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Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira
Print version ISSN 0100-204XOn-line version ISSN 1678-3921
Pesq. agropec. bras. vol.54 Brasília 2019 Epub June 27, 2019
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-3921.pab2019.v54.00739
Agrometeorology
Performance of the SSEBop model in the estimation of the actual evapotranspiration of soybean and bean crops
Desempenho do modelo SSEBop na estimativa da evapotranspiração real das culturas de soja e feijão
Adriano Cesar Pereira de Paula(1) *
Cícero Lopes da Silva(1)
Lineu Neiva Rodrigues(2)
Morris Scherer-Warren(3)
(1) Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, CEP 70919-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil. E-mail: cesar.adriano087@gmail.com, cicero@unb.br
(2) Embrapa Cerrados, Rodovia BR-020, Km 18, Caixa Postal 08223, CEP 73310-970 Planaltina, DF, Brazil. E-mail: lineu.rodrigues@embrapa.br
(3) Agência Nacional de Águas, Setor Policial, Área 5, Quadra 3, Bloco O, CEP 70610-200 Brasília, DF, Brazil. E-mail: morris@ana.gov.br
The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of the operational simplified surface energy balance (SSEBop) model in the estimation of the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) of soybean and bean crops irrigated by a central pivot. The model estimates were obtained from digital images of the Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 satellites, and were compared with the ETa obtained by the Bowen ratio method. The model was evaluated by the refined agreement index (dr), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean bias error (MBE). The model's performance in the estimation of the ETa was classified by the performance index (Pi). The relationship between the estimates of the model and the Bowen ratio method showed correlation (r=0.94) and agreement (dr=0.82), with a mean square error of 0.62 mm per day and a mean bias error of 0.04 mm per day. The estimate perfomance of the SSEBop model in comparison with the Bowen ratio method, was classified as optimal (Pi=0.77), proving the SSEBop usability and precision to estimate ETa for irrigated crops, such as soybean and bean.
Index terms: Glycine max; Phaseolus vulgaris; Bowen ratio; remote sensing; water resources management
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho do modelo "operational simplified surface energy balance" (SSEBop) na estimativa da evapotranspiração real (ETa) das culturas de soja e feijão irrigadas por pivô central. As estimativas do modelo foram obtidas de imagens digitais dos satélites Landsat 7 e Landsat 8 e comparadas à ETa obtida pelo método da razão de Bowen. O modelo foi avaliado pelo índice de concordância refinado (dr), pela raiz do erro médio quadrático (RMSE) e pelo erro médio absoluto (MBE). O desempenho do modelo nas estimativas da evapotranspiração real foi classificado pelo índice de desempenho (Pi). A relação entre as estimativas do modelo e o método da razão de Bowen apresentou correlação (r=0,94) e concordância (dr=0,82), com erro médio quadrático de 0,62 mm por dia e erro médio absoluto de 0,04 mm por dia. O desempenho das estimativas do modelo SSEBop, em comparação ao método da razão de Bowen, foi classificado como ótimo (Pi=0,77), o que comprova a utilidade do SSEBop e a precisão de suas estimativas de evapotranspiração real para culturas irrigadas como soja e feijão.
Termos para indexação: Glycine max; Phaseolus vulgaris; razão de Bowen; sensoriamento remoto; gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos
The current scenario of water usage in the Cerrado region, in Brazil, and the upcoming conflicts for this resource require evaluation and improvement of tools that can assist in the water resource management at the basin scale. Among the water variables of interest for the management, the actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa) is one of the main components for water balance in agricultural ecosystems (Carvalho et al., 2015), and a key parameter in studies regarding environmental assessment and management of basins (Raziei & Pereira, 2013).
Through the last couple of decades, ETa estimates in large areas using remote sensing methods based on thermal infrared data have become increasingly available from a variety of satellite systems (Allen et al., 2011; Cammalleri et al., 2014a). Although ETa cannot be measured directly by orbital sensors, it can be estimated based on surface radiation using semi-empirical remote sensing algorithms (Gebremichael et al., 2010).
The main advantages of using this kind of methodology consist in the obtention of information regarding ETa, without the need of soil or crop data, which allows of a wide spatial and temporal coverage in the desired scale at a relatively low cost (Bastiaanssen et al., 2005). The technical literature on the matter presents several models that may be used for this purpose, such as the most consolidated one, but with a higher level of complexity, which are the surface energy balance algorithm for Land - Sebal (Bastiaanssen et al., 1998) and the mapping evapotranspiration at high-resolution with internalized calibration - Metric (Allen et al., 2007). These models seek the complete solution to the surface energy balance.
Among the most recent models, the operational simplified surface energy balance - SSEBop (Senay et al., 2013) - presents itself as a promising option, mostly for its simplicity and ease of operation to obtain evapotranspiration from orbital images. The model estimates the ETa from the local reference evapotranspiration (ETo), and of the evapotranspiration fraction, calculated from the land surface temperature (LST) obtained by remote sensing and by predefined contour conditions to the minimum and maximum latent heat flux. Unlike the Metric and Sebal models, the SSEBop parametrization assure the elimination of subjectivity in the selection of the contour conditions to the latent heat flux (Singh & Senay, 2016).
In addition to the ETo and the LST, the estimate of the ETa by the SSEBop model requires only the air temperature at the time of the satellite overpass. Besides, the model is based on the scientific knowledge that the surface energy balance process is driven mainly by the available net radiation (Senay et al., 2013). Despite its simplifications, the SSEBop maintains the approximations of models like Sebal and Metric, and has already showed satisfactory estimates in some regions of the United States.
Singh et al. (2014) evaluated the performance of the SSEBop model in estimating the annual ETa in the Colorado River basin, and observed a great agreement with the ETa obtained by the eddy covariance technique, showing 10%mean error. In a similar study in the same basin, Senay et al. (2016) verified mean errors from 13 to 22% in satellite crossing dates. In Nebraska, Singh & Senay (2016) observed a relative error of 7.1% between the estimates of the SSEBop model and the ETa obtained by the eddy covariance technique in a soybean cultivation irrigated by a central pivot.
Considering the need to evaluate the model in different regions from which it was developed, the objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of SSEBop model in estimating the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) of soybean and bean crops irrigated by a central pivot.
Soybean and bean crops were conducted in two areas irrigated by two central pivots, in the Rio Preto Basin, in the eastern of the Distrito Federal and in the state of Goiás, Brazil (Figure 1). The irrigated area A (Figure 1 A) had a central pivot capable of irrigating 51.2 ha, located at 16°12'22"S and 47°27'37"W at 990 m altitude. The irrigated area B (Figure 1 B) had a central pivot capable of irrigating 90.6 ha, and it was located at 15°54'31"S and 47°25'12"W, at 940 m altitude. According to the Köppen-Geiger´s climate classification, the region shows an Aw climate, defined as tropical savanna climate, with 1,400 mm average annual precipitation (Alvares et al., 2013b).
Figure 1. Location of the Rio Preto Basin, and positioning of the micrometeorological stations inside the irrigated areas cultivated with soybean and bean crops.
Soybean was sown on November 29, 2014 and harvested on March 15, 2015, in the irrigated area A, and sown on October 26, 2015 and harvested on February 12, 2016, in the irrigated area B. Bean was sown on April 30, 2015 and harvested on August 10, 2015, in irrigated area B. The data necessary to the Bowen ratio method were obtained by micrometeorological stations (Campbell Scientific CR3000, Logan, Utah) installed inside the irrigated areas of the pivots. The stations were equipped with sensors 083 HFP01 (Campbell Scientific Inc., Utah, USA), for measurements of relative humidity and air temperature, wind speed Met One 014A (Wind Speed Sensor), radiation balance (CNR4 Net Radiometer), and soil heat flux (HFP01 Soil Heat Flux Plate), and rain gauges (TB4 Rain Gage). The relative humidity, air temperature, and wind speed sensors were installed 1.0 and 2.0 m high from the soil surface, corresponding to the levels 1 and 2, respectively.
The Bowen ratio (β) (Bowen, 1926; Irmak et al., 2014) establishes the relationship between the sensible and latent heat fluxes of a surface, and was obtained by the equation
β=γΔTΔe
in which: γ is the psychometric coefficient, considered as 0.060 kPa °C-1 for the average altitude of the region; ΔT is the air temperature difference between two levels (°C); Δe is the actual water vapor pressure difference between two levels (kPa).
In order to avoid inconsistent results of the β ratio, data rejection criteria were adopted according to Perez et al. (1999), which eliminate gradients smaller than the resolution of the sensors, and the values of β approaching -1. The latent heat flux was calculated by the equation
LE=Rn−G1+β
in which: LE is the latent heat flux (W m-2); Rn is the net radiation (W m-2); and G is the soil heat flux (W m-2).
The daily ETa was obtained by accumulating the hourly ETa, calculated by the equation
ETa=LE×3600λ
in which: ETa is the actual evapotranspiration (mm per hour); λ is the latent heat of water vaporization (≈ 2,441,000 J kg-1); and 3600 is the time in seconds relative to one hour period.
The SSEBop model was implemented in the ModelBuilder tool of the ArcGIS software version 10.4.1 (ESRI, 2016) and executed in digital images related to the cultivation periods of soybean and bean crops. The images were obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) correspondent to the path/row 221/71. Due to the constant presence of clouds, only scenes from the Landsat 7 satellite could be used in the processing of the SSEBop model for soybean crops. Two images were obtained for the irrigated area A (January 16, 2015 and February 1, 2015), and three images were obtained for the irrigated area B (December 2, 2015; December 18, 2015; and February 4, 2016). For the cultivation period of bean, four images were obtained from the Landsat 7 satellite (May 24, 2015; June 9, 2015; July 11, 2015; and July 27, 2015), and two images from the Landsat 8 satellite (July 19, 2015 and August 4, 2015). In order to overcome the Scan Line corrector (SLC) problem in the Landsat 7 images obtained since 2003, a correction algorithm (Fix Landsat 7 Scan Line Errors) was applied to correct the image errors.
The data required to calculate the energy balance under clear sky conditions and the Penman-Monteith FAO56 reference evapotranspiration (Allen et al., 1998) to the irrigated area A were obtained from the Luziânia meteorological station (INMET), located 50 km from the study area. For the irrigated area B, the metereological data were obtained from a station of the research center Embrapa Cerrados, located 45 km from the study area.
As recommended by Senay et al. (2013), the air temperature at the time of satellite overpass was replaced by the maximum daily air temperature due to the absence of time data. The SSEBop model relates the maximum daily air temperature with the land surface temperature (LST) through a correction coefficient "c", obtained for each pixel in the image in which the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is higher than 0.80, which are conditions that guarantee the vegetation areas in full development. The NDVI was obtained by the equation
NDVI=ρNIR−ρREDρNIR+ρRED,
in which: ρNIR is the reflectance of the infrared spectral band; and ρRED is the reflectance of the red spectral band.
The LST in Kelvin was obtained, as recommended by Allen et al. (2007), by the equation
LST=K2ln[(ε×K1Rc)+1],
in which: K1 is the calibration constant 1 for the thermal band (666.09 and 774.88 for Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 satellites, respectively); K2 is the calibration constant 2 for the thermal band (1,282.71 and 1,321.08 for Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 satellites, respectively); Rc is the corrected thermal radiance from the surface, using spectral radiance of the thermal band (W m-2 sr-1 μm-1); ε is the land surface emissivity (dimensionless).
Rc is calculated according to the procedure suggested by Allen et al. (2007). The land surface emissivity was determined from the NVDI according to procedure suggested by Sobrino et al. (2004). The correction coefficient was obtained for each pixel of the image by the equation cpixel=Tscold/Ta, in which: Tscold is the LST in pixels in which NDVI > 0.80; Ta is the maximum daily air temperature, in Kelvin, obtained by the reference stations at the date of the satellite overpass.
The correction factor to each image (c) was obtained by the average of the cpixel values. The cold pixel temperature (Tc) in Kelvin was obtained by the equation Tc = c ? Ta.
The hot pixel temperature (Th) was obtained by the equation Th = Tc + dT, in which: dT is the temperature difference between the surface and the adjacent atmosphere (K), promoting the sensible heat flux.
The SSEBop model assumes equilibrium condition in the atmosphere, and the temperature difference (dT) is obtained considering the energy balance principles under clear sky conditions (Allen at al., 1998) and maximum sensible heat flux (Bastiaanssen et al., 1998; Allen et al., 2007), calculated according to the equation:
dT=Rn×raρa×Cp,
in which: Rn is the clear sky net radiation (W m-2); ρa is the air density (kg m-3); Cp is the specific heat of the air at constant pressure (1,013 J kg-1 K-1); and ra is the aerodynamic resistance to heat transport, assumed as 110 s m-1, as recommended by Senay et al. (2013).
The evapotranspiration fraction and the actual evapotranspiration were calculated respectively by the following equations ETf=Th−Ts/dTandETa=ETo×ETf×k, in which: ETf is the evapotranspiration fraction (dimensionless); ETo is the reference evapotranspiration (mm per day); k is a coefficient that scales the reference evapotranspiration into the level of a maximum ETa, adopted as 1.2 as recommended by Senay et al. (2013).
The evapotranspiration fraction is relatively constant throughout the day of the satellite overpass, so it can be used to calculate the actual evapotranspiration on the daily scale (Cammalleri et al., 2014b; Chávez et al., 2008).
In order to evaluate the performance of the SSEBop model, the estimated ETa (ETa-SSEBop) was compared to the ETa obtained by the Bowen ratio method (ETa-BR) which is considered as a reference. The evaluation of the model was performed using the following indicators: refined agreement index (dr) (Willmott et al., 2012); root mean square error (RMSE); mean bias error (MBE); and performance index (Pi) of the model (Alvares et al., 2013a).
The dr index ranges from -1 to 1, and represents the agreement between the ETa-SSEBop and ETa-BR. The RMSE provides information regarding the performance of the model in a short term, and indicates the actual value of the errors. The lower the value obtained for RMSE, the better the performance of the model. The MBE represents the deviation of the means, and provides information regarding the performance of the model in a long term, with negative values indicating underestimates and vice versa. The lower the absolute value of MBE, the better the performance of the model. The Pi index is obtained by the product of the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and the dr index, and it is classified from very bad to optimal, according to its value. The criteria for interpreting the Pi index is: Pi ≥ 0.75, optimum performance; 0.6 ≤ Pi < 0.75, very good performance; 0.45 ≤ Pi < 0.6, good performance; 0.3 ≤ Pi < 0.45, tolerable performance; 0.15 ≤ Pi < 0.3, poor performance; 0 ≤ Pi < 0.15, bad performance; and Pi < 0, very bad performance.
The average values of dT obtained for bean and soybean growing seasons were 14.2 and 26 K, respectively. The range of dT variation depends on location, but at the peak of the summer season this difference must remain between 20 and 25 K. In the United States, Senay et al. (2013) observed that most of the vegetated regions show dT values in narrow ranges between 20 and 25 K, decreasing in the winter months due to reduced net radiation. Because it is a study carried out in the Brazilian Central Plateau, the average dT values for soybean were expected to be a little higher due to the high temperatures observed in this region. The lowest value of dT for the bean crop season is justified because the study was carried out during the winter season.
The "c" coefficient showed an average value of 0.983 for the growing periods, confirming its stability during the crop development (Table 1). In a similar study in Texas, Senay et al. (2014) found a similar value in an application of the SSEBop model in digital images from the Landsat satellite. The correction coefficient allows of a conversion of maximum daily air temperature in temperature into maximum latent heat flux condition (Tc), eliminating the need of selection of cold pixels of the image.
Table 1. Required variables by the SSEBop model for the actual evapotranspiration estimate.
Date DOY Crop Satellite ETo (mm per day) Ta (K) dT (K) c Tc (K) Th (K)
January 16, 2015 16 Soybean Landsat 7 5.80 304.5 26.1 0.9848 299.8 325.9
February 1, 2015 32 Soybean Landsat 7 6.50 305.0 26.0 0.9781 298.3 324.3
May 24, 2015 144 Bean Landsat 7 3.10 301.6 14.1 0.9792 295.3 309.4
