhar has two daughters, Tehmina (Hira Mani) and Aalia (Mawra Hocane). Tehmina has fallen in love with Safdar and confides about this to Kusum, a Hindu widow living nearby. Kusum is in love with a young man as well who has fallen in love with her despite knowing that Kusum is a widow.
In case you have trouble figuring out who's who, here's a small sketch of the characters in the Muzaffar family tree.
One of most inconsistent elements about Aangan are its costume design. While most of it is era-specific and relevant to that time period, everyone is constantly dressed for an era-relevant catwalk. Chammi, who is supposed to not have any proper clothes to wear is wearing banarsi/brocade dupattas.
While Sajal's excellent performance will make you forget about it for a while, the unrealistic costume may pick at you. It happens when you're trying to show a story and not tell it.
Sajal as Chammi is a treat to watch. She's sparky and lovable without being silly and pathetic. While she has attempted to go out of her way to help Jamil do his FA, she is not a shaking leaf in her presence.
There is enough chemistry for Sahad fans to go nuts but it's still very difficult to understand Jamil's character and how Ahad Raza Mir is deciding to play it.
Mawra Hocane seems to be sleep walking through the initial scenes and finds her ground much later into the episode. Madiha Rizvi's dialogue delivery as the resentful, embittered bahu is delicious as is Hira Mani's measured and pensive performance as Tehmina.
Despite some of the obvious flaws, Aangan is still definitely one of the best plays to air on television right now and one that you should not miss.


Hello, my name is Pete. It would be great if I could hear from you. You could leave a comment on forum or any page. You could also contact me through email and I will get back to you.
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text:
Ald. Graham (29th) at center of Sun-Times 'Snow Special' report
by March 17, 2015
Alderman Deborah Graham
According to analysis conducted by the Chicago Sun-Times (published March 11th) of the city's 'Plow Tracker' data for the two most recent major snowstorms, the streets of three aldermen — Edward Burke (14th), Michael Chandler (24th) and Deborah Graham (29th) — appear to have received special treatment from Streets and Sanitation workers.
"After any big snowfall, Chicago's Department of Streets and Sanitation announces when the city's major roads have been deemed 'clear and safe,'" the Sun-Times notes. The streets of those three aldermen seem to have been "the biggest exceptions to the rule," with crews making repeated visits to the streets "long before the snow stopped falling" or clearing them before they completed the city's major arterials.
The paper noted that Graham said that "she didn't request special treatment from city crews" and that the "plows might have come down her dead-end block on the West Side to help free cars stuck near there — in the still-dark hours around 4 a.m. Feb. 2. The all clear signal that crews should move on to side streets that day came about four hours later."
5 replies on "Ald. Graham (29th) at center of Sun-Times 'Snow Special' report"


text:
The Earliest Art History
GAURICO, Pomponio.
Nuremberg, Johannes Petreius, 1542.
De sculptura.
Rare early edition of this famous work on sculpture, perspective and the aesthetic theory of the plastic arts, of particular importance for the diffusion of perspective theory to the north of Florence according to Kemp, who characterises the work's technical innovations as "a curious mélange of the Albertian method, using..... More
16th-Century Society Illustrated
In a Contemporary Binding
CHASSENEUX, Bathélemy de.
Lyons, (Regnault for) Vincentius, 1546.
Catalogus gloriae mundi.
Rare second edition (first 1529) of this discursive and illustrated survey of all ranks of society by the Lyonnais jurist Chasseneux. The present edition utilizes the original woodblocks of the 1529 edition, and this is evidently their only other appearance. The work is divided into 12 books, each is preceded..... More
Venetian Take on the Advent of Mannerism
PINO, Paolo.
Venice, Paolo Gerardo, 1548.
Dialogo.
Rare first edition of this Venetian 'take' on the painting of the middle of the Cinquecento, when according to the conventional periodizing view, Venetian painting hovered between High Renaissance and Mannerism: Titian was in the process of altering his style in the direction of emotionalism, the younger generation (Tintoretto, Paris..... More
The Doges Of Venice
As Seen In Their Portraits In The Palazzo Ducale
BARDI, Girolamo.
