text:
Q: python tensor flow - relu not learning in autoencoder task I am using python 2.7 and trying to get to know tensor flow a bit better.
I am using the following code trying to train an auto encoder over the mnist data, when i use sigmoid activation, it gerelizes ok (90%), but when i try relu it is just about random.
closest thing i found but i did not find solution for my issue there.
What Am i doing wrong? should i add dropout? maybe the cost function or the optimizer are not good with relu?
# Import MNIST data
from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data
mnist = input_data.read_data_sets("MNIST_data", one_hot=True)

# Parameters
learning_rate = 0.01
training_epochs = 60
batch_size = 256
display_step = 1
examples_to_show = 10

# Network Parameters
n_hidden_1 = 256 # 1st layer num features
#n_hidden_1 = 400
n_hidden_2 = 128 # 2nd layer num features
#n_hidden_2 = 250
n_hidden_3 = 60

#n_hidden_2 = 30
n_input = 784 # MNIST data input (img shape: 28*28)

# tf Graph input (only pictures)
X = tf.placeholder("float", [None, n_input])

keep_prob = tf.placeholder("float", None)
#keep_prob = tf.placeholder(tf.float32)

weights = {
    'encoder_h1': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_input, n_hidden_1])),
    'encoder_h2': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_hidden_1, n_hidden_2])),
    'encoder_h3': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_hidden_2, n_hidden_3])),
    'decoder_h1': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_hidden_3, n_hidden_2])),
    'decoder_h2': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_hidden_2, n_hidden_1])),
    'decoder_h3': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_hidden_1, n_input])),
}
biases = {
    'encoder_b1': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_hidden_1])),
    'encoder_b2': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_hidden_2])),
    'encoder_b3': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_hidden_3])),
    'decoder_b1': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_hidden_2])),
    'decoder_b2': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_hidden_1])),
    'decoder_b3': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_input])),
}

# Building the encoder
def encoder(x):
    # Encoder Hidden layer with sigmoid activation #1

    layer_1 = tf.nn.sigmoid(tf.add(tf.matmul(x, weights['encoder_h1']),
                                   biases['encoder_b1']))
    # Decoder Hidden layer with sigmoid activation #2
    dropout1 = tf.nn.dropout(layer_1, keep_prob)

    layer_2 = tf.nn.sigmoid(tf.add(tf.matmul(layer_1, weights['encoder_h2']),
                                   biases['encoder_b2']))

    layer_3 = tf.nn.sigmoid(tf.add(tf.matmul(layer_2, weights['encoder_h3']),
                                   biases['encoder_b3']))

    return layer_3

# Building the decoder
def decoder(x):
    # Encoder Hidden layer with sigmoid activation #1
    layer_1 = tf.nn.sigmoid(tf.add(tf.matmul(x, weights['decoder_h1']),
                                   biases['decoder_b1']))
    # Decoder Hidden layer with sigmoid activation #2
    layer_2 = tf.nn.sigmoid(tf.add(tf.matmul(layer_1, weights['decoder_h2']),
                                   biases['decoder_b2']))

    layer_3 = tf.nn.sigmoid(tf.add(tf.matmul(layer_2, weights['decoder_h3']),
                                   biases['decoder_b3']))

    return layer_3

# Construct model
encoder_op = encoder(X)
decoder_op = decoder(encoder_op)

# Prediction
y_pred = decoder_op
x_encode = encoder_op

# Targets (Labels) are the input data.
y_true = X

# Define loss and optimizer, minimize the squared error
cost = tf.reduce_mean(tf.pow(y_true - y_pred, 2))

optimizer = tf.train.RMSPropOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(cost)
#optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(cost)

# Initializing the variables
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()

# Launch the graph
with tf.Session() as sess:
    sess.run(init)
    print("num examples are ", mnist.train.num_examples, mnist.validation.num_examples, mnist.test.num_examples)
    total_batch = int(mnist.train.num_examples/batch_size)
    # Training cycle
    for epoch in range(training_epochs):
        # Loop over all batches
        for i in range(total_batch):
            batch_xs, batch_ys = mnist.train.next_batch(batch_size)
            # Run optimization op (backprop) and cost op (to get loss value)
            _, c = sess.run([optimizer, cost], feed_dict={X: batch_xs})
        # Display logs per epoch step
        if epoch % display_step == 0:
            print("Epoch:", '%04d' % (epoch+1),
                  "cost=", "{:.9f}".format(c))

    print("Optimization Finished!")

    # Applying encode and decode over test set
    encode_decode = sess.run(
        y_pred, feed_dict={X: mnist.test.images[:examples_to_show]})

    encoded_data = sess.run(x_encode, feed_dict={X: mnist.test.images})

distance_matrix = scipy.spatial.distance.squareform(pdist(encoded_data))

d_m_2 = distance_matrix[:,:]
np.fill_diagonal(d_m_2,np.inf)

labels = np.argmax(mnist.test.labels,1) #these are the labels!
predicate = labels[np.argmin(d_m_2,1)] #get the indecies of the closest data sample
print ("this is the ammount of coorect clasificcations in the test set", np.sum(labels==predicate)) #count how many similar values are there!

Thanks!

A: Maybe the ReLU is struggling with negative input values, since it is defined as R(x) := max(0,x). So, if the input is negative, R(x) = 0, and the gradient will be zero as well. Thus, your optimizer has no idea how to update the parameters. You could try initializing your weights with something mainly positive like tf.random_normal(shape=..., mean=0.5, stddev=0.2). Maybe this will reduce this issue.

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text:
What is Fish in Poker?
Fish is a term used to describe a weak poker player at the table. It's important to be careful when using this term at the poker table, since many imagine the word to be rude and offensive. Most professional players have now adopted the term fish as a technical term to describe a 'weak regular'at the table, but many sources still avoid using the term fish in favour of phrases such as "recreational player"or "fun player".
Poker Glossary
Explanation of Fish
Care is advised when employing the term "fish" since it can be considered derogatory. It's considered politically correct to use the terms "fun players" or "recreational players" as opposed to "fish". Despite excess care taken to avoid the term "fish" in a professional setting (due to fear of upsetting recreational players), there is no documented evidence to suggest that players are offended by such a term. Part of the reason appears to be that it's rare for a very bad poker player to imagine that the term "fish" applies to them personally. This is because poker players are notorious susceptible to the "Lake Wobegon" effect.
The term fish is frequently used as a non-derogatory technical term to indicate a suspected weaker player in the table. Isolating weak opponents is an important part of making money playing poker.
Example of Fish used in a sentence -> Yeah, those games are really soft, completely brimming with fish.
How to Use Fish as Part of Your Poker Strategy
It's always good to know where the weaker players are at the table and leave coloured tags on them if playing in an online setting. Regardless of how good we are at poker the majority of our profits will come from the weaker players at the table over the long term.
Donk, TAG, LAG
What is a Sequence in Poker?
What is a Mechanic in Poker?
What is a Joker in Poker?
What is the House in Poker?
What is a 'Hero Fold' in Poker?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Endesa remains committed to entrepreneurship and will be participating in this year's "South Summit 2016"
'Spain Start Up: South Summit' is the leading entrepreneurship exhibition in southern Europe. It is organised by Spain Startup and the IE Business School, and has the support of Endesa for the fourth consecutive year, together with Banco Sabadell's BStartup and Google for Entrepreneurs.
As part of its open innovation model, Endesa continues to work closely with entrepreneurs as a source of solutions to technological challenges.
More than 280 international speakers, investment funds, venture capitalists and business angels already signed up for the event to be held from 5 to 7 October in the municipal space LA N@VE, Madrid.
Forging close ties with entrepreneurs continues to be Endesa's goal as it participates for the fourth consecutive year in 'Spain Start Up: South Summit', the leading entrepreneurship exhibition in Southern Europe. This year the exhibition will be held in Madrid, from 5 to 7 October, but in a new setting: LA N@VE, the centre of inspiration, education and open innovation with which the city of Madrid aims to transform the economic and social future of its citizens.
South Summit is organised by Spain Startup and the IE Business School, and will again become a meeting place between the most innovative startups and leading international investment funds and the most innovative corporations, including Endesa, which, once again, will be a global partner of the event. This year, 280 international speakers, investment funds, venture capitalists and business angels have already confirmed their attendance. Last year, the event was attended by more than 7,000 people of 34 different nationalities, 3,500 entrepreneurs and 1,800 major companies.
This year, Endesa will once again have a stand in the area known as the market place, a meeting place for all the other participants, where the company will present its various initiatives related to entrepreneurship and its innovation model – an open model to forge close ties with entrepreneurs to develop solutions to transform the current energy model.
The 100 finalist startups that South Summit has just announced will also be located in the market place. These finalists have been selected from more than 3,000 projects submitted to the Startup Competition – a higher figure than in all the previous years. The 100 finalist startups represent a total of 17 different nationalities, with 63% of the projects being of Spanish origin and 10% belonging to the energy and industrial sector. Technological innovation and the feasibility and scalability of projects were all taken into account when selecting the 100 finalists.
New disruptive technologies will be the focus of this year's South Summit programme, 'The Disruptor's Playground', in which the impact of innovations on the major industries will be analysed. High-profile speakers have been invited to talk about this subject, including Allen Blue, co-founder of LinkedIn (sold this summer to Microsoft for more than 26,000 million dollars); Nolan Bushnell, founder of Atari and Brainrush and one of the pioneers of the video games industry; Jim McKelvey, one of the founders of Square; and Brent Hoberman, entrepreneur and founder of Lastminute.com and of Founders Factory, a private network of digital and technological entrepreneurs, as well as Made.com and Founders Forum.
The event will last for three days, providing an ideal backdrop for the emergence of new startups in Spain, the arrival of more entrepreneurs in our country and the creation of an efficient network of investors, and will end with the awarding of the competition prizes. Endesa will be part of the jury for the competition and will be responsible for choosing the winning startups in the category of Energy & Industry.