June 9, 2015 160 Bean Landsat 7 3.90 300.7 14.0 0.9827 295.4 309.5
July 11, 2015 192 Bean Landsat 7 3.60 302.0 14.1 0.9780 295.3 309.4
August 4, 2015 216 Bean Landsat 8 4.00 302.3 14.3 0.9905 299.4 313.7
December 2, 2015 336 Soybean Landsat 7 5.50 305.6 26.6 0.9794 298.8 325.4
December 18, 2015 352 Soybean Landsat 7 5.90 305.3 26.4 0.9845 299.6 326.0
DOY, day of the year; ETo, reference evapotranspiration; Ta, maximum daily air temperature at the date of the satellite overpass; dT, temperature difference; c, correction coefficient of the temperature; Tc, cold pixel temperature; Th, hot pixel temperature.
The LST calculated by the SSEBop model indicated that the coldest points are located in the most humid pixels and with the most developed vegetation. This means that the higher the leaf area index, the lower the LST obtained by the model. Although the average temperature calculated by the model showed 300 K for both crops, temperature variations within the irrigated area were observed due to possible differences of humidity due to irrigation events. In the state of Texas, Senay et al. (2014) evaluated the SSEBop model and observed temperatures of 302 K in irrigated areas, a value close to the one found in the present study. The images of the initial period of the bean cultivation (May 24, 2015; June 9, 2015; and July 11, 2015) showed gradually lower average temperatures (299.7, 298.1 and 295.6 K, respectively) as a consequence of vegetation development and the increase of the crop leaf index. However, in the middle-final period of development (July 19, 2015; July 27, 2015; and August 4, 2015), the inverse process occurred, and the average temperature increased (295.7, 298.0, and 302.8 K, respectively) as the crop approximated the senescence stage.
In the images of soybean cultivation in the irrigated area A (Figures 2 A and B), the difference of LST due to already irrigated and nonirrigated areas on the pivot, at the time of the satellite overpass on February 1, 2015, contributed to a higher spatial variance (Std=0.76) of ETa-SSEBop inside the irrigated area. However, the estimate of ETa-SSEBop showed a lower spatial variance (Std=0.47) for the image of January 16, 2015, inside the irrigated area. In the soybean cultivation in the irrigated area B (Figures 2 I, J, and K), the estimated ETa-SSEBop in the image of December 2, 2015, showed a higher variation (Std=0.27) due to the incomplete coverage of the soil by the crop, since the date in question coincided with the initial stage of the vegetative development. In the image of December 18, 2015, the ETa-SSEBop showed higher estimated values in relation to the previous image, justified by the higher value of ETo on the referred date, and by the beginning of the reproductive stage of the crop. On February 4, 2016 (Figure 2 K), the crop started its period of physiological maturation, and the ETa-SSEBop showed lower estimated values.
Figure 2. Spatial and temporal distribution of the ETa, estimated by the SSEBop model inside the irrigated areas, during the development of soybean and bean crops.
The patterns of ETa variation observed inside the irrigated areas have also been reported in the applications of the Sebal and Metric models. Silva et al. (2012) observed significant differences of the ETa inside the irrigated perimeter, when applying the Sebal model in the Brazilian Semiarid region. In an application of the Metric model in the same region, Folhes et al. (2009) verified a standard deviation up to 2.5 mm per day, inside the central pivot irrigated areas, emphasizing the benefit of using high-spatial resolution remote sensing data for ETa analysis. Despite the simplification regarding models such as Sebal and Metric, the parameterization of the SSEBop model guarantees satisfactory ETa results in comparison to the conventional models, proving to be a viable tool that is easy to apply.
As the same as the LST, the average ETa-SSEBop estimated inside the irrigated area with bean also showed a gradual increase in the vegetative development stage, with 2.55, 3.81, and 4.22 mm per day, respectively on May 24, June 9, and July 11, 2015. In the initial stage of crop development, the vegetal cover was incomplete and the actual evapotranspiration occurs at lower rates, justifying the lower estimated values of the ETa-SSEBop observed in the images from the initial period. As expected, the highest values of the ETa-SSEBop estimates were observed at dates corresponding to the full vegetal and reproductive development of the crop (July 11 and July 19, 2015), with averages of 4.22 and 4.02 mm per day, repectively. In the middle-final stage of plant development, the ETa decreased as it senescence approached, showing values of 3.81 and 3.66 mm per day, respectively on July 27 and August 4, 2015, when the crop was in the field for over 90 days.
The ETa behavior during the bean crop development stage (Figure 3) evidences its direct relationship with the NDVI, and reinforces that the principle of adopting areas with NDVI greater than 0.80 assure the areas with higher latent heat flux, and consequently higher ETa. In Southern Australia, Nouri et al. (2014) also observed a direct relationship between NDVI and ETa, when the authors found that the index vegetation obtained using high-resolution imagery and ground-based validation approaches could provide an effective predictive tool for determining ETa rates.
Figure 3. ETa obtained by the Bowen ratio method, and ETa estimated by the SSEBop model in image acquisition dates during the cultivation periods of soybean and bean crops.
The comparison between the values of ETa-SSEBop and ETa-BR in the pixels corresponding to the micrometeorological stations, in soybean irrigated areas, showed relative errors from 1.9 to 28.0% and 5.2 to 37.9%, respectively, to the BR1 and BR2 (Table 2). In the soybean cultivation of the irrigated area A, the highest estimated values of ETa by the SSEBop model were observed in the image from February 1, 2015, for both stations, mainly due to the elevated ETo (Table 1) at the date in question. As the ETa is obtained as a fraction of the reference evapotranspiration, its values are extremely influenced by these input parameters. Assessing the uncertainties of SSEBop model inputs and parameters, in several places of the USA, Chen et al.(2016) found that ETo may be responsible for up to 19% of errors in ETa estimates, proving that these data have an important impact on modeled output ETa.
Table 2. Daily ETa-BR obtained from the micrometeorological data of each station, and ETa-SSEBop estimated by the model in the correspondent pixels, at each date of image acquisitions during the soybean and bean periods of cultivation.
ETa Soybean
January 16,
2015 February 1,
2015 December 2,
ETa-BR1 (mm per day) 6.40 8.80 5.20 7.50 4.60
ETa-SSEBop BR1 (mm per day) 6.90 9.00 5.50 6.90 5.90
Relative error (%) 8.00 1.90 5.50 7.80 28.0
Relative error (%) 13.7 5.20 9.00 8.40 37.9
May 24, 2015 June 9, 2015 July 11, 2015 July 19, 2015 July 27, 2015 August 4, 2015
ETa-BR1 (mm per day) 2.70 3.80 4.00 4.10 4.20 3.45
ETa-SSEBop BR1 (mm per day) 2.40 3.85 4.30 4.00 3.70 3.50
Relative error (%) 10.1 1.70 6.40 2.60 12.2 1.40
Relative error (%) 1.70 0.30 19.0 7.10 19.2 11.1
Relative error (%) 9.90 15.0 5.30 6.80 20.9 4.20
In the image of July 27, the highest-percentage relative errors between the ETa estimated by the SSEBop model and that obtained by the Bowen ratio method were observed in the pixels referring to the stations BR1, BR2, and BR3. The best estimates (lower-percentage relative errors) of the ETa-SSEBop in relation to the ETa-BR were observed on August 4, 2015, in the pixels of the stations BR1 and BR3 (1.40 and 4.20%, respectively), and on June 9, 2015, in the pixels of the station BR2, which showed 0.30% percentage relative error. The highest-relative errors between the ETa-SSEBop and the ETa-BR, in the area cultivated with bean, showed an underestimate of over 20%. In the state of Texas, Senay et al. (2014) evaluated the performance of the SSEBop model compared to weighing lysimeter data, and registered underestimates of 8 and 14%, in irrigated and nonirrigated areas, respectively. Despite some differences observed between ETa-SSEBop and ETa-RB, the model estimates are adequate for irrigated crops under different climate conditions from where the model was developed.
There was a positive relationship between SSEBop model and the ETa obtained by the Bowen ratio method (Figure 4). The Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.94 highlights the excellent correlation between the estimates of the SSEBop model and the Bowen ratio method, indicating that the model simulated the ETa properly. The trend line and the angular coefficient showed variations of the same magnitude between the estimates of the model and the Bowen ratio method. The correlation values obtained by the present study are similar to those obtained by Senay et al. (2014) in the state of Texas, when the authors observed 0.93 to 0.98 for different periods of aggregation between the ETa estimated by the SSEBop model and that obtained by the weighing lysimeter. However, Singh et al (2014) reported a lower correlation (r=0.88 and R²=0.76) between the ETa estimated by the SSEBop model and that obtained by the eddy covariance method, in a study about different vegetal covers in the Colorado River basin.
Figure 4. Comparison between the ETa-SSEBop and the ETa-BR, highlighting the correlation (r) and agreement (dr) coefficients, and the statistical indexes RMSE and MBE.
Although the Pearson correlation coefficient showed an excellent linear relationship between the estimates of the SSEBop and Bowen ratio method, it does not contemplate the agreement between the methods, justifying the application of the Willmott's dr index to the model estimates. The obtained dr index (dr=0.82) indicates a good agreement for the SSEBop model estimates with the Bowen ratio method, making it possible to infer that there was good agreement between the ETa-SSEBop and ETa-BR.
The statistical indicator RMSE reported a mean error of 0.62 mm per day in the SSEBop model estimates, highlighting the variations between the ETa-SSEBop and the ETa-BR at the daily scale. Evaluating the SSEBop model in comparison to the eddy covariance method in the Colorado River Basin, Senay et al. (2016) reported RMSE from 0.48 to 0.60 mm per day (13 to 22%), also at the daily scale. The MBE index indicated a very small underestimation (0.04 mm per day) of the ETa estimated by the SSEBop model, in relation to the ETa obtained by the Bowen ratio method. Applying the SSEBop model to images referring to a central-pivot-irrigated soybean, in Nebraska, Singh & Senay (2016) reported higher errors in the SSEBop model estimates, when the MBE index of -0.22 mm per day showed 6.2% of underestimation, in addition to 7.1% relative error, and 0.88 mm per day RMSE, in comparison to the eddy covariance method.
The best indexes showed by the SSEBop model application to then Brazilian savanna climate conditions allows of the inference that the model is a good tool to estimate soybean and bean actual evapotranspiration. The atmospheric stability condition assumed in the simplification of the model ensures good estimates of ETa by the application of simpler procedures. Despite the mean square error pointed out by the RMSE index, the SSEBop model showed optimum performance in the ETa estimates according to the performance index (Pi=0.77), confirming its usefulness to estimate the actual evapotranspiration of irrigated crops, as soybean and bean.
The SSEBop model shows optimum performance to estimate soybean and bean crops actual evapotranspiration.
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BASTIAANSSEN, W.G.M.; MENENTI, M.; FEDDES, R.A.; HOLTSLAG, A.A.M. A remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL). 1. Formulation. Journal of Hydrology, v.212-213, p.198-212, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00253-4. [ Links ]
BASTIAANSSEN, W.G.M.; NOORDMAN, E.J.M.; PELGRUM, H.; DAVIDS, G.; THORESON, B.P.; ALLEN, R.G. SEBAL model with remotely sensed data to improve water-resources management under actual field conditions. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, v.131, p.85-93, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2005)131:1(85). [ Links ]
BOWEN, I.S. The ratio of heat losses by conduction and by evaporation from any water surface. Physical Review, v.27, p.779-787, 1926. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.27.779. [ Links ]
CAMMALLERI, C.; ANDERSON, M.C.; GAO, F.; HAIN, C.R.; KUSTAS, W.P. Mapping daily evapotranspiration at field scales over rainfed and irrigated agricultural areas using remote sensing data fusion. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v.186, p.1-11, 2014a. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.11.001. [ Links ]
CAMMALLERI, C.; ANDERSON, M.C.; KUSTAS, W.P. Upscaling of evapotranspiration fluxes from instantaneous to daytime scales for thermal remote sensing applications. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v.18, p.1885-1894, 2014b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1885-2014. [ Links ]
CARVALHO, D.F. de; ROCHA, H.S. da; BONOMO, R.; SOUZA, A.P. de. Estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência a partir de dados meteorológicos limitados. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, v.50, p.1-11, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2015000100001. [ Links ]
CHÁVEZ, J.L.; NEALE, C.M.U.; PRUEGER, J.H.; KUSTAS, W.P. Daily evapotranspiration estimates from extrapolating instantaneous airborne remote sensing ET values. Irrigation Science, v.27, p.67-81, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-008-0122-3. [ Links ]
CHEN, M.; SENAY, G.B.; SINGH, R.K.; VERDIN, J.P. Uncertainty analysis of the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model at multiple flux tower sites. Journal of Hydrology, v.536, p.384-399, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.026. [ Links ]
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH INSTITUTE. Software: ArcGIS 10.4.1 for Desktop. Redlands, 2016. [ Links ]
FOLHES, M.T.; RENNÓ, C.D.; SOARES, J.V. Remote sensing for irrigation water management in the semi-arid Northeast of Brazil. Agricultural Water Management, v.96, p.1398-1408, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.04.021. [ Links ]
GEBREMICHAEL, M.; WANG, J.; SAMMIS, T.W. Dependence of remote sensing evapotranspiration algorithm on spatial resolution. Atmospheric Research, v.96, p.489-495, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.12.003. [ Links ]
IRMAK, S.; SKAGGS, K.E.; CHATTERJEE, S. A review of the Bowen ratio surface energy balance method for quantifying evapotranspiration and other energy fluxes. Transactions of the ASABE, v.57, p.1657-1674, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.57.10686. [ Links ]
NOURI, H.; BEECHAM, S.; ANDERSON, S.; NAGLER, P. High spatial resolution worldview-2 imagery for mapping NDVI and its relationship to temporal urban landscape evapotranspiration factors. Remote Sensing, v.6, p.580-602, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6010580. [ Links ]
PEREZ, P.J.; CASTELLVI, F.; IBAÑEZ, M.; ROSELL, J.I. Assessment of reliability of Bowen ratio method for partitioning fluxes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v.97, p.141-150, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00080-5. [ Links ]
RAZIEI, T.; PEREIRA, L.S. Estimation of ETo with Hargreaves-Samani and FAO-PM temperature methods for a wide range of climates in Iran. Agricultural Water Management, v.121, p.1-18, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.12.019. [ Links ]
SENAY, G.B.; BOHMS, S.; SINGH, R.K.; GOWDA, P.H.; VELPURI, N.M.; ALEMU, H.; VERDIN, J.P. Operational evapotranspiration mapping using remote sensing and weather datasets: a new parameterization for the SSEB approach. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v.49, p.577-591, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12057. [ Links ]
SENAY, G.B.; FRIEDRICHS, M.; SINGH, R.K.; VELPURI, N.M. Evaluating Landsat 8 evapotranspiration for water use mapping in the Colorado River basin. Remote Sensing of Environment, v.185, p.171-185, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.12.043. [ Links ]
SENAY, G.B.; GOWDA, P.H.; BOHMS, S.; HOWELL, T.A.; FRIEDRICHS, M.; MAREK, T.H.; VERDIN, J.P. Evaluating the SSEBop approach for evapotranspiration mapping with Landsat data using lysimetric observations in the semi-arid Texas High Plains. Hydrology and Earth Systems Sciences, v.11, p.723-756, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-723-2014. [ Links ]
SILVA, B.B. da; BRAGA, A.C.; BRAGA, C.C.; OLIVEIRA, L.M.M. de; GALVÍNCIO, J.D.; MONTENEGRO, S.M.G.L. Evapotranspiração e estimativa da água consumida em perímetro irrigado do Semiárido brasileiro por sensoriamento remoto. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v.47, p.1218-1226, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2012000900006. [ Links ]
SINGH, R.K.; SENAY, G.B. Comparison of four different energy balance models for estimating evapotranspiration in the Midwestern United States. Water, v.8, p.1-19, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w8010009. [ Links ]
SINGH, R.K.; SENAY, G.B.; VELPURI, N.M.; BOHMS, S.; SCOTT, R.L.; VERDIN, J.P. Actual evapotranspiration (water use) assessment of the Colorado River Basin at the Landsat resolution using the operational simplified surface energy balance model. Remote Sensing, v.6, p.233-256, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6010233. [ Links ]
SOBRINO, J.A.; JIMÉNEZ-MUÑOZ, J.C.; PAOLINI, L. Land surface temperature retrieval from LANDSAT TM 5. Remote Sensing of Environment, v.90, p.434-440, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.003. [ Links ]
WILLMOTT, C.J.; ROBESON, S.M.; MATSUURA, K. A refined index of model performance. International Journal of Climatology, v.32, p.2088-2094, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2419. [ Links ]
Received: April 26, 2018; Accepted: November 23, 2018
*Corresponding author: cesar.adriano087@gmail.com
Caixa Postal 040315
70770-901 Brasília DF Brazil
Tel. +55 61 3448-1813
pab@embrapa.br


