What are the trends of illicit and recreational drug usage in Australia?
What are the cultural practices in Australia which confronts the usage of illicit and recreational drugs?
What are the social factors which influence the usage of illicit and recreational drugs in Australia?
How can the ill effects of illicit and recreational drugs can be reduced to a great extent?
I feel that when it comes to the usage of drugs, Australia leads the world. Previously, men used to consume it more but now women are matching up with men consumption. It may be because women have got equal rights as men and this leads them to this drastic condition. I believe that the trends of drug consumption shows clearly the gender disparity is eliminating. After going through the trends, I believe that the strategies like family counselling could reduce the consumption of drugs among women and men, both. It will make them realise their responsibilities which considerably reduce the recreational substances usage. I feel that family trainings will also teach how drugs can spoil families and their future together. Education to families will make them realise their responsibilities and that is how they can leave the addiction of recreational and elicit substances.
I found that some of the drugs are illegal, still they are been consumed in Australia and in other countries. The manufacturing of these drugs is legal and overdose of these drugs are life taking. I found that Australia is among the top countries which consume the recreational and illicit drugs the most. This increased the health care costs of the country.
In 1985, the National Drug Strategy commenced and in 1998 the use of these drugs fallen but the overall trend shows that there is an increase in the consumption of some of the drugs.
This also increased a number of cases in the hospitals which are facing severe health issues due to high drug consumption.
As I thought, Australia is highest in the drug consumption and more than 40 per cent of the population consumes drugs illicitly. They do not even care about the prices. It changed my thoughts and made me believe that it is much bigger problem than I thought it would be.
Germov, J, (2014). Social origins of food and alcohol habits. University of Newcastle.
Australian Government. (2011). Drugs in Australia 2010. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
Ting, I. (2015). Behind Australia's love affair with illicit drugs. The Sydney Morning Herald.
I have shown in my behaviour that illicit and recreational drug usage is not acceptable. It promoted health and participated in the health education programs so that I can teach people about the ill effects of the usage of drugs. Culture is an ideology which can bring a change in the practices of people. The cross cultural understanding is important to make people understand about the harmful consequences of drug usage. I believe that Culture of an individual is a cure which helps in producing better health outcomes.
The usage of dugs brings poverty, ill health and also leads to criminal activities. The usage of these recreational substances leads to the creation of more disadvantageous groups. I feel that culture forms the base of every individual which have a great impact on the learning and adaptability on the user. That is why, before forming or designing any harm reduction program for the users, the culture of an individual should be considered.
I learned by going through the sources that culture plays a very important part in influencing the usage of illicit and recreational drugs in Australia and in anywhere in the world. The impact of culture influences the treatment given to the ones who are addictive to the recreational substances. Culture is a kind of belief or behaviour which shapes the view of an individual and society. The usage of recreational and illicit substances differs between different social and cultural groups. I learned that most of the religions have established a code of behaviour which restricts the usage of such substances. Some of the cultural groups allow the use of drugs while others restrict it. The individuals who are more family oriented are seen having less usage of drugs. This made me learned that the culture have a protective effect on the individuals and their usage of recreational substances.
An individual should be identified by referring to his/ her cultural group, language and other cultural factors. It also depends on the cultural groups whether they seek to take treatment or not. It is seen that some cultural groups take treatment from the people of their own cultural group. So, it is clear that the culture should be used positively in treating the individuals.
Dunlop, G. (2015). World drug map shows how Australia compares to others on recreational substance abuse. The Advertiser.
Abbott, P. (2008). Culture and Substance Abuse: Impact of Culture Affects Approach to Treatment. Psychiatric Times.
As far as I believe Social factors plays key roles in influencing own beliefs and that of your groups and the use of recreational and illicit factors. I feel that the educational institutions, the medical profession, health care institutes, hospitals and care homes can teach and educate the individuals about the ill effects of the drug usage. This can be done with the help of government. Different local groups can be formed which can take up various programs and practices to promote health of the population. The other practices may include per education, counselling, training and physical and mental exercises which shows considerable changes in the drug additive people.
The social factors include roles, relationships and society which influence the usage of recreational substances. The sources explain that generally people from lower economic classes are more addicted to the drug usage and they also have poorer health. The people who are drug dependent are likely to be unemployed and are excluded from the society. There are some social policies which can reduce the harm created by the usage of drugs. Big Pharma companies and the government can together adopt some practices which prevent people from illicit drug usage and promote their health.
It is found that the range of interventions shows improvement in the stigma which creates the disorders in the people to use recreational drugs. The self-stigma in the people can be reduced by therapeutic interventions like commitment therapy and acceptance in groups. Effective strategies can be adopted for treating this social stigma like providing motivation to the users and communicating with them by making they believe in the non-usage. This can be done by communicating positive stories of people who had same kind of disorders. Training and education programs will be required by the medical students and professionals to the drug users to bring a positive change in them.
There are social model of health in which various practices are taken up like running different life saving and prevention from drug programs which ultimately influence people to leave the dark path of drugs and get involved in the society.
AIHW. (2011). Drugs in Australia 2010: tobacco, alcohol and other drugs. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
Livingston, J. D., Milne, T., Fang, M. L. & Amari, E. (2012). The effectiveness of interventions for reducing stigma related to substance use disorders: a systematic review. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
I believe that as a health and social care professional I have a responsibility to reduce the harmful effects on physical and mental health of a user by taking up certain practices. It is very difficult to convince the people for the treatment but I will try to provide complete support to the users. I should encourage them to carry on with the treatments provided in the healthcare organisations. It is very important to provide positive vibes to these users so that they can enjoy the activities in the treatment. The positive attitude can show speedy recovery among the users as it will be easy to grab whatever will be practiced for them.
The drug harm reduction programs can be designed which should be focused on the special needs of the patients. These programs should be effective and relevant to the needs of the user. The differences in culture, gender, usage of drugs and education should be considered before involving them in the programs.
The pharmaceutical industry has grown to a good extent and the interests of the industry rests in the welfare of the users. But the dominance of Big Pharma created conflicts in the interests of users and in the business. The pharmaceutical companies are placing profits above the health of patients. The companies are making enormous profits by selling the drugs which are not even needed by the users. There are certain alternatives for providing help to the drug addicted people. The psychologists, social workers and the counsellors can help with various therapies which help the users in getting free from drugs. The communities can be involved which can motivate to reduce the drug usage.
The social model of health is the approach in which the broader influences of health are addressed. It includes Social, cultural, environmental and economic factors. It is a kind of community approach to reduce the illness and diseases. It includes education, health promotion or policies which are used to reduce the societal fear and stigma of the drug addictive people.
There are various models of health which aims at preventing the health of users.
Darton, K. (2016). Mental health effects of recreational drugs and alcohol. National Association for Mental Health.
Edgar, A. (2013). The dominance of big pharma: power. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
Answering these questions above has developed critical understanding in me. This is one of the ACU Graduate attributes which helped me in going through various sources and critically analysing the thoughts and feelings about "How can the ill effects of illicit and recreational drugs can be reduced to a great extent?. I have gone through various research papers, journal articles, books and reports which clearly show that illicit and recreational substances are highly consumed in Australia. This needs to be stopped or reduced at least so that the harmful effects of the consumption of these substances can be reduced. These illegal drugs can even take life of people. They pose physical as well as mental health problems in people. I learned that the people who are poor and surrounded with lot of stress and tensions are consuming them more. This even worsens the conditions.
Analysing different steps which could be taken for saving people and their families, made me realise that how I can contribute my efforts as a healthcare professional. I could participate in the learning and training programs which are conducted for providing education to the users of recreational substances. I found that even the society and culture plays key role in influencing the thought process of the population. Also, these factors are to be considered before planning for any care for the users. The special needs of the users can be considered for providing better care which can provide more effective results in the health. This is how I critically analysed and learned different strategies which can be taken for the reduction of recreational substances and illicit usage among population of Australia and globally.


