Intralesional treatment is a procedure by which the medication is directly given to the skin by a needle in order to treat local skin disease with a maximum benefit and minimal systemic effects. It has been a good therapeutic option for dermatologists since first introduced in 1961 1. Corticosteroids such as triamcinolone and betamethasone, vitamins including vitamin D and dexpanthenol and even saline and many other agents are used as intralesional treatments for numerous dermatological disorders. Alopecia areata, keloidal scars, lichen planus, onychodistrophias, discoid lupus erythematosis are some leading skin diseases in the longlist of intralesionally treatable dermatosis. Intralesional treatment has unique advantages such as faster and better action, prolonged action duration, better patient compliance and avoiding the longterm need for drug application 2. However, it has also disadvantages including pain during administration, higher risk of allergy and skin changes such as atrophy and pigmentation.
A descriptive study was aimed to give information about intralesional procedures which were performed in a single dermatology clinic. Data were collected in an outpatient dermatology department of a research and training hospital located in an urban area, which has a large patient population more than 20,000 a year. Inputs were obtained from medical records of patients between January 2016 and January 2017. The study included 344 patients. Intralesional injectional treatments were analyzed regarding the number of patients, administrated drug and skin disease. 28 or 30 G syringes were used for the injection, rarely 23 or 25 G syringes for viscous drugs.
Nine agents were injected as solely or mixed with another agent in various dilutions for twentyfour different dermatological disorders. Intralesionally delivered drugs were as follows: Triamcinolone acetonide, vitamin D, dexpanthenol, carnitine, prilocaine, clindamycin, tranexamic acid, 5 fluorouracil and saline.
The data of 344 patients were obtained and analyzed retrospectively. 179 (52%) of them were male, the other 165 (48%) patients were female and their average age was 34,5 years.
Almost all injections were painful. However, no previous topical anesthesia was applied due to some how tolerable pain during the injection, except vitamin D injection which is significantly painful. A cold application followed by prilocaine percutaneous anesthesia was done before vitamin D intralesional injection. This provided a tolerable pain during the procedure. 23 or 25 G syringes were used for these injections to provide a better injection with their wider lumen.
Twenty-four different dermatological diseases were treated intralesionally between January 2016 and January 2017.
The most common indication for intralesional treatments was alopecia areata. 53 % of all injectional therapies was for alopecia areata. However, only one patient with some disease including notalgia paresthetica, acne cyst, axillary hyperhidrosis, oral mucocele and post inflammatory hyperpigmentation received intralesional treatment during that time.
The most common agent used for the injection was triamcinolone acetonide. It was injected by mixing with dexpanthenol or saline as 5-10 mg/ml into the dermal part of the alopecic skin. This molecule could be applied in several dilutions according to disease property. Keloidal scar or similar dermatosis which have thick and hard tissue were injected with 40mg per ml. Intralesional administration of Vitamin D was applied by using 23 or 25 G diameter insulin syringes because of viscosity of vitamin D.
A single case of side effect during or after the administration was observed. That was a female patient with oral lichen planus, who was injected into the mucosa of the cheeks. Unilateral cheek edema occurred minutes after the injection, which subsided within six hours without an extra treatment.
The details of intralesional drug treatments are given in table 1.
Click Here to Zoom Table 1: Summary of intralesional drug treatments between January 2016 and January 2017.
Intralesional drug administration is a very common procedure which was performed nearly by all dermatologists worldwide. It is a very effective way in several dermatosis such as keloidal scars, acne keloidalis, oral lichen planus, alopecia areata, localized psoriasis and localized dermatitis 3-9. Recalcitrant plantar warts could be added to the list 10. So many agents have been utilized for the intralesional treatments. Factors including faster and better action, high patient compliance and short treatment time are superiorities of intralesional treatment 2.
To date, there is no reported article concerning a compilation of intralesional treatments in English or Turkish literature in major indexes. This study collected and summarized intralesional treatments carried out in a dermatology outpatient clinic.
Alopecia areata was the main indication of this retrospective study. This autoimmune skin disease is very commonly seen in dermatology outpatient departments. Intralesional corticosteroid treatment has both higher success and faster response rate compared to other treatments in this entity 6. Thus, a significant number of alopecia areata patients receives the intralesional corticosteroid treatment as the first choice.
The second common indication was onychodistrophias. Since the efficient treatment methods for noninfectious onychodistrophias are so limited, intralesional triamcinolone alone, dexpanthenol alone or combination of both agents became as a good modality to be able to get a satisfactory outcome in our practice.
Another common cause of intralesional injection in the study was palmoplantar pustulosis and psoriasis. After trying several inadequate topical therapies, those patients usually need systemic treatments which are sometimes intolerable due to their adverse effects 9. Therefore, intralesional steroid treatment was a better and significantly effective option in these circumstances.
Intralesional vitamin D injection is a recently proposed alternative treatment option in recalcitrant warts 10. In this study, eighteen patients received this therapy. Vitamin D is different from other intralesionally administrated agents due to its viscose property. Injection of such this viscose agent was more difficult in comparison to other drugs, so that only different syringes, 23 G or 25 G, were used in this injection.
Lichen simplex chronicus is a psychocutaneous disorder, which is challenging to control itching in a large number of patients. Several medications including from topical steroids to gabapentin have been used in the treatment of this disease 11. Intralesional corticosteroid therapy, mixed with saline or prilocaine is a good alternative in refractory cases.
Psoriasis vulgaris other than nail involvement, plantar localization and other localized forms have so many treatment options before considering an intralesional intervention. However, a selected group of patients with psoriasis vulgaris still obtain great benefit from intralesional applications. The study patients were controlled successfully with intralesional triamcinolone mixed with dexpanthenol therapy.
There is no reported case of ungium incarnatus responding intralesional treatment. In our practice, the edematous tissue covering nail plate significantly decreased in size and improved gradually after intralesional triamcinolone mixed with prilocaine administration, giving high satisfaction to the patients without any surgery.
This study contained first use of intralesional triamcinolone injection in severe axillary hyperhidrosis hoping to cause dermal atrophy that leads to less sweating. The patient was refractory to all topical therapies and was not be able to access to botox, iontophoresis and surgery. With the consent of the patient, that injection worked well in this patient at least for a certain time without any side effect.
Only one patient was injected tranexamic acid for treatmentresistant post inflammatory hyperpigmentation. In contrary to melasma which a success was reported 12, this patient did not satisfy the outcome despite a moderate bleaching was observed.
As seen in the table, post herpetic neuralgia, oral pemphigus vulgaris, hypertrophic lichen planus and several other skin diseases were treated intralesionally with different agents in properly selected patients.
There are still drugs, not used in the presented study, including bleomycin, methotrexate, cyclosporin, immunomodulators, fillers, botulinum toxin, interferon, verapamil etc. all having evidence of benefit in the intralesional treatment of any skin disorder 2.
Side effects of intralesional injections are generally local, but sometimes even anaphylaxis may be seen 13. Of 344 patients analysed in this study, only one case of unexpected reaction occurred. It was unilateral diffuse cheek swelling seen in a female patient who had long-standing recalcitrant oral lichen planus, after triamcinolone injection into her cheek mucosa. Thereaction subsided completely within six hours without any intervention. The other side effects were totally local including localized steroid atrophy and hypopigmentation which many of them improved gradually.
In conclusion, intralesional treatment is relatively safe, effective, fast and simple method to be performed in all dermatology departments needing no sophisticated or expensive tools. Although triamcinolone, betamethasone and other steroids are widely used for the intralesional treatments, It is shown in this study that there are so many underutilized agents which can be used for these purposes.
1) Mathes BM, Alguire PC. Intralesional injection. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/intralesional-injection.16.05.2017.
2) Deshmukh NS, Belgaumkar VA, Mhaske CB. Doshi BR. Intralesional drug therapy in dermatology. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2017; 83: 127-32.
3) Insalaco L, Saxon S, Spiegel JH. What is the role of intralesional corticosteroid injections for keloids before considering surgery? Laryngoscope 2016; 126: 549-50.
4) Ogunbiyi A. Acne keloidalis nuchae: prevlance, impact, and management challenges. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2016; 14: 483-9.
5) Liu C, Xie B, Yang Y, et al. Efficacy of intralesional betamethasone for erosive oral lichen planus and evaluation of recurrence: a randomized, controlled trial. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 116: 584-90.
6) Ustuner P, Balevi A, Özdemir M. Best dilution of the best corticosteroid for intralesional injection in the treatment of localized alopecia areata in adults. J Dermatolog Treat 2017; 30: 1-9.
7) Wang TS, Tsai TF. Intralesional therapy for psoriasis. J Dermatolog Treat 2013; 24: 340-7.
8) Richards RN. Update on intralesional steroid: fo cus on dermatoses. J Cutan Med Surg 2010; 14: 9-23.
9) Adişen E, Tekin O, Gülekon A, Gürer MA. A retrospective analysis of treatment responses of palmoplantar psoriasis in 114 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23: 814-9.
10) Aktaş H, Ergin C, Demir B, Ekiz Ö. Intralesional Vitamin D injection may be an effective treatment option for warts. J Cutan Med Surg 2016; 20: 118-22.
11) Gencoglan G, Inanir I, Gunduz K. Therapeutic hotline: Treatment of prurigo nodularis and lichen simplex chronicus with gabapentin. Dermatol Ther 2010; 23: 194-8.
12) Sharma R, Mahajan VK, Mehta KS, Chauhan PS, Rawat R, Shiny TN. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of oral tranexamic acid and that of tranexamic acid local infiltration with microinjections in patients with melasma: a comparative study. Clin Exp Dermatol 2017 Jun 25. doi: 10.1111/ced.13164. [Epub ahead of print].
13) Laisuan W, Wongsa C, Dchapaphapeaktak N, Tongdee M, Chatmapanrangsee J, Rerkpattanapipat T. Anaphylaxis following intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (Kenacort) injection. Asia Pac Allergy 2017; 7: 115-8.