Consortium2019 — Jason Nitsch. I Write music.
Join us in producing a new grade 3 work for concert band and effects track. In 2018, as an experiment to gauge practicality and interest, I created "Self Destruct" (Grade 2) for band and effects. The response was HUGE! It is now going to be a part of Excelcia Music Publishers inaugural catalog this year!
I would like spend the next year contributing pieces of this kind to the grade 3, 4, and 5 categories…I'm beginning with Grade 3 and I need your help!
Grade 3 Consortium membership is $100 per organization to join!
Work will use standard concert band instrumentation expected at the grade 3 level.
Participating organizations will have a performance exclusivity window of 9 months-1 year to be determined upon delivery.
Participating organizations will receive recognition in the score, on the website, and in all press releases concerning the work.
Composer will make himself available, either in person if travel allows or via Skype/Facetime to participating organizations.
Expected delivery of the work is late spring/early summer 2019.
Technical specifications required for performance will utilize technology typically available to most contemporary band programs.
Updates will be provided to participating ensembles each month with a look at the progress and "behind-the-scenes" footage of the creation of the effects!
YES! I want to join the SZM Grade 3 and Effect Track Concert Band Consortium!


text:
Кобден Паркс (, , , Сидней, Новый Южный Уэльс, Британская империя — , , Сидней, Новый Южный Уэльс, Австралия) — австралийский государственный служащий в области архитектурного и строительного надзора, в 1935—58 годах занимавший должность . Сын отца-основателя австралийской государственности Генри Паркса. Член-корреспондент австралийского и британского институтов архитекторов, один из членов комиссии по разработке и оценке проектов Сиднейского оперного театра.

Ранние годы
Кобден Паркс родился 2 августа 1892 года в городке , пригороде Сиднея. Его отцом был отец-основатель австралийской государственности Генри Паркс, а матерью — его вторая жена Элеанора, урождённая Диксон. Кобден Паркс был назван отцом в честь английского политического деятеля Ричарда Кобдена,  ранее вручил ему золотую медаль. В семье он был самым младшим из детей. Паркс-старший скончался менее чем через 4 года после рождения сына, 27 апреля 1896 года, годом ранее скончалась и его жена. Кобден воспитывался мачехой Джулией вместе со старшими братьями и сёстрами.

Паркс получил образование в , затем поступил в Роксдейл-колледж. С 1909 года он работал в департаменте общественных работ Нового Южного Уэльса под руководством архитектора , получая заочное высшее образование в .

Военная служба
27 августа 1914 года Кобден был призван на службу в Австралийские имперские силы (АИС) в  для участия в Первой мировой войне. В составе батальона Паркс отправился в Египет, где был ранен в ходе битвы за Галлиполи. За проявленное мужество Кобден был произведён в младшие сержанты в июне 1915 года, после чего снова отправлен в строй. 4 сентября он получил новое, более серьёзное ранение, приведшее к разрыву сухожилий и ампутации трёх пальцев на правой руке. Из-за этих событий Паркс был признан инвалидом и в апреле следующего года выбыл из действующей армии. Впрочем, позже Кобден вернулся в АИС, где в составе уже  принял участие в наступлении Антанты на Западном фронте. Окончательно действующую армию он покинул уже после окончания войны, 4 сентября 1919 года, в звании лейтенанта, вернувшись в Сидней.

Гражданская служба
В 1920 году Паркс снова приступил к работе в департаменте общественных работ Нового Южного Уэльса. 19 ноября 1921 года в англиканской церкви святого Филиппа в Сиднее он вступил в брак с Викторией Ленор Лиллиман. В 1930 году Кобден был назначен архитектором-проектировщиком и ответственным руководителем чертёжного бюро, а 4 октября 1935 — на должность , сменив на этом посту Эдвина Эвана Смита, который вышел на пенсию.

Автором статьи в Австралийском биографическом словаре (ADB) Паркс оценивается как человек со значительными организаторскими способностями и талантами. Кобден был первым из правительственных архитекторов, кто прошёл полную подготовку на свою должность. Он придерживался консервативного архитектурного стиля. Под его руководством были доработаны портик и большой читальный зал . Под его руководством работал и известный сиднейский архитектор Эдвард Ремберт, который построил технический колледж в Ньюкасле и один из блоков сиднейского технического колледжа. Оба сооружения были вдохновлены творчеством нидерландского модерниста Виллема Маринуса Дюдока.

Паркс руководил строительством и разработкой множества различных сооружений по специальной «программе военных лет», в частности, больниц, бомбоубещищ и оборонительных конструкции для общественных зданий. Среди спроектированных им больниц была, например, 12-этажная «Hickman House». В 1939 году Кобден сопровождал министра здравоохранения Австралии в его поездке по Англии и США. В том же году, после начала войны, по возвращении в Сидней, он возглавил технический комитет национальной службы экстренной помощи (подразделение, занимавшееся починкой строений, пострадавших в ходе войны), оставаясь при этом правительственным архитектором. Когда Японская империя вступила в войну в 1941 году, Кобден оказывал поддержку комитету по предотвращению бомбардировок и воздушных налётов.

В десятилетие после войны для восстановления экономики под руководством Паркса департамент использовал сборные алюминиевые здания. Это позволило значительно сократить издержки и потратить больше средств на развитие образовательной сферы, в частности, на строительство новых школ и университетов, а также на расширение старых. Под руководством Кобдена также расширялись рынки, рекреакционные и бытовые здания. Видя нехватку людских ресурсов для государственного строительства, Паркс разработал планы по сотрудничеству с частными организациями и фондами, которые помогли её решить. Он также поощрял «полевое» обучение студентов.

1 августа 1958 года Паркс вышел на пенсию, отработав в департаменте почти 50 лет. Его преемником стал Тед Фармер. В статье, посвящённой его отставке, крупнейшее издание Сиднея The Sydney Morning Herald назвало Паркса «самым рукастым правительственным архитектором в истории страны» (). Но отдохнуть на пенсии Кобдену не дали, ибо он был назначен членом комитета по развитию Университета Нового Южного Уэльса, а также членом комитета по созданию сети больниц имени принцев Генри и Чарльза.

Почётные должности
Кобден возглавлял большое количество комитетов и организаций, включая австралийское отделение Красного креста, где, как передаёт автор статьи в ADB, считался настоящей легендой, «человеком с большим сердцем, добрым характером и большим обаянием».

С 1957 по 1958 год Паркс был одним из судей по отбору проекта Сиднейского оперного театра. Он представлял правительство Нового Южного Уэльса. Несмотря на то, что Кобден был известен своими консервативными взглядами, он был одним из тех, кто настоял на выборе амбициозного проекта Утзона, ибо считал, что только благодаря такому рискованному решению может получиться настоящее чудо света.

Паркс был членом сообщества архитекторов Нового Южного Уэльса с 1924 года, а с 1949 по 1963 председательствовал в нём. В 1929 году он стал членом , в 1936 получил должность его научного сотрудника, а в 1958 году — стипендиата, а в 1964 году получил от него золотую медаль за верную службу. В 1951 году он избран членом королевского института британских архитекторов. В 1955 году Кобден получил награду от Ассоциации мастеров-строителей Нового Южного Уэльса — медаль имени , величайшей женщины-архитектора в истории Австралии. Помимо этого, он являлся членом имперского военного клуба .

Смерть
Паркс умер 15 августа 1978 года в Блейкхёрсте, пригороде Сиднея. У него остались дочь и двое сыновей.

Источники

Политики Австралии
Архитекторы по алфавиту
Архитекторы Австралии
Участники Первой мировой войны (Австралия)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: check if validation group is valid without firing validation Client Side Is it possible in ASP.Net to check whether validation group is valid without actually firing validation ?
Im talking about client side validation

A: You can check whether validation group is valid via javascript through code.
var flag = Page_ClientValidate('validationgroupname');
if (flag) {
   // proceed for further validation if required
}

A: OnClientClick="ReloadPage()"

<script>

    function ReloadPage()
    {
        var flag = Page_ClientValidate('ProgramDec');

        if (flag)
        {
            window.onunload = refreshParent;
            function refreshParent()
            {
                window.parent.location.reload();
            }
        }
    }
</script>


It is truly said that when you fall in love with someone then everything seems to be changing. Life has been never the same and that's the point when you start loving yourself and remains joyful forever. You start believing in the magic of love and its power and never felt the same before. Here are we mentioned the best things which you will experience when you fall in love with someone perfect.
You start living in a different and positive manner. This will let you in exploring the best version of yourself which you have never seen before.
Miracles and magic are the two things which we heard about in fairy tales. But once you will fall in love you will find yourself in a beautiful story where you are going to experience these two things in reality.
The best part of love is your life become more sorted which helps you to live happily and you can focus more on your work. This results in a better performance of yours and an increase in productivity.
It's really true. Your life really changes altogether.
A great and amazing experience indeed.
Woww..this is true..and thanks b' coz I encourage more my self to be inlove..ohh..its so very meaningful to me..!! It's amazing when we fall inlove..