To steal a line from the well-known rhyme, when my skin is good, it's very very good; when it's bad, it's truly horrid. I'm lucky in that when people meet me, their first reaction when I say I have sensitive skin is 'But your skin looks great!' as if being sensitive means I should be covered in spots or red-raw from scratching.
These days there are far more of the good, thanks to my well-practised patch testing routine for new products and my ever-increasing knowledge of what to look for in an INCI list, and so most of the time to look at me you wouldn't know that my skin isn't, for want of a better word, 'normal'; and yet meet me on the day of a reaction or stress-related rash and it becomes all too clear. I never take the better days for granted because I have to stay vigilant (last week I suddenly developed an itchy, ugly rash on my hand - turns out my skin didn't like a lipstick I was swatching earlier that day. FFS) and because I know what it is to feel like your skin is crawling, sometimes for weeks on end, and would do anything to avoid it.
So when I first met Zainab Danjuma, a vlogger with severe eczema, at an event earlier this year I could empathise - and yet it made me realise just how hard it can be if your skin affliction is far more constant and visible; suddenly my own sensitive skin problems paled in comparison. After hearing how 29-year-old Zainab had been dealing with eczema her whole life, I headed to YouTube to watch her videos about the condition and was inspired by how open and emotional she was; you can see from her comments that living with this kind of eczema day in, day out is all too common, and I was fascinated by her recent decision to begin topical steroid withdrawal after years of relying on them to manage and control her skin.
If you suffer with eczema or have ever felt your confidence knocked by another skin condition, I urge you to watch - Zainab is honest, relatable and a breath of fresh, unfiltered air in a sea of flawless-looking beauty vloggers who produce product reviews out of a love for the topic, rather than a need for a solution to their problematic skin. Both deserve an audience, but with so many of us sensitive types going through the same things, there's something about seeing real life coverage of skin issues that makes you feel less alone on those bad days (which is why My Pale Skin and Talonted Lex have captivated their audiences for acne and rosacea respectively).
How long have you had eczema?
I've had it my whole life. My mum took me to the doctors when I was about six months old because she was concerned about how dry and patchy my skin was.
I started my channel on the 22nd May 2017, and my first video was to celebrate National Curly Hair day. The video showed my journey with my hair because for many years I used to straighten it so much, I had completely ruined my curl pattern. When I made the video I was about three years into my natural hair journey.
Even though my channel started with a lot of hair videos, I knew at some point I was going to make a video about my eczema - how could I not! It took up so much of my life. I made a video about allergies that July, followed by my eczema video, uploaded in September 2017. Since then, my channel has been mostly focused on skin.
I have perfectly normal skin on about 80% of my body... just waiting for the other 20% to catch up!
How does your skin feel most of the time?
Itchy! I don't think there is a single moment where I am completely itch free. My itching is quite localised to my arms and neck now, so I can't really complain too much. I do suffer from dryness too but again, it's very localised. I have perfectly normal skin on about 80% of my body... just waiting for the other 20% to catch up!
What usually causes flare-ups in your eczema?
Foods I'm allergic to and sweat. I can also say stress too, I find that when I'm stressed or upset I tend to scratch quite viciously.
How do your food allergies affect your skin?
I suffer from Oral Allergy Syndrome so a lot of food I'm allergic to, I immediately react when they touch my lips or enter my mouth. It's mostly raw fruits like bananas, apples or cherries that set me off. I get a tingling or throbbing sensation in my lips and gums and my throat feels tickly. Peanuts give me a really strong reaction (not lethal but extremely uncomfortable) and after the tingling in the mouth, my lips swell up and my whole body gets covered in a bumpy red rash. It goes away after about four hours, but my skin can appear irritated for a couple of days after.
I will always prefer the cold because sweating is a major trigger for me. Cold weather makes my skin dry, but I can combat that with cream. Sweating is mostly unavoidable. It collects under my chin, between my thighs and the folds of my arms and knees. If my skin is already broken, it stings as well. Sweating tends to make me itch, and since the skin is wet, I can do more damage to myself by scratching. So there's a cycle because once I scratch too much, the stinging starts!
Why did you decide to begin topical steroid withdrawal?
I have been using topical steroids pretty much my whole life. I started at 6 months old and stopped November 6th 2017 which makes it exactly 28 years - which is far too long to be on them.
- rash would disappear, and I would stop applying the cream... until the next rash appeared.
I noticed that over the years the rashes would last longer and the time in between the next rash appearing would be shorter. All through 2017, the skin on my neck was just constantly inflamed and I started developing red rashes between my eyebrows and on my cheeks. I'd never had eczema on my face before. I also noticed that sometimes, the cream did absolutely nothing except make me itch more!
After making my eczema video for YouTube, I received a comment from a subscriber asking me if I heard about TSW (Topical Steroid Withdrawal). I googled it and everything just seemed to click. My skin was in this constant state of inflammation BECAUSE of my creams. Anytime I stopped the creams, my skin would just rebound because it was addicted to the medication. Over the years, doctors kept upping the strength of my creams. In the end, I was using Betnovate and Elocon which are listed as potent. My options were to up the strength of my creams once again to help clear the rashes - but know that somewhere down the line they too would stop working. Or, I could stop using them and go through withdrawal. I had never been without the cream for longer than a few days, a week a most, so I knew it would be hard.
I stopped my creams cold turkey. Within three days my whole neck had swollen up, patches on my face became redder and by the end of the week my skin was shedding, splitting open between my brows and weeping. My skin kept going downhill for about five months, then somehow at the start of May, my skin just calmed and it gradually got better. First, the shedding became less and less, and the redness began to become less noticeable. I'm nine months in now and my face is doing 100 times better than it ever had while I was on the steroids. It's soft, supple and dewy even without moisturiser!
I'm still in awe of the whole transformation. I'm having a tiny setback on my arms and neck because of the heatwave, but it's nothing compared to what I've been through so I just take it in my stride. Going through this withdrawal has really changed my life for the better.
What's been the hardest thing about TSW?
The hardest thing was looking in the mirror and not seeing myself. For months I felt like a monster. During the worst months, I looked bruised all over my face - this is typical of Red Skin Syndrome [where skin gets worse before it gets better - common with TSW]. My skin became incredibly dry too and it really aged me. I would smile and my skin would pull, causing deep lines around my mouth and eyes. I was shedding constantly, everyday I was losing skin on my face.
For about six months I couldn't wear makeup because it just looked terrible on my shedding skin, and it was always quite painful taking it off (water really stung my face) so I just gave up. It was really nerve wracking, turning up to work one day with no makeup and showing my colleagues my bruised-looking face. I felt so self conscious, I noticed I walked around looking at the floor and didn't want to make eye contact with anyone. I stopped going out unless I really had to and even then I would go home at the earliest chance.
I cried a lot during withdrawal thinking that this was my face now, and I would never be myself again. I lost a lot of my confidence and became really reserved.
It's really humbling looking back and knowing I've come so far. And somehow the six months without makeup was quite freeing and almost a confidence booster, especially towards the end when my skin became better - I felt i didn't even need the makeup.
What do you currently use on your skin?
I still use Aquaphor Healing Ointment, £18.70 which was my holy grail during my withdrawal! I use it on my lips daily. I can't use it on my face because it's quite thick and it's way too hot right now, so my face moisturiser is Palmer's Cocoa Butter, £7.99. I also use that on my body along with Aveeno Skin Relief Lotion, £4.49.
I've recently started using The Ordinary's Hyaluronic Acid 2% + B5, £5.90, after I've washed my face to help keep my face moisturised for longer.
What are your best products for when you're having a flare?
I will always run to Aquaphor Healing Ointment, especially if my skin gets dry.
Is there anything you indulge in when your skin is feeling better that you would normally avoid?
The gym! I avoid the gym when I'm rashy because the sweat makes me itch and I hate doing more damage to my skin. Food-wise, there's nothing I really avoid. I eat whatever I want (yes, I'm a food junkie) just avoiding things I know I'm allergic to like raw apples and peanuts.
Your makeup always looks flawless! What's in your makeup bag?
My favourite foundation is Nars Sheer Glow Foundation, £33 in Macoa.
I've been using it for about three years. My under-eye concealer is MAC Studio Finish in NC42 or NC35, £16.50 and I set that with Sacha Buttercup Powder, £19.99. Anastasia Beverly Hills DipBrow Pomade in Chocolate, £19 is my newest addition to the makeup bag. I contour with MAC Mineralize SkinFinish in Dark Deep, £25.50.
My everyday look is finished with MAC's Cork lip liner, £14, and Colourpop liquid lipstick in Echo Park or Screenshot, £9. And of course, some false lashes, like Ardell demi wispies, £5.49.
You've talked a lot about the psychological side of having eczema. What do you do to deal with this and is there anything that people could say or do to make it easier?
I'm still trying to work on this myself. I find that I'm very good at bottling things up, and sometimes I just have a little cry. That's my release. I also use my YouTube channel to voice my fears and worries.
I absolutely HATE when people tell me to stop scratching because they don't understand the feeling, I guess if people didn't say that I'd be a happier bunny!
Any experts, bloggers or resources you recommend for people going through the same thing?
I urge anyone going through TSW to go on Instagram and just search for accounts with "TSW" in the name. Follow, look at people's photos and talk! Message people and comment because everyone is in this together and we are all so willing to help and give advice. Join Facebook groups, the largest one is called "Topical Steroid Withdrawal - Red Skin Syndrome Support Group" it has over 9K members. These groups are like family, everyone is there to support and no question is too crazy for us, and we'll always lend an ear if you just want to rant and moan about your skin. There's also ITSAN.org (International Topical Steroid Addiction Network).
I don't think I would have stayed on track without Instagram and the Facebook groups. I've never known such an amazing group of people.
What are your top tips for anyone about to start TSW?
Don't compare your journey to anyone else's - everyone's healing is different.
Also, the withdrawal process is NOT linear. It's not a continuous climb to 100% healing, it's like a rollercoaster so if you're having a really bad week with your skin, the next week could be incredibly good! Then the following week it could be worse than before. So just take each day as it comes.
Make yourself as comfortable as possible. Do whatever makes you comfortable - if that means bathing for hours on end because it soothes your skin or walking around the house naked because clothes are too uncomfortable, just do it.
And last of all... remember you are not alone so don't be afraid to ask for help, there are thousands of us out there, we're all in this together.


text:
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/**phpDox

          Overview

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            Overview

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Vimeo

            Introduction

            Synopsis

            Hierarchy

            Coverage

            Members

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AudioDidact\SupportedSites\Vimeo

Synopsis

class Vimeo
                extends SupportedSite
            {

// members

private string $vimeoConfigBaseURL =
                        "https://player.vimeo.com/video/";

private string $vimeoBaseURL =
                        "https://vimeo.com/";

private string $downloadURL =
                        "";

private string $thumbnailURL =
                        "";

// Inherited members from SupportedSite

protected Video $video;

// methods

public void __construct()

private array getInfo()

private bool setVimeoID()

public void downloadThumbnail()

public void downloadVideo()

public static void supportsURL()

