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Proceedings Papers (38)
Proceedings Article (38)
Heat Transfer in Energy Systems (7)
Heat Transfer in Multiphase Systems (6)
Computational Heat Transfer (4)
Theory and Fundamental Research (3)
Heat Transfer Enhancement for Practical Applications (2)
Heat Transfer in Electronic Equipment (2)
Heat and Mass Transfer in Biotechnology (2)
Heat and Mass Transfer in Fuel Cells (2)
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Membranes (38)
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The Effect of Net-Type Spacer on the Performance of Direct Contact Membrane Distillation System for Seawater Desalination: Heat and Mass Transfer Analysis
Anas M. Alwatban, Ahmed M. Alshwairekh, Umar F. Alqsair, Abdullah A. Alghafis, Alparslan Oztekin
Proc. ASME. HT2019, ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference, V001T10A009, July 14–17, 2019
Paper No: HT2019-3673
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/HT2019-3673
Abstract This work aims to study the effects of the net-type spacer on the performance of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) modules. Laminar and k-ω SST turbulence models are used to conduct simulations in three-dimensional modules with and without spacers. The spacers are placed in the middle of the feed and permeate channel. The net type spacers of diameter 0.25 h and 0.5 h were considered, where h is the height of each channel. The inlet temperature of the feed and the permeate channel set to 353 K and 293 K . The feed Reynolds number is varied (500, 1500) while the permeate Reynolds number is fixed at 330. We revealed that the presence of spacer in the flow channels mitigates both the temperature and the concentration polarization and yields higher vapor permeation. We also showed that the module containing larger size spacers yields better flux performance and lower level of temperature and concentration polarization. Moreover, the modules containing spacers become more efficient as the feed flow rate is increased.
Topics: Heat, Mass transfer, Membranes, Polarization (Electricity), Polarization (Light), Polarization (Waves), Seawater, Temperature
Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Vapor Permeation in Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation Systems for Sea Water Desalination
Umar F. Alqsair, Anas M. Alwatban, Abdullah A. Alghafis, Ahmed M. Alshwairekh, Alparslan Oztekin
Abstract Computational fluid dynamics simulations are conducted to study the performance of the sweeping gas membrane distillation module (SGMD) for seawater desalination process. The main objective of this work is to study the effect of membrane properties on the membrane flux performance and temperature and concentration polarization characteristics of the module. CFD simulations are conducted in a three-dimensional module to characterize the steady-state velocity, temperature and concentration field in the feed and permeate channel. The Reynolds number for the feed and the permeate stream are set to 900 and 2000, and thus the laminar flow model is adapted for each channel. The effects of the porosity and the membrane thickness are varied while the pore size is fixed for the parametric study. It is revealed that the membrane thickness has a profound influence while the membrane porosity has a slight influence on the SGMD performance. We observed a high level of temperature polarization within the module, which adversely affects the system performance. Remedies for mitigating temperature polarization should be considered for future studies.
Topics: Heat, Mass transfer, Membranes, Seawater, Vapors, Temperature, Polarization (Electricity), Polarization (Light), Polarization (Waves), Computational fluid dynamics
Performance Evaluation of Multi-Stage Shell and Tube Transport Membrane Condenser Heat Exchangers for Low Grade Waste Heat and Water Recovery
Soheil Soleimanikutanaei, Cheng-Xian Lin, Dexin Wang
Proc. ASME. HT2017, Volume 1: Aerospace Heat Transfer; Computational Heat Transfer; Education; Environmental Heat Transfer; Fire and Combustion Systems; Gas Turbine Heat Transfer; Heat Transfer in Electronic Equipment; Heat Transfer in Energy Systems, V001T09A020, July 9–12, 2017
In this work for the first time the performance of multi-stage shell and tube Transport Membrane Condenser (TMC) based heat exchangers are evaluated numerically. The present heat exchanger is design to work under high pressure and temperature condition for both heat and water recovery in Oxy-Combustion processes. TMC heat exchangers use the nano-porous and ceramic membrane technology to extract the water vapor and latent heat of condensation from the flue-gas. The most important application of TMC heat exchangers is in the power plants which the water vapor in the presence of other non-condensable gases (i.e. CO2, O2 and N2) exist. Effect of the different arrangement of the multi-stage shell and tube TMC heat exchangers, number of branches and number of heat exchangers in each branch on the heat transfer and water recovery have been studied numerically. A single phase multi-component model is used to assess the capability of single stage TMC heat exchangers in terms of waste heat and water recovery at various inlet conditions. Numerical simulation has been performed using ANSYS-FLUENT software and the condensation rate model has been implemented applying User Define Function. Finally, an optimum configuration for the TMC heat exchanger unit has been proposed and the results of numerical simulations are depicted in terms of temperature and water vapor mass fraction contours.
Topics: Condensers (steam plant), Heat exchangers, Membranes, Performance evaluation, Shells, Waste heat, Water reuse, Water vapor, Computer simulation, Condensation
Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer and Condensation Rate in Two-Stage Transport Membrane Condenser Heat Exchanger Units
Proc. ASME. HT2016, Volume 1: Heat Transfer in Energy Systems; Thermophysical Properties; Theory and Fundamentals in Heat Transfer; Nanoscale Thermal Transport; Heat Transfer in Equipment; Heat Transfer in Fire and Combustion; Transport Processes in Fuel Cells and Heat Pipes; Boiling and Condensation in Macro, Micro and Nanosystems, V001T01A004, July 10–14, 2016
Heat and water recovery using Transport Membrane Condenser (TMC) based heat exchangers is a promising technology in power generation industry. In this type of innovative heat exchangers the tube walls are made of a nano-porous material and have a high membrane selectivity which is able to extract condensate water from the flue gas in the presence of the other non-condensable gases such as CO 2 , O 2 and N 2 . Considering the fact that for industrial applications, a matrix of TMC heat exchangers with several TMC modulus in the cross section or along the flow direction is necessary. Numerical simulation of multi-stage TMC heat exchanger units is of a great importance in terms of design, performance evaluation and optimization. In this work, performance of a two-stage TMC heat exchanger unit has been studied numerically using a multi-species transport model. In order to investigate the performance of the two-stage TMC heat exchanger unit, parametric study on the effect of transversal and longitudinal pitches in terms of heat transfer, pressure drop and condensation rate inside the heat exchangers have been carried out. The results indicate that the heat transfer and condensation rates both increase by reducing TMC tube pitches in the second stage and increasing the number of TMC tube pitches in the first stage of the units.
Topics: Condensation, Condensers (steam plant), Heat exchangers, Heat transfer, Membranes, Carbon dioxide, Computer simulation, Condensed matter, Design, Energy generation
Energy Performance of Sustainable Roofing Systems
David J. Sailor, Prem Vuppuluri
Proc. ASME. HT2013, Volume 4: Heat and Mass Transfer Under Extreme Conditions; Environmental Heat Transfer; Computational Heat Transfer; Visualization of Heat Transfer; Heat Transfer Education and Future Directions in Heat Transfer; Nuclear Energy, V004T13A002, July 14–19, 2013
Paper No: HT2013-17535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/HT2013-17535
This study presents efforts to analyze how sustainable roofing technologies can contribute to the energy budget of buildings, and the resulting implications for heating and cooling energy use. The data analyzed in this study were obtained from a field experiment performed on a four story warehouse/office building in Portland, Oregon USA. The building's roof includes a 216 panel, 45.6 kW solar photovoltaic array in combination with 576 m 2 of vegetated green roofing. While most of the surface consists of green roof shaded by photovoltaic panels, the roof also has test patches of dark membrane, white membrane and un-shaded green-roofing. Interior and exterior surface temperatures were monitored over a period of two years and heat flux into the building is estimated using a finite difference conduction model. On average, the black roof membrane was the only roof that caused a net heat gain into the building in the summer. In the winter, all four roofing technologies resulted in net heat losses out of the building. Both the PV-shaded and un-shaded green-roofs indicated a net heat loss out of the interior of the building during both the summer and winter. This latter effect is largely a result of green-roof evaporative cooling — which can benefit air conditioning demand in summer but may be undesirable during heating-dominated seasons.
Topics: Green roofs, Roofs, Membranes, Heat losses, Air conditioning, Energy budget (Physics), Energy consumption, Evaporative cooling, Heat, Heat conduction
Measurement of Heat Transfer Enhancement and Pressure Drop Across Eddy Promoter Air Screens in a Liquid-to-Air-Membrane Energy Exchanger (LAMEE)
Ashkan Oghabi, Davood Ghadiri Moghaddam, Carey Simonson, Robert W. Besant
Proc. ASME. HT2013, Volume 2: Heat Transfer Enhancement for Practical Applications; Heat and Mass Transfer in Fire and Combustion; Heat Transfer in Multiphase Systems; Heat and Mass Transfer in Biotechnology, V002T04A001, July 14–19, 2013
In liquid-to-air membrane energy exchangers (LAMEEs), the heat and mass transfer resistances in the air channel are dominant. An eddy promoter air screen can effectively enhance the heat and mass transfers in the air channel. In this study, the heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop across three different eddy promoter air screens in an air channel are experimentally investigated. Eddy promoter air screens are comprised of plastic ribs in the stream-wise direction and aluminum cross-bars normal to the air flow direction. A low speed wind tunnel test facility, which simulates the air channel of a LAMEE is designed to measure the friction factor and enhanced convective heat transfer coefficient in the air channel with an eddy promoter air screen. Tests were conducted at Reynolds numbers of 920, 1550, and 2160. In this paper, the effects of the spacing of the cylindrical bars and plastic ribs on the heat transfer performance are studied experimentally. Also, the performance of eddy promoter air screens as a function of enhanced heat transfer coefficient and increased pressure drop is investigated. Results show that the eddy promoter air screens have the highest efficiencies at Reynolds of 1550 and double the convective heat transfer coefficient of the air with respect to a smooth channel.