text:
Iceland Country Information
World Travel Guide > International Destinations > Iceland
Iceland Travel Information
Iceland (Icelandic: Ísland) is an island country located in the North Atlantic to the North of mainland Europe.
As of 2009, the population of Iceland was estimated as being 317,593. The country's capital and largest city is Reykjavk, which, as of 2008, had an estimated population of 120,165 people in the city itself, and 201,847 people in the combined city and metropolitan area.
Iceland Country Details
Country Name Iceland
Geographic Location In the North Atlantic to the Northwest of mainland Europe
Principal Language Icelandic
Capital Reykjavik
Web Sites about Iceland
Here are some other web sites about Iceland::
Books about Iceland
Books about Learning Icelandic
Books about Reykjavik
Icelandic Recipes and Cookbooks
Travel Guide to Europe
Here are some books about travel to Iceland:
Lonely Planet Iceland (Travel Guide)
By Lonely Planet, Carolyn Bain & Jade Bremner
Lonely Planet Iceland is your passport to the most relevant, up-to-date advice on what to see and skip, and what hidden discoveries await you. Splash around in the Blue Lagoon's geothermal water, catch a glimpse of the celestial Northern Lights, or take a boat trip among the icebergs; all with your trusted travel companion. Get to the heart of Iceland and begin your journey now!
Inside Lonely Planet's Iceland Travel Guide:
Cultural insights give you a richer, more rewarding travel experience - history, politics, landscapes, wildlife, literature, music, cinema, art, architecture, customs, cuisine.
Free, convenient pull-out Reykjavik map (included in print version), plus over 37 maps
Covers Reykjavik, the Westfjords, the Highlands, North Iceland, East Iceland, South Iceland, the Golden Circle, Southwest Iceland, the Eastfjords, Akureyri, Hunafloi and more
The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet Iceland, our most comprehensive guide to Iceland, is perfect for both exploring top sights and taking roads less travelled.
Looking for a guide focused on Reykjavik? Check out Lonely Planet's Pocket Reykjavik, a handy-sized guide focused on the can't-miss sights for a quick trip.
Looking for more extensive coverage? Check out Lonely Planet's Scandinavia guide for a comprehensive look at all the region has to offer.
Rick Steves Iceland
By Rick Steves
Hike vast glaciers, marvel at steaming volcanic lakes, and explore the land of the midnight sun: with Rick Steves on your side, Iceland can be yours!
Inside Rick Steves Iceland you'll find:
Comprehensive coverage for exploring Iceland, whether you've got a long layover in Reykjavík or two weeks to dive into the whole country
Rick's strategic advice on how to get the most out of your time and money, with rankings of his must-see favorites
Top sights and hidden gems, from the stunning northern lights to hidden hikes and cozy bookstores
How to connect with local culture: Soak in the famous Blue Lagoon, sample smoked fishes, and chat with locals in stark and lovely rural towns
Beat the crowds, skip the lines, and avoid tourist traps with Rick's candid, humorous insight
The best places to eat, sleep, and relax
Self-guided walking tours of lively Reykjavík and art and history museums
Complete, mile-by-mile driving tours, including the Golden Circle, the Ring Road, and more, with recommendations of Iceland's most scenic detours
Detailed maps for exploring on the go
Useful resources including a packing list, an Icelandic phrase book, a historical overview, and recommended reading
Over 500 bible-thin pages include everything worth seeing without weighing you down
Complete, up-to-date information on Reykjavík, the Reykjanes Peninsula, the Golden Circle, the South Coast, the Westman Islands, West Iceland, The Ring Road, the East Fjords, and more
Make the most of every day and every dollar with Rick Steves Iceland.
Expanding your trip? Try Rick Steves Scandinavia or Rick Steves Northern European Cruise Ports.
Lonely Planet Best of Iceland (Travel Guide)
By Lonely Planet, Carolyn Bain, Jade Bremner & Paul Harding
Lonely Planet: The world's number one travel guide publisher*
Lonely Planet's Best of Iceland is your passport to the most relevant, up-to-date advice on what to see and skip, and what hidden discoveries await you. Gaze in wonder at the celestial kaleidoscope of the Northern Lights, warm up with a soak in the Blue Lagoon and explore a sweeping spectrum of dramatic landscape in the Westfjords – all with your trusted travel companion. Discover the best of Iceland and begin your journey now!
Inside Lonely Planet's Best of Iceland:
Full-colour images throughout
Honest reviews for all budgets - eating, sightseeing, going out, shopping, hidden gems that most guidebooks miss
Cultural insights give you a richer, more rewarding travel experience - history, art, food, wine, sport, politics
Free, convenient pull-out map (included in print version), plus easy-to-use colour maps to help you navigate
Covers Reykjavík, Southwest Iceland, the Golden Circle, West Iceland, The Westfjords, North Iceland, East Iceland, Southeast Iceland, The Highlands and more
The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet's Best of Iceland is filled with inspiring and colourful photos, and focuses on Iceland's most popular attractions for those wanting to experience the best of the best.
Need a guide to Reykjavik? Check out Pocket Reykjavik & Southwest Iceland, our small, handy-sized guide featuring the top sights and experiences for a shorter trip.
About Lonely Planet: Lonely Planet is a leading travel media company and the world's number one travel guidebook brand, providing both inspiring and trustworthy information for every kind of traveller since 1973. Over the past four decades, we've printed over 145 million guidebooks and grown a dedicated, passionate global community of travellers. You'll also find our content online, and in mobile apps, video, 14 languages, nine international magazines, armchair and lifestyle books, ebooks, and more.
'Lonely Planet guides are, quite simply, like no other.' – New York Times
'Lonely Planet. It's on everyone's bookshelves; it's in every traveller's hands. It's on mobile phones. It's on the Internet. It's everywhere, and it's telling entire generations of people how to travel the world.' – Fairfax Media (Australia)
*Source: Nielsen BookScan: Australia, UK, USA, 5/2016-4/2017
Frommer's Iceland (Complete Guides)
By Nicholas Gill
Comprehensive and completely up-to-date, Frommer's Iceland takes you from world-famous waterfalls to hopping nightclubs and everywhere in between. Frommer's expert Nicholas Gill, an Iceland specialist, knows every inch of the country and is not afraid to tell the truth. With his reliable, straight-shooting advice, you'll be hiking across lava fields, catching the Northern Lights from a hot tub, spotting one of the 20 species of whales that swim in Icelandic waters, experiencing Iceland's rich cultural traditions and innovative regional cuisine, and more.
Frommer's Iceland contains:
· Helpful maps throughout the book, including a handy pullout map
· Detailed itineraries for planning a trip to suit your interests and make the most of your time
· Authentic experiences honoring Iceland's diverse topography, cultural traditions, food, and customs
· Outdoor adventures for travelers of all ages and skill levels
· Opinionated reviews of the best restaurants, tours, shops, attractions and hotels―and the ones to avoid
· Accurate, up-to-date info on transportation, useful websites, telephone numbers, and other resources you'll need
· Money-saving tips and exact pricing for travelers on any budget―from backpacker to luxury
DK Eyewitness Top 10 Iceland (Pocket Travel Guide)
Lowest New Price: $9.48*
True to its name, DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Top 10 Iceland covers all the country's major sights and attractions in easy-to-use "top 10" lists that help you plan the vacation that's right for you.
See stunning glaciers and geysers or the bewitching northern lights, visit the beautiful national parks, or experience the vibrancy of Reykjavik with this newly revised, updated, and redesigned pocket travel guide. Whether you're looking for the things not to miss at the Top 10 sights or want to find the best nightspots, this guide is the perfect pocket-size companion. Rely on dozens of Top 10 lists--from the Top 10 waterfalls and the Top 10 volcanoes and hot springs to the Top 10 museums in Reykjavik and around Iceland; there's even a list of the Top 10 things to avoid! The guide is divided by area, covering all of Iceland's highlights, and packed with reviews for restaurants and hotels.
- Brand-new itineraries help you plan your trip.
- Expanded and far more comprehensive, the new laminated pull-out map now includes color-coded design, public transportation maps, and street indexes to make it even easier to use.
- Maps of walking routes show you the best ways to maximize your time.
- New Top 10 lists feature off-the-beaten-path ideas, along with standbys like the top attractions, shopping, dining options, and more.
- Additional maps marked with sights from the guidebook are shown on the inside cover flaps, with selected street index.
- New typography and fresh layout throughout.
You'll still find DK's famous full-color photography and museum floor plans, along with just the right amount of coverage of history and culture. A free pull-out map is marked with sights from the guidebook and includes a street index.
The perfect pocket-size travel companion: DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Top 10 Iceland
Insight Guides Pocket Iceland (Travel Guide with Free eBook) (Insight Pocket Guides)
By Insight Guides
INSIGHT GDS
List Price: $9.99*
Iceland is a country bristling with natural beauty. Its landscape is littered with volcanoes, lagoons, glaciers, waterfalls, black-sand beaches and geysers. The lively capital city of Reykjavik also has a lot to offer visitors, from the stunning Blue Lagoon to its rich cultural heritage. Insight Pocket Guide Iceland is a concise, full-colour travel guide that combines lively text with vivid photography to highlight the best that the country has to offer.
Inside Insight Pocket Guide Iceland:
· Where To Go details all the key sights in the country, while handy maps on the cover flaps help you find your way around, and are cross-referenced to the text.
· Top 10 Attractions gives a run-down of the best sights to take in on your trip.
· Perfect Tour provides an itinerary of the country.
· What To Do is a snapshot of ways to spend your spare time, from catching a glimpse of the Northern Lights, to whale watching, to relaxing in the Blue Lagoon, to working your way around Reykjavik's stylish bars.
· Essential information on Icelandic culture, including a brief history of the country.
· Eating Out covers the country's best cuisine.
· Curated listings of the best hotels and restaurants.
· A-Z of all the practical information you'll need.
An unbeatable, pocket-sized guide to Iceland, packed with insider tips and ideas, colour maps, top 10 lists, and a laminated pull-out map - all designed to help you see the very best of Iceland.
Marvel at the natural beauty of the Vatnajökull National Park, observe the seabird colony at the Látrabjarg Bird Cliffs, venture out to the Landmannalaugar Area to explore mountains and hot springs, relish the tranquil waters of Lake Mývatn, wonder at the mighty waterfall at Gullfoss, or hike around the grassy meadows to enjoy the landscape. From Top 10 offshore islands to Top 10 festivals - discover the best of Iceland with this easy-to-use travel guide.
Inside Top 10 Iceland:
- Nine easy-to-follow itineraries, perfect for a day trip, a weekend, or a week
- Top 10 lists showcase the best Iceland attractions, covering the Blue Lagoon, Þingvellir National Park, Snæfellsjökull National Park, Jökulsárlón, and more
- Free laminated pull-out map of Iceland, plus seven full-colour area maps
- In-depth area guides explore Iceland's most interesting neighbourhoods, with the best places for shopping, going out, and sightseeing
- Colour-coded chapters divided by area make it easy to find information quickly and plan your day
- Essential travel tips including our expert choices of where to stay, eat, shop and sightsee, plus useful transport, visa and health information
- Colour maps help you navigate with ease
- Covers Reykjavík, West Iceland and the Snæfellsnes Peninsula, the Westfjords, North Iceland, East Iceland, South Iceland and the Highland Interior
About DK Eyewitness Travel: DK's Top 10 guides take the work out of planning a short trip, with easy-to-read maps, tips and tours to inform and enrich your weekend trip or cultural break. DK is the world's leading illustrated reference publisher, producing beautifully designed books for adults and children in over 120 countries.
Lonely Planet Iceland's Ring Road (Travel Guide)
Lonely Planet's Iceland's Ring Road is your passport to the most relevant, up-to-date advice on what to see and skip, and what hidden discoveries await you. Watch luminous blue icebergs drift serenely through the Jökulsárlón lagoon on their way out to sea, explore Reykjavik's culture and coffeehouses, and catch puffins playing on black sand beaches on the less-visited east coast – all with your trusted travel companion. Get to the heart of Iceland's Ring Road and begin your journey now!