// Inherited methods from SupportedSite

public static void supportsURL()

public static bool|string getDuration()

public static bool|string getDurationSeconds()

public static bool allDownloadedVideo()

public void allDownloaded()

public abstract void downloadThumbnail()

public abstract void downloadVideo()

public void applyArt()

public void convert()

protected bool downloadWithPercentage()

public Video getVideo()

public static void echoErrorJSON()

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Members

private

              $downloadURL

              $thumbnailURL

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$vimeoConfigBaseURL
                —
                string

protected

$video
                —
                \AudioDidact\Video

Methods

private

              getInfo()

setVimeoID()
                — Set YouTube ID from a given string using parseYoutubeURL

public

__construct()
                — YouTube constructor. Gets the video information, checks for it in the user's feed.

downloadThumbnail()
                — Download thumbnail using videoID from YouTube's image server

downloadVideo()
                — Download video using download URL from Python script and then call downloadWithPercentage to actually download the video

              supportsURL()

Inherited from AudioDidact\SupportedSites\SupportedSite

protected

downloadWithPercentage()
                — Download the video to $localFile with a given $url While downloading output progress to UI as JSON array

public

              allDownloaded()

allDownloadedVideo()
                — Checks if all thumbnail, video, and mp3 are downloaded and have a length (ie. video or audio are not null)

              applyArt()

convert()
                — Converts mp4 video to mp3 audio using ffmpeg

              downloadThumbnail()

              downloadVideo()

              echoErrorJSON()

getDuration()
                — Get duration of media file from ffmpeg

getDurationSeconds()
                — Get duration in seconds of media file from ffmpeg

getVideo()
                — Returns the current Video object

              supportsURL()

      Generated using phpDox 0.12.0 - Copyright (C) 2010 - 2019 by Arne Blankerts and Contributors

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Grab inspiration from your idol when you slip inside your brand new David Alaba jersey. David Alaba is an extremely strategic player capable of playing virtually any position on the field. Owing to his outstanding qualities and skills as a footballer, he is able to adapt quickly to any position. David Alaba chases along the side-lines, making plays and taking the ball down-field with an assault against his opponents. When playing back on defence, Alaba dominates with highly skilled positional play and is extremely capable of anticipating and countering his opponent's offence. Whether playing offence or defence, David is one of FC Bayern München's most flexible and powerful players. His coaches never regret their decisions when placing David – no matter where that may be.
David Alaba was born in Vienna where he got his start playing football at a young age. After a promising career in the younger leagues, he played with Austria Wien. FC Bayern became aware of the then 15-year-old David Alaba and brought him to München in the summer of 2008. In the U19 and up, Alaba demonstrated talent and willingness to constantly improve his skills. David quickly debuted with the main FCB team and the left- footer became the youngest signed player on the team in 2010. After a brief stint at Hoffenheim, Alaba returned to München and has continued to demonstrate his skills to FCB and our fans. The David Alaba jersey is now representative of many wins and titles for Bayern München and this key player is one of FCB's finest assets.
While playing for the Austrian national team, David Alaba proved himself to be an astounding player for many years. He was Austria's Footballer of the Year and thus played a major role in the team's identity. Alaba's shots, accuracy and technique are feared by many opposing goalkeepers. His brilliance is not only a product of outstanding talent but also his perseverance and team spirit. As a fan, you can get yourself into the official number 27 David Alaba jersey with trendy shorts or cap and show off your support for Alaba and FC Bayern München in style. Ordering is quick and simple and your purchase will be processed and shipped by our staff immediately, to arrive at your door with as much haste as possible. Take home your official David Alaba jersey and show football fans everywhere for whom your heart beats.


This fun Block-of-the-Month quilt celebrates positive and uplifting worlds for each month. Make the large quilt or celebrate each thought monthly with the individual mini quilts or pillows. You can also celebrate with these quick and easy holiday and seasonal banners. Enjoy!


text:
Centres for congresses and conventions
The city is recognised as one of the most important events destinations in the Americas, with a range of major venues.
The city hosts around 2,000 major international events each year, making it the number 1 host city for events in the Americas according to ICCA (International Congress and Convention Association) for eight years running, and 17 placed in the world. Attendees can benefit from VAT exemptions on accommodation, congress registration and the hire of exhibition spaces.
The broad range of hotels and infrastructure for fairs and conventions increases year after year. Major venues are listed below.
La Rural is Argentina's biggest centre for trade fairs and exhibitions with seven pavillions, an auditorium, open spaces and an infinite range of options for large events. With easy access by public transport and underground parking, La Rural hosts major international expos.
Pavillions: 7
Parallel rooms: 4
Theatre capacity: 8,300
Reception capacity: 8,900
Total exhibition space (m2): 79,765
Banquet capacity: 5,000
Capacity of parallel rooms: 65- 8,300
Centro Costa Salguero
Created in 1993 to host exhibitions, conventions, shows, sporting events, social events and corporate meetings, Centro Costa Salguero is currently one of the major reference points for conventions and expos in Buenos Aires.
Capacity of side rooms: 50-5,000
Golden Center
One of Argentina's most important centres with six flexible rooms surrounded by lakes and gardens, ideal of all kinds of events. Just metres from Jorge Newbery Airport, Golden Center offers comfort, new installations, nature and covered space for events.
Reception rooms: 2,500
Capacity of other roomss: 60 - 2,300
Total exhibition space (m2): 4,500
Hilton Hotel Buenos Aires
Located in the heart of Puerto Madero, 10 minutes from the city's financial district, the hotel offers a range of meeting rooms, a business centre and installations for events. The meetings hall holds 2,500 visitors, making it the largest of those at hotels in the city.
Parallel rooms: 22
Mayor capacidad para banquete: 1.800
Rango de capacidad de salas: 10 - 2,500
Hotel Sheraton Buenos Aires & Centro de Convenciones
This 24-storey hotel offers 740 rooms including five executive floors equipped for business trips, with installations and services for corporate travellers and congress attendees.
Baquet capacity: 1,200
Capacity of parallel rooms: 10 - 1,800
New Buenos Aires Conventions Center
This centre is located in the neighbourhood of Recoleta, comprising three underground levels in order to preserve the landscape of the site between the University of Buenos Aires Law Faculty and Parque Thays. Solar panels on the exterior of the building go towards meeting city sustainability standards, while there are bus stops and an underground metro (subte) station (Líne H) nearby.
Reception capacity 2,000
Capacity of parallel rooms: 300 - 4,500
See altenative iconic venues for events in Buenos Aires.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Caddell Reynolds has been serving Arkansas & Oklahoma clients for many years. Our experienced Crittenden County motorcycle accident attorneys are dedicated to finding solutions to problems for our clients. Contact us at one of our offices near you for a free consultation.


The Heaton Park race is usually pleasant weather but with a few of our regulars missing this year we had only 2 runners to enjoy the pouring rain and wind sweeping across the Park!
First up was Hannah Cusworth U13G. In probably the largest race she came over the final hill with a large pack of girls in her wake. With 200m to go and a hard pull up to the finish there was no way she was going to let anyone past. With great determination she drove to the finish in 9th place!
Next was Kevin Acton U13B. Kevin came over the hill in 6th place behind a Manchester Harriers runner. Soaked through, he attacked the steep hill just past the gate and left the other runner beaten. With only a 100m to go he pulled away to secure 6th place!


text:
Q: Pure state before and after measurement Before the measurement of an observable, the quantum state is
$$|\Phi\rangle = \sum_i c_i |\psi_i \rangle,$$ with $|\psi_i \rangle$ called "pure states".
Once the measurement is done, the quantum state $|\Phi\rangle$ is projected onto one of the pure states $|\psi_{i}\rangle$.
Questions:

*

*Is a pure state an eigenvector of the observable used for the measurement?

*Before measurement, is the quantum state $|\Phi\rangle$ a superposition of pure states $|\psi_{i}\rangle$?

*What is the relation between the coefficients $c_i$ above and the probability $p_i$ to get the system in a pure state $|\psi_i\rangle$ (once the quantum state is projected, i.e the measurement is performed)? Can we write $|c_{i}|^2 = p_{i}$?
From the normalization condition for the quantum state $|\Phi\rangle$ we have $$\langle\Phi|\Phi\rangle = 1 = \sum_{i} |c_{i}|^2 = \sum_{i} p_{i} = 1 \, ,$$
but I can only arrive at $\left|c_i \right|^2 = p_i$ if the pure state basis is orthogonal $\left(\text{i.e.,}~\langle\psi_i|\psi_j\rangle=\delta_{ij}\right) $, can't I?
Thanks all, just a last question:
So I should rather think that a pure state can also be a superposition of basis states which are assimilated to eigenvectors of an observable. A pure state may not be only one eigeinevctor, it can be a linear combination of eigeinvectors, can't it?