Topics: Eddies (Fluid dynamics), Heat transfer, Membranes, Pressure drop
Microscale Phase Separation Through Nanoporous Membranes
Abdy Fazeli, Saeed Moghaddam
This paper presents an experimental study on bubbles extraction from a two-phase flow in microchannels. The bubbles were extracted through a hydrophobic porous membrane covering the microchannels. The two-phase flow was generated through mixing water and air at a T-junction positioned before a microchannel on a microfabricated device. To study the effect of different parameters on the extraction rate, an extensive parametric study was conducted. The parametric space included variations of the channel depth, pressure difference across the membrane, and water and air flow rates. Differential pressure across the membrane was found to be the most critical factor impacting the bubbles extraction rate. Also, the effect of flow quality on the extraction rate was determined to be insignificant. Furthermore, it was found that at a critical velocity a liquid layer forms between the bubbles and the membrane and consequently the bubbles cease to extract.
Topics: Membranes, Microscale devices, Phase separation, Bubbles, Microchannels, Pressure, Two-phase flow, Water, Air flow, Flow (Dynamics)
Investigation of Microboiler for Discarded Thermal Scavenging
S. Thapa, J. Fang, D. Wood, L. Weiss
This paper presents detailed fabrication and operational characterization of a MEMS based microboiler designed to scavenge waste thermal energy from sources like transportation or industry. Microboiler operation is based on capillary action that drives the working fluid from surrounding reservoirs to the surface that is heated by the waste thermal energy. As a result of phase change from liquid to vapor, pressure is created inside the enclosed central steamdome. This pressurized vapor can be made available to another MEMS device (PZT membranes, thermoelectric, etc.) to produce useful power output. In contrast to previous work, the new miniature microboiler design has undergone several modifications that improve operating efficiency. Capillary channels that were designed in linear fashion have been upgraded to a radial layout. This modification facilitated boiler enhancements in capillary flow, operating pressure, and rate of mass transfer. Capillary channels are formed from the silicon substrate with 50 μm widths and 100 μm depths. Power inputs of 2W, 3W and 4W are utilized to characterize performance. Maximum energy absorption via phase change of working fluid was 1.6 mW given a source temperature of 128 °C. The maximum steady state operating pressure achieved during testing was 3.65 kPa.
Topics: Absorption, Boilers, Capillarity, Design, Flow (Dynamics), Fluids, Manufacturing, Mass transfer, Membranes, Microelectromechanical systems
Physics of Membrane-Based Desorption Process From LiBr Solution Flow in Microchannels
Rasool Nasr Isfahani, Saeed Moghaddam
This study investigates the physics of water desorption from a lithium bromide (LiBr) solution film. The study was conducted on a membrane-based desorber in which the solution flows through an array of microchannels capped by a porous membrane. The membrane allows the vapor to exit the flow and retains the liquid. The solution film velocity and thickness as well as the solution and vapor pressures are independently controlled. Effects of different parameters such as wall temperature, solution and vapor pressures, solution flow velocity, and the solution inlet temperature on desorption rate were studied. Two different mechanisms of desorption are observed and analyzed. These mechanisms consisted of: (1) direct diffusion of water molecules out of the solution and their subsequent flow through the membrane and (2) formation of water vapor bubbles within the solution and their exit through the membrane. Direct diffusion was the dominant desorption mode at low surface temperatures and its magnitude was directly related to the vapor pressure, the solution concentration, and the heated wall temperature. Desorption at the boiling regime was predominantly controlled by the solution flow pressure. Overall, an order of magnitude higher desorption rate compare to a previous study on a membrane-based desorber was achieved.
Topics: Desorption, Flow (Dynamics), Membranes, Microchannels, Physics, Vapor pressure, Diffusion (Physics), Temperature, Wall temperature, Water
Experimental Study of Water Vapor Absorption Into Lithium Bromide (LiBr) Solution Constrained by Superhydrophobic Porous Membranes
Proc. ASME. HT2013, Volume 1: Heat Transfer in Energy Systems; Thermophysical Properties; Theory and Fundamental Research in Heat Transfer, V001T01A021, July 14–19, 2013
An experimental study on absorption characteristics of water vapor into a thin lithium-bromide (LiBr) solution flow is presented. The LiBr solution flow is constrained between a superhydrophobic vapor-permeable wall and a solid surface that removes the heat of absorption. As opposed to conventional falling film absorbers, in this configuration, the solution film thickness and velocity can be controlled independently to enhance the absorption rate. The effects of water vapor pressure and cooling surface temperature on the absorption rate are studied. An absorption rate of approximately 0.005 kg/m 2 s was measured at a LiBr solution channel thickness and flow velocity of 160 μm and 4 mm/s, respectively. The absorption rate increased linearly with the water vapor driving potential at the tested solution channel thickness. The high absorption rate and the inherently compact form of the proposed absorber promise compact small-scale waste heat or solar-thermal driven cooling systems.
Topics: Absorption, Lithium, Membranes, Water vapor, Flow (Dynamics), Cooling, Cooling systems, Film thickness, Heat, Pressure
Steady-State Performance of a Prototype (200 cfm) Liquid-to-Air Membrane Energy Exchanger (LAMEE) Under Summer and Winter Test Conditions
Davood Ghadiri Moghaddam, Gazi Mahmood, Gaoming Ge, John Bolster, Robert W. Besant, Carey J. Simonson
Liquid-to-air membrane energy exchangers (LAMEEs) are a new generation of energy exchangers in air-conditioning systems to transfer both heat and moisture. In this paper, the performance of a 200 cfm LAMEE is numerically and experimentally investigated under summer and winter test conditions when Lithium Chloride (LiCl) is used as a salt solution in the exchanger. The results show that the LAMEE has almost the same total effectiveness at summer and winter conditions, but the latent effectiveness of the LAMEE is higher at the summer conditions. Also, the agreement between the experimental and numerical results is acceptable for all the tests, and they are within their uncertainty ranges except for the latent effectiveness of the LAMEE tested under winter test conditions.
Topics: Engineering prototypes, Membranes, Steady state, Air conditioning, Energy generation, Heat, Lithium, Uncertainty
Surface Characterization Studies of Thiols as a Blocking Mechanism for Specific Adsorption for Application of Charge Selective Membrane Transport
Damena D. Agonafer, Edward Chainani, Muhammed E. Oruc, Ki Sung Lee, Mark A. Shannon
Proc. ASME. HT2012, Volume 2: Heat Transfer Enhancement for Practical Applications; Fire and Combustion; Multi-Phase Systems; Heat Transfer in Electronic Equipment; Low Temperature Heat Transfer; Computational Heat Transfer, 795-799, July 8–12, 2012
This paper proposes the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to measure characteristics of gold (Au)-coated membranes and their inherent limitations. In this work, the fabrication of a membrane permeate flow cell is described with the aim of subsequently studying the transport of ions through conductive polycarbonate track etched membrane (PCTE) by interrogating the system using EIS and CV measurements. In particular, we would like to ascertain the voltage range that can be applied to the Au-coated membrane without getting a considerable faradaic activity; the difference between platinum and Au electrode; the effects of different electrolyte concentrations and various applied DC potentials. We extend our previous work done [1] by studying the differences of using a hrydroxyl and methyl terminated self assembled monolayer (SAM). We also extend the quality of the monolayer with respect to the amount of time in which the monolayer is grown. Finally, finding the voltage in which a 'defect free' monolayer transforms from insulative to 'leaky' behavior extends a detailed analysis of the critical voltage of an alkane thiol.
Topics: Membranes, Surface characterization, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Electrodes, Electrolytes, Flow (Dynamics), Ions, Leakage, Manufacturing, Platinum
Thin Film Evaporation Using Nanoporous Membranes for Enhanced Heat Transfer
Rong Xiao, Shalabh C. Maroo, Evelyn N. Wang
Recent advancements in integrated circuits demand the development of novel thermal management schemes that can dissipate ultra-high heat fluxes with high heat transfer coefficients. Previous study demonstrated the potential of thin film evaporation on micro/nanostructured surfaces [1–11]. Theoretical calculations indicate that heat transfer coefficients on the order of 10 6 W/m 2 K and heat fluxes of 10 5 W/cm 2 can be achievable with water [1, 5–6]. However, in previous experimental setup, the coolant has to propagate across the surface which limits the increase in heat flux and the heat transfer coefficient, while adding complexity to the system design. This work aims to decouple the propagation of the coolant from the evaporation process through a novel experimental configuration. Thin nanoporous membranes of 13 mm diameter were used where a metal layer was deposited on the top surface to serve as a resistance heater. Liquid was supplied from the bottom of the membrane, driven through the nanopores by capillary force, and evaporated from the top surface. Heat transfer coefficient over 10 4 W/m 2 K was obtained with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as the coolant, which is only two orders of magnitude smaller than the theoretical limit. This work offers insights into optimal experimental designs towards achieving kinetic limits of heat transfer for thin film evaporation based thermal management solutions.
