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Flybe administration: Flights cancelled as air carrier stops trading
Nicola Sturgeon: Some gender reform critics using women's rights to hide bigotry
RMT makes new proposal as ScotRail pay offer deadline expires: Same increase but no strings
The union which has threatened to bring most of ScotRail's trains to a halt during next week's COP26 climate change conference in Glasgow tabled a new pay proposal minutes before the deadline for accepting the company's offer today.
By Alastair Dalton
27th Oct 2021, 6:19pm
Updated 27th Oct 2021, 7:54pm
It came as the union said it had received a new offer from ScotRail but did not provide details.
The Rail, Maritime and Transport union (RMT) is now seeking the same 2.5 per cent increase for this year as it was offered, but without strings – various productivity improvements.
Its proposal also includes the £300 COP26 payment and increase in rest day working payments that were previously offered by ScotRail.
The RMT has threatened to strike from 1-12 November. Picture: John Devlin
However, the union does not want to take up a 2.2 per cent offer for next year as part of the original ScotRail package.
The train operator had given the union until 5pm today to accept its offer or it would be withdrawn.
RMT general secretary Mick Lynch said: "We are making this offer in good faith with the sole intention of breaking the current deadlock and allowing us to make progress as the clock ticks down to COP26.
"We await a positive response from the company."
COP26 ScotRail strike threat by RMT: Which trains would still run and what is th...
In a letter to ScotRail, he wrote: "The following is RMT's final position, which I understand is different from what you required, but nevertheless is my union's final position on pay and hope you can give this proposal due consideration."
It comprised a one-year 2.5 per cent pay increase from April 2021, an extra three hours' pay for rest day working and the £300 COP payment.
The union would negotiate a separate increase from April 2022 at a later date.
A ScotRail spokesperson said: "A proposal has been submitted by the RMT just before the deadline.
"As you would expect, we are giving it due consideration."
If the threatened 12 days of strikes go ahead from Monday, most ScotRail trains would stop.
However, the operator plans to run some services on the secondary Edinburgh Waverley-Glasgow Queen Street line via Bathgate and Airdrie.
It is not yet know how often trains would run but they are likely to be limited to six coaches compared to eight on the main route between the two cities.
A shuttle service is also planned between Glasgow Central and Exhibition Centre, beside the Scottish Event Campus where COP26 is being held.
However, the lack of other trains would cause significant disruption for regular passengers and the thousands of people expected to travel to COP26.
Meantime, transport minister Graeme Dey accused the RMT of changing its position numerous times which had made it "very difficult to establish trust".
He told MSPs: "Multiple times over recent weeks we have been led directly and publicly to believe that there was a possible resolution of this dispute.
"This government and ScotRail reached out on all occasions, only to find the goalposts moved.
"It has been very difficult to establish trust in this process.
"On a number of occasions, a proposal has appeared to have been put forward by the RMT and then it has changed."
But former Scottish Liberal Democrat leader Willie Rennie said: "I'm not sure the minister's increasingly aggressive language towards the RMT is going to resolve this issue."
RMT general secretary Mick Lynch said: "This inflammatory language helps no one."
RMTScotRailCOP26GlasgowWillie Rennie
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For a while now, Martin Smithson's JMS client application has been an essential part of my WebSphere ESB and service integration bus toolbox. I'm therefore glad to see that it's now available to all on alphaWorks. It runs inside a J2EE client container and provides a Swing or SWT interface to browse JNDI, locate JMS resources, and then send, receive or browse messages. Simple but effective. Best of all, in the past Martin has been very responsive to making enhancements.
This entry was posted on Wednesday, October 4th, 2006 at 10:07 am	and is filed under WebSphere Application Server, WebSphere ESB. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


Include the name and contact information of up to 3 referees.
Applications must be received by midnight CET, 12 May 2019. The applications will be reviewed, and the selection decision taken by an evaluation committee consisting of representatives from the MRI, University of Zurich, ICIMOD and Helvetas, as well as external experts.


Yeah, I must admit I enjoyed Lana Del Rey's most recent single "Ride," and even the odd but interestingly long video for it. So what, wanna fight about it? But in all seriousness, it is quite a tune and is also the first single off the Paradise edition of Born To Die. I'm also quite surprised that there have not been a bunch of remixes of this song yet, like some of her others. However, crooner/producer Active Child took on the emotion and classic sound of Lana's voice and added synths, strings, and more to give it a more modern vibe. Stream it below.


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More info i
Armie Hammer (Justice League, aborted 2007) This is a tidbit of geek legend, with the huge-budget, aborted Justice League film of the mid-to-late-2000s. Young up-and-comer Hammer was tapped for the Batman role, but the film fell apart just as filming ramped up.
Tag: News
Armie Hammer absconded with a script for George Miller's unmade Justice League movie
@JoshuaHWeiss
Tag: justice league
Tag: Armie Hammer
In an alternate universe, George Miller (Mad Max: Fury Road) made a pre-DCEU Justice League movie where Darkseid was the main villain and Batman fathered a child with Wonder Woman. In our own universe, unfortunately, Miller never got the chance despite a ton of headway via casting and pre-production. Instead, we got the shaky Zack Snyder/Joss Whedon version that turned out to be a dismal failure both critically and financially.
Still, bits and pieces of the super hero film that never was continues to eke out of that dark abyss where Hollywood's abandoned projects go to curl up and die.
More justice league
How Justice League fails Wonder Woman
Zack Snyder teases state of his Justice League; hasn't seen Whedon's cut
While at this year's Sundance Festival, Armie Hammer (the actor who was set to play Bruce Wayne) opened up about the failed production, which was going to be titled Justice League: Mortal, during a Kevin Smith-moderated IMDB panel. Turns out, they were pretty deep into actually making the movie.
"[Peter Jackson's] Weta [Workshop] built us a whole functioning suit that had hydraulics and worked and had microphones all through the suit, so I could hear everything happening around me," said Hammer. "It was 100 percent functional because we had $300 million to do it."
The cast was also brought together in Australia where a lot of the principal photogrpahy was supposed to take place. According to Hammer, they were in the land down under for a month or two, shooting footage and engaging in rehearsals while in costime.
"And then we got a call one day from the producers and they go 'We need everybody to come in and bring all of your material, bring all of your scripts, bring your notes, bring everything," continued the actor. "We were like 'Ok' and we show up and they had big bins and they go 'Put it all in here.' And I was like 'Yeah, yeah, yeah, sure, sure, sure and I quickly snuck a CD out of my computer and put in my back pocket, turned [all my materials] in and managed to basically steal a script, but other than that, I had nothing to show for it. I'm sure there's pictures floating around out there somewhere of all of us in our costumes."
He went on to cite that a major part of Miller's Justice League shutdown was that Australia pulled the plug on its tax credits due to huge government reform, which sent the entire crew packing. They were also trying to get it done before the Writers Guild strike of 2007-08, but to no avail.
"The writers strike was looming," Hammer said, "so what we did is we all sat down at a table before we knew it was gonna happen, almost like 'We have two hours' and they're like 'So just throw every idea we can into the script because we can't once it starts' and everybody just sat around spitballing with George and [co-writer] Nico [Lathouris] and the whole creative team down there. We ended up with a script that was almost 200 pages long and then someone goes 'Ok, five...four...three...alright, guys, that's the writers strike. Pens down, no one can write anything else and we were alll like 'Uhhh, what is this script gonna look like?' but it didn't matter because we didn't get to shoot it anyway.
It would have been the first-ever comic book ensemble movie (predating Marvel's Avengers by nearly a year), but if the screenplay was going to be cobbled together like that, maybe everything turned out for the best. We'll never know until the writers of our own reality decide to go into full Crisis on Infinite Earths mode and simplify continuty by allowing all parallel universes to cross over with one another.
Video of DC Comics' Crisis on Infinite Earths: Talking with George Perez | SYFY WIRE

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Washington has a long history of abandonment. It's not necessarily a bad thing though. These abandoned places and things can really spark your imagination and make you do some creative things.
The legend has it that the local sheriff Don Puz left his bicycle leaning against a fir tree in 1954 and forgot about it. Apparently the tree grew around the bike, creating this strange landmark. Unfortunately in recent years vandals have stolen a lot of the parts, but groups have stepped up to replace them with vintage parts and have added security measures.
Roughly 347 feet above the Skokomish River on the Olympic Peninsula the 442ft-long Vance Creek Bridge. America's second-tallest railway trestle. Constructed in 1929, the bridge has had a recent revival of interest due to Instagram photographers. It sits on private property and the owners aren't too keen on people trespassing on this dangerous bridge.
Fort Casey was constructed in 1897 as part of the "triangle of fire" meant to protect the Puget Sound from enemies by sea. However, it became practically useless after the invention of the airplane in 1903. The area is now a 476-acre marine camping park that houses the Admiralty Head Lighthouse. Also three miles of the Pacific Northwest National Scenic Trail wrap around the park.
If you want to see some of the most unique graffiti art in Washington check out the Fisher Flour Mill. It is a decaying 13-story mill that has been abandoned for quite some time. Now it is illegal to venture into the area but many artists and photographers make their way there during the cover of night to do their work.
Built over the abandoned Pacific Northern Railroad is this amazing 6 mile tunnel. It is about 60 miles northeast of Seattle in the Cascades. Originally it was designed to be used to protect against harsh snow storms. Today it is unsafe to travel through but a safe viewing area has been set up for hikers to view the tunnel.
At its peak the Northern State Mental Hospital employed 1,000 people and housed more than 2,000 patients who were diagnosed with mental illnesses on a 225-acre campus. The asylum closed its doors in 1973 and now houses a job corp organization and drug rehab center, but many of the old buildings are deteriorating and covered in graffiti. Nearby an old and eerie cemetery haunts the grounds.