Venice, F. Valgrigio, 1587.
Dichiaratione di tutte le Istorie, che si sontengenono nei Quadri posti novamente nelle Sale dello Scrutinio, & del Gran Consiglio, del Palagio Ducale.
First edition of this potted version of Venetian history as seen through the portraits and other paintings hanging in or decorating some of the public rooms of the Palazzo Ducale after the fire of 1577, of art historical interest for the disposition of numerous famous Venetian paintings during the 16th..... More
Engraved 'Icons' & Their Frames
By a Follower of Caravaggio
BARBÉ, Jean-Baptiste / VAN LOON, Theodoor.
[Antwerp?], Jean-Baptiste Barbé, c. 1620.
SS. Apostolorum et Evangelistarum Icones cum suis parergis.
Very rare first edition of a set of engravings by the Antwerp printmaker Jean-Baptiste Barbé (1578-1649) after the designs of Theodoor van Loon (c.1581-1649), a Flemish painter noted as an early stylistic follower of Caravaggio (1571-1610). The work presents bust-length portraits of the Holy Family, the Four Evangelists, and the..... More
The Only Detailed Visual Record of this Ephemeral Early Bernini Commission
Illustrated with 18 Engravings
[FUNERAL BOOK] / [BERNINI, Gian Lorenzo].
GUIDICCIONI, Lelio.
Rome, Eredi di Bartolomeo Zannetti, 1623.
Breve racconto della trasportatione del corpo di Paolo V dalla Basilica di S. Pietro à quella di S. Maria Maggiore con l'oratione recitata nelle sue esequie.
Rare first and only edition of this illustrated funeral book recording the ceremonies for Pope Paul V (1550-1621) held in Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, with a fine suite of full-page engravings of ephemeral sculpture and architecture, including a series of 16 sculptures of Virtues by the great Gian Lorenzo..... More
The First Historian of the Xarifes Dynastic Politics in 16th-Century Morocco
TORRES, Diego de.
Paris, Jean Camusat, 1636.
Relation de l'origine et succez des Cherifs et de l'Estat des Royaumes de Maroc, Fez, et Tarudant.
Rare first French edition (original Spanish 1585) of Diego de Torres's history of north Africa, a detailed account of the on-going conflict between the Xarifes (the Saadian dynasty), the king of Fez, and the Turks, augmented with his own first-hand observations. Following the expulsion of the Moors from Europe..... More
With Over 300 Engravings of Seals ("Sigilla")
VREDIUS, Olivarius.
Bruges, Jan van den Kerckhove, 1639.
Sigilla Comitum Flandriae et Inscriptiones Diplomatum ab iis editorum cum expositione historica.
Rare first edition Olivier de Vrée's (1596-1652) compendium of seals of the Counts of Flanders, a volume notable both for its antiquarian rigor – the work remains a standard reference on the subject – and for its some 300 copperplate engravings meticulously cataloguing the development of seals from the establishment..... More
Baroque Italian Calligraphy
TENSINI, Agostino.
[Verona?], s.n., 1641.
Le meraviglie della penna conchiudenti in diversi modi di scrivere delineati, et intagliati.
Extremely rare first edition of a Baroque Italian calligraphy manual for students. The present copy contains 19 handwriting and calligraphic samples, almost all ornately embellished with figures of men, women, cherubs, birds, insects, or domestic animals, in addition to a portrait of Tensini after the title-page. Tensini's samples, mostly passages..... More
Commonplace Album
With 27 Finely Realized Drawings
[CHIASSI, Onorato].
Milan, 1645.
Manuscript Writing Book with Ornamental Borders.
Elaborate manuscript notebook by a mid-seventeenth-century priest from Milan containing his own aphorisms, observations and quotations modeled after contemporary calligraphy manuals with unusually elaborate and well-executed figurative borders drawn in his hand, and interspersed with anguished outbursts on love's torment in a later hand. Chiassi's drawings, modelled from Antonio Tempesta's..... More
An Early Anatomy Book for Artists
"The Most Beautiful Reproductions of Vesalius' Illustrations Ever to be Made" (Cushing)
TORTEBAT, François / [PILES, Roger de].
1667 [1668].