text:
Suleiman, Elia
28 July 1960, Nazareth, Israel
Elia Suleiman (July 28, 1960, Nazareth, Israel)
Filmmaker Elia Suleiman was born in Nazareth in 1960, well after the establishment in 1948 of the state of Israel in historic Palestine.
After twelve years of self-imposed exile in New York, he returns to the land of his birth to find his roots. But his journey becomes a search for roots by a man whose culture has been uprooted.
In a remarkable journey in search of what it means to be Palestinian, the images in Chronicle of a Disappearance are strung together like memories in an attempt to weave a whole out of elements that have been blasted apart.
"The relationship between the moment of truth that you capture and the moment of truth that the spectator captures is incredible. This is what I consider the godliness of communication."
1996 Venice Film Festival, Luigi De Laurentiis Prize Winner, Best First Feature
1996 London Film Festival
1997 New Directors New Films
1997 San Francisco Film Festival
1997 Seattle Film Festival
1997 San Francisco Arab Film Festival
1997 San Francisco Jewish Film Festival
Selected filmography of Suleiman, Elia
2009 The Time That Remains | Le temps qu'il reste (2009)
2002 Divine Intervention | Yadon ilaheyya (2002)
1997 Chronicle of a Disappearance (1997)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Github enterprise - remote: Password authentication is not available for Git operations My git was working fine, then without changing anything than the following problem started to happen,
I have tried resetting the cache in