A major stuff-itis outbreak has been detected in America. Many individuals have been infected with this curable disease, but the source of the infection seems to vary.
It is possible that turkeys are the carrier of the disease, and it is passed on to those who consume turkey on Thanksgiving Day. It seems that a massive outbreak of stuff-itis occurs on the Friday and Saturday after Thanksgiving.
Stuff-itis outbreaks have also been previously associated with occurring just after a marital disagreement.
Arguments, though they add energy to the process, have not been proven to help cure an individual infected with stuff-itis.
It is cured through the recognition that one has "enough". "Enough" food, clothing, shelter, and safety to make it through today.


Musculoskeletal and joint dysfunction drives a range of painful injuries and degenerative disorders. Our high impact CE courses provide practical and efficient rehabilitation strategies targeted to specific joint and muscle issues that are backed by evidence, and taught by seasoned, clinical experts. With both Live and Online CEUs, including 1, 2, and 3 credit Online Video & Text courses, we have the continuing education you want.


In October, TAiR is hosting a multidisciplinary artist from Finland, Miia Westerlund. During the residency, she will be focusing on photography. She was born in 1968 in Turku, Finland and currently lives and works in Porvoo, Finland.
Being interested in textile, painting, photography and video, Miia feels how an image maker and a story-teller are daily fighting in her for a place. Her artwork has gone through some changes during the years but the most important content – people and society – has remained. This theme can be quite confusing for someone who is devoted to solitude.
Miia treats photos both manually and digitally. In October, Tartu will be one location that will be photographed for the Cultural Landscape series.
© 0487 Tartu Artist in Residence. All rights reserved.


Every month we try to have a subject of interest. You will see info/pictures/flyers around the clinic, also postings on Facebook and our website. Check to see if we're running any specials on products or services related to that subject!
Parasite Prevention is All Year Long!!
Did you know that Roundworms are among the most common intestinal parasite of dogs? And that fleas can reproduce so rapidly that an average adult female flea can lay more than 40 eggs per day! Some ticks species can survive our harsh Wisconsin winters. They will even emerge to feed when temperatures are still as cold as 40 degrees. With this being said, what are you doing/using to protect your pets? We here at Wyllow Pet Hospital recommend using a heartworm, flea & tick preventative every month...year-round! Why year-round? Well, even though it gets cold around here, we still never know what our little friends may eat or if there's a warm spell what may come back out. Prevention is the best medicine! So with that being said, let's go over our AWESOME offers!
Make sure you get your pet's teeth sparkling because February is National Pet Dental Month! If you have not examined your pet's dental health lately, it's a good time to do so.
The risk of gingivitis and periodontal disease is the same for your pet as it is for people. If left untreated, bacteria build-up, plaque and tartar, can lead to infection and more severe health problems.
Schedule a routine dental cleaning in Febraury and receive $25 off, get a FREE Oravet application and Home Starter Kit, also a FREE dental kit valued at $20. We're also offering 15% off all CET Dental products and Oravet kits.
Also, receive 10% off all of our canine and feline dental foods.
And don't forget that parasite prevention is just as important for cats as it is for dogs! Any specific questions give us a call and our friendly front staff will be more than willing to answer your questions!
When you purchases 12 doses of Heartgard you will receive a $12 mail-in rebate.
When you purchases 6 doses of Frontline Gold you will receive 2 FREE!
Or you can purchase 3 doses of Frontline Gold and receive 1 FREE!
With these 2 products you earn points depending on how many doses you buy. Which can in turn be put on a reloadable Visa Prepaid card for any product or service at our clinic.


version for expedience and also because maps and illustrations are part of the game in some books as well as being very pretty to look at.) Thanks, Joe Dever.
I remembered how easy to read they were. There are no complex mechanics and combat is a case of just picking one number and cross referencing it. All the complicated stuff is done for you. Of course, some decisions have little to no difference between them in terms of consequences (fire on the Water is full of them), but that didn't seem to bother me as much as I thought it would as the story was well detailed and also I wasn't reading the other options.
Resolving situations was also a case of do you have x, y or z discipline? If not, something bad happens (but usually quite minor) so it is easy to check.
Other things are determined by picking a random number and then seeing what happens. Sometimes you modify it if you have a discipline.
And that's it - the rules for almost every situation are not made apparent - you see them work, but the mechanics stay under the bonnet. It's usually a case of having the right discipline or getting the right random number.
This reminded me that simple rules are needed to make the reading experience less clunky. An absence of dice is a big advantage (in Lone Wolf, you just put your finger on a random number table) and the fewer numbers to modify, the better (just Combat Skill and Endurance). Of course, that means that it is harder to know whether you will be able to deal with different situations (am I a good negotiator? What about sneaking around?), but that is the trade off you make, and it doesn't have to be a bad thing.
The message of David and Goliath by Malcolm Gladwell is that more is not necessarily better. David did not beat Goliath despite his weakness, but rather because of it. It goes on to highlight other situations where more is not necessarily better, such as how the heavily armed British Army turned the Catholics of Northern Ireland against them with their heavy handed approach or how dyslexia might be an advantage, or how it is better to be top of the class in an unknown university rather than bottom of the class at a prestigious university.
So a really simple and even fragmentary system (compared to an RPG system) for gamebooks might be an advantage and trying to emulate the exhaustive approach of an RPG system is a waste of time. Let's see why.
A gamebook is something that is read until you complete it, or until you realise that the probability of winning is lower than the probability of being struck by lightning just as you win the lottery or until you are tired of wandering around and decide to buy a house and settle down. Compared to an RPG (where you can spend up to a decade playing one campaign), you spend very little time playing a gamebook, you come across fewer situations and you cannot make up your own actions. So a full set of rules that cover every situation might not be needed if you only have to sneak past someone once. The only stats you really need are the ones you use a lot, and, with some imagination, you can have few stats cover a lot of different situations (like luck in Fighting Fantasy) and if something comes up that isn't covered by the stats, then you just roll a die and assign outcomes to the results. As long as the outcomes are logical and the probabilities believable, then I don't mind. Lone Wolf does this a lot. There are lots of situations where you just have to pick a random number and see what happens.
And you don't need to make the tests completely consistent between books. So you succeed at sneaking on a 1-4 on 1d6 in book x but only on a 1-3 in book y. The situations could be different. You could be playing different characters with different levels of skill in sneaking. The guards could be more alert in book y.
It used to bother me that I din't know the exact justification for why rolls like that were different and tried to come up with a consistent and full gamebook system. I've realised now that it is futile. Full systems are for RPGs where players can suggest what they want, DMs need guidelines for everything that might come up and you have to be consistent over a long time because you might have built a whole world.
In Fire on the Water, a sword costs 4 gold crowns from one shop and a night in an inn costs 2 gold crowns. Is it realistic that spending two nights in an inn is worth the same amount of money as the materials and the time and equipment of a highly trained individual has to use forming those materials into a sword? No it's not. Does the reader of the Lone Wolf series have to manage the day to day living expenses of Lone Wolf? Does the reader have the chance to go to all the shops and compare prices? Does the reader get the chance to buy their own steel and make their own swords? No, they don't.
Also, in Lone Wolf, it doesn't seem to matter what weapon you fight with most of the time (apart from weaponskill purposes). Fighting someone with a spear is exactly the same as fighting someone with a sword, yet we can see that the techniques are different and each weapon has its own advantages and disadvantages. The Wizard from Tarnath Tor is a gamebook that cares a lot about what weapon you use. Apart from that, most gamebooks don't apart from the odd "Do you have a blunt weapon vs skeletons" classic.
to appreciate (No reviewer I have ever read has ever spent time going into the relative cost of all the items in a particular gamebook). Or it will provide far too much detail in the rules and prevent the reader from actually reading the story.
There is one disadvantage in not having a comprehensive system and that is if multiple authors are writing a gamebook with the same system. That can lead to some inconsistencies between them. The solution would be for them all to talk about each die roll, or for them to come up with a complete system and then work out which bits stay hidden. Or maybe just carry on doing their own thing. Maybe it's something people don't really get bothered about.
So the rules-lite nature of gamebooks can be a advantage. As long as my suspension of disbelief is not broken by the results of a die roll, then I don't mind that I didn't see how it was determined and that the system (whether by careful calculation, intuition or just plain arbitrary thinking) remains under the bonnet.