Topics: Evaporation, Heat transfer, Membranes, Thin films, Heat transfer coefficients, Coolants, Flux (Metallurgy), Heat, Thermal management, Design
Modeling Convective Boiling in Single Diverging Channel With In-Situ Vapor Extraction
Saran Salakij, James A. Liburdy, Deborah V. Pence
The present work shows the potential of using a diverging channel with in-situ vapor extraction as a means to reduce flow instability in microscale flow boiling. It has been shown that diverging channel helps stabilize convective boiling flow. In-situ vapor extraction is proposed as an alternative method that helps further stabilize flow boiling. The main concept of in-situ vapor extraction is to reduce the vapor available inside the channel where it forms by locally extracting vapor through a hydrophobic porous membrane that forms a wall of the channel to stabilize the flow and reduce pressure drop along the channel. In-situ vapor extraction of boiling flow in a microchannel also has the potential to reduce the required pressure to drive the flow through the channel without losing the benefit of convective boiling heat transfer. In this study, four microchannels, each with a range extraction pressures, are evaluated using a one-dimensional predictive model. Each channel is 50 mm and has a mid-channel width of 500 microns and height of 500 microns. The half angle of divergence of the channels varies: 0, 0.11, 0.23, and 0.34 degrees. Wall heat flux values range from 13.3 to 133 W/cm 2 . Extracted mass flow rates, global pressure drop across the channels, and quality at the channel outlet are presented as a function of heat flux and extraction pressure. Local variations of pressure, quality and bulk fluid temperature are also presented. Stability is predicted by a newly proposed criterion applicable for a diverging channel with in-situ vapor extraction. The results show that in-situ vapor extraction significantly reduces pressure drop for all channel configurations. Although the drop in pressure across the diverging channels is less influenced by vapor extraction than the non-diverging channel, the coupling of diverging channels and vapor extraction considerably improves the predicted stability of the flow.
Topics: Boiling, Modeling, Vapors, Flow (Dynamics), Pressure, Pressure drop, Heat flux, Microchannels, Stability, Flow instability
Numerical Simulation of Fluid Transport in a Single Micro-Nano Pore of Porous Membrane
Yang Chu, Junfeng Lu, Wen-Qiang Lu
Proc. ASME. HT2009, Volume 2: Theory and Fundamental Research; Aerospace Heat Transfer; Gas Turbine Heat Transfer; Computational Heat Transfer, 823-831, July 19–23, 2009
In this paper, Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) methods are used to respectively simulate the flow and mass transfer phenomena inside a pore at microns scale, and then at nanons scale. The trans-membrane filtration velocities acquired using SPH method are in good agreement with the results calculated by simplified K-K equation when the pore's diameter of the membrane is between 1 μm and 200 μm . The simulation accuracy is also discussed in the paper. However, the MD numerical results reveal that the micro-scale effect dominates and could not be neglected near the wall surface inside a nano sized pore. In this size, slip boundary appears at the wall surfaces. This situation is different from the flow in macro-scale that the velocity at the wall could be considered as zero. The MD numerical results also reveal the variational nature of the viscosity with the applied body force. Finally, we find that the ultra-filtration velocity acquired by MD simulation is different from the results estimated from the simplified K-K equation in nano-scale.
Topics: Computer simulation, Fluids, Membranes, Filtration, Flow (Dynamics), Hydrodynamics, Mass transfer, Microscale devices, Molecular dynamics, Molecular dynamics simulation
Heat and Mass Transport Analysis of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell With Bipolar Plates
Pavan Kumar Konnepati, Pradip Majumdar
Fuel cells convert chemical energy of fuels into electricity directly. Their higher efficiency and low emissions made them prime candidates for next generation power requirements. The Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell has gained attention of both transportation and stationary power generation industries. In this study a three-dimensional computational model for the simulation of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell unit cell is developed to understand the complex internal mechanisms, and evaluate the effects of bipolar plate designs on the cell performance. The model includes combined heat and mass transfer processes due to convection and diffusion in the gas flow channels of bi-polar plates as well in the gas diffusion layers of the electrodes, and associated electrochemical reactions in a tri-layer PEM fuel cell. Simulation is carried out with straight parallel channels for operating current density in the range from 0.5–1.5 A/cm 2 showed significant insight details of PEM fuel cell in terms of distribution of reactant gases, and heat and water transport across the cell. A significantly high variation in gas concentration across the electrode–membrane interfaces and along the channel length is noticed, requiring higher stoichiometric ratios to increase the limiting current density.
Topics: Heat, Plates (structures), Proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Proton exchange membranes, Fuel cells, Current density, Electrodes, Simulation, Chemical energy, Convection
Influence of Pressure Drop in PEM Fuel Cell Stack on the Heat and Mass Balances in 100 kW Systems
Takamasa Ito, Jinliang Yuan, Bengt Sunde´n
Proc. ASME. HT2007, ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference, Volume 2, 15-24, July 8–12, 2007
Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems have been studied as the alternatives of the internal combustion engine systems. However, these systems are not appearing in daily life yet, due to the high cost, shortage of infrastructure, technical issues, etc. Concerning technical issues, water/thermal management is a critical one to keep high proton conductivity in the electrolyte membrane for the design of PEM fuel cell systems. Therefore, the heat and mass balances in the PEM fuel cell system have been studied for a long time. However, the influence of stack design on the power and heat generation have not been deeply discussed yet. In this study, influence of the pressure drop and maldistribution in a PEM fuel cell stack on the heat and mass balance in the 100 kW systems was studied. It has been found the heat load in the radiator is reduced by the consideration of the pressure drop in the stack. This is because of the reduction of the water condensation in the stack. The amount of heat, which is reduced in the radiator, is mostly shifted to the condenser for the water recovery. As a conclusion, it can be argued that, by involving the influence of pressure drop in the stack, the amount of heat load in the radiator is reduced about 5%. This is mostly due to less water condensation in the stack. This reduced heat is shifted to the condenser. It corresponds to about 10% increase in the heat load in the condenser. The design of the radiator and condenser must consider this shift in heat load due to the pressure drop in the stack.
Topics: Heat, Pressure drop, Proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Condensers (steam plant), Stress, Water, Condensation, Design, Proton exchange membranes, Electrolytes
Visualization and Measurement of Dynamic Water Behavior in PEFC by Neutron Radiography
Tadanobu Ueda, Nobuyuki Takenaka, Hitoshi Asano, Kazumi Tanimoto, Ko-Ichi Mochiki, Yuji Kawabata, Masahito Matsubayashi
Hydrogen gas and air are supplied in saturated moist condition to keep a membrane wet in a PEFC. Condensation may occur in the cathode by the FC reaction, since air is saturated moist condition. The condensed water may affect on the fuel cell performance. It is very important for the design to know the water behaviors. In this study, in-situ visualization of an operating PEFC was carried by neutron radiography with the cell voltage measurements. A JARI standard cell was improved for the visualization with the same performance. Water distribution in the fuel cell could be quantitatively measured from visualized images via some image processing methods. The relationships between the water distributions and cell voltage fluctuations were clearly shown from the visualization and measurement results. The difference in water distribution for three types of gas supply channel was clearly shown.
Topics: Neutron radiography, Visualization, Water, Fuel cells, Water distribution, Condensation, Design, Fluctuations (Physics), Hydrogen, Image processing
Study on Molecular Thermal Energy Transfer in a Lipid Bilayer
Takeo Nakano, Taku Ohara, Gota Kikugawa
In recent studies, lipid bilayers attract a great deal of interest as a material for nanoscale structure. Some devices utilizing lipid bilayers, which include various kinds of sensors and molecular sorting devices, have been proposed. Understanding of thermal energy transfer in the lipid bilayers plays an important role in developing such devices with nano structures. In this study, we have investigated the energy transfer along and across the bilayer membrane by molecular dynamics simulations of the lipid bilayer in liquid water. We found that along the bilayer, the thermal energy is transferred by the interaction principally between water molecules and barely between lipid molecules. On the other hand, in the latter case, total thermal resistance of the lipid bilayer structure is composed of the thermal resistance of the structure's various parts, including water, head group of lipid, and tail hydrocarbon chain of lipid, which show different values. It is found that the tail hydrocarbon chains have the highest thermal resistance.
Topics: Heat transfer, Lipid bilayers, Thermal resistance, Water, Chain, Energy transformation, Membranes, Molecular dynamics simulation, Nanoscale phenomena, Nanostructures
Temperature and Concentration Simulations in the Methanol Steam Reformer
Yen-Cho Chen, Rei-Yu Chein, Li-Chun Chen
Proc. ASME. HT2008, Heat Transfer: Volume 1, 167-171, August 10–14, 2008
The methanol steam reforming plays an important role for hydrogen supply to the proton membrane exchange fuel cell in the portable power applications. The catalyst coating on the walls of channels is often used in the fabrication of the reactors in the reformer to minimize the pressure loss. In this study, the temperature and concentration fields in the reactors for the methanol steam reforming were investigated numerically. The methanol conversion is usually used to evaluate the performance of the reformer. The effects of the inlet gas temperature in the heat supply channel and inlet velocity in the reforming channel on the performance of the methanol steam reforming are presented.