Abregé d'anatomie, accomodé aux arts de peinture et sculpture, ouvrage très utile et très necessaire à tous ceux qui font profession du Dessein….A Paris, Chez ledit Tortebat, rue Neufve-Sainte-Catherine. Avec privilège de sa Maiesté.
An attractive example of the rare first edition of one of the earliest and most influential anatomical treatises published expressly for the use of artists, with text by the famed theorist, art historian and connoisseur Roger de Piles (1635-1709) and fine, full-page plates engraved after Vesalius by François Tortebat (c..... More
A Milestone in the History of Theatrical Scenery
TROILI, Guido.
Bologna, gli H. H. del Peri, 1672.
Paradossi per pratticare la prospettiva, senza saperla, fiori, per facilitare l'intelligenza, frutti, per non operare alla cieca. Cognitioni necessarie a Pittori, Scultori, Architetti, ed a qualunque si diletta del Disegno.
First edition and much scarcer than the second edition of 1683. "Troili, a pupil of the quadratura painter Michelangelo Colonna, became scene painter for the Farnese theatre at Parma. Ferdinando Bibiena saw his work there (probably after the artist's death) and absorbed its influence. This original edition of Troili's exceptionally..... More
The Virgin of Atocha Illustrated
The Most Miraculous Patroness of Madrid
VIRGIN OF ATOCHA.
Burgos? n.p., 1679.
Concordia, y transaccion hecha entre el ilustrissimo, y reverendissimo señor Don Fray Alonso Bernardo de los Rios y Guzman ….
Very rare Spanish legal document concerning tithes certified between the Archbishop of Granada, Alonso Bernardo de los Rios y Guzman (served 1677-92), and the Prior of the Carthusian monastery of Granada. While the text offers a fascinating and surprisingly detailed account of this ecclesiastical suit and is especially rich in..... More
"A Whole New Genus of Illustionistic Ceiling Painting" – Scott
CORTONA, Pietro, da (Berrettini).
Rome, J.J. de Rubeis, 1690.
Barberinæ Aulæ fornix Romæ Eq. Petri Berettini Cortonensis picturis admirandus cuius spirantes imagines et monocromata in hisce delineamentis ad similitudinem adumbrata Urbani VIII. Pontificis Maximi virtutes exprimunt.
Two rare suites of engravings depicting Pietro da Cortona's celebrated frescoes in the salone of Palazzo Barberini and the Pitti Palace, then the residence of the Duke of Etro. Cortona was commissioned by Cardinal Francesco to create the artistic centerpiece of the Barberini palace, a fresco which is now recognized..... More
Lamy On Perspective
LAMY, Bernard.
Paris, Anisson, 1701.
Traite Perspective, o't contenus les fondemens de la Peinture.
First edition of this handsomely illustrated perspective textbook. Traité de Perspective, the final work published during the lifetime of the controversial and prolific philosopher Bernard Lamy, is notable for its "interesting discussion of perception, etc." – Kemp, p. 356. Lamy, whose interest in art stemmed from his work on geometry..... More
The Bread Baker's Saint & the Baker's Guild of Brussels
VAN VEEN, G. D.
Brussels, Antonius Claudinot, 1719.
Alsoo Myne Heeren die Wethouderen deser Stadt Brussele op den 16. Februarii 1719, aen die van het Broodt-maeckers Ambacht ….
A fine pen-and-ink drawing and a very rare letterpress broadside, both relating to the baker's trade in 18th-century Brussels. The drawing depicts St. Honoratus of Amiens (d. c. 600), a bishop saint who came to be especially venerated by bakers in France following the donation of land by the Parisian..... More
A Remarkable Compendium Of English Celestial Charts
By Halley, Flamsteed, Senex & Seller
Southern & Northern Hemispheres
SELLER, John / SENEX, John / HALLEY, Edmund / FLAMSTEED, John.
London, Senex et al., n.d., (c.1675 – 1720).
Stelleri Zodiacus Stellatus [manuscript title on spine].