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Sarracenia (/ˌsærəˈsiːniə/ or /ˌsærəˈsɛniə/) is a genus comprising 8 to 11 species of North American pitcher plants, commonly called trumpet pitchers. The genus belongs to the family Sarraceniaceae, which also contain the closely allied genera Darlingtonia and Heliamphora.
Sarracenia species and hybrids
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Sarraceniaceae
Genus: Sarracenia
See text
Sarracenia range (all species)
Sarracenia trap insects using pitchers with nectar and slippery footing around the lip
The anatomy of S. purpurea
Sarracenia is a genus of carnivorous plants indigenous to the eastern seaboard of the United States, Texas, the Great Lakes area and southeastern Canada, with most species occurring only in the south-east United States (only S. purpurea occurs in cold-temperate regions). The plant's leaves have evolved into a funnel or pitcher shape in order to trap insects.
The plant attracts its insect prey with secretions from extrafloral nectaries on the lip of the pitcher leaves, as well as a combination of the leaves' color and scent. Slippery footing at the pitcher's rim, causes insects to fall inside, where they die and are digested by the plant with proteases and other enzymes.
DescriptionEdit
Sarracenia are herbaceous perennial plants that grow from a subterranean rhizome, with many tubular pitcher-shaped leaves radiating out from the growing point, and then turning upwards with their trap openings facing the center of the crown. The trap is a vertical tube with a 'hood' (the operculum) extending over its entrance; and below it the top of the tube usually has a rolled lip (the peristome) which secretes nectar and scents. The hood itself frequently produces nectar too, but in lesser quantities.
The inside of the pitcher tube, depending on the species, can be divided into three to five distinguishable zones: zone 1 is the operculum (or hood), zone 2 is the peristome and rest of the trap entrance, while zones 3 and 4 (which in some species are combined) and 5 (only present in S. purpurea) are further divisions of the actual tube. Each of these zones has a specific function, with corresponding morphophysiological characteristics.
Zone 1: Operculum. In most species the operculum covers at least part of the pitcher opening, preventing rain from excessively filling the pitcher, which would result in the loss of prey and dilute the digestive fluid. The operculum also serves to guide prey to the pitcher opening, using a combination of color, scent, and downward-pointing hairs to lead insects toward the trap entrance. Some species, specifically S. minor and S. psittacina, have opercula that hang low over the pitcher entrance. These are also studded with chlorophyll-free patches, translucent "windows" which confuse prey into attempting to fly through the operculum, thereby causing them to cascade down the pitcher tube. (A similar, better-developed mechanism is found in the closely related Darlingtonia californica).
Zone 2: Peristome and trap entrance. This zone is composed mainly of the peristome, which produces copious amounts of nectar, luring insect prey to land or crawl onto the perilous footing surrounding the pitcher trap. This zone also includes the waxy upper portion of the pitcher tube. Footing on this zone is especially treacherous, as the waxy deposits on surface of this zone cause unwary insects to lose their footing and tumble into the pitcher depths.
Zone 3: Located below Zone 2, this zone features a leaf surface with non-existent footing, as well as a coating of ultra-fine, downward pointing hairs. Insects that have made it this far lose any chance of escape. It is also studded with digestive glands, which secrete digestive enzymes into the digestive fluid.
Zone 4: This is the final zone in most species. It is filled with digestive fluids, and readily absorbs nutrients released from the insects by the work of the digestive enzymes and bacteria in the pitcher fluid. Along with more digestive glands, this zone features a thick coating of coarse downward pointing hairs, which makes escape from the digestive fluids impossible.
Zone 5: This zone, located below Zone 4 and found only in S. purpurea, is smooth, glabrous, lacks glands, and does not serve as an absorptive zone. Its function is unknown.
Carnivorous mechanismEdit
All Sarracenia trap insects and other prey without the use of moving parts. Their traps are static and are based on a combination of lures (including color, scent, and nectar) and inescapability – typically the entrances to the traps are one-way by virtue of the highly adapted features listed above.
Most species use a combination of scent, waxy deposits (to clog insect feet) and gravity to topple insect prey into their pitcher. Once inside, the insect finds the footing very slippery with a waxy surface covering the walls of the pitcher. Further down the tube, downward-pointing hairs make retreat impossible, and in the lowest region of the tube, a pool of liquid containing digestive enzymes and wetting agents quickly drowns the prey and begins digestion. The exoskeletons are usually not digested, and over the course of the summer fill up the pitcher tube.
Only S. purpurea normally contains significant amounts of rainwater in its tubular pitchers. It is a myth that all species contain water. In fact, the hoods of the other species help to keep out rain water in addition to keeping flying prey from escaping.
S. psittacina, the parrot pitcher, uses a lobster-pot style trap that will admit prey (including tadpoles and small fish during floods) but not allow it to find its way out; and sharp inward-pointing hairs force the victim gradually down to the base of the pitcher where it is digested.
Potential narcotic function of coniineEdit
Coniine, a toxic alkaloid also present in poison hemlock, was first detected in the nectar of S. flava.[1] and has since been detected in 7 other species of Sarracenia.[2] While it was demonstrated that concentrated extracts from S. flava could paralyze ants[1], it has not been demonstrated that coniine has narcotic effects on insects at the concentrations naturally present in pitchers of S. flava. Other authors hypothesize that coniine may function as an attractant for insects, or may function both as an attractant and a narcotic.[2]
Flowers and seedsEdit
Cutaway view of a Sarracenia flower
Flowers are produced early in spring, with or slightly ahead of the first pitchers. They are held singly on long stems, generally well above the pitcher traps to avoid the trapping of potential pollinators. The flowers, which depending on species are 3–10 centimeters in diameter, are dramatic and have an elaborate design which prevents self-pollination. It consists of five sepals superintended by three bracts, numerous anthers, and an umbrella-like five-pointed style, over which five long yellow or red petals dangle. The whole flower is held upside-down, so that the umbrella-like style catches the pollen dropped by the anthers. The stigmas are located at the tips of the umbrella-like style. The primary pollinators are bees. Bees searching for nectar must force their way past one of the stigmas to enter the chamber formed by the style. Inside, they will inevitably come in contact with a lot of pollen, both from the hanging anthers and from the pollen collected by the style. Upon exiting, the bees must force their way under one of the flap-like petals. This keeps them away from the stigma, avoiding self-pollination. The next flower visited receives on its stigmata some of the first flower's pollen, and the cycle continues.
Sarracenia alata flowers
Floral formula: Ca5 Co5 A∞ G(5)
The flowers of almost all species are scented. The scent varies, but is often strong and sometimes unpleasant. S. flava has an especially strong odor resembling cat urine.
Flowers generally last about two weeks. At the end of the flowering period, the petals drop and the ovary, if pollinated, begins to swell. The seed forms in five lobes, with one lobe producing significantly smaller numbers of seeds than the other lobes.[3] On average, 300–600 seed are produced,[3] depending on species and pollination success. Seed takes five months to mature, at which point the seed pod turns brown and splits open, scattering seed. The seeds are 1.5–2 mm in length and have a rough, waxy coat which makes it hydrophobic, possibly for seed dispersal by flowing water.[4] Sarracenia seed requires a stratification period to germinate in large numbers. Plants grown from seed start producing functioning traps almost immediately, although they differ in morphology from adult traps for the first year or so, being simpler in structure. Plants require 3–5 years to reach maturity from seed.
Growth cycleEdit
Pitcher production begins at the end of the flowering period in spring, and lasts until late autumn. At the end of autumn, the pitchers begin to wither and the plants produce non-carnivorous leaves called phyllodia, which play a role in the economics of carnivory in these species. Since the supply of insects during winter is decreased, and the onset of cold weather slows plant metabolism and other processes, putting energy into producing carnivorous leaves would be uneconomical for the plant.
GeneticsEdit
The genus has been found to have a Chromosome number of 2n=26, though some earlier studies had found that number to be 2n=24.[5][6]
Range and habitatEdit
A Sphagnum peat bog with Sarracenia purpurea in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. These habitats are always constantly wet, acidic, and low in nutrients.
Seven of the eight species are confined to the south-eastern coastal plain of the United States. One species, S. purpurea, continues north and west well into Canada. The typical habitat is warm-temperate; all Sarracenia are perennial and require a distinct summer and winter. A few subspecies or varieties (S. rubra subsp. alabamensis, S. rubra subsp. jonesii, and S. purpurea var. montana) can be found more inland in mountains (e.g. the Appalachian mountains).
Sarracenia tend to inhabit permanently wet fens, swamps, and grassy plains. These habitats tend to be acidic (low pH) with soil made up of sand and Sphagnum moss. Frequently, the soil will be poor in nutrients, particularly nitrates, and often continuously leached by moving water or made unavailable to the plant roots by the low pH. The plants gain their advantage from their ability to extract nutrients from insect prey in this mineral-poor environment. The plants prefer strong, direct sunlight with no shade.
In several cases, carnivorous plant enthusiasts have introduced S. purpurea into suitable habitats outside of its natural range, where it has naturalized. Some of these populations are decades old; the oldest known occurrence in the Swiss Jura mountains is around one hundred years old.[7] Besides Switzerland, such naturalized populations can be found in Ireland, England (Lake District), Germany (Bavaria, Lusatia) and in Mendocino County along the California coast.
Environmental statusEdit
Sarracenia are threatened in the wild by development and the drainage of their habitat. Estimates indicated that 97.5% of Sarracenia habitat has already been destroyed in the southeastern U.S.,[8] the home of all but one subspecies of Sarracenia. Currently the biggest threats to surviving populations are urban development, drainage of habitat for forestry, runoff of herbicides from agriculture, fire suppression, cut pitcher trade for floristry, and plant trade.[9] The latter two threaten survival of Sarracenia not only through depletion of healthy population, but also because of the damaging effects (soil compaction and altered moisture levels) of repeated foot and vehicular traffic that comes with harvesting. The Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that approximately 1.6 million pitchers were cut for the domestic market in 1991.[10]
A field with S. leucophylla. Scenes such as this used to be common in the coastal plains of the southeast US.
Some protective legislation exists. Several southeastern states, such as Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina have conservation laws which protect Sarracenia. However, most of the remaining wetlands in the southeastern U.S. are privately owned. Plants on this land are not protected by state legislation. The key states of Alabama and Mississippi have no such legislation at all, so that even plants on public land have no protection.[8] Three Sarracenia have been listed as "Federally Endangered" under the USA Endangered Species Act (1973) – S. rubra subsp. alabamensis (S. alabamensis) in Alabama, S. rubra subsp. jonesii (S. jonesii) in North and South Carolina, and S. oreophila in Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina. These taxa are also on CITES Appendix I, giving them international protection by making export of wild-collected plants illegal. The other species, while appearing on CITES Appendix II, have little federal protection.
Some efforts have been made to curb the existing threats to plants. In 2003 the International Carnivorous Plant Society ran a trial distribution program in which young S. rubra subsp. alabamanensis plants were grown from seed collected from 3 of the 12 known S. alabamanensis sites, and were distributed to members in an attempt to increase availability of this plant in cultivation, with the hopes of thereby decreasing the poaching that was endangering the survival of this taxon in the wild.[11]
Sarracenia purpurea pitchers at Brown's Lake Bog, Ohio.
In 1995, the non-profit organization Meadowview Biological Research Station was created to preserve and restore pitcher plant bogs and associated ecosystems in Maryland and Virginia.
In 2004, a number of concerned plant enthusiasts founded the North American Sarracenia Conservancy (NASC), which aims to "serve as a living record of the taxonomic, morphological and genetic diversity of the genus Sarracenia for purposes of conservation and cultivation." The NASC is a grassroots Nebraska nonprofit organization working to build a genetic Sarracenia bank by overseeing the maintenance of genetic strains from all remaining wild populations in cultivation, with the eventual aim of being able to supply these strains for re-introduction in suitable habitats. A similar but centralized collection exists in the UK, with 2000+ clones representing all species (many with location data) and numerous hybrids currently being housed by Sarracenia expert Mike King. This UK collection is part of the NCCPG National Plant Collection scheme. While none of these efforts curb the biggest threats – urban development and habitat destruction – they aim to help reduce plant poaching while at the same time making these plants available to future generations.
One of the biggest challenges of reintroducing plants back into the wild is the unintended introduction of unwanted species, such as pests, diseases, and invasive weeds. Often, it is human destruction of areas in which the Sarracenia thrive that is a major killer. Aside from determining what genetic material is appropriate for reintroduction (which is up for debate), plants must be semi-aseptic to keep the habitat pristine and sustainable in the long term. Another challenge is maintaining all of the introduced plant material and determining an optimal site to plant them in. A single hurricane or storm event can change the dynamics of a field. Even within a single bog, some areas may be waterlogged, while other areas may become very dry, so identifying the right location is critical. Short term results on private property indicate planting larger specimens into the field have a higher chance of long term survival compared to planting smaller seedlings.
TaxonomyEdit
A flowering specimen of the highly variable Sarracenia purpurea
The genus Sarracenia belongs to the family Sarraceniaceae, which also contain the closely allied genera Darlingtonia and Heliamphora. Under the Cronquist system, this family was put in the order Nepenthales along with Nepenthaceae and Droseraceae.[12] The APG II system, however, assigns Sarraceniaceae to the order Ericales and the other two families to the order Caryophyllales.[13]