Inside Lonely Planet's Iceland's Ring Road:
Honest reviews for all budgets - eating, sleeping, sightseeing, going out, shopping, hidden gems that most guidebooks miss
Cultural insights provide a richer, more rewarding travel experience - history, people, music, landscapes, wildlife, cuisine, politics
Covers The Golden Circle, Hvolsvöllur & Around, Skógar, Vík, Kirkjubæjarklaustur, Lómagnúpur & Around, Skaftafell, Around Jökulsárlón, Hali, Höfn, Breiðdalsvík, Djúpivogur, Breiðdalur, Berufjörður, Egilsstaðir & Around, Möðrudalur, Mývatn & Around, Akureyri, Varmahlíð, Hvammstangi & Around, Borgarnes & Around, Westfjords and Hvalfjörður and more
The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet's Iceland's Ring Road is our most comprehensive guide to Iceland's Ring Road and surrounding areas, and is perfect for discovering both popular and off-the-beaten-path experiences.
Looking for more extensive coverage? Check out Lonely Planet's Iceland for an in-depth guide to the whole country.
Iceland (National Geographic Adventure Map)
By National Geographic Maps - Adventure
Multicoloured Map (2 pages)
Waterproof and tear-resistant.
Hundreds of points-of-interest and thousands of place names.
Index for easily locating them.
• Waterproof • Tear-Resistant • Travel Map
Let National Geographic's Iceland Adventure Map guide you as you discover the pristine nature and unique scenery on this Nordic island. The expertly researched map, with its accurate and detailed information, is designed to meet the needs of adventure travelers. In addition to a clearly marked road network, with distances and destinations of both major and main roads, the map also delivers an abundance of specialized content not found in traditional road maps. An index of cities and towns will help you arrive at your destination quickly. Recreational, ecological, cultural, and historic points of interest as well as secondary roads, remote tracks, secluded paths and ferry routes will aid in your exploration both on and off the beaten path.
Among the pinpointed points of interest are hot springs, geysers, waterfalls, caves, museums, lighthouses, swimming pools, golf courses, campsites and scenic viewpoints. Also labeled are the UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Thingvellir National Park and the volcanic island of Surtsey. The shaded relief map details the entire island, contour lines are drawn, peaks and summits are labeled with elevations, forested areas are shaded, water features are shown and boundaries of National Parks and nature reserves are color-coded, making it the perfect companion to any guidebook.
Every Adventure Map is printed on durable synthetic paper, making them waterproof, tear-resistant and tough — capable of withstanding the rigors of international travel.
Map Scale = 1:465,000
Sheet Size = 25.5" x 37.75"
Folded Size = 4.25" x 9.25"
The Rough Guide to Iceland (Travel Guide with Free eBook) (Rough Guides)
By APA Publications Limited
The Rough Guide to Iceland
Make the most of your time on Earth with the ultimate travel guides.
World-renowned 'tell it like it is' travel guide, now with free eBook.
Discover Iceland with this comprehensive and entertaining travel guide, packed with practical information and honest recommendations by our independent experts. Whether you plan to bathe in the sublime waters of Blue Lagoon, sample Iceland's legendary nighlife with a pub crawl around Reykjavik's bars or hike in the majestic landscape of Hornstrandir, The Rough Guide to Iceland will help you discover the best places to explore, eat, drink, shop and sleep along the way.
Features of this travel guide to Iceland:
- Detailed regional coverage: provides practical information for every kind of trip, from off-the-beaten-track adventures to chilled-out breaks in popular tourist areas
- Honest and independent reviews: written with Rough Guides' trademark blend of humour, honesty and expertise, our writers will help you make the most from your trip to Iceland
- Meticulous mapping: practical full-colour maps, with clearly numbered, colour-coded keys. Find your way around Reykjavik, Myvatn and many more locations without needing to get online
- Fabulous full-colour photography: features inspirational colour photography, including the other-worldly splendor of the Northern Lights and the rushing white rapids of Gullfloss Waterfall
- Time-saving itineraries: carefully planned routes will help inspire and inform your on-the-road experiences
- Things not to miss: Rough Guides' rundown of classic journeys, best beaches, island idylls and amazing views
- Travel tips and info: packed with essential pre-departure information including getting around, accommodation, food and drink, health, the media, festivals, sports and outdoor activities, culture and etiquette, shopping and more
- Background information: comprehensive 'Contexts' chapter provides fascinating insights into Iceland, with coverage of history, religion, ethnic groups, environment, wildlife and books, plus a handy language section and glossary
- The ultimate travel tool: download the free eBook to access all this from your phone or tablet
- Covers: Reykjavik; Southwestern Iceland; The west coast; The West Fjords; Northwest Iceland; Myvatn and the northeast; Eastern and southeast Iceland; The Interior
You may also be interested in: Pocket Rough Guide Reykjavik
About Rough Guides: Rough Guides have been inspiring travellers for over 35 years, with over 30 million copies sold globally. Synonymous with practical travel tips, quality writing and a trustworthy 'tell it like it is' ethos, the Rough Guides list includes more than 260 travel guides to 120+ destinations, gift-books and phrasebooks.
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Public Records Request information
Home Government City Clerk Public Records Request information
PUBLIC RECORD REQUESTS – RECORDS ACCESS OFFICER (RAO)
In accordance with the amended state public records law, Chapter 121 of the Acts of 2016, the City of Haverhill has designated City Clerk Linda Koutoulas, as the person responsible for responding to public records requests for all Departments, except the Haverhill Police Department and Haverhill Public Schools. The appointed alternate RAO for the City of Haverhill (excepting Police and Schools) is Assistant City Clerk Laura Angus. Ms. Koutoulas may be contacted at 978-374-2312 or via email at publicrecordsrequest@cityofhaverhill.com. The Haverhill City Clerk's Office is located in Haverhill City Hall, Room 118, Four Summer Street, Haverhill MA 01830.
The Haverhill Police Department has designated Captain Michael Wrenn as the person responsible for responding to public records requests for the Haverhill Police Department. The appointed alternate RAO for the Haverhill Police Department is Lieutenant John Barbieri. Captain Wrenn may be contacted at 978-373-1212 or via email at publicrecordsrequest@haverhillpolice.com. The Haverhill City Clerk's Office is located in Haverhill Police Department, 40 Bailey Boulevard,Haverhill MA 01830.
The Haverhill Public Schools has designated Mr. Brian O'Connell, Business Manager as the person responsible for responding to public records requests for the Haverhill Public Schools. The appointed alternate RAO for the Haverhill Public Schools is Mr. James F. Scully, Superintendent of Schools. Mr. O'Connell may be contacted at 978-374-3408 or via email at RAO@haverhill-ps.org. The Haverhill Public Schools Central Administrative Offices are located in Haverhill City Hall, Room 104, Four Summer Street, Haverhill MA 01830.
The duties of the Records Access Officer are established by statute and include:
Coordinating Haverhill Public Schools' response to public records requests;
Assisting individuals who seek records to identify the records sought;
Assisting the custodian of records to preserve public records in accordance with the law;
Preparing, posting online and periodically updating guidelines to enable the public to make informed public records requests; and
Documenting, in compliance with c. 66 § 6A(e), specific information about each request made for public records.
Please contact the Records Access Officer in writing regarding public records requests for documents pursuant to A Guide to the Massachusetts Public Records Law, as published by William Francis Galvin, Secretary of the Commonwealth. Records will generally be provided in electronic format within 10 business days barring an exception. In this case the Records Access Officer will contact the requestor with an explanation for the delay and a good faith estimate of any fees that may be charged for the production of the records and a reasonable time frame for when the records will be provided, which generally will not exceed 25 business days from the initial request.
For questions or more information, please feel free to contact the above named RAOs.
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How Hockey Works
by Ed Grabianowski
Browse the article How Hockey Works
Jim McIsaac/Getty Images
From the frozen lakes and rivers of Canadian winters to nationally televised games played at high-tech arenas before 20,000 fans, ice hockey has come a long way. Though the rules and equipment have changed through the sport's 128-year history, the spirit of the game remains the same. Hockey has always been a sport of speed and grace mixed with grit and a certain amount of violence. That combination has proven irresistible to fans for over a century. A crowd of 5,000 reportedly watched the first ever Stanley Cup competition in 1893. During the 2002-2003 season, attendance at national Hockey League games topped 20 million.
The history of hockey holds more than just changing rules and regulations. A host of colorful characters, bizarre traditions, and strange events mark hockey's timeline. Few sports can top an octopus on the ice, a team traveling by dog sled, or a championship trophy getting dropkicked into a canal.
In this article, we'll learn about the storied history of hockey and the rules that govern the modern game. We'll also take a look at the equipment used to protect players from a puck traveling at over 100 mph (161 kph).
They're STILL Playing?
The longest game in NHL history was between the Montreal Maroons and the Detroit Red Wings in 1936. Beyond the regular 60 minutes of play, they played 116 minutes, 30 seconds of overtime before Detroit broke the scoreless tie to end it. The overtime period plus the 60 minutes of regular hockey time is 176 minutes, 30 seconds -- that's a really long game! Almost three complete games of hockey were played that night.
The longest modern era (post-World War II) game was in the 2000 playoffs, when the Philadelphia Flyers needed 92 minutes of overtime to beat the Pittsburgh Penguins. It was the third longest game of all time.
Hockey Basics
Although rules for the National Hockey League differ from European and international hockey in some ways, the NHL is widely considered the premier hockey league in the world, so we'll take a look at the NHL rules.
Hockey is played on a sheet of ice 200 feet (61 meters) long by 85 feet (26 m) wide. The nets are 6 feet (1.8 m) wide by 4 feet (1.2 m) high. The puck is a disc of vulcanized rubber 1 inch (2.5 cm) thick and 3 inches (7.6 cm) in diameter. It weights about 6 ounces (170 grams). Pucks are actually frozen before the game and kept in a cooler so they don't bounce as much when they're in play.
The 60-minute game is divided into three 20-minute periods. If the teams are tied at the end of 60 minutes of play, a 5-minute sudden-death overtime period is played. During the playoffs, teams continue playing additional 20-minute sudden-death overtimes until one team scores.
Six skaters per team are on the ice at a time: a goaltender, or goalie, who stays on the ice for the duration of the game (barring injury), and five skaters who take rotating shifts that last from 30 seconds to two minutes or more. Usually, there are three forwards (left wing, right wing, and center) and two defenseman on the ice. In certain situations, some teams play with four forwards on the ice and one defenseman.
A hockey rink is marked by a red center line, which divides the surface into two halves of 100 feet (30.5 m) each. There are also goal lines running across the rink 13 feet (4 m) from each end. Sixty feet (18 m) from each goal line is a blue line, which marks the boundary of each team's defensive zone.
The nets are positioned with their fronts at the red goal line. To score a goal, players must get the puck into the opposing team's net. The puck must completely cross the goal line for the goal to count. It can deflect off of any rink surface, or any part of any player on the ice, including feet, prior to entering the net, and still count as a goal, with a few exceptions: If the puck is deliberately kicked in, or batted in with a hand, the goal will be disallowed. Also, the puck can't be struck with a stick above the 4-foot crossbar of the net.
There are two linesmen on the ice during a game. It's their job to call off-side and icing (see below). Two referees also man every NHL game. They can be differentiated from the linesmen by their bright orange armbands.
