Established in 1699 and one of the oldest settlements in the United States, Biloxi was the first permanent settlement in the lower Mississippi Valley and was the first capital of the Louisiana Territory.
Biloxi, which was originally on a peninsula, is home to a multi-billion-dollar casino-resort industry where resorts offer 'round-the-clock Las Vegas-style gaming, big-name entertainment, restaurants, shopping, first-class accommodations and top-flight golf courses. One of the resorts, the Beau Rivage Resort & Casino, with 1,780 rooms, is the largest AAA Four Diamond resort on the Southeast coastline.
Incorporated in 1988, is located on the Eastern Border of Harrison County, Mississippi, adjacent to Interstate HWY 10, 71 miles east of New Orleans and 50 miles west of Mobile. D'Iberville is part of a large regional community located on Interstate 10, the primary transportation route that runs along the southern boundary of the United States stretching from California to Florida. The region consists of (6) counties (Pearl River, Stone, George, Hancock, Harrison, and Jackson) with a total population 466,900 according to the 2010 Census.
Ocean Springs, Mississippi, lies at the heart of the beautiful Mississippi Gulf Coast on the eastern shore of Biloxi Bay. It's known as the City of Discovery in recognition of the French establishment of a settlement here in 1699. Long before the French arrived, however, the area was appreciated for its beauty and natural resources by Native Americans. The attributes that brought these early residents have attracted a diverse stream of people during the past 300 years. Ocean Springs has been flavored by many influences during its rich history, and now in the 21st century, it has a unique character that makes us happy to call it home..
Gulfport was incorporated on July 28, 1898. An early settlement near this location, known as Mississippi City, appeared on a map of Mississippi from 1855. Mississippi City was the county seat of Harrison County from 1841 to 1902, but is now a suburb in east Gulfport. Gulfport is the second largest city in Mississippi after the state capital, Jackson. It is the larger of the two principal cities of the Gulfport-Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, Mississippi Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the city of Gulfport had a total population of 67,793. Gulfport is co-county seat with Biloxi of Harrison County, Mississippi. Gulfport is also home to the US Navy Atlantic Fleet Seabees.


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🡩
Last update Mar 16, 2015
The Spanish Mustang registry is one of the oldest mustang registries in the U.S., begun in the 1950's, principally by Robert E. Brislawn. As mustangs exhibiting a particular Spanish quality began to disappear from the American west, Brislawn began to collect the horses. These are horses whose resemblance to their ancestors is much more marked than other feral mustangs managed by the BLM.
The Spanish Mustang stands around 14.2 to 15 hands high. It takes the general appearance of its Spanish ancestors, although slightly smaller in the body and with a slightly larger head. It also takes on color patterns found in Iberian horses: Buckskins, duns, Grullas, and paints. The original Spanish horse was known for its excellent stamina; today, nature and man have made the mustang into one of the strongest and hardiest horses in the world.
These horses are descendants of the Spanish stock brought to the Americas by Spanish conquistadors. Some horses were released or escaped and were quickly procured by Native American Communities. By the time of European colonization in the east, the horse populations had grown considerably. The new inhabitants of America didn't recognize the horses as Spanish Mustangs and incorrectly identified them as Indian Ponies, Cayuse and Mustang's which means without owner.
By the mid 1800's many of the pure Spanish mustangs had been selectively bred with English and Arabian stock to "improve" them. These new mixes evolved into breeds such as the Quarter Horse, Morgan, Tennessee Walker, Palomino and Paint.
It has been said by some, that Chief Joseph was the finest Military leader ever seen in the United States. Much of his strategy depended upon the Appaloosa breed his tribe had created from the Spotted Spanish Mustangs. The Quality of the Appaloosa breed did not escape the US Government. When Chief Joseph surrendered in the 1860's, the US Government ordered the Appaloosa destroyed in a policy designed to ensure that the tribe would have to change their way of life. The Appaloosa breed was destroyed by removing all the stallions and crossing the mares with draft horses. Today's Appaloosa, except throes hidden in the Spanish Mustang herds, resemble Chief Joseph's horse in color pattern only.
1. Andalusian 2. Arabian 3. Barb 4. Turk
The Spanish Mustang Registry
Some information probided by Nw Painted Ponies
Listed as "Critical" by The American Livestock Breeds Conservancy (2004)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The ATF requires all short barrel rifles to be engraved with the manufacturers name, city, and state. All of our SBR markings are engraved at a standard size and depth to meet and exceed the required ATF regulations. All SBR markings are engraved using a font designated by the ATF. We will not deviate from this font and size to ensure that all of our work is NFA compliant.
The images below illustrate the standard locations that we engrave these markings.
** Please note that Orion Arms cannot advise nor consult on ATF regulations regarding the use of Trusts names. Recently we have had many customers have their form 1 declined due to the use of the abbreviation RLT in place of Revocable Living Trust. Therefore we will no longer engrave RLT and Revocable Living Trust must be spelled out.
** Polymer receivers can be engraved with our equipment.
Please note: the images shown on this page do not represent the actual font or size of the engraving you will receive. These are meant to convey SBR engraving locations only.
** We can engrave SBR markings on most rifles. If you do not see your model listed on this page please email us for more information.
** With all of the variations in billet receivers available on the market please specify which brand and model you have.
** Please include a sample of the text to be engraved along with the location of your choosing in your initial email for a price quote.
** 9mm receivers can be engraved. They will require a custom setup to place the engraving on the front of the magwell. If the feed ramp and ejector can be removed the other locations can be used.
- The maximum characters per line is 16 for this location. This does include spaces.
- Receivers with textured front magwells cannot be engraved.
- The front of the magwell is the only location that does not require a completely stripped lower.
- Fixed stocks and buffer tubes must be removed.
- Collapsible stock buffer tubes can remain but the buttstock, buffer and spring MUST be removed.
** For all calibers other than .223/5.56mm the mag blocks will need to be removed for the front magazine well engraving.
** We have built new fixtures that offer easier stripping requirements.
- These locations will now allow the bolt catch, buffer tube, and front take down pin to remain installed.
- The fire control group, selector, rear pin, pistol grip, and all detents and springs will need to be removed.
** Any billet receiver models with advanced bolt release levers or mag release buttons will need to be completely stripped of these parts. These models may not allow engraving in all areas due to their designs.
- These locations require a completely stripped lower. This includes the bolt catch assembly.
- The trigger guard area cannot be engraved on billet models with non removable gaurds.
- Maximum characters per line is 16 for the trigger guard location.
** The front takedown pin can remain installed if not easily removable.
** Standard pivoting trigger guards can remain installed if not easily removable.
** Please include a sample of the text to be engraved along with the location of your in your initial email for a price quote.
**Please specify in your initial email whether you are sending a virgin receiver or completed build.
- This location can only be engraved on virgin receivers. Trigger guard parts cannot be installed.
- Completed rifles can be engraved forward of the magwell opening on the bottom of the receiver. if you have a side folding stock please let us know in the quote request.
*** All complete rifles will need to have the stock, hand guards and grip removed prior to sending in the rifle. Models with a riveted top cover can leave it in place.
** Please include a sample of the text to be engraved in your initial email.
- The location shown below is the only location we engrave MP5s and clones with SBR markings.
- Only the right side receiver shell is needed for the GSG-5 SBR engravings.
** Please field strip the MP5 receiver prior to sending it to us for engraving. The cocking handle does not need to be removed.
*** GSG models will require only the rh side plate to be shipped.
- The image shown below illustrates the most common location we engrave for PS90's. The right side of the receiver can be engraved upon special request.
** Please completely strip the receiver prior to sending it to us for engraving.
- The RH magwell is the only location we use on these models.
**Please include a sample of the text to be engraved in your initial email.
** Please strip the lower receiver prior to sending it to us for engraving. The grip, hammer and stock must be removed on these models.
- Below the Mfger name is the location we use on the upper for this model.
** Please field strip the upper receiver prior to sending it to us for engraving. The grip and mounted accessories must be removed on this model.
- The location shown below is the primary location we engrave the HK USC with SBR markings.
- The SBR markings will be centered in a box to match the original HK layout.
** Please field strip the receiver prior to sending it to us for engraving.
- The location shown below is the primary location we engrave SIG 556 with SBR markings.
** Please field strip the upper receiver prior to sending it to us for engraving. The handguards and gas system must be removed.
- The most common loction used by our customers is the bottom of the receiver between the stock rails.


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Gigs and Tours
Halsey & Marshmello 'Be Kind' Music Video
Halsey and Marshmello have shared the official music video for new single collab 'Be Kind'.
The pair teamed up for the track, which has quickly become a worldwide hit across the board, garnering over 175 million global streams.
The video was directed by Hannah Lux Davis, who also worked on visuals for Halsey's songs 'Nightmare' and 'Alone'. Filmed during quarantine, the contemporary dance video stars the Grammy nominated singer who learned the choreography on Facetime as well as applied her own make-up.
Halsey's latest album 'Manic' dropped earlier this year, debuting at the top spot on the Billboard Top Current Albums chart. The release has since reached Platinum certification in numerous different countries around the globe and features hit singles such as 'Graveyard', 'You Should Be So Sad' and the 7x Platinum single 'Without Me'. The huge track also received the title of most-played song of 2019 at US radio and was the longest-running Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 hit by a female artist of this century.
To date Halsey's music has amassed over 25 billion streams worldwide and she has sold more than 12 million adjusted albums globally.
American DJ and electronic producer Marshmello is no stranger to collaborations. The famously masked artist has joined forces with the likes of Bastille, Selena Gomez, Migos, Khalid, Logic and Kane Brown and his music has clocked a staggering 7+ billion streams across Spotify alone. He has 45 million subscribers on YouTube and counting, making him the second largest musical artist on the platform.
Photo Credit: Peter Donaghy
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Improved flexibility is one of the first and most obvious benefits of yoga. During your first class, you probably won't be able to touch your toes, never mind do a backbend. But if you stick with it, you'll notice a gradual loosening, and eventually, seemingly impossible poses will become possible. You'll also probably notice that aches and pains start to disappear. Tight hips can strain the knee joint due to improper alignment of the thigh and shinbones. Tight hamstrings can lead to a flattening of the lumbar spine, which can cause back pain. Inflexibility in muscles and connective tissue, such as fascia and ligaments, can cause poor posture.
Spinal disks—the shock absorbers between the vertebrae that can herniate and compress nerves—crave movement. That's the only way they get their nutrients. If you've got a well-balanced practice with plenty of backbends, forward bends, and twists, you'll help keep your disks supple.
Feeling sad? Sit in Lotus. Better yet, rise up into a backbend or soar royally into King Dancer Pose. While it's not as simple as that, one study found that a consistent yoga practice improved depression. The breathwork found in yoga brings oxygen to your brain, which can produce feelings of euphoria, making you happier.
Stimulation is good, but too much of it taxes the nervous system. Yoga can provide relief from the hustle and bustle of modern life. Another by-product of a regular yoga practice, studies suggest, is better sleep—which means you'll be less tired and stressed and less likely to have accidents.
Yogis tend to take fewer breaths of greater volume, which is both calming and more efficient. Yoga has been shown to improve various measures of lung function, including the maximum volume of the breath and the efficiency of the exhalation. Yoga also promotes breathing through the nose, which filters the air, warms it (cold, dry air is more likely to trigger an asthma attack in people who are sensitive), and humidifies it, removing pollen and dirt and other things you'd rather not take into your lungs.
Many of us suffer from chronic low self-esteem. If you handle this negatively—take drugs, overeat, work too hard, sleep around—you may pay the price in poorer health physically, mentally, and spiritually. With Yoga, especially Holy Yoga, you'll find that this world is less about you and You'll experience feelings of gratitude, empathy, and forgiveness, as well as a sense that you're part of something bigger. While better health is not the goal of spirituality, it's often a by-product, as documented by repeated scientific studies.
Yoga can ease your pain. According to several studies, yoga reduced pain in people with arthritis, back pain, fibromyalgia, carpal tunnel syndrome, and other chronic conditions. When you relieve your pain, your mood improves, you're more inclined to be active, and you don't need as much medication.