Typically anywhere from 8 to 11 species of Sarracenia are generally recognized, depending on individual opinions on the biological species concept and which among many subspecies and varieties should be elevated to species status, a common lumping and splitting problem in demarcation.[14] Some authorities split the described subspecific taxa of S. rubra into 3 to 5 species. Similarly, S. rosea is not always recognized as a species distinct from S. purpurea. The most commonly recognized species include:
Sarracenia alabamensis Case & R.B.Case
Sarracenia alata (Alph.Wood) Alph.Wood : Pale pitcher plant
Sarracenia flava L. : Yellow pitcher plant
Sarracenia jonesii Wherry
Sarracenia leucophylla Raf. : White pitcher plant
Sarracenia minor Walt. : Hooded pitcher plant
Sarracenia oreophila (Kearney) Wherry : Green pitcher plant
Sarracenia psittacina Michx. : Parrot pitcher plant
Sarracenia purpurea L. : Purple pitcher plant
Sarracenia rosea Naczi, Case & R.B.Case
Sarracenia rubra Walt. : Sweet pitcher plant
Currently, S. rubra can be described as having five subspecies, though it is sometimes argued that the subspecies should be elevated to species rank in recognition of the species complex that they are a part of. This division would yield S. alabamensis, S. gulfensis, S. jonesii, S. rubra sensu stricto, and S. wherryi. Others have argued that only some of these demand recognition at the species rank.[14][15]
McPherson & Schnell (2011)Edit
Stewart McPherson and Donald Schnell carried out a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus in their 2011 monograph, Sarraceniaceae of North America. They recognized the following taxa:[16]
A "pitcher plant meadow" in the Florida panhandle, with mixed varieties of Sarracenia flava: var. ornata, var. rubricorpora, and var. rugelii.
Plants of Sarracenia minor var. okefenokeensis in Okefenokee Swamp Park
A clump of Sarracenia oreophila in habitat
Sarracenia alata
S. alata var. alata (autonym)
S. alata var. alata f. viridescens S.McPherson & D.E.Schnell[nb a]
S. alata var. atrorubra S.McPherson & D.E.Schnell
S. alata var. cuprea S.McPherson & D.E.Schnell
S. alata var. nigropurpurea P.D'Amato ex S.McPherson & D.E.Schnell
S. alata var. ornata S.McPherson & D.E.Schnell
S. alata var. rubrioperculata S.McPherson & D.E.Schnell
Sarracenia flava
S. flava var. flava (autonym)
S. flava var. flava f. viridescens S.McPherson & D.E.Schnell[nb a]
S. flava var. atropurpurea (Hort. W.Bull ex Mast.) Hort. W.Bull ex W.Robinson
S. flava var. cuprea D.E.Schnell
S. flava var. maxima Hort. W.Bull ex Mast.
S. flava var. ornata Hort. Bull ex W.Robinson
S. flava var. rubricorpora D.E.Schnell
S. flava var. rugelii (Shuttlew. ex A.DC.) Mast.
Sarracenia leucophylla
S. leucophylla var. leucophylla (autonym)
S. leucophylla var. leucophylla f. viridescens S.McPherson & D.E.Schnell[nb a]
S. leucophylla var. alba (Hort. T.Baines ex R.Hogg & T.Moore) J.Pietropaolo & P.Pietropaolo ex S.McPherson & D.E.Schnell
Sarracenia minor
S. minor var. minor (autonym)
S. minor var. minor f. viridescens S.McPherson & D.E.Schnell
S. minor var. okefenokeensis D.E.Schnell
Sarracenia oreophila
S. oreophila var. oreophila (autonym)
S. oreophila var. ornata S.McPherson & D.E.Schnell
Sarracenia psittacina
S. psittacina var. psittacina (autonym)
S. psittacina var. psittacina f. viridescens S.McPherson & D.E.Schnell
S. psittacina var. okefenokeensis S.McPherson & D.E.Schnell
S. psittacina var. okefenokeensis f. luteoviridis S.McPherson & D.E.Schnell
Sarracenia purpurea
S. purpurea subsp. purpurea (autonym)
S. purpurea subsp. purpurea f. heterophylla (Eaton) Fern.
S. purpurea subsp. venosa (Raf.) Wherry
S. purpurea subsp. venosa var. venosa (autonym)
S. purpurea subsp. venosa var. venosa f. pallidiflora S.McPherson & D.E.Schnell
S. purpurea subsp. venosa var. burkii D.E.Schnell
S. purpurea subsp. venosa var. burkii f. luteola R.L.Hanrahan & J.Miller
S. purpurea subsp. venosa var. montana D.E.Schnell & R.O.Determann
Sarracenia rubra
S. rubra subsp. rubra (autonym)
S. rubra subsp. alabamensis (Case & R.B.Case) S.McPherson & D.E.Schnell[nb b]
S. rubra subsp. gulfensis D.E.Schnell
S. rubra subsp. gulfensis f. luteoviridis S.McPherson & D.E.Schnell
S. rubra subsp. jonesii (Wherry) Wherry
S. rubra subsp. jonesii f. viridescens S.McPherson & D.E.Schnell
S. rubra subsp. wherryi (Case & R.B.Case) D.E.Schnell
S. rubra "Incompletely diagnosed taxon from Georgia and South Carolina" (undescribed)
HybridsEdit
A Sarracenia hybrid
A wild Sarracenia flava × S. purpurea in northwestern Florida
Sarracenia species hybridize and produce fertile offspring freely, making proper classification difficult. Sarracenia hybrids are able to hybridize further, giving the possibility of hundreds of different hybrids that have multiple species in varying amounts in their ancestry. Since many species ranges overlap, natural hybrids are relatively common. As a result, initial classification included many of these hybrids as separate species. A recent census of the number of hybrids and cultivars of Sarracenia species revealed about 100 unique hybrids and cultivars in cultivation.[15] Many hybrids of Sarracenia are still commonly referred to by their obsolete species names, particularly in horticulture. These hybrids are all popularly cultivated by carnivorous plant enthusiasts, and there are consequently a huge number of hybrids and cultivars, most bred for showy pitchers.
Some of the more common named hybrids include:
Sarracenia × catesbaei = S. flava × S. purpurea
Sarracenia × moorei = S. flava × S. leucophylla
Sarracenia × popei = S. flava × S. rubra
Sarracenia × harperi = S. flava × S. minor
Sarracenia × alava = S. flava × S. alata
Sarracenia × mitchelliana = S. purpurea × S. leucophylla
Sarracenia × exornata = S. purpurea × S. alata
Sarracenia × chelsonii = S. purpurea × S. rubra
Sarracenia × swaniana = S. purpurea × S. minor
Sarracenia × courtii = S. purpurea × S. psittacina
Sarracenia × pureophila = S. purpurea × S. oreophila
Sarracenia × readii = S. leucophylla × S. rubra
Sarracenia × farnhamii = S. leucophylla × S. rubra
Sarracenia × excellens = S. leucophylla × S. minor
Sarracenia × areolata = S. leucophylla × S. alata
Sarracenia × wrigleyana = S. leucophylla × S. psittacina
Sarracenia × ahlesii = S. alata × S. rubra
Sarracenia × rehderi = S. rubra × S. minor
Sarracenia × gilpini = S. rubra × S. psittacina
Sarracenia × formosa = S. minor × S. psittacina
Sarracenia × mineophila = S. minor × S. oreophila
Sarracenia × psittata = S. psittacina × S. alata
Botanical historyEdit
First illustration of a Sarracenia from L'Obel's Stirpium Adversaria Nova, 1576
Sarracenia were known to Europeans as early as the 16th century, within a century of Christopher Columbus' discovery of the New World. L'Obel included an illustration of S. minor in his Stirpium Adversaria Nova in 1576.[17] The first description and plate of a Sarracenia to show up in botanical literature was published by Carolus Clusius, who received a partial dried specimen of what was later determined to be S. purpurea subsp. purpurea, publishing it under the name Limonium peregrinum. The exact origins of this specimen remains unknown, as few explorers are known to have collected plant specimens from the range of this subspecies before that time. Cheek and Young suggest that the most likely source is Cartier's expeditions to what is now Quebec between 1534 and 1541.[17] The fragile flowerless specimen that made its way to Clusius 60 years later was enough to excite his interest, but not enough for him to place it among related plants; his closest guess was the wholly unrelated Sea Lavender genus.
The name Sarracenia was first employed by Michel Sarrazin, the Father of Canadian Botany who in the late 17th century sent live specimens of S. purpurea to the Parisian botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, who thereupon described the species. Linnaeus adopted this name when he published his Species Plantarum (1753), using it for the two known species at the time: S. purpurea and S. flava. The first successful flowering in culture occurred in 1773. In 1793 William Bartram noted in his book about his travels in the southeast U.S. that numerous insects were caught in the pitchers of these plants, but doubted that any benefit could be derived from them.[18] It was not until 1887 that research by Joseph H. Mellichamp proved the carnivorous nature of this genus. This finding was supported by a study by J.S. Hepburn, E.Q. St. John and F.M. Jones in 1920.[19] Extended field surveys and laboratory studies by Edgar Wherry in the 1930s greatly increased the knowledge of this genus, which has further been extended by the more recent works of C. Ritchie Bell (1949–52), Donald E. Schnell (1970–2002), Frederick W. Case (1970–2000s), and T. Lawrence Mellichamp (1980s-2000s).[18][20]
CultivationEdit
A 2-year-old S. alata seedling, with 1st yr. (small) and 2nd yr. (larger) pitchers
Sarracenia are considered easy to grow and are widely propagated and cultivated by gardeners and carnivorous plant enthusiasts. Several hybrids between the very hardy S. purpurea and showy species like S. leucophylla are becoming common in garden centers in North America and Europe.
Sarracenia require constantly moist-wet, nutrient free acidic soil. This is most often achieved with a potting mix consisting of peat moss mixed with sand or perlite. As their roots are sensitive to nutrients and minerals, only pure water, such as distilled, rain, or reverse osmosis water, can be used to water them. Sarracenia prefer sunny conditions during their growing season but require a dormancy period, with decreased light and temperatures, of a few months in the winter.
PropagationEdit
Sarracenia do not self-pollinate and therefore require hand pollination or access to natural pollinators such as bees. Sarracenia pollen remains potent for several weeks when refrigerated, and so is stored by cultivators and used to pollinate later-flowering species. Given that all Sarracenia hybrids are fertile and will hybridize further, this characteristic allows cultivators to produce a limitless number of variants through hybridization.
A Sarracenia rhizome with a few growing points, ready for division
The copious seeds store well if kept dry. In climates or seasons that cannot provide the cold, damp period of stratification required by the seeds for germination, growers mimic this condition by placing the seeds in a refrigerator for 2–6 weeks, depending on species. The seeds are sown on the surface of their substrate and germinate when transferred to warmer, bright conditions. Sarracenia seedlings all look alike for the first two or three years; the plants reach maturity after four or five years. Regular fertilization (twice a month between April and September) with a balanced fertilizer at the rate of 1 teaspoon per gallon (using a 15-16-17 peat-lite or similar fertilizer) will speed their growth and time to maturity. It is advisable to leach regularly with pure water to prevent the buildup of solutes (fertilizer salts) in the soil. Deep water in a potted plant keeps the soil too waterlogged for proper root functioning.
Mature Sarracenia are commonly propagated by division. Their rhizomes extend and produce new crowns of pitchers over the course of a few growing seasons, and cultivators divide and separate the rhizomes during the plant's winter dormancy or early in the growing season. This technique is also used to separate sections of rhizomes which have no pitchers: when re-potted, the section usually generates a new crown of pitchers. A further technique is employed to encourage new crowns to appear which does not involve division of the rhizome: small notches up to 5 mm deep are cut into the top of the rhizome, whereupon a new crown frequently develops at the site of the notch.
a.^ Since McPherson & Schnell (2011) did not assign these forms to any particular variety, they are to be placed under the autonymous variety according to the botanical code.[21]
b.^ This combination had been published previously, but was only validated in McPherson and Schnell's 2011 monograph.[21]
North American Sarracenia Conservancy
Meadowview Biological Research Station
^ a b Mody, N. V.; Henson, R.; Hedin, P. A.; Kokpol, U.; Miles, D. H. (1976). "Isolation of the insect paralyzing agent coniine from Sarracenia flava". Experientia. Springer Nature. 32 (7): 829–830. doi:10.1007/bf02003710. ISSN 0014-4754.
^ a b Hotti, Hannu; Gopalacharyulu, Peddinti; Seppänen-Laakso, Tuulikki; Rischer, Heiko (21 February 2017). Gupta, Vijai (ed.). "Metabolite profiling of the carnivorous pitcher plants Darlingtonia and Sarracenia". PLOS ONE. Public Library of Science (PLoS). 12 (2): e0171078. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171078. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5319649.
^ a b Cumbee, Joe (1995). "Sarracenia flava Seed Data". Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. 24: 110–111.
^ Brittnacher, John. "Growing Sarracenia from seed". Retrieved 2017-05-20.
^ Kondo, Katsuhiko (May 1969). "Chromosome Numbers of Carnivorous Plants" (PDF). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 96 (3): 322. doi:10.2307/2483737. JSTOR 2483737. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
^ Hecht, Adolph (January 1949). "The Somatic Chromosomes of Sarracenia". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 76 (1): 7. doi:10.2307/2481882. JSTOR 2481882.
^ Hartmeyer, Siegfried. "Sarracenia purpurea "in the wild" in Switzerland". hartmeyer.de. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
^ a b Groves, M., ed. 1993. Horticulture, Trade and Conservation of the Genus Sarracenia in the Southeastern States of America: Proceedings of a Meeting Held at the Atlanta Botanical Garden, September 22–23, 1993, 17pp.
^ Robbins, C. S. 1998. Examination of the U.S. Pitcher-plant Trade With a Focus on the White-topped Pitcher-plant. Traffic Bulletin. Excerpts, Vol. 17, No. 2 (June 1998)
^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1991. U.S. CITES Permits and Export Figures for Sarracenia 1990–1991. Washington, DC.
^ Brittnacher, John. "ICPS Conservation Projects". Retrieved 2017-05-20.
^ Cronquist, Arthur. (1981). An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. New York: Columbia University Press.
^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. (2003). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 141: 399–436.
^ a b Rice, Barry. (2008). Sarracenia species lists. Sarracenia.com FAQ. Accessed: 10-10-2008.
^ a b Barthlott, W., S. Porembski, R. Seine, and I. Theisen. (2007). The Curious World of Carnivorous Plants. Portland: Timber Press.
^ McPherson, S. & D. Schnell 2011. Sarraceniaceae of North America. Redfern Natural History Productions Ltd., Poole.
^ a b Cheek, Martin & Young, Malcolm (1994). "The Limonium Peregrinum of Carolus Clusius". Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. 23: 95–96.
^ a b D'Amato P (1988). The Savage Garden: Cultivating Carnivorous Plants. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0-89815-915-6.
^ Hepburn, J.S., Jones, F.M., and St. John, E.Q. 1920, The absorption of nutrients and allied phenomena in the pitchers of the Sarraceniaceae. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 189:147–184.
^ Mellichamp, T. Lawrence; Case, Frederick W. (2009). "Sarracenia". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). 8. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 2018-10-06 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
^ a b Rice, B. 2012. Book review. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 41(2): 83–87.
Schnell, Donald E. 2002. Carnivorous Plants of the United States and Canada. Portland. ISBN 0-88192-540-3
Schnell, Stewart McPherson, Donald E. (2011). Sarraceniaceae of North America. Poole: Redfern Natural History Productions. ISBN 0-9558918-6-8.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sarracenia.
About Sarracenia by Barry Rice
Sarracenia – the Pitcher Plants by the Botanical Society of America
Sarracenia Growing Guide and Distribution Map by Tom's Carnivores
Growing Sarracenia by the International Carnivorous Plant Society
The Inner World of Sarracenia by the John Innes Centre
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarracenia&oldid=890445480"