An intriguing collection of 8 very rare early English astronomical charts by the London cartographers and instrument makers John Seller (c. 1630-1697) and John Senex (c. 1678-1740), offering the most up-to-date celestial information then available, with several of the charts based on the recent groundbreaking observations of the English astronomers..... More
Early Art-Historical Monograph on a Work of Russian Art
With a Large Folding Engraving
DÖDERLEIN, Johann Alexander.
Nuremberg, W. M. Endter, 1724.
Slavonisch-Russisches Heiligthum mitten in Teutschland; Das ist: Der grosse Heilige und Märtyrer, Theodor Stratilat, oder Theodorus Dux….
Rare first and only edition of one of the first, if not the first Western monograph devoted to a Russian work of art, namely the icon of the 4th-century warrior saint Theodore Straelates housed in the Rieterkirche St. Marien und Christophorus in Kalbensteinberg, Bavaria, an important pilgrimage church located on..... More
[VENUTI, Ridolfino/ BOYER, Jean-Baptiste de, Marquis d'Argens.].
Lucca, il Busdrago, 1755.
Risposta alle Reflessioni critiche sopra le differenti scuole di pittura del sig. Marchese d'Argens.
First edition of this polemical work attacking the highly controversial Réflexions critiques sur les différentes écoles de Peinture (1751), by the Marquis d'Argens, the polymath chamberlain of Frederic II, who advised the latter on a number of topics, among them art. He introduced Frederic to a number of French painters..... More
Baroque German Penmanship Manual
With 54 Calligraphic Plates
SCHIRMER, Johann Michael.
Frankfurt, Selbstverlag, c. 1760.
Geöfnete Schreib-Schule, oder, Deutsche, lateinische, und franzosische Vorschriften.
An unusually fresh example of the rare first edition of a Baroque German penmanship textbook self-published by this "Schul-, Schreib- und Rechnenmeister" from Frankfurt am Main, with 54 engraved plates. After assuring his readers that these methods have been honed throughout his tenure as a teacher of penmanship, Schirmer begins..... More
Architecture, Ruin, Utopia, Fantasy, Archaeology:
Piranesi's Campus Martius
A Fine Example of this Lavishly Illustrated Masterwork
Dedicated to & Promoted by the Scots Architect Robert Adam
[Architecture] / [Urban Planning] / [Archaeology] / [Rome].
PIRANESI, Giovanni Battista.
Rome, Piranesi, 1762.
Campus Martius Antiquae Urbis.
First edition – and fine copy – of Piranesi's incomparable reconstruction Rome's Campus Martius, a work famed for its archaeological ambition, its graphic inventiveness, and as a sourcebook for the architectural imagination which continues to influence architectural theorists and practitioners today. "An exceptional personality, Piranesi transfigured his personal failure as..... More
Marian Icons from Milan
With Illustrations of the Madonna dei Miracoli & the Madonna delle Lacrime
CHURCH HISTORY.
[SASSI, Giuseppe Antonio].
Milan, Giovanni Battista Bianchi Stampatore del suddetto Insigne Tempio, 1765.
Notizie istoriche intorno alla miracolosa immagine ed insigne tempio della B. V. Maria presso S. Celso.
A handsomely bound copy in contemporary gilt calf of the rare first edition of an illustrated treatise on the two famous Marian icons housed at the church of Santa Maria presso San Celso in Milan. The Notizie istoriche intorno alla miracolosa imagine at once stresses the miraculous nature of these..... More
[WASSENAER VAN STADT, J. A. H.].
[Holland], s.n, 1765.
[Album Amicorum].
Very rare example of a bespoke (and nearly) blank album amicorum from 18th-century Holland, preserved in entirely contemporary condition and complete with its original, elaborately decorated binding. The only entry in the book is its watercolor frontispiece of a putto as an emblem of painting: The cupid is posed as..... More
The Economics of an Aristocratic Estate
In Pre-Revolutionary France
An Early Illustrated Work on Forestry
ESTANCELIN, Louis.
[France], Gravée par Chambon, 1768.
Collection de Cartes Concernant les Forêts, Triages et Bois Taillis du Comté-Pairie d'Eu, Avec plusieures Desseins et Etats analogues au Commerce et à la Partie des Bois.