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Q: Infinite loop while building mergesort in JavaScript I'm attempting to build out a monkey-patched version of mergeSort but I'm running into errors every single time. I've ran through debugger a few times and it looks like everything is sorting properly until the last step where I jump to a line in a loader.js file.
Can anyone help me check this out? Thanks in advance!

Array.prototype.mergeSort = function(callback) {
    if (this.length <= 1) return this;

    if (!callback) {
        callback = function(x, y) {
            if (x > y) return -1;
            else if (x < y) return 1;
            else return 0;
        };
    }

    const mid = Math.floor(this.length / 2);
    const sortedLeft = this.slice(0, mid).mergeSort(callback);
    const sortedRight = this.slice(mid).mergeSort(callback);

    return sortedLeft.merge(sortedRight, callback);
};

Array.prototype.merge = function(arr, callback) {
    let merged = [];

    while (this.length > 0 || arr.length > 0) {
        if (callback(this[0], arr[0]) < 0) {
            merged.push(arr.shift());
            break;
        } else if (callback(this[0], arr[0]) >= 0) {
            merged.push(this.shift());
            break;
        }
    }

    merged = merged.concat(this);
    merged = merged.concat(arr);

    return merged;
};

A: The merge loop should stop when either list is empty: instead of while (this.length > 0 || arr.length > 0) you should write:
while (this.length > 0 && arr.length > 0)

Furthermore you should not break from the loop after each store into the merge array, and it is redundant to compare the elements twice.
Here is a corrected version:
Array.prototype.merge = function(arr, callback) {
    let merged = [];

    while (this.length > 0 && arr.length > 0) {
        if (callback(this[0], arr[0]) < 0) {
            merged.push(arr.shift());
        } else {
            merged.push(this.shift());
        }
    }
    merged = merged.concat(this);
    return merged.concat(arr);
};

Note however that your merge method sorts the array in descending order and the default callback function compares the elements in descending order too, causing the array to be sorted in increasing order by coincidence. You might want to simplify this and accept a null callback function in merge.
Here is a more generic version:
Array.prototype.mergeSort = function(callback) {
    if (this.length <= 1)
        return this;

    const mid = this.length >> 1;
    const sortedLeft = this.slice(0, mid).mergeSort(callback);
    const sortedRight = this.slice(mid).mergeSort(callback);

    return sortedLeft.merge(sortedRight, callback);
};

Array.prototype.merge = function(arr, callback) {
    let merged = [];

    if (callback) {
        while (this.length > 0 && arr.length > 0) {
            if (callback(this[0], arr[0]) <= 0) {
                merged.push(this.shift());
            } else {
                merged.push(arr.shift());
            }
        }
    } else {
        while (this.length > 0 && arr.length > 0) {
            if (this[0] <= arr[0]) {
                merged.push(this.shift());
            } else {
                merged.push(arr.shift());
            }
        }
    }
    return merged.concat(this).concat(arr);
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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San Diego Open, dawniej Mercury Insurance Open, Acura Classic, Southern California Open – kobiecy turniej tenisowy kategorii WTA Premier Series zaliczany do cyklu WTA Tour. Rozgrywany na kortach twardych w latach 1971–2013 i od 2022 roku. W latach 2008–2009 zawody nie odbyły się. Do roku 2010 turniej rozgrywano w San Diego, trzy ostatnie edycje (2011–2013) odbyły się w Carlsbadzie, a od 2022 roku turniej wrócił do San Diego (ranga WTA 500). W sezonie 2015 został rozegrany turniej WTA 125K Series.

Od sezonu 2021 turniej jest organizowany w ramach męskiego cyklu ATP Tour.

Mecze finałowe

Gra pojedyncza kobiet

Gra pojedyncza mężczyzn

Gra podwójna kobiet

Gra podwójna mężczyzn

Bibliografia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The map is centered on the tallest building marked for the city, R&F Tower  (proposed). Zoom-in to the map (double-click) and pan-around (click + drag) to see all buildings. Click on a building's marker to open the information page for that building. Only highrise buildings are marked on the map and the collection may not be comprehensive. See below for more information.
The map on this page shows only buildings in the city/administrative region of Johor Bahru. It does not include buildings in neighboring cities or municipalities, or elsewhere in the metropolitan region Johor Bahru is situated in (if one exists).
• Our editors may not yet have identified and marked every building in the city. Out of a total of 87,950 highrises in our world-wide database which are eligible for inclusion on the highrise maps, only 72,868 of them have had their location data set and actually appear on the maps.


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Q: Force SWF (Flash file) to load LAST after rest of webpage I have a rather complex flash clip that ends up bogging down the loading of the rest of my webpage.
Can I force the flash to wait to load until the rest of the site loads?

A: If you do not mind to have javascript you may use something like SFWObject 2 library, here is documentation page http://code.google.com/p/swfobject/wiki/documentation there is different methods for using it, so you just need pick up which is more appropriate in your case. Main idea you may trigger swf player initialization with javascript, so you could control time when this happen, and so using it just do that after onload event triggering. But assume problem cold be more complicated than just delaying your clip, so try to test it on different computers and browsers.


Add this vintage Colorado pillow to your Christmas decor! 20" x 14"
What luck! This one of a kind vintage Irish Pennant Pillow is for sale right now using the link in my bio!
Vintage Pennant from the Chicago Cubs on this handmade pillow.
Checkout this great Vintage Chicago Cubs Pennant Pillow! Authentic Cubs vintage pennant on handmade pillow.
This vintage Cubs pennant pillow is perfect for the ultimate Cubs fan! Featuring a vintage Chicago Cubs pennant, this handmade pillow is sure to be the best gift.


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A brief history of The Campaign for the Accountability of American Bases.
For well over 60 years, a dedicated group of concerned citizens has been keeping an eye on, and working to bring to account, those peolpe who keep an eye on us; namely NSA Menwith Hill near Harrogate North Yorkshire. The focus on Menwith Hill has been because many of us live locally. However CAAB extends the campaign to bring public scrutiny, awareness and accountability of the role and presence of the all US Visiting Forces and their Agencies here and world wide.
From the start, when the US Army arrived in 1951, local people raised their concerns. In the 1980s Otley Peace Action Group continued their work and campaigned tirelessly to raise the profile of this US base. They worked in many different ways. Inclusive peace camps were set up, demonstrations were organised (6,000 people attending in the early 1980s) and creative and effective ways were tried. Gradually through their work more people became aware of NSA Menwith Hill.
Menwith Hill is run by the National Security Agency of America and is the largest intelligence gathering and surveillance US base outside America. What goes on there is secret, unaccountable and out of control of the UK government (despite what they say!).
A campaign with the word FOR in the title instead of AGAINST was important and the word 'ACCOUNTABILITY' was beginning to be banded about. Add American Bases and in 1992 The Campaign for the Accountabilty of American Bases (CAAB) was born.
CAAB is a small group of committed people. None of us are paid and we rely entirely on donations to fund our work. We evolved out of the long campaign of protest at the American base at NSA Menwith Hill, near Harrogate, North Yorkshire.
CAAB works in many ways to piece together the truth about Menwith Hill and other US bases here and world wide. Some examples as to how we work are:
For years we have regularly monitored Harrogate Planning office and Helmsley for RAF Fylingdales for any new applications for developments.
We were the first campaign to find out that Menwith Hill was to be a crucial part of the US Missile Defense system; later about the role of Fylingdales. Probably like many we were unaware that Ronald Regan's 'Star Wars' (later changed to be known at the US Missile Defense system) was still being developed apace. Despite alerting other groups at the time this was not taken up.
We took out a legal action in the High Court to try to stop the building of two Space Based Infra-Red system radomes. The legal action went on for about a year with many hurdles in our way. Finally we had to concede defeat with the arrival of George W Bush as the next President of the US after Bill Clinton. We learnt a great deal because of the legal action.
We have been involved in many arrests, charges, prison sentences over the years. There have and continue to be many struggles through the courts. This is one of the consequences when challenging and asking questions of the US Visiting Forces in the UK and wider afield.
Using the law to bring about change has been effective also in:
Overturning the first set of Military Byelaws at NSA Menwith Hill;
Challenging the police's random use of 'breach of the peace';
Being successful in obtaining a High Court ruling making permissible the use by CAAB of the upside-down US Flag, with polite statements written on, as a symbol of protest. It was an important authority.
Out of the many court cases we have been involved with over the years, we have gleaned interesting and historical information through disclosure of documents from the High Court.