If you choose to save the current file (Ctrl+S), the standard, old save dialog will open as well. Like themes, this setting affects all Office applications , not just Word. If you open or save in Excel, you will also get the classic Open / Save dialogs. how to open hodir door Locate and find the temporary excel or word files that begin with "$" or "~" and end with ".tmp", select the Excel/Word temp file by date, then copy and save to another safe spot by changing the extension from .tmp to .xls/.xlsx or .doc/.docx.
Until recently the Word files have been correctly opening with 2016 by default. My Word stopped printing for some reason, so I did "Repair" on Office 2016 via the Programs menu and restarted the computer. Since then, it's opening all the files in 2010, not 2016. (This includes both .doc* and .xls* files).
14/04/2016 · We have a problem with excel 2016 and some old xls files. 1)Some of them (without obvious reason) open and text is not centre aligned in the cells, and in order to view them we must click the auto centre (horizontally and vertically) buttons so they become visible.


text:
Energy Sources & Distribution
Clean fossil fuels
Shale and Tight Resources in Canada
Environmental Considerations of Shale and Tight Resource Development
Economic Implications
A product of the Energy and Mines Ministers' Conference
Opposition to shale and tight resource development usually centres on the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on public health and the environment.
Common environmental concerns relate to the potential impacts of development on surface water and groundwater sources, and air emissions. Potential land impacts including earthquakes (or induced seismicity) have also gained public attention.
In 2013, Environment Canada commissioned the Council of Canadian Academies to conduct a study on the state of knowledge of the environmental impacts associated with shale gas development in Canada. The report concluded that there are gaps in the scientific knowledge with respect to water resources and air emissions (both of which relate to well integrity), land, induced seismicity and societal impacts.
There is ongoing federal research to evaluate exploration or production techniques to prevent or minimize the risks of contamination, emissions, land impacts and induced seismicity associated with shale and tight resource development.
The risk of surface and groundwater contamination from shale and tight resource exploration and production, and hydraulic fracturing in particular, is a common concern, particularly in populated areas where surface and groundwater is used as drinking water or for agricultural or industrial purposes.
Hydraulic fracturing has been used to stimulate production wells for conventional oil and natural gas reservoirs in North America for more than 60 years. Over 180,000 wells have been hydraulically fractured in Alberta alone (mostly vertical wells). About 14,000 horizontal wells have been hydraulically fractured so far across Canada, with most of them located in relatively remote areas. The majority involved relatively large, high volume fracture treatments.
Regulation of the oil and gas sector in Canada is designed to protect water resources during oil and gas development, including shale and tight development. Specific regulations vary between jurisdictions, but in all cases steel casing and cement are used to isolate and protect groundwater zones from deeper oil, natural gas and saline water zones.
Generally, all wastewater from hydraulic fracturing operations is collected and stored in enclosed tanks or impoundments with secondary containment to avoid potential soil infiltration. This wastewater can then be reused in other fracking operations or reinjected at depth in deep saline aquifers. Wastewater is not introduced into surface waters (e.g., lakes and streams) or into near surface aquifers used for potable water supply.
What chemicals are used in in hydraulic fracturing fluids?
During hydraulic fracturing, chemical additives (generally representing less than 1 percent of the fluid injected) are used for several purposes, mostly to increase the viscosity of the injected fluid, optimize post-fracturing water recovery or protect the production pipe casing from corrosion. The fracturing fluid used is specific to each operator and differs from one formation to another.
The chemical registry FracFocus.ca provides information related to additives used in hydraulic fracturing operations, methods of fracking and provincial regulations. Companies in British Columbia, Alberta and New Brunswick have a legal obligation to publicly disclose additives used in their fracturing fluids, and those regulated by the National Energy Board will soon have a similar requirement.
Besides water quality issues, there is also public concern related to water quantity requirements for shale and tight resource development.
Not all unconventional reservoirs require large amounts of water and high pressure to frack. The quantity of water required to stimulate a well depends mainly on the geology and rock properties of the reservoir, which determine the pressure, depth, length, and method of stimulation necessary to fracture the rock.
While industry has historically used slickwater in hydraulic fracturing operations (a mix of water, sand and chemical additives), other techniques include using foams (a mix of gas and water), liquid propane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and combinations of these methods.
Air Emissions
Another environmental concern related to shale and tight resource development relates to atmospheric emissions and air quality. Air contaminants, toxins and greenhouse gases can have impacts on population and ecosystem health on a regional scale, and on climate change on a global scale.
Most shale and tight gas plays currently being developed have low carbon dioxide content, similar to typical conventional gas production. Therefore, the greenhouse gas emissions per unit of shale and tight gas produced and consumed are similar to those from conventional natural gas production and use.
Does shale gas produce more greenhouse gas emissions than conventional gas? What about coal or petroleum products?
Lifecycle analysis considers all significant greenhouse gas emissions from all stages of production, processing, transportation and end-use of a fuel to provide a complete carbon footprint. Natural Resources Canada's GHGenius lifecycle analysis tool was used to model the greenhouse gas emissions of shale gas.
Overall, this research found that shale gas had slightly higher emissions than conventional natural gas (4 percent higher) but had much lower emissions (29 percent to 38 percent lower) than petroleum products or coal.
Whenever natural gas is produced and cannot be marketed or re-injected into an oil or gas well, it must be either vented or flared.
Some studies assert that large volumes of methane, a potent greenhouse gas that is the main component of natural gas, are vented to the atmosphere during shale or tight well construction. This is rare in Canada due to environmental, economic and safety considerations. Most provinces that have significant natural gas production also have initiatives to reduce venting and flaring of gas.
Environment and Climate Change Canada's greenhouse gas reporting program is for large facilities only. Hydraulic fracturing activities do not meet the threshold for reporting emissions, and most emission sources would occur at facilities not subject to reporting.
While provincial regulators set requirements and regulations for greenhouse gas emissions, these do not typically include small sources.
Methane leakage from wellbores has also been identified as a potential cause for atmospheric contamination (fugitive emissions) from both conventional and unconventional wells. In Western Canada, provincial monitoring requirements enable regulators to quantify fugitive emissions that come directly from the well.
Land Impacts
Common concerns related to potential land impacts of shale and tight development are footprint and induced seismicity.
The land-use footprint of shale and tight development is not expected to be much more than the footprint of conventional operations. Advances in horizontal drilling technology allow for many wells to be drilled and produced from the same site. With the use of well pads, where multiple horizontal wells are drilled from the same location, fewer access roads are required and the concentration of facilities and pipelines within the footprint further minimizes surface disturbance.
Most natural earthquakes in Canada occur in active seismic zones where hydraulic fracturing or deep-well wastewater injection is not taking place.
While hydraulic fracturing or deep wastewater injection can sometimes be linked to the occurrence of felt earthquakes, these events are usually relatively minor and rarely felt.
How does Natural Resources Canada monitor earthquakes and study induced seismicity?
Across Canada, there are more than 200 seismographs continuously recording local and global earthquake activity. Dense arrays of seismographs have been installed locally in several areas with hydraulic fracturing operations (e.g., northeast British Columbia) to decipher the source of tremors and to understand the rock reaction to hydraulic fracturing parameters.
In the case of areas with shale and tight reservoir development, the issue is to distinguish deep crustal events from shallow events linked either to fracking programs or to wastewater reinjection in deep aquifers.
Arrays of seismographs have also been deployed in the Northwest Territories and New Brunswick in areas of potential shale and tight reservoir exploration and development to monitor the regions' natural seismicity as a baseline.
Coal and CO2 Capture & Storage
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Natural Gas: A Primer
Liquefied Natural Gas: Properties and Reliability
Canadian LNG Projects
Frequently Asked Questions About Natural Gas Prices
The Refining Sector in Canada
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Electricity infrastructure
International energy cooperation
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Indigenous natural resources