credentials.helper

and have gone through pretty much every stackoverflow answer I could find
remote: Password authentication is not available for Git operations.
remote: You must use a personal access token or SSH key.
remote: See https://github.ibm.com/settings/tokens or
'https://github.ibm.com/WBurney/Blockchain_SDO.git/':
The requested URL returned error: 403

Thanks

A: If you have registered a public ssh key to your GitHub enterprise account, you could side-step the issue using an ssh url
cd /path/to/repo
git remote set-url origin git@github.ibm.com:WBurney/Blockchain_SDO.git

Then any command like git push/git fetch/git pull/git ls-remote would use the SSH URL set by git remote set-url.
But regarding your original issue, try and follow "Creating a personal access token for the command line".
If you are on Mac, update your credentials from the OSX Keychain.
You might need to remove an old cached credential first.
(As commented by RayLoveless)

A: Another solution that worked for me was changing the credentials via the Windows Credentials Manager:
1) Clear your cached credentials (thanks @Rayloveless).
2) Follow the steps in this link to create an access token.

*

*In the upper-right corner of any page, click your profile photo.

*Click Settings

*In the left sidebar, click Developer settings

*Personal access tokens

*Generate new Token

3) Go to "Windows Credential Manager" and look for your Github Enterprise account.
4) Click modify and replace the password with the token you generated.

A: for me it was an easy process to go as

*

*generate my token

*git remote remove origin

*git remote add origin https://<token>@<git_url>.git

*now try the command(push,pull,..) again.

A: Try below one -
git clone https://<user-name>:<git-token>@<github-path.git>

A: You need to reset the credential. Open GIT CMD and type below command
git credential reject

press enter. The cursor would be waiting for the next input. Then type
protocol=https
host=git.example.com

Replace git.example.com, with your link.
Press "enter" twice so let git know that's the end of the command. Now you need two things before any git operations as it will first validate your username and password.

*

*Username - It would present near your logo under signed in as. Example this is mine. Give the exact username -

*Password -

*

*Click Settings

*In the left sidebar, click Developer settings

*Personal access tokens

*Generate new Token (copy this token somewhere. It won't show up again)

Next, go to git cmd and do your git operation.
for example -
git clone https://consulting-github.com/Rohan-Chikorde/example.git
Once started, it will prompt for username and password. Give the username example: Rohan-Chikorde and password: e67682yourgeneratedtoken as described above and you would be good to go.

A: The accepted answer will work only for ssh, not for https.
The cache reset commends seems to have recently changed. For me that eventually made it work.
git credential reject
protocol=https
host=github.<YOUR_COMP>.com

A: For me it worked when I deleted the old generated token and generated new one and used that

A: First you should try to generate Personal Access Token(PAT) and then put it in Credential Manager as a password to your GitHub.
For that: Go to Credentials Manager > Windows Credentials > GitHub(Under generic credentials).
Now put your PAT as a password.
If you are still not able to clone the repo then try the method given in one of the answers here by Ajay, it worked for me once:
git clone https://<user-name>:<git-token>@<github-path.git>