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What's in a seal?
I'm currently working on scholarly commentaries of Scottish seal plates that were included in the third volume of Vetusta Monumenta, which is being digitised as part of a larger digital humanities project to provide an edition of the volumes for students and researchers. The project is led by Noah Heringman of the University of Missouri in collaboration with the Society of Antiquaries of London. In this blog, I will briefly reflect on one of the more interesting seals I've come across so far, the privy seal of Margaret Tudor, queen of Scotland. Her seal has raised questions for me about identity construction and the extent to which we can glean personal identities from this type of source material, something that motivates my current research.
The privy seal included amongst the Scottish seal plates, compiled by Thomas Astle in the 1790s, is one of the three seals used by the Scottish queen, and seems to have been the least well-known of the three. The illustration, shown here, depicts a seated and crowned female figure with a hound leaping in her lap. In the background, on either side of the figure, a rose branch.
The plate illustration of the privy seal of Margaret Tudor, queen of Scotland (c. 1513).
The image depicts the status and position of Margaret Tudor as royalty. The roses on either side of the figure likely allude to her Tudor lineage, and the crown reflects her position as queen consort. What I was more struck by, however, is other elements in the seal's imagery. While a small hound in her lap denotes her elite status, it also conveys a sense of intimacy, affection, and emotional attachment between a woman and her dog, something that we, as a modern audience, can perhaps relate to and understand.
A modern woman (me!) and her small hound (c. 2016)
The personal elements present in this seal contrast with the other seals belonging to the queen, which were heraldic and bore the marshalled arms of Scotland, England, and France, to reflect her natal and marital lineages. Both the privy seal and the signet seal would have been used in a variety of contexts, but the privy seal would have been suited to personal correspondence.
The contrast between the two queenly images raises interesting questions about identity. Is the privy seal more representative of Margaret Tudor the person? Or is this seal still a constructed identity with the audience in mind, playing into a shared symbology that reflected her royal, elite status? These questions are perhaps not easily answered in a blog post, but they speak to overarching questions I ask in my current work on seals, including the commentary work on Astle's plates.
Davis, R.M. (2021) 'Material evidence? Re-approaching elite women's seals and charters in late medieval Scotland' PSAS 150, pp. 301-26.
Beer, M.L. (2018) Queenship at the Renaissance Courts of Britain: Catherine of Aragon and Margaret Tudor, 1503-1533. Woodbridge: Boydell &Brewer.
Blakeway, A. (2015) Regency in Sixteenth-Century Scotland. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
Walker-Meikle, K. (2012) Medieval Pets. Woodbridge: Boydell &Brewer.
Posted byrachmeredavis January 19, 2022 Posted inUncategorizedLeave a comment on What's in a seal?
'Life starts all over again when it gets crisp in the fall'
CW: mental health; depression; anxiety
As September begins, and Twitter is aflutter with everyone talking about heading back to university teaching and all that that entails in 2021 – overcrowding, blended learning, et cetera, et cetera – I can't help but feel a twinge of sadness because this is the first Autumn in 12 years that I'm not heading back into a classroom as a student or as a teacher. It feels odd to feel the crispness in the air and know that it won't be accompanied by a steaming hot latte, walking across George Square on Edinburgh's central campus through the fallen leaves, taking in the brilliant autumnal hues of the trees.
Don't you love New York in the fall? It makes me wanna buy school supplies. I would send you a bouquet of newly sharpened pencils if I knew your name and address.
Nora Ephron, You've Got Mail (1999)
Autumn is my favourite season. It always has been. And I'm finding it difficult to say goodbye (at least this year) to the teaching responsibilities of the first semester, which I had come to associate with what I love about Autumn. This blog post will take a somewhat different tone than my posts over the last year, more personal than academic. It offers me a chance to reflect on my first year post-PhD and what's happened along the way.
A mental reset
If you've been following along with me the last year, you'll know that I had two emergency medical procedures, one surgical and one endoscopic, to treat complications of gallstone disease. I'm now without a gallbladder, and hopefully now without gallstones. I lived most of the pandemic dealing with chronic pain, inflammation, and digestive issues that would have made it difficult for me to live a normal life if we weren't all confined to working from home. This was thrown into sharp relief when I did return to work at the restaurant, the same week another gallstone blocked my common bile duct, requiring me to take time off work and a brief hospitalisation. The chronic pain and poor health I experienced took a toll on my mental health. My daily pain levels had completely extinguished my will to live and it triggered a major depressive episode. This depression did not resolve itself after my health improved following my procedure.
Instead, it got worse.
Ten days after my hospitalisation, I had a job interview. I didn't get the job, but found out I was a very close second. This deepened my depression. The utter randomness of the universe and my perceived bad luck was hard to live with. I talked to my doctor. We upped my anti-depressants to see if they would spark joy (spoiler alert: they did). We upped my anxiety meds to see if they would help stop my panic attacks and general days of existential dread (spoiler alert: they did). I went back to therapy. Turns out it took a quasi-stranger telling me that I've had a really shit year for me to actually accept that I've had a really shit year.
So, I'm easing slowly back into the academic work and research. I'm doing things that make me happy, things that fill me with purpose as an historian of medieval Scotland. This is helping to remind me of my own worth and merit as a scholar when job rejections and a year of misses and near misses left me feeling not good enough. I'm working on my relationship with myself, which is the most important relationship I have. And I'm using this change in season as an opportunity to start anew.
Officially doctored
It's important to note that my life hasn't been entirely shit this last year. I got married to my long-term partner. I have a forthcoming article. I got a promotion in my hospitality job. Most importantly, I graduated virtually online in December and I recently graduated (in-person!) at Edinburgh Castle, in a truly memorable ceremony. My mamma was able to travel over for the ceremony, which was our first time together since November 2019. Being able to celebrate with family and to pause and reflect on what I've accomplished was an important moment for me, since I so often focus on future goal posts, rather than looking back to see how far I've come. So here's to celebrating life's victories, big and small, a little more, and to being hard on myself a lot less, as I head into the final months of 2021. Onward.
The quote in the title of this blog post comes from F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby (1925).
Posted byrachmeredavis September 16, 2021 September 16, 2021 Posted inUncategorized1 Comment on 'Life starts all over again when it gets crisp in the fall'
Dispatches from the precariat
When I started this blog, I promised it would be academic cum personal. For the last few months, I've managed to write posts that reflect my range of historical interests and expertise. However, this past month, I've had to take a break from my academic self because of continued chronic illness, which will be discussed later. What follows here are some of my dispatches from the precariat, which gives you a taste of my challenges, personal and professional, as an early career researcher (ECR) in 2021.
Um, what's the precariat?
First things first, for those unfamiliar with the term 'precariat', it is a portmanteau of two words: precarious and proletariat. It's used in sociology and economics to refer to a social class or group of people experiencing precarity, meaning that their needs (financial, material, etc.) suffer unpredictability and instability. This instability often leads to decreased welfare.
The term has gained increased popularity amongst ECRs in academia because of scarcity and increased competition for jobs in the higher education sector. Because of this, many people experience mental health problems, burnout, and exploitation at the hands of universities that profit from precarious and short-term, hourly hiring, allowing them to contract the 'best and brightest' without paying fairly for it. I won't even get started on the 'opportunities' that are 'good for the CV' but are expected to be done for free.
How it feels to find out you've gotten an interview in 2021. (Image © Wikimedia Commons)
This also means that ECRs are left to wear many different hats. I, for one, am an Associate Staff tutor. I am also a waitress. The hospitality job is the one that actually pays my bills right now as I cobble together 'opportunities' and hourly contracts to hopefully get me an interview for the next J-O-B. I'm not saying this to complain and I don't want this to be taken as me being ungrateful. I am extremely grateful for everything that has happened for me academically in the last eleven months. I merely want to shed light on the fact that it is becoming increasingly difficult for people like me to make a go of it in academia because of the fact that we have to continue working part-time or full-time minimum wage jobs to keep the academic dream alive. Working 20 to 40 hours a week on your feet is tiring enough without also juggling thinking critically and analytically about your research in your scarce free time.
That time I had another surgical procedure during a global pandemic (if you want to read about the first time I had surgery in a global pandemic, click here).
On top of managing conferences, post-PhD research and work, job applications, and waitressing, I got really sick. Again. About a month ago, I started feeling rundown. I assumed it was a bad night of sleep. Two days later, I had an episode of biliary colic which saw me back in my GP's office, wincing as she performed a Murphy's sign test. The verdict: it could be a duodenal ulcer; sludge in my bile duct; or a gallstone. Roughly 36 hours later, I was in A&E with worse pain and a distended abdomen. Two days after that, I had a MRI that confirmed it was a gallstone. The first surgeon consulting on my case seemed to think it was new, and that my body had, in true over-achieving fashion, managed to block my common bile duct again without having a gallbladder. I was put on the waiting list for an ERCP (a specialised endoscopic procedure) and told to come back in if the pain got worse.
The next two weeks would see me back in hospital two more times. After my third visit to A&E, I was admitted for observation and moved up the ERCP list for an emergency removal of my gallstone because I was at risk of developing life-threatening complications. Luckily, it was easy to remove and it looks like it was a stone left behind from my surgery last October (not a new one), so hopefully my days of chronic illness are numbered and I can get back to a normal(ish) life.
Another pre-surgery lewk. You're welcome, again, internet. Also, hospital gowns are the best thing for a UK heatwave, I expect to see them on all the SS22 runways.
I have spent the better part of the last 4 weeks on my couch or in my bed. I had to pre-record my IMC Leeds paper because my pain levels were too variable for me to deliver it on the day. I missed the intensive training week to certify as a yoga teacher, which would have been another way to supplement my income. Pandemic-related online teaching means I was able to continue to teach without disruption. I also wrote three job applications. But how insane is it though that I had to be in a hospital bed to have singular focus on teaching and writing job applications?
There's also something to be said for the toxicity of academia and the pressure of being a member of the precariat that I wasn't able to sign off for 4 weeks and focus on my physical health. Instead, my illness became yet another thing to juggle alongside my attempts to make it as an academic.
So here's to being alive. Here's to keeping the dream of an academic career going. And here's a message of solidarity to all the other ECRs out there that are struggling in their own ways.
Onward and upward.
Posted byrachmeredavis July 21, 2021 Posted inUncategorized1 Comment on Dispatches from the precariat
If a woman with a doctorate gets married, is she still a doctor?
While surname patterns amongst women in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries came up during my doctoral project, I have been reflecting recently on surnames and marriage for a personal reason. My partner and I eloped on 10 April 2021. Since we married, the amount of post and well-wishes I have received as 'Mrs Macleod' has been staggering, even though I haven't changed my name on any of my social media platforms, and most of my family know I'm doctored. I know this is well-meaning and good intentioned. Addressing me as 'Mrs Macleod' is a celebratory nod to the commitment my partner and I have made to each other. But, it should also be said, there is no post coming through to 'Mr Davis', so the identity change is still one-sided and patriarchal. It certainly speaks to a continued difference between the male and female life courses, even in the twenty-first century. My marriage is somehow perceived as identity changing for me, where it isn't for my partner. For a time, I thought I might change my surname when we married. As an American interloper, becoming a Macleod would be a strong re-branding as a Scottish historian. All this to say, I'm staying a Davis. Partly because I am lazy and the thought of changing my residence permit, my passport, my social security, and my driver's license (etc., etc.) is very unappealing. I have no strong ties to my last name, it's just a name; it's very common. However, I have also built my academic career so far with my name, and I don't want to have to add '(née Davis) to every future accomplishment for continuity.
Signing our marriage schedule behind Perspex (eloping in the time of Coronavirus)
Now, Reader, you might be wondering what any of this has to do with women in Scotland in the later Middle Ages. Didn't women keep their natal surnames throughout their lives? The answer, for the most part, is, yes, they did. However, this pattern was just that, a pattern. Life is complicated now, and life was complicated then, so we might expect some deviation from this pattern. Today's blog will look at historiographical interpretation of women's surnames in late medieval Scotland and also look at women that changed their names and the motivations behind it.
Medieval women's retention of the natal surname in historiography
The accepted pattern of surname use in late medieval Europe was that women most often continued to use their paternal family's name, rather than change their name after marriage.[1] It is important to emphasise that medieval identity went beyond an individual's name. An elite woman's identity was explained through myriad ways, including further relational designations, titles, and the symbology of heraldry present in her seal, among other things, including her clothing. This is not to say that the surname was unimportant. It indicated membership of a kin group that afforded her authority through the collective power and importance of that group.[2] The same naming patterns that have been traced in northwest medieval Europe have also been found in scholarship on the Scottish nobility. However, the 'exclusion' of women from the marital families because of the retention of the paternal surname has perhaps been emphasised more. In 1983, Marshall argued that 'a woman retained her maiden name throughout her life and never did sever connections with her own family'.[3] Similarly, Jenny Wormald argued in 1985 that
The use of the surname both for the particular family name and as the synonym for kindred demonstrates the nature of Scottish kinship in another way. When a woman married in Scotland in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, it is clear that she was regarded as providing a link with another kin group rather than becoming completely assimilated into her husband's kin; for she did not take his name, which strongly suggests that she was considered as, for example, a Gordon who married a Hamilton, and not someone whose marriage made her a Hamilton.[4]