A: 1) The decomposition you wrote down,
$$ |\Phi\rangle = \sum_{i} c_{i} |\psi_{i}\rangle, $$
can be performed using any complete basis $\psi$. So it would be useful to choose the basis of eigenvectors of the operator you want to investigate.
2) Yes, this is called a superposition.
3) If you want to arrive at the state $\psi_k$, you project it onto your state $\Phi$:
$$ \langle \psi_k |\Phi\rangle = \sum_i c_i \langle \psi_k|\psi_i\rangle = \sum_i c_i \delta_{ki} = c_k. $$
And then you take the absolute square of this amplitude to get the probability. This is the probability of arriving at the state $\psi_k$ after the measurement:
$$ |\langle \psi_k |\Phi\rangle|^2 = |c_k|^2. $$
So your equation is correct.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
OTT Release This Week: These films and series are going to be released this week, see what is special for you here
By Harish Basrani | Tue, 11 Jan 2022
The number of corona infections in the country is continuously increasing. Because of which some states have ordered offices to operate with percentage capacity. At the same time, some states have instructed private offices to work from home. But during this time there will be no shortage in your entertainment. Because Netflix, Disney + Hotstar, and Voot have brought you some fun series. So let's know about the web series to be released this week...
Ranjish hi Sahi
Set primarily in the golden era of bell-bottoms and fine music in the 70s, the web series 'Rajneesh Hi Shahi' revolves around the lives of Shankar, Aamna, and Anju. Despite being married, a desperate film director, Shankar, has an affair with an actress. This incident changes his life forever. Destroys their married life. Produced by Mahesh Bhatt, the show stars Tahir Bhasin, Amala Paul, Amrita Puri. The series will release on Voot Select on January 13.
ye kaali kaali aankhen
Hindi crime thriller series 'Yeh Kali Kali Aankhen' is set to release on Netflix this week. This series shows the exploitation of power. A politician's daughter pursues a man and is ready to do anything to make him her own. However, the man does not want to have any relationship with her. So he tries to run away, making the road ahead for him dark and risky. This series is going to release on Friday, January 14.
Based on the comic series created by Jack Kirby, 'Eternals' revolves around a group of superpowered people. With a stellar cast including Angelina Jolie, Gemma Chan, Richard Madden, Kumail Nanjiani, Lauren Ridloff, Brian Tyree Henry, Salma Hayek, Lia McHugh, Don Lee, and Kit Harington, Eternals is a must-watch film. In this, people with superpowers secretly live on the planet and come out after the events of Avengers: Endgame. Directed by Oscar-winner Chloe Zhao, the film also features a gay superhero and a deaf superhero. The film will release on January 12 on Disney + Hotstar.
The series is a remake of a hit theatrical feature film of the same name released in 2019. 'The Journalist' justifies the discussion of Japanese political crimes and scandals of recent years. The main character of the series deals with social taboos, thrilling developments, and stylish visuals. The film won awards in three major categories at the 43rd Japan Academy Awards, including Best Film of the Year, as well as several other film awards. In The Journalist, Ryoko Yonekura (Doctor X, Legal V) plays the protagonist Anna Matsuda, a Toto newspaper reporter known as the 'maverick of the news media. This journalist attempts to highlight issues in modern Japanese society. It is directed by Michihito Fuji. This series will be released on Netflix on Thursday, January 13.
'The House' is a dark comedy series. It is about three real stories of people who build their own homes. Independent is an anthology directed by the leading voices in stop motion animation: Emma de Sweff and Mark Rolls, Niki Lindroth von Bahr, and Paloma Beza. Produced by Nexus Studios, this series will be released on Netflix tomorrow i.e. on January 12.
Starring Shefali Shah and Kirti Kulhari, Human is a medical thriller that revolves around drug trials on humans. Directed by Vipul Amrutlal Shah along with Mojaz Singh, the show sheds light on how tests are conducted and who is involved. The series will release on Friday, January 14, on Disney + Hotstar.


Dayton Children's Hospital Leads Successful Stand and Deliver – HTS Inc.
Last month, the Dayton Children's Hospital (DCH) HTS Project team led by Ley Anne Merica, Erica Aguilera Dickey and Christina Stigger, were onsite to help facilitate Stand and Deliver. Stand and Deliver is a town hall style meeting meant to inform a larger project audience about upcoming milestones, key decisions, and other pertinent information regarding the project. Prior to the big day, the HTS team works with the leadership team to prepare materials and share best practices for delivering a presentation of this style.
DCH is ramping up for a very busy summer. Starting in June, they will begin the activation phase, which includes Day in the Life and Mock Move simulations. This will all lead up to their Patient Move in July. HTS would like to congratulate the DCH team for all that you have accomplished and we are looking forward to standing by your side on Day One of Operations.


Pro-Worker Legislation was the Main Topic of Discussion on America's Work Force.
On March 4, Mark Gruenberg, writer for Press Associates Inc. union news service, spoke about the progressive agenda set for 2019 while on America's Work Force.
Gruenberg discussed pro-worker legislation being one of the main targets in the progressive agenda for the year. He said that the pro-worker legislation will include legislation on equal pay for equal work and workers freedom to negotiate act. Gruenberg also touched on the Green New Deal and how some Republicans are in favor of using alternative energy sources over fossil fuels. To wrap up his interview, Gruenberg discussed the long term effects of the government shutdown, such as huge financial hits on government workers who had to dip into their savings and 401k's because they were not receiving pay during the shutdown.
Sue McConnell, president of the Cleveland Better Business Bureau, discussed a variety of scams for students to be on the lookout for during spring break season. She explained the importance of researching housing accomodations thoroughly before booking and paying for them, and to also look up the address to make sure that it is valid. McConnell also talked about "car wrap" scams and "friends and family" scams.
Week two of the partial government shutdown was the main topic of discussion during the Jan. 7 edition of America's Work Force.
Labor writer Mark Gruenberg with Press Associates Union discussed the partial government shutdown and the ongoing effects it has on government employees. He talked about "essential" government employees that are required to continue to work during the shutdown but are unsure if they will be paid or not. Gruenberg also talked about the American Federation of Government Employees lawsuit against the Trump administration in federal court to pay the "essential" workers, but the courts can't heart the case right now because they are part of the shutdown. He also mentioned the outlook for the new congress.
Sue McConnell with the Better Business Bureau, BBB, joined AWF on Jan. 7 and discussed the top 10 scams of 2018, as listed by the BBB. From E-commerce to medicare scams, McConnell gives an overview and explanation of all of the top scams of the year.
AWF host Ed "Flash" Ferenc discussed President Trump's demands more money in order to pay for the border wall when he still has yet to use the current money allocated towards border security.
Sue McConnell from the Better Business Bureau warned shoppers should beware of holiday shopping scams on America's Work Force Radio.
McConnell, during her Dec. 3 AWF appearance, listed a number of scams to look out for while shopping during the upcoming Christmas season. One scam that motorists and anyone else using a gas or kerosene pump should be aware of is a credit card skimmer at the pumps. She said people's credit card information is being stolen through the use of card skimmers and explained the steps to take if you fall victim to it. She stressed the importance of checking the validity of websites before making an online purchase. This is especially important on big-ticket items to ensure the company is legitimate so you do not get ripped off. Finally, McConnell talked about doing research and meeting in person before buying a puppy as a gift. By doing so, shoppers will be able to make sure the dog is as described, healthy and gives you the ability to ask any questions about the animal.
Labor writer Mark Gruenberg joined America's Work Force Radio and discussed the new congress, which will have the ability to rewrite existing labor laws to make them more worker friendly, especially for those who want to organize. He also talked about potential problems that could arise by privatizing the U.S. Postal Service. Gruenberg though, thinks privatization will not happen.
AWF host Ed "Flash" Ferenc talked about the U.S.–Mexico–Canada Trade Agreement (USMCA), which some people call the new NAFTA. He also spoke about workers with Unite Here Local 5, who ended their 51-day strike when they ratified a new contract with five hotels.


If you see "hypoallergenic" on a label it means the product is less likely to cause an allergic reaction. This does NOT mean there will be no reaction for every person as it is impossible to ensure such a blanket outcome.
What this means in the Curly world is that Curly horses, whether curly or smooth coated, are less likely than other breeds to cause a reaction. We, here at Bit-O-WY, try hard to not make a blanket declarative statement about our horses or Curly horses in general claiming all Curly horses to be good for all people with allergies.
Our fear is that with such a statement out there, when a person with allergies has a reaction to a Curly horse it makes the entire Curly world look like liars.
What we will say is, our experience with Curlies has resulted in varied results.
One person who tested 6 horses found he had no reaction to 3 horses, a slight reaction to 2 horses and a major reaction to one horse.
A later person who tested the 4 horses person one did not purchase reacted to all BUT the one the first person had the major reaction to.
Our conclusion from this and other such examples, each horse and person combination is unique and should be evaluated on an individual basis but for those with allergies and a love of horses, there is likely a Curly horse out there which will provide them an allergy free experience.


text:
/***
* Inferno Engine v4 2015-2017
* Written by Tomasz "Rex Dex" Jonarski
*
* [#filter: utils #]
***/

#include "build.h"
#include "timing.h"

namespace base
{
    //-----

    NativeTimePoint NativeTimePoint::Now()
    {
        NativeTimePoint ret;
#if defined(PLATFORM_WINDOWS)
        QueryPerformanceCounter((LARGE_INTEGER*)&ret.m_value);
#elif defined(PLATFORM_LINUX)
        timespec sp;
        clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW, &sp);
        ret.m_value = sp.tv_nsec  + sp.tv_sec * 1000000000LLU;
#endif
        return ret;
    }

    NativeTimeInterval NativeTimePoint::timeTillNow() const
    {
        return Now() - *this;
    }

    void NativeTimePoint::resetToNow()
    {
        *this = Now();
    }

    const Bool NativeTimePoint::reached() const
    {
        return Now() > *this;
    }

    //-----

#if defined(PLATFORM_WINDOWS)
    FORCEINLINE static NativeTimeInterval::TDelta GetFreq()
    {
        NativeTimeInterval::TDelta ret = 1;
        QueryPerformanceFrequency((LARGE_INTEGER*)&ret);
        return ret;
    }
#elif defined(PLATFORM_LINUX)
    FORCEINLINE static NativeTimeInterval::TDelta GetFreq()
    {
        return NativeTimeInterval::TDelta(1000000000LLU);
    }
#endif

    NativeTimeInterval::NativeTimeInterval(const Double delta)
    {
        m_delta = (TDelta)(delta  * (Double)GetFreq());
    }

    const Double NativeTimeInterval::toSeconds() const
    {
        return (Double)m_delta / (Double)GetFreq();
    }

    const Float NativeTimeInterval::toMiliSeconds() const
    {
        return (Float)(toSeconds() * 1000.0);
    }

} // base


text:
The Pitcairn Islands (; Pitkern: ), officially the Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands, is a group of four volcanic islands in the southern Pacific Ocean that form the sole British Overseas Territory in the Pacific Ocean. The four islands—Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno—are scattered across several hundred miles of ocean and have a combined land area of about . Henderson Island accounts for 86% of the land area, but only Pitcairn Island is inhabited. The islands nearest to the Pitcairn Islands are Mangareva (of French Polynesia) at 688 km to the west and Easter Island at 1,929 km to the east.