When a player moves into the opposing team's zone, the puck must cross the blue line before his skates do. If any attacking player has both skates across the blue line before the puck, off-side is called. This results in a face-off.
At the start of each period, and after stoppages in play due to goals, penalties or the puck leaving the rink, play is initiated with a face-off. The centers from each team face each other over a face-off location designated by the official, and the other skaters line up at least 15 feet (4.6 m) away. The official drops the puck directly between the opposing centers, who then vie for control using their sticks and feet.
Hockey has a second form of off-side, known as the two-line pass. As the name implies, a two-line pass off-side is called if a player receives a pass that has crossed one of the blue lines and the center red line before he touches it.
The last "line rule" in hockey is icing. This rule was put into place several decades ago to prevent teams from simply slapping the puck the length of the ice to waste time. If a player shoots the puck into the opposing team's zone from his side of the red line, and the puck crosses the goal line at the other end without anyone touching it, and an opposing player other than the goalie then touches it first, icing is called on the attacking team. This results in a face-off in the attacking team's zone. But if someone on the attacking team is the first to touch the puck, or if the defending team's goalie touches it first, the icing is waived off.
The Red Line and How Hockey got Started
The center red line is painted as a dotted or broken line, while the blue lines are solid. This wasn't always so. When hockey games were first televised, it was difficult to tell the lines apart on black-and-white TVs, so they started painting the red line differently.
The creation of ice hockey can't be traced to any one person or event. The game most likely evolved from British field sports such as hurley and shinty. The word hockey may have come from the French word hoquet, which was the name for the hooked sticks used to bat a ball or cork around. These sports were similar to field hockey, and are still played today.
During the winter, some players must have tried playing the game on ice. The long, frigid winters in Canada allowed this variation to catch on quickly in the 19th century, and the game also spread into the Scandinavian countries, as well as Russia. Hockey would develop independently in Russia, until the Russian hockey program converted to the Canadian style and rules in the 1930s.
The first documented hockey game took place on March 3, 1875, in Montreal, Quebec. The earliest games featured nine players per side on the ice, with a square rink that had no boards. Only a low curb separated the crowd from the action. Over the course of several decades, the game slowly morphed into something resembling modern hockey: The number of players on the ice decreased; players began firing shots that rose up off the ice, forcing goalies to adopt thick leg pads and a wide stick blade.
If off-side and icing are the traffic tickets of hockey, then minor and major penalties are the misdemeanors and felonies. For infractions like tripping, slashing, roughing, charging, high-sticking, and the always embarrassing too-many-men-on-the-ice, a player must sit out for two minutes in the penalty box, while his team plays on with one fewer skater than its opponent. If that team takes another penalty, then it'll have to make do with only three skaters to the other team's five (goalies are not considers "skaters"). However, additional penalties can't reduce the number of skaters on the ice below three -- any further penalties are staggered so that a new one begins as soon as one ends. If a penalty is called on a goalie, another player sits out the two minutes in his place.
When a team takes a penalty, the other team goes on the power play, which means it has more players on the ice than the opposing team. If the team on the power play scores a goal before the two minutes are up, the penalty ends automatically.
Coincidental penalties happen when a player on each team is called for an infraction at the same time. They both go to the penalty box, and the teams play with four skaters apiece. Goals scored during four-on-four play do not end the penalties in this situation.
The most serious rules violations result in major penalties, and possibly fines and suspensions. A major penalty lasts for five minutes, and it doesn't end if the team on the power play scores. A player who drops his gloves and throws punches will always get a major penalty, though a fighting major is usually offset by a penalty to the other team, since it takes two to have a fight. When two players on opposing teams get major penalties, five players remain on the ice per side. Major penalties can also be called on other infractions that are deemed more severe by the referees. Elbowing and high-sticking can be called as major penalties, particularly if there was an apparent intent to injure the other player. In this situation, league officials will review video tape of the incident after the game, and might add a fine and a suspension for the offending player.
You're Outta Here!
The longest suspension in NHL history was served by Marty McSorley for bashing Donald Brashear over the head with his stick during the 1999-2000 season. McSorley was banned from play for an entire year. Dale Hunter comes in second, sitting out 21 games for hitting Pierre Turgeon from behind while Turgeon celebrated a goal during the 1993 playoffs.
More Rules: Odds and Ends
The NHL has a few quirks among the usual rules. One is the penalty shot, often referred to as "the most exciting play in hockey." There are several circumstances that lead to a penalty shot. The most common is when a player has a clear breakaway, and is pulled down or tripped from behind. A penalty shot is also awarded if a goalie throws his stick, or if a player other than the goalie covers up the puck in the crease (the blue painted area immediately in front of the net). Finally, a penalty shot may be awarded if a player deliberately knocks the net askew, preventing a goal.
The penalty shot pits one player against the goalie in a one-on-one showdown. The player starts at center ice and skates in alone with the puck. The goalie must remain in the crease until the player touches the puck. At that point, the player only gets one shot. If he misses, or the goalie makes the save, then the play stops immediately and a face-off is held. Historically, the odds of scoring on a penalty shot are about 50-50.
In certain situations, teams may pull the goalie, bringing him back to the bench in exchange for an offensive player. This is usually done late in the game by a team that is losing. It's a desperation move that adds some firepower for a late tying goal, but also leaves the net unprotected. Goalies are also regularly pulled during delayed penalty calls. When the referee determines that one team has committed a penalty, he doesn't stop the game immediately. He will raise his arm over his head, signifying the delayed call, and won't blow the whistle until someone on the penalized team touches the puck. Since it's generally not possible for a team to score without touching the puck, the other team can safely send their goalie to the bench in exchange for a sixth attacker.
The tactic can backfire, however. In 1979, Billy Smith of the New York Islanders became the first NHL goalie to score a goal when a player on the Colorado Rockies put the puck into his own net during a delayed penalty call -- no goalie to stop the puck. Smith had been the last Islander to touch the puck, so under NHL rules he was credited with the goal.
The real goalie scoring race started 10 years later, when Ron Hextall actually fired the puck the length of the ice to score a goal. He later repeated that feat in the playoffs. Since then, Martin Brodeur, Chris Osgood, and Jose Theodore have added themselves to the short list of goalies who have scored.
Like the National Football League, the NHL struggled for a while with modern video-replay technology. The current system strives to combine efficiency and accuracy. Instant replay is only used by the NHL to review goals. Specifically, the video goal judge is only empowered to determine if:
the puck completely crossed the goal line
the puck was hit into the net with a hand or a high stick, or was kicked in
the puck entered the net before the net was knocked off its moorings
the puck was in before the period ended
The replay judge must find conclusive evidence to overturn the original call made by the referee on the ice.
In addition to two referees, two linesman, and dozens of camera angles, there are two more sets of eyes monitoring the goal line. The goal judge sits in a small booth directly behind the net, his hand ready to flick a switch that will illuminate a large red light if he should see the puck cross the line. In earlier eras, whether or not that goal light went on was the deciding factor when the referee had to decide if a goal counted. With video replay in use, the goal judge is more of a tradition, one that added the phrase "lighting the lamp" to hockey lingo, as well as a hundred jokes about the bad goalie needing sun block on the back of his neck.
The International Game
There are a few important differences between NHL rules and the rules used during international competitions such as the Olympics. An Olympic rink is 100 feet (30.5 m) wide -- 15 feet (4.6 m) wider than a regulation NHL rink. Only one referee is used in international games. The center red line is not considered for purposes of the two-line pass off-side rule. Icing is called as soon as the puck crosses the goal line; they don't wait for it to be touched. Anyone who fights in an international game is immediately thrown out of the rest of the game.
New Rules for 2005
After the year-long lockout in 2004-2005 season, the NHL came back with several new rules and regulations intended to make the game more exciting for fans. Here are a few:
New rink dimensions: For example, the neutral zone is now 50 feet instead of 54 feet and the goal lines are 11 feet from the boards instead of 13.
Passes from behind the defensive blue line to the offensive red line are now legal.
Goalie equipment is now 11 percent smaller and they may only play the puck within a defined area behind the net.
No more ties. If there is a tie after a five-minute overtime, three players from each team participate in a "best of six" shootout. If the score is still tied, the game goes to sudden death. The final score for the game gives the winning team one more goal regardless, of the shootout results.
To learn more about the new NHL rules, check out this page.
Hockey Gear
Dany Heatley, right wing, Atlanta Thrashers
Photo courtesy Atlanta Thrashers Hockey Club
Like other aspects of the game, the equipment worn by hockey players has evolved over the decades. At first, the only "equipment" worn was a turtleneck wool sweater and a pair of leather boots with blades strapped to them. Sticks were carved out of heavy pieces of wood.
Goalies were the first to adopt padding, since they were the ones throwing themselves in front of the puck. At first, goalies were not allowed to fall to the ice when making a save. To protect their legs, they wore leather or horsehide pads stuffed with sponge or deer hair. When they soaked up water, the pads became very heavy.
The other players started wearing shin pads, and by the 1920s, most players wore padded gloves, or gauntlets, and padded pants. Skates became one-piece boots with permanently attached blades.
The next major equipment development came for the goalies. Until the 1940s, they wore the same gloves as the players. A goalie named Emile Francis showed up wearing a first-baseman's glove for one game, and the league approved it. He also started attaching a rubber wedge to his other glove. These primitive designs would develop into the distinctive trapper and blocker worn by modern goalies.
Amazingly, despite facing blazing slap shots and repeated injuries, goalies did not wear any kind of facial protection until the late 1950s. Clint Benedict wore a temporary protective leather shield after a serious face injury in 1930, but the idea was soon discarded.
Jacques Plante is considered the true father of the goalie mask. He designed and made his own fiberglass mask and started wearing it in practice, but his coach wouldn't let him wear it in games. Finally, on November 1, 1959, Plante was hit by a puck and required stitches. He refused to return to the game without the mask. Eventually, other goalies starting wearing them. The last goalie to play without one was Andy Brown of the Pittsburgh Penguins, who was still stopping pucks with his face in 1973.
The early fiberglass masks still allowed goalies to be injured, because the mask rested too close the player's face. For several years, a wire cage design was adopted. Later, a hybrid design was developed by taking one of the old fiberglass masks, cutting out a section in front, and covering it with a cage. This design is the most widely used today.