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Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 430 › Califano v. Webster
Califano v. Webster, 430 U.S. 313 (1977)
Section 215 of the Social Security Act does not violate due process by allowing women to calculate retirement benefits without including additional low-earning years, since it is an attempt to compensate for previous discrimination.
Under Section 215 of the Social Security Act, women are allowed to exclude additional low-earning years when their retirement benefits are calculated. When this law was challenged in federal court, the lower court ruled that it was unconstitutional on equal protection grounds. It observed that it was irrational to give women greater benefits than men of the same age and earnings when they reached age 62 before 1975. The court also felt that the 1972 amendment should be given retroactive effect because it was unconstitutionally irrational to give men who reach age 62 or later in 1975 the benefit of having years for calculation of retirement benefits no longer dependent on sex.
Per Curiam
The standard for evaluating a gender classification for equal protection purposes is that it must be connected to an important government interest and must be substantially related to furthering that interest. The government does have an important interest in reducing the disparate economic condition of men and women. The only apparent purpose of treating women more favorably under the law is to provide a remedy for the historical disparate treatment of women. Thus, the gender classification in the law appears to derive from a benign legislative purpose.
This case was reviewed under intermediate scrutiny, which is the appropriate standard for gender discrimination, rather than the strict scrutiny review used for race discrimination. As a result, an attempt to correct a generalized past pattern of discrimination was sufficient to support the government's action here, whereas it was not sufficient in a race discrimination case. This illustrates the difference between an important government interest and a compelling government interest.
Califano v. Webster
Decided March 21, 1977
Under § 215 of the Social Security Act, old-age benefits are computed on the basis of a wage earner's "average monthly wage" earned during his "benefit computation years" which are the "elapsed years" (reduced by five) during which his covered wages were highest. Until 1972, when the statute was amended to eliminate the distinction, "elapsed years" depended upon the wage earner's sex. Section 215(b)(3) prescribed that the number of "elapsed years" for a male wage earner would be three higher than for an otherwise similarly situated female wage earner; for a male, the number of "elapsed years" equaled the number of years that elapsed after 1950 and before the year in which he became 65, whereas, for a female, the number of "elapsed years" equaled the number of years that elapsed after 1950 and before the year in which she became 62. Accordingly, a female could exclude from the computation of her "average monthly wage" three more lower earning years than a similarly situated male could exclude, and this would result in a slightly higher "average monthly wage" and correspondingly higher monthly old-age benefits for the retired female wage earner. On review of a denial of the request of appellee male wage earner (to whom the 1972 amendment did not apply because he reached age 62 before its effective date) that the more favorable formula be used to compute his old-age benefits, the District Court held that the statutory scheme violated the equal protection component of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment on the grounds that (1) to give women who reached age 62 before 1975 greater benefits than men of the same age and earnings record was irrational, and (2) in any event, the 1972 amendment was to be construed to apply retroactively, because otherwise it would be irrational.
1. "[C]lassifications by gender must serve important governmental objectives and must be substantially related to the achievement of those objectives," Craig v. Boren, 429 U. S. 190, 429 U. S. 197.
2. The statutory scheme itself, and the legislative history of former § 215(b)(3), demonstrate that the statute was deliberately enacted to "redres[s] our society's longstanding disparate treatment of women,"
Califano v. Goldfarb, ante at 430 U. S. 209 n. 8, and was not "the accidental byproduct of a traditional way of thinking about females." Ante at 430 U. S. 223 (STEVENS, J., concurring in judgment). The statute operated directly to compensate women for past economic discrimination by allowing them to eliminate additional low-earning years from the calculation of their retirement benefits, and in no way penalized women wage earners.
3. The failure to make the 1972 amendment retroactive does not constitute discrimination on the basis of date of birth. Old-age benefits are not constitutionally immunized against alterations of this kind, but Congress may replace one constitutional computation formula with another, and make the new formula prospective only.
413 F. Supp. 127, reversed.
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
PER CURIAM.
Under § 215 of the Social Security Act, as added, 64 Stat. 506, and amended, 42 U.S.C. § 415 (1970 ed. and Supp. V), old-age insurance benefits are computed on the basis of the wage earner's "average monthly wage" earned during his "benefit computation years" which are the "elapsed years" (reduced by five) during which the wage earner's covered wages were highest. Until a 1972 amendment, "elapsed years" depended upon the sex of the wage earner. Section 215(b)(3) prescribed that the number of "elapsed years" for a male wage earner would be three higher than for an otherwise similarly situated female wage earner; for a male, the number of "elapsed years" equaled the number of years that elapsed after 1950 and before the year in which he attained age 65; for a female, the number of "elapsed years" equaled the number of years that elapsed after 1950 and before the year in which she attained age 62. [Footnote 1] Thus, a male born in 1900
would have 14 "elapsed years" on retirement at age 65, but a female born in the same year would have only 11. [Footnote 2] Accordingly, a female wage earner could exclude from the computation
of her "average monthly wage" three more lower earning years than a similarly situated male wage earner could exclude. This would result in a slightly higher "average monthly wage" and a correspondingly higher level of monthly old-age benefits for the retired female wage earner. [Footnote 3] A single-judge District Court for the Eastern District of New York, on review under § 205(g) of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), of a denial, after hearing, of appellee's request that the more favorable formula be used to compute his benefits, held that, on two grounds, the statutory scheme violated the equal protection component of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment: (1) that to give women who reached age 62 before 1975 greater benefits than men of the same age and earnings record was irrational, [Footnote 4] and (2) that, in any event, the 1972 amendment was to be construed to apply retroactively, because construing the amendment to give men who reach age 62 in 1975 or later the benefit of the 1972 amendments but to deny older men the same benefit would render the amendment irrational, and therefore unconstitutional. 413 F. Supp. 127 (1976). We reverse.
To withstand scrutiny under the equal protection component of the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause, "classifications
by gender must serve important governmental objectives, and must be substantially related to achievement of those objectives." Craig v. Boren, 429 U. S. 190, 429 U. S. 197 (1976). Reduction of the disparity in economic condition between men and women caused by the long history of discrimination against women has been recognized as such an important governmental objective. Schlesinger v. Ballard, 419 U. S. 498 (1975); Kahn v. Shevin, 416 U. S. 351 (1974). But
"the mere recitation of a benign, compensatory purpose is not an automatic shield which protects against any inquiry into the actual purposes underlying a statutory scheme."
Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld, 420 U. S. 636, 420 U. S. 648 (1975). Accordingly, we have rejected attempts to justify gender classifications as compensation for past discrimination against women when the classifications in fact penalized women wage earners, Califano v. Goldfarb, ante at 430 U. S. 209 n. 8; Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld, supra at 420 U. S. 645, or when the statutory structure and its legislative history revealed that the classification was not enacted as compensation for past discrimination. Califano v. Goldfarb, ante at 430 U. S. 212-216 (plurality opinion), 430 U. S. 221-222 (STEVENS, J., concurring in judgment); Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld, supra at 420 U. S. 648.
The statutory scheme involved here is more analogous to those upheld in Kahn and Ballard than to those struck down in Wiesenfeld and Goldfarb. The more favorable treatment of the female wage earner enacted here was not a result of "archaic and overbroad generalizations" about women, Schlesinger v. Ballard, supra at 419 U. S. 508, or of "the role-typing society has long imposed" upon women, Stanton v. Stanton, 421 U. S. 7, 421 U. S. 15 (1975), such as casual assumptions that women are "the weaker sex" or are more likely to be childrearers or dependents. Cf. Califano v. Goldfarb, supra; Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld, supra. Rather,
"the only discernible purpose of [§ 215's more favorable treatment is] the permissible one of redressing our society's longstanding disparate treatment of women."
Califano v. Goldfarb, ante at 430 U. S. 209 n. 8.
The challenged statute operated directly to compensate women for past economic discrimination. Retirement benefits under the Act are based on past earnings. But as we have recognized:
"Whether from overt discrimination or from the socialization process of a male-dominated culture, the job market is inhospitable to the woman seeking any but the lowest paid jobs."
Kahn v. Shevin, 416 U.S. at 416 U. S. 353. See generally id. at 416 U. S. 353-354, and nn. 4-6. Thus, allowing women, who as such have been unfairly hindered from earning as much as men, to eliminate additional low-earning years from the calculation of their retirement benefits works directly to remedy some part of the effect of past discrimination. [Footnote 5] Cf. Schlesinger v. Ballard, supra at 419 U. S. 508.
The legislative history of § 215(b)(3) also reveals that Congress directly addressed the justification for differing treatment of men and women in the former version of that section and purposely enacted the more favorable treatment for female wage earners to compensate for past employment discrimination against women. Before 1956, the sexes were treated equally by § 215(b)(3); the computation it required turned on the attainment of "retirement age," which was then defined in 42 U.S.C. § 416(a) (1952 ed.) as 65 for both sexes. [Footnote 6] In 1956, however, retirement age was redefined as 62 for women and 65 for men, Social Security Amendments of
1956, § 102(a), 70 Stat. 809, thereby changing the calculation under § 215(b)(3). A House Report emphasizes that this reduction in the retirement age for women was purposely made to remedy discrimination against women in the job market:
"Your committee believes that the age of eligibility should be reduced to 62 for women workers. . . . A recent study by the United States Employment Service in the Department of Labor showed that age limits are applied more frequently to job openings for women than for men, and that the age limits applied are lower."
H.R.Rep. No. 1189, 84th Cong., 1st Sess., 7 (1955). [Footnote 7] The effect of this change on § 215(b)(3) was also discussed in connection with the amendment of that section in 1961. [Footnote 8] Social Security Amendments of 1961, § 102(d)(2), 75 Stat. 135. During the hearings on that amendment, Representative Watts asked why a woman would draw more benefits than a similarly situated man. After it was noted that this did not change the law as it had existed since 1956, Representative Boggs confirmed that the difference in treatment was not inadvertent:
"If I may interrupt, I think we went into this at great length some years ago when we adopted the 62-year provision for women and the theory was that a woman at that age was less apt to have employment opportunities than a man, and despite the fact of some statistics to the effect
that women live longer than men, I think the other fact is equally commanding, so there is some justification for a distinction between men and women."
Executive Hearings on Social Security Amendments of 1961, before the House Committee on Ways and Means, 87th Cong., 1st Sess., 146-147 (1961). Thus, the legislative history is clear that the differing treatment of men and women in former § 215(b)(3) was not "the accidental byproduct of a traditional way of thinking about females," Califano v. Goldfarb, ante at 430 U. S. 223 (STEVENS, J., concurring in judgment), but rather was deliberately enacted to compensate for particular economic disabilities suffered by women.
That Congress changed its mind in 1972 and equalized the treatment of men and women does not, as the District Court concluded, constitute an admission by Congress that its previous policy was invidiously discriminatory. 413 F. Supp. at 129. Congress has in recent years legislated directly upon the subject of unequal treatment of women in the job market. [Footnote 9] Congress may well have decided that "[t]hese congressional reforms . . . have lessened the economic justification for the more favorable benefit computation formula in § 215(b)(3)." Kohr v. Weinberger, 378 F. Supp. 1299, 1305 (ED Pa.1974), vacated on other grounds, 422 U.S. 1050 (1975). Moreover, elimination of the more favorable benefit computation for women wage earners, even in the remedial context, is wholly consistent with those reforms, which require equal treatment of men and women in preference to the attitudes of "romantic paternalism" that have contributed to the "long and unfortunate history of sex discrimination." Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U. S. 677, 411 U. S. 684 (1973).
Finally, there is no merit in appellee's argument that the failure to make the 1972 amendment retroactive constitutes
discrimination on the basis of date of birth. Old-age benefit payments are not constitutionally immunized against alterations of this kind. Flemming v. Nestor, 363 U. S. 603 (1960). Congress expressly reserved "[t]he right to alter, amend, or repeal any provision" of the Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1304, and the Fifth Amendment "does not forbid . . . statutory changes to have a beginning, and thus to discriminate between the rights of an earlier and later time." Sperry & Hutchinson Co. v. Rhodes, 220 U. S. 502, 220 U. S. 505 (1911). It follows that Congress may replace one constitutional computation formula with another and make the new formula prospective only.
[Footnote 1]
Under § 202(a) of the Act, 42 U.S.C. § 402(a) (1970 ed. and Supp. V), a fully insured individual who has reached retirement age is entitled upon application to a monthly old-age insurance benefit equal to his "primary insurance amount."
Section 215(a) of the Act, 42 U.S.C. § 415(a) (1970 ed. and Supp. V), sets out a table for determining the primary insurance amount. This amount is based on an individual's "average monthly wage" as defined in § 215(b) of the Act, 42 U.S.C. § 415(b) (1970 ed. and Supp. V).
Before it was amended in 1972, § 215(b) of the Act, 42 U.S.C. § 415(b), provided in part:
". . . [A]n individual's 'average monthly wage' shall be the quotient obtained by dividing -- "
"(A) the total of his wages paid in and self employment income credited to his 'benefit computation years' (determined under paragraph (2)), by"
"(b) the number of months in such years."
"(2)(A) The number of an individual's 'benefit computation years' shall be equal to the number of elapsed years (determined under paragraph (3) of this subsection), reduced by five; except that the number of an individual's benefit computation years shall in no case be less than two."
"(B) An individual's 'benefit computation years' shall be those computation base years, equal in number to the number determined under subparagraph (A), for which the total of his wages and self employment income is the largest."
"(C) For purposes of subparagraph (b), 'computation base years' include only calendar years in the period after 1950 and prior to the earlier of the following years -- "
"(i) the year in which occurred . . . the first month for which the individual was entitled to old-age insurance benefits, or"
"(ii) the year succeeding the year in which he died."
"* * * *"
"(3) For purposes of paragraph (2), the number of an individual's elapsed years is the number of calendar years after 1950 . . . and before --"
"(A) in the case of a woman, the year in which she died or, if it occurred earlier but after 1960, the year in which she attained age 62."
"(C) in the case of a man who has not died, the year occurring after 1960 in which he attained (or would attain) age 65."
Congress eliminated the distinction in 1972. As amended by § 104(b), 86 Stat. 1340, 42 U.S.C. § 415(b)(3) (1970 ed., Supp. V), now provides:
"[T]he number of an individual's elapsed years is the number of calendar years after 1950 . . . and before the year in which he died, or if it occurred earlier, but after 1960, the year in which he attained age 62."
The amendment, however, does not apply to men who reached age 62 before its effective date in 1972, and so the former statute continues to govern the determination of this and some other claims of male wage earners.
For example, in this case, the District Court found that appellee was awarded a monthly benefit of $185.70, but that a similarly situated female wage earner would have been awarded $204 per month. 413 F. Supp. 127, 128.
Four other federal courts have reached a contrary conclusion. Gruenwald v. Gardner, 390 F.2d 591 (CA2), cert. denied sub nom. Gruenwald v. Cohen, 393 U.S. 982 (1938); Kohr v. Weinberger, 378 F. Supp. 1299 (ED Pa.1974), vacated on other grounds, 422 U.S. 1050 (1975); Polelle v. Secretary of HEW, 386 F. Supp. 443 (ND Ill.1974); McEvoy v. Weinberger, CCH Unempl.Ins.Rep. p. 17,414 (SD Fla., Aug. 28, 1973).
Even with the advantage provided by former § 215(b)(3), women on the average received lower retirement benefits than men. "As of December, 1972, the average monthly retirement insurance benefit for males was §179.60 and for females, §140.50." Polelle v. Secretary of HEW, supra at 444 (emphasis omitted).
At that time, the calculation of the "average monthly wage" under § 215(b) was somewhat different from the scheme set out in n 1, supra, which was not adopted until Social Security Amendments of 1960, § 303(a), 74 Stat. 960. The role of § 215(b)(3) in the computation was similar under the old scheme, however, and the differences between the old and new methods of computation are essentially irrelevant to the effect of the 1956 change in the definition of retirement age on § 215(b)(3).
Congress deliberately adopted the change notwithstanding the argument urged upon it that reducing the retirement age would not benefit women. S.Rep. No. 2133, 84th Cong., 2d Sess., 14-15 (1956).
In 1961, in connection with the extension of reduced retirement benefits to men at age 62, the definition of retirement age in 42 U.S.C. § 416(a) was repealed, and the differing ages for the computation of "elapsed years" under § 215(b)(3) were written explicitly into that section for the first time. §§ 102(c)(1), 102(d)(2), 75 Stat. 134, 135. It was at that time that § 215(b)(3) took on the form it was to retain until 1972. See nn 1-2, supra.
See, e.g., Equal Pay Act of 1963, 29 U.S.C. § 2000(d); Civil Rights Act of 1964, § 703(a), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a).
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BURGER, with whom MR. JUSTICE STEWART, MR. JUSTICE BLACKMUN, and MR. JUSTICE REHNQUIST join, concurring in the judgment.
While I am happy to concur in the Court's judgment, I find it somewhat difficult to distinguish the Social Security provision upheld here from that struck down so recently in Califano v. Goldfarb, ante p. 430 U. S. 199. Although the distinction drawn by the Court between this case and Goldfarb is not totally lacking in substance, I question whether certainty in the law is promoted by hinging the validity of important statutory schemes on whether five Justices view them to be more akin to the "offensive" provisions struck down in Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld, 420 U. S. 636 (1975), and Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U. S. 677 (1973), or more like the "benign" provisions upheld in Schlesinger v. Ballard, 419 U. S. 498 (1975), and Kahn v. Shevin, 416 U. S. 351 (1974). I therefore concur in the judgment of the Court for reasons stated by MR. JUSTICE REHNQUIST in his dissenting opinion in Goldfarb, in which MR. JUSTICE STEWART, MR. JUSTICE BLACKMUN, and I joined.
Califano