Topics: Engineering simulation, Methanol, Simulation, Steam, Temperature, Steam reforming, Catalysts, Coating processes, Coatings, Fuel cells


The TTS-2000 is a complete TETRA Site Survey Test Device that measures of the RSSI Field Strength of the TETRA carier, along with all reported neighbor cells. The data is stored as a -dBm value together with the location coordinates, bit error rate, antenna gain or attenuation value, and the RSSI values from all reported neighbor cells.
Once per second (or distance depending), all relevant TETRA parameters like RSSI, LAC, Channel number and coordinates are shown on the iPad in big, well readable numbers. Data is also stored to a csv file format for easy importation into Microsoft Excel for further study. The device can be operated for several hours with the internal rechargeable battery, or plugged into an external 12V power source for additional duration. Once the measuring process is completed, the csv-based data can be sent on a WiFi or GSM network with just a finger tip to any e-mail address.
With the powerful Google Maps based application viewer "CoverMap", the user can view the data as graphical coverage overview on a PC or process it with his own Excel application. Users may also simulate certain conditions like switching off Base Stations, or setting –dBm levels, to check network response in extreme conditions.
The TTS-2000 is installed in a small Pelicase box of only about 24 * 11 * 19 cm and can be used in a car or - due to its very light weight - for handheld operations.


Ez Sez: Seen the spoof Times?
Seen the "future version of the NY Times" spoof?
This week, 1.2 million fake copies of the New York Times were handed out on the streets of NYC by volunteers working for the Yes Men.
The papers were dated July 4, 2009 and had utopian headlines (and even ads) reflecting a world of monumental positive changes.
This prank, not endorsed by the actual New York Times (though they swiftly covered it) took six months to plan and pull off. It must be seen to be believed.
Watch a video with info on how it was pulled off and with reaction by people on the streets of NYC.
Such an interesting project -truly makes those of us who work in media think twice about its impact.


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Future of Research issues response to NIH RFI on need for an Administrative Data Enclave
May 30, 2019 | Data, Ideas for change, NIH | 0 comments
The NIH recently issued a request for information (RFI) seeking input on the need for an administrative data enclave. The RFI is here and a blogpost related to the RFI is here. Given the lack of information about the NIH-funded workforce, and particularly the non-investigator workforce it supports, we have submitted a response, detailed below the text for the RFI copied below.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH), Office of the Director, Office of Extramural Research (OER) issues this Request for Information (RFI) to gauge interest in NIH expending funds to develop, host, and maintain a secure environment (data enclave) that would allow approved research organizations-controlled access to structured, de-identifiable NIH administrative and scientific information not made available to the public. (NOT-OD-19-085)
The NIH is committed to transparency about its research investments and currently makes grant award information available to stakeholders (e.g. grantee institutions, researchers, professional organizations, the public) through web-based self-service tools. Currently RePORTER provides the public a searchable public repository of NIH-funded projects, and ExPORTER provides bulk files on funded projects for download. These tools contain non-sensitive information on NIH funded projects, including the institutions and principal investigators funded by NIH, with project abstracts and basic administrative data on those grant awards.
In recent years NIH has noted an increasing demand for access to sensitive information collected via the grants process. Such data includes information on peer review outcomes, progress reports, as well as, demographic information such as age range, sex/gender, race and ethnicity of individuals listed in NIH grant applications, etc. A recent report released by the Advisory Committee to the NIH Director on Next Generation Researchers calls for an increase in NIH administrative data for members of the biomedical research community. To address this demand, the NIH is considering making sensitive data available in accordance with the federal system of record; collection, maintenance and dissemination of the data governed by the Privacy Act 1974, as amended, in a secure data enclave accessible only upon request through an approved Special Data Access Agreement (SDAA).
NIH has an obligation to ensure the protection of sensitive information collected through the grants process in accordance with federal laws. Prior to receiving data access, organizations would be required to enter into an SDAA with NIH to gain access to records that would be made available in a controlled virtual environment or designated physical location. The SDAA would require inclusion of a previously funded research plan that would need to be approved by the organization for submission to NIH. The SDAA and accompanying research plan would undergo review by an internal NIH committee and the OER Privacy Officer before access would be granted.
There will be costs, likely in the millions of dollars, for NIH to create a secure data enclave that allows NIH-funded researchers interested in using the secure data enclave to establish "seats". These "seats" would allow researchers to access data within the secure enclave and would provide researchers the ability to export data. The organization and researcher would agree in writing to adhere to Federal IT security and privacy policies as well as other statutes, policies, and regulations as appropriate. An NIH federal official or authorized system manager would need to pre-approve any de-identified aggregate data exported from the secure environment.
The NIH seeks input on any of the following:
Examples of NIH mission relevant biomedical and behavioral research using a data enclave that cannot be pursued currently.
Whether the benefits of the proposed data enclave are worth repurposing NIH research funds to establish, maintain and operate the data enclave.
Preferences and considerations about accessing a data enclave only at a designated physical location or within a virtual environment.
Quantity of seats desired if NIH decides to make a substantial investment to sponsor access to sensitive data as allowable under the applicable federal laws in a secure virtual or physical environment.
Examples of procedures an organization would implement to ensure the highest level of data protections, as well as to monitor, document, and notify NIH of any unauthorized and/or inadvertent data breaches.
Examples of outputs from approved research and how these may be shared with NIH.
See Guide Notice NOT-OD-19-085 for more information."
FoR Response
Our organization has been part of a community of researchers attempting to address the gaps that currently exist in the literature about the size, structure, and diversity of the biomedical research workforce. As an example, data that are not currently available include basic information about the NIH's workforce, particularly its training workforce. The NIH uses language referring to its workforce to refer to its funded investigators, whereas in fact this represents a small portion of the actual workforce that NIH supports.
The number of pre-independent researchers currently supported by NIH is an example of an unknown, that hinders many efforts to understand the nation's investment in biomedical training and labor. In order to identify these individuals, it is necessary for graduate students and postdoctoral researchers on both training mechanisms and research project grants to be identified and counted by the National Institutes of Health, for while a differentiation may be made on the basis of "trainee" vs "staff" depending on the type of funding support, in practice all carry out the work and research of similar nature. Indeed, under Title 2, section 200.400(f) of the Code of Federal Regulations, "For non-Federal entities that educate and engage students in research, the dual role of students as both trainees and employees contributing to the completion of Federal awards for research must be recognized in the application of these principles." Identifying these researchers would address issues brought to the Advisory Committee to the Director in the Biomedical Workforce Working Group Report of 2012 (https://acd.od.nih.gov/documents/reports/Biomedical_research_wgreport.pdf) and allow analyses building on recent work investigating the importance of, for example, training awards in the NIH-funded biomedical workforce (https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622886v1). Causal analyses of various funding mechanisms and analyses of the types of research and researchers who submit to NIH, and who do or do not obtain funding, could be possible (and are desirable) using such data.
In addition, such a data enclave could facilitate other causal analyses of the return to investments in biomedical research in terms of scientific output, technological improvements, and the economy.
Supporting such critical infrastructure would be a valuable way of supporting and encouraging research that has high potential value to NIH. NIH's inability to accurately report the number of postdoctoral researchers currently in its workforce has become a cause for concern across the research enterprise and has led to greater Congressional interest (and is in part an issue that has led to the Congressional push for the Next Generation Researchers Initiative, and the related National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine study on barriers facing the next generation of researchers (https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25008/the-next-generation-of-biomedical-and-behavioral-sciences-researchers-breaking), which re-identified the lack of transparency about the pre-independence workforce as a major factor preventing success in fostering the next generation of researchers). Therefore it would appear to be in NIH's interests to ensure such a data enclave allowing such research to take place, particularly if this research is allowed to take place outside of NIH, thus reducing NIH staff costs to carry out research about the system and instead allow the wider research community to conduct such studies.
The NIH could leverage existing secure data systems. A virtual environment such as the NYU Administrative Data Research Facility (ADRF, https://coleridgeinitiative.org/assets/docs/adrf_summary.pdf) or the Institute for Research on Innovation and Science (IRIS, http://iris.isr.umich.edu/) would greatly improve access relative to a physical enclave. Among physical enclaves, the Census's Federal Statistical Research Data Center (FSRDC, https://www.census.gov/fsrdc) network would be the most natural environment. All three enclaves already contain a wealth of complementary data, are designed to facilitate secure access and data linkages, and have established affiliated researchers. They are likely to be less expensive to operate than an NIH-only system, to be more accessible to more researchers, and already house a wealth of complementary data.
Indeed, we would again point the attention of NIH to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine report, "Breaking Through" (https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25008/the-next-generation-of-biomedical-and-behavioral-sciences-researchers-breaking), which was mandated by the US Congress under the 21st Century Cures Act to recommend steps to NIH to improve the transition to independence of early career biomedical and behavioral sciences researchers. The report contains the following recommendation, which is directed primarily at NSF, which has the mission of tracking the nation's scientific workforce:
"Recommendation 3.4:
The National Science Foundation (NSF) should develop and implement a plan to improve sectorwide data collection and analysis in a manner that is easily accessible by policymakers and integrates data from numerous other sources. NSF should expeditiously link the Survey of Doctorate Recipients and the Survey of Earned Doctorates to U.S. Census data, and those linked data, under strict confidentiality protocols, should be made available for qualified researchers to use at Federal Statistical Research Data Centers to better understand the biomedical workforce."