The clinical studies included in this section attest to both the safety and effectiveness of Siliphos®, the active ingredient in UltraThistle®.
Pharmacological and toxicological results, added to those found from pharmacokinetic studies, have provided the basis for clinical testing of SILIPHOS®. Clinical studies, here reported, have been performed to evaluate the properties of this new complex in subjects with "pathological" impairment of liver function. The results, including the optimal tolerability obtained in these "extreme" clinical situations, give strong support for the use of SILIPHOS® in those "non pathological" conditions mostly associated with the action of damaging agents on liver cells. Vailati et al.18 performed an open randomized trial on 65 patients suffering from chronic persistent hepatitis.
This chart shows the dramatic decrease in elevated liver enzymes after just 7 days of using SILIPHOS® daily.
18. Vailati A., Aristia L., Sozzè E., Milani F., Inglese V., Galenda P., Bossolo P.A., Ascari E., Lampertico M., Comis S., Marena G., Fitoterapia 64, 219 (1993).
19. Marena C., Lampertico M., Planta Med. 57, suppl., A124 (1991).
20. Buzzelli G., Moscarella S., Giusti A., Duchini A., Marena C., Lampertico M., Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. Toxicol. 31, 456 (1993).
21. Moscarella S., Giusti A., Marra F., Marena C., Lampertico M., Relli P., Gentilini P., Buzzelli G., Curr. Ther.Res. 53, 98 (1993).