While a pattern of surname retention certainly holds up in the charter evidence, the implications as to why women retained their natal surnames, as posed by Wormald, perhaps does not. There is evidence of women who deviated from this pattern, taking their marital surnames, and the evidence suggests that they did so for a variety of reasons. Some created continuity between themselves and their children, others to reap the socio-political benefits of her husband's name. The manipulation of identity via surname suggests a nuanced understanding of the ephemeral aspects of power and the ability of women to navigate the changing circumstances over the course of their lives to maintain their position, legally and politically, within Scottish elite society.
My last blog post on the life and career of Isabella, countess of Fife, discussed the use of the Stewart surname in a 1365 charter. I argued that her identification as 'Isabella Stewart, lady of Fife' was an act of personal agency and political defiance in the adverse circumstances she found herself in during the 1360s with the Scottish crown.[5] The use of a marital surname, like Countess Isabella, for political reasons, can be traced elsewhere in the historical record. Eleanor Bruce (née Douglas) continued to use the Bruce surname in transactions after the death of her husband, Alexander Bruce, earl of Carrick (d.1333). A continued affiliation with the Bruce family, brought a certain social capital that Eleanor found useful in her own political career. She continued to designate herself as 'Eleanor Bruce' in her two subsequent marriages to James Sandilands and later to Duncan Wallace.[6] The continued use of the surname, and the prestige it carried, shows that elite women understood the authority imbued by direct connections to names associated with important lineages. Her social status was raised to countess with her first marriage to the earl, and the continued use of the title of countess and surname 'Bruce' emphasised the social status gained from this marriage.
The seal cast of Euphemia Leslie, countess of Ross (1394) NRS: Seal casts, matrices, and detached seals, RH17/1, no. 499 (drawer no. 20). Copyright of the National Records of Scotland.
Her continued use of the surname 'Bruce' may have also created continuity between herself and her husband's lineage to protect their only child, Eleanor Bruce. We can trace the use of a marital surname by widows in a number of examples. The seal of Euphemia Leslie, countess of Ross, bears the surname of her first husband, Walter Leslie (d. 1382), in which the legend reads 'SIGILLU EUFAMIE LESLEY DE ROS'. Her connection to the Leslie family by marriage was further corroborated by the heraldry in her seal, which features the arms of Leslie, on a bend three buckles. The charter, from which the seal impression was attached, was dated 1394, thus, she was still using it over a decade after the death of Leslie (the above cast was taken from the 1394 charter's seal). Although she outranked her husband as countess, Walter Leslie was a favourite of David II, a crusader hero, and her marriage to Leslie had helped her gain control of Ross from her father in the 1360s. We might interpret her use of the Leslie surname and continued affinity with the Leslie family as a benefit to her son, Alexander Leslie, who would inherit the earldom and would be the first Leslie earl of Ross. Therefore, the use of the Leslie surname and the continued use of the Leslie arms might have allowed Countess Euphemia to continue to reap the benefits of a Leslie affinity and also created continuity between herself and her Leslie children who were going to inherit the earldom.
We might return to the question at the start of the blog, 'what's in a name?' This blog post has offered up several answers to this question. In the later Middle Ages, the surname had the ability to carry with it prestige, authority, kinship, political cache, and chivalric reputation. While the pattern of natal surname retention amongst medieval women was more or less adhered to, there were deviations from this pattern. These deviations, of which we have only discussed a few, provide the historian with fascinating insight into elite identity construction and the myriad considerations women made when co-opting their husband, or more likely, deceased husband's family name, in their own political careers.
[1] Geneviéve Ribordy, 'Women's names, women's lives: the designation of women in late Medieval France' Medieval Prosopography: History and Collective Biography 27 (2012), 120-2. For a general discussion of medieval naming practice, see Constance Brittain Bouchard, Strong of Body, Brave and Noble: Chivalry and Society in Medieval France (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 70.
[2] The historiography around medieval identity is extensive. For a discussion of group v. individual identity see, Caroline Walker Bynum, 'Did the Twelfth Century Discover the Individual?' The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 31:1 (1980), 1-17; David Gary Shaw, Necessary Conjunctions: The Social Self in Medieval England (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005); Miri Rubin, 'Identities' in A Social History of England, 1200-1500, Rosemary Horrow, et al. (eds.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 383-412.
[3] Rosalind K. Marshall, Virgins and Viragos: A History of Women in Scotland from 1080 to 1980 (London: Collins, 1983), 21. It's worth noting that these earlier arguments have been carried through in more recent scholarship. See, Jennifer C. Ward, 'Noblewomen, Family, and Identity in Later Medieval Europe' in Nobility in Medieval Europe: Concepts, Origins, Transformations, Anne J. Duggan (ed.) (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2000), 251; Elizabeth Ewan and Janay Nugent 'Where is the Family in Medieval and Early Modern Scotland?' in Finding the Family in Medieval and Early Modern Scotland, Elizabeth Ewan and Janay Nugent (eds.) (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008), 7.
[4] Jenny Wormald, Lords and Men in Scotland: Bonds of Manrent, 1442-1603 (Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers, Ltd), 79.
[5] RRS, VI, 374-5 (no. 345); For a discussion of the wider context of this, see, Michael Penman, David II, 1327-71 (East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 2004), 353.
[6] NRS: Papers of Lord Torphichen, GD119/149; GD119/150; GD119/158; GD119/160.
Posted byrachmeredavis May 5, 2021 Posted inUncategorizedTags:medieval Scotland, medieval widows, medieval wives, medieval women, naming patterns, naming practice, women in the Middle Ages, women's historyLeave a comment on What's in a Name?
The Life and Times of Isabella, countess of Fife (d.1389)
Isabella, countess of Fife, was female heir to the premier earldom of Scotland in the mid-fourteenth century. The daughter of Duncan, earl of Fife, and Mary de Monthermer, her life provides us with fascinating insight into the agency of an elite woman in late medieval Scotland. She had a tumultuous relationship with David II, which has often led to historical interpretations of her as a 'pawn' between the Scottish king and his powerful uncle, Robert Stewart, who was her father-in-law. I recently spoke about her political career with Kate Buchanan on Scotichronicast, but I would like to use this blog to explore her life in greater detail, offering a micro-history of the countess and the broader implications a re-appraisal of her life has on political histories of late medieval Scotland.
The early years, c.1320/9-1358
As the daughter of Duncan, earl of Fife, and Mary de Monthermer, and granddaughter of Ralph de Monterhmer, earl of Glouchester, and Joan of Acre [daughter of Edward I], the young Isabella had family ties on either side of the Anglo-Scottish border. What little evidence we have of her early life suggests she spent periods of time in both Scotland and England. Her exact date of birth is not known, but it was sometime after 1315, since her father and Robert Bruce agreed a male entail that year. The entail was to ensure that the earldom of Fife passed to the earls of Menteith if the earl of Fife failed to sire a child, as his wife, Mary, was detained in England at the time.[1] The entailing of the earldom was important, because the earl of Fife had the privilege and obligation of crowning the king of Scotland.[2] Thus, it was important to keep this duty and rights to Fife separate from the royal dynastic line. This entail would affect the countess's later political career, as David II used the entail as a means to create a new earl of Fife after the death of her father in 1353.
There is evidence that her mother spent time between England and Scotland in the 1320s and 1330s, however, it is difficult to tell whether or not Isabella accompanied her in this travel.[3] The family was captured in Perth in 1332 by supporters of Edward Balliol, and held in custody.[4] Isabella and Mary de Monthermer were separated. Her mother does not seem to have had a difficult captivity, as she continued to receive weekly payments, and later an annuity, from Edward III, as well as a residence and summer and winter clothing.[5] She later returned to Scotland in 1345, with safe conduct granted by Edward III.[6] While it is not entirely clear why Mary returned to Scotland, it may have been due to the shifting political situation, as David II's return to Scotland in 1341 had seen a gradual improvement of the Scottish cause and she may not have been able to maintain her lifestyle in England as a Scottish countess. The earl of Fife was, in fact, captured at the Battle of Neville's Cross a year later in 1346, and he was granted clemency from execution for treason due to his wife's 'blood-relationship' with the English king, and we might assume that she intervened on his behalf.[7]
The Battle of Neville's Cross from a 15th-century manuscript of Froissart's Chroniques Image©Wikimedia Commons
It is more difficult to locate the young Isabella in the sources. She seems to have been put into custody (wardship) in Northumberland, with William de Felton, a knight, acting as her guardian. According to Sir Thomas Gray in his chronicle, Scalacronica, she had been
…destined to be sold into marriage to Robert the Steward of Scotland; but for love, she took for her husband William de Felton, a knight of Northumberland, who had her in his ward [en garde] at the time.[8]
It is difficult to assess in what capacity she was Felton's ward because the language of wardship is the same as more hostile forms of custody, including imprisonment.[9] Given the fact that Felton assumed her custody in the 1330s, her presence in his household may have been that of hostage, after she was captured in Perth in 1332. While the exact date of her marriage to Felton is unknown, Michael Penman has posited that it occurred sometime in 1338, since she gave birth to a son, named Duncan, in 1339.[10]
It is also difficult here, to assess Isabella's consent to her first marriage. The narration by Gray certainly strips her of any agency, as her only other option was to be 'sold into marriage' to the Steward of Scotland. As a chivalric history, Gray's account emphasises the romantic love between Isabella and Felton, which may be grounded in historical truth, but we also need to consider the power dynamics at play in the relationship. As her legal guardian, we might ask whether she had the power to refuse the marriage. This is something that Ruth Mazo Karras has noted is 'inherently coercive' even if a relationship does eventually become consensual.[11] I am by no means refuting Gray's characterisation of their relationship as a loving one, but I think it is important to consider the motivations behind his writing and whether he was interested in expressing the power dynamics at play in their relationship realistically.
She named her son Duncan, which perhaps indicates her eventual plans to return to Scotland and claim Fife as heir. She remained in northern England for another twenty years, and only returned to Scotland after the death of Felton. Her son Duncan never made the journey north with her. He seems to have been training for an ecclesiastical career and was never mentioned in the Scottish sources.[12]
Meanwhile, the earldom of Fife had been granted to William Ramsay, the husband of one of David II's mistresses, in 1353 after the death of Isabella's father, Duncan. Robert the Steward had also acquired a number of her father's estates since 1353. I would propose that her new status as widow gave her the freedom of movement to return northward, but I think she may have also returned to Scotland at the behest of her mother, Mary de Monthermer. While there is no surviving evidence to corroborate this, it seems well-timed that Isabella returned to Scotland coincided with the external threats to the integrity of the Fife and its estates. Regardless of the motivations for her return, Isabella's advent to Scotland certainly frustrated David II's plans for the earldom and she quickly enlisted the help of a former suitor, Robert the Steward, to help her regain her birth right.
Countess of Fife, 1359-1371
In a number of documents, she asserted herself as heir and claimaint to Fife, with Robert the Steward supporting these documents issued in 1359 as witness. She also made use of his seal to authenticate at least one charter, as she did not yet have her own.[13] By 1360, her rights to the earldom were secured and she issued another charter that year, again styling herself as daughter and heir of Duncan, the former earl.[14] Sometime between 1360 and 1361, she married her second husband, Walter Stewart, son of Robert the Steward. She additionally commissioned a seal, which featured a tree with two branches, from which hung two shields. If we read the seal from the perspective of the sealer (and bearer of arms), not the viewer, we see the arms of her natal lineage, Fife, in the dexter [right] position, and the Stewart arms in the sinister [left] position. Trees are strongly associated with lineage and dynasty. We might read this seal as Isabella's ambitions for her second marriage into the Stewart family, and the aligning of herself and Fife with a powerful family.
The seal of Isabella, countess of Fife ( from a charter dated 1369), NRS: Papers of the Earls of Morton, GD150/20. Copyright of the National Records of Scotland
The marriage, however, was short-lived. Walter died in 1362, as we have charter evidence of Isabella referring to herself again as a widow and commemorating Walter that year.[15] David II saw this as an opportunity to separate Isabella from her Stewart kin, and the next ten years would witness a third marriage for the countess alongside this separation. She was subsequently married, or forced to marry, Thomas Bisset, a favourite of David II. However, while her activities may have been closely monitored by the Scottish king, she made her displeasure known. She continued to use her seal depicting the Stewart arms even during her marriage to Bisset. She also used the Stewart surname in a 1365 charter, in which she styled herself as 'Isabella Stewart, lady of Fife'.[16] We might read the use of the Stewart surname as her own defiance to David II's attempts at controlling her. It certainly shows a deliberate assertion of her continued affiliation with the Stewart family, despite her physical separation from them. Her marriage to Bisset ended with his death in 1366. Shortly thereafter, she was forced to resign her rights to Fife to John Dunbar.[17]
Resignation and Retirement (1371-1389)
After David II died in 1371, Countess Isabella re-resigned her earldom to Robert Stewart, earl of Fife and Menteith, the brother of her second husband. She cited coercion in this indenture as a means of nullifying her previous resignation in favour of Dunbar.[18] She tasked Robert Stewart with the responsibility of regaining the earldom from John of Dunbar. She also used this indenture to protect herself and her mother, so that she might enjoy retirement in her advancing age. She arranged for tenements to support both herself and Mary de Monthermer in life rent, with each reverting to the new earl of Fife after their deaths. She also stipulated that she would maintain access to Falkland Palace (the comital seat) for her use as and when she needed it, while also asking the earl to maintain and treat her as he would his own mother. She did remain somewhat active following her 'official' retirement in 1371. She appears in a charter dated 1373 styled as 'the former countess of Fife' in which she grants an annuity from the barony of North Berwick to Margaret Hoge and her son John.[19] She likely died in 1389, as Robert II issued a charter that same year confirming her indenture agreement with his son, Robert Stewart, earl of Fife and Menteith.[20]
Falkland Palace Image©Wikimedia Commons
Pawn or player?
Many studies of female lordship have worked to problematise the portrayals of women as 'pawns' in mainstream medieval histories. The notion of women being 'players' imbues their lives with greater agency than has previously been considered for elite women. Looking at the micro-history of the life and times of Isabella, countess of Fife, has shown how we might re-assess the agency of elite women in late medieval Scotland and the role they played in Scottish politics. While any isolated event from the countess's life might be interpreted as her being a 'pawn' to be used by the men in her families, if we look at evidence from across her life, and perform a close reading and analysis of the language of her charters, we see a woman well-equipped to handle the attempts at coercion and control from various men. We also see, between the lines, the relationship between Isabella and her mother, Mary de Monthermer, and the ways in which they both worked to secure a future for the title and estates associated with Fife that they wanted.