A: git remote set-url origin git@github.ibm.com:WBurney/Blockchain_SDO.git

The above git command will works

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
SOCIETY OF INTERIOR DESIGNERS, SINGAPORE (SIDS)
2021 Twenty UNDER Forty-Five Award
ABOUT THE AWARD - 20 UNDER 45
The inaugural 20 UNDER 45 Award is supported by the Design Singapore Council (DSG) and Enterprise Singapore (ESG)
The award is SIDS' highest honour in recognising interior designers at the age of 45 and below for their exemplary achievements in the fraternity.
The Award presentation ceremony will take place in coincide with the Singapore Interior Design Festival 2021 which will be held over one-month period from 18 June to 18 July 2021.
Click Here to Download the Information Kit
Please submit your nomination via the Nominator Form before 11th April 2021:
NOMINATOR FORM
Nominees are required to submit your entry and relevant information via the Nominee Form before 11th April 2021:
NOMINEE FORM
20 UNDER 45 AWARD
1. 20 UNDER 45 Award is SIDS's highest honour in recognising designers below the age of 45 to recognise their contribution to the industry and is so awarded by a distinguished panel of juries.
2. Society of Interior Designers, Singapore (SIDS) would like to recognise interior designers who have contributed through various medium and disciplines.
3. The award is conferred upon recipients once in their lifetime that have made a significant impact one or more of the following project areas:
3.1. Unlocking Economic Potential – Functional, innovative, or holistic design is weaved into business processes to achieve economic gains for clients, demonstrating strategic thinking.
3.2. Quality of Life and Environmental Consciousness – Projects should improve the quality of life of their communities as well as embrace the relationships between man and their environment.
3.3. Promoting Culture and Fostering Community – We are looking for publications highlighting or addressing cultural/heritage topics centred on community building and encouraging social interactions.
3.4. Achieving Breaking in Design and Application – We recognise the cutting-edge application of building materials or innovative design that pushes the boundaries of conventional thinking, uplifting the design industry's overall consciousness and public awareness.
3.5. Sustainability in Design – The sustainability principles, such as conservation, reuse, repurpose, are integrated into the project seamlessly, demonstrating mastery of the ideals.
4. Table of Timeline
SIDS's 20 UNDER 45 Award - Timeline
23 February 2021 – 11 April 2021
sid-singapore.org
Judging Period
Final Nominees List
16 July 2021, Friday
ELIGIBILITY FOR 20 UNDER 45
5. Participants are only qualified for the award based on nomination so conferred upon the nation's most distinguished designer(s) with a consistently excellent body of work, and who has made a significant impact in his/her industry.
6. All entries submitted as part of the participant's portfolio must already be completed or realised by the submission deadline.
7. Past project submissions to Society of Interior Designers Singapore (SIDS) can be considered as one of the entry contents, if the nominee can substantiate or demonstrate the eight requirements mentioned in the submission formats.
8. Any work submitted which has not conformed to the proper instructions as mentioned in the Terms & Conditions is deem ineligible.
9. The Award Organiser in consultation with the panel jury reserves the right to reject entries on the ground of ineligibility mar the reputation of the Organiser and its jury, cause any concern on the issue of interests, etc.
NOMINATION REQUIREMENT
10. Project must be nominated by at least one nomination letter authorised by a third party (i.e., client and well-recognised designer) in the industry. Self-Nomination is not allowed to participate in the award.
11. Nominator must be a Singapore Citizen, Permanent Resident or Work Pass Holder in the design industry.
12. Nominee must be a Singapore Citizen or Permanent Resident in the design industry.
13. Nominee can be practising in either Singapore or overseas interior design industry.
14. Nominator must include a detailed citation of the Nominee as part of the submission.
15. Nominees must be registered with Society of Interior Designers, Singapore (SIDS) or graduated from the accredited design institutes or universities.
SUBMISSION FORMATS
16. Submission can be in the any of the stated four contents: -
(a) Projects
(b) Journals / Publications
(c) Movement / Campaigns
(d) Awards / Accolades
17. Submission can be located in either Singapore or overseas.
18. Submission content must clearly demonstrate application of one of the requirements below:
18.1. Projects that incorporate new, experimental, or unconventional materials, or projects that use conventional materials in pioneering ways. Projects may also involve innovative manufacturing and construction methods that unlock new ways to build or manufacture.
18.2 Sustainability is a concept that acknowledges the need to provide regenerating resources for future generations. In interior design, sustainability is demonstrated by providing design solutions to control the social, economic, and environmental footprints of a project.
18.3. Projects that involve renovating and effectively recycling an outdated premise. Project may include those that revitalise existing spaces or structures through thoughtful renovations for similar functions.
18.4. Design is an inherently collaborative field, but some projects push this remarkable attribute to new heights by reaching out of their own field to other professions far and wide.
18.5. Collaborations with artists and premises made for specific art installations are just some of the ways that spaces interfaces with the artists and their creations.
18.6. Creating an innovative retail environment has changed the consumer brand's perception through the power of interior design. By dealing with the built environment and branded experiences in innovative ways.
18.7. Designer who has volunteered their skills and passions to address crises in collaboration with communities and bring vital hope to those in need. Projects in consideration may include, but are not limited to: refugee structures, temporary housing, rural infrastructure, hospitals, and schools.
18.8. Design can be a powerful tool for exchanging knowledge, whether through the environment it provides to a community or with design solutions that facilitate the learning process through journal publication or competition accolades.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, RIGHTS & TERMS OF USE
19. All rights related to the name and trademark of the 20 under 45 award is managed and owned exclusively by Society of Interior Designers Singapore (SIDS).
20. Any Participants seeking to use the related name and trademark must gain written consent from the Society of Interior Designers Singapore (SIDS) Executive Committee.
21. Award recipients will be allowed to use the relevant 20 under 45 award logos, subjected to the approval of SIDS.
22. Nominees must be responsible for their own intellectual property (IP) and patent issues. The Organiser take no responsibility for any infringements of IP rights.
23. All Award recipients must agree to allow the Organiser to use any of their submissions and the right to reproduce any work for publicity purposes.
24. If any press, publications or media networks agree to publicise the Award recipients, the awardees further agree to absorb talent or other residual charges incurred by inclusion if required.
JUDGING PROCESS CRITERIA
25. The jury process of the 20 UNDER 45 Award is designed to maintain the rigours in judging standard. The Panel jury is selected from academic, practitioners and past award winners to present a balanced opinion of the nominees.
26. Nominees are required to submit any five body of work, stating the role in the project for the jury to review. Submission documents for the call of Jury shall include the Contribution to Industry and Interior Designers' community, and Philanthropy & Voluntary Work (such as speaker for conference, workshop, and education etc.) to the industry. The Nominator must mention any of the following considerations stated below in their nominations -
27. Value – Considering the key contributions that were being addressed by the Nominee's body of work and the value (of project/product completed) or issues the Nominee is addressing.
28. Progress – Tell us how the contributions gives due consideration to the betterment of the society through economic, societal, environmental, educational or other areas of impact.
29. Innovation – That the Nominee's contribution transformed and/or improved existing methods or designs to bring about greater effectiveness/efficiency.
30. Human-centricity – That the project/product designed for its users and detail the the Nominee's work has met the users' needs.
31. The jury's decisions are made with their own discretion and are considered final. And the jury reserve the right not to confer awards if the submissions were found to be below par in meeting the criteria stated.
AWARD RECIPIENTS PACKAGE
32. The nominees screening, publicity and various events leading to the award presentation ceremony are administered by SIDS's organising committee, panel jury and supporting secretariat.
33. Award recipients are awarded a limited-edition trophy each and given the rights to use relevant 20 under 45 award logos, subjected to the approval of SIDS.
34. Recipients' profiles will be distributed electronically to all Singapore design associations as well as other affiliated overseas design associations and as such the Recipients so consents to the distribution of such particulars/personal data of theirs.
35. All Recipients' names will be permanently on the 20 under 45 Award e-Directory on SIDS's website and our social media platforms.
36. Award presentation ceremony to take place during the SIDfest Symposium.
Click Here to Download the Criteria and Eligibility
20 UNDER 45 Award is SIDS's highest honour in recognising designers below the age of 45 to recognise their contribution to the industry and is so awarded by a distinguished panel of juries.
Society of Interior Designers Singapore (SIDS) would like to recognise interior designers who have contributed through various medium and disciplines.
The award is conferred upon recipients once in their lifetime that have made a significant impact one or more of the following project areas:
Enabling Economic Transformation – that transform work experiences and businesses through innovative design strategies and processes, change management, innovative products, services, and experiences, etc.
Improving the Quality of Life – in, but not limited to, housing, healthcare, lifestyle, public spaces, public (or publicly available) services, transport, education, etc.
Advancing Culture, Community and Local Brands – that deal with culture and heritage, social and community projects, branding/re-branding, social inclusivity, social bonding, etc.
Ground-Breaking Achievements in Design – that have pushed boundaries in crafts and technical excellence to achieve breakthroughs for the design industry in Singapore.
Sustainability in Design – are required to demonstrate the care and consideration taken to include and address sustainability either through conservation, reuse, repurpose; or any other means to achieve the intention.


Cherry and violet aromas entice, but with firm tannins and acidity it makes for a wine ready to go with food.
Each year Italy battles it out with France to decide which is the world's largest producer and exporter of wine. With so much of the country under vine from the top to the bottom, it is hardly surprising that the Italians always drink wine with every meal! There are 20 regions spread throughout the country. Tuscany is responsible for Italy's growing reputation for extremely fine wines. Half the country's DOCGs - the highest quality designations for wine attainable in Italy - are in Tuscany. And two of these are for Chianti, the classic wine of Tuscany: Chianti DOCG and Chianti Classico DOCG.