The Pitcairn Islanders are a biracial ethnic group descended mostly from nine Bounty mutineers and a handful of Tahitian consorts—as is still apparent from the surnames of many of the islanders. The mutiny and its aftermath have been the subject of many books and films. As of January 2020, the territory had only 47 permanent inhabitants.

History

Polynesian settlement and extinction
The earliest known settlers of the Pitcairn Islands were Polynesians who appear to have lived on Pitcairn and Henderson, and on Mangareva Island  to the northwest, for several centuries from at least the 11th century. They traded goods and formed social ties among the three islands despite the long canoe voyages between them, which helped the small populations on each island survive despite their limited resources. Eventually, important natural resources were exhausted, inter-island trade broke down and a period of civil war began on Mangareva, causing the small human populations on Henderson and Pitcairn to be cut off and eventually to become extinct.

Although archaeologists believe that Polynesians were living on Pitcairn as late as the 15th century, the islands were uninhabited when they were rediscovered by Europeans.

European arrival
Portuguese sailor Pedro Fernandes de Queirós came upon Ducie and Henderson Islands while sailing for the Spanish Crown, arriving on 26 January 1606. He named them La Encarnación ("The Incarnation") and San Juan Bautista ("Saint John the Baptist"), respectively. However, some sources express doubt about exactly which of the islands were visited and named by Queirós, suggesting that La Encarnación may actually have been Henderson Island, and San Juan Bautista may have been Pitcairn Island.

Pitcairn Island was sighted on 3 July 1767 by the crew of the British sloop HMS Swallow, commanded by Captain Philip Carteret. The island was named after midshipman Robert Pitcairn, a 15-year-old crew member who was the first to sight the island. Robert Pitcairn was a son of British Marine Major John Pitcairn, who was later killed at the 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill in the American War of Independence.

Carteret, who sailed without the newly invented marine chronometer, charted the island at , and although the latitude was reasonably accurate, his recorded longitude was incorrect by about 3°, putting his coordinates  to the west of the actual island. This made Pitcairn difficult to find, as highlighted by the failure of captain James Cook to locate the island in July 1773.

European settlement

In 1790, nine of the mutineers from the Bounty, along with the native Tahitian men and women who were with them (six men, 11 women, and a baby girl), settled on Pitcairn Island and set fire to the Bounty. The inhabitants of the island were well aware of the Bountys location, which is still visible underwater in Bounty Bay, but the wreckage gained significant attention in 1957 when documented by National Geographic explorer Luis Marden. Although the settlers survived by farming and fishing, the initial period of settlement was marked by serious tensions among them. Alcoholism, murder, disease and other ills took the lives of most mutineers and Tahitian men. John Adams and Ned Young turned to the scriptures, using the ship's Bible as their guide for a new and peaceful society. Young eventually died of an asthmatic infection.

Ducie Island was rediscovered in 1791 by Royal Navy captain Edwards aboard , while searching for the Bounty mutineers. He named it after Francis Reynolds-Moreton, 3rd Baron Ducie, also a captain in the Royal Navy.

The Pitcairn islanders reported it was not until 27 December 1795 that the first ship since the Bounty was seen from the island, but it did not approach the land and they could not make out the nationality. A second ship appeared in 1801, but made no attempt to communicate with them. A third came sufficiently near to see their house, but did not try to send a boat on shore. Finally, the American sealing ship Topaz, under Mayhew Folger, became the first to visit the island, when the crew spent ten hours on Pitcairn in February 1808. Whalers subsequently became regular visitors to the island. The last recorded whaler to visit was the James Arnold in 1888.

A report of Folger's discovery was forwarded to the Admiralty, mentioning the mutineers and giving a more precise location of the island: . However, this was not known to Sir Thomas Staines, who commanded a Royal Navy flotilla of two ships, HMS Briton and HMS Tagus, which found the island at  (by meridian observation) on 17 September 1814. Staines sent a party ashore and wrote a detailed report for the Admiralty. By that time, only one mutineer, John Adams, remained alive. He was granted amnesty for his part in the mutiny.

Henderson Island was rediscovered on 17 January 1819 by British Captain James Henderson of the British East India Company ship Hercules. Captain Henry King, sailing on Elizabeth, landed on 2 March to find the king's colours already flying. His crew scratched the name of their ship into a tree. Oeno Island was discovered on 26 January 1824 by American captain George Worth aboard the whaler .

In 1832, having tried and failed to petition the British government and the London Missionary Society, Joshua Hill, an American adventurer, arrived. He reported that by March 1833, he had founded a Temperance Society to combat drunkenness, a "Maundy Thursday Society", a monthly prayer meeting, a juvenile society, a Peace Society and a school.

British colony

Traditionally, Pitcairn Islanders consider that their islands officially became a British colony on 30 November 1838, at the same time becoming one of the first territories to extend voting rights to women. By the mid-1850s, the Pitcairn community was outgrowing the island; its leaders appealed to the British government for assistance, and were offered Norfolk Island. On 3 May 1856, the entire population of 193 people set sail for Norfolk on board the Morayshire, arriving on 8 June after a difficult five-week trip. However, just 18 months later, 17 of the Pitcairn Islanders returned to their home island, and another 27 followed five years later.

 visited Pitcairn Island on 18 April 1881 and "found the people very happy and contented, and in perfect health". At that time the population was 96, an increase of six since the visit of Admiral de Horsey in September 1878. Stores had recently been delivered from friends in England, including two whale-boats and Portland cement, which was used to make the reservoir watertight. HMS Thetis gave the islanders  of biscuits,  of candles, and 100 lb of soap and clothing to the value of £31, donated by the ship's company. An American trading ship called Venus had in 1882 bestowed a supply of cotton seed, to provide the islanders with a crop for future trade.

In 1886, the Seventh-day Adventist layman John Tay visited Pitcairn and persuaded most of the islanders to accept his faith. He returned in 1890 on the missionary schooner  with an ordained minister to perform baptisms. Since then, the majority of Pitcairn Islanders have been Adventists.

The islands of Henderson, Oeno and Ducie were annexed by Britain in 1902: Henderson on 1 July, Oeno on 10 July, and Ducie on 19 December. In 1938, the three islands, along with Pitcairn, were incorporated into a single administrative unit called the "Pitcairn Group of Islands". The population peaked at 233 in 1937. It has since decreased owing to emigration, primarily to Australia and New Zealand.

Sexual abuse in modern times
Three cases of imprisonment for sex with underage girls were reported in the 1950s.

In 1999, Gail Cox, a police officer from Kent, UK, served on a temporary assignment on Pitcairn, and began uncovering allegations of sexual abuse. When a 15-year-old girl decided to press rape charges in 1999, criminal proceedings (code-named "Operation Unique") were set in motion. The charges include 21 counts of rape, 41 of indecent assault, and two of gross indecency with a child under 14. Over the following two years, police officers in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom interviewed every woman who had lived on Pitcairn in the past 20 years, as well as all of the accused men. The file was held by Pitcairn's first Public Prosecutor Simon Moore, an Auckland Crown Solicitor appointed to the position by the British government for the purposes of the investigation.

Australian Seventh-day Adventist pastor Neville Tosen, who spent two years on Pitcairn around the turn of the millennium, said that on his arrival, he had been taken aback by the conduct of the children, but he had not immediately realised what was happening. "I noticed worrying signs such as inexplicable mood swings," he said. "It took me three months to realise they were being abused." Tosen tried to bring the matter before the Island Council (the legislative body which doubles as the island's court), but was rebuffed. One councillor told him, "Look, the age of consent has always been 12 and it doesn't hurt them."

A study of island records confirmed anecdotal evidence that most girls bore their first child between the ages of 12 and 15. "I think the girls were conditioned to accept that it was a man's world and once they turned 12, they were eligible," Tosen said. Mothers and grandmothers were resigned to the situation, telling him that their own childhood experience had been the same; they regarded it as just a part of life on Pitcairn. One grandmother wondered what all the fuss was about. Tosen was convinced, however, that the early sexual experience was very damaging to the girls, outright stating, "They can't settle or form solid relationships. They did suffer, no doubt about it."

In 2016, Mike Warren, Pitcairn mayor from 2008 to 2013, was convicted and sentenced to 20 months imprisonment for possession of child pornography.