[1] RRS, V, 355 (no. 72).
[2] John Bannerman, 'MacDuff of Fife' in Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship, and Community. Essays Presented to G.W.S. Barrow, Alexander Grant, et al. (eds.) (Edinburgh, 1993), 22.
[3] CDS, vol. III, 138 (no. 736); 139 (no. 741).
[4] Chron. Bower (Watt), vol. 7, 83.
[5] CDS, vol. III, 239 (no.1312); 243 (no. 1333).
[6] CDS, vol. III (no. 1445).
[7] CDS, vol. III, 271 (nos. 1485, 1486).
[8] Sir Thomas Gray, Scalacronica, Andy King (ed. and trans.) (Woodbridge, 2005), 148-9.
[9] Gwen Seabourne, Imprisoning medieval women: the non-judicial confinement and abduction of women in England, c.1170-1509 (Farnham, 2011), 13.
[10] Michael Penman, David II, 1329-71 (East Linton, 2005), 103.
[11] She makes this argument when discussing the tutor/pupil relationship of Abelard and Eloise, see, Sexuality in Medieval Europe: Doing Unto Others (London, 2012), 131.
[12] CPP, vol. I, 210; CPL, vol. III, 428. My thanks to Steve Boardman for these references.
[13] NRS, GD122/1/141.
[14] RRS, VI, 269 (no. 239).
[15] NLS: Adv. MSS, Ch. A. 10.
[16] RRS, VI, 374-5 (no. 345).
[17] RMS, II, App. II, 624 (no. 1624).
[18] NLS, Charter No. 698.
[19] RMS, vol. I, 161 (no. 443).
[20] Robertson (ed.), Topography and Antiquities in the Shires of Aberdeen and Banff, vol. II, 31.
Posted byrachmeredavis March 24, 2021 May 5, 2021 Posted inUncategorizedTags:#InWantOfStatues, agency, gender history, micro-history, political history, women's history, women's history month1 Comment on The Life and Times of Isabella, countess of Fife (d.1389)
Christiana Bisset: A Micro-History of a Scottish Widow
Christiana Bisset, lady of Clerkington, was active during the 1330s and 1350s. She was the daughter of David Uvyeth and the widow of John Bisset, a knight. A series of donations made to Newbattle Abbey, in Midlothian, allow us to construct a micro-history of Christiana's experiences as a fourteenth-century widow, while also thinking about broader themes relating to life (and afterlife) in medieval society.
Newbattle Abbey: Christiana's favourite local monastery
Newbattle Abbey was a Cistercian monastery founded by David I in 1140. It was the daughter house of Melrose Abbey and later famed as the site where the Declaration of Arbroath was drafted. Christiana made a series of donations to the monks at Newbattle in 1338, including 2 shillings that was the annual rent she received from William Ramsay, lord of Dalhousie, for the water that ran through her Clerkington land to his mill.[1] In these donations, she made clear her personal favouritism of Newbattle and her close relationship with the monastic community.
Newbattle Abbey today. After its life as a medieval monastery, it was a stately home and is now an education institution. ©Wikimedia Commons
The personal circumstances of Christiana Bisset seemed to have changed by the 1350s, as she re-negotiated her gifts to the chapter in 1356 and 1357. In June 1356, she arranged with the monks that she would keep her pension of five merks annually during her lifetime, which would revert back to the monastery after her death. The specific rationale for this agreement was that she had already made gifts to them and thus would be a reliable source for future income. Why did she need to renegotiate these terms in the late 1350s? Her change in financial security may reflect economic hardship after the Black Death, which first arrived Scotland in 1349/1350 (and later, again, in 1362). She entered a final agreement with the chapter in September 1357, in which a notarial instrument was issued, ratifying her previous gifts to the monks and stipulated that she was to be buried 'at the entry to the chapter, so that the monks tread over her tomb as they come and go'.[2] Her final resting place would be within the walls of Newbattle.
The Community of the Living and the Dead
Her donations to the Cistercian chapter included pro anima clauses that mentioned her pre-deceased kin, namely her father and her husband, as well accounting for her spiritual well-being. Pro anima clauses were a section of the charter that indicated who the document commemorated and, importantly, whose souls were to be prayed for in connection to the gifts made to the religious community. Christiana, as the surviving member of her family, was tasked with the responsibility of taking care of her pre-deceased kin's souls, as well as arranging for the care of her own soul. The final 1357 agreement arranged for her body to be buried in a conspicuous part of Newbattle. Not only would her soul be prayed for, but the monks would literally be treading over her remains, serving as a daily physical reminder of their deceased patron. As Kathleen Nolan has pointed out, the place of burial bridged 'the gap between the living and the dead'.[3] Recent work on pro anima clauses has suggested that this feature of the medieval charter also showed the community between the living and the dead. In both the text of the charters and in her requests for her burial, Christiana Bisset was caring for her spiritual well-being and the well-being of her deceased family.
The micro-history of Christiana Bisset's widowhood offers us insight into the individual circumstances of a woman of the lower nobility living in fourteenth-century Scotland. Her life also touches on broader themes of life in medieval society. We can see the relationship between the living and dead at work in the text of her gifts to Newbattle, offering donations to the monks in exchange for prayers for the sake of the souls of her father, her husband, and herself. We see this too with her specifications regarding her burial at Newbattle, making sure that the monks were tripping over her remembering her after she was gone. We also see the vulnerability of widowhood when faced with economic hardship and how she had to re-negotiate the terms of her gifts to maintain herself in the aftermath of a pandemic, something perhaps more relatable to us in the midst of the current global crisis.
Not much of Christiana Bisset's life can be traced outside of the series of donations she gave to Newbattle Abbey in the mid-fourteenth-century. It is through these donations that we know her family relationships and her relationships with her wider secular and religious communities. However, these series of donations provide us with valuable insight into the role of women of the lesser nobility in religious patronage on a local level.
[1] NRS: GD40/1/48.
[3] Kathleen Nolan, 'The Queen's body and institutional memory: the tomb of Adelaide of Maurienne' in Memory and the Medieval Tomb, Elizabeth Valdez del Alamo with Carol Stamatis Pendergast (eds.) (Ashgate, 2000), 84.
NRS: Papers of the Kerr Family, Marquises of Lothian (Lothian Muniments), GD40
Jessica Barker, 'Legal Crisis and Artistic Innovation in Thirteenth-Century Scotland' British Art Studies 6 (2017).
Victoria Anne Hodgson, 'The Cistercian Abbey of Coupar Angus, c.1164-c.1560′, unpublished PhD dissertation (University of Stirling, 2016).
Katy Jack, 'Decline and Fall: The earls and earldom of Mar c. 1280-1513′, unpublished PhD dissertation (University of Stirling, 2017).
Emilia Jamroziak, Rievaulx Abbey and its Social Context: Memory, Locality, and Networks (Turnhout, 2005).
Emilia Jamroziak, 'Spaces of lay-religious interactions in Cistercian houses of Northern Europe' Parergon 27:2 (2010), 37-58.
Kathleen Nolan, Queens in Stone and Silver: The Creation of a Visual Imagery of Queenship in Capetian France (New York, 2009).
Elizabeth Valdez del Alamo with Carol Stamatis Pendergrast (eds.), Memory and the Medieval Tomb (Ashgate, 2000).
Posted byrachmeredavis March 3, 2021 May 5, 2021 Posted inUncategorizedTags:#InWantOfStatues, medieval Scotland, medieval women, micro-history, women's history, women's history monthLeave a comment on Christiana Bisset: A Micro-History of a Scottish Widow
Women and Power, Part Two
NB: The research presented here is the intellectual copyright of Dr Rachel Meredith Davis.
This is the second blog on the theme of women and power in the Middle Ages. Click here for Women and Power, Part One.
What follows is a brief historiographical overview of themes I engage with in my research on elite women in Scotland in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Now that you know more about me, I thought I would offer you a primer on the topic, as I will be engaging with the ideas presented here through a focussed discussion of primary sources from my doctoral work in the next few blog posts. I've included a reading list at the end with links to historians and works that have influenced by own thinking.
The 'decline' of women in the later Middle Ages
Since the 1970s, cycles of debate about women's power and position within medieval society have grappled with issues of periodisation and the question of 'decline'. The 1973 McNamara/Wemple thesis posited a decline in women's access to participation in power structures in the eleventh century, echoing the arguments advanced a decade earlier in George Duby's work on family structure, which was known as the 'Duby thesis'. Both conceptualisations relied on a change in the organising of families around male lineage with a shift from horizontal to vertical family structures. This shift supposedly prioritised primogeniture inheritance to preserve the family's wealth and position within elite society. One of the results of this theoretical shift was that the importance of women in family and in politics was downgraded.
The 'decline' of women was also linked to a supposed difference between public and private power. Women could exercise power through their position within the family, but they were not afforded access to 'public' spheres of power – namely government institutions and public offices. It was generally accepted that women could exercise power from within the elite household, as extensions of their gendered roles. However, women's influence beyond the private sphere has been thought of as diminished as a result of increased importance of male lineages and bureaucratisation of medieval government.
Work of feminist scholars on elite women in the last thirty years has problematised the notions of 'decline' in status for women in positions of power after the year 1100. Most recently, the edited volume of Heather J. Tanner, Medieval Elite Women and the Exercise of Power, 1100-1400. Moving beyond the Exceptionalist Debate (2019) issued a call-to-arms to researchers of women's and gender history to prove, once and for all, women who exercised power after the year 1100 were not 'exceptional', rather they were commonplace. The movement advocates for the inclusion of women into political narratives of medieval Europe.
While current scholarly thinking has advanced the political histories of female 'lords' and expanded definitions of female power to include the aspects of 'soft' power, such as influence, popularity, and attractive leadership, the notion of 'decline' has been harder to shake from medieval chronologies. Katherine J. Lewis has commented on a continued historiographical perspective that assumes women were placed outside the political structures of medieval governance by the later Middle Ages. Indeed, even the most recent cycle of the debate of women and power has merely shifted the 'decline' in female status to the fourteenth century.
We need to question the 'decline' proposed by existing chronologies of the Middle Ages. These chronologies assume change, even if it occurred later than previously proposed by the Duby and McNamara/Wemple theses. Could the narrative of women's history in the Middle Ages not be one of continuity? Judith Bennett's notion of 'patriarchal equilibrium' becomes useful here. While the structures of power may have transformed during the Middle Ages, the status of women's position within these structures might not have. While these spaces might have been 'male' in theory, were these spaces 'male' in practice?
There is exciting new work being done on women in the later Middle Ages and Early Modern period that problematises the assumptions made about women and their public selves. There is an ongoing reappraisal of the law of guardianship that rendered women 'invisible' during marriage. There are new gendered analyses of the law, which provide us with a more nuanced understanding of medieval legal systems as well as the gulf between law and practice. Additionally, there have been recent studies that have challenged the notion of 'male' space in castles and parliament. The Theresa Earenfight edited volume Royal and Elite Households in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: More than Just a Castle (2018) shows the myriad ways in which these spaces can be culturally understood. The late W. Mark Ormrod's book Women and Parliament in Later Medieval England (2020) interrogated the 'male' space of medieval parliament and exposed the ways in which women appeared and made use of parliament in England.
When investigated, the notion of 'decline' and 'exclusion' of women in the later Middle Ages does not hold up. The evidence reveals a more nuanced historical reality than simple binaries. It suggests that the periodisation of women's power in the Middle Ages ought to be eschewed completely, embracing the complexity and messiness of late medieval source material to further our understanding of women, power, and agency.
Selected works on women, power, and patriarchy (this list is by no means exhaustive, but rather reflects works that have been key to my own research in addition to the works specifically named above).
Judith M. Bennett, History Matters: Patriarchy and the Challenge of Feminism (Philadelphia, PA, 2006).
Georges Duby, The Chivalrous Society, Cynthia Postan (trans.) (London, 1977).
Georges Duby, The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined, Arthur Goldhammer (trans.) (Chicago, IL, 1980).
Georges Duby, Love and Marriage in the Middle Ages, Jame Dunnett (trans.) (Chicago, IL, 1994).
Georges Duby, 'Women and Power' in Cultures of Power: Lordship, Status, and Process in Twelfth-Century Europe, Thomas N. Bisson (ed.) (Philadelphia, PA, 1995, 73-80.
Theodore Evergates (ed.), Aristocratic Women in Medieval France (Philadelphia, PA, 1999).
Barbara J. Harris, English Aristocratic Women, 1450-1550: Marriage and Family, Property and Careers (Oxford, 2002).
Susan M. Johns, Noblewomen, Aristocracy and Power in the Twelfth-Century Anglo-Norman Realm (Manchester, 2003).
Erin Jordan, Women, Power and Religious Patronage in the Middle Ages (Basingstoke, 2006).
Bronach Kane and Fiona Williamson (eds.), Women, Agency and the Law, 1300-1700 (London, 2013).
Katherine J. Lewis, 'Women and Power' in Historians on Gower, S. Rigby (ed.) (Woodbridge, 2019), 323-50.
Amy Livingstone, Out of Love for My Kin: Family Life in the Lands of the Loire, 1000-1200 (Ithaca, NY, 2010).
Kimberly LoPrete, Adela of Blois: Countess and Lord (c.1167-1137) (Dublin, 2007).
Jo Ann McNamara and Suzanne Wemple, 'The Power of Women through the Family in Europe' Feminist Studies 1:3/4 (1973), 126-41. (republished in Mary Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski (eds.), Women and Power in the Middle Ages (Athens, GA, 1988), 83-101.
Jo Ann McNamara, 'Women and Power through the Family Revisited' in Gendering the Master Narrative, Mary C. Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski (eds.) (London, 2003), 17-30.
Linda E. Mitchell, Portraits of Medieval Women: Family, Marriage, and Politics in England, 1225-1350 (London, 2003).
Linda E. Mitchell, Joan de Valence: The Life and Influence of a Thirteenth-Century Noblewoman (London, 2016).
Joel T. Rosenthal, The Patriarchy and Families of Privilege in Fifteenth Century England (Philadelphia, PA, 1991).
Dr Rebecca Mason (University of Glasgow) is doing really exciting work on married women in early modern Scotland.
Other work on marriage and laws of guardianship:
Katie Barclay, Love, Intimacy and Power: Marriage and Patriarchy in Scotland, 1650-1850 (Manchester, 2011).
Cordelia Beattie and Matthew Frank Stevens (eds.), Married Women and the Law in Premodern Northwest Europe, 1200-1800 (Manchester, 2003).
Elizabeth Ewan and Janay Nugent (eds.), Finding the Family in Medieval and Early Modern Scotland (Aldershot, 2008).
Charlotte Vainio, 'Empowered Spouses: Matrimonial Legal Authority in Sweden, 1350-1442' in Authorities in the Middle Ages: Influence, Legitimacy, and Power in Medieval Society, Sini Kangas, et al. (eds.) (Berlin, 2013), 285-306.
Heather J. Tanner, 'Women's Legal Capacity: Was the Thirteenth Century a Turning Point' in Paradigm Shifts during the Global Middle Ages, Albrecht Classen (ed.) (Turnhout, 2019), 81-98.
Posted byrachmeredavis January 20, 2021 May 5, 2021 Posted inUncategorizedTags:feminism, feministhistories, historiography, medieval history, medieval law, patriarchy, women and power, women's historyLeave a comment on Women and Power, Part Two