text:
The safety evaluation of food flavouring substances: the role of metabolic studies
Robert L. Smith, Samuel M. Cohen, Shoji Fukushima, Nigel J. Gooderham, Stephen S. Hecht, F. Peter Guengerich, Ivonne M.C.M. Rietjens, Maria Bastaki, Christie L. Harman, Margaret M. McGowen, Sean V. Taylor
Pathology, Nebraska Medicine
Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center
The safety assessment of a flavour substance examines several factors, including metabolic and physiological disposition data. The present article provides an overview of the metabolism and disposition of flavour substances by identifying general applicable principles of metabolism to illustrate how information on metabolic fate is taken into account in their safety evaluation. The metabolism of the majority of flavour substances involves a series both of enzymatic and non-enzymatic biotransformation that often results in products that are more hydrophilic and more readily excretable than their precursors. Flavours can undergo metabolic reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis that alter a functional group relative to the parent compound. The altered functional group may serve as a reaction site for a subsequent metabolic transformation. Metabolic intermediates undergo conjugation with an endogenous agent such as glucuronic acid, sulphate, glutathione, amino acids, or acetate. Such conjugates are typically readily excreted through the kidneys and liver. This paper summarizes the types of metabolic reactions that have been documented for flavour substances that are added to the human food chain, the methodologies available for metabolic studies, and the factors that affect the metabolic fate of a flavour substance.
Toxicology Research
https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TX00254H
10.1039/C7TX00254H
Dive into the research topics of 'The safety evaluation of food flavouring substances: the role of metabolic studies'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Food Safety Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Safety Chemical Compounds 68%
Metabolic Chemical Compounds 65%
Food Chemical Compounds 57%
Glucuronic Acid Medicine & Life Sciences 37%
Metabolic Reaction Chemical Compounds 37%
Food Chain Medicine & Life Sciences 37%
Biotransformation Medicine & Life Sciences 31%
Smith, R. L., Cohen, S. M., Fukushima, S., Gooderham, N. J., Hecht, S. S., Guengerich, F. P., Rietjens, I. M. C. M., Bastaki, M., Harman, C. L., McGowen, M. M., & Taylor, S. V. (2018). The safety evaluation of food flavouring substances: the role of metabolic studies. Toxicology Research, 7(4), 618-646. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TX00254H
The safety evaluation of food flavouring substances : the role of metabolic studies. / Smith, Robert L.; Cohen, Samuel M.; Fukushima, Shoji et al.
In: Toxicology Research, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2018, p. 618-646.
Smith, RL, Cohen, SM, Fukushima, S, Gooderham, NJ, Hecht, SS, Guengerich, FP, Rietjens, IMCM, Bastaki, M, Harman, CL, McGowen, MM & Taylor, SV 2018, 'The safety evaluation of food flavouring substances: the role of metabolic studies', Toxicology Research, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 618-646. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TX00254H
Smith RL, Cohen SM, Fukushima S, Gooderham NJ, Hecht SS, Guengerich FP et al. The safety evaluation of food flavouring substances: the role of metabolic studies. Toxicology Research. 2018;7(4):618-646. doi: 10.1039/C7TX00254H
Smith, Robert L. ; Cohen, Samuel M. ; Fukushima, Shoji et al. / The safety evaluation of food flavouring substances : the role of metabolic studies. In: Toxicology Research. 2018 ; Vol. 7, No. 4. pp. 618-646.
@article{45e71b11cf5648ed9b8958d74b511e63,
title = "The safety evaluation of food flavouring substances: the role of metabolic studies",
abstract = "The safety assessment of a flavour substance examines several factors, including metabolic and physiological disposition data. The present article provides an overview of the metabolism and disposition of flavour substances by identifying general applicable principles of metabolism to illustrate how information on metabolic fate is taken into account in their safety evaluation. The metabolism of the majority of flavour substances involves a series both of enzymatic and non-enzymatic biotransformation that often results in products that are more hydrophilic and more readily excretable than their precursors. Flavours can undergo metabolic reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis that alter a functional group relative to the parent compound. The altered functional group may serve as a reaction site for a subsequent metabolic transformation. Metabolic intermediates undergo conjugation with an endogenous agent such as glucuronic acid, sulphate, glutathione, amino acids, or acetate. Such conjugates are typically readily excreted through the kidneys and liver. This paper summarizes the types of metabolic reactions that have been documented for flavour substances that are added to the human food chain, the methodologies available for metabolic studies, and the factors that affect the metabolic fate of a flavour substance.",
author = "Smith, {Robert L.} and Cohen, {Samuel M.} and Shoji Fukushima and Gooderham, {Nigel J.} and Hecht, {Stephen S.} and Guengerich, {F. Peter} and Rietjens, {Ivonne M.C.M.} and Maria Bastaki and Harman, {Christie L.} and McGowen, {Margaret M.} and Taylor, {Sean V.}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association. The Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association is scientifically and procedurally independent but is financially supported by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Royal Society of Chemistry.",
doi = "10.1039/C7TX00254H",
journal = "Toxicology Research",
publisher = "Royal Society of Chemistry",
T1 - The safety evaluation of food flavouring substances
T2 - the role of metabolic studies
AU - Smith, Robert L.
AU - Cohen, Samuel M.
AU - Fukushima, Shoji
AU - Gooderham, Nigel J.
AU - Hecht, Stephen S.
AU - Guengerich, F. Peter
AU - Rietjens, Ivonne M.C.M.
AU - Bastaki, Maria
AU - Harman, Christie L.
AU - McGowen, Margaret M.
AU - Taylor, Sean V.
N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association. The Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association is scientifically and procedurally independent but is financially supported by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. Publisher Copyright: © The Royal Society of Chemistry.
N2 - The safety assessment of a flavour substance examines several factors, including metabolic and physiological disposition data. The present article provides an overview of the metabolism and disposition of flavour substances by identifying general applicable principles of metabolism to illustrate how information on metabolic fate is taken into account in their safety evaluation. The metabolism of the majority of flavour substances involves a series both of enzymatic and non-enzymatic biotransformation that often results in products that are more hydrophilic and more readily excretable than their precursors. Flavours can undergo metabolic reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis that alter a functional group relative to the parent compound. The altered functional group may serve as a reaction site for a subsequent metabolic transformation. Metabolic intermediates undergo conjugation with an endogenous agent such as glucuronic acid, sulphate, glutathione, amino acids, or acetate. Such conjugates are typically readily excreted through the kidneys and liver. This paper summarizes the types of metabolic reactions that have been documented for flavour substances that are added to the human food chain, the methodologies available for metabolic studies, and the factors that affect the metabolic fate of a flavour substance.
AB - The safety assessment of a flavour substance examines several factors, including metabolic and physiological disposition data. The present article provides an overview of the metabolism and disposition of flavour substances by identifying general applicable principles of metabolism to illustrate how information on metabolic fate is taken into account in their safety evaluation. The metabolism of the majority of flavour substances involves a series both of enzymatic and non-enzymatic biotransformation that often results in products that are more hydrophilic and more readily excretable than their precursors. Flavours can undergo metabolic reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis that alter a functional group relative to the parent compound. The altered functional group may serve as a reaction site for a subsequent metabolic transformation. Metabolic intermediates undergo conjugation with an endogenous agent such as glucuronic acid, sulphate, glutathione, amino acids, or acetate. Such conjugates are typically readily excreted through the kidneys and liver. This paper summarizes the types of metabolic reactions that have been documented for flavour substances that are added to the human food chain, the methodologies available for metabolic studies, and the factors that affect the metabolic fate of a flavour substance.
U2 - 10.1039/C7TX00254H
DO - 10.1039/C7TX00254H
JO - Toxicology Research
JF - Toxicology Research