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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One of the services that you are able to get with commercial plumbing service is a pipe upgrade. It is the old pipes that buildings have that will need to be upgraded. An unhealthy and unhygienic water is what you will get once it will be running in old pipers. It is this water that cant bee took since they will be having an unpleasant taste. It is these old pipes that can be removed and replaced once you will hire a commercial plumber. They are the ones that can replace even the hard to reach pipes in your building.
The installation of fixtures and plumbing parts is also another service that a commercial plumbing can also offer. If ever you have some plinking parts that need to be installed then see to it that you will be letting the professional do it for you. You need to know that plumbing pipes especially the commercial one can be very complicated. Whenever you will be hiring a commercial plumber that they are the ones that will be able to install fixtures like toilets, faucets, and sinks. When installing fixtures that it will depend on the establishment that will need it.
Another service that you are also able to get with a commercial plumbing service is the water heater service. It is the commercial plumber that will be the one that will be able to check the water heater to ensure that they are working properly. This is the one that will be needing a lot of processes. Checking the water temperatures and pressure, elimination of hard water, replacement of corroded parts, cleaning of the water tanks and water lines, detection and fixing of leakages, checking the water temperatures and pressure, and a lot more is needed to do this one. You need to know that all of these tasks need to be done by professional plumbers.
The commercial plumber can also provide sewer line and drain improvement. Blocked drains are a common issue of commercial buildings. They will be the one that will be clearing the drains and swear that you have.


text:
package enc

import (
	"bytes"
	"errors"

	"github.com/drausin/libri/libri/librarian/api"
	"github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
)

// ErrUnexpectedMAC occurs when the calculated MAC did not match the expected MAC.
var ErrUnexpectedMAC = errors.New("unexpected MAC")

// EncryptedMetadata contains both the ciphertext and ciphertext MAC involved in encrypting an
// *api.EntryMetadata instance.
type EncryptedMetadata struct {
	Ciphertext    []byte
	CiphertextMAC []byte
}

// NewEncryptedMetadata creates a new *EncryptedMetadata instance if the ciphertext and
// ciphertextMAC are valid.
func NewEncryptedMetadata(ciphertext, ciphertextMAC []byte) (*EncryptedMetadata, error) {
	if err := api.ValidateNotEmpty(ciphertext, "MetadataCiphertext"); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if err := api.ValidateHMAC256(ciphertextMAC); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return &EncryptedMetadata{
		Ciphertext:    ciphertext,
		CiphertextMAC: ciphertextMAC,
	}, nil
}