We would endorse NIH seeking to establish a collaborative effort involving any or all of the organizations mentioned here.
The estimates of the size of the current research community suggest that demand is likely to be on the order of 20-40 research teams per year, with teams having multiple users provided that costs and terms of access are reasonable and the data can be or are linked to other data of interest.
List examples of outputs from approved research and how these may be shared with NIH.
NIH has convened a number of conferences and working groups over the years drawing on Science of Science and Innovation researchers, and we would highlight the work of the SciSIP community that NIGMS is currently supporting (https://loop.nigms.nih.gov/tag/science-of-science/). A meeting of this community took place at NIH in 2016 with attendance from members of our organization, and a standing annual meeting would be a natural way to identify ideas of interest to NIH, provide feedback to researchers, and for researchers to disseminate their findings. Indeed such research would likely be of use to working groups at the National Institutes of Health, particularly in facilitating prediction of the effects of policy recommendations from groups such as the Next Generation Researchers Initiative, and could be integrated into such discussions with inclusion of researchers using the data enclave for this very purpose.
As mentioned above, NYU's ADRF, Michigan's IRIS Enclave, and Census's FSRDC network already implement best practices to ensure the highest level of data protections, as well as monitoring, documenting, and notifying stakeholders of unauthorized access and/or inadvertent data breaches.
We would like to thank Dr. Bruce Weinberg for sharing comments and thoughts related to this RFI in a public forum.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Brian Drouin
@briandrouintv bdrouin@whyy.org
Producer Brian Drouin has been with WHYY … well since before your cell phone got "smart."
He began working in television as an intern with NFL Films, before beginning with WHYY as a production assistant during the live membership campaigns. After four years of pledge, he moved on to the newsroom of Delaware Tonight, as the assistant director. Once that ended, First began and Brian moved into the director chair.
Brian also produces the weekly arts and culture segment of First called "First Experience."
On his off time, Brian enjoys playing with his son, reading and painting. He dreams of one day being bitten by a spider and waking to find his superpowers.
More from the Contributor
Sequins, beads, humor and Voodoo flags: The art of Nancy Josephson
A self-taught artist, Nancy Josephson mixes 'blingy stuff' together with taxidermy and busts of people to make art that will 'surprise and delight.'
Animals, people and even family bring Delaware folk artist's paintings to life
Kathy Buschi considers herself a folk artist. Self-taught, she adds life to her local scenes of Delaware by using people, animals and the occasional family member.
A tea caddy collection with a Broadway connection on display in Delaware
Mark Bramble is a Broadway author and producer best known for '42nd Street' and 'Barnum. A portion of his mother's tea caddy collection is on display now in historic Odessa.
The art of photography, through the lens of Delaware's Carlos Alejandro
To Carlos Alejandro, fine art photography is the expression of ideas and he has been expressing those ideas for over 40 years.
Daughter-in-law of famed artist Pablo Picasso visits Delaware school
Pablo Picasso died in 1973, but his paintings and legacy live on. His daughter-in-law recently visited with some Delaware school children to talk about his work.
Delaware's Oddporium is part museum, part store, and all a little odd
From skulls and bones to electroshock therapy equipment and a cycloptic pig — take a peek inside the Oddporium. Delaware's first and only shop for the peculiar and bizarre.
Painting can be frightening, so one Delaware artist revels in touch of glass
Artist Deborah Johnson finds painting to be scary and intimidating, but when working with glass, she knows just what to do.
Delaware artist invites you to his 'Vibe Realm'
By day, Michael Kalmbach is the founder and director of the Creative Vision Factory, in Wilmington. When he isn't working to help others through art, Kalmbach makes his own.
Exploring the artistic legacy of George A. 'Frolic' Weymouth
Perhaps best known for his legacy of philanthropic work, Weymouth was also an accomplished painter. A new exhibit at the Brandywine River Museum of Art looks at this legacy.
Delaware carver brings out the personality in fruits and vegetables
For more than three decades, Craig Trostle has made the food taste better with his unique carvings.
Taking the ordinary and making it extraordinary: The art of Nick Serratore
From his Milton, Delaware, studio, Nick Serratore takes the landscapes around him and makes them his own.
Cancer survivor keeps the spirit of Elvis alive in Delaware
Bob Lougheed is a pancreatic cancer survivor. Now he and his band The Memphis Mafia are keeping the spirit of Elvis alive and giving back at the same time.
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Raquel Fidalgo has just finished performing Esquiva, which was choreographed by Catarina Moreira. Earlier this week she told us that she wanted to express the culture of Portugal through her dance. Portugal won the Eurovision Song Contest earlier this year, could Raquel do the double? Read more about her here.
Denise Buttigieg makes magic for Malta!
Denise Buttigieg was third on stage tonight in Prague. The young dancer performed a daring, contemporary piece called Q.W. The performance was choreographed by Joeline Tabone. Despite being only 16, Denise has already won two scholarships to study abroad. Read more about her here.
Danila Kapustin grew up in Lithuania where he started figure skating at the age of six and dancing ballet at the age of eight. Tonight he represented Germany with his performance of Desde Otello. The accompanying music is called Amor dov'è la fe, composed by Claudio Monteverdi. Read more about him here.
Anna Louise Amundsen has just performed These Days for Norway on the Eurovision Young Dancers stage. Her piece was choreographed by Tine Erica Aspaas and the music she danced to was composed by Ane Brun. Find out more about her here.
The stage is set! Eurovision Young Dancers is live at 20:00 CET!


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Chicago counterfeiter gets prison for bogus bills passed at Tanger Outlets
Criminal groups from Illinois are coming to western Michigan to pass counterfeit money, including a trio arrested last fall for passing fake $100 notes.
Author: John Hogan
GRAND RAPIDS, Mich. — An Illinois man who passed fake $100 bills at Grand Rapids area businesses, and then got into a crash while fleeing police, was sentenced to prison Thursday for what the judge called "a very calculating attempt to defraud and rip off people of Kent County.''
Trent Young was the head of an Illinois trio arrested in October for passing counterfeit bills at 13 shops at Tanger Outlets in Byron Township.
"It was a very focused attack on a single retail location,'' Kent County Sheriff's Sgt. Joel Roon said. "The number of stores that this group was able to hit in a very short amount of time was staggering.''
Young, a convicted felon who's been arrested in multiple states, fought with police and had to be subdued with a taser after he was found hiding in a backyard shed.
Kent County Circuit Court Judge Curt Benson called the crime spree "well planned out.''
"It required planning. It required equipment. It required labor. It required you to drive 180 miles from Chicago to Kent County,'' Benson said. "So it was a very well thought out, very calculating attempt to defraud and rip off people of Kent County.''
Benson sentenced Young to between five and 20 years on numerous offenses, including organized retail crime and passing counterfeit bills.
Prior to sentencing, Young, 27, asked for leniency, saying he had a difficult childhood. "I grew up very, very poor; I pretty much raised myself,'' he told the judge.
Benson noted that Young was on parole from Illinois and out on bond from Wisconsin when he was arrested. His prior convictions include armed robbery, burglary, selling drugs and battery of a police officer.
"It tells me that you pose a threat to society whether you live in Michigan, Illinois or Wisconsin,'' Benson said. "When you got caught, the wheels came off. You took off running; you put people's lives at risk.''
The Kent County Sheriff's Department was called to Tanger Outlets on Oct. 4 on a counterfeit money complaint involving $10 bills that had been bleached and reprinted to make them look like $100 notes.
Credit: John Hogan
Thirteen businesses reported to mall security that three people passed multiple counterfeit $100 bills, court records show. Mall security reported the trio left in a silver Chevrolet Impala.
Responding deputies pursued the fleeing vehicle, but terminated the chase when the driver, identified as Young, started weaving in and out of traffic.
The fleeing vehicle crashed at 84th Street and Burlingame Avenue SW. Young ran into a subdivision and was found hiding in a garden shed.
"Mr. Young didn't cooperate with anything from start to finish in this investigation, including coming out of that shed,'' Roon said.
Inside Young's car, police found retail bags from more than two dozen stores, including those at Tanger Outlets.
"So this was the type of thing where they were hitting store after store, and unfortunately, Tanger was just one stop along the way,'' Roon said. "This didn't appear to be the first time that they'd ever done this.''
THE CHICAGO CONNECTION:
In a separate case, three Chicago men appeared in Grand Rapids federal court on Monday, July 8 for passing counterfeit money throughout western Michigan.
The three - Charles B. Winston, Demetrius D. Taylor and Derrick D. Taylor - were linked to counterfeit money in Big Rapids, Grand Rapids, Grand Haven and Norton Shores.
They're also linked to counterfeit activity in Illinois, Indiana and Missouri, federal court records show.
Federal investigators say $1 bills were bleached and printed over to appear like $100 bills. Passing counterfeit U.S. currency is punishable by up to 20 years in prison and a $250,000 fine.
"I would say probably over the last year or so, we've seen more of the bleached notes being passed locally,'' said Steven McMahon, resident agent in charge of the U.S. Secret Service office in Grand Rapids.
"Oftentimes, counterfeiters are trying to purchase items that are small to maximize the amount of money they get in return,'' McMahon said. "It's really almost targets of opportunity.''
Roon, the Kent County sergeant, said it is not uncommon for counterfeiters to travel out-of-state to pass bogus currency.