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Category: In Memoriam
#OBITUARY: Pave Maijanen from Finland has died aged 70
#OBITUARY: Pave Maijanen from Finland has died aged 70 Eurovision Ireland has learned that Finnish singer and musician Pave Maijanen died on 16 January after a long illness. He was best known in Eurovision circles for performing Yamma yamma in the 1992 contest in Malmö. Born Pekka Juhani […]
#OBITUARY: Liam Reilly has died aged 65
By John Stanton on January 2, 2021 • ( Leave a comment )
#OBITUARY: Liam Reilly has died aged 65 Legendary Irish singer/songwriter Liam Reilly died aged 65 on 1 January. An incredibly popular figure in the Irish entertainment industry, the Eurovision community will best remember him for coming second in the 1990 Eurovision Song Contest in Zagreb. In 1978 he […]
#OBITUARY: Carlos do Carmo has died aged 81
#OBITUARY: Carlos do Carmo has died aged 81 Portuguese singer Carlos Manuel de Ascenção do Carmo de Almeida died on 1 January 2021 aged 81. He was widely known throughout Portugal as an exponent of the Fado tradition. In 1976, he was selected by broadcaster RTP to represent […]
#OBITUARY: Timur Selçuk from Turkey has died aged 74
By John Stanton on November 8, 2020 • ( Leave a comment )
#OBITUARY: Timur Selçuk from Turkey has died aged 74 The Turkish conductor and musician Timur Selçuk has died of a heart attack. He will be best remembered in Eurovision circles for the two occasions he conducted for his country. In 1975, he did the honours on the podium […]
#OBITUARY: Reynaert from Belgium has died aged 65
#OBITUARY: Reynaert from Belgium has died aged 65 Joseph Reynaerts, known by his stage name Reynaert, has died as a result of COVID-19. He participated for Belgium in the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest, held at the RDS Simmonscourt Pavilion in Dublin. He performed the song Laissez briller le […]
#OBITUARY: Ossi Runne from Finland has died aged 93
#OBITUARY: Ossi Runne from Finland has died Eurovision veteran conductor and stalwart Ossi Runne has died aged 93. Even though it was over 30 years ago when he last conducted the orchestra at a Eurovision Song Contest, he still ranks as one of the greats of Eurovision folklore. […]
#OBITUARY: Writer Bill Martin has died aged 81
By John Stanton on March 27, 2020 • ( Leave a comment )
OBITUARY: Writer Bill Martin has died aged 81 Songwriter, musician and impresario Bill Martin has died aged 81. You may not immediately recognise the name, but with his writing partner Phil Coulter, has written several Eurovision songs that have since become classics. Born William Wylie MacPherson in Glasgow […]
#OBITUARY: Jahn Teigen has died aged 70
#OBITUARY: Jahn Teigen has died aged 70 Eurovision Ireland is sorry to hear of the passing of Jahn Teigen, who has died after a short illness at the age of 70. He was a contender for Norway's Mr Eurovision, having been involved in it for many years. For […]
#OBITUARY: Pearl Carr has died aged 98
OBITUARY: Pearl Carr has died aged 98 The world of Eurovision is sad to hear of the passing of Pearl Carr, who represented the United Kingdom at the 1959 Eurovision Song Contest in Cannes with her late husband Teddy Johnson. Pearl and Teddy were the first in a […]
#OBITUARY: Eduardo Nascimento has died aged 76
OBITUARY: Eduardo Nascimento has died aged 76 Portuguese singer Eduardo Nascimento was the first black male performer in the Eurovision Song Contest, and has died after a short illness. He represented Portugal in the 1967 Eurovision Song Contest in Vienna, finishing twelfth, receiving points from France, Spain and […]
#OBITUARY: Gay Byrne has died aged 85
OBITUARY: Gay Byrne has died aged 85 Tributes have been pouring in after the death was announced of Irish broadcaster Gay Byrne. Whilst he is not someone you would automatically with Eurovision, he was nevertheless connected. Gabriel Mary 'Gay' Byrne may be best remembered as the host of […]
#OBITUARY: Dina from Portugal has died aged 62
By John Stanton on April 12, 2019 • ( Leave a comment )
OBITUARY: Dina from Portugal has died aged 62 Singer Dina, who represented Portugal in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest, has died after a short illness aged 62. She sang in the contest held in Malmö's Isstadion on 9 May 1992, performing the song Amor d'agua fresca, co-written by […]
#IRELAND: Mícheál Ó Súilleabháin has died
#IRELAND: Mícheál Ó Súilleabháin has died One of Ireland's most renowned composers and arrangers, Professor Mícheál Ó Súilleabháin, has died. Whilst his name may not be uppermost in the mind of the Eurovision fan, he was responsible for 'Lumen', the interval act from the 1995 contest held at […]
#PORTUGAL: Maria Guinot has died
#PORTUGAL: Maria Guinot has died Portuguese singer Maria Guinot has died after a short illness. She was famous in Eurovision circles for performing in the 1984 contest in Luxembourg with the song 'Silêncio e Tanta Gente'. It finished 11th with 38 points. Many think it should have done […]
#MACEDONIA: Vlatko Ilievski has died
By John Stanton on July 8, 2018 • ( Leave a comment )
#MACEDONIA: Vlatko Ilievski has died It's been announced that Vlatko Ilievski, the representative for Macedonia at the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest has died. He was found dead in his car on 6 July, just four days after his 33rd birthday. The cause of death has yet to be […]