Out of the Silence: Memories, Poems, Reflections by Terry Waite is a collection of prose and poetry and reflections of the life of the envoy. Waite was the Assistant for Anglican Communion Affairs for the then Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie, in the 1980s. As an envoy for the Church of England, he traveled to Lebanon to try to secure the release of four hostages, including the journalist John McCarthy. He was himself kidnapped and held captive from 1987 to 1991. He is president of the charity Y Care International (the YMCA's international development and relief agency) and patron of AbleChildAfrica and Habitat for Humanity Great Britain. He is also president of Emmaus UK, a charity for formerly homeless people.
There is something to be said about Terry Waite. Many today forget about the war on terrorism in the 1980s. It was the time when Reagan told the terrorists, "You can run but you can't hide." Unfortunately, America was not ready to support the president's offer. I was in the Marines on Embassy Duty at the time and remember the reports of hostage-taking and especially the taking of Marine Colonel Richard Higgins who was involved in the peacekeeping in Lebanon. Higgins was killed by his captors in 1990.
Waite is a man of peace and someone, I believe Jesus (or any other religious figure) would be happy to have on his side. Waite went to Lebanon to negotiate the release of hostages. Despite assurances, he was taken hostage himself for five years, much of that time in solitary confinement. He was also physically tortured. Waite left the ordeal, not in anger. He believed his captors were misguided but he did not register hate. He admits that he did not fear death, but rather the method of death.
In this collection, Waite looks back at life and in twenty-seven chapters he leads with a narrative and then follows with poetry. To be honest the poetry does need the narrative lead in. His poetry is not quite as art but more closely related to therapy. There is emotion and honest reflection in the work. The topics range from his temporary (vacation) residence in New Zealand to aging, torture, and death. He speaks of his work with prisoners understanding their situation in captivity. He also mentions Richard Dawkins without being negative. He also talks about becoming a Quaker. One can be Anglican and Quaker according to Anglican rules. He also mentions his disappointment in how civilized nations can support torture and takes a hit at Guantanamo. Waite is one of the most honest persons speaking out today. His poetry may not stand on its own, but the narrative and the life behind it certainly makes it well worth reading.
The Allure of Battle: A History of How Wars Have Been Won and Lost by Cathal Nolan is the study of the history of warfare an attempt to determine what is the cause the final outcome. Nolan is Associate Professor of History and Executive Director of the International History Institute, Boston University. He is an award-winning teacher and scholar of military and international history. He earned his MA (History) and Ph.D. (International History and International Relations) from the University of Toronto.
The history of man is a history of wars. History is punctuated wars of all kinds from the beginning of recorded history to the present. Nolan takes the reader from Greek and Roman times through WWII. Empires fought wars from Greek times to the fall of Constantinople. The Middle Ages was also filled with wars between property holders and those wanting their "stuff". The Middle Ages saw a change in warfare as empires were scarce and nation states have not yet risen. It was a time of mercenaries, whose loyalty was bought and sold for gold. Your mercenaries today might be your enemy's mercenaries tomorrow.
Mercenary warfare was not the best choice to conduct wars. Wars in the Italian states fought with mercenaries brought serious concerns in the politically unstable region. Italian political philosopher Niccolo Machiavelli was one of the first to support the idea of citizen militias. Not only was loyalty assured, but citizens were willing to fight in their interests which might not be the same an ambitious ruler. Loyalty and moderation would go a long way in creating stability.
Technology seems to play the biggest roles in battles. Late medieval fortification design worked to end the supremacy of gunpowder cannons while at the same time creating overlapping fields of fire for the defenders. There was a growth in defensive warfare. Fortifications and overlapping fields of fire could hold off a very powerful adversary. What offensive nations aspired for was a quick victory. No nation intends to enter a long war. Even in modern times, the US invasion of Iraq was going to be a quick war with little resistance. As the years dragged on the popularity for the war declined rapidly.
WWI was intended to be a very quick war by both sides. The nations involved did not think they could survive a long war. It would be a disruption in the (growing) economy and trade. The war that started in August 1914 was expected to be over by that Christmas. Nations did not know how to adapt to the new technologies especially the machine gun. The war turned defensive quickly with a line of trenches from the Channel to the Swiss borders. Generals looking for that decisive battle that would turn the war in their favor sent wave after wave of men to their deaths without any results. Unwilling to learn from their mistakes the generals kept at the same tactics. Hitler, a participant in the defensive war, decided not to make that mistake when he launched his initially successful invasions.
Nolan looks at the history of mostly Western warfare and examines famous battles and examines if these battles were turning points in wars and why some highly successful battles had little effect on the outcome of the war. We tend to think of battles as turning points in wars from Saratoga to raising the flag at Iwo Jima. But for every turning point battle, there are plenty of battles of the Marne or Operation Barbarossa where Germany captured 600,000 prisoners and advanced 200 miles in one week only to go down in defeat. Nolan's examination of battles shows the failure of a major battlefield success to clinch an overall victory in the war. An outstanding history and examination of war.
Climate Change and the Health of Nations: Famines, Fevers, and the Fate of Populations by Anthony McMichael is a historical study of the effects of climate change. McMichael, medical graduate and epidemiologist, held a national research fellowship at the Australian National University, Canberra. He was also Honorary Professor of Climate Change and Human Health at the University of Copenhagen. He was previously Professor of Epidemiology at the London School of Hygiene, Tropical Medicine (1994-2001), and President of the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology.
Despite the scientific support for climate change it still remains a political issue in the United States. Debates over natural change and man-made change in the environment to even "just the weather" abound. The current administration even stopped agencies from posting climate change information on social media. McMichael doesn't try to convince the reader of climate change. Instead, he takes a look at the history of man on the planet. There have been obvious and undeniable, climate changes during the last half million years. McMichael examines the impacts of the historical climate changes on man. We think of ourselves as a highly adaptable creature, but we do require a "Goldilocks" zone of climate — temperature, light, and rainfall.
The history of man is the history of dealing with changes. Climate change is not necessarily the complete problem but acts as an amplifier to existing problems. In this last geological age man has dominated the planet forests have been cleared forests, created farmland and irrigation, domesticated livestock, and powered itself with coal and fossil fuels. With these elements, regional changes are examined from El Nino and volcanic eruptions and the temporary disruption to the environment. The Gulf Stream keeps the British Islands much warmer than Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador which are at the same latitude. The Indian Ocean Dipole is responsible for droughts and flooding in India. Studying the effects and cycles of the natural phenomenon leads to predictions of long-term climate changes.
Climate change is real and even recognized by the Department of Defense, It issued a report that climate change lowers the world's carrying capabilities which will result in aggressive wars. America's electrical grid that controls almost every aspect of American lives. It is extremely vulnerable to attack. Even in our temperature controlled lives, a number of people die of heat-related deaths in modern urban cities. Imagine life without in the summer without cooling as the temperatures rise.
Over the past 70,000 years since man began to dominate the planet, we have seen the sixth extinction which is happening as fast or faster than any natural extinction in the history of the planet. The world's climate is changing and by looking at past changes we can predict the possible effects of future changes. There is more climate change than just global warming. It also involves changes in rainfall and the frequency of droughts. There are also the effects on farmland and animal species. Climate Change and the Health of Nations is not out to prove climate change exists but to show the effects previous changes have had on civilizations. A historical reference to one of today's most pressing problems.
The Case for the Corporate Death Penalty: Restoring Law and Order on Wall Street by Mary Kreiner Ramirez and Steven A Ramirez is a detailed investigation of the 2008 financial meltdown. Mary Kreiner Ramirez is Professor of Law at Washburn University School of Law, where she teaches a course on White Collar Crime. She is a former prosecutor for the Department of Justice Antitrust Division, where she prosecuted white-collar criminals. She has published numerous articles addressing the challenges in combating white collar crime. Steven A. Ramirez is Professor of Law and Associate Dean at Loyola University of Chicago, where he also directs the Business and Corporate Governance Law Center.
It was pretty difficult to miss the effects of the fraud and associated crime with the housing loan crisis. "Too big to fail" was thrown around with little thought of history. Still, major financial corporations failed and went bankrupt. There was a building with the AIG logo on it that I passed every day going to work then one morning the logo was gone, overnight. Bank of America, Chase, Goldman Sachs, and Lehman Brothers were about to come crashing down dragging the US and the World economy with them.
The authors start with an introduction to other recent financial crimes. Enron's fall and the fraud trials for Lay and Skilling brought some serious charges to trial. With the trial, evidence was actually brought to court and the justice system was used to verify the evidence. Court records are used as proof of the crimes. This lead to the disappearance of Enron and Arthur Andersen.
The 2008 financial crisis was far more criminal from the information presented. The problem, however, is the lack of criminal charges and trials. To the public, what happened to banking leaders was even more deplorable. Not only were there no charges, many executives walked away with bonuses while the foreclosure epidemic would drain over four trillion dollars from the economy. It became the financial equivalent of Stalin's "The death of one man is a tragedy, the death of millions is a statistic." Rob one man and it's a crime. Rob millions and it's a statistic… deserving a bailout.
The authors wanted to build a case based on court records but that just cannot be done. Perhaps the only thing worse than the fraud and financial crimes is the lack of prosecution. Politically connected Kenneth Lay did go to court and was found guilty. He faced up to forty-five years in prison before his death. The 2008 crisis shows the closeness of government agencies and the financial industry. People move freely taking positions in both spheres. That closeness the financial industry and the people who regulate it would not be allowed elsewhere. It boils down to money is power and power is money.
The authors take what would be dry financial information and even drier legalistic thinking and combine it into a very intriguing look at possibly the most devastating economic failures. The Case for the Corporate Death Penalty shows the reader that not only does crime pay, it pays very well at the expense of everyone else.
I listened to this from Audible.com read by Bruce Springsteen.
Back in the 70s in very blue collared Cleveland, Ohio I first heard Bruce Springsteen. Darkness on the Edge of Town was the first vinyl LP I owned. I owned plenty of 8-tracks but albums were things you kept recorded to cassettes. Springsteen, although a New Jersey native, was the patron saint of my hometown. With the regularity of Big Ben ringing the hour, every Friday at 5:00 pm WMMS would blast Born to Run with every single one of the fifty thousand watts. There was a better life outside of the Jungle Land and we all wanted to find it. We knew the steel mills wouldn't last forever and, although romanticized, no one really wanted to be a factory worker. Bruce Springsteen and a few others like Patti Smith and The Pretenders have followed me around for almost the last half century.
Love or hate audio books, but there is something about the author reading his own life to you. It is warm and personal. Springsteen is no different. You can hear the range of emotions in his voice from ecstatic to sorrow. Although in his mid-sixties he still has that youthful punkish tone to his voice and attitude.
A great autobiography for rock and roll fans. Springsteen is honest and doesn't hold back although he seems not to hold grudges. He seems to take things as learning experiences. Unlike flash in the pan musicians, Springsteen has paid his dues albums stretching back over forty years. He has more than enough stories to fill those years. There is rarely a dull moment in his life story. He includes background on his parents, friends, band members (especially Miami Steve and Clarence Clemmons), and his family. There are the ups and downs of running a band and the swings in popularity as well as trying to lead a personal life. Springsteen also opens up about depression and its treatment.
He is still celebrated as the hero of the blue collar worker (although concert ticket prices reflect otherwise… but the shows are long) although he freely admits he's never worked a day in his life. Perhaps, I am a bit biased and see some of my younger years and environment in his writing (and songs), but this is is an excellent, candid, and sincere book well worth the read.
The Book of Snow by Robert Seatter is the poet's fourth collection of poetry. Seatter has published three poetry collections: Travelling to the Fish Orchards, On the Beach with Chet Baker, and Writing King Kong. He lives in London where he works for the BBC as Head of BBC History, following earlier careers in publishing, acting and teaching.
Seatter' forward includes the Margaret Atwood quote about the Eskimos having fifty-two words for snow. He, in turn, gives us thirty-eight poems about snow. From the gray dreariness of midwinter to the unimaginable whiteness of the frozen palace in Dr. Zhivago, snow has a deeper meaning than simply frozen water. He compares the snow to white noise and the reader can see the comparison of the white noise static of a television screen or static of a radio and a blizzard.
just the radio transmitting endless white noise.
"How We Sleep Now" seems to leave the reader trapped in winter much like being stuck in a snow globe. Anyone from the north can relate to the feeling of being trapped inside of winter come January and February. Included is a tribute to Wilson Bentley the first person to photograph a snowflake in 1885. He eventually collected 5,000 unique images of snowflakes.
Seatter also includes the art of Jessica Palmer and the designs of Sally James in this collection. Their art contributes nicely with the written word. From cutting snowflakes to the graphic art, everything comes together with art inspiring the writing and the writing influencing the art. A nice collection to read in front of the fireplace.
Selected Short Stories by Anthony Trollope is a collection of six stories that have previously appeared in periodicals. Trollope was a prolific Victorian Era writer with forty-seven novels and dozens of short stories to his credit. I have been meaning to read his work for quite a while. a friend with a PhD in English sings his praises and got me interested. I started with high hopes but quickly found myself entering the doldrums. It appears that my limited appreciation of English literature is contained in the Interwar Era. The writing is and portrayal of the characters, however, is excellent.
In previous reviews, I have highly recommended Dover Publications as an introduction to an author and his work. The selections cover a broad range of the writer's work giving the reader a well-rounded experience. The price is always affordable so the reader does not feel like he is making a large financial commitment to a collected works. That same value is carried on in this collection. The formatting is well done and as always the introduction to the writer is informative and also provides an introduction to the stories.
This is a collection that for no concrete reason, other than personal preference, this falls outside of my reading interest. However, I would not have known this without reading through this collection. I have reviewed several Dover Thrift Editions and found them all well constructed and worthwhile. Had I paid the $5.00 for this edition, I would not have been dissatisfied. In fact, I'll probably pick it up and try it again. Dover delivers on its promises. I recommend this book to anyone looking for an introduction to Victorian Literature.


Textured painting on Canvas Gold leaf on textured gesso Circular, geometric abstract painting Gold, beige brown colours on 3D effect painting ready to hang Sides are painted Signed and stapled on the back About my art: The world we live in is made of colour. Colour is what creates beauty, energy. It evokes emotion, it involves feelings. I have always been fascinated with colour and shape. Combining two together, you have unlimited possibilities of creating art. But creating art, or painting in my case, goes deeper than putting two of them together. It starts with emotion or feeling and then it "spills out" on canvas. Some of my paintings are impulse paintings where inner emotion takes over and guides my paint brush, whereas others are journeys, that surprise even myself. Through my paintings I try to express the way I see the world and connect with viewer on emotional level, hoping to capture the moment on canvas.


New M.S. in Addiction Studies now accepting student applications for courses beginning fall, 2019!
Dr. Kristen Dovgan will give a talk on behavior problems and anxiety in autism spectrum disorders on 4/26/19 in the Student Center Theater at 1pm. To find out more, please click here.
Sarah Hoegler presented an excellent talk at EPA of her work with Dr. Nelson.


Subjects: Finite element methods for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and iterative solution methods.
terms in the Navier-Stokes equations. Some remarks are given on time-dependent problems.
implementation of these methods on vector- and parallel computers.
afternoons using MATLAB and the finite element package SEPRAN.
A basic course in numerical analysis, partial differential equations and linear algebra.