"The bad guy understands that if they go and commit a crime elsewhere and are able to make it out of that area, it makes it a little more difficult for the police to catch up with them,'' Roon said. "That's just a reality of the game.''
Have a news tip? Email news@13onyourside.com, visit our Facebook page or Twitter.


SKU: RS-Icon-0100. Category: Icons. Tags: bible, christianity, church, green, icon, orthodox, silver, virgin of tenderness, yellow.
When resorting to "The Virgin of Tenderness" they pray for the healing of ailments.
The icon was placed in the cell of Ven. Seraphim of Sarov, who anointed the sick with the oil from the lamps lighting before the icon, and sick were cured.
Ven. Seraphim went to the Lord before the icon, another name of which is "The Joy of all Joes".
Our Lady ia traditionally depicted in a maphory (a shawl of married women covering head and shoulders) and a tunic (long dress).
The three stars on her clothes of the virgin – one on the forehead and two on her shoulders – symbolize that Mary was a virgin before, during and after the birth of Christ.
The inscription on the Icon is given by tradition in the Greek abbreviation: ΜΡ QΥ (Mother of God).
The feast day of "The Virgin of Tenderness" is August, 10.


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Scientists Discover Innovative Technique to Wake Up Dormant HIV
Published Tuesday, October 11, 2016
A team from the University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre has developed an innovative technique to identify the cells that hide HIV in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART).
Persistent reservoirs of HIV not cleared by ART represent the main barrier to a cure.
Dr. Marta Massanella"We can wake up the virus and then find the rare cells that have been hiding it at very low numbers, a limit of one cell in a million," lead author Dr. Daniel Kaufmann said in a press release on the findings, featured in the September issue of Cell Host & Microbe.
amfAR-funded grantees Drs. Marta Massanella, Rémi Fromentin, Nicolas Chomont, and Andrés Finzi were coauthors on the study.
"This is an unprecedented level of accuracy, which opens the door to individualized monitoring of HIV-positive patients and could facilitate the development of personalized treatments," Kaufmann said.
HIV replicates primarily in CD4+ T lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. While drugs are generally successful in controlling viral load in infected individuals, some viruses remain "hidden" for years and can reemerge if patients stop treatment.
With his team, Kaufmann developed a technique for detecting HIV reservoirs, an approach likened to taking a photo of each individual cell hiding the virus. It is considered 1,000 times more accurate than current technologies.
Dr. Nicolas ChomontOnce the reservoirs are found, the researchers can use a "shock and kill strategy," shocking the dormant HIV so that drugs or the immune system can kill it.
"These cells are extremely rare and hard to find," Chomont said. "Using this method we can actually see them, and if we can see them we can study them. If we know where they are and what they look like, that will give us an edge in eliminating them.
"We can apply this technology to study tissues as well. We know the virus hides in the gut, the brain, and the lymph nodes."
For the study, researchers analyzed the blood of 30 patients infected with HIV, both before the patients started ART and after, and found the virus in CD4+ T lymphocytes in almost all of them.
They then tested two latency-reversing drugs: bryostatin and a derivative of ingenol, which were developed to fight cancer but may be useful in curing HIV. They found that the two drugs wake up different populations of CD4+ T lymphocytes, thus stirring different reservoirs. Bryostatin induced virus expression mostly from effector memory T cells, while the ingenol derivative acted across a broader range of reservoir cell types.
Kaufmann's research also revealed that the virus hides in different places in different patients, which means treatment will have to be adjusted depending on its specific hiding places in each case.
"To minimize the virus pools, we will have to assess patients and tailor 'shock and kill' therapies to their profiles," he said.
Massanella said the technique represents an advantageous tool for the specific and sensitive detection of latently infected cells.
"It allows not only a precise quantification of the size of the HIV reservoir but also enables a phenotypic characterization of cells harboring HIV," she said. "Therefore, this will allow the development of targeted HIV cure strategies and vaccines eliciting immune responses capable of eliminating specifically HIV latently infected cells."
The researchers are planning to evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs to awaken similar virus reservoirs in monkeys and determine where the virus is hidden. The hope is to begin clinical trials in a few years.


Determined Vision - Christopher Cook Crafted with advise from Ryan Wright, Justin Clark, Michael Hall, Timothy Lopez, Scott Gonzalez, Nicholas Taylor, Anthony Rodriguez, Christopher Hall, Ryan Walker, John Young, Robert Smith, George Miller, Robert Evans, Andrew Evans, Charles Perez, Ryan Anderson, Samuel Davis, Joshua Hernandez, Timothy Campbell, Timothy Scott.
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10 STARTUPS WITH FAILURES WORTH $100M+
By Sakshi Somani
Hold your breath, we are gonna talk about some of the most expensive startup flameouts across the globe. And few of them might make you go WT*! In this article, there is a compilation of the most well-funded startup companies that ultimately failed or had an undesirable exit, such as an asset sale or an acquisition for less than the total funding raised by the company. The reasons for failure are varied. But a few common threads do emerge, such as an inability to generate sustainable revenue, bad product-market fit, losing to competitors, and (of course) simply running out of money.
1. SOLYNDRA
Select VC investors: Redpoint Ventures, US Venture Partners
Total disclosed funding : $1.22B
Even industry heavyweights such as China's Suntech Power Holdings Co Ltd and U.S.-based First Solar Inc are struggling with dwindling profits, while small, up-and coming solar companies are finding it increasingly difficult to stay afloat. Solyndra said it was evaluating options, including a sale of the business and licensing its copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) technology.
2. JAWBONE
Select VC investors: Khosla Ventures, Sequoia Capital, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers
Total disclosed funding: $929.9M
In July 2017, device maker Jawbone became one of the most spectacular failures in the history of startups. The company's the announcement that it was selling off its assets was long coming: despite grabbing $930M in funding during its 17-year lifespan, Jawbone failed to hold on to significant market share for its line of headsets, fitness trackers, and wireless speakers. With its demise, Jawbone becomes the second-costliest VC-backed startup failure of all time.
3. REVISION OPTICS
Select VC investors: Technology Partners, DCM Ventures, BP Alternative Energy Ventures
Total disclosed funding: $614M
Revision Optics developed an implantable corneal device to treat presbyopia, a vision a condition which results in the loss of the eyes' ability to focus on nearby objects. In an interview with OIS Weekly, ReVision president and CEO John Kilcoyne called the presbyopia segment "very challenging." He said the reason for shuttering ReVision was that the company "could not get the business to grow fast enough." The firm would have needed significantly more capital to achieve positive cash flow, and the investors were reluctant to put more money in. Corneal inlays may yet find their place in ophthalmologists' business models, but as of now, they require more time and effort in a practice than either refractive or cataract surgery, which typically involves the operation itself and one follow-up visit. "Ophthalmic surgeons do not want to keep seeing their patients," Kilcoyne said.
4. ABOUND SOLAR
Select VC investors: InterWest Partners, Canaan Partners, Domain Associates, ProQuest Investments
Abound Solar was the manufacturer of cadmium telluride thin-film photovoltaic modules for solar panels. During its run, the company received support from institutions like Colorado State University and the National Science Foundation. In addition to its VC investors, the startup was heavily backed by a loan from the US Department of Defense and a grant from the US Department of Energy. With $614M in total disclosed funding when it went under in 2012, the company is the third costliest startup failure in our database.
5. PRIMARY DATA
Select VC investors: Battery Ventures, Lightspeed Venture Partners, Accel, Pelion Venture Partners
Primary Data's problem from the outset was that its technology was never quite as compelling as it needed to be, given that it was trying to sell mission-critical software. If it's not up to snuff, data virtualization software can create challenges with manageability, usability, data quality and performance. Immediately upon joining Primary Data, former CEO Lance Smith realized that its burn rate was out of control, particularly for a company with no revenue. But while the processes Smith instituted helped, they didn't change the fact that Fortune 500 companies weren't prepared to buy Primary Data's technology.
6. CHACHA
Select VC investors: Qualcomm Ventures, Rho Ventures, VantagePoint Capital Partners
Advertising revenue declined sharply in 2016, leaving the company unable to service its debt, and no suitors took a bite. So its secured lender, which founder Scott Jones didn't name, recently emptied ChaCha's bank accounts. "We sold some assets, but not enough to sufficiently cover all of our obligations," Jones said in an email Monday morning. "Unfortunately, our debtholders and shareholders, including me, will be writing off their investment."
7. AOPTIX TECHNOLOGIES
Select VC investors: Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, Lehman Brothers, Clearstone Venture Partners Total
Long-time Free-Space Optics (FSO) player AOptix shut up shop and sold off its assets at auction in June 2018 and the company is currently trying to shop around its intellectual property. A source tells that AOptix's hybrid radio-FSO units were expensive, selling for up to $80,000 a link. Carriers in the US and beyond are looking at wireless backhaul as an alternative to fibre, but the expectation is that it should be cheaper and easier to install as well.
8. GUVERA
Select VC investors: AMMA Private Investment
Australian music streaming company Guvera has reportedly stopped operating, with its co-founder
and biggest financial backer walking away from the project. The startup, which was established in 2008, privately raised $185 million before its $100 million initial public offering was blocked by the Australian Securities Exchange last year. Guvera's IPO prospectus was widely criticized and the company was forced to issue an updated version with 45 amendments after scrutiny from the Australian Securities and Investments Commission. The company had lost $81 million in the 2016 financial year with revenue of just $1.2 million.