// EntryMetadataEncrypter encrypts *api.EntryMetadata.
type EntryMetadataEncrypter interface {
	// EncryptMetadata encrypts an *api.EntryMetadata instance using the AES key and the MetadataIV
	// key for the MAC.
	Encrypt(m *api.EntryMetadata, keys *EEK) (*EncryptedMetadata, error)
}

// MetadataDecrypter decrypts *EncryptedMetadata.
type MetadataDecrypter interface {
	// Decrypt decrypts an *EncryptedMetadata instance, using the AES key and the MetadataIV
	// key. It returns UnexpectedMACErr if the calculated ciphertext MAC does not match the
	// expected ciphertext MAC.
	Decrypt(em *EncryptedMetadata, keys *EEK) (*api.EntryMetadata, error)
}

// MetadataEncrypterDecrypter encrypts *api.EntryMetadata and decrypts *EncryptedMetadata.
type MetadataEncrypterDecrypter interface {
	EntryMetadataEncrypter
	MetadataDecrypter
}

type metadataEncDec struct{}

// NewMetadataEncrypterDecrypter creates a new MetadataEncrypterDecrypter.
func NewMetadataEncrypterDecrypter() MetadataEncrypterDecrypter {
	return metadataEncDec{}
}

func (metadataEncDec) Encrypt(m *api.EntryMetadata, keys *EEK) (*EncryptedMetadata, error) {
	mPlaintext, err := proto.Marshal(m)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	cipher, err := newGCMCipher(keys.AESKey)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	mCiphertext := cipher.Seal(nil, keys.MetadataIV, mPlaintext, nil)
	return NewEncryptedMetadata(mCiphertext, HMAC(mCiphertext, keys.HMACKey))
}

func (metadataEncDec) Decrypt(em *EncryptedMetadata, keys *EEK) (*api.EntryMetadata, error) {
	mac := HMAC(em.Ciphertext, keys.HMACKey)
	if !bytes.Equal(em.CiphertextMAC, mac) {
		return nil, ErrUnexpectedMAC
	}
	cipher, err := newGCMCipher(keys.AESKey)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	mPlaintext, err := cipher.Open(nil, keys.MetadataIV, em.Ciphertext, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	m := &api.EntryMetadata{}
	if err := proto.Unmarshal(mPlaintext, m); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return m, nil
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Nord Piano 4 review: Better Than Piano 3 and Stage 3?
How to Play a Keyboard for Beginners: Step by Step Tuto...
Kawai ES8 vs Roland FP90: Which is Better?
LEARN PIANO
Yamaha PSR-E453 review
I recently demoed the PSR-E453, a 61 key digital keyboard made by Yamaha. It's part of the PSR series, which also has the E253 and the E353, as well as a few other models.
In this review, I'll dissect the PSR-E453, including breaking down its sounds, buttons, screen, learning and recording function and more. I'll also talk about how it compares to some of the other great keyboards in its family, such as the Yamaha PSR E-443, PSR-E253, PSR-E353, and the new PSR-EW400.
And below, please take a look at our interactive table that allows you the ability to compare and contrast the PSR-E453 to other excellent keyboards worthy of your consideration.
$ = $500 or less | $$ = $500 – $1,000 | $$$ = $1,000 and up
Yamaha PSR-E453 61 14 lbs. $
Yamaha PSR-E353 61 9.70 lbs. $
Yamaha PSRE443 61 15 lbs. $
Yamaha PSR-EW400 76 18 lbs. $
PSR-E453 Overview
Yamaha's PSR-E453 has some pretty awesome features. But let's talk about how it looks first.
It's lightweight plastic, but it's a matte black color with standard black and white keys. They keys are full-sized and they look great. Now, on some keyboards, the keys appear solid, like on a real grand piano. On this keyboard, the keys hang and stick straight out. There's a gap below them that allows you to press them all the way down.
This is extremely common for a keyboard to have; it's nothing unusual, but it's worth noting because some people prefer thicker keys.
Despite the slimmer look, they're still very standard and comfortable to press. The face of the keyboard gradually slants down like a ramp and flattens out horizontally where the keys attach. This allows you to see all of the buttons more easily without having to lean over the keyboard.
Below, please take a moment to view some of the best selling keyboards on Amazon:
Yamaha NP-12
ONE Light Keyboard
Yamaha PSRE253
There are two speakers, each covered in a mesh-like speaker cover.
The screen lit up blue when I turned on the keyboard, and the display was easy for me to read. Surrounding the screen is a gloss black border that makes the middle of the keyboard's face all shiny and sleek looking.
It certainly drew my attention to the screen. That's a clever design element by Yamaha that helps the user know where the screen is even when they're not looking at it.
The buttons are matte black as well, so it can be a little confusing to look at them and find the button you want to press, but they're all labeled so I had no trouble finding the button I was looking for. The master volume is a knob, but they are two other knobs below it.
These knobs are really cool, and I'll talk about what they do a little later. I personally like the variety that comes with having knobs, buttons, and sliders on keyboards, because it makes it look professional.
Besides the buttons, there's also a wheel that scrolls through all of the sounds. It was easy for me to use and I had no trouble getting through all the patches quickly. But if you have a specific sound in mind, there's also a keypad where you can enter the number of the patch you want for even quicker access. This knob is cool looking and easy to use, so I think it's a win.
This keyboard also has ridges engraved in the plastic on the face of the keyboard, giving it a nice texture instead of a flat, plain, boring surface. Design wise, it's pretty cool looking.
Features of the PSR-E453
I was very impressed by the amount of features this keyboard has. But more than that, I was surprised by how well they all work together.
Before I get into specifics, I'd like to talk about the kind of player Yamaha is trying to market the PSR-E453 toward, which is beginners. And I can understand that. There's a lot of useful features for beginners here that professionals probably wouldn't need or enjoy.
Take the learning feature, for instance. I played around with this one for a while. As someone who knows the names of all the notes, can play chords, knows how to play to a metronome, and can read sheet music, I'll admit this feature isn't meant for me.
However, if you aren't fluent in everything I just talked about, you'll love this learning feature. Not only is it comprehensive, it actually works. You can practice listening to a melody, and play it back to see if you heard it right.
That's pretty great.
You also have a timing and waiting learning function, as is standard with all of the beginner keyboards by Yamaha. As I played with the learning function, I enjoyed the feedback as displayed by the screen, telling me whether I did it correctly or needed to try again.
It's a helpful way to build up your skills.
So what other features might be geared more toward beginners? Well, if you want to get started on the recording process and learn how it works, this keyboard gives you a six track recorder.
This is perfect for people who need to learn more about how playing with a band works. You'll have your rhythm section, bass, guitar, keyboards, and then any melody you put on top of it.
While it might not be the most flexible recording system, it's a ton of fun.
I made a couple great ideas on this keyboard when I played it that I hope to take into the studio later and turn into real songs. The beauty of this keyboard is that it's a great launching point. You'll be able to brainstorm new ideas and melodies, regardless of your playing skill.
A lot of the other features are fantastic, too. The DJ pattern, for instance, allows you to practice writing chords and beats in the EDM genre, to introduce you to the elements used in DJ production.
Add the digital effects to this and you've got a pretty impressive beat to do what you want with. Of course, there are plenty of other styles to play along to, including some rock, hip-hop, and jazzy backing tracks. I grew up playing jazz, so messing around with those rhythms is both refreshing and fun.
The keyboard can actually follow your chords in real time, so the guitars and bass will play the same notes (or notes in the same scale) as you. You have standard voice control on this keyboard, which allows you to split the sounds down the middle of the keyboard or layer them together.
Also included is an arpeggiator, which is a note sequencer that turns your chord into a melodic pattern, and a harmonizer, which allows you to harmonize with yourself.
Other features include a metronome and tempo tap, as well as a time signature adjuster. You can also press the demo button for some really well produced demo tracks you can play along to as well.
Buttons, Knobs, and Sound
If you look at the keyboard, you'll see a button labeled "portable grand." This button takes you back to the default sound when pressed, so only press it if you're lost and you need to get back to the beginning. I was on a certain patch and wanted to turn on the metronome, but accidentally pressed the portable grand and lost my settings.
It's a great feature, just be careful.
The last incredible feature I want to mention is the live controller knobs. These are the two knobs I mentioned earlier. You can assign these knobs to different effects, including envelopes like cutoff and resonance, retrigger rate, reverb, chorus, and more.
These are definitely pro terms, which makes me wonder why Yamaha included these features on this keyboard if it's allegedly a starter keyboard. I can't complain though, these knobs are a huge plus for me. I like sound design a lot, which means I like to customize my sounds.
These knobs allow you to put effects on the patches you like for the perfect sound you're looking for. Plus, you can modulate the effects in real time just by turning them. It's like a little intro to synthesizers, I think. For beginners who want to learn a little more about how to modify sounds, these knobs are perfect.
How does this keyboard sound?
The piano is deep, warm, and responds well to the sensitivity. Normally I have issues with the saxophone sounds on Yamaha's entry-level keyboards, but not on this one. It sounds real, and I was pleasantly surprised.
If you pick up this keyboard, try soloing a saxophone over a smooth jazz backing track. It'll change your life.
I really don't have a lot of complaints about the sounds in this keyboard. Even if something doesn't sound quite right, you can modify the sound with the live knobs to get it where you want. Yamaha definitely did well in terms of sound production.
The PSR-E453 is fairly light (14 lbs., not including batteries), so it's portable and easy to lift. Here are some of the specs that you can expect to find on the keyboard:
2 6W speakers
USB to Host
48 note polyphony (which is good for a 61 key keyboard)
DC IN 12V power (comes with power supply when purchased)
Yamaha PSR-E453 vs E443
The PSR-E453 is a mild improvement on the E443. The E443 is the older model, and definitely lacks some of the great features present on the new E453, such as louder speakers, a higher polyphony count, and more sounds to choose from.
It still has the live knobs, the learning function, and the recording function. However, if looks count, the E443 is lacking a bit in this department too (although beauty is of course in the eye of the beholder). Still, to me, the E453 looks fancier, more professional, and cleaner overall. The knobs feel sturdier and the organization of the buttons are better too.
Yamaha PSR-E453 vs E353 vs E253
How about the younger brothers? The E353 and the E253 are part of the same family, but they have fewer sounds to choose from compared to the E453, they're not quite as handsome as the E453, and the polyphony is limited compared to the E453.
They also don't have six-track recording, and they do not come with live control buttons or a DJ pattern option.
I would describe these two as watered down (and no doubt cheaper) versions of the E453. Not quite as nice, and not as many features, but still great for beginners.
Yamaha PSR-E453 vs EW400
Lastly, let's look at the EW400, which is kind of like the fraternal twin of the PSR-E453.
There are actually only a few differences, and they're small. For instance, the EW400 is a 76 key digital piano instead of a 61 key. It still has the exact number of sounds, recording, and learning. And it even feels pretty much the same.
So the only reason to spend the extra money would be to likely get the extra keys.
I had a lot of fun with the E453. It's not perfect, but no beginner keyboard is.
Still, for what it's tasked to do (and for the intended demographic that will be using it, which could include children), it's a very nice keyboard for the price.
GRADE: 4/5 stars
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text:
Torybook Ending?
TAS ^ | 6/22/04 | Colby Cosh
Posted on 06/22/2004 2:58:37 PM PDT by swilhelm73
EDMONTON -- What does the June 28 Canadian election mean for Americans? I'll give you one obvious answer: It's the easiest Canadian election for Americans to understand, from their vantage point, in the last 20 years.
Writing about Canadian politics for an American audience is often a near-impossible exercise. When you're done enumerating the various grievances, constitutional squabbles, parliamentary niceties, and changing party identities, you've gone past your word-count limit twice over. But this time out, things are a little clearer, though maybe only a little.
The ruling Liberals, who held a majority in the House of Commons at the dissolution of Parliament, are fighting for their lives and losing. Shortly after shipping magnate Paul Martin Jr. succeeded Jean Chretien as Liberal leader and prime minister late in 2003, the party was smacked with a devastating scandal involving federal advertising contracts given to Liberal-connected consultancies in Quebec. The contracts were awarded in violation of civil-service guidelines, no work seems to have been done for much of the cash, and some of the money may have flowed back into Liberal Party coffers.
In many regards this was a replay of other long-standing "scandals" only too familiar to Canadian voters, but it was a tipping point -- the final horrible signal, for some, that the Liberals had steered Canada into a banana-monarchy swamp of amorality.
Martin, as is his privilege as Prime Minister, called a quick election, hoping to renew his term before more damaging disclosures could become public. But the door was left wide open to his opponents. Canada's conservatives, fractured into two parties by 15 years of regional quarreling, had just reunited. The new Conservatives, under Albertan economist Stephen Harper, are leading in most polls and will almost certainly end up with the most seats -- somewhere between 130 and 160 in the new 308-seat Commons.
Depending on whether the Conservatives reach 155 seats, and on how many the other parties get, there are a half-dozen credible constitutional possibilities for the aftermath of June 28. Many of the paths, perhaps most, lead to Stephen Harper becoming prime minister of Canada sooner or later, whether as a footnote to history or the head of a strong Conservative government.
HARPER, 45, MOVED TO Canada's conservative West as a young man and received a master's degree in economics at the University of Calgary, home to many or most of Canada's respected and "radical" right wing scholars. He probably has a more thorough grounding in Hayek, Friedman, and classical liberalism than any comparably famous figure on the national scene down south.
Harper was present at the founding of the West's schismatic Reform Party -- an authenticist alternative to the centralizing, big-government, phony "conservatism" of the Progressive Conservatives -- and was first elected as an MP in 1993. He became known as the brains of Reform, a low-profile but influential generator of innovative proposals. He quit the Commons in 1998, but when Reform's successor (the Canadian Alliance) needed a new chieftain in 2001, Harper was convinced to return to a party always short on eloquent bilinguals.
No one expected too much, but in late 2003, Harper joined with PC leader Peter MacKay to re-merge the two conservative parties by force majeure. He won a crushing victory in the runoff for mastery of the unified party. He renovated his style so fundamentally that some people are now calling the simpering policy wonk "Kennedyesque." And he is, so far, beating the Liberals in an election campaign that, in the U.S., would barely cover the time between the New Hampshire primaries and Super Tuesday.
In essence, the Liberals are liberals, and the Conservatives are Conservatives -- which is not to say that Harper hasn't been "triangulating" madly, Clinton-fashion. Just as Democratic politicians always have an uphill battle in proving their patriotic credentials, Conservative ones here have to work twice as hard to convince Eastern voters of their "Canadian" orientation. Harper has thus been obliged, or has found it convenient, to promise that the Cuban-style healthcare system will be protected and given lavish new infusions of cash; he has incessantly disavowed the intention of acting on Canada's absence of any law regulating abortion; he has stuffed Canada's immigration issues into the back corner of the closet; and he has speculated openly about extending universal healthcare to cover drugs.
Harper will, when pressed, defend heterosexual exceptionalism in matrimonial law. But mostly he prefers to fight on the ground of Liberal scandals, and to argue the big point on which libertarians and social conservatives can agree -- namely, that the mad expansion of the Canadian federal state at twice the rate of the economy must be checked.
A HARPER VICTORY WOULD MEAN a return in foreign policy to a pro-American stance and an end to the vaguely Gallic, religiously pro-UN tendencies exhibited over the past ten years. This is one of the big wedge issues in the campaign, and it overlaps onto both defense policy and "border issues"; in a sense it's a replay of Aznar vs. the Spanish socialists, or Tony Blair vs. his own party. To put things in a way that summarizes the dialectic neatly, Michael Moore has stopped by to urge Canadians not to vote Conservative.
The Liberals under Jean Chretien specialized in sly insults against the U.S., handling the relationship so awkwardly that the Canadian embassy in Washington has had to create its own promotional website to counteract American opprobrium. The Bush administration, for its part, has done little to promote cross-border amity. The President has gone rhetorically wobbly on free trade at times; the border has remained closed to Canadian beef exports, on account of a single mad cow; and a tariff war over British Columbia's softwood lumber has stumbled along in NAFTA tribunals at a snail's pace.
Stephen Harper argues that acknowledging the United States' overwhelming importance to Canada, and accepting its basic decency, will enable him to rebuild something like the influence Conservative prime minister Brian Mulroney had during the Reagan years. But the overselling of the war in Iraq has created an embarrassment for Harper, who felt that Canada ought to have participated more actively.
The Canadian Forces provided logistical support in Iraq, and allowed troops previously seconded to American units to fight there, but the Canadian government had too many other international commitments to designate new troops for the conflict, and formally opposed American "unilateralism." One of those other commitments, it should be noted, is the war in Afghanistan, where Canadians have distinguished themselves in combat.
Even some right-wing Canadians may be uncomfortable electing a government that would have plunged more eagerly into Iraq. But they are also frustrated with a regime that has balanced the budget on the back of the Canadian Forces while protecting dirigiste economic-development programs, generous pork for culture and multiculture, and expensive regulation of all sorts. The basic foreign-policy question in the election is whether our "Kyoto commitments" are more important than our NATO commitments.
The active complement of the Canadian Forces is hovering near 50,000, Canadian sovereignty over its northern borders is violated with impunity, and the soldiers we do have are fighting with embarrassingly outdated equipment. For his part, Mr. Martin pledges to reinvest in "peacekeeping," which is to say he intends to keep letting the Canadian military degrade into a lightly armed mobile police department in the employ of the UN.
PRIME MINISTER STEPHEN HARPER wouldn't be able to reverse this trend right away. Nor would there be too many other radical changes, from a southern perspective. American military planners would find that they had gained a continental partner comfortable with the concept of joint missile defense. America's flak-vested drug warriors would be pleased at Harper's dislike for Canada's immense marijuana industry, and his willingness to keep it illegal under federal law, for all the effect it would have. Canada's cruel federal monopoly on the export of Western wheat, which jails farmers for "smuggling" their own grain across the 49th parallel, might be abandoned or relaxed, as American wheat growers have long desired.
Mostly, what you'll notice -- if things go Harper's way in the end -- is that Canada will have gained a leader who talks the shared Anglo-Saxon language of trade, individual liberty, and military might. You will, I think, find him to be someone who "gets it." His election would bring Canada back from the fringes of the "Anglosphere" to somewhere near its heart.
TOPICS: Canada; Politics/Elections
KEYWORDS: jeanchretien; paulmartin; stephenharper
1 posted on 06/22/2004 2:58:39 PM PDT by swilhelm73
To: swilhelm73
This Harper guy sounds awesome. Hope Canada makes the "right" choice.
2 posted on 06/22/2004 3:07:05 PM PDT by mkj6080
He's a contrast to the string of Quebec based Prime Ministers who've run Canada for decades. He'll bring a different sensibility to 24 Sussex Drive in Ottawa. First he has to win.
3 posted on 06/22/2004 3:13:58 PM PDT by goldstategop (In Memory Of A Dearly Beloved Friend Who Lives On In My Heart Forever)
To: goldstategop
Except for Pierre "Trudeau-mania" Trudeau, Canadians eventually come to dislike their Prime Minister - whoever it is and whatever party they represent. In this way, they are closer to the Brits. Popular and charismatic PM's have been very rare. There is a hope that Stephen Harper might be a breath of fresh air as a possible PM, providing he doesn't blow it between now and next Monday's election. He would also be far better for US-Can relations, although Paul Martin did get along better with Bush than the embarassing Chretien. However Martin is now pandering to the liberal voters of eastern Canada by putting down the US and Bush. With any luck, he and his party will be swept out of power on Monday.
4 posted on 06/22/2004 3:39:24 PM PDT by plushaye
For his part, Mr. Martin pledges to reinvest in "peacekeeping," which is to say he intends to keep letting the Canadian military degrade into a lightly armed mobile police department in the employ of the UN.
Burn!
5 posted on 06/22/2004 4:13:22 PM PDT by SunStar (Democrats piss me off!)
"Canadian sovereignty over its northern borders is violated with impunity"
Who is violating Canada's northern border? I remember there was a dispute between the US and Canada over waterways in the north and a comprise was reached.
I'd hate to have this guy explain something that was difficult to understand.
7 posted on 06/22/2004 4:49:48 PM PDT by Old Professer (Interests in common are commonly abused.)
To: plushaye
Except for Pierre "Trudeau-mania" Trudeau, Canadians eventually come to dislike their Prime Minister
Actually, you can include Trudeau. He became one of the most reviled PMs ever and quit in '84 because he knew he'd be humiliated by Mulroney.
8 posted on 06/23/2004 10:57:50 AM PDT by Squawk 8888 (Earth first! We can mine the other planets later.)
To: mkj6080
Who is violating Canada's northern border?
Russia and Denmark mostly. It's a critical issue because we still don't know what kind of resources are there and could lose some to them. It would be a tad embarassing if the Danes found our next diamond mine.
To: Squawk 8888
Its a bit embarassing for Canada's borders to be violated by the Danes.
10 posted on 06/23/2004 11:08:02 AM PDT by mkj6080
Yes, but I remember the days when women would line up to kiss his photograph. It truly happened. No other PM has ever got that kind of adulation - in life or death.
11 posted on 06/23/2004 3:44:38 PM PDT by plushaye


1) The Medical payments coverage on my homeowner's policy covers injuries to me & my family.
- Medical payments, a common feature on a standard homeowner's policy, is there to protect you in the event that someone other than you or your family (ie: a neighbor, friend, etc) gets hurt on your property and they do not want to sue you.
2) If my home is ever destroyed by a covered loss, my insurance company will reimburse me for whatever I tell them I owned at the time of the loss.
- In the event of a covered loss you insurance company will ask you to make a list of everything you own and include specific details (such as purchase price, date of purchase, serial numbers, etc). The best way to do this is create an inventory checklist, photos or videos. Make sure to keep your inventory in a fire proof safe or at a friends house so it is still around when you need it.
3) All of my valuables - like jewelry - will be covered in the event of a burglary.
- There are limits on the amount of coverage you can receive for valuables such as jewelry, furs, etc. For example, most companies put a cap of $1500 on total jewelry lost during a burglary of your home. If you find that your jewelry values over $1500 you should talk to a home insurance agent and schedule an endorsement on your policy giving you additional coverage.
4) When determining my coverage, I should use the purchase price for my home as my dwelling coverage amount.
- Your dwelling coverage should always reflect the replacement cost of your home - or how much it would cost to rebuild your home in the event of a total loss.
5) Identity theft coverage is included on a standard Homeowner insurance policy.
- Most insurance companies offer an endorsement to add Identity Theft coverage to your homeowner's policy. The amount of coverage and extent of what is covered varies by company. Identity Theft is one of the fastest growing crimes in New York State. Over 800,000 New Yorkers or 1 in nine households were victimized in a single year alone.
© 2011 Crossroads Agency Inc. All rights reserved.


Synthetic Wiki - What is the synthetic?
What does the word synthetic mean? Find synonyms, antonyms and the meaning of the word synthetic in our free online dictionary! Find words starting with synthetic and anagrams of synthetic.
Words that are spelled similarly to "synthetic"
Words that are triggered by (strongly associated with) the word "synthetic"
Words that rhyme with "synthetic"
Words that sound like "synthetic"
Adjectives that are often used to describe "synthetic"
Nouns that are often described by the adjective "synthetic"


Family resemblances make for an interesting discussion.
Where do your looks come from? Do you have your mother's nose, your father's eyes, or your grandmother's shape? Genetics are passed from generation to generation. Common traits reveal themselves and cause people to say, "You remind me of your mother." Your traits go beyond generational genetics. They go back much farther than the family tree you may have been able to generate.
In fact, as we learn in this week's study, you are a reflection of God.
I am a mom. I am a wife. I am a daughter. I am a graduate. I am a teacher. I am a volunteer. I am what I do. I am what others need me to be. I am what I accomplish.
While these descriptions may be true, they are incomplete. They overlook the vital fact that we are made, inside and out, by God. We are created in His image and for His purposes. When we gaze into the mirror of God's Word, we find that God has stamped on our being a reflection of His character, His essence, His being. That is not to say we are mini-gods in any sense. But just as children reflect the physical, mental, and personality traits of their parents, and even adopted children can share the mannerisms and habits of their families, so we who are fashioned by God manifest elements of His character in our beings.
Genesis 1 and 2 spell it out. You are God's image-bearer (see Genesis 1:26-27).
God expresses His being through both genders, male and female. You are a co-laborer with all of God's people in His world (see Genesis 1:28-31). When you live in the fullness of who you are, you show your children, your family, and your world a full and accurate picture of your God. So there, Mom.
Take the definition of who you are from how God made you. You are a unique being fashioned after the God of the universe – inside and out!
Think about this: How often do you define yourself by the negatives? Who you aren't, what you haven't accomplished, what you aren't doing. How might this negative definition of yourself affect your mood as well as your daily choices? How might it impact others around you? Switch your sight to God's view of you and get ready for great changes!
1. The devotion, from the NIV Moms Devotional Bible, states that you are God's image-bearer (see Genesis 1:26-27).
What does it mean to you to be made in God's image?
How should it affect the ways in which you view yourself?
2. The text says that God created male and female in His image.
What part of us did God make in His image? Discuss your ideas.
3. Genesis returns to the creation of man and woman in the second chapter. Read Genesis 2:19-25 we see a description of the creation of the woman.
What value does Adam place on his wife?
What can families learn about how wives and mothers should be treated?
5. Using the same references you just read, what does it say about the nature of a mother, and the role she plays with her children?
6. When we read Genesis 1:28-31, does God place any restrictions on the role of men and women? What were His instructions, and to whom were they directed toward?
7. Read Genesis 49:22-26. In this passage God speaks of things He has blessed.
What has God given his special blessing on?
8. In a world where the deceiver attacks things, which God has blessed, what has happened to God's blessing on the breast and the womb?
How has the deceiver warped the world's view of these parts of a woman?
How can Godly men help return them to a place of honor?
9. The scripture reveals that God begins to nurture faith, and spiritual vision in a mother's womb. Read the following passages and discuss possible ways a mother can support God's work in the womb. Isaiah 46:3-4, Isaiah 49:1, Psalm 22:9-10, Isaiah 49:5, Psalm 139:13-14 10.
Perhaps the greatest value God placed on the wife and mother is described in Ephesians 5:25-27. God used the wife as a prototype of the church and gave very specific instruction to husbands about how to treat their wives.
How can husbands focus on spiritual things to honor their wives this Mother's Day?
Moms, when you look in the mirror, who do you see? How do you define yourself? Spend some time today with the Lord asking Him to give you a fresh vision of your value in His eyes! We'd love to hear your comments today on our blog!