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I have a Chartered Institute of Marketing Diploma. It sounds pretty fancy, and so it should be for a year of hard work, and lots of coursework. It was definitely a step up from my Media and Cultural Studies degree, which was basically three years of watching Eastenders. Seriously, I wrote an essay on Frasier and George & Mildred, talking about spin-off sitcoms, physical comedy and word play. I loved it.
Apart from meeting some lovely people on my CIM course, it also underlined my overall view on Marketing. It is just structured common sense, albeit with some fancy words. You know your customers, you know what they are looking for, and you know your USPs. All you need to do is ensure that your marketing messages are meeting this, that they are effective and, very importantly, that they are measured. So many companies I know randomly send their marketing materials off into the various channels, sit back and have no idea what is working for them. That Monitoring and Evaluation piece on the end of your Marketing Strategy is one of the most important bits.
I'll start this blog off with a bit about me. I've been doing freelance marketing consultancy for about three years now. It started off with helping friends while I was at the end of my maternity leave and then has naturally grown to something that actually takes up a lot of my time!
Although I do have some very local clients (the yarn shop up the road, for one), I also work with large companies, design agencies and more. It's a varied approach that means I can transfer skills and new ideas, refer clients and never get bored.
I have (ssshhhh) over 10 years experience in Marketing, working in b2b, g2b and b2c; and across a variety of sectors including Construction, Retail, Public Sector and Business Consultancy.
I'm always on the look out for new people to talk to about marketing, so whether you are worried about your social media presence, need more ways to engage customers or are looking for a targeted marketing campaign, then please contact me.


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Powerful rainstorm drenches Southland,…
Powerful rainstorm drenches Southland, triggering widespread flooding and debris flows
Tree trimmers remove a large eucalyptus tree that fell onto 7th Street in Long Beach on Thursday, Feb. 14, 2019. Several large trees fell in Recreation Park during the storm with this one blocking lanes at 7th Street and Park Avenue and taking down the traffic signal. (Photo by Scott Varley, Daily Breeze/SCNG)
By Megan Barnes | mbarnes@scng.com | Long Beach Press-Telegram
PUBLISHED: February 14, 2019 at 6:50 p.m. | UPDATED: February 14, 2019 at 8:51 p.m.
A powerful winter storm drenched Los Angeles and Orange counties on Thursday, pummeling the region with rain and wind that led to widespread flooding and debris flows while dumping as much as five inches of rain on the San Gabriel Mountains.
Sandra Banuelos, 18, takes a ride on a tire swing over the beginnings of Trabuco Creek at the end of Trabuco Oaks Dr. in Trabuco Canyon, CA on Thursday, February 14, 2019. (Photo by Paul Bersebach, Orange County Register/SCNG)
People make their way through the Van Nuys Civic Center, in Van Nuys, Thursday, Feb 14, 2019. (Photo by Hans Gutknecht, Los Angeles Daily News, SCNG)
A student walks among lowered table umbrellas at Santa Ana College in Santa Ana on Thursday, February 14, 2019 as a storm pelts Southern California with rain. (Photo by Leonard Ortiz, Orange County Register/SCNG)
Greg Benner, left, of Anaheim watches water rush down Santiago Creek at Hart Park in Orange on Thursday, February 14, 2019 after rains pelted Southern California. (Photo by Leonard Ortiz, Orange County Register/SCNG)
A worker unclogs a drain at Golden West College dodge the rain in Huntington Beach, CA, on Thursday, Feb 14, 2019. (Photo by Jeff Gritchen, Orange County Register/SCNG)
Visitors at Golden West College dodge the rain in Huntington Beach, CA, on Thursday, Feb 14, 2019. (Photo by Jeff Gritchen, Orange County Register/SCNG)
Barricades block southbound Pacific Coast Highway at Warner Avenue during a rainstorm in Huntington Beach, CA, on Thursday, Feb 14, 2019. (Photo by Jeff Gritchen, Orange County Register/SCNG)
A visitors at Golden West College carries a Starry Night umbrella during the rain in Huntington Beach, CA, on Thursday, Feb 14, 2019. (Photo by Jeff Gritchen, Orange County Register/SCNG)
Detoured cars drive past one of several eucalyptus trees that fell in the rain in Recreation Park in Long Beach on Thursday, Feb. 14, 2019. One tree fell onto 7th Street blocking westbound lanes. (Photo by Scott Varley, Daily Breeze/SCNG)
A car aproaches a flooded section of Modjeska Canyon Road in Silverado on Thursday, Feb. 14 2019. (Courtesy of OC Public Works)
A flower vendor stays dry from the rain as he sells Valentines Day flowers along Pacific Coast Highway in Long Beach on Thursday, Feb. 14, 2019. (Photo by Scott Varley, Daily Breeze/SCNG)
Crews work on a 15-by-15-foot sinkhole on 35th Street and Palm Drive in Hermosa Beach on Thursday, Feb. 14, 2019. (Photo by Charles Bennett)
Water flows after a rain storm along the San Gabriel River as cars past the 605 Freeway on Thursday, February 14, 2019 in Downey, California. (Photo by Keith Birmingham, Pasadena Star-News/SCNG)
A squirrel tries to keep it's feet dry as it leaps through a puddle of rain water at the Van Nuys Civic Center, in Van Nuys, Thursday, Feb 14, 2019. (Photo by Hans Gutknecht, Los Angeles Daily News, SCNG)
Eric Stowers and Rob Toll, from left by cars, use a winch to position a tree in Trabuco Creek along Trabuco Oaks Dr. in unincorporated Orange County, CA on Thursday, February 14, 2019. They were moving the tree to slow the erosion that was undermining the road. (Photo by Paul Bersebach, Orange County Register/SCNG)
Local residents watch as Trabuco Creek flows over Trabuco Canyon Road in Trabuco Canyon, CA on Thursday, February 14, 2019 following heavy rains. (Photo by Paul Bersebach, Orange County Register/SCNG)
Local resident Jay Parker checks out a swollen Silverado Creek near his house on Silverado Canyon Road in Silverado, CA on Thursday, February 14, 2019 following heavy rains. (Photo by Paul Bersebach, Orange County Register/SCNG)
The storm, laden with copious subtropical moisture, came ashore late Wednesday and by early Thursday had begun snarling the commute, soaking urban neighborhoods and highways and muddying swaths of rural landscapes, including some fire-scarred areas, that already have endured an unusually busy rainy season.
By midday, much of the storm's force had made its way inland, said Kristen Stewart, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service. Temperatures hovered in the 50s and 60s.
Another storm from the northwest was forecast to pass through the region on Friday, but would be less powerful Stewart said.
In Orange County, evacuation orders for residents of the Holy Fire burn areas in Trabuco Creek, Rose Canyon and Mystic Oaks and El Cariso had been lifted b 5:30 p.m. Earlier in the day, officials had shut down a stretch of Live Oak Canyon Road in Trabuco Canyon when the storm flooded the street, taking down trees and sending rocks and logs tumbling.
The system dumped 3.9 inches of rain on Yorba Linda, 2 inches on Newport Beach and 3.9 inches on Lake Forest, according to the National Weather Service.
Latest look at #TrabucoCanyon Rd at Trabuco Creek downstream of #HolyFire burn area – rising water level, large logs & debris, bending guardrails. @OCFA_PIO @KNX1070 @NBCLA @KTLA @KFIAM640 @CBSLA @ABC7 @ocregister @OCSheriff @KPCC @FOXLA pic.twitter.com/Q58wcTUw8s
— OC Public Works (@OCpublicworks) February 14, 2019
A 200-foot Orange County Flood Control District wall collapsed on Laguna Canyon Road in Laguna Beach, prompting authorities to close the roadway, said police Sgt. Jim Cota said. Elsewhere, Ortega Highway was closed at Gateway Place and Pacific Coast Highway was closed south of Warner Avenue in Huntington Beach.
In Los Angeles County, mud and debris flowed onto Topanga Canyon Boulevard, forcing a closure of the road between Pacific Coast Highway and Grand View Drive and leaving a number of motorists stranded. Flood waters also temporarily closed a long stretch of Carbon Canyon Road in Brea, as well as a series of streets in Burbank hillside areas.
Rock falls were reported in Malibu Canyon, where at least two vehicles were struck by the falling debris, but no injuries were reported.
The storm brought 1.7 inches of rain to Los Angeles International Airport, 3.1 inches to Pasadena, 2.3 inches to Long Beach and 1.6 inches to Woodland Hills, according to the National Weather Service.
The storm toppled a eucalyptus tree near Recreation Park in Long Beach. The tree took down a power pole and crashed onto a parked car, but fortunately, a woman inside was not hurt, said Robert Belcher of the city's Department of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Communications.
Long Beach also saw minor flooding along the 710 Freeway, but it receded with pumping, Belcher said.
In the South Bay, the rainfall triggered the formation of two gaping sinkholes in the beach cities, but police said no one was hurt.
A 15-by-15-foot sinkhole appeared sometime before Thursday morning on a sloping residential street in Hermosa Beach, said police Sgt. Chris Alkadis. Crews covered the cavity on 35th Street at Palm Drive with a large tarp. Palm Drive was closed at 35th, and 35th was closed from Hermosa Avenue to Manhattan Avenue.
Later, another sinkhole formed in a center median on Artesia Boulevard in front of Mira Costa High School in Manhattan Beach. Artesia was expected to remain closed from Peck Avenue to Meadows Avenue for up to two days for repairs, police said.
ROAD CLOSED DUE TO SINKHOLE-Public Works is currently working on resolving a sinkhole which formed in front of Mira Costa High School. The road is closed on Artesia Bl from Peck Ave to Stanford – eastbound and westbound traffic lanes are closed. We will advise when road reopens. pic.twitter.com/gQ0xfN2Eds
— Manhattan Beach PD (@manhattanbchpd) February 15, 2019
Staff Writer Nathan Percy and City News Service contributed to this article.
Storm brings rain and snow; prompts travel warnings, advisories for Southern California mountains
Strong winds cause havoc on Southern California freeways
Hold on to your hats — again — with more menacing winds arriving in Southern California
Megan Barnes | reporter
Megan Barnes covers crime and public safety for the Press-Telegram. She was previously a city reporter at the Daily Breeze, where she covered the South Bay beach cities and the Palos Verdes Peninsula. Before that, she was a freelancer writing about LGBT news and her hometown of San Pedro, where she probably made your latte at Starbucks. She loves iced Americanos and Radiohead and finally got to see them live on the A Moon Shaped Pool tour. It was magical.
mbarnes@scng.com
Follow Megan Barnes @meg_barnes
Dana Point man charged with hate crime, suspected of defacing Latina mural in Costa Mesa with graffiti