Sexual assault trials of 2004

In 2004, charges were laid against seven men living on Pitcairn and six living abroad. This accounted for nearly a third of the male population, and half of the island's adult males. After extensive trials, most of the men were convicted, some with multiple counts of sexual encounters with children. On 25 October 2004, six men were convicted, including Steve Christian, the island's mayor at the time. In 2004, the islanders had about 20 firearms among them, which they surrendered ahead of the sexual assault trials. After the six men lost their final appeal, the British government set up a prison on the island at Bob's Valley. The men began serving their sentences in late 2006. By 2010, all had served their sentences or been granted home detention status.

Geography

The Pitcairn Islands form the southeasternmost extension of the geological archipelago of the Tuamotus of French Polynesia, and consist of four islands: Pitcairn Island, Oeno Island (atoll with five islets, one of which is Sandy Island), Henderson Island and Ducie Island (atoll with four islets).

The Pitcairn Islands were formed by a centre of upwelling magma called the Pitcairn hotspot. Pitcairn Island is a volcanic remnant primarily formed of tuff, where the north side of the cone has been eroded. Pitcairn is the only permanently inhabited island. Adamstown, the main settlement on the island, lies within the volcanic basin. Pitcairn is accessible only by boat through Bounty Bay, due to the island's steep cliffs. Henderson Island, covering about 86% of the territory's total land area and supporting a rich variety of animals in its nearly inaccessible interior, is also capable of supporting a small human population despite its scarce fresh water, but access is difficult, owing to its outer shores being steep limestone cliffs covered by sharp coral. In 1988, this island was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site. The other islands are at a distance of more than  and are not habitable.

Pitcairn Island has no permanent water source; however, the island has three seasonal semi-permanent springs.

† Includes reef flat and lagoon of the atolls.

Climate

Pitcairn is located just south of the Tropic of Capricorn and experiences year-round warm weather.

Flora
About nine plant species are thought to occur only on Pitcairn. These include tapau, formerly an important timber resource, and the giant nehe fern. Some, such as red berry (Coprosma rapensis var. Benefica), are perilously close to extinction. The plant species Glochidion pitcairnense is endemic to Pitcairn and Henderson Islands. Pitcairn is part of the Tuamotu tropical moist forests terrestrial ecoregion.

Fauna

Between 1937 and 1951, Irving Johnson, skipper of the  brigantine Yankee Five, introduced five Galápagos giant tortoises to Pitcairn. Turpen, also known as Mr Turpen, or Mr. T, is the sole survivor. Turpen usually lives at Tedside by Western Harbour. A protection order makes it an offence should anyone kill, injure, capture, maim, or cause harm or distress to the tortoise.

The birds of Pitcairn fall into several groups. These include seabirds, wading birds and a small number of resident land-bird species. Of 20 breeding species, Henderson Island has 16, including the unique flightless Henderson crake; Oeno hosts 12; Ducie 13 and Pitcairn six species. Birds breeding on Pitcairn include the fairy tern, common noddy and red-tailed tropicbird. The Pitcairn reed warbler, known by Pitcairners as a "sparrow", is endemic to Pitcairn Island; formerly common, it was added to the endangered species list in 2008.

A small population of humpback whales (which has been poorly studied by scientists) migrate to the islands annually, to over-winter and breed.

Important bird areas
The four islands in the Pitcairn group have been identified by BirdLife International as separate Important Bird Areas (IBAs). Pitcairn Island is recognised because it is the only nesting site of the Pitcairn reed warbler. Henderson Island is important for its endemic land-birds as well as its breeding seabirds. Oeno's ornithological significance derives principally from its Murphy's petrel colony. Ducie is important for its colonies of Murphy's, herald and Kermadec petrels, and Christmas shearwaters.

Pitcairn Islands Marine Reserve
In March 2015 the British government established one of the largest marine protected areas in the world around the Pitcairn Islands. The reserve covers the islands' entire exclusive economic zone—. The intention is to protect some of the world's most pristine ocean habitat from illegal fishing activities. A satellite "watchroom" dubbed Project Eyes on the Seas has been established by the Satellite Applications Catapult and the Pew Charitable Trusts at the Harwell Science and Innovation Campus in Harwell, Oxfordshire to monitor vessel activity and to gather the information needed to prosecute unauthorised trawling.

Pitcairn Islands Dark Sky Sanctuary
In March 2019 the International Dark-Sky Association approved the Pitcairn Islands as a Dark Sky Sanctuary. The sanctuary encompasses all 4 islands in the Pitcairn Islands Group for a total land area of 43.25 km2 (16 sq. mi.).

Politics

The Pitcairn Islands are a British overseas territory with a degree of local government. The King of the United Kingdom is represented by a Governor, who also holds office as British High Commissioner to New Zealand and is based in Wellington.

The 2010 constitution gives authority for the islands to operate as a representative democracy, with the United Kingdom retaining responsibility for matters such as defence and foreign affairs. The Governor and the Island Council may enact laws for the "peace, order and good government" of Pitcairn. The Island Council customarily appoints a Mayor of Pitcairn as a day-to-day head of the local administration. There is a Commissioner, appointed by the Governor, who liaises between the Council and the Governor's office.

Since 2015, same-sex marriage has been legal on Pitcairn Island, although there are no people on the island known to be in such a relationship.

The Pitcairn Islands have the smallest population of any democracy in the world.

The United Nations Committee on Decolonization includes the Pitcairn Islands on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories.

Military
The Pitcairn Islands are an overseas territory of the United Kingdom; defence is the responsibility of the Ministry of Defence and His Majesty's Armed Forces. The Royal Navy maintains two offshore patrol vessels in the Indo-Pacific region,  and . Either may be periodically employed for sovereignty protection and other duties around Pitcairn and her associated islands.

Mandatory work
Due to there being no income or sales tax, Pitcairn has established a system of civil conscription whereby all able-bodied people are required to perform, when called upon, jobs such as road maintenance and repairs to public buildings.

Economy

Agriculture
The fertile soil of the Pitcairn valleys, such as Isaac's Valley on the gentle slopes southeast of Adamstown, produces a wide variety of fruits, including bananas (Pitkern: plun), papaya (paw paws), pineapples, mangoes, watermelons, cantaloupes, passionfruit, breadfruit, coconuts, avocadoes, and citrus (including mandarin oranges, grapefruit, lemons and limes). Vegetables include sweet potatoes (kumura), carrots, sweet corn, tomatoes, taro, yams, peas, and beans. Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) and sugarcane are grown and harvested to produce arrowroot flour and molasses, respectively. Pitcairn Island is remarkably productive and its benign climate supports a wide range of tropical and temperate crops. All land allocation for any use including agriculture is under the discretion of the government. If the government deems agricultural production excessive then it may tax the land. If the agricultural land has been deemed not up to the standards of the government it may confiscate and transfer the land without compensation.

Fish are plentiful in the seas around Pitcairn. Spiny lobster and a large variety of fish are caught for meals and for trading aboard passing ships. Almost every day someone will go fishing, whether it is from the rocks, from a longboat, or diving with a spear gun. There are numerous types of fish around the island. Fish such as nanwee, white fish, moi, and opapa are caught in shallow water, while snapper, big eye, and cod are caught in deep water, and yellow tail and wahoo are caught by trawling.

Minerals
Manganese, iron, copper, gold, silver and zinc have been discovered within the exclusive economic zone, which extends  offshore and comprises .

Honey production
In 1998 the UK's overseas aid agency, the Department for International Development, funded an apiculture programme for Pitcairn which included training for Pitcairn's beekeepers and a detailed analysis of Pitcairn's bees and honey with particular regard to the presence or absence of disease. Pitcairn has one of the best examples of disease-free bee populations anywhere in the world and the honey produced was and remains exceptionally high in quality. Pitcairn bees are also a placid variety and, within a short time, beekeepers are able to work with them wearing minimal protection. As a result, Pitcairn exports honey to New Zealand and to the United Kingdom. In London, Fortnum & Mason sells it and it is reportedly a favourite of King Charles and formerly Queen Elizabeth. The Pitcairn Islanders, under the "Bounty Products" and "Delectable Bounty" brands, also export dried fruit including bananas, papayas, pineapples, and mangoes to New Zealand. Honey production and all honey-related products are a protected monopoly. All funds and management are under the supervision and discretion of the government.

Cuisine
Cuisine is not very developed because of Pitcairn's small population. The most traditional meal is pota, mash from palm leaves and coconut. Domestic tropical plants are abundantly used. These include basil, breadfruit, sugar cane, coconut, bananas and beans. Meat courses consist mainly of fish and beef. Given that most of the population's ancestry is from the UK, the cuisine is influenced by British cuisine; for example, the meat pie.

The cuisine of Norfolk Island is very similar to that of the Pitcairn Islands, as Norfolk Islanders trace their origins to Pitcairn. The local cuisine is a blend of British cuisine and Tahitian cuisine.

Recipes from Norfolk Island of Pitcairn origin include mudda (green banana dumplings) and kumara pilhi. The island's cuisine also includes foods not found on Pitcairn, such as chopped salads and fruit pies.

Tourism
Tourism plays a major role on Pitcairn. Tourism is the focus for building the economy. It focuses on small groups coming by charter vessel and staying at "home stays". About ten times a year, passengers from expedition-type cruise ships come ashore for a day, weather permitting. As of 2019, the government has been operating the MV Silver Supporter as the island's only dedicated passenger/cargo vessel, providing adventure tourism holidays to Pitcairn every week. Tourists stay with local families and experience the island's culture while contributing to the local economy. Providing accommodation is a growing source of revenue, and some families have invested in private self-contained units adjacent to their homes for tourists to rent.