Only edition of this unusual volume surveying the wooded holdings of the Count of Eu, in Upper Normandy, a work comprised entirely of 40 fine, single-sided engravings, including a pictorial title page, 13 calligraphic plates of text, charts and tables, 5 botanical and industrial images, and 21 handsome, precise maps..... More
RALPH, Benjamin/ DORIGNY, Nicolas, ed.
London, John Boydell, 1782.
The School of Raphael; or, the Student's Guide to Expression in Historical Painting. Illustrated by Examples engraved by Duchange, and others, under the inspection of Sir Nicholas Dorigny.
Rare, extra-illustrated second edition of an artist's drawing manual based on the "most celebrated heads" from Raphael's Sistine Chapel tapestry cartoons, which William and Mary had Sir Christopher Wren install in their own gallery at Hampton Court (later transferred to V & A.) Although eagerly studied by 18th century British..... More


A few days ago I bumped along the highway in the back of a greyhound style bus full of fourth grade children. We were on our way to Colonial Williamsburg for a "trip back in time" as eyewitnesses to early colonial life. We arrived, myself a bit queasy, and began a quiet tour through empty cobblestone streets. After a stop at the carpenter's shop, the tailor's and the military magazine, we paused for lunch beneath a wooden-framed arbor covered in flowering vines.
Against the white-washed wooden building next door was a patch of magenta foxgloves already six feet tall and glowing in the gentle sunshine. I lifted my camera to get a shot when into my frame flew a fat fuzzy bumble bee. His legs were heavy laden with golden pollen but he greedily gathered more. Here he is upon liftoff ~ moving on to the next patch of old-time blooms.
beautiful! you even captured those pretty little dots on the undersides of the petals!! Nice to meet you.
Stunning photography! I loved your description of your outing, Misty.
fantastic photo! plus I love foxglove!
Oh, I love this one.


This Pakistani Shares His Exclusive Dating Tips For Valentine's Day And Thora Funny Hogaya!
So, Valentine's Day is coming and including my school where I work, all schools, colleges, and universities are preparing to take measures to secure their name from shame of students dating and proposing each other, and highlighting their name in the list of those institutions which are famous to have no control on their students and letting them date openly. My school is celebrating sister's day as the wave started from GCU Faisalabad. But if you are in a relationship and want to hang out on 14th of February, here are five places you can easily go without being suspected by Mullah Police.
On Valentine's Day, your first option should be a good restaurant. Because it has many pros and first and most important of them all is that Mullah Police are shy to invade these places due to their sophisticated environment. So, if you know a restaurant where they are celebrating Valentine's you must root for it. But it also has some cons as they are expensive and teachers like me and other grown-up peoples root for it too. So, a few times I barged into some of my students who were there with their girlfriends and boyfriends and I was with mine, and it turned out to be an awkward situation. So, if you have elders in a home and you don't want to get busted on your date, I must advise you to stay away from these places.
It's the second one and most feasible place to date on Valentine's Day, but do make sure to stay away from sight of librarian as he might suspect you like a couple of lovebirds and not a nerd, bring some papers and a pen with you and try to have conversation in writing and not to talk much, do not blush more often, and please have an attire suitable for students not a red shirt with yellow pants and red shoes underneath. Last but not the least get a pair of a book of the same subject and do make up a backup story just to make things look real.
Now it may sound weird but believe me it's the cheapest and some might find it the safest option of them all. So, all you have to do is to go to the city hospital when its crowded and to find the outdoor area, wrap a bandage on your wrist, believe me, it's worth the effort-and keeps you warm. Now in outdoor at first take a thorough tour and enjoy your time while doing that, then choose the longest line there is of patients for treatment, then root for that line and you will easily have almost 2 hours to chat and hold hands. But don't overdo it, and don't go for Huggies and smooches. Keep it as much halal as you can.
You might think it's the height of weird dating places but hold your horses there is one of my favorites left. NADRA offices are always packed especially those which are not executive ones. So, you can roam around and sit there for maximum an hour otherwise "Guard uncle ko Shaq ho jata hai" but backlash of this place is you can't hold each other's hands otherwise it's good to go with a backup story of "baji andar hain, card bnwanay gayi aen..


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