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Q: Google Calendar Api works fine with local host but not with heroku in ruby on rails I am working on a project where we have to deploy our app to Heroku. I am using google calendar API in my project. It works perfectly fine on locally, passing through authentication and getting calendar events. But on Heroku it does not work, it just gives "if you are the application owner check the logs for more information".
Firstly I can't find the log. Secondly what could be this error about?
it just doesn't go to any authentication process, when i click the button it shows me the error to check logs
so i was able to see the logs, so this is what my log shows

my code:
def redirect
client = Signet::OAuth2::Client.new(client_options)
redirect_to client.authorization_uri.to_s
end

def callback
    client = Signet::OAuth2::Client.new(client_options)
    client.code = params[:code]

    response = client.fetch_access_token!

    session[:authorization] = response

    redirect_to calendars_url
  end


TAMPA, Fla., Jan. 7 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) — Maxx Merchants announced today that it has partnered with PenSoft to provide PenSoft's clients with merchant services. PenSoft is a leading manufacturer of payroll software designed to help small to mid-sized businesses and payroll service providers process payroll and related tax requirements faster, easier and more cost effectively. Through this partnership, PenSoft's clients will be able to accept credit cards and utilize other merchant services through the PenSoft software at a discounted rate.
This unique opportunity will allow PenSoft the opportunity to add quantifiable value to their clients through the addition of merchants services to their software services.
"PenSoft is committed to providing our clients with the best value in payroll software backed by program support that is unsurpassed in our industry. When reviewing the merchant program at Maxx, we discovered we are of the same mindset. They, too, are committed to providing their clients with the highest quality product at the lowest rate, and their services standards are unmatched in their industry," stated Leroy Newman, of PenSoft.
"We are pleased to extend our services to our clients to include credit card and wireless processing, ACH, eCheck and cash advance services, while maintaining the highest level of PCI compliance. In addition, we have the ability to offer our clients a package that will save them money on their processing costs," continued Mr. Newman.
Maxx Merchants provides businesses with the latest equipment and technology in merchant processing services while maintaining the highest level of PCI compliance. Maxx Offices are individually owned, so we take the time to get to know our clients and provide them with a processing package that fits their needs as well as their budget.