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How To Teach Literary Theory
Published on July 20, 2019 by admin
Managing Research Phd Dissertation Online doctoral programs in management science are available as a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Management Science and Operations Research or a Doctor of. Most programs require a doctoral. Jun 11, 2019. Dissertations and Theses in Business and
Teach the How: Critical. Lenses and Critical. Literacy. This article suggests how to introduce literary theory in high school as a means of negotiating the many.
Mar 2, 2016. Basically, the English teacher is tasked with teaching the complex skill of literary criticism. Lit crit is not an easy or natural skill, but it represents.
Abstract Theory is usually rendered obscure by its own discourses. Classroom experience and empirical observation show that abstract teaching of literary theory generates confusion in students' minds, and the best way to elucidate any literary theory is to dwell less on its abstractness and more on the procedures and steps needed to apply it to a literary text.
By literary theory we refer not to the meaning of a work of literature but to the theories. Literary theory offers varying approaches for understanding the role of.
Literary Theory: An Introduction Lesson Plans include daily lessons, fun activities, essay topics, test/quiz questions, and more. Everything you need to teach.
Sep 22, 2017 · While my approach to teaching literary analysis writing has changed over the past couple years (especially after I learned of this technique for teaching writing in my ENG 101 course), one thing that hasn't changed is the first official step I take. I start with a PDF I created that breaks down what I consider to be the "five required.
compulsory theory element of the Combined Studies Literary Perspectives component into the English & Literary Studies Year 2 Mandatory1 Module, Theoretical Perspectives. Before embarking on a discussion of how best to teach literary theory, it would be useful to clarify why we teach it.
Many introductions to literary theory describe a series of 'schools' of criticism. Theory is treated as a series of competing 'approaches', each with its theoretical positions and commitments. But the theoretical movements that introductions identify – such as structuralism, deconstruction, feminism, psychoanalysis, Marxism, and new
Also, literature is often more interesting than the texts found in coursebooks. Different models of teaching literature in class There have been different models suggested on the teaching of literature to ESL/EFL students (Carter & Long, Lazar). How the teacher will use a literary.
for teaching literature in the EFL classroom. Approach 1: New Criticism. The New Criticism approach to literary. analysis appeared in the United States after World War I. According to this theory, mean-ing is contained solely within the literary text, apart from the effect on the reader or the
Metaphysics Is The Study Of Knowledge "The logic and metaphysics of the Greeks," he said. He said that the origins of present-day knowledge, especially in mathematics and natural sciences, go straight to ancient Greece. Dijksterhuis. To answer this question to NASA's exacting standards, you'll
Introduction to Literary Theory: Major Critics and Movements. understanding of an assigned theory and then teach that theory to the class at an assigned time.
"The idea of using contemporary film to teach literary theory came from my students" writes Edward L. Tomarken, literary theorist and Emeritus Professor at Miami University in Ohio, in the introduction to his new book Filmspeak: How to Understand Literary Theory.
theory; you can teach or study theory; you can hate theory or be afraid of it. None of this, though, helps much to understand what theory is. 'Theory', we are told, has radically changed the nature of literary studies, but people who say this do not mean literary theory, the systematic account of the nature of literature and of the methods for
It requires command of the theory of close reading as well as guided practice based on that theory. In this and the next few articles we focus on some of the fundamentals of close reading. We explain what it means to think through a text using theory of close reading at the core of the reading process.
Lesson Abstract: Students will learn the analytical practice of using a critical lens to. Common critical lenses, or literary theories, can include psychological,
Because certainly in writing literary criticism or literary theory, sometimes you'll. And the course that I teach are not particularly critical theory courses, so I'm.
By literary theory we refer not to the meaning of a work of literature but to the theories that reveal what literature can mean. Literary theory is a description of the underlying principles, one might say the tools, by which we attempt to understand literature.
These general strategies are the foundation. slide 2 of 3. The Classics These classic teaching strategies set the foundation for a literate classroom. Literature Circles – The concept is simple: students gather in small groups–preferably in a circle–and discuss literature.
Introduction. There is a debate among English teachers in China on whether it is proper to use literary theory to teach literature for undergraduate English majors.
Teaching of literature in language classes has became a fashion. Commonly, teachers use literature for the development of the four skills of language as well as for providing knowledge of the world. These days three models are used to teach literature in EFL/ESL classroom as 1.
Lesson Plans for Literary Criticism Plan your lesson with helpful tips from teachers. NCTE How to Teach Literary Criticism World Literature, Literary Criticism,
Using Marxist literary theory specifically is unique in the sense that it can provide a way for students to analyze the power/class structures in our world: "it helps them and us enter into and understand positions other than our own in a diverse and complex world" (Zitlow 129).
Literary theory in a strict sense is the systematic study of the nature of literature and of the. as academically cutting-edge, and most university literature departments sought to teach and study theory and incorporate it into their curricula.
Apr 20, 2009. Seton Hill University Greensburg, PA 15601. Daily Lesson Plan. Introduction to Literary Criticism. Teachers: Greta Carroll & Katie Vann.
University Of Iowa Academic Calendar 2019 Flohre (Floor-E) comes to The Plains after spending the previous three seasons as the head coach at Eastern Kentucky University, where he posted. The team posted a 3.75 GPA during the 2017-18. with an academic record of 4.0.
Goal of Lesson: To create building blocks so that students have the ability to analyze. provide students with the novel from the literary criticism reading list or.
Adapted from Critical Encounters in High School English: Teaching Literary Theory to Adolescents. By Deborah Appleman. What is a Critical Lens? Literary.
Amazon.com: Critical Encounters in Secondary English: Teaching Literary Theory to Adolescents (Language and Literacy) (9780807756232): Deborah.
And in a theory course, or a course on aesthetics, the heroes tend to be philosophers: Aristotle, Hegel, Heidegger. But I want to make clear that the discipline of literary criticism has a bunch of people who are (as Milton might put it) justly heroic,
Social Media Behavior Theory Nov 10, 2011. His work focuses on network theory analysis, with particular emphasis on social networks. In a recent weekly meeting with Lisa, a Harvard. Social media has become an important role in dispersing travel information. empirically analyzed
Postcolonialism For Third World Jan 2, 2000. Third World Legal Studies by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. Third World, including the postcolonial writers such as Guha or. postcolonial criticism has been silent about its own status as a possible ideological effect of
Find the answer to the oft-quoted question: "What are literature-based teaching strategies?" Find the definition, general strategies, and specific strategies. General strategies include scaffolding, modeling, reader response, cooperative learning, independent reading. Specific activities will turn your classroom into a veritable cornucopia of motivated learners.
Critical Encounters in High School English: Teaching Literary Theory to Adolescents: Amazon.ca: Deborah Appleman: Books.
You will use it for the rest of your life and reading the actual sources will teach you to find the beauty of critical theory in literature. One last note, the third edition came out while I was an undergrad and includes some thinkers I wasn't introduced to until grad school.
Theory Of Literary Criticism When John Ellis wrote THE THEORY OF LITERARY CRITICISM in 1974, he chose to avoid the practice used by most other theorists who favored one school of critical theory over another. The resources can also be found via
Apr 15, 2018 · The Stifling Uniformity of Literary Theory. Either you are with the oppressed, and therefore on the side of the angels, or you are implicitly supporting the side of the oppressors, and a damnable and unrepentant sinner. It is a straightforward binary moral choice and its missionaries will take no prisoners.
Literary theories were developed as a means to understand the various ways. The proponents of each theory believe their theory is the theory, but most of us.
Amazon.com: Critical Encounters in High School English: Teaching Literary Theory to Adolescents, Second Edition (Language & Literacy Series) (Language.
Myers also argues that theory should be the most problem-based and problematized part of the literary curriculum. "I believe," he writes, "that the only way to teach literary theory is to take issue with it" (Myers 327). In other words, literary theory is something that must be engaged with, not passively learned about.
Overview. This course aims to demystify literary theory, showing how it illuminates literary texts and enriches our understanding and enjoyment of literature. Over the course of the twentieth century, modern literary theory has transformed the field of English studies. It has also changed the way we read literature, and how we understand language,
Teaching of literature in language classes has became a fashion. Commonly, teachers use literature for the development of the four skills of language as well as for providing knowledge of the world.
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REVIEW: CRAVE by Sarah Kane at The Other Room by Gareth Ford-Elliott
May 5, 2019 Gareth Ford-Elliott Leave a comment
As part of the Professional Pathways Programme at The Other Room, trainee director, Samantha Jones, and trainee producer, Yasmin Williams, are presenting their showcase production, Crave by Sarah Kane.
I met up with them to chat about it before the run started which you can read HERE to find out more about the production process and the Professional Pathways Programme.
The Other Room opened in 2015 with Blasted, Sarah Kane's first play. Fitting then that Jones and Williams chose Crave which was a turning point in Sarah Kane's career. Both in her artistic style and her critical reception.
It's a turning point in their own careers and Sarah Kane has always felt somewhat connected to The Other Room. A theatre that allows young artists to take bold steps, as Kane was allowed to do by The Royal Court. That is exactly what taking on Crave is for Jones and Williams. A bold statement of, "this is what we can do."
The writing is obviously excellent, and not really up for review as such here. But it is worth saying, you won't see many plays more real and brilliantly written than this in your life. Almost every line is crucial and despite running at 45-minutes, there are brilliant plays twice as long with half the content. It truly is a masterpiece.
That said, the script can't do the work on its own. If the artists involved don't rise to the challenge, the play will fail. Don't be fooled, the script is great but not an easy one to direct or act. It won't carry itself and is open to interpretation. With no vision, it's just a bunch of words. Kane makes those involved work for its brilliance. She wrote Crave for directorial interpretation, to be explored and played with. This is exactly why Samantha Jones and Yasmin Williams chose it for their showcase production.
As it is, the artists involved relish and rise to the challenge brilliantly.
Samantha Jones' direction is sublime. Close attention is paid to rhythm which highlights the script's strengths. The tone is handled really well helping Jones control the pace, which is done beautifully.
The decision to perform in traverse is a great one, not allowing the actors anywhere to hide. Sometimes Crave is performed quite statically which really doesn't seem to work. Jones, however, brings the play to life with excellent physicality, making the most of the small space. The playis breathing and vibrant in its direction, which compliments Crave perfectly.
All four performances are excellent. Its hard to pinpoint one as a standout as they all work well as an ensemble and stand-out as individuals. As the production is in collaboration with Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama, all four actors are second year acting students and they do their college proud in this production.
Emily John explores her character and it really feels as we get to know her throughout the play. She feels both strong and vulnerable at the same time which is really powerful.
Callum Howells brings natural charm and humour to his role. His character, A, is completely unaware of himself in a beautiful and disturbing way, depending on the context. Not distracting from the production's dark tones, rather offering a break from it. His delivery of 'that' monologue is simply magnificent.
Johnna Dias-Watson feels ever-present in the production. Her care in physicality stands out and you always feel her presence because of it, and when you don't, there's a reason why. Playing a 'mother' figure, this works perfectly.
Benjamin McCann also brings some humour to the production, but his character is much more aware of himself than Howells as A. His delivery towards the end of the play is particularly good. He feels natural and I have to say I personally resonated most with him.
Zoe Brennan and Mimi Donaldson's set design is lovely. Creating a claustrophobic feeling in the traverse set-up which allows space for the direction and acting to flourish. The lighting from Ryan Joseph Stafford is mystic and minimal, setting the mood well. Joshua Bowles' sound design creeps through, mostly subtly, yet obvious in moments. None of the design is complicated but compliments the production allowing the play to flourish.
Crave at The Other Room is an excellent production of Sarah Kane's masterpiece exploring what it is to love.
Ultimately, this production is very hard to put into words. I left the theatre and felt completely different for two days. Even writing now, I just don't have the words to justify my feelings. It is a compliment to Kane's excellent writing, but the job of Yasmin Williams and Samantha Jones is to make this play speak as loudly as it can. They have done that extremely well and deserve the credit for what they achieved with Kane's work.
Crave by Sarah Kane at The Other Room, Cardiff
30th April – 11th May 2019
Directed by Samantha Jones
Produced by Yasmin Williams
C – Emily John
M – Johnna Dias-Watson
B – Benjamin McCann
A – Callum Howells
Set Designed by Zoe Brennan and Mimi Donaldson
Sound Designed by Joshua Bowles
Lighting Designed by Ryan Joseph Stafford
Stage Managed by Millie McElhinney
Deputy Stage Managed by Emily Behague
Assistant Directed by Nerida Bradley
benjamin mccanncallum howellsCardiffcraveemily behagueemily johnfringe theatrejohnna dias-watsonjoshua bowlesmillie mcelhinneymimi donaldsonnerida bradleyRoyal Welsh College of Music and Dramaryan joseph staffordsamantha jonesSarah KaneThe Other Roomtheatreyasmin williamszoe brennan
Theatre, Uncategorized
Preview: CRAVE by Sarah Kane at The Other Room
April 23, 2019 Gareth Ford-Elliott Leave a comment
As their showcase production of the Professional Pathways Programme at The Other Room, Yasmin and Samantha are presenting Crave by Sarah Kane, at The Other Room running between April 30th and May 11th 2019.
I met up with Director Samantha Jones, Producer Yasmin Williams and Assistant Director Nerida Bradley to chat about Crave, Sarah Kaneand the Professional Pathways Programme.
Why Crave? Why Sarah Kane? Why Now?
Being completely technical, for the Professional Pathways Programme I think this is exactly what we needed. There are no limitations, no rules, no guidance and that's exactly what we needed from a script as a challenge and a gift.
When next are we going to get the opportunity to stage whatever we want with no limitations – Sarah Kane, obviously. It's exactly the kind of work we'd like to see more of in Cardiff. The way it plays with form, but also what it says and what it means to people.
The Other Room opened with Sarah Kane and this play was an artistic turning point for her career. So, it just felt right, being the first Professional Pathways Programme at The Other Room and a turning point in our careers, to stage this play.
There are loads of reasons why this play is relevant now, but really what's so great about Sarah Kane is that she's so real she'll always be relevant and so will Crave.
What does Sarah Kane mean to you as artists and people?
As an artist she's bold and experimental. Her work is full of anger, but doesn't fall into the trap of angst or the box people tried to put her in. She's angry but it still feels feminine without the work needing to be about femininity. Just feminine through the way she uses language. Everything in the text is earned and the artists involved in her plays have to raise their game to her level.
As a person, she doesn't make you feel judged, she just makes you feel and reflect. She can make you feel anything with her words. When I first read one of her plays, I had to read the others and read them all in one sitting. She's just great.
What's your aim with this piece?
Is it enough to say truth? Sarah Kane said, "I write the truth and it kills me," so it's important to stay true to that.
But also, Crave is written in a way that allows us to play and experiment. She was bold and experimental in writing this play, so we need to be the same in presenting it too.
It's about what it means to be a human, the loneliness that comes with that, what love is, etc. We all have different perspectives and feelings in regard to this play, as I'm sure you will when you see it. Everyone will feel different things as the play is so true it relates to everyone individually. We want the audience to reflect and feel something about the themes, but more importantly about themselves.
Sam, considering how open the script is to a director's interpretation, how are you approaching Crave as director?
Crave is a play that is always moving and changing as you work on it, so it's more of a facilitation process, rather than direction and I wouldn't have it any other way.
It's key working with Nerida, not only as one of the best assistants around, but as someone who loves Sarah Kane and understands the text in a way that is different, but just as brilliant, to me. The whole team, including Yasmin and the actors, the same. The moment someone puts their stamp on Sarah Kane is the moment the it dies. So, everyone in the room has a voice.
Yas, with the everchanging, undefined nature of the script and production process, how are you approaching Crave as producer?
One of the great things about the Professional Pathways Programme is that this is the first full-show I've produced on my own, and I've been trusted to do so. The experience has sort of confirmed my theory that nobody really knows what a producer is and it's an everchanging role in theatre. But given me confidence in knowing that's okay. There is no set of rules for a producer as the job changes so much from show-to-show.
Part of what makes producing Crave so great, is that I have to be involved in the creative discussion to do the job. It might be easier to produce if things were more set in stone, but as the piece is constantly moving forward and growing I need to stay on my toes and get involved in the room. It's very hands on and it needs to be as I have to stay connected, artistically, to the production.
How have you found the past year at The Other Room as part of their Professional Pathways Programme?
The Professional Pathways Programme has been a great way to step into the world of professional theatre making. Building new relationships, especially with each other as this year has just made us want to work with each other more in the future. Opportunities to work with new writing with things like SEEN and Spring Fringe Script, working with Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama have also been super beneficial.
Learning how a theatre building works and runs, beyond the shows, has probably been the biggest thing to learn. And now getting to work on whatever play we want, being able to produce it and put it on for a full-run is the perfect way to end the year. Overall, it's been an invaluable experience for both of us.
Nerida, as you're on arts placement at The Other Room and assistant director on Crave, how have you seen Yas and Sam grow over the last year?
They were always capable of doing this. But they've just had the chance to prove it. They've not just done the job but really added to the discussion and put their ideas forward. In particular they've absolutely smashed the year in transforming SEEN and working on Spring Fringe Script amongst other things. It's just so great that they've been given the opportunity and platform to show what they can do as well as learn and move forward.
Crave runs at The Other Room in Cardiff between April 30th and May 11th 2019. Presented in collaboration with the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama and The Other Room's Professional Pathways Programme. You can read more about the production and the Professional Pathways Programme HERE.
M – Johnna Watson
benjamin mccanncallum howellscraveemily behagueemily johnjohnna watsonjoshua bowlesmillie mcelhinneymimi donaldsonnerida bradleyprofessional pathways programmeRoyal Welsh College of Music and DramaRWCMDryan joseph staffordsamantha jonesSarah KaneThe Other Roomtoryasmin williamszoe brennan


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Q: In Flutter, how to share the text using share_plus in a the format that I want I'm currently building a password manager using Flutter. I have used share_plus.dart package , to share the passwords stored by the user. I have 4 text fields in my password, they are : title, email, password(userpassword), and url.
When I share them, they get displayed in a not good looking format. So,I want to display, the text shared using the share button on my flutter app in a particular format.
The format, I want:
Title: value
Email: value
Password: value
url: value

My code:
          IconButton(
            onPressed: () async {
              final text = _titleController.text + _emailController.text + _userPasswordController.text + _urlController.text;
              if (_password == null || text.isEmpty) {
                await showCannotShareEmptyPasswordDialog(context);
              } else {
                Share.share(text);
              }
            },
            icon: const Icon(Icons.share),
          ),

A: Share.share("Title: $Title"\n Email: $value" \n);

Try using this, this might help you
in my case i did like this
ShareClass.shareMethod(
        message:
        "Join me on App! It is an awesome and secure app we can use to connect with each other Download it at: ${Platform.isAndroid ? "https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id" : "https://apps.apple.com/us/app/app"}");
  }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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LG Formally Announces the G3
By zygonzales
In Cybershack News
After weeks of spending time on rumour land, LG has finally released its newest flagship smartphone – the LG G3 in a special event a few hours ago. The handset conforms to what earlier rumours and leaks have suggested. For starters, the phone comes with a 5.5-inch True HD-IPS+ LCD display with a QHD resolution (2560 x 1440 pixels) which gives the phone a jaw-dropping 534ppi pixel density. Under the bonnet is…
Follow @CyberShack
After weeks of spending time on rumour land, LG has finally released its newest flagship smartphone – the LG G3 in a special event a few hours ago.
The handset conforms to what earlier rumours and leaks have suggested. For starters, the phone comes with a 5.5-inch True HD-IPS+ LCD display with a QHD resolution (2560 x 1440 pixels) which gives the phone a jaw-dropping 534ppi pixel density. Under the bonnet is a Qualcomm Snapdragon 801 chipset, with a 2.5GHz quad-core processor, Adreno 330 GPU, 2GB-3GB of RAM and 16GB-32GB of internal storage that can be expanded via a microSD card up to 128GB.
The phone also comes with the usual plethora of connectivity features including Bluetooth 4.0, Wi-Fi ac, NFC and an IR blaster. Just like its predecessor, the G3 physical buttons are all located at the back – namely, the volume rocker and the power/lock button.
In terms of imaging, the G3 comes with a 13MP sensor at the back with Optical Image Stabilisation. At the right of the camera is its dual-LED flash while on the right side sits a special laser that helps the phone measure distance and speeds up autofocus. There's also a 2MP front-facing camera, which according to LG has a brighter lens than the one on the back and gives users viewing angles up to 77 degrees.
LG is still using polycarbonate to construct the G3, but it does have a special coating that gives it a faux-metal look that is said to be scratch resistant and in a certain extent fingerprint resistant.
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Читтагонг (, ) — одна из восьми областей Бангладеш. Она расположена в юго-восточной части страны и является крупнейшей по площади областью Бангладеш. Граничит на западе с областями Барисал и Дакка, на севере — с Силхетом, а на востоке — с Индией и Мьянмой.

Характеристика
Площадь — 33 908,55 км².

Административный центр — город Читтагонг.

Население — 28 423 019 человек (2011).

Грамотность — 32,08 %.

Экономика
В Читтагонге сильно развит аграрный сектор. Произрастают: рис, хлопок, арахис, картофель, чай, горчица, имбирь. Также область обеспечивает страну солидным количеством фруктов: манго, ананас, кокос, банан, папайя, арбуз и лимон. Сельское хозяйство составляет 57 % дохода области. Другим важным источником доходов Читтагонга является производство плотин гидроэлектростанций. Эти плотины снабжают электроэнергией почти всю страну. Быстрое течение реки Карнапхули используется для работы гидроэлектростанции. Однако, находясь на низменности, дамбы не обеспечивают достаточной электроэнергией весь Бангладеш.

Округа
 Бандарбан
 Брахманбария
 Комилла
 Кокс-Базар
 Кхаграчари
 Лакшмипур
 Ноакхали
 Рангамати
 Фени
 Чандпур
 Читтагонг

Ссылки
 Chittagong Division

Области Бангладеш

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


1, 2014, little change in LED display market in China compared to the first half of last year, orders is relatively stable, but many small and medium enterprises profit is profit, and the widespread problem of back, "triangular" remains a common problem LED display industry.
2, a new market segment LED displays a new growth point. Outdoor advertising media, indoor small space market segment is still growth, makes the LED display industry maintain growth. Areas such as Lehman and optical layout sports media.
3, LED display of the "small time"--two LED screens. Global LED manufacturers began competing to launch their own small space strategy, both at home and abroad also LED with small spacing this product's prospects look good. Among them, high density LED display with small spacing is the important emerging markets, is currently one of the higher-margin markets.
1, LED street lighting environment as a whole tend to be stable, but due to the change in Government, corruption and many other objective factors, LED street light speed is significantly lower than the expectations this year, a slowdown, supply situation, the market is more rational.
2, and overall view, this year LED Street regardless of in overall road according to degrees, and uniform degrees and glare light control aspects are has considerable of progress, but due to market needs crunch and the LED Street manufacturers base huge led to market competition fierce, LED Street orders more concentrated Yu scale larger of enterprise, future LED Street manufacturers except spell quality is spell price, sought new of economic growth is all LED Street manufacturers of target.
3, changes in structure design of LED street lamps, light source module into a new trend in the future. Once the previous monolithic and modular design lighting problems that must be the whole lamp replaced, but only after replacing the light source module electrical part, although from the perspective of the single lamp did not cost savings, but cheaper in the long run.