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BirdWatching • Hotspots • United States • Oregon • 146. Metolius Preserve, Camp Sherman, Oregon
146. Metolius Preserve, Camp Sherman, Oregon
An extensive tract of ponderosa pine and western larch that attracts migrating warblers and other songbirds in fall and is home to 10 species of woodpecker.
By John Shewey
On a sunny April morning I rolled down the windows, then reached for a jacket to fend off the crisp, pine-scented mountain air. Driving slowly, I soon heard the tinny, melancholic call of ubiquitous Red-breasted Nuthatches, a call a friend once likened to a duck on helium. I stopped and listened more intently because the area's ponderosa-forest birds tend to move about in gregarious associations.
Indeed, the calls of White-headed Woodpecker — the iconic species of the Metolius Preserve — joined a chorus that included Pygmy Nuthatch, Hairy Woodpecker, and to my delight, Williamson's Sapsucker, among the flashiest of the 10 species of woodpecker inhabiting this part of central Oregon. The title of prettiest woodpecker — and it's the woodpeckers that draw me to the preserve — may go to Red-breasted Sapsucker. I soon found one foraging in a larch tree, the spring sun beaming off the bird's ruby-red head.
Another reason to visit: migrating warblers and other songbirds in May and September. Lake Creek runs through the preserve, and its riparian habitat draws impressive numbers of warblers. — John Shewey
John Shewey is a longtime outdoors writer, editor, photographer, and amateur naturalist. He is the author of Complete Angler's Guide to Oregon (Wilderness Adventures Press).
Metolius Preserve is a 1,240-acre tract of ponderosa pine and western larch forest just west of Camp Sherman and about 15 miles northwest of the town of Sisters. From east- or westbound Hwy. 20, turn north on Jack Lake Rd. Drive about one mile and turn right on FR 1216, then go 1.8 miles to the north entrance road and turn right.
Metolius Preserve map (139 kB)
Click on the coordinates below to view location:
44°26'56.18″N 121°40'48.58″W
Ponderosa pine and western larch forest, numerous small burns and thinned areas, willow and shrub riparian habitat on Lake Creek.
Largely flat on dirt forest trails, totaling 10 miles, and dirt/cinder forest roads on the periphery.
Year-round: White-headed, Hairy, Downy, and Pileated Woodpeckers, Red-breasted, Williamson's, and Red-naped Sapsuckers, Black-backed Woodpecker (rare), Evening Grosbeak, Cassin's Finch, Red Crossbill, Steller's Jay, Red-breasted, Pygmy, and White-breasted Nuthatches, Bushtit, Mountain Chickadee, Ruffed and Sooty Grouse. Spring through early fall: Western Wood-Pewee, Olive-sided, Hammond's, and Dusky Flycatchers, Hermit Thrush, Western Bluebird, Western Tanager, Yellow-rumped, Hermit, Townsend's, Wilson's, Nashville, and MacGillivray's Warblers, Common Yellowthroat, Townsend's Solitaire, Cassin's Vireo.
Mid-April through mid-May for woodpeckers and warblers. September also excellent for species diversity. Sunny mornings are best.
A general store and a restaurant in Camp Sherman. Forest Service has campgrounds along the Metolius River. Guided hikes hosted by Deschutes Land Trust several times annually; see www.deschuteslandtrust.org/events.
Deschutes Land Trust preserve. No fees; drive-in access via all-weather forest roads to two primary trailhead/entrance sites, plus several informal entrance sites. Trail maps available at entrance kiosks.
To reach south entrance, turn off Hwy. 20 onto unmarked FR 2064 (0.7 miles west of FR 14). Go 2.6 miles, then follow signs to the preserve.
Deschutes Land Trust, (541) 330-0017.
← Back to Hotspots