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Democratic Presidential front runner Hillary Clinton demands elimination of the tipped minimum wage
Media Advisory for March 3, 2016
Contact: Tim Rusch, 917-399-0236, ruschtk@gmail.com
Dallas Donnell, 215-870-7076, dallas@rocunited.or
Statement from Saru Jayaraman, Co-Founder and Co-Director of Restaurant Opportunities Centers (ROC) United
New York, NY — We applaud Democratic presidential front runner Hillary Clinton for coming out strongly in support of the elimination of the tipped minimum wage, and urge New York Governor Andrew Cuomo and the New York State Legislature to follow her lead by abolishing the sub-minimum wage system in New York once and for all.
The tipped minimum wage is a destructive, archaic relic of the past that forces restaurant workers — largely women and people of color — to battle disproportionate rates of financial insecurity, poverty, discrimination, and sexual harassment. Nearly 70% of tipped restaurant workers are women, 40% of whom are mothers, working in casual dining establishments, and barely able to make ends meet. As Secretary Clinton explained before a capacity crowd at the Javits Center yesterday, "No one who works full time should have to still be living and raising their children in poverty."
Governor Cuomo's wage plan is a good start, but it is not enough. We implore New York policy makers to not leave behind New York's 270,000+ tipped workers. It's time to eliminate the unjust, two-tiered wage system, and establish one fair wage for all New Yorkers.
Co-founded by leading workers' rights advocate Saru Jayaraman ("One of the top 50 most influential people in the restaurant industry" – Nation's Restaurant News), ROC United has nearly 18,000 worker-members in more than 30 cities in the U.S., winning 15 worker-led campaigns, recovering $8 million in stolen tips and wages.
Statement from Saru Jayaraman on the President Obama's Executive Orders on National Equal Pay Day
STATEMENT FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: April 9, 2014 Contact: Maria Myotte, maria [at] rocunited [dot] org Statement…
148 "High Road" Restaurants Highlighted in 4th Edition of ROC United's Diners Guide App Released Today
For Immediate Release: February 3, 2015 Contact: Maria Myotte, maria@rocunited.org, 720-352-6153 148 "High Road" Restaurants…
TOMORROW: Press Call — New Report on Sexual Harassment in the Restaurant Industry
Media Advisory for Tuesday, October 7th, 2014 Contact: Anna Zuccaro, anna@fitzgibbonmedia.com, (914) 523-9145 Tim Rusch,…
250+ Restaurant Workers and Advocates Demand DC Chamber End Opposition to One Fair $15 Wage
Restaurant Opportunities Center of Pennsylvania and Allies Take One Fair Wage Campaign Statewide


The specialty serving platters and dishes are hand-painted in the traditional Spanish pottery designs. Served on these every meal becomes an extravagant feast.
Coming in 2018… These platters, bowls, and matching cookware will become the heart and soul of your kitchen. Available in January, sign up for our newsletter to be the first to get them.


Best Summer dress for you. Summer season it's mean so hot days in every place. Summer season's dress is so different to any dress. In summer we all choose lightweight clothing and Fabrics to stay cool in the Hot weather, like cotton, Wool and Lena clothes. They clothes are less in weight and looking nice. In summer season all are in looking good personality and shine Because summer dress is light in color and good.
Every person is different between "fashion" and "style". And everyone his full freedom they were chose his/her Fashion and Style. All are going to fit and awesome dresses, Because good dresses are most important for looking nice and good personality, the Fit person always looking nice and good personality.
In summer all are like T- Shirt, and shorts. Because T- Shirt, and shorts are light in weight and every person is looking nice and good personality with T-Shirt and shorts.
In Summer season all are want to look good in dress sense. In those days are very hot so all want to light dresses, Like T- shirt is best in summer season because T- shirt are light in weight and simple and styles.In summer you choices light color T- Shirt they Suits on your personality: White, Sky Blue, Pink, Green and Black they color is best for you.
Shorts is best in summer because Shorts is looking in nice and we are going different places with shorts like Playing, Gym, vacations. Shorts is taken every person they Businessmen, Sportsmen, and Normal person because shorts is the suit on everyone. You take any colors of shorts all are looking nice.
Jeans is the poor choice in the summer season. Most people are choosing chinos pants. Chinos pants are lightweight and 100% cotton high quality. Chinos pants are different in colors. Tropical weight wool and linen trousers highly recommended. Requires looks sharp and is cool. Shorts are an overplayed and easy option for summer.
Shoes are also and almost important every season. In summer season wear shoes that are breathable along with lightweight cotton or wool socks in fun and bright colors. We all are take in summer Flats shoes, Cotton shoes, and Belly Shoes. In summer season all are like looking nice and cool with his/her style in which shoes is also important. Without socks are new styles and them really looking nice and fashionable.
We all are surprised by how a hat can transform our look. Hats, that you will keep you looking cool in Hot weather. Hats are also important for save our Face and Head Summers. Hats are also different types. Pie hats, Straw Denim Effect Hat, Brixton Hats Messer Fedora and or many types of Hats are available in your near shops.
Hair style is same for every season in hair style is not different because everyone has different hairstyle and your hair style suit on you. You follow also does hair style they suit you and new. Now Everyday comes new hair style but all hair style does not suit your face.


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Home / Football / Indian Super League Covid19 bubble bursts in Goa
Indian Super League Covid19 bubble bursts in Goa
Highlanders assistant coach Jamil test positive undergoing treatment in Goa hospital
Indian Super League side NorthEast United's assistant coach Khalid Jamil tested positive for coronavirus and is currently undergoing treatment for the same in a hospital in Goa, the club announced on Thursday. Jamil arrived in Goa along with along with a few players to begin the club's pre-season just like all the other ISL clubs.
After keeping the positive test under wraps for more than a week the Highlanders have finally announced that the former India international has caught the virus. The club was forced to make his testing positive public after a Times of India mentioned on Wednesday that he had tested positive and has been admitted to a hospital in Goa.
A Times of India report said Jamil picked up the virus a week ago and he isolated himself in his hotel room in Goa. However, finding his recovery unsatisfactory, he was shifted to a hospital. "Jamil has been in hospital for the last two days," a hospit source told TOI.
The report also quoted sources saying apart from Jamil, at least three other players have tested positive as well. However, the club has not officially confirmed the same.
The TOI report also mentioned the league rules in case of positive Covid-19 test. "During the minimum 14-day isolation, the individual will undergo an RT-PCR test on Day 10, Day 12 and Day 14. Provided, both the test results from Day 12 and Day 14 are negative, and he does not have any symptoms for more than 24 hours, the individual will be permitted to re-enter the bio-secure environment," the league rule states.
The club released an official statement on the 15th of October, confirming the news. The official statement also revealed that his condition is currently stable.
"After testing positive for COVID-19, assistant coach Khalid Jamil is presently undergoing treatment at a hospital in Goa. This is a precautionary measure and his current condition is stable. We expect that he will be discharged from the hospital soon," read the club statement.
As a player Jamil, made 47 appearances for the national team. As a coach, he has managed the likes of Aizawl FC as well as East Bengal and Mohun Bagan. Khalid Jamil won the I League with Aizawl in the 2016-17 season.
He was appointed as the assistant coach of the Highlanders for the 2019-20 season, but ended the campaign as the interim head coach of the team after then head coach Robert Jarni was sacked towards the end of the term due to the team's poor performances.
Following NorthEast United's hiring of Gerard Nus as their new head coach for the upcoming season, Jamil went back to being the assistant coach of the club.
With the new season, not so far away, the players and coaches have started arriving in Goa, where all the matches of the ISL are going to be held due to the pandemic.
A medical and cardiac screening in particular is required before return to play for all Covid-19 positive players irrespective of hospitalisation status.
COVID-19Hero Indian Super LeagueIndian Super LeagueNorthEast United
← Previous Story Try as hard, this 'bubble' can't be burst
Next Story → Ooredoo Cup : In a day of drawn matches Al Gharafa win while four teams share points


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Morris Hollander, Assurance Partner, Receives Cal Kovens Distinguished Community Service Award
Miami, FL — Morris I. Hollander, a partner in Marcum LLP, Accountants and Advisors, was awarded the Cal Kovens Distinguished Community Service Award during the Florida International University Fall Commencement exercises at the U.S. Century Bank Arena at the Modesto A. Maidique Campus. Hollander was presented the award by FIU President Dr. Mark B. Rosenberg.
The Cal Kovens Distinguished Community Service Award is given to prominent individuals who have made notable contributions to the community. The award is named in memory of Cal Kovens, who was a prominent South Florida businessman and philanthropist and member of the FIU Foundation Board of Trustees.
At FIU, Hollander is a member and immediate past-chair of the President's Council and a member of the School of Accounting Advisory Council. In April 2010, Mr. Hollander was recognized as the Honorary Alumnus of the Year by the School of Accounting. In addition, he served on the Presidential Search Advisory Committee. Outside of the university, Hollander is a member and past-chair of the board of directors of Family Counseling Services of Greater Miami, and a member of the 1040K Committee of the Florida Institute of CPAs.
Morris Hollander


Also a good song Turn it UP!!
great now I will you tubing songs all day while I kill zombies!
Love it turn it UP!!
turn it UP!!! love that song!
OMG love it! TURN IT UP!!
OK this is for BUTTERCUP even though she dropped us like hot potatoes!
you all are killing me I can't find and listen to the songs that fast!
lol Don't stop Believing - Journey?
When can I see you again by owl city??
never heard it before I looked it up..
UHHHM MUMFORD AND SONS crap ok little lion man!


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Animated violence
Themes Mild impact
Language None
Drug use None
Sex Mild impact
Violet Evergarden is a Japanese animated film which tells the story of a young woman who works as an Auto Memory Doll, writing letters on behalf of people that are delivered after they have died. She is engaged by a terminally ill boy to write letters to his family, while her past involvement with a man during the war comes back to haunt her.
The film contains mild war themes and includes a character with a terminal illness.
The film depicts moderate injury caused by bullets and a grenade, with some discreet blood detail.
The film contains mild sexualised imagery and a verbal reference to a character having 'impure motives'.
NOT SHOWN IN ENGLISH
VIOLET EVERGARDEN: THE MOVIE


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Video Graphics Array (VGA) este un controler de afișare video și un standard grafic însoțitor, introdus pentru prima dată cu linia de computere IBM PS / 2 în 1987,  care a devenit omniprezent în industria PC-urilor în termen de trei ani.  Termenul se poate referi acum la standardul de afișare al computerului, la conectorul VGA subminiatural D cu 15 pini sau la rezoluția 640 × 480 caracteristică hardware-ului VGA.

VGA a fost ultimul standard grafic IBM la care s-au conformat majoritatea producătorilor de clone de PC-uri, făcându-l cel mai mic numitor comun pe care se poate aștepta să-l implementeze practic toate componentele grafice PC post-1990.

IBM intenționa să înlocuiască VGA cu standardul Extended Graphics Array (XGA), dar nu a reușit. În schimb, VGA a fost adaptat în multe forme extinse de către terți, cunoscute sub numele de Super VGA,  apoi a dat loc unităților de procesare grafică personalizate care, pe lângă interfețele și capacitățile lor proprietare, continuă să implementeze moduri și interfețe grafice VGA comune. până în zilele noastre.

Standardul de interfață analogică VGA a fost extins pentru a suporta rezoluții de până la 2048x1536 și chiar mai mari în aplicații speciale.

1987
Invenții americane