Finally, in the 1970s, players began wearing helmets. The threat of severe head injuries, and NHL rules requiring all new players to wear helmets, made the helmetless hockey star an endangered species. In 1997, the last bareheaded player retired, and the species became extinct.
Only one player has ever died as a result of injuries received in an NHL game. In 1968, Bill Masterton of the Minnesota North Stars was checked hard and fell backwards. He struck his head on the ice, causing severe injuries. Masterton never regained consciousness, and died two days later.
Every year, the NHL awards the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy to the player who best exemplifies perseverance, sportsmanship, and dedication to hockey.
Modern Equipment
Today's hockey equipment comes from the realm of high technology. Ultra-lightweight synthetics have replaced heavy padding and leather. Kevlar (the material used in bullet-proof vests) is popular, as is Clarino, a Japanese-made material that is light and won't absorb water. Special foams are sewn into the pads to absorb impacts and deflect the puck. Helmets are made of a polycarbonate lightweight plastic. The outer shell offers protection, while an inner liner provides extra padding and comfort.
The research and development that goes into goalie pads is astonishing. Every surface of the pad is designed to deflect the puck in a certain way, depending on the goaltender's style. Even the graphics on the pads can be designed to create the illusion of a gap for a player to shoot at. While today's goalies are completely armored, with virtually no spot on the front of their bodies going unprotected, their gear weighs less than ever.
The current cutting edge in stick technology is the one-piece composite design, made of Kevlar and carbon. Fewer players are using wood sticks these days, though there is some debate over the advantages of the composite sticks. Some claim they offer few benefits in terms of shooting, are too expensive and break too easily. On the other hand, many players swear the new sticks add power to their shots.
In the 60s, Stan Mikita and Bobby Hull of the Chicago Blackhawks developed the curved blade. This added power and lift to shots, and soon became standard practice.
The Hockey Season
During the regular season, teams receive two points for a win and one point for a tie. Teams automatically receive one point if they are tied at the end of three periods. If one team wins during overtime, it receives an additional point. For the losing team, this is known as an overtime loss. That's why NHL teams have an unusual looking win loss record, with four numbers instead of three. The fourth column is for overtime losses.
The NHL adopted a six-division, two-conference format in 1998-1999. The Eastern Conference holds the Northeast, Southeast, and Atlantic divisions, and the Western Conference is home to the Central, Northwest, and Pacific divisions. The top eight teams in each conference make the playoffs at the end of the regular season, with the division winners seeded first through third. Teams are paired off within their conference, with the top seeds playing the bottom seeds.
Each playoff round is a best-of-seven series. The top-seeded team in a given playoff series gets to play four games at its home arena, known as home-ice advantage. After three rounds, only two teams remain -- the winners of each conference final. These two teams compete in the final best-of-seven round for the Stanley Cup.
NHL Division Breakdown
Atlantic Division: New Jersey Devils, New York Islanders, New York Rangers, Philadelphia Flyers, Pittsburgh Penguins
Northeast Division: Boston Bruins, Buffalo Sabres, Montreal Canadiens, Ottawa Senators, Toronto Maple Leafs
Southeast Division: Winnipeg Jets, Carolina Hurricanes, Florida Panthers, Tampa Bay Lightning, Washington Capitals
Central Division: Chicago Blackhawks, Columbus Bluejackets, Detroit Red Wings, Nashville Predators, St. Louis Blues
Northwest Division: Calgary Flames, Colorado Avalanche, Edmonton Oilers, Minnesota Wild, Vancouver Canucks
Pacific Division: Anaheim Mighty Ducks, Dallas Stars, Los Angeles Kings, Phoenix Coyotes, San Jose Sharks
The Stanley Cup
It has been called the most famous trophy in all of sports: the Stanley Cup. The original cup was purchased at the request of Frederick Arthur, Lord Stanley of Preston, the Governor-General of Canada, who felt the growing sport needed some "outward sign" to designate a champion. It was first awarded in 1893, and for several decades, various amateur athletic associations and hockey leagues would compete for it.
One of those leagues was the NHL, which first formed in 1917. By 1926, it was the only league left standing, so the Stanley Cup was awarded to the NHL champion each year. No other league has laid claim to the cup since.
The design of the Stanley Cup is kind of complicated, as far as sports trophies go. The trophy Lord Stanley purchased was just the wide bowl that sits atop the cup. When the tradition of engraving the names of every player who won the cup was formalized, extra bands were added to make room. For a while, the cup had a different shape almost every year. It didn't take on its current form until 1958.
The silver rings on the bottom portion of the cup are where players get their names engraved. It takes 13 years to fill a ring, at which point the top ring, the oldest, is removed and placed in the Hall of Fame.
The Stanley Cup that teams carry around the ice when they win the NHL championship isn't even the original Stanley Cup. In 1969, league officials realized Lord Stanley's 78-year-old trophy was getting brittle. Worried that it would be seriously damaged, they commissioned an exact replica. The original bowl was retired, and the replica is used today.
Wait -- it gets even more confusing. If you've been to the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto, Ontario, to see the Stanley Cup, you might not have seen the real Stanley Cup. Each year, every player on the winning cup team gets to spend one day with the trophy. In addition, the cup travels 250 days per year to charity events and NHL promotional activities. When the cup is out, yet another replica takes its place in the hall. How can you tell the difference? The real cup has about a dozen misspelled names, like the name of goalie Jacques Plante, and the word Boston in the 1972 engraving. All the errors are corrected on the replica.
They kicked it?
The Stanley Cup has probably endured more indignity than any other major professional sports trophy. In 1905, it was kicked into Ottawa's Rideau Canal on a dare. In 1924, it was left on the side of the road after the players carrying it home stopped to fix a flat. In more recent years, it was reportedly dropped from the second story of a house when a Dallas Stars player attempted to throw it into a swimming pool.
One player christened his child in the Cup. It has been taken to the top of a mountain (Fisher Peak, in British Columbia), and has even traveled to Russia and Japan. A team of three Hall of Fame employees travels with the cup to maintain its safety and security.
Hockey Through the Years
World wars, the Great Depression, and influenza outbreaks kept the young NHL in a state of flux. Teams joined the league and then folded under the financial pressure regularly. It wasn't until 1942 that a period of stability would allow the NHL to prosper. With the roster reduced to six solid teams (hockey's Original Six), new league president Clarence Campbell guided the NHL through 25 years of prosperity, and later took the reins for the first major NHL expansion.
The era of the Original Six came to an end in 1967, when the NHL doubled in size. Teams were added in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Minneapolis, and St. Louis. Several more franchises joined the league in the early '70s. In 1979, a competing league, the World Hockey Association, folded. Four WHA teams joined the NHL. Meanwhile, financial troubles forced some teams to move, and some to fold altogether. For roughly a decade, the league was stable, adopting a four-division, two-conference system, with the groups named after important figures in hockey's past. The NHL underwent further expansion throughout the 1990s, helmed by commissioner Gary Bettman. The league roster stands at an even 30 teams, with no immediate plans for future expansion.
Pivotal Events Hockey history is punctuated by events whose repercussions are still felt today. We'll look at some of the events that have shaped the game.
The Richard Riot Maurice "Rocket" Richard was the French-Canadian hero of the French-Canadian fans in Montreal. He was the first player to score 50 goals in a season, doing it in just 50 games. But his talent for scoring was matched by a fiery temper. In 1955, he attacked an opponent with his stick, and then punched an official. League president Clarence Campbell announced that Richard would be suspended for the rest of the regular season and the playoffs.
In the province of Quebec, where there had always been tension between French and English Canadians, the suspension was a spark that set off an explosion. Campbell was not French-Canadian, and his decision was decried as anti-French. He received numerous death threats, but attended the next Canadiens game regardless. He was repeatedly assaulted at the arena, and was pelted with fruits, eggs, coins, and bottles. Finally, someone threw tear gas into the seats near Campbell, and the panicky crowd fled the arena. The game was forfeited to Detroit, but the debacle wasn't over.
Outside, the fleeing fans ran into thousands of angry French-Canadian protesters. The crowd whipped itself into a fury that moved down Rue St. Catherine, smashing windows and burning cars until 3 a.m. The next day, Richard pleaded for calm on the radio. His suspension stood. The Canadiens would lose the Stanley Cup to Detroit that year.
The Summit Series Canada had long dominated international hockey, but with its best players in the NHL, the remaining amateurs began to fall to more talented Russian teams in the '60s. The 1972 Summit Series was intended to pit the best professional Canadian players against the best Russia had to offer. Four games would be played in each country, and the Canadian fans had little doubt their pros would wipe the ice with the Russians.
It was no small shock, then, when Russia won the first game in Montreal 7-3. The Russian stars quickly made names for themselves, wrapping up the four Canadian games with two wins, one loss, and one tie.
Team Canada would face great adversity while trying to compete in Russia. They were disturbed in their hotel rooms. Their food was stolen. During a game, when Alan Eagleson got angry over a bad call, Russian police grabbed him and starting hauling him off. The Canadian players dove to his rescue, fighting off the Russian officials at rink side, and dragging Eagleson back to the bench.
It all came down to game eight, and virtually every Canadian was watching on TV or listening on the radio. Team Canada was bolstered by 3,000 fans who made the trip to Moscow, and Paul Henderson beat Russian goalie Vladislav Tretiak to win the series.
The Great One If the career of Wayne Gretzky can be considered a single event, then it is surely one of the most pivotal in hockey history. From 1979 to 1999, Gretzky set 61 NHL records. He has the most career goals (894) and most career assists (1,963). He holds the record for most goals in a single season, putting in an astonishing 92 goals during the 1981-82 campaign. The closest player to that mark is… Wayne Gretzky, who scored 87 goals in 1983-84. He not only holds the record for most assists in a season (163 in 1985-86), he actually holds the top eight spots for that record, and 11 out of the top 12.
Labor Pains The NHL's players formed their own union, the NHL Player's Association, in 1966. In the 1990s, negotiations between the NHLPA and the owners twice brought the game to a halt. In 1992, the players went on strike late in the season. That time, it took only 10 days to hammer out an agreement.
Only two years later, relations got far worse. With no collective bargaining agreement (CBA) in place at the start of the 1994 season, the owners locked the players out. Months went by, and it looked as if the entire season might be called off. At the last possible minute, a deal was reached, and the season finally began, nearly four months late.
Hockey owners and players went through yet another crisis in 2004. Although both sides made concessions, they could not reach an agreement in time and the 2004-2005 hockey season was cancelled.
Hockey has evolved steadily throughout its long history. Each year, the NHL Board of Governors examines potential rule changes. Usually, these changes are subtle, but over time, hockey continues to change. Women's hockey is gaining prominence, mostly as an international sport. European players are an increasingly familiar presence in the NHL. Hockey is gaining popularity in non-traditional hockey countries like Japan and England.
For more information on hockey and related topics, check out the links on the next page.
The Original Six
How Ice Rinks Work
How Basketball Works
How NFL Equipment Works
How the Physics of Football Works
How Golf Clubs Work
More Great Links
NHL.com
ESPN.com: NHL
CBC Sports: Hockey
Bauer Hockey Equipment