9. MODE MEDIA
Select VC investors: Accel Partners, Draper Fisher Jurvetson, Greycroft Partners
"The general consensus of the employee base is that there was mismanagement of finances," said one former company executive. The day after the shutdown the announcement, one Mode manager of an overseas office described receiving frantic emails from headquarters requesting immediate transfer of all funds and assets back to the US. "It was the most unprofessional, unethical experience imaginable. A confirmed catastrophe," another exec said about the shutdown. "It's so catastrophically unethical. No one can believe it."
10. BEEPI
Select VC investors: SAIC Motor, Foundation Capital, Gil Penchina, Redpoint Ventures
Riding on the hype of transportation startups and marketplaces, Beepi may have raised too much, too soon. "They were running the business to raise money, and then to get someone else to take it on," was how one person described it. One investor in the startup said that the founders were too aggressive in pushing for higher valuations. Indeed, co-founder Alejandro Resnik, the CEO, told in 2015 that it was looking to raise a "monster round" of $300 million at a $2 billion valuation to fuel its national expansion.
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Hagerstown Animal Removal experts is a full-service wildlife animal control company located in Washington County, Maryland. We provide Animal Control services to remove nuisance wild animals such as Birds, Bats, Bees, Squirrels, Groundhogs, Snakes, Mice, Skunks, Raccoons, Possums, and Rats. We are Hagerstown's nuisance animal removal specialist. Some of the areas we service include Hagerstown, Halfway, Williamsport, Saint James, Robinwood, Maugansville, and Maryland.
We specialize in the removal and control of wild nuisance pest animals from your Washington County home or business. Animal removal in Hagerstown is closely regulated by the County of Washington and by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources to ensure humane and proper treatment of the wild animals of Washington County. Before you hire any animal removal company in Hagerstown, you should check to make sure they have the proper nuisance wildlife permit from the Maryland Department of natural resources. Also, make sure that they have the proper insurance and license before they perform any type work to your home or business. The most common animal problems in Hagerstown MD, that animal removal expert resolve is squirrel removal, raccoon removal, rat removal, possum removal, skunk removal, rodent removal, bird removal, mice control, and bat removal.
Hagerstown Squirrel Removal is a very common call in the spring and fall. Squirrels take advantage of the very close housing in Hagerstown and are often seen jumping from rooftop to rooftop and running back-and-forth on the power lines. Squirrel Removal and Squirrel control in Hagerstown is on the rise and should be handled as soon as a squirrel problem is discovered in your home or attic. The last thing you want to do is allow the squirrels to stay in your attic! Many homeowners in Hagerstown Maryland area have need for squirrel removal and control however they do not know who to call. Hagerstown squirrel removal should be handled in a timely fashion so the squirrels do not chew your wiring and dig holes in your sheet rock as they are in the birthing process in the attic area of your home. Squirrels are usually tree dwelling animals, nut in the areas of Hagerstown, Maryland these animals are often seen running along power lines and along our Hagerstown streets and byways. This nest should not be a welcome guest in your home. As soon as you become aware of a squirrel living in your attic or other area of your home you should immediately contact a professional Hagerstown squirrel removal agent.
Hagerstown Raccoon Removal is another common animal removal problem we deal with in Washington County. Raccoons are very clever animals and they have learned to adapt very well to the suburban environment of Hagerstown, MD. Raccoons dig through trash, dig up yards and destroy everything to obtain food. Raccoon Removal in Hagerstown is critical as the raccoons will get into the attic of your home and do a large amount of damage in a short period of time. Raccoons should not be allowed to stay in your Hagerstown attic and should be removed as soon as they are discovered. Raccoons can be one of the most destructive animals in MD; Raccoons are responsible for over $2 billion annually of the insurance claims throughout the United States. The distractions that raccoons do to your Hagerstown area home can be astronomical. The damage that raccoons do in Hagerstown area homes are as follows: raccoons tear up your ductwork, raccoons soil your insulation, raccoons cause damage to your attic vents and lastly raccoons pose a threat to your family's health by possibly bringing in diseases that are easily spread to humans. Hagerstown raccoon removal is on the rise in this animal should not be allowed to spend another night in your Hagerstown area home.
Hagerstown Bat Removal has been on the rise for the last several years. Bats have been found in the Washington County Courthouse, Washington County, Maryland churches and many houses throughout the entire County of Hagerstown, Maryland. The most common problem associated with bats in your attic is the large amount of bat guano that builds up in your attic over a period of time. Bats should never be allowed to stay in your attic. As soon as bats are discovered in your attic call a bat removal and bat control professional in Hagerstown immediately, especially an expert at Bat Exclusion. Bat removal in Hagerstown has been on the rise for the last 10 years the cases in this Hagerstown of bat guano and bat guano cleanup has risen significantly over the past three years. The average cost of bat removal in Hagerstown is relatively low in the initial stages however if this bat problem is allowed to remain, the cost of the removal of bats in your Hagerstown attic goes up significantly. There are costs associated with the guano removal from the attic area of your home. Also there should be some degree of biohazard cleanup that goes along with having a bat infestation in your Hagerstown, MD attic.
Hagerstown Rat Removal is a very common pest problem and a common complaint received in the areas of Hagerstown Maryland. Rats and mice can be found living in attics, crawlspaces, garages, and in the basements of homes and businesses throughout Hagerstown, MD. These pests will also take up residence in sheds, barns, outbuildings and even in cars. Rats will seek any opportunity for shelter if an access can be gained by these pests. Rat control and rat removal should be initiated as soon as a rat has been discovered in a home or business. Rats are very quick breeding pest and a small pest problem can quickly turn into a rat infestation. Rats pose dangers by chewing wires and on any structure which can lead to fires. Hagerstown Wildlife Professionals have the knowledge and training to get the job done quickly and humanely. Rats living in an attic or crawlspace can also contaminate the insulation with rat droppings and urine.
Hagerstown Skunk Removal is another common animal that is found in Hagerstown and the complaints that we receive are numerous. The most common being skunks digging under the stoops or steps of your house to gain access to a decent place to live. This becomes a problem if a homeowner has a dog and the dog and the skunk meet. The one that usually wins is the skunk. Never try to deal with a skunk removal problem yourself, always contact a professional skunk removal expert. Skunks are a unique animal and we have found that they do some really strange things in the Hagerstown, MD area. One of the more interesting things that we have found that it's specifically to Hagerstown, MD is the skunks big under your front porch and has skunk babies underneath your front steps. There are several other areas in the United States that this happens but Hagerstown is one of the few areas that this is a prevalent problem. Don't let the skunks of Hagerstown overtake your home give the professionals listed on this page a call that today to have your skunks removed from your Hagerstown home.
A Hagerstown Possum Removal specialist can minimize damage caused to your garden and home. Opossums or possums can wreak havoc on your Hagerstown garden and sod. These rat-tailed mammals may hit even closer to home by causing damage to your house as they try to gain entry. Possums will take up residence under sheds, in hot tubs and outbuildings. A shed is normally elevated off the ground and is perfect for raising a possum family.
Opossums are North America's only marsupial, which means that opossum babies live in their mother's pouch. Opossums are white or gray with long, pointed faces, and bodies about the size of a house cat. Opossums' 50 teeth number more than any other North American mammal, and their canine fangs are very visible. Opossum or Possum Removal should be initiated as soon as the animal has been discovered living in your area. Hagerstown is home to some very large Opossum or Possums and some exceed 20 pounds! The Possum is also called a Virginia Opossum. Opossum or Possum Removal should only be attempted by people who understand the danger this animal can present. Hagerstown Animal Removal experts understand this danger and have the tools and training to safely handle these very strong animals. Hagerstown animal control experts are your local professionals for Opossum or Possum Removal.
Hagerstown Bird Control is a common service needed by both homeowners and businesses of Hagerstown Maryland. Birds cause billions of dollars in damages annually. Most damage is caused from bird droppings. Birds, particularly pigeons and starlings commonly roost on buildings, and cause a mess with their droppings.
Common services offered by our wildlife company include bird netting, bird spiking, bird fogging, and other types of bird deterrents. For homeowners they often cause a different problem, birds commonly will make their nest in vents. Typically birds in vents occur during the spring time as they are preparing a place to have their young. You may first discover you have a bird problem when you start to hear noises in the vent, and if the problem is not corrected right away the birds will have their babies and the vent will begin to take on a foul odor from the waste products of the baby birds. It is always suggested to correct an animal problem as soon as it is discovered to avoid extensive damage to your home of business. Bird control experts can solve all types of bird problems whether it is a bird in vent, or a bird roosting problem we have the solutions for bird control!
Snake removal in Hagerstown is a common call that most pest control companies are not prepared to handle in an efficient way. Some snake jobs will actually require the physical removal of the actual snake, other snake removal jobs may require an exclusion or sealing of a home to prevent reentry by snakes such as black rat snakes, copperheads, rattlesnakes and other types of snakes that are known to coexist around homes and buildings. Snake Control Experts are trained to catch both venomous and nonvenomous snakes. Snakes can be removed from in businesses, homes, basements, garages, and all other places a snake may invade your Hagerstown Maryland property.