Entry requirements for short stays, up to 14 days, which do not require a visa, and for longer stays, that do require prior clearance, are explained in official documents. All persons under 16 years of age require prior clearance before landing, irrespective of the length of stay.

Crafts and external sales

The government holds a monopoly over "any article of whatsoever nature made, manufactured, prepared for sale or produced by any of the inhabitants of Pitcairn Island". The flow of funds from these revenue sources are from customer to the government to the Pitcairners. The Pitcairners are involved in creating crafts and curios (made out of wood from Henderson). Typical woodcarvings include sharks, fish, whales, dolphins, turtles, vases, birds, walking sticks, book boxes, and models of the Bounty. Miro (Thespesia populnea), a dark and durable wood, is preferred for carving. Islanders also produce tapa cloth and painted Hattie leaves.

The major sources of revenue have been the sale of coins and postage stamps to collectors, .pn domain names, and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships, most of which are on the United Kingdom to New Zealand route via the Panama Canal. The Pitcairn Islands issued their first stamp in 1940. These became very popular with stamp collectors, and their sale became the dominant source of revenue for the community. Profits went into a general fund which enabled the island to be mostly self-sufficient. This fund was used to meet the regular needs of the community, and pay wages. Funds in excess of regular expenses were used to build a school and hire a teacher from New Zealand, the first professional teacher hired on the island. The fund was also used to subsidise imports and travel to New Zealand. At later points, the sale of coins and .pn domain names also contributed to the fund. Towards the end of the 20th century, as writing letters became less common and stamp collecting became less popular, revenue for the fund declined. In 2004, the island went bankrupt, with the British government subsequently providing 90% of its annual budget.

Electricity
Diesel generators provide the island with electricity from 7 am to 10 pm. A wind power plant was planned to be installed to help reduce the high cost of power generation associated with the import of diesel, but was cancelled in 2013 after a project overrun of three years and a cost of £250,000.

The only qualified high-voltage electrician on Pitcairn, who manages the electricity grid, reached the age of 67 in 2020.

Demographics

The islands have suffered a substantial population decline since 1940, and the viability of the island's community is in doubt (see § Potential extinction, below). The government has tried to attract migrants. However, these initiatives have not been effective.

Only two children were born on Pitcairn in the 21 years prior to 2012. In 2005, Shirley and Simon Young became the first married outsider couple in history to obtain citizenship on Pitcairn.

Language
Most resident Pitcairn Islanders are descendants of the Bounty mutineers and Tahitians (or other Polynesians). Pitkern is a creole language derived from 18th-century English, with elements of the Tahitian language. It is spoken as a first language by the population and is taught alongside English at the island's only school. It is closely related to the creole language Norfuk, spoken on Norfolk Island, because Norfolk was repopulated in the mid-19th century by Pitcairners.

Religion
The only church building on the island is Seventh-day Adventist. The Seventh-day Adventist Church is not a state religion, as no laws concerning its establishment were passed by the local government. A successful Seventh-day Adventist mission in the 1890s was important in shaping Pitcairn society. In recent years, the church population has declined, and , eight of the then forty islanders attended services regularly, but most attend church on special occasions. From Friday at sunset until Saturday at sunset, Pitcairners observe a day of rest in observance of the Sabbath, or as a mark of respect for observant Adventists.

The church was built in 1954 and is run by the Church board and resident pastor, who usually serves a two-year term. The Sabbath School meets at 10 am on Saturday mornings, and is followed by Divine Service an hour later. On Tuesday evenings, there is another service in the form of a prayer meeting.

Education
Education is free and compulsory between the ages of five and 15. Children up to the age of 12 are taught at Pulau School, while children of 13 and over attend secondary school in New Zealand, or are educated via correspondence school.

The island's children have produced a book in Pitkern and English called Mi Bas Side orn Pitcairn or My Favourite Place on Pitcairn.

The school on Pitcairn, Pulau School, provides pre-school and primary education based on the New Zealand syllabus. The teacher is appointed by the governor from suitable qualified applicants who are registered in New Zealand as teachers. The government officially took responsibility for education in 1958; the Seventh-day Adventist Church had done so from the 1890s until 1958. There were ten students in 1999; enrollment was previously 20 in the early 1950s, 28 in 1959, and 36 in 1962. The Pulau School has a residence for teachers built in 2004; there was a previous such facility built in 1950.

Historical population
Pitcairn's population has significantly decreased since its peak of over 200 in the 1930s, to fewer than fifty permanent residents today (2021).

Potential extinction
, the total resident population of the Pitcairn Islands was 47. It is rare for all the residents to be on-island at the same time; it is common for several residents to be off-island for varying lengths of time visiting family, for medical reasons, or to attend international conferences. A diaspora survey projected that by 2045, if nothing were done, only three people of working age would be left on the island, with the rest being very old. In addition, the survey revealed that residents who had left the island over the past decades showed little interest in coming back. Of the hundreds of emigrants contacted, only 33 were willing to participate in the survey and just three expressed a desire to return.

, the labour force consisted of 31 able-bodied persons: 17 males and 14 females between 18 and 64 years of age. Of the 31, just seven are younger than 40, but 18 are over the age of 50. Most of the men undertake the more strenuous physical tasks on the island such as crewing the longboats, cargo handling, and the operation and maintenance of physical assets. Longboat crew retirement age is 58. There were then 12 men aged between 18 and 58 residing on Pitcairn. Each longboat requires a minimum crew of three; of the four longboat coxswains, two were in their late 50s.

The Pitcairn government's attempts to attract migrants have been unsuccessful. Since 2013, some 700 make inquiries each year, but so far, not a single formal settlement application has been received. The migrants are prohibited from taking local jobs or claiming benefits for a certain length of time, even those with children. The migrants are expected to have at least NZ$30,000 per person in savings and are expected to build their own house at average cost of NZ$140,000. It is also possible to bring off-island builders at an additional cost of between NZ$23,000 and NZ$28,000. The average annual cost of living on the island is NZ$9,464. There is, however, no assurance of the migrant's right to remain on Pitcairn; after their first two years, the council must review and reapprove the migrant's status. The migrants are also required to take part in the unpaid public work to keep the island in order such as maintaining the island's numerous roads and paths, building roads, navigating the island longboats, and cleaning public toilets. There are also restrictions on bringing children under the age of 16 to the island.

Freight from Tauranga to Pitcairn on the  (Pitcairn Island's dedicated passenger and cargo ship chartered by the Pitcairn government) is charged at NZ$350/m3 for Pitcairners and NZ$1,000/m3 for all other freight. Additionally, Pitcairners are charged NZ$3,000 for a one-way trip; others are charged NZ$5,000.

, the government's Pitcairn Islands Economic Report stated that " will migrate to Pitcairn Islands for economic reasons as there are limited government jobs, a lack of private sector employment, as well as considerable competition for the tourism dollar." The Pitcairners take turns to accommodate those few tourists who occasionally visit the island.

As the island remains a British Overseas Territory, the British government will at some stage be required to make a decision about the island's future.

Culture
The once-strict moral codes, which prohibited dancing, public displays of affection, smoking, and consumption of alcohol, have been relaxed. Islanders and visitors no longer require a six-month licence to purchase, import, and consume alcohol. There is now one licensed café and bar on the island, and the government store sells alcohol and cigarettes.

Fishing and swimming are two popular recreational activities. A birthday celebration or the arrival of a ship or yacht will involve the entire Pitcairn community in a public dinner in the Square, Adamstown. Tables are covered in a variety of foods, including fish, meat, chicken, pilhi, baked rice, boiled plun (banana), breadfruit, vegetable dishes, an assortment of pies, bread, breadsticks, an array of desserts, pineapple, and watermelon.

Paid employees maintain the island's numerous roads and paths. , the island had a labour force of over 35 men and women.

Bounty Day is an annual public holiday celebrated on Pitcairn on 23 January to commemorate the day in 1790 when the mutineers arrived on the island in HMS Bounty.

Media and communications
 Post
The UK Postcode for directing mail to Pitcairn Island is PCRN 1ZZ.

 Newspapers
The Pitcairn Miscellany is a monthly newspaper available in print and online editions. Dem Tull was an online monthly newsletter published between 2007 and 2016.
 Telecommunications

Pitcairn uses New Zealand's international calling code, +64. It is still on the manual telephone system.
 Radio
There is no broadcast station. Marine band walkie-talkie radios are used to maintain contact among people in different areas of the island. Foreign stations can be picked up on shortwave radio.
 Amateur radio
Callsign website QRZ.COM lists six amateur radio operators on the island, using the ITU prefix (assigned through the UK) of VP6, two of whom have a second VR6 callsign. However, two of these 6 are listed by QRZ.COM as deceased, while others are no longer active. Pitcairn Island has one callsign allocated to its Club Station, VP6PAC.

QRZ.COM lists 29 VP6 callsigns being allocated in total, 20 of them to off-islanders. Of these, five were allocated to temporary residents and ten to individuals visiting. The rest were assigned to the DX-peditions to Pitcairn, one of which took place . In 2008, a major DX-pedition visited Ducie Island. In 2018, another major DX-pedition visited Ducie Island.
 Television
Pitcairn can receive a number of television channels but only has capacity to broadcast two channels to houses at any one time. The channels are currently switched on a regular basis.
 Internet
There is one government-sponsored satellite Internet connection, with networking provided to the inhabitants of the island. Pitcairn's country code top-level domain is .pn. Residents pay NZ$50 (about £26) for 25 GB of data per month. In 2012, a single 1 Mbit/s link installed provided the islanders with an Internet connection, the 1 Mbit/s was shared across all families on the island. By December 2017, the British Government implemented a 4G LTE mobile network in Adamstown with shared speeds of 5 Mbit/s across all islanders.

Transport
All settlers of the Pitcairn Islands arrived by boat or ship. Pitcairn Island does not have an airport, airstrip or seaport; the islanders rely on longboats to ferry people and goods between visiting ships and shore through Bounty Bay. Access to the rest of the shoreline is restricted by jagged rocks. The island has one shallow harbour with a launch ramp accessible only by small longboats. In 2014, a medical emergency requiring transport to a hospital in Papeete involved a 335 nautical mile (540 km) trip in an open boat to the island of Mangareva, then an air ambulance flight 975 nautical miles (1570 km) to Papeete. It was organized by medical authorities in the United Kingdom and New Zealand, and French authorities in Mangareva and Papeete. The British High Commissioner to New Zealand said "It can be a hazardous sea voyage from Pitcairn to Mangareva. This is especially so for open long boats. However, I'm pleased to say that all went well and both boats arrived safely in Mangareva mid-morning today, New Zealand time."

A dedicated passenger and cargo supply ship chartered by the Pitcairn Island government, the , was until 2018 the principal transport from Mangareva in the Gambier Islands of French Polynesia. The supply ship was replaced in 2019 by .

Totegegie Airport in Mangareva can be reached by air from the French Polynesian capital Papeete.

There is one  paved road leading up from Bounty Bay through Adamstown.

The main modes of transport on Pitcairn Islands are by four-wheel drive quad bikes and on foot. Much of the road and track network and some of the footpaths of Pitcairn Island are viewable on Google's Street View.

Notable people

 Ned Young (b  1762, d 1800 on Pitcairn), mutineer from the famous HMS Bounty incident, and co-founder of the mutineers' Pitcairn Island settlement.
 Teraura (b  1775, d 1850 on Pitcairn), Tahitian noblewoman and tapa weaver, 'partner' of Ned Young, Matthew Quintal and Thursday October Christian I.
 William McCoy (b  1763, d 1798 on Pitcairn), a Scottish sailor and a mutineer on board HMS Bounty.
 Fletcher Christian (b 1764, d 1793 on Pitcairn), Master's mate on board HMS Bounty, died here at age 28.
 Matthew Quintal (b 1766, d 1799 on Pitcairn), a Cornish able seaman and mutineer aboard HMS Bounty
 John Adams (b 1767, d 1829 on Pitcairn), the last survivor of the HMS Bounty mutineers who settled on Pitcairn Island in January 1790, the year after the mutiny
 Thursday October Christian I (1790–1831), the first son of Fletcher Christian
 George Adams (1804–1873), served as Chief Magistrate on Pitcairn in 1848
 Thursday October Christian II (1820–1911), a Pitcairn Islands political leader. Grandson of Fletcher Christian and son of Thursday October Christian I
 Simon Young (1823–1893), served as Magistrate of the Pitcairn Islands in 1849
 Moses Young (1829–1909), served as magistrate of Pitcairn Island four times, between 1865 and 1881
 James Russell McCoy (1845–1924), served as Magistrate of Pitcairn Island 7 times, between 1870 and 1904
 Benjamin Stanley Young (1851–1934), served as Magistrate of the Pitcairn Islands twice, from 1884 to 1885, and in 1892
 Rosalind Amelia Young (1853–1924), a historian from Pitcairn Islands
 William Alfred Young (1863–1911), served as President of the council, and Magistrate of Pitcairn Island three times, between 1897 and 1908
 Matthew Edmond McCoy (1868–1929), served as Magistrate of Pitcairn Island in 1909
 Gerard Bromley Robert Christian (1870–1919), served as Magistrate of Pitcairn Island from 1910 to 1919
 Edgar Allen Christian (1879–1960), a politician from Pitcairn and Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn Island on several occasions between 1923 and 1939
 Charles Richard Parkin Christian (1883–1971), a long-serving politician from Pitcairn and Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn Island for eleven years at various times between 1920 and 1957
 Frederick Martin Christian (1883–1971), a politician from Pitcairn and Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn Island on three occasions between 1921 and 1943
 John Lorenzo Christian (1895–1984), twice served as Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn Island: 1952–54 and 1961–66
 Ivan Christian (1919–1991), a politician from Pitcairn and Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn Island from 1976 to 1984
 Tom Christian (1935–2013), radio operator
 Brenda Christian (born 1953), a political figure from the Pitcairn Islands and served the territory as its first female Mayor from 8 November to 15 December 2004
 Jay Warren (born 1956), a political figure who served as the 3rd Mayor of Pitcairn Islands

Gallery

See also

 Bibliography of the Pitcairn Islands
 Bounty Bible
 Descendants of the Bounty mutineers
 Island Council (Pitcairn)
 Languages of the Pitcairn Islands
 Law enforcement in the Pitcairn Islands
 Lists of islands
 Outline of the Pitcairn Islands
 Pitcairn Islanders
 Thursday October Christian I

References

Further reading

Mutiny on the Bounty
 Mutiny on the Bounty by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall, 1932
 The Bounty: The True Story of the Mutiny on the Bounty by Caroline Alexander (Harper Perennial, London, 2003 pp. 491)
 The Discovery of Fletcher Christian: A Travel Book by Glynn Christian, a descendant of Fletcher Christian, Bounty Mutineer (Guild Press, London, 2005 pp. 448)

After the Mutiny
 Men Against the Sea by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall, 1933
 Pitcairn's Island by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall, 1934
 The Pitcairners by Robert B. Nicolson (Pasifika Press, Auckland, 1997 pp. 260)
 After the Bounty: The Aftermath of the Infamous Mutiny on the HMS Bounty—An Insight to the Plight of the Mutineers by Cal Adams, a descendant of John Adams, Bounty Mutineer (Self-published, Sydney, 2008 pp. 184)
 The "Re-colonising of Pitcairn by Sue Farran, Senior Lecturer, University of Dundee; Visiting Lecturer, University of the South Pacific.
 Ball, Ian M. – Pitcairn: Children of Mutiny. 1973
 Belcher, Lady – The Mutineers of the Bounty and Their Descendants in Pitcairn and Norfolk Islands. 1870
 Birkett, Dea – Serpent in Paradise. Anchor Doubleday, 1997. .
 Brodie, Walter – Pitcairn Island and the Islanders in 1850. 1851
 Christian, Glynn – Fragile Paradise: The Discovery of Fletcher Christian, Bounty Mutineer. 2005
 Clarke, Peter – Hell and Paradise: The Norfolk-Bounty-Pitcairn Saga. 1986
 Fullerton, W. Y. – The Romance of Pitcairn Island. 1923
 Hancock, W. K. – Politics in Pitcairn and Other Essays. 1947
 Lucas, Charles – The Pitcairn Island Register Book. 1929
 Lummis, Trevor – Pitcairn Island: Life and death in Eden. 1997
 Manorial Research with the National Maritime Museum (UK) – Mutiny on the Bounty, 1789-1989. 1989
 Murray, Rev. T. B. – Pitcairn: The Island, the People, and the Pastor. 1853
 Oliver, Dawn, ed. – Justice, Legality and the Rule of Law: Lessons from the Pitcairn Prosecutions. 2009
 Oliver, Douglas – Return to Tahiti: Bligh's Second Breadfruit Voyage. 1988
 Randall, John E. – Reef and Shore Fishes of the South Pacific: New Caledonia to Tahiti and the Pitcairn Islands. 2005
 Shapiro, Harry L. – The Heritage of the 'Bounty': The Story of Pitcairn Through Six Generations. 1936
 Silverman, David – Pitcairn Island. 1967
 Tobin, George, Lt. – Captain Bligh's Second Chance: An eyewitness account of his return to the South Seas. 2007

Fiction
 Chamier, Frederick – Jack Adams, the Mutineer. 1838
 Kinsolving, William – Mister Christian. 1996
 McDermid, Val – The Grave Tattoo. 2006
 Mountain, Fiona – Isabella. 1999
 Nordhoff, Charles and James Norman Hall – Pitcairn's Island. 1934
 Souhami, Diana – Coconut Chaos: Pitcairn, mutiny and a seduction at sea. 2007
 Wilson, Erle – Adams of the Bounty. 1958

Other

External links

Government
 Pitcairn Government official website

Travel
 Pitcairn Island Tourism Official tourism site of the Pitcairn Islands.
 Google Street View June 2013

Local news
 Pitcairn News from Big Flower News from Big Flower, Pitcairn Island.
 Pitcairn Miscellany News from Pitcairn Island. Jacqui Christian, ed.
 Pitcairn News information from Chris Double, a Bounty descendant based in Auckland
 Uklun Tul Un Dem Tul Pitcairn news by Kari Young, a Pitcairn resident.

Study groups
 U.S. Pitcairn Islands Study Centre
 U.S. Pitcairn Islands Study Group

English-speaking countries and territories
Important Bird Areas of the Pitcairn Islands
Island countries
Islands of the Pitcairn Islands
Mutiny on the Bounty
Geography of Polynesia
States and territories established in 1838
Volcanoes of the United Kingdom
British Western Pacific Territories
.Pitcairn
Former British colonies and protectorates in Oceania

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In a wok/ kadhai add oil, mustard seeds and curry leaves. Once they splutter, add ginger and garlic. Saute for a minute.
Add potatoes and salt. Cook till the potatoes start to brown a little. Add the roasted peanuts.
Add the boiled vermicelli. Toss well and serve hot.