An organizational meeting was held at the Portland Art Museum, early in 1927, at which William Gray Purcell was elected President; Clyde Leon Keller, Vice President; and Sally Hart, Acting Secretary. The name of the society was to be the SOCIETY OF OREGON ARTISTS. This new organization had a lot of enthusiasm, but that was about all. However, a committee was formed to draw up a constitution, and another was to arrange exhibits and select a time and place to meet.
The Portland Art Museum felt we were a part of their activities and were glad to have us meet and exhibit in their building. Many of our members were also members of their organization. We helped them in their financial difficulties, as individuals and as a group. When they received County assistance, however, it soon developed that the policy of the Museum's Curator and that of the SOCIETY OF OREGON ARTISTS were not the same. It was suggested that we find another place to meet.
On December 9, 1929, we decided to incorporate, and as the name "SOCIETY OF OREGON ARTISTS" conflicted with an older society, the name was changed to OREGON SOCIETY OF ARTISTS. Officers were: William Gray Purcell, President; Clyde Leon Keller, Sr., Vice President; Mrs. Harold Dickson Marsh, Secretary. Mrs. Colista Dowling, Wm. H. Drake, Herman T. Bohlman and Mrs. Katherine McRae were Board Members.
Clyde Leon Keller generously let the Society meet at his art studio on SW Washington Street near 13th Avenue for many years. He was our third president and did much to see that the control of the Society was kept in the artists' hands. Indeed, to review the records of our Society and the important names that appear, it looks like a "WHO'S WHO" in Portland's art world.
As time passed, meetings were held monthly in various places, such as restaurants, halls and in the Public Library. Annual exhibits were held in Meier & Frank's auditorium and in the Public Library. At one time pictures could be taken out on one's library card. It was found, however, that frames became chipped and pictures damaged, so this was discontinued.
We were offered a choice building site at Depoe Bay, in 1932, providing we would build and make our headquarters there. But, after much thought, it was decided that it was too far from the center of our activities.
In 1939-40 we rented the old school house on Sauvie Island, but found that too was too far from Portland. It became more important, as time went on, that we have a home of our own. Finance, as always, became the biggest problem. We began to plan seriously.
The first sketch groups were held on the second floor of the Selling-Hirsch Building on Tenth and Washington; then later moved to a vacant store at SW Third and Hall. The income went into a building fund. Much credit must be given to two artists in particular who gave so willingly of their time and talents - Ed Quigley and Arthur Selander - who conducted sketch groups for several years, giving all the proceeds to the building fund, making construction of the building possible. By means of these sketching groups, picture sales, bazaars, rummage sales, and many other activities, the building fund grew until we thought it safe to purchase land. A debt of gratitude is owed also to Adrian Johanns, the Society's Treasurer for 16 years. The financial success of the project was due largely to his dedicated efforts.
The committee selected to find a location inspected vacant lots and buildings in many parts of the city, especially the East Side, as many of our members resided there. However, when Mary Armstrong suggested the beautiful old formal garden of Mrs. T. B. Wilcox, at the corner of SW Park Place and St. Clair Avenue, the beauty of the site and the flowers sold the artists.
The committee contacted Mr. Nathan Sohn, the owner, who stated the property was valued at $20,000. This was about four times the amount in the building fund. They invited Mr. Sohn to the next meeting of the Society. When he saw the members and their determination to go ahead, he asked to become a member and donated $2,500 from the purchase price provided that the Society proceed with the plan. This was a staggering sum for a group of poor artists. Mr. Sohn, however, let the Society make its own terms at a low interest rate covering the remaining $17,500. So the land was purchased in April 1953.
The membership had increased to over 1,000, all enthusiastic about conservative and traditional art. The Oregon Society of Artists was feeling the need for an educational and cultural center of their own, a place where artists could work and display their pictures free and as a service to the public. We also felt it would be a morale builder to have a place to identify ourselves with; with this in mind every member was eager to start the project.
Thayne J. Logan, Architect and Lyle Keeler, Contractor, donated their services and the use of their equipment and organizations to the Society. The contractor constructed the concrete walls and roof of the first 40' x 50' unit (now used as our gallery). Everybody participated and many gave labor. Each weekend Mary Armstrong called the labor group and got them organized. The women even helped to dig the ditch to the street sewer connection and helped to clear the land for the new building. They furnished lunches for the working members.
Mrs. Veda Hazelwood headed the rummage sales, and bazaars, and having no place to collect rummage, she kept it in her home until her dining room was filled to the ceiling. Some claimed they could not lay down their hats without Veda selling them. A pair of donated chinchillas was raffled off for $1,500. At a "Greenwich Village Fair" held in the Park Blocks, Portland's Mayor, Fred C. Peterson, gave a speech in our favor.
Nearly everybody participated, some giving labor, time, pictures to sell, and some donated money but not to exceed $100. Building material firms donated much of the material, and the building was built, in part, by donated membership labor. It was a "Do it Ourselves" project, and no public funds, donations, foundations or subscriptions were asked for, nor were they offered.
Prior to 1940, our meeting notices were hand-written postcards - at that time we decided to give a little more notice to Society activities, and that was the birth of the BRUSHMARKS. Helen Logan was the first editor-in-chief, printer, mailing clerk and distributor.
On Thursday, September 23, 1954, the first meeting was held in our new building. From 1953 on, many rummage sales, picture sales, and sketch groups were held by Arthur A. Selander, Ed Quigley, Kate Raymond, Colista Dowling and others to raise funds.
At the Christmas Party, December 1956, the mortgage was burned and the building was ours.
We soon found our building too small for our expanding activities. In 1957 a temporary storage room, 12' x 20', was added to the northeast corner of the building. Labor again was donated freely by our members. Concrete blocks were used so the room could be removed later.
In 1959 we had grown and needed a new wing for our sketch groups and storage space. Thayne Logan again drew plans for a 30' by 80' one-story and daylight basement addition.
Part of the money was in our building fund, but the balance needed was raised by offering our members $100 notes at 6% interest. No member was to buy more than $1,000. The $15,000 needed was raised in less than a month with a surplus. As the Society raised the money to redeem the notes, they were paid by drawing from a hat the names of those holding the notes. All notes were paid with interest by 1964, with monies raised from various activities.
The new wing was started in the spring of 1960 and was completed in September of that year. James Hickey, Inc., contractor, was awarded the contract. Members selling their pictures in the new gallery made a 10% donation, which was used against the indebtedness.
By 1965 our parking was critical. As our building fund was financially in the black, we planned our present parking lot. (This had been promised the City as soon as our building had been completed). James Hickey, Inc., was awarded the contract to build a concrete wall along the east side of our property and a planter along the north side, and to pave the parking lot. This was completed in the fall of 1965, and our members filled and planted shrubs by donated labor.
Third Thursday of each month - 8:00 pm - official business meeting, at which the President presides and all business is transacted, followed by an educational program and refreshments.
Second Thursday of each month - Day Meeting - 11:00 am - social and educational. Brown bag lunch. Grace Prier has presided for many years.
Two outdoor sketch picnics each year and a Ham and Egg Breakfast.
Each month the pictures in our gallery are changed and each show is opened with a tea provided by the exhibiting artists. No commission or fee is charged for sale of pictures in our studio.
The Oregon Society of Artists is a non-profit corporation. All the stock is owned by the membership and is non-transferable.
Today (1981) we own land 100' x 150' at 2185 SW Park Place, with a concrete building 4400 square feet on the main floor and 2400 square feet on the lower area, making a total of 6800 square feet - also a 60' x 100' private parking lot. Membership is by election of the Board and Membership vote, the main requirements being an interest in conservative art and compatibility to the general well being of the Society.
Our building fund grows slowly, but we look forward to the day when we can construct our third unit along the north side of our parking lot for small studios for our sketch groups and instructors. During the years, the Society has received many donations, some of which were liquidated and memorials installed for the donors.
Mr. and Mrs. Frederick DeNeff donated a beautiful bronze statue; Mr. and Mrs. Erich Porshman, an electric stove and refrigerator; Mr. and Mrs. Thayne J. Logan, a large dining table; Mr. Arthur A. Selander, in memory of his wife, Nettie, a secretary's desk and chair. James Hazelwood donated, in memory of his wife, Veda, a marble base for our bronze statue; Fred Raymond donated the umbrella stand in memory of his wife, Kate. Judge Henry Tomlinson donated a silver service in memory of his wife, Helen, and many other pieces have been added by other members. The Henry Ets collection of art was bequeathed to the Society, and from the funds received an illuminated bulletin board was installed in front of the building. A memorial gallery dedicated to the name of the late Colista Dowling was constructed in 1970, with funds received from the sale of Mrs. Dowling's paintings and lifetime sketches bequeathed to the Society.
Many of the art books in our library were originally from the McKay estate, which was the original site of our present building. The Society, through the Board of Directors, has accepted many other art books as space permits.
The Society has always been a home for conservative and objective art, built and organized by the members as a "Do it Ourselves" group. We have never employed paid employees of any kind, other than on bid and contract. We are an educational group, not a school or a museum. Our activities consist of sketching groups conducted by individual Active Society members in our building, who teach our members and pay a sum to the Society from the sketch group fees to cover lights, heat and overhead.
Any member, either Active or Associate, may vote, hold office or attend sketching groups which are established for members only. Advancement from Associate to Active status requires three months of membership, the approval by a panel of Active judges of three original works done by the members seeking Active membership.
Important business matters of the Society are conducted by a Board of Directors, duly elected by the membership, and governed by the By-Laws.
Our Constitution states that we are a conservative, recognizable art group. The artists who gave of their labor, time and money, many who are no longer with us, did so to make our building the home of conservative art in Oregon.
1927 Wm. Gray Purcell (1) An architect, interested in sketching and the fine arts.
1928 Wm. Gray Purcell (2) Public Relations and Art Director in World War I.
1929 Wm. Gray Purcell (3) A good organizer and believer in traditional art.
1930 Judge H. M. Tomlinson A lawyer. Painted in oil as a hobby. Very civic minded.
1931 Clyde Leon Keller An artist and art dealer. Known as "Keller the Art Man." Gave generously of his time and use of his store for the Society. A good traditional artist.
1932 Ben Larsen (1) An artist. The Society was considering an offer of site at Depoe Bay. Incorporated officially as "The Oregon Society of Artists."
1933 Albert Gerlach (1) Art Glass artist. The Society was having growing pains and other groups were trying to grab our membership.
1934 Thayne J. Logan (1) An architect. Artist as hobby. Both water color and oil painting. Unified the Society.
1935 E. D. Morgan Fowle Government service employee. Oil painter as hobby. Extended activity of Society.
1936 F. W. Sercombe A lawyer. Artist as hobby. Revised and had printed our Constitution, at his expense.
1937 George McBride Government service, Marine Inspector. Oil painter marine subjects. Expanded art activity.
1938 Ben Larsen (2) An artist. Gave liberally of his time to OSA affairs.
1939 Thayne J. Logan (2) An architect. Society expanding. Good educational programs.
1940 Harold McMahon Window trimmer. Artist as hobby. Started "Brushmarks" as society news bulletin.
1941 Thayne J. Logan (3) World War II started. Many members called into service. Just holding society together was problem.
1942 Daniel Powell (1) High school teacher. Sculptor, sketch artist. War Year.
1943 Daniel Powell (2) War Year. Held regular meetings.
1944 Daniel Powell (3) War Year. Educational program started, again stressed traditional art. 1945 Albert Patecky (1) An artist. Telephone Director Sales. Expanded exhibits.
1946 Menalkas Selander An artist. Expanded educational program.
1947 Albert Patecky (2) An artist. Fiscal year changed from January to April 30, 1948.
1948 Frank Boynton (1) Paint and wallpaper dealer. Art as hobby.
1949 Frank Boynton (2) Started membership drive.
1950 Frank Boynton (3) Membership over 1000.
1951 Arthur A. Selander (1) Artist. Art teacher. Former Tax Appraiser, registered Civil Engineer in Oregon. Stressed need for new building.
1952 Arthur A. Selander (2) With E. B. Quigley, started sketch groups to finance new building. Purchased land.
1953 Ivan Houser (1) Sculptor. Ceramic Mfg. Started new building first unit.
1954 Ivan Houser (2) Building became reality.
1955 Albert Gerlach (2) Art Glass artist. Rule of Society back to conservative art membership. 1956 Dan Rowinski Military service. Artist and wood carver as hobby. Expanded sketch group activity.
1957 Clyde Leon Keller, Jr. (1) Building Management. Watercolor artist. Expanded traditional art.
1958 Clyde Leon Keller, Jr. (2) Money raising program to pay for first unit of building.
1959 Robert Adams (1) Apartment house manager. Artist as hobby. Started planning second unit of building.
1960 Arthur A. Selander (3) New second unit of building built.
1961 Oscar Haugen Engineer Bonneville Power. Picnic at Amity, and many sketching projects. 1962 Rev. James Alley (1) Preacher, Gladstone First Christian Church. The Society received good publicity for traditional art.
1963 Rev. James Alley (2) Invited Gov. Mark Hatfield to our show. Established Gladstone Art Week. The Society paid off notes of second unit.
1964 Beryl Berry Personnel Executive. Aviator as hobby. Finished our parking lot. Added granite plaques dedicating building to conservative art.
1965 Ben Larsen (3) Artist. Holy Week murals in our gallery. Jerusalem street scene.
1966 Ben Larsen (4) Artist. Very fine exhibits of ecclesiastic art.
1967 Thayne J. Logan (4) An Architect. Opened meetings with Salute and Oath of Allegiance to our flag. Had artist paint-out picnics and good educational art programs at meetings.
1968 Paul Keller (1) Insurance executive and artist. Got good publicity for Society. Started educational items on back sheet of Brushmarks.
1969 Carl Prier (1) Printer and artist. Hobby Archaeology, mainly the stone carvings and paintings of the Stone Age American Indian.
1970 Ashley Russell Very active in conservative art, commercial art.
1971 Dr. Max Zimmerman An artist for recreation. Brewmaster by occupation.
1972 Ree Barron (1) Conservative artist and instructor. U.S. Corps of Engineers (photogrammetric engineer).
1973 Carl Prier (2) A hard-working president and a good purchasing agent for OSA.
1974 Ree Barron (2) Promoted sketching and better exhibits.
1975 Leonard J. Cleary, Sr. A good executive. Promoted friendship and unity. A craftsman in metal.
1976 Robert Adams (2) Helped with mailing Brushmarks and had good programs.
1977 Jean Goin 50-Year Anniversary. First woman president. A good artist. Retired to studio at Depoe Bay.
1978 Carl Prier (3) An experienced president.
1979 Waldemar Nitz (1) A good administrator, with a sense of humor.
1980 Waldemar Nitz (2) A good artist. A fine master of ceremonies.
1981 Doris Barron A good executive officer. Devoted to conservative art.