These are just a few of the more common animal removal calls we deal with in Hagerstown, MD. We can also help with other animal removal problems related to birds, foxes, coyotes, beavers and any wildlife that is found in the state of Maryland. We are a privately held company and do not deal with dog or cat calls, please call your local County Animal Control office for this, (301) 733-2060 or after hours or you can visit them at 13011 Maugansville Rd Hagerstown, MD 21740.
Serving all of Washington County Maryland including Hagerstown, Halfway, Williamsport, Saint James, Robinwood and Maugansville Maryland. Wildlife Removal services provided in Zip Codes 21740, 21741, 21742, 21746 21747, and 21749.


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Matching learning and teaching styles in a Turkish EFL university classroom and its effect on foreign language development
Çekiç, Hasan
The learning style movement, i^hich evolved from previous research on various theories in relation with individual learner differences such as personality trait, information processing, and aptitude-treatment interaction, is a new approach to teaching- According to the advocates of the learning style approach, learning style represents each person's biologically and experientially induced characteristics that either fester or inhibit achievement. Several instruments have been developed for identifying individual styles, but learners can describe their strong preferences; they âre, however, unaware of those style elements that do not affect: their learning. Elements that learners strongly prefer are their 5 trengths-meaning that it is easier for them to absorb and retain when they are taught through their strengths. Working with more than 21 elements of style, the researchers in the field have reported consistently positive results indicating that teaching through learners' strengths increase academic achievement, and improves attitudes toward school. Perception, being one of the learning style elements, has also been investigated by the learning style researchers from different points of view. For example, research investigating perceptual modality preferences and reading treatments supports the hypothesis that reading achievement improves significantly when students learn through their strongest modalities (Carbo, 1983). In addition, research comparing the learning styles of good and poor readers indicates that poor readers have different perceptual style preferences (Carbo, 1983; Dunn, 1984) In this study, which was conducted with Turkish foreign language (English) students at Anadolu University, the hypothesis that there is a relationship between matching perceptual teaching/1 earning styles and academic achievement in grammar and reading courses tested. The study was carried out with 60 students (ten of whom dropped later) and four English language teachers. The researcher's concern in selecting them as subjects was that the student subjects were taught by the same teachers for almost 7 months. After identifying students' and teachers' perceptual 1earning/teaching styles, the student subjects were assigned either to experimental or control groups. Students whose perceptual learning styles matched their teachers' teaching styles were placed in the experimental groups, and students with unmatched learning styles were placed in control groups. Then a matched pairs t-test was performed in order to compare the gain scores of the groups, obtained by means of pre and posttests. However, the analysis of the data did not show statistica11y significant relationship. Although the findings of the study did not confirm the experimental hypothesis, the analysis of the data by means of SPSS revealed some results which were consistent with the findings of previous research. There was, for example, a significant relationship between sex and visuality. That is, female subjects were more visual than the male ones. In addition, the analysis showed a higher correlation between kinesthetic and tactile, and kinesthetic and auditory learning styles whereas it indicated a slightly negative correlation between auditory and tactile; visual and kinesthetic; and auditory and visual modalities. Apart from these relationship and corre 1 ations, a general tendency among Turkish EFL learners toward kinesthetic learning style was observed. These all may have some implications for teaching English as a foreign language to Turkish 5 tuden t s .


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Casino Answers » Slots » Rabcat Slots » Forsaken Kingdom Slot
Forsaken Kingdom Slot
Microgaming officially unveiled Forsaken Kingdom—the designer is Rabcat Gambling—via its Microgaming Quickfire on March 4, 2015, but reports about its work in progress had dated from 2012. Forsaken Kingdom is a slot game adaptation of the Arthurian legend—captivating (romantic) stories revolving around the 5th century British ruler King Arthur who is notable for neutralizing Saxon invasions. The Castle Builder series is another kingdom-inspired product developed in-house.
The words "forsaken" and "kingdom" collectively refer to King Arthur's ill-fated rule, which ended after Queen Guinevere's extra-marital affair with knight Lancelot ignited a bloody civil war. Subtitled "the path of valor", Forsaken Kingdom players are expected to have two, three, four, or five matching Arthurian symbols so as to win.
Forsaken Kingdom Game Characteristics
The Forsaken Kingdom's 5X3 grid is the deciding factor for the non-fixed twenty pay lines. These are the eleven Forsaken Kingdom symbols: 10, J, Q, and K in gothic fonts and medieval decorations; an image of a castle; medieval black knight; a youthful King Arthur; a sword; a free spins-activating shield; and "Wild" Lady Guinevere dressed in red.
On the Forsaken Kingdom interface, players decide if to adjust downwards the active pay lines out of its default twenty lines; and choose if to adjust downwards the bet value from the default $2.00 value. Forsaken Kingdom's minimum total bet is $0.01, when a $0.01 bet is staked for a lone pay line; the $40.00 maximum total bet results from staking a $2.00 bet for each and all of the twenty pay lines, which can be directly set using the "max bet". The nine Forsaken Kingdom bet values are $0.01, $0.02, $0.05, $0.10, $0.20, $0.25, $0.50, $1.00, and $2.00.
The manhole-like icon at bottom centre is for prompting spins. The bet amount-based Forsaken Kingdom payouts are generous as exemplified by a $40.00 maximum bet in the dynamic pay table. The respective payments for two, three, four, and five matching symbols are: "10" symbol pays $4.00, $6.00, $10.00, and $20.00; "J" symbol pays $4.00, $8.00, $20.00, and $50.00; Q offers $6.00, $10.00, $50.00, and $150.00; K offers $10.00, $14.00, $100.00, and $200.00.
The castle image offers $0.00, $20.00, $100.00, and $500.00; the black knight pays $0.00, $30.00, $200.00, and $1000.00; the armored King Arthur offers $0.00, $50.00, $400.00, and $2000.00; the sword offers $0.00, $400.00, $4000.00, and—a non-progressive jackpot of—$40000.00.
Forsaken Kingdom game has three different bonus sections: an "eternal love bonus" when the king and Lady Guinevere appear on one top-row reel; an "epic battle" bonus after getting the king and Black Knight on one top-row reel; and the bet-multiplying "Round Table of Fortune" that is activated by a dozen knights circling a table, which can be boosted by progressively collecting knights using 2+ shields on the twelve places encircling the spin icon. More than three Shields offer free spins ,ranging from five to twelve.
The Forsaken Kingdom software and the ambient sounds are good; but the game stands out especially because of its hyperealistic 3D graphics such as the kingdom in flames, the artistic impression of king Arthur's round table, and the composed, alert, and combat-ready King Arthur camouflaged in his kingdom's ruins.
Luck in Forsaken Kingdom
A game of luck, Forsaken Kingdom RTP rate is 96.33% and the house edge is 3.67%.


text:
namespace Moonlit.Mvc.Maintenance.Migrations
{
    using System;
    using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;

    public partial class AddLengthOfRoleName : DbMigration
    {
        public override void Up()
        {
            AlterColumn("Roles", "Name", c => c.String(nullable: false, maxLength: 32, storeType: "nvarchar"));
        }

        public override void Down()
        {
            AlterColumn("Roles", "Name", c => c.String(maxLength: 32, storeType: "nvarchar"));
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Craig Mack, one of the artists who laid the foundation for Bad Boy Records, has died, the label's former director of marketing Michelle Joyce confirmed.
"If Berry Gordy had Smokey Robinson and 'Shop Around' to launch Motown we had Craig Mack with that single 'Flava in Ya Ear,'" former Bad Boy president Kirk Burrowes told CNN. "It's not only one of the greatest debut singles in hip hop history, it launched a label."
"I knew I wanted to be like LL Cool J and Run DMC," Mack told the New York Times in 1995.
He had a minor hit with the song "Get Retarded/Just Rhymin," at the age of 17 as a part of M.C. Ez & Troup, which was signed to independent label Sleeping Bag Records.
"I finished high school," he said. "But I wanted to rap more than anything, and there were no courses in rap at college. So I wouldn't go."
After befriending Parish Smith and Erick Sermon of E.P.M.D., he went on tour with them doing whatever tasks needed to be done before he caught the ear of Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs, who launched Bad Boy Records in a venture with Arista Records in 1993.
"The one word that I would use to define Craig is 'cooperative,'" she told CNN. "All he knew was music, he didn't know the ins and outs of the [music] business, but he was completely willing to learn."
Joyce, who was director of marketing for Bad Boy, said Mack was "interested in every aspect of the music industry" and dedicated to the point he would sit in her office asking questions about everything including sales data to try and figure out how it factored into his career.
Bad Boy was a close family, "brothers and sisters by love and not blood," Joyce said, and Mack was an integral part of that.
"He was absolutely one of the pioneers and he was instrumental in the Bad Boy sound," she said.
Mack eventually left Bad Boy and in 1997 released an album titled "Operation: Get Down."
"Wickedness and rap," Mack said.
In answer to the question "What are you doing now?" Mack responded, "Righteousness."
"Rest in power Craig. May the almighty embrace your soul & lift up your family and friends," rapper LL Cool J tweeted. "It was a pleasure to know you & rock with you. You $tepped away from the game & did it your way.. I always respected that."
Burrowes said "Flava in Ya Ear" producer Easy Mo Bee had been in touch with Mack a few weeks ago, sending him some new tracks and hoping to convince Mack to return to music where he could focus on his love for God in new raps.
"Craig never got back to him," Burrowes said.


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