Some of the most critical and foundational documents of the modern world have been created not by individuals but by a formal process of negotiation, usually involving a quasi-Parliamentary procedure of committees and sub-committees, often over extended periods of time. Examples include constitutions, treaties or ordinary legislation, together with documents such as the U.N. Declaration on Human Rights, or the foundational treaties of the European Union. The records of these negotiations can be extremely challenging to read as amendment after amendment adjusts the document under discussion in ways that were obvious to participants but which are difficult for readers to visualize, and negotiations stretch over months or years.
In October 2016 the www.quillproject.net platform was launched. This platform has been built to show both the chronology of events and the hierarchy of decision-making within a process of formal negotiation, while allowing users to view a reconstruction of the state of documents available to a committee during any moment of its deliberations.
This network emphasizes collaboration between projects and the integration of datasets across platforms for a seamless user experience. The launch conference for the Quill Platform showcased co-operation with educational non-profit organizations designing materials for classroom use, as well as a number of other digital research projects working on similar material but taking different approaches.
This network will build on the topics identified during the quillproject.net conference discussion, and refine and develop understanding of the problems posed by this material for researchers; promote an understanding of the existing tools for their exploration; investigate new ways to extend and integrate those tools; and explore new ways to present this category of material to a non-expert audience.
This network brings together researchers working on the records of formal negotiations, especially those using digital and statistical methodologies for research, or those seeking to use digital platforms for teaching and public engagement.


Dave Latham is the Green Party candidate in Belle Vue in the Shropshire local election. Our volunteers have been adding information on Dave Latham - here's everything we know so far!
If you can add information that should be on this page - such as Dave Latham's CV, statement to voters, email, homepage, twitter account please use our crowdsourcing website to add it.


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Image: State TV station SLRC taken over by pro Rajapaksa gang.
State-owned Lake House newspapers Daily News, Dinamina and Silumina Editorials were taken over by Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP) unions last night, Daily FT learns.A highly-placed source linked to Lake House told Daily FT that page one of today's Daily News had been changed by Mahinda Rajapaksa loyalists.No violence had been reported during what was termed as the "unofficial takeover" of Lake House.
aken place and he had been advised to leave the office immediately.


During this aftermoon from 18:00 we will organize a surprise event to reward the loyalty of our players, and help them to raise the level of your characters.
We hope you have a great time and you can spend an entertaining and fun evening in the online game Legend Of Mir Hispared.
We take this opportunity to thank you for your support and patience to this new project that we started a few months ago.


Personal, family and household debts are covered under the Act. This includes money owed for the purchase of an automobile, for medical care, for charge accounts, and other consumer loans.
A debt collector is any person, other than the creditor, who regularly collects debts owed to others. This includes attorneys who collect debts on a regular basis.
You may stop a collector from contacting you by writing a letter to the collection agency telling them to stop. Once the agency receives your letter, they may not contact you again except to say there will be no further contact. Another exception is that the agency may notify you if the debt collector or creditor intends to take some specific action.
If you have an attorney, the debt collector may not contact anyone other than your attorney. If you do not have an attorney, a collector may contact other people, but only to find out where you live and work. Collectors usually are prohibited from contacting these third parties more than once. In most cases, the collector is not permitted to tell anyone other than you and your attorney that you owe money.
Within five days after you are first contacted, the collector must send you a written notice telling you the money you owe, the name of the creditor to whom you owe the money, and what action to take if you believe you do not owe the money.
A collector may not contact you if, within 30 days after you are first contacted, you send the collection agency a letter stating you do not owe money. However, a collector can renew collection activities if they send proof of the debt, such as a copy of a bill for the amount owed.
Report any problems you have with a debt collector to the Department of Consumer Affairs and the Federal Trade Commission.
If you have questions about the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (PDF), or your rights under the Act, contact the Federal Trade Commission. Although the FTC generally cannot intervene in individual disputes, the information you provide may indicate a pattern of possible law violations requiring action the Commission.


text:
Argentina imposes currency controls to support economy
Monday - 02/09/2019 11:15
AFP / A Brazilian farmer walks through a burnt area of the Amazon in Rondonia state
Argentina has imposed currency controls in an attempt to stabilise markets as the country faces a deepening financial crisis.
The government will restrict foreign currency purchases following a sharp drop in the value of the peso.
Firms will have to seek central bank permission to sell pesos to buy foreign currency and to make transfers abroad.
Argentina is also seeking to defer debt payments to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with the crisis.
What has the government said?
In an official bulletin issued on Sunday, the government said that it was necessary to adopt "a series of extraordinary measures to ensure the normal functioning of the economy, to sustain the level of activity and employment and protect the consumers".
The central bank said the measures were intended to "maintain currency stability".
It also said that while individuals can continue to buy US dollars, they will need to seek permission to purchase more than $10,000 (£8,223.50) a month.
The measures will apply until the end of this year.
Is this the end of Macri's vision for Argentina?
Argentina minister defends peso amid default risk
What triggered the current crisis?
Argentina has been struggling with a financial crisis, which was exacerbated by the president's defeat in a recent primary poll.
The peso fell to a record low last month after the vote showed that the business-friendly government of President Mauricio Macri is likely to be ousted in elections in October.
Mr Macri was elected in 2015 on promises to boost Argentina's economy with a raft of liberal economic reforms.
But the country is in a deep recession. It has one of the world's highest inflation rates, running at 22% during the first half of the year.
Argentina's economy contracted by 5.8% in the first quarter of 2019, after shrinking 2.5% last year. Three million people have fallen into poverty over the past year.
How is the move likely to be received?
Ordinary Argentines have traditionally had little faith in their own currency, preferring to convert their spare pesos into dollars as soon as they can.
They don't trust financial institutions much either, so they resort to what is locally known as the "colchón bank" - that is, stuffing their dollars under the mattress.
Anecdotal stories abound of people keeping money buried in the garden, hidden in the walls or even stuffed in heating systems - occasionally with disastrous consequences if there is an unexpected cold snap.
When you consider Argentina's history of rampant inflation and currency volatility, they arguably have a point.
But it does mean that any restrictions on people's ability to buy dollars have an enormous psychological impact.
How does this compare with previous crisis measures?
The $10,000 ceiling for dollar transactions is certainly generous in comparison with past actions.
People still have bad memories of the "corralito", imposed in 2001, which stopped all withdrawals of dollars from bank accounts for a whole year.
The only serious attempt to wean Argentines off their dollar dependency dates back to the 1990s under President Carlos Menem, when the peso's value was fixed by law at parity with the dollar.
But that put the financial system under severe strain, leading to the economic meltdown of 2001-02.
How bad can Argentina's crisis get?
The country is struggling to stave off its fifth debt default in 30 years.
Last week, it said it would seek to restructure its debt with the IMF by extending its maturity. This would give the country more time to pay back the money it owes to the IMF.
Rating agencies, including Standard & Poor's and Fitch, decided that amounted to a default and downgraded the country's credit ratings.
Whatever happens in Argentina, the risk of financial contagion is low, say analysts.
Even in the rest of Latin America, markets are unlikely to suffer. The US-China trade war and the slowdown in global growth are much more of a threat.
How will this affect Argentina's forthcoming election?
The move will probably help to slow down the depletion of Argentina's foreign currency reserves in the run-up to the presidential election in October.
But it is a policy reversal for Mr Macri, who lifted capital controls in December 2015.
This sets "a worrying precedent", according to Edward Glossop, Latin America economist at Capital Economics.
Left-wing candidate Alberto Fernandez, the likely victor of next month's vote, has advisers who are sympathetic to capital controls, he said.
"The fact that these have now been introduced by President Macri could make it easier for Mr Fernandez to justify using them in the longer term," he added.
Keywords: Argentina
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US economic growth slows below Trump target (26/07/2019)


text:
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