text:
Q: systemd socket activation, sd_listen_fds return 0 fd I am writing a sample systemd service to test few things.
unfortunately, the test code is not working.
(i expected it to be simple ..)
$>cat test.socket
[Unit]
Description=TEST-SERVICE
[Socket]
ListenStream=5575
Accept=yes
[Install]
WantedBy=sockets.target

$>cat test@.service
[Unit]
Description=TEST-SERVICE
Requires=test.socket

[Service]
StandardInput=socket
PIDFile=/var/run/test.pid
ExecStart=/usr/bin/server_d
Type=simple
[Install]
WantedBy=default.target

The server code looks like below
int main(int argc, char *argv[]){
    char buffer[255];       //Temporary buffer to read and write data
    int sockfd, newsockfd ; //File descriptor for Sockets
    struct sockaddr_in cli_addr;    //Structure to hold Client details
    socklen_t cli_len;      //Client length

    int nfd = sd_listen_fds(0);
    if (nfd != 1) {
            fprintf(stderr, "No or too many file descriptors received.\n");
            fprintf(stderr, "FD Count: %d.\n",nfd);
            exit(1);
    }

    sockfd = SD_LISTEN_FDS_START + 0;

The output comes when I connect to the service as below.
>telnet 15.218.114.55 5575
Trying 15.218.114.55...
Connected to 15.218.114.55.
Escape character is '^]'.
No or too many file descriptors received.
FD Count: 0.
Connection closed by foreign host.

It looks to me like sd_listen_fds(0) is returning 0.
what could be the reason for it here?
Thanks for the help in advance.

A: There are 2 different ways a socket unit works. With Accept=yes, systemd will do the bind() and listen() calls for each LISTEN...=... socket, then wait  with select() on them all. Whenever there is a connection, a socket becomes ready, and systemd will do an accept() call on the socket connection, then pass the new socket fd to the service unit ready to use with read/write etc. Systemd then carries on waiting for new connections, and will start a new service with each of them similarly.
In this case the (template) service does not use sd_listen_fds(). If you have StandardInput=socket, then you can simply read/write fd 0.
The second type of socket unit has Accept=no (the default if not specified). Systemd will do the bind() and listen() calls for each LISTEN...=... socket, then wait with select() on them all. As soon as the first socket is ready, it will start the service once only and pass all the open socket file descriptors to it. This is where the sd_listen_fds() api comes in. It says how many socket file descriptors got passed. They start at 3 (SD_LISTEN_FDS_START).
The service application now has to find out which of the passed sockets was ready. Typically, there is only one LISTEN line in the socket unit, so only one fd is passed, and so it is easy (otherwise simply do a select()).
The service application now  has to do an accept() on the ready socket, and can then read/write to the new fd. Normally, it would also continue to wait for more connections on the listened-to sockets it was given, do more accepts, and so on.


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Here at 247 Windscreens Ltd we recommend you take the time to check all your windscreen, side glass, front windows and rear screens for chips or cracks. Chips often occur from frequent driving on the motorway and also from driving too close to the car in front. Not only can a chipped or cracked windscreen mean that your car will not be able to pass an MOT (Ministry of Transport Test) it also makes it not roadworthy and unsafe to drive.
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This is a weekend of wine, food and fun on the North Fork, especially at Dan's Harvest East End on Saturday.
9 a.m.–12:30 p.m. 16 South Ferry Road, Shelter Island.
9 a.m.–1 p.m. 622 First Street, Greenport.
10 a.m.–2 p.m. 221 East Main Street/parking lot, Riverhead.
7:30 p.m. Dan's Taste of Summer wraps with the premier food and wine event on the North Fork. Hosted by Geoffrey Zakarian. See website for pricing. McCall Vineyard and Ranch, 22600 Route 25, Cutchogue. danstasteofsummer.com.


Amazing artwork by Kraser in Milan. Fantasy and dreamlike world in our grey reality.
Kenny Random suffers from the Peter Pan syndrome: he decorates streets with child inspired poetic and colorful creations.
Exhibition of Mr Wany in Milano.


text:
April 17, 2011 wcrnews
Front Royal man fatally electrocuted in bucket truck accident
Aaron W. Bradley of Front Royal was killed in an electrocution accident in this D & E Tree and Landscaping bucket truck Apr. 15, 2011. Photo by Roger Bianchini/Warren County Report.
By Dan McDermott and Roger Bianchini
Warren County Report
FRONT ROYAL–A Front Royal man was fatally electrocuted in an accident Friday, Apr. 15.
Front Royal Police Chief Richard Furr said Aaron W. Bradley, 19 of Guard Hill Rd. in Front Royal, was killed at the intersection of North Shenandoah Ave. and Kendrick Lane. Bradley was in a raised bucket truck when he came into contact with a high voltage wire.
A medivac helicopter was called in but Bradley was pronounced dead in an Advanced Life Support ambulance before he could be airlifted from the nearby Randolph-Macon Academy Middle School soccer field.
Furr said police received a call of a possible electrocution at 3:29 p.m. Bradley was employed by D & E Tree and Landscaping.
Rescue workers arrive at the the intersection of North Shenandoah Ave. and Kendrick after Lane Aaron W. Bradley of Front Royal was injured in an electrocution accident. Bradley was pronounced dead shortly afterward. Apr. 15, 2011 photo by Roger Bianchini/Warren County Report.
Eric Bradley reacts after learning of the death of his brother Aaron W. Bradley of Front Royal in an electrocution accident Apr. 15, 2011. Photo by Roger Bianchini/Warren County Report.
Members of a D & E Landscaping crew react after learning of the death of co-worker Aaron W. Bradley of Front Royal in an electrocution accident Apr. 15, 2011. Photo by Roger Bianchini/Warren County Report.
An Advanced Life Support ambulance transported Aaron W. Bradley of Front Royal following an electrocution accident Apr. 15, 2011. Photo by Roger Bianchini/Warren County Report.
Previous Update on flash floods from Warren County Fire Chief
Next Town updates status of bridges after major flooding
Shannon Bradley Hann says:
This is such a horrific thing that has happened… You all are in my thoughts and prayers… I love you all!
Michelle Bradshaw Auge says:
So sorry for your loss. You are in my thoughts and prayers. I love you.
PIFOX says:
Aaron Wayne Bradley, 18, of Front Royal, died April 15.
The funeral will be conducted Friday at 11 a.m. at Panorama Gardens.
Arrangements are being handled by Maddox Funeral Home, Front Royal.
Published in Northern Virginia Daily on April 19, 2011