text:
The Map For Antalya and its surroundings
"The Turquoise Riviera"
Set amid amazing scenery of sharp contrasts, Antalya, Turkey's principal holiday resort, is an attractive city with shady palm-lined boulevards and a prize-winning marina. In the picturesque old quarter, Kaleici, narrow, winding streets and old wooden houses abut the ancient city walls. Since its founding in the second century B.C. by Attalos II, a king of Pergamon, Antalya has been continuously inhabited. The Romans, Byzantines and Seljuks successively occupied the city before it came under Ottoman rule.
At Antalya, the pine-clad Toros Mountains sweep down to the sparkling clear sea forming an irregular coastline of rocky headlands and secluded coves. The region, bathed in sunshine for 300 days of the year, is a paradise of sunbathing and swimming and of sporting activities such as windsurfing, water skiing, sailing, rafting, mountain climbing and hunting. If you come to Antalya in March and April, you may ski the mountains in the mornings and swim in the warm waters of the Mediterranean in the afternoons. Important historic sites and beautiful mosques await your discovery amid a landscape of pine forests, olive and citrus groves and palm, avocado and banana plantations. Perge, 18 km from Antalya along the east coast, is an important city of ancient Pamphylian. It was originally settled by the Hittites around 1500 B.C. The city features the remains of a theater and a handsome city gate.
Also east of Antalya, the town of Aspendos features the best-preserved theater of antiquity. The Aspendos Theater, with seating for 15,000, is still in use today. Nearby stand the remains of a basilica, agora and one of the largest aqueducts in Anatolia.
The Turquoise Coast is Turkey's tourism capital. Its full range of accommodations, sunny climate, warm hospitality and variety of excursions and activities make it a perfect holiday spot and popular venue for meetings and conference
The Antalya Region, offering all the mysticism of past in our day, is now called the "Turkish Riviera" due to its archaeological and natural beauties. Antalya is the place where sea, sun, history and nature constitute a perfect harmony and which also includes the most beautiful and clearest coast along the Medditerranean. The city still preserves its importance as a centre throughout history in the south coast of the country, in addition to its wonderful natural beauties. The mythological city which housed the Gods and Goddesses now exhibits all its secrets and marvels to mankind.
Antalya is located in the west of the Medditerranean region. In ancient times it covered all Pamphylia which means "the land of all tribes". The land really deserves the name since it has witnessed many successive civilizations throughout history. In 1st century BC the Pergamum king Attalus ordered his men to find the most beautiful piece of land on earth; he wanted them to find "heaven on earth". After a long search all over the world, they discovered this land and said "This must be 'Heaven' " and King Attalus founded the city giving it the name "Attaleia". From then on many nations kept their eyes on the city. When the Romans took over the Pergamene Kingdom, Attaleia became an outstanding Roman city which the great Roman Emperor Hadrian visited in 130 AD; an arch was built in his honour which is now worth seeing. Then came the Byzantines, after which the Seljuk Turks took over the city in 1207 and gave it a different name, Adalya, and built the Yivli Minaret. The Ottomans followed the Seljuks and finally within the Turkish Republic it became a Turkish city and an important port. Antalya has been growing rapidly since 1960 and its population is 1,146,109 acccording to the 1990 census.
Kemer, Antalya
Yivli Minaret, Antalya
The climate of the province is typical Medditerranean: hot and dry in summers and temperate and rainy in winters. Sunshine is guaranteed from April to October and the winters are pleasantly mild. The humidity is a little bit high, about 64%, and the average water temperature is 21.5 °C. Antalya is really a heavenly place where the summer season is about 8-9 months long.
You may reach Antalya from almost every city of the country, and even from little towns, coach companies going to Antalya are available.
Antalya has an international airport which may connect you to major cities. It has modern facilities including waiting rooms, restaurants, cafebar, and a shopping centre.
When traveling by sea, one can use the AntalyaVenice Ferryboat line.
Touristic Attractions
Antalya and its surrounding is an important and noteworthy touristic centre on the Mediterranean Coast with its perfect climate and splendid harmony of archaeological, historical and natural beauties, throughout the year. Daily tours to surrounding touristic areas like Side, Alanya and Termessos are available, in addition to longer tours to Pamukkale or Cappadocia or anywhere you would like to go. Proffessional tourist guides are also available.
City Walls: The memorial Hadrian Arch and The Clock Tower are remarkable and date back to Hellenistic era.
Kaleici: This is the nucleus of a city which embraced many civilizations during time. It is now restored and has became a most attractive touristic centre with its hotels, restaurants, shopping and entertainment facilities. Kalei,ci retains all the original ancient Turkish archaeological characteristics. The port's marina has been completely restored and is wellworth visiting. The restoration activities in Kaleici won the Golden Apple Prize, the Oscar of tourism.
Antalya Museum: A prize winning museum and one of the most notable archaeology museums, of the world. It is also the only museum in Turkey with a children's department exhibiting ancient monuments appealing to children.
Hadrian's Gate: This ornamental marble arch was constructed in 2nd century BC by the Romans in honour of the Emperor Hadrian. It is the most amazing area in the whole ancient Pamphylia region.
Kesik Minaret (Broken Minaret): Once a Byzantine Panaglia church, later converted into a mosque.
Yivli Minaret: This fluted minaret of 13th century was built by the Seljuks. Decorated with dark blue and turquouise tiles, the minaret eventually became the symbol of the city.
Karatay Medresesi, Hidirilk Tower, Ahi Yusuf Mescidi, Iskele Mosque, Murat Pasa Mosque, Tekeli Mehmet Pasa Mosque, Balibey Mosque, Musellim Mosque, Seyh Sinan Efendi Mosque and Osman Efendi Mosque are other places to be visited.
"Han"s are Seljuk or Ottoman inns which have architectural significance. Some worth visiting are the Evdir Han, Klrkoz Han, Alara Han and Castle and Sarapsu (Serapsu) Han.
Ancient Cities
Termessos: It is a Pisidyan city with remnants of an agora, theatre and an odion. It has a reputation of being the most magnificent necropolis on the Mediterranean, 35 kms northwest of Antalya.
Perge: 18 kms northeast of Antalya. The ruins are spread on two hills, the theatre on one and the acropolis on the other. According to the legend the city was built by three heros from Troy.
Sillyon: 34 kms from Antalya on the Alanya direction. It is situated between Aspendos and Perge and dates back to 4th.century BC.
Aspendos: One of the most important Pamphilian cities. It is situated on the point where the Kopru River meets the sea. Once an important port and a commercal centre, it has a reputation for raising the best horses on earth. The odeon, basilica, galleria and fountains are worth seeing.
LIMYRA (TURUNCOVA, ZENGERLER)
According to tomb inscriptions, Limyra was first known as Zemu-ri, a Lycian name. It is an ancient Lycian site dating back as far as the fifth century B.C.
It is thought that the Lycian prince Pericles, who opened war against the Persian administration and Greek colonies in the area with the aim of establishing a Lycian federation, selected Limyra as his capital around 380 B.C. In recent years German archaeological excavations have uncovered a magnificent heroon of Pericles.
Coins of the League type minted by Limyra provide evidence that it had become an autonomous city with membership in the Lycian League, by the second century B.C.
Limyra followed the mainstream of Lycia's history, coming under Roman domination in the first century B.C. and undoubtedly reaching its height during the Pax Romana.
Pliny explains that, in Limyra there was an oracular spring whose fish answered questions about the future. If the fish ate when food was thrown to them, the oracle was favourable, but it they flicked their tails and swam away, the reply was adverse.
Another interesting conclusion that can be made from inscriptions is that, in Limyra, counter to Lycian tradition as a whole, Zeus must have been worshipped on a large scale, and events like festivals and races were arranged in his name.
The ruins of Limyra are spread out across a plain and the surrounding rocky slopes, which widen like triangles as they descend southward from the hills of Mount Tocak. The first building one encounters here, just at the foot of the hill, is a theatre of medium size in a good state of preservation. Its cavea, divided in two by a diazoma, has sixteen tiers of seats below and more than sixteen above, though the exact number has not been firmly fixed. At the ends of these tiers are vaulted galleries, typically Roman in character, that take the form of semicircles which open onto the diazoma. The real entrances to the vaults are located on both sides of the diazoma. The stage building is too ruined to provide any idea of its original appearance. Limyra's theatre must have ben damaged in the major earthquake that occured in 141 A.D., since after the quake it was rebuilt with 20.000 denarii in aid from one Opramoas of Rhodiapolis.
Side by side on a level area to the south of the theatre are two separate settlement sites, almost like separate fortresses, each surrounded by walls of a different period. In the western enclosure in the partially submerged cenotaph of Gaius Caesar, Iying, north-east of a temple. Gaius Caesar, the adopted heir of Augustus, was wounded in the course of a battle he was waging in the east in 3 B.C. and died in Limyra on his way back to Rome. Because of this a tomb was erected in his memory here. Tower-like in form, it reflects the architectural character of its time. Unfortunately, very little of this cenotaph has survived to the present day. It was almost totally destroyed when fortification walls were constructed on top of it during the Byzantine period. The eastern walled enclosure is entered via a structure which can be seen.
Limyra, sor far as the variety of its tombs is concerned, is one of the foremost cities in Lycia. The stone tombs and sarcophagi scattered in several groups mostly on the slopes of Mount Tocak, are among the best known works of Lycian art. One of the most outstanding of these is the Xntabura Sarcophagus immediately north-east of the theatre. This is a three-part tomb consisting of a high base, on top of which is the polygonal body of the sarcophagus covered with a gothic type rounded lid. Two opposing sphinxes are depicted on the facade of the lid and a sacrifice scene on the hyposoriun. These characteristics date the sarcophagus to the fourth century B.C. In the eastern and western necropoli, the majority of tombs are inscribed in Lyican and are made in the form of houses or lonic temple facades that show traces of Greek architecture.
Other of Limyra's ruins are situated in the acropolis at an elevation of 200-300 metres up the slopes of Mount Tocak. In the acropolis, which consists of a keep and the Byzantine church, is a fourth century B.C. heroon built in the name of Prince Pericles. The upper portion, which is almost totally destroyed, has been partially repaired with sculptural and architectural fragments excavated among the tombs. One tomb, built on a terrace carved from the living rock, is similar in plan to the memorial erected to the Xanthos Nereids. Friezes on the east and west faces of the 3.40 metre-high hyposorium, show crowded scenes of men going to war on foot, on horseback, and in chariots. The real upper building, in addition to being in the form of an amphiprostyle temple, employs four caryatids in place of the columns seen on the north and south sides. The caryatids, standing on the base, support the architrave with their heads. The figure of a running woman appears on each corner of the north acroterium of the pediment, which was found in excavations of the heroon; at the centre is Perseus, holding the Gorgon's head in his right hand. These sculptures of the acroterium are now in the Antalya Museum.
OLYMPOS (FINIKE)
Olympos is one of the six major cities that Strabo describes as having had three votes each in the Lycian League. It is certain that the city took its name from the 2377 metre-high Mount Olympos (Tahtalı Dağ) 15 km. to the north. Existing records and remains indicate that Olympos was founded in Hellenistic times, and that its people were of an ethnic make-up different from that of the Lycians. The oldest record we have of the city is its League coinage dating to the secont century B. C. While Olympos was an important city, having won the title of metropolis around the beginning of the first century B.C., the captain of the Cilician pirates, Zeniketes, who had taken control of the area, captured Olympos and used it as a base. After a war that lasted four years, one Servilius Vatia, who in 78 B.C. assumed responsibility for eradicating the pirates from the area, having surrounded the castle with Zeniketes inside, put it to the torch. As punishment for their alliance with Zeniketes, Olympos and Phaselis were expelled from the Lycian League, made subject to the Cilician state, and their entire treasuries were confiscated.
After half-an-hour's walk north-west of Olympos, one arrives at a hill about 300-400 metres in altitude. On top of it is a natural gas flame that has been burning for thousands of years. Described in some ancient sources as extraordinary and astounding, it is known today in the surrounding area as "Yanartaş" or "Burning stone". This unextinguishable flame is mentioned in Homer's epic poem The Iliad, as the spot where the heroic Bellerrophon killed the Chimaera, a firebreathing mythical beast with the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and tail in the form of a serpent. The only trace the monster left on the face of the earth was his fiery breath, which has continued to spew forth its flame for centuries.
The most beautiful of Homer's myths about Lycia he told to Glaucos, and is summarized as follows:
One day the famous Corinthian hero Bellerophon saw a winged horse flying in the blue sky. This winged horse, after galloping to and fro across the sky, shot like a streak of lightning down to one of the high mountain peaks overlooking Corinth and quenched his thirst in its springs. Bellerophon, overcome with admiration when he saw the horse, wanted to catch it, but his efforts were useless. Known by the name of Pegasus, this divine steed would not even allow the hero to touch him. Wanting very much to capture this mysterious animal, Bellerophon went to the Temple of Athena on the advice of an oracle, and passed the night threre entreating the goddess of wisdom to help him in this difficult task. He saw Athena in his dream and she said, "Awaken, Bellerophon. To capture Pegasus I have brought you this golden bridle. With it you will soften the rebellious creature and will be able to mount him."
As soon as he caught sight of the golden bridle, Pegasus' bad temper disappeared and he became gentle as a lamb. Bellerophon, delirious with excitement, jumped onto the divine steed and together they rose into the heavens. From that day forward, Pegasus remained the inseparable friend of the young hero.
Terrible ordeals however, lay ahead for Bellerophon. At one point he killed his brother, and to purify himself of his sins he left the city of his birth, going to Protions, the king of Tirynthe. As soon as Anteia, the beautiful wife of the king, laid eyes on Bellerophon, whom the gods had generously endowed with courage and beauty, her heart caught fire and she became slave to an unquenchable passion for him, but for all her beauty, for all her wiles and sweet words, she was unable to steal the trustworthy Bellerophon's heart. The virtuous youth, not wanting to betray her husband, rejected each of the queen's advances. Because of this, Anteia, fabricating a malicious accusation against him, said to her husband, "Oh Poitos, either die or kill Bellerophon, for he is a proven enemy".
These words greatly angered the listening king -to have a guest killed would be an affront to the gods and would displease his subjects. For this reason the king wrote a letter and gave it to Bellerophon, bidding him take it to lobates, his father-in-law and the king of Lycia. Not knowing the situation he was in, Bellerophon set out immediately on the road to Lycia. On the bank of the river Xanthos the king welcomed him with great ceremony. The feast lasted nine days and nine nights. On the tenth day lobates requested the letter brought by his guest. Reading it, he learned that Proitos wanted the dissolute youth killed for indecently propositioning lobates' daughter, but how could he kill a guest whom he had entertained for ten days? lobates, wanting both to avenge his son-in law and to get out of murdering his guest, gave Bellerophon the task of battling the monster called Chimaera. No one had been able to rout this huge beast that was terrorizing all Lycia and scorching its earth. This lion-headed, goat-bodied, serpent-tailed creature, spewing flames from its mouth, set fire to anyone who came near it, igniting fields when it blew out its breath and reducing towns and villages to ashes.
Bellerophon mounted Pegasus and soared aloft. When he met the Chimaera, he attacked it from the air, thrusting a long lead spear into its flame-throwing mouth. The lead melted from the heat, began to flow, and the terrible monster died. From that day to this the Chimaeira's fire has burned without cease in the hills of Olympos.
After this victory, lobates, still seeking Bellerophon's death, sent him to battle the Solymians, who lived in the vicinty of Termessos. Once again the youth returned victorious from his assignment. This time the king ordered him to battle the Amazons. When the dashing youth succeeded at this difficult task, too, lobates believed that Bellerophon had descended from the race of the gods and kept him in Lycia, making the youth his son-in-law.
Bellerophon, who up to this time had received the help of the gods, was carried away with pride at his accomplishments and tried to reach as far as the heights of Mount Olympos, but Zeus, resenting, the arrogance of the young man flying so happily into the sky on Pegasus' back, loosed a horsefly, to sting the winged steed. When the fly struck, Pegasus threw Bellerophon from his back into the void and continued on his way aloft. From then on the gods would no longer send the horse down to earth but shut him up in a tower.
Bellerophon himself fell back to earth. The famous hero who had vanquished the dread Chimaera now began to limp about with an air of exhaustion. As a result of his overweening pride at being such an important hero, he was cast into wretchedness, always grieving, always miserable. In the end he died alone in a corner like a nameless, unknown beggar.
Olympos was founded on the north and south sides of a valley formed by the Göksu River, which is born in the western hills and empties itself into the Mediterranean. The acropolis of the northern settlement is still quite covered with overgrowth, making it nearly impossible to distinguish and name the ruins hidden beneath. The most impressive building on the northern side as the cella door of a templum in antis in the lonic order, some 150 m. west of the river's mouth. On top of the door, which is 7.85 metres high, are two consoles. From an inscription on a statue base Iying in front of the door we learn that the temple was built during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius (161-180 A.D.). North-east of the temple is a Byzantine bath consisting of a few compartments whose function is unknown.
In an effort to control the Göksu, which divided the city in two, the Olympos, laid high polygonal masonry walls on both sides of the river to form quays. In the Byzantine era a basilica was built on top of the southern quay, whose fine workmanship is of Hellenistic date. Further back are the remains of a colonnaded street 11 m. wide, Iying admidst the ruins of the buildings that once stood near it. To the south-east, in a spot near the sea, can be found the ruins of a four-chambered bath. Both the cavea, which is set into a natural slope, and the stage building of Olympos'theatre are in complete ruins. Vaulted paradoses and other remaining architectural elements date to Roman times. In the necropolis area, which stretches from the theatre up to the south-west end of the city, vaulted chamber tombs and sarcophagi predominate.
PHASELIS
Phaselis was founded in 690 B.C. by colonists from Rhodes. According to one version of its founding, on the colonists' arrival in the area their leader Lacios came across a local shepherd named Cylabros at this spot. Liking the place and deciding to settle there, Lacios asked the shepherd whether he wanted barley, bread or dry fish as payment for the land. Cylabros chose fish. Thereafter it was the custom among the Phaselisians to offer dry fish every year as a blessing for this strange shepherd. From this tale we can deduce that there was a settlement at Phaselis before the arrival of the colonists.
Following a two hundred-year period when it was under Persian rule, Phaselis was restored to independence by Cimon, an Athenian general in 449 B.C. Shortly afterward it entered the Athenian maritime federation known as the Delian League. In the course if its history, the city assumed a strange attitude toward the Lycians and had a political structure different from theirs.
In 333 B.C., after gaining control of Asia Minor, Alexander the Great conquered Phaselis along with the rest of Lycia. Alexander stayed for some time in the city, where he had been welcomed with enthusiasm on reaching Lycia, and according to some sources remained there throughout the winter. One of these sources gives the following account of his days in Phaselis.
The city is of stunning beauty, with three harbours, straight thorughfares, squares, and a theatre. The first place Alexander visited was the Temple of Athena, where Achilles' spear was preserved, and touched the weapon with excitement. In the course of one his evening strolls he saw the statue of the Phaselisian philosopher Thodectes, pupil of the famous Socrates. Taking garlands from the men beside him, he placed them on the statue. In this manner he showed his respect for philosophers.
After the death of Alexander the Great, Phaselis, like all of Lycia, came in turn under the rule of the Ptolemies and of Rhodes. Judging from the coins it minted, the city appears to have entered the Lycian League some time after it broke loose from foreign domination and regained its freedom.
Because of the absence of a strong authority at the beginning of the first century B.C. Phaselis, along with neighbouring Olympos and some cities in Pamphylia, fell into the hands of the Cilician corsairs under the command of Zeniketes. The pirates, who had control over the entire Mediterranean, were hindering Roman trade and capturing Roman ships. As the result of a major campaing however, the Roman commander. Servilius Vatia, cleared the area of pirates in 78 B.C. but because Phaselis was found to have been in collusion with the brigands and to have harboured them, it was expelled from the League in punishment and its treasury was confiscated.
Because of its exceptional situation on the Egyptian, Syrian and Greek, sea routes, Phaselis enjoyed a bright history, especially during the Roman period. The Emperor Hadrian visited the city in 129 A.D. and new monuments were built to commemorate the event.
The Phaselisians, who in large measure depended on maritime trade for their livelihood, made a bad name for themselves in the commercial world throughout antiquity. Demosthenes who describes them as "generally a very treacherous and pitiless people", goes on to say. "They are very cunning when seeking a loan, but before long they forget that they have borrowed. And when they are reminded of it, they easily find a thousand pretexts and excuses..."
When the famous harpist Stratonicus was asked which people were the most treacherous he replied, "In Pamphylia the Phaselisians, but in the whole world, the people of Side".
Phaselis again became the scene of looting and piracy during the third century B.C. In the following periods, it was unable to profit from sea trade because of Arab raids, and it soon lost its importance.
Like the other colonies we have seen, Phaselis was established on a peninsula, with its acropolis occupying the tip. The principal buildings are situated at the foot of the acropolis on a low area to the north and southwest. Almost all of the ruins that can be seen today belong to the Roman or Byzantine periods.
As Strabo states, Phaselis had three harbours. The best preserved of these is the main one, otherwise known as the military harbour, which fishing boats easily enter and leave even today. The walls, which surround the entire acropolis and continue even over the harbour's breakwater, leave only a 17 metre-wide mouth at the centre. At this entrance, the remains of guard towers can still be seen above the tips of the waves. The cordon constructed of cult conglomerate stone and the other foundations on top of it are in sound condition.
The avenue linking the main harbour to the southern port has a threepart layout. The central and principal street is paved with blocks of conglomerate rock and measures 225 metres long by 20-25 metres wide. Narrow raised pavements in the form of terraces and reached by stairs, line both sides of the street. Leaving the city centre, the road ends on the side of the southern harbour with a single-arched monumental gateway erected in the name of Hadrian; it is now in a state of ruin. The city's principal buildings line this street. South-east of the main harbour are the remains of the major bath, dated to the second century A.D... It is evident from an inscription on its facade that the square agora at the end of this bath dates from Hadrian's time. A small church of the basilica type was built inside the agora at a later date. The wide area in the south-west section is enclosed on the west by shops of square plan. An inscription on a door at the front dates the agora to the time of the Emperor Domitian (81- 96 A.D.). However in later periods the agora underwent many changes. On the street, facing the city square, is another building, a small bath complex.
The theatre, situated on the north-west slope of the acropolis, is approached by steps from the town square. In all probability it was rebuilt on the Roman plan in the second century A.D. on top of an earlier Hellenistic theatre. The cavea building, which is in quite a good state of preservation had an average capacity of 3,000 people. The partially preserved walls of the two-storey stage building indicate that it had five doors.
The aqueduct, which begins at a spring on the hill behind the northern harbour and extends as far as the agora, is today. Phaselis' best preserved and most impressive ruin.
Tombs and sarcophagi of the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine eras are seen in the acropolis. There are many tombs in the form of a single vaulted chamber set atop a square foundation, particularly on the coast surrounding the northern harbour.
Excavations and restoration projects have been carried out in Phaselis since 1980 by a Turkish achaeological team.
TERMESSOS
Termesos is one of the best preserved of the ancient cities of Turkey. It lies 30 kilometres to the north-west of Antalya. It was founded on a natural platform on top of Güllük Dağı, soaring to a height of 1.665 metres from among the surroundig travertine mountains of Antalya, which average only 200 metres above sea level. Concealed by a multitude of wild plants and bounded by dense pine forests, the side, with its peaceful and untouched appearance, has a more distinct and impressive atmosphere than other ancient cities. Because of its natural and historical riches, the city has been included in a National Park bearing its name.
The double "s" in Termessos provides linguistic evidence that the city was founded by an Anatolian people Acording to Strabo, the inhabitants of Termessos called themselves the Slymi and were a Pisidian people. Their name, as well as that given to the mountain on which they lived, was derived from Solymeus, an Anatolian god who in later times became identified with Zeus, giving rise here to the cult of Zeus Solymeus. The coins of Termessos often depict this god and give his name.
Our first encounter with this city on the stage of history is in connection with the famous siege of Alexander the Great. Arrianos, one of the ancient historians who dealt with this event and recorded the strategic importance of Termessos, notes that even a small force could easily defend it due to the insurmountable natural barriers surrounding the city. Alexander wanted to go to Phrygia from Pamphylia, and according to Arrianos the road passed by Termessos. Actually, there are other passes much lower and easier of access, so why Alexander chose to ascend the steep Yenice pass is still a matter of dispute. It is even said that his hosts in Perge sent Alexander up the wrong path. Alexander wasted a lot of time and effort trying to force the pass which had been closed by the Termessians, and so, in anger he turned toward Termessos and surrounded it. Probably because he knew he could not capture the city, Alexander did not undertake an assault, but instead marched north and vented his fury on Sagalassos.
The historian Diodors has recorded in full detail another unforgettable incident in the history of Termessos. In 319 B.C., after the death of Alexander, one of his generals, a certain Antigonos Monophtalmos, proclaimed himself master of Asia Minor and set out to do battle with his rival Alcetas, whose base of support was Pisidia. His forces were made up of some 40,000 infantry, 7,000 cavalry, and included numerous elephants as well. Unable to vanquish these superior forces. Alcetas and his friends sought refuge in Termessos. The Termessians gave their word that they would help him. At this time, Antigonos came and set up camp in front of the city, seeking delivery of his rival. Not wanting their city to be dragged into disaster for the sake of a Macedonian foreigner, the elders of the city decided to hand Alcetas over, but the youths of Termessos wanted to keep their word and refused to go along with the plan. The elders sent Antigonos an envoy to inform him of their intent to surrender Alcetas. According to a secret plan to continue the fight, the youth of Termessos managed to leave the city. Learning of his imminent capture and preferring death to being handed over to his enemy, Alcetas killed himself. The elders delivered his corpse to Antigonos. After subjecting the corps to all manner of abuse for three days, Antigonos departed Pisidia leaving the corpse unburied. The youth, greatly resenting what had happened, recovered Alceas'corpse, buried it with full honours, and erected a beautiful monument to his, memory.
Termessos was obviously not a port city, but its lands stretched south-east all the way to the Gulf of Attaleia (Alanya). Because the city possessed this link to the sea it was taken by the Ptolemies. It is very surprising that a city which had stood up to the mighty aries of Alexander not forty years before would now accept the sovereignty of the Egyptians.
An inscription found in the Lycian city of Araxa yielde important information about Termessos. According to this inscription, in the 200's B.C. Termessos was at war for unknown reasons with the league of Lycian cities, and again in 189 B.C. found itself battling its Pisidian neighbour Isinda. At this same time we find the colony of Termessos Minor being founded near the city in the second century B.C., Termessos entered into friendly relations with Attalos II, king of Pergamum, the better to combat its ancient enemy Serge. Attalos II commemorated this friendship by building a two-storeyed stoa in Termessos.
Termessos was an ally of Rome, and so in 71 B.C. was granted independent status by the Roman Senate; according to this law its freedom and rights were guaranteed. This independence was maintained continuously for a long time, the only exception being an alliance with Amyntas king of Galatia (reigned 36-25 B.C.). this independence is documented also by the coins of Termessos, which bear the title "Autonomous".
From the main road, a steep road leads up to the city. From this road once can see the famous Yenice pass, through which wound ancient road that the Termessians called "King Street" as well as Hellenistic period fortification walls, cisterns and many other remains. King Street, built in the second century A.D. by contributions from the people of Termessos, passes through the city walls higher up and stretches in a straight line all the way to the centre of the city. In the walls to the east of the city gate are some extremely interesting inscriptions with augury by dice. Throughout the history of the Roman Empire, beliefs of this sort-in sorcery, magic, and superstition-were widespread. The Termessians were probably very interested in fortune telling. Inscriptions of this kind are usually four to five lines long and include numbers to be thrown with the dice, the name of the god wanted for soothsaying, and the nature of the prediction given in the counsels of that god.
The city Termessians where the principal official buildings are located lies on a flat area a little beyond the inner walls. The most striking of these structures is the agora, which has very special architectural characteristics. The ground floor of this open-air market place has been raised on stone blocks, and to its north-west five big cisterns have been hollowed out. The agora is surrounded on three sides by stoas. According to the inscription found on the two-storey stoa on the north-west, it was presented to Termessos by Attalos II, king of Pergamum (reigned 150-138 B.C) as proof of his friendship. As for the north-eastern stoa, it was built by a wealthy Termessian named Osbaras, probably in imitation of the stoa of Attalos. The ruins Iying to the north-east of the agora must belong to the gymnasium, but they are hard to make out among all the trees. The two-storey building consisted of an internal courtyard surrounde by vaulted rooms. The exterior is decorated with niches and other ornamentation of the Doric order. This structure dates from the first century A.D.
Immediately to the aest of the agora lies the theatre. Commanding a view out over the Pamphylian plain, this building is no doubt the most eyecatching in all the Termessos plain. It displays most clearly the features of the Roman theatre, which preserved the Hellenistic period theatre plan. The Hellenistic cavea, or semicircular seating area, is divided in two by a diazoma. Above the diazoma rise eight tiers of seats, below it are sixteen, allowing for a seating capacity of some 4-5,000 spectators. A large arched entrance way connects the cavea with the agora. The southern parados was vaulted at some later time, the northern has been left in its original open-air state. The stage building exhibits features characteristic of the second century A.D. A long narrow room is all that lies behind it. This is connected with the podium where the play took place, by five doors piercing the richly ornamented facade or scaenae frons. Under the stage lie five small rooms where wild animals were kept before being taken into the orchestra for combat. As in other classical cities, an odeon lies about 100 metres from the theatre. This building, which looks like a small theatre, can be dated to the first century B.C. It is well preserved all the way to roof level and exhibits the finest quality ashlar masonry. The upper storey is ornamented in the Doric order and coursed with square-cut blocks of stone, while the lower storey is unornamented and pierced by two doors. It is certain that the building was originally roofed, since it received its light from eleven large windows in the east and west walls. Just how this roof, which spanned 25 metres, was housed, has not yet been determined. Because the interior is full of earth and rubble at present, it is not possible to gauge either the building's seating arrangement or its capacity. Seating capacity was probably not larger than 600-700. Amid the rubble, pieces of coloured marble have been unearthed, giving rise to the possibility that the interior walls were decorated with mosaic. It is also possible that this elegant building served as the bouleuterion or council chamber.
Six temples of varying sizes and types have been accounted for at Termessos. Four of these are found near the odeon in an area that must have been sacred. The first of these temples is located directly at the back of the odeon and is constructed of truly splendid masonry. It has been proposed that this was temple of the city's chief god, Zeus Solymeus. What a pity, then, that apart from its five metre-high cella walls, very little remains of this temple.
The second temple lies near the south-west corner of the odeon. It possesses a 5.50x5.50 metre cella and is of the prostylos type. According to an inscription found on the still complete entrance, this temple was dedicated to Artemis, and both the building and the cult statue inside were paid for by a woman named Aurelia Armasta and her husband using their own funds. To the other side of this entrance, a statue of this woman's uncle stands on an inscribed base. The temple can be dated on stylistic grounds to the end of the second century A.D.
To the east of the Artemis temple are the remains of a Doric temple. It is of the peripteral type, with six or eleven columns to a side; judging from the size of it, it must have been the largest temple in Termessos. From surviving reliefs and inscriptions, it too, is understood to have been dedicated to Artemis.
Further to the east, the ruins of another smaller temple lie on a rock-hewn terrace. The temple rose on a high podium, but to what god it was dedicated is not known at present. However, contrary to general rules of classical temple architecture, the entrance to this temple lies to the right, indicating that it may have belonged to a demi-god or hero. It can be dated to the beginning of the third century A.D.
As for the other two temples, they are located near the stoa of Attalos belong to the Corinthian order, and are of the prostylos type. Also dedicated to deities who are as yet unknown, these temples can be dated to the second or third century A.D.
Of all the official and cult buildings to be found in this broad central area, one of the most interesting is in the form of a typical Roman period house. An inscription can be seen above the Doric order doorway along the west wall, which rises to a height of six metres. In this inscription the owner of the house is praised as the founder of the city. Doubtless, this house was not really that of the founder of Termessos. Maybe it was a little gift awarded the owner for extraordinary service rendered to the city. This type of house generally belonged to nobles and plutocrats. The main entrance gives onto a hall which leads through a second entrance to a central courtyard, or atrium. An impluvium or pool designed to catch rainwater lies in the middle of the courtyard. The atrium held an important place in the daily activities of houses such as this, and was also used as a reception room for guests. As such it was often ostentatiously decorated. The other rooms of the house were arranged around the atrium.
A street with wide, shop-lined porticoes ran north-south through the city. The space between the columns of the porticoes was often filled with statues of successful athletes, most of them wrestlers. The inscribed bases for these statues are still in place, and by reading them we can recreate the ancient splendour of this street.
To the south, west and north of the city, mostly within the city walls, there are large cemeteries containing rock-cut tombs, one is supposed to have belonged to Alcetas himself. Unfortunately the tomb has been despoiled by treasure hunters. In the tomb itself a kind of lattice work was carved between the columns behind the kline; at the top there was probably an ornamental frieze. The left part of the tomb is decorated with the depiction of a mounted warrior dateable to the fourth century B.C. ıt is known that the youth of Termessos, much affected by the tragic death of General Alcetas, built a magnificent tomb for him, and the historian Diodoros records that Alcetas did battle with Antigonos while mounted on a horse. These coincidences suggest that this is indeed the tomb of Alcetas and that it is he who is depicted in the relief.
The sarcophagi, hidden for centuries among a dense growth of trees south-west of the city, transports one in an instant to the depths of history ceremony, the dead were placed in these sarcophagi along with their clothing, jewellery, and other rich accoutrements. The bodies of the poor were buried in simple stone, clay, or wooden sarcophagi. Dateable to the second and third centuries A.D., these sarcophagi generally rest on a high pedestal. In the family tombs of the weatlthy on the other hand, the sarcophagi were placed inside a richly ornamented structure built in the shape of the deceased together with his lineage, or the names of those given permission to be buried alongside him. Thus the right of usage was officially guaranteed. In this manner the history of one specific tomb can be asertained. In addition, one finds inscriptins calling on the fury of the gods to prevent the sarcophagi from being opened and to scare away grave robbers. The inscriptions also state the fines meted out to those who did not conform to these rules. These fines, ranging from 300-100,000 denarii and generally paid to the city treasury in the name of Zeus Solymeus, took the place of legal judgements.
No excavations have as yet been undertaken at Termessos.
ARIASSOS
Ariassos was founded in a narrow rocky valley in the Taurus mountains to the north-west of Antalya. The earliest known coinage of Ariassos dates to the first century B.C. ; these coins have the head of Zeus on the obverse and on the reverse, a humped bull. Strabo mentions the city, calling it Aarrossas; it is known in other sources as Areassos and Ariassos.
Apart from a few ruined Hellenistic period walls, all the remains date to the Roman and Byzantine eras. The best preserved structure is the city gate, which takes the shape of a tri-partite triumphal arch, with the central arch higher and wider than the side arches. The arches spring off stone socles.
The site is entered via a colonnaded street running east-west from this gate. In Byzantine times, buildings of unknown function were erected on this street, entirely destroying its character. The nature of other principal buildings cannot be determined because they consist now of nothing more than heaps of stone.
The south and west ends of the valley served as necropoli. Funerary structures found here possess Pisidian characteristics, and generally consist of vaulted structures placed on a high podium. Here lie opened crumbling sarcophagi decorated with sword and shield motifs. The lids of the sarcophagi are shaped like rounde roofs.
Selge was an important Pisidian city. It lies on the southern slopes of the Taurus in a naturally fortified spot difficult of access. It is reached by a forest road that climbs past cliffs, rivers, and small waterfalls, then passes over a Roman bridge. Thanks to its natural and historical treasures, it has been included in the Köprülü kalyon (Bridged Canyon) National Park.
According to Strabo, Selge's founder was Calchas, and it was later resettled by the Lacedaemonies (Spartans). The first settlement occurred during the Doric migrations which took place at the end of the second millennium B.C. and were connected with the Trojan War. The second settlement took place at the beginning of the seventh century B.C. together with the colonization of Rhodes. No inscription confirming this has come to light in the city, however and the idea that colonists would choose a place hard to spot from the coast and hidden in the mountains seems difficult to accept.
Selge was the first Pisidian city to mint coins. The silver staters minted in Selge starting in the fifth century B.C. conformed to Persian standards and exhibit a startlingly close resemblance to the coins of Aspendos, from which it is hard to differentiate them. On the observe of these coins are two wrestlers; on the reverse appear a figure using a slingshot and the city's name, written as Stlegiys of Estlegiys. These local names are linguistic proof that the Pisidian language, which was related to Luvian, a language we known to have been spoken in third millenium Pisidia ,was still in use in the fifth century B.C.
We do not possess any continuous account of the city's history. According to the sources, Selge, an ancient foe of Termessos, took up sides with Alexander the Great when he came here. Most likely Selge was at war with its neighbours almost all the time, due to the deep-seated and widespread tendency to bellicosity in this region. We learn of an interesting event connected with Serge, from Polybius. In 218 B.C. Selge and Pednelissos, another Pisidian city, were at war. Selge had a large population and was capable of fielding about 20,000 soldiers. At this time many Pisidian cities were allied to Selge, and so they besieged Pednelissos.
The people of Pednelissos appealed to Achaios, uncle of Antiochos III, king of Syria, for help, and he gave the task of lifting the siege to Garsyeris, one of his generals. Polybios relates the rest of the incident as follows. The people of Pednelissos appealed to Achaios for assistance. He in turn sent the trusted Garsyeris and 6,500 men as help, However, the people of Selge prevented Garsyeris' arrival by seizing the main passes and cutting off access to them. While marching from Millias to Kretopolis, Garsyeris heard the news that the passes had been closed, and turned home. The people of Selge too pulled back, returned to their houses and started the harvest. However, this was a ruse, because Garsyeris immediately returned, seized the pass of Kretopolis and, stationing a force there, moved into Pamphylia, entering into contact with the enemies of Selge at Perge. He received pledges of assistance from them. In the meantime the troops of Selge tried to recapture the pass held by Garsyeris'men, but they were unsuccessful. They continued to wage war against Pednelissos and did not lift the siege. Because Pednellissos was suffering from starvation. Garsyeris decided to try to smuggle 200 men into the town, each laden with a bag of wheat. However, this attempt was unsuccessful and everything fell into the hands of the Selgeans. Bolstered by their own success. Selge's troops took the offensive and attacked. Leaving only a small force around Pednelissos, they threw their full force against Garsyeris and soon thereafter had him pressed into a very tight corner. Garsyeris counterattacked the enemy's rear with his cavalry in a surprise raid and was victorious. At the same time the people of Pednelissos were freed, and they attacked what remained of the enemy. the Selgeans suffered a heavy loss of some 10,000 men. The remaining troops escaped to the city, but Garsyeris would give them no change. He immediately followed them, sealing the passes, and appeared outside Selge. Their spirit broken and suing for peace, the people of Selge sent out one of their leading citizens, Logbasis, as an envoy, but Logbasis, betraying the trust of his fellow citizens delivered Selge to Garsyeris, who immediately occupied the city. Garsyeris extended peace negotiations until the arrival of Achaios. When Achaious reached the city, using a trick devised by Logbasis, he called the citizens and guards to a meeting. While the citizens were in the meeting, Achaious, with Logbasis'help, was just about to seize Selge and the Temple of Zeus at the Kesbedion outside the city, when the trick failed. A shepherd saw the troops and spread the alarm. The Selgeans gathered just in time. First they attacked Logbabis'house, killing him, his sons, and all his men, then they rushed to the defence of the city. They even freed all the slaves. Achaios was driven out at great loss of life. Immediately following this, the Selgeans appealed to Achaios to come to terms, and so they made peace, with the proviso that Selge pay an initial amount of 400 telents, and subsequently 300 talents more, and that it free all the prisoners taken from Pednelissos. The Selgeans thus regained their lands and their freedom.
As can be seen, the pepole of Selge kept their freedom but had to pay a heavy price for it. That they were able to pay is proof of the city's prosperity.
Strabo praises the city's natural beauties, its fruitful orchards, its wide pastures and forests. He also reports that the inhabitants of Selge often travelled great distances. The main source of revenue for the city was its production of olives, wine, and medicinal plants.
With the founding of the Kingdom of Galatia in 25 B.C., Selge lost its independence for a time. However, under Roman rule, Selge enjoyed good relations. Right up until the breakup of the empire, it kept its independent status and would not concede its beloved lands to anyone. We also know by the frequent minting of coins until the third century that the city's economic life remained healthy. The Goths, who were settled in Phrygia by the Emperor Theodosius (379-395 A.D.) soon thereafter revolted, raping and pillaging throughout Asia Minor. In 399 A.D. Selge, too, was attacked by Goths under the leadership of Tribigild, but beat the enemy back. This show of force is proof that Selge had lost none of its former strength.
Selge lay on three hills surrounded by a fortification wall. This wall, of which a portion survives today, had seven main entrances and high towers spaced at intervals averaging 100 metres. The first ruin visible today is the Greco-Roman type theatre, which forms part of the modern day village of Zerk. The theatre's lower portion rests on a roücky slope. The horseshoeshaped cavea is cut by a diazoma dividing the theatre into 30 tiers of seats below and fifteen above. The first row immediately below the diazoma has kept its stone seats intact. This theatre had a seating capacity of about 9,000. Four separate entrances give onto the diazoma. In addition, vaulted paradoses running between the cavea and the stage also provide access to the theatre. The Roman period stage building survives today only as a heap of rubble. Its general outlines, however, can be made out; it had five doors and a colonnaded facade. It can be dated to the second century A.D.
Immediately to one side of the theatre one can trace the outlines of the opposing rows of seats belonging to the stadium, even though it is, on the whole, in a very ruinous state. It appears from the surviving portions that the stadium was in all likelihood a little smaller than average. There are also several surviving inscriptions recording victories in the stadium at Selge. Most of these competitions were local, but every four years a larger regional festival and competitions took place.
The remains of two temples can be found atop the highest hill to the west. It is more than likely that this is the Kasbedion mentioned by Polyios. In that case, the large 17x34 metre peripteral temple must have been that of the city's chief god, Zeus. As for the small temple with the templum in antis plan, this can be tentaviely assigned to Artemis on the basis of an inscription found nearby.
Behind this hill is a giant round cistern, built not only for rainwater, but also to hold water brought by a channel coming from the nort-west.
Between this hill and the other hills to the south-east, lie the other principal municipal buildigns. Here on an incline lie the extremely fragmentary remains of a very long porticoed street, a nymphaeum, and a bath.
On top of the hill to the south-east lie the remains of a large square plan agora enclosed on three sides. Attached to it is an apsidal basilica belonging to a later period.
The ruins of Selge which mostly date from the Roman period show that, especially in the 2nd century A.D. Selge was a wealthy and influential city.
Selge remains unexcavated.
Home | Ana Sayfa | All About Turkey | Turkiye hakkindaki Hersey | Turkish Road Map | Historical Places in Adiyaman | Historical Places in Turkey | Mt.Nemrut | Slide Shows | Related Links | Guest Book | Disclaimer | Send a Postcard | Travelers' Stories | Donate a little to help | Getting Around Istanbul | Adiyaman Forum


text:
InterviewsVinyl Theatre
Vinyl Theatre Talks With TMI About Their Upcoming Tour, Upcoming Ep, & More!
| 6 April, 2018 at 15:51
How did you guys become a band?
Chris and I started playing music together around 10 years ago in High School. He went to a somewhat rival school and we met at a cross country meet. Nick and Chris went to the same high school and had music theory together and would jam in between periods I believe. They've been doing music together for around 10 year then as well when I think about it. But we started playing together in college more seriously. Having long Skype sessions writing our first record and trying to mix songs by emailing files back and forth. lt was a mess but it was our little mess. We were really proud of the music we were making so I moved home from college and we started a couple bands before finally deciding on the name "Vinyl Theatre" as our permanent incarnation.
How did you guys come up with the band name Vinyl Theatre?
We wanted to pick something that spoke to our influences but in a way meant nothing. We wanted Vinyl Theatre to define itself in peoples minds through the music. Just like when you hear the name U2 you probably conjure up some imagery and the melody to "It's a beautiful day" or whichever song you're most fond of. We're into Vinyl records but that was a tough one to get around when the first 3 years of being a band we couldn't afford to press any.
What do you guys like about being part of a band?
The best part has to be creating something unique with people who are essentially your family. It's taken a really long time to get where we are writing wise but everyone contributes a lot to the writing process now. I think that's why the songs are starting to sound more timeless. Of course that's my own opinion but hey if you can't love your own songs what's the point? We're really excited for what we've cooked up.
Can you tell us a little bit about each of you?
I'm Keegan and I used to be a bit of a runner in college. Spent most of my time focusing on that rather than schooling and when I wasn't running I was playing guitar and writing. I sort of gave school the back burner when I could just to focus on music.
I'lll do my best to talk about Nick and Chris but I'm not sure a few paragraphs will ever do justice to who they are.
Chris is probably the nicest guy you'll ever meet. Killer musician and he's been killing the writing game for us lately. A lot of the new music he's been bringing to the table when we have little writing sessions. He's like this unstoppable machine. I've been friends with him for 10 years, it feels a little crazy to think. He also used to be a phenomenal wrestler and MMA fighter but you'd never guess. He's very unassuming.
Nick is the master behind anything that makes Vinyl Theatre work on top of being the absolute best musician in the band. He's actually the one who has taken our graphic design and t-shirts, and website, and youtube, and you name it to the next level. As artists we like to have as much say in the art direction as we can and that sort of goes for all things pertaining to our music. Nick makes that all happen. He's also a producer on a lot of our new songs and anything we've recorded he's been the wizard behind finding unique sounds with Chris to set our songs apart. One fun fact is he still plays the first drum set he's ever owned all these years later. I've always thought that was a cooler fact than others have, ha.
How would you describe your musical style?
I'd say it's ever evolving. We definitely pull from our influences like The Killers, Supertramp, Rush, etc. But we're always trying to just be ourselves and make songs that we would listen to even if they weren't our own.
What artists do you look up to right now?
I'm in love with Sir Sly right now. Chris turned me onto them. From what I was told the last record was something of a breakup record. A lot of emotion in it and extremely genuine. There's a song on the record about his mother who passed away. Chris showed me the song while we were driving to a show. We both teared up pretty bad. Honestly they're an amazing band. I haven't had a song move me like that in a very long time.
What's the process of writing one of your songs?
It's all over the place. Sometimes we bring an essentially finished product to the table and other times we just struggle through writing it piece by piece. Well, sometimes it's a struggle and other times it just flows. Those are the best kind of days. When you just fly through a song and the ideas, melodies,progressions, all come to you like you had met them in a dream already.
How did your new single "Feel It All" come about?
Feel it All is the most important song we've ever put out. At least to our bond as a band. Emotionally it's real. It happened. Without going to far into personal details we had a big decision to make as a band that could spell the end for us. The song is triumphant because on that day so were we. We wrote it in a day. It was one of those moments you can never recreate.
You guys also have a new ep in the works, can you guys tell us anything about the new project?
It's still in the works so it's still working on defining itself properly. From what we have right now I'd say it's an EP that just isn't narrow. There isn't a song on there that sounds like its from the same playbook. We took a lot of risks on this one and we're reinventing how we see/write/play music.
Are there any other projects in the works you can tell us about?
We are working on releasing a Music video and we have some reimagined versions of our songs coming. We're really excited about letting those see the light of day.
You guys also are heading out on tour to promote your new single. What are you guys most looking forward to on this tour?
Being on the road always has it's upside. Traveling with your friends is hard to beat. We just finished up 3 shows at SXSW and that was refreshing. We spent some time enjoying the city as well which we rarely can do. Other than that we're excited to hit the rest of the tour dates and see everyone!
Whats your guys favorite song to perform live?
Right now I think New Machines for me? I can't speak for Nick and Chris but Feel it All really is exciting to play live as well.
What does it feel like to perform your own music live in front of your fans?
Sometimes the room is absolutely electric! I think that's the main reason we make music, we love to perform it live for people who have an affinity for it.
Whats been your favorite show so far in your career?
Chicago 2015 on the "Ones to Watch Tour" with Finish Ticket. The crowd lost their minds and put on the best show I've ever seen. I felt like they put on for us like we put on for them and it kept escalating all the way to the encore. I jumped into the crowd, the walls shook. It was the perfect show, I'll always cherish that one and remember it as the one to beat.
Does your fanbase have a name?
They've given themselves some funny ones before but I think "vinyls" has started to stick.
How do you want your relationship to be with your fans?
We meet fans after every show we possibly can. We want to be able to do that for a long time. We've been doing this for quite a while, it's crazy to see some fans grow up and graduate college. I get really happy for them. It's amazing seeing them come back all these years.
What was the craziest fan encounter you have had?
We've been followed to our hotel before. But don't worry when they realized we weren't twenty one pilots they left haha.
What social media platform do you guys use most to stay connected to your fans?
I think Instagram and Twitter have the easiest platform to interact.
What goals have you guys set out for the band?
We want to put this new EP out and tour like crazy on it. We have some big goals. We believe in the songs and want as many people to hear them as possible. We're very proud of these.
Do you guys have any last things you want to tell your supporters?
Come to a show and see us again or for the first time! If you love the songs we really want to show you how they are live.
Answered by Keegan Calmes.
ELS TALKS WITH TMI ABOUT HER GROWING PASSION FOR MUSIC
SAVANNAH GARZA Talks With TMI About Her Whirlwind Of A ...
Gunnar Gehl
Teen Pop Heartthrob Gunnar Gehl Talks With TMI About His ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Now comes the second generation of that display, the P60W26P, and one significant improvement is immediately evident even before you plug it in: the price. The P60W26P costs $14,999—a 40% drop in price from the DPD60W, which cost $24,999 just a year ago. What's more, the new model outperforms the older one in several important respects.
Like most plasma displays, the P60W26P is a monitor: a widescreen, 16:9 model in a broad silver frame. Without an external tuner, it won't even display conventional television; most people will simply use a VCR as an NTSC tuner. Of course, this model can also display HDTV, for which you need an external DTV tuner. Its resolution is 1280x720, which corresponds to ABC's high-definition broadcasts at 720p. The more common 1080i broadcasts are converted to 720p (that is, 1280x720) by the P60W26P's internal Sage scaler. The older DPD60W was advertised as offering a maximum resolution of 1280x720, but Zenith admitted that it was actually capable of 1366x768. They make no such claim for the P60W26P.
For all the power of the statement this plasma will make in your room, it's a rather simple device, as a monitor should be. It has few features and options. There is, of course, aspect-ratio control, though it's minimal: 16:9, 4:3, and Stretch, which simply magnifies and crops an image to fill the screen. Other products offer a wider range of aspect-ratio options.
Like every plasma we know of without an outboard control box, the P60W26P lacks an onboard tuner and offers a bare-bones array of inputs: one for each of the normal analog inputs, including component and RGB, which means you can use the monitor as a computer display. It has none of the new digital inputs, such as DVI or FireWire. And with just one component input, you won't be able to hook up both a digital tuner and a DVD player using component connections unless you have an outboard switching box. That's normal for plasmas; they lack the rear real estate to accommodate lots of inputs. Still, some plasmas—notably Pioneer's latest 50-inch model, the PDP-5030HD—offer outboard control boxes that provide a plethora of inputs. But that would have added to the Zenith's price, which has been kept admirably low.
If you connect at least two video sources, such as two external tuners, DVD player, etc., the P60W26P offers picture-in-picture and twin picture (two equal-sized images side by side) display options. There's also a freeze-frame function, activated from the remote.
There are only two picture-setting memory locations: one for the RGB input and one for all other inputs. That's a shame. DVDs, VCRs, and, particularly, HDTV usually require different picture settings for each input.
Zenith sells optional speakers for the set, designed to connect to either side of the screen by means of friction-clamps. My review sample came without speakers, which was no problem; I assume that almost anyone paying this much for a TV will have a dedicated home-theater audio system. The remote is not backlit, but it is well-designed and easy to use.
All of the P60W26P's features are similar if not identical to those on the DPD60W. Where they differed was in performance.
The DPD60W was noisy—and I don't mean video noise. It had a loud fan. The new P60W26P was quiet—no fan noise. The older display looked terrible when I first turned it on, with a blue, grainy picture. The P60W26P's picture looked pretty good at first glance. But then, the DPD60W had come with its Contrast control cranked up to 100. The P60W26P's Contrast was set near 50%. It was obvious that my P60W26P had been used before, and adjusted at least to some extent. (Batteries were already loaded in the remote!) In any case, the P60W26P looked pretty good right out of the box.
The biggest issue with the DPD60W had been a tendency to temporary screen burn-in, visible primarily from test patterns. If a light-colored pattern was held on the DPD60W's screen longer than average scenes in normal program material, the image was still visible even a minute or two later during dark scenes. It faded away eventually, but that could take several minutes.
The P60W26P reduced but did not eliminate this problem. Once, after holding the Color and Tint test pattern from Video Essentials on the screen for a couple of minutes to make adjustments, I saw the words Color and Tint lingering on the screen when, a few minutes later, I looked at a dark test pattern. Within a few minutes, these images faded away.
The problem is not likely to affect normal viewing very often because a bright image must be held on the screen for longer-than-normal program scenes before the problem occurs. I didn't notice it while watching movies with the P60W26P.
I was delighted with the P60W26P's excellent resolution. Folds and creases in the British and American uniforms in The Patriot were superbly rendered, and frequency-sweep patterns from Video Essentials were especially well-defined, almost down to the last detail. I've seen only a couple of plasmas that could equal or better this performance. Color rendition was impressive; the overall effect was bright, clear, and precise.
Like many other plasmas I've seen, the older DPD60W was quite noisy—by which, this time, I mean video noise. This noise was best seen on stable, medium-gray images. The P60W26P reduced the noise but did not eliminate it. Many plasmas, including this one, exhibit an odd quirk: The noise completely disappears from one Contrast setting to the next lower setting. To eliminate the noise on the P60W26P, the Contrast had to be cranked down so far that the picture was too dark.
T he plasma technology's greatest weakness is its inability to render black properly, and the P60W26P suffered from this deficiency as well. It could render a convincing black, but it was unable to distinguish between shades of dark gray and black, meaning that detail in dark areas was wholly missing. One test pattern on Video Essentials shows a small bar with three sections in the middle of a white field. The first section is jet black, the second slightly lighter, the third slightly lighter still. On the Zenith, the first two sections of the bar were indistinguishable; I could differentiate the third only by looking very closely.
This is not an insubstantial flaw. In dark movies or dark scenes, many areas looked like great, empty voids. This problem is universal among plasmas, but some handle it a bit better—notably Panasonic's wonderful TH-50PHW3 50-inch high-definition model.
The P60W26P converts everything to 720p (except, of course, high-definition programming already at that resolution). Numerous artifacts—stair-step patterns, line structure—were visible with NTSC material on the P60W26P. Though it's not mentioned in the literature or Specifications, the P60W26P has 3:2 pulldown correction, which should have cleaned up at least some of these artifacts. But standard-definition, 480i program material is deinterlaced to 480p using Faroudja's DCDi processing, which our prior experience suggests should be pristine. The problems I describe might be traceable to the scaler (from Sage, not Faroudja) that converts 480p to the display's native 720p. I've seen worse scalers, but I've also seen better—and a handful that are much better. Scalers are the greatest weakness of most HDTVs.
You can always buy an outboard video processor to use with the P60W26P. Faroudja's excellent NRS is custom-made for this purpose; the company promotes it for use with plasmas. But it seems perverse to spend several thousand dollars on an outboard device to overcome the weaknesses of the scaler built into this product.
I had few complaints about the P60W26P when I used it as a high-definition display—HD broadcasts were simply stunning. I watched HBO-HD, HD-Net on DirecTV, and some over-the-air HD on WETA-HD, the local PBS station. All of it was glorious, with startling detail, a rich color palette, and remarkable clarity. This was not the best HD I've ever seen; converting 1080i to 720p necessarily entails a small sacrifice in quality. I was able to check the Zenith's high-definition performance only with 1080i material. Still, the P60W26P's 1080i capabilities were impressive, and I would expect them to be even better with native 720p.
There are few 60-inch plasma displays on the market, and none, I think, costs as little as the Zenith P60W26P. For a video monitor of any type, $15,000 is still a lot of money. But the P60W26P is a good product, a clear improvement over its predecessor, and one you're certain to enjoy.


Tea is an important part of Hong Kong culture, given its shared history of Chinese and British rule and customs. Both cultures have long espoused tea as formal social engagement, and it plays significant role in traditions and interactions.
But I'm sure neither the British nor Chinese would expect a tea party to be quite so wild and fantastical as the Alice in Wonderland themed attraction at Hong Kong Disneyland. Under a soaring tent-shaped canopy structure, the Mad Hatter Tea Cups present swirls and patterns of lovely pinks and lavenders and turquoise and oranges, and they combine into quite a delectable palette. I suppose you can always make new traditions.
Lively pastels paint the teacups and interiors of the Mad Hatter Tea Cups in Hong Kong Disneyland.


Recreational tree-climbing becomes a draw for OKC enthusiasts – some into their 50s, 60s and 70s.
Kenton Peters learned to climb a tree with ropes and a harness so he could safely perform his job. Now he's sold on doing it just for fun.
Peters mastered the technique when it was his job to trim trees at the Crystal Bridge Conservatory at Myriad Botanical Gardens. He's taught classes for about 10 years and typically draws teenagers and 20-somethings.
But after an adults-only class was advertised in August water bills, more registrations came from the bucket-list crowd.
"I thought if I can play tennis, I can do this," says 74-year-old Paul Gragg, who has a pecan tree in his yard that he's itching to climb.
With knowledge from the class, Kevin Conley, 52, plans to go home and practice his knots. The Blake's hitch, the figure eight and the overhand are essential to tree-climbing.
Conley says he climbed trees in a less-safe manner to trim branches and put up Christmas lights, but he also wanted to take up the hobby.
"I've got two teenagers that want to do it, but I've got to figure it out first," he says.
Tom Zercher, 75, says he has wanted to learn since stumbling across The Wild Trees, a book about people who pioneered climbing California's redwoods.
John Borgert, 65, an elementary school art teacher, got the itch after taking his 10-year-old son to one of Peters' classes.
In addition to pulling with their arms, climbers propel themselves, each with one leg placed in a foot loop, a separate rope attached to the main one.
"Trust your knots and relax," Peters says to his four students as they start up the tree.
Ephraim Taylor, 31, of Broken Arrow, trims trees for a living; for fun, he enters International Society of Arboriculture competitions. This year he won the fast rope climb by ascending 50 feet in 11 seconds. Taylor says competitors share new techniques, focus on safety and learn aerial rescues.


text:
thanks for visiting cnnmoney.
We're no longer maintaining this page.
For the latest business news and markets data, please visit CNN Business
China's incredible high-speed rail system
By Charles Riley @CRrileyCNN January 29, 2015: 5:06 PM ET
6,800 miles of fast track
In the six years since China opened its first high-speed rail line, the country's network has grown to 6,800 miles of dedicated track -- making it by far the world's largest system.
The scale of the project is simply massive, but it has also produced hundreds of billions of dollars in debt, a deadly accident and allegations of corruption.
First published January 29, 2015: 5:06 PM ET
5 things you must do before you retire
Retirement planning mistakes you probably don't realize you're making
10 of the most luxurious airline amenity kits
The Rise of China
This is my Chinese Dream
Banned! 7 things you won't find in China
Cool cars from the Beijing Auto Show


text:
Penn State Health affinity groups bring employees together, promote diversity, respect
The Military and Veteran Affinity Group holds a Memorial Day event each year. Affinity groups sponsor special programs throughout the year to promote respect of all diversity groups. This photo was taken prior to the enactment of COVID-19 precautions.
The screen was filled with people, some dressed in festive, colorful clothing and enjoying sweet treats.
November 25, 2020Penn State Health News
On the final night of the Hindu, Sikh and Jain holiday of Diwali, people gathered online to be together and enjoy the celebration.
The scene was exactly what Dr. Thyagarijan Subramanian and Carey Brevard wanted to see. The group they lead, the Penn State Health Capital Region (Dauphin) Multicultural Employee Affinity Group, planned the Nov. 16 event as a way to help individuals connect during Diwali.
"Part of our goal with the affinity group is to bring people together and raise awareness of different cultures and races," said Subramanian, a neurologist at Penn State Neuroscience Institute and professor in the departments of Neurology and Neural and Behavioral Sciences at the College of Medicine. Brevard is director of Environmental and Linen Services at Hershey Medical Center. "That way we can understand one another and relate better to each other."
Subramanian's and Brevard's group is one of seven employee affinity groups in Dauphin County that are sponsored by the Office for Diversity, Equity and Inclusion at Penn State Health and the College of Medicine. New affinity groups are planned for Berks, Lancaster and Cumberland counties. The current plan is to launch the Multicultural and Military Veteran groups for Berks and Lancaster counties this month and other groups in future months.
Dauphin County groups include:
LGBTQ and Allies Affinity Resource/Network Group, which assists with education, information, support and advocacy services to Penn State Health and College of Medicine by creating and maintaining a safe, inclusive and equitable environment for LGBTQ students, learner, staff, faculty, alumni and patients.
Military and Veteran Affinity Group. It is dedicated to creating a military/veteran-friendly campus by recognizing, supporting and advocating the rights and needs of military and veteran employees, students and patients. It represents, communicates and organizes events to enhance the professional and personal advancement of employees with direct and indirect military affiliations within Penn State Health, the College of Medicine and the community.
NextGen Employee Affinity Group, which is committed to empowering the next generation of leaders at Penn State Health and the College of Medicine. Through networking, mentoring and community outreach, the goal is to empower diverse and career-driven professionals to reach their professional goals.
Multicultural Employee Affinity Group. This group provides a forum to promote cultural awareness and knowledge, networking opportunities and professional development within Penn State Health and the College of Medicine. The group aspires to increase racial/ethnic diversity at all levels by building a stronger presence in the surrounding community and participating in recruitment, retention, development and career advancement efforts.
Disability Affinity Resource/Network Group. It provides advocacy and informational resources to develop a more welcoming and inclusive environment for patients, students and faculty/staff with disabilities, and for those who are caregivers and advocates of persons with disabilities. This group also provides recommendations for advancing Penn State Health and the College of Medicine's commitment to increase the representation of employees with disabilities in the workforce.
Interfaith Affinity Resource/Network Group, which aims to connect individuals from diverse spiritual beliefs and backgrounds to foster a respectful and inclusive environment for all. In addition, it strives to promote religious awareness throughout the organization through educational events and community outreach.
Group on Women in Medicine and Science. This group is an Association of American Medical Colleges-affiliated organization that addresses employment interests of women physicians, researchers and other scientists.
"Employee affinity groups are an integral component of Penn State Health's commitment to creating a respectful and inclusive workforce, providing culturally responsive care for our patients, education to our students, and making discoveries that create a greater well-being for everyone, regardless of background," said Lynette Chappell-Williams, vice president and chief diversity officer of Penn State Health.
The affinity groups touch on many issues important to the Penn State Health and College of Medicine community. Subramanian said the multicultural group held a well-attended, productive meeting with the Derry Township police chief a few months ago about a variety of questions, including police training on racial bias.
"Overall, we all are more aware that we are working in places with greater minority and multicultural workforces," Brevard said. "We are now a global society, and the time is right for us to become a unified force."
All affinity groups promote diversity, respect, integrity, transparency, teamwork, inclusiveness, and excellence, according to their goals. Anyone who wants to join an affinity group in Dauphin County or wants to be part of the development of the affinity groups in Berks and Lancaster regions can email diversity@pennstatehealth.psu.edu.
Penn State Health presents second-phase land development plan to Hampden Township
Neidert named Penn State Health corporate director of security
History of Medicine lecture will examine race, gender and region in the 1910 Flexner Report
Surgery resident Greene honored for exceptional teaching
New system for biosafety protocol submissions coming early this year
Children are not immune: Penn State Health pediatrics work overtime to mitigate COVID's effects


text:
Wrapping Up Another Busy Year
Events at LAX, in the world of aviation security and throughout the entire field of law enforcement continued rapidly evolving in 2018, and LAAPOA was there to meet them head-on. Along with our partners in the American Alliance of Airport Police Officers (AAAPO), we stayed at the forefront of the manifold issues facing us, continuing to speak out as experts on airport policing and advocate for public safety at the local, state and national levels. In case you missed anything, here's a look back at many of the crucial topics we addressed in our press releases and e-newsletters during the past year.
Advocating for Public Safety
Many public safety issues we tackled in 2018 reaffirmed that our nation's airports and other public gathering places remain vulnerable to both inside and outside threats. While great strides have been made to increase security measures at LAX and elsewhere, it's evident that our attention on issues of police staffing, equipment and safety can never wane — not even for a day.
In February, the aftermath of the mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, prompted LAAPOA to address the ineffectiveness of gun control and the vulnerability of our schools. We stated that gun laws won't put an end to gun violence and called on legislators to invest their energy in initiatives that support increased school police presence and active-shooter training.
In March, LAAPOA and the Los Angeles Airport Police Supervisors Association (LAAPSA) met for the first time in more than 20 years for an airport police summit, where both organizations addressed concerns about staffing and equipment, promotions, compensation and more. LAAPOA and LAAPSA hope to further collaborate in the future to solve issues raised by their respective members so that they can continue to effectively uphold Los Angeles World Airports' "gold standard" of service.
In May, LAAPOA applauded the Los Angeles Board of Airport Commissioners' approval of a new airport police facility at LAX. For years, LAAPOA had been pushing for a new facility to keep up with the safety needs of the massively expanding airport.
As it was revealed that the Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport shooter researched the layout of LAX three days prior to the shooting in Florida, LAAPOA reflected on the proactive security measures LAX has taken since the November 2013 airport shooting.
In August, AAAPO cautioned against complacency in fighting inside and outside threats at airports after an airport ground worker took a Bombardier Q400 turboprop plane from the Seattle–Tacoma International Airport and crashed it on Ketron Island in Tacoma, Washington.
At LAX, an incident involving a man transporting a truck filled with numerous defunct WWII-era firearms highlighted the negative impact of LAXPD management cutting staff by 20%, as the officers' delayed response to the scene caused massive traffic buildup. LAAPOA argued that more officers are needed, not fewer, to respond to situations threatening airport security in a timely manner.
Advancing the Law Enforcement Profession
This year, LAAPOA vehemently protected and explored ways to advance the law enforcement profession. Many of our messages defended officers against negative attacks and provided recommendations on how agencies can bolster recruitment and retention, training initiatives and more.
In February, President Marshall McClain spoke out against the negative portrayal of LAXPD in an episode of FOX's 9-1-1, where officers were shown incapable of securing the airport after a plane crash. McClain set the record straight by outlining the extensive training that all LAXPD officers undergo and offering a real-life example to the show's creators to help them better understand how officers do their jobs and take their roles seriously.
LAAPOA and AAAPO denounced "Making Black Lives Matter in Schools," an anti-police demonstration co-sponsored by United Teachers of Los Angeles, Black Lives Matter, the American Civil Liberties Union and other groups. The groups mobilized students by stating that their school police officers were racist and disproportionately targeted students of color. LAAPOA and AAAPO argued against these false claims, stating that the demonstration created divisions instead of uniting people to find solutions to keep children safe.
In April, LAAPOA made the case for why agencies nationwide should shift their recruitment strategies to focus on millennials, saying that adapting policing to meet the needs of the next generation will create not only officers who are passionate about their jobs, but also new leaders who will fight for more funding, advanced training and better equipment in the future.
In June, LAXPD announced that it was hiring to keep up with the rapidly expanding airport. We supported the recruitment efforts by stressing the important role LAXPD officers play in keeping one of the world's busiest airports safe and providing more details about benefits and job requirements.
In July, LAAPOA wrote a speculative article on what LAXPD could accomplish if it promoted management from within, invested in recruitment and retention, and budgeted for police cars and other much-needed equipment upgrades in the hopes of inspiring funding discussions within the department.
In August, LAAPOA called for more management training for LAXPD officers, citing studies showing that leadership training is often lacking in law enforcement.
In October, LAAPOA analyzed data released by the U.S. Department of Justice's Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) showing a significant drop in police-initiated contacts with the public and a dangerous decline in proactive policing. LAAPOA argued that anti-law-enforcement legislation and media scrutiny have criminalized officers for doing their jobs, and as a result, officers are now second-guessing their actions during contacts, placing their lives and the safety of our communities at risk.
Protecting Our Members
In addition to fighting for improved employment conditions for its members, LAAPOA dedicated many BOLO e-newsletters to safeguarding members' health and wellness and to breaking down how state and national legislation and court decisions affected law enforcement and public employee benefits.
We started the year ensuring that our members knew how the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act would affect them and their families. The $1.5 trillion tax cut capped property tax deductions, eliminated home-equity loan deductions, expanded medical expense deductions and more.
Also in January, we raised awareness on police officer suicide to help erase the stigma associated with mental health issues in the profession. LAAPOA called for more funding to be put into comprehensive mental health programs and initiatives, such as suicide prevention, chaplaincies and peer support.
In March, LAAPOA signed amicus briefs in Marin Association of Public Employees v. Marin County Employees' Retirement Association and Cal Fire, Local 2881 v. California Public Employees' Retirement System, two cases that aimed to erode the California rule barring state and local governments from reducing pension benefits for current employees once they are granted.
In addition, LAAPOA closely followed another case threatening vested pension rights, Alameda County Deputy Sheriffs' Association (ACDSA) v. Alameda County Employees' Retirement Association (ACERA). In that case, ACDSA sued ACERA after it announced plans to exclude forms of leave cash-out and other pay from ACDSA members' pension calculations pursuant to the Public Employees' Pension Reform Act. The trial court ruled against the employees, but the ACDSA appealed that ruling, and in August, the California Supreme Court granted review of the case.
In April, we exposed AB 931 and why it was a bad idea for policing. If passed, the legislation would have raised the state standard for officers' use of lethal force from "reasonable" to "necessary."
In May, we dispelled popular myths about the pension crisis that lawmakers have been using to justify reducing public employee benefits. We presented facts showing that public workers don't receive generously funded retirements, and that LAXPD officers' salaries and benefits are derived from airport landing fees, so they are in no way a burden to the City's General Fund and don't impact county or state tax dollars.
In July, LAAPOA welcomed Governor Jerry Brown's passage of SB 866, California's response to the Janus decision. The law requires employers to allow for payroll deductions for union dues, prohibits employers from discouraging employees from joining a union and more.
LAAPOA also raised awareness on the dangers of toxic air contaminants released from planes and other transportation that could negatively affect the health of officers.
In August, LAAPOA commented on the unprecedented number of lawsuits filed against LAXPD Chief David L. Maggard Jr., stating that many of the complaints, which range from safety-vest policy to management actions, were based on lack of leadership and could have been resolved before escalating to lawsuits.
In September, LAAPOA recapped the legislative session, which featured numerous measures affecting law enforcement, and revisited the disturbing trend of lawmakers acting on knee-jerk reactions and passing problematic "reform" bills to fix problems in our criminal justice system.
We closed out the year by once again advocating that, in the midst of LAX's massive modernization initiative, airport policing must be allocated the attention and resources that are desperately needed to keep the airport and its travelers safe.
You recognized and re-elected your Board of Directors to continue its tireless advocacy for another term. We will fight to make strides toward parity of pay and benefits and improved working conditions for our members in 2019 and beyond.
Categories: BOLO E-Newsletter, Spotlight News


According to new data recently released by ATI Physical Therapy, Millennials are seeking more therapy for TMJ than for any other condition. Although physical therapy can certainly be helpful for TMJ treatment, many people will benefit from TMJ treatment from a dentist either instead of or in addition to physical therapy.
The report from ATI showed that, overall, the top five issues patients seek physical therapy for are hip, back, knee, foot, and hand injuries. But Millennials aren't reporting these types of injuries. Instead, they are seeking treatment for temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ), which is a condition that can be related to physical injury, but is more often related to psychological stress.
Stress can cause people to tense their jaw muscles, leading to soreness, joint damage, tooth wear, and other symptoms of TMJ.
Changing Workplace or Changing Diet?
It's possible that the difference in injury patterns is related to the changing workplace. If Millennials are doing less physical labor, especially less repetitive physical labor, they are less likely to injure their hands, back, and feet. This could be the other side of the loss of manufacturing jobs in the US: fewer people doing repetitive physical labor that results in these kinds of injuries. Instead, their mental stress causes them to respond with muscle tension, resulting in TMJ.
But it's also possible that Millennials are more prone to serious bite problems because of our ever-changing diet in the US. The changing food supply in the US has supplied us with a seemingly limitless variety of processed foods. These processed foods can be tasty and they can even be nutritious, but they're rarely challenging for the jaw. This can contribute to underdevelopment of the jaw, which can set the preconditions for TMJ.
Assuming that TMJ is related to stress is an oversimplification of the condition. Instead, it's important to look at multiple potential causes of the condition to assess the true source of TMJ. A neuromuscular dentist is uniquely qualified to make this assessment.
Neuromuscular dentistry is the study of the dynamic interaction of all the components of the jaw system, including the teeth, the muscles, the joints, and the nerves. Looking at all these components together allows us to analyze all the potential causes of TMJ and determine the true cause.
It also allows us to recommend treatment that addresses this true cause. Because TMJ often has multiple contributing causes, it often benefits from a team treatment approach. We can work with other members of your treatment team, including a doctor, physical therapist, life coach, and others to ensure optimal relief from TMJ symptoms. We have a myofunctional therapist on staff to help with TMJ and other bite problems.
If you are looking for TMJ treatment in Fairfax County, please call 703-323-8200 today for an appointment with TMJ dentist Dr. Pamela Marzban in Burke, VA.


text:
Tokyo residents (anime)
Sojiro Nishikado's father
The title of this article is conjectural. Although it is based on canonical information, the actual name is conjecture and may be supplanted at any time by additional information.
Nishikado
Grand Master (former)
Nishikado Mansion
Shoichiro Nishikado (son)
Sojiro Nishikado (son)
Nishikado (son)
Nishikado (wife)
"My father's just the head of a tea ceremony school, but he likes to live in grand style."
—Sojiro Nishikado[src]
Nishikado (西門 (にしかど) , Nishikado) was the Grand Master of the Nishikado style of tea ceremony. He was the father of three sons, including Shoichiro and Sojiro. He regularly cheated on his wife, with whom he had a strained relationship. After Shoichiro left home, Sojiro was the one to succeed their father as head of their tea ceremony school.
1.1 Adult life
Nishikado belonged to a long line of Grand Masters whom practiced the Nishikado style of tea ceremony. He married his wife and had three sons, including Shoichiro and Sojiro. Nishikado and his wife argued regularly.[1] As a child, Sojiro smashed the family's ship in a bottle while trying to extricate the ship. His father gave him a thorough scolding.[2] Nishikado also scolded Sojiro when he and Sara Hinata played in a storeroom, which housed plates dubbed "national treasures."[3] Gradually, the Nishikado family became more dysfunctional. Nishikado began to keep a mistress, which his wife tolerated. Shoichiro later left the home, placing the burden of being their father's heir on Sojiro.[1] When he was in college, Sojiro succeeded his father as the head of their tea ceremony school.[4]
He is first mentioned in chapter thirty-five of Boys Over Flowers.
Sojiro mentions his father in episode nineteen of the anime. After naming the places where he owns villas, Sojiro says "My father likes to act big although he's the head of a tea ceremony school."
He is briefly mentioned in Hana Yori Dango Returns (2007). Like in the manga, he is the head of a tea ceremony school. His elder son left the family because he could not handle the pressure.
In Meteor Garden (2018), it is hinted that Xi Men's father is cheating on his wife. He promises to take care of her financially whether they divorce or not.
Xi Men's (Sojiro) father is mentioned in episode two of Meteor Rain (2001). His wife asks Xi Men to represent him at a meeting since he is in Hong Kong. Xi Men surmises from his mother's expression that his father is seeing his mistress. In Meteor Garden II, he is played by Zhang Guo Zhu.
He is named So Hyeon-seop and played by Kim Jong-jin in Boys Over Flowers (2009).
↑ 1.0 1.1 "Story of an Encounter," Boys Over Flowers
Boys Over Flowers (anime) characters
Urara Aoi | Kazuya Aoike | Yuriko Asai | Erika Ayuhara | Kaede Domyoji | Tsubaki Domyoji | Makiko Endo
Chieko Makino | Susumu Makino | Yasukichi Makino | Yuki Matsuoka | Nishida | Shigeru Okawahara
Junpei Oribe | Sakurako Sanjo | Thomas | Shizuka Todo | Minako Yamano
Aki and Chimura | Akira's girlfriend | Beautician | Hatta | Hiroko | Hiruta | Junpei's brother | M
Jean P. Mayol | Miho | Noriko | Photographer | Principal | Rui's father | Sakurako's grandmother
Shigeru's father | Shigeru's mother | Shizuka's parents | Sojiro's father | Sojiro's mother | Teacher
Tsubaki's husband | Tsukasa's father | Yuki's sister


Dressing: Combine the Cider Vinegar, Rice Vinegar, Olive Oil, Honey, Dijon Mustard, salt and pepper in a jar. Cover and shake well.
Salad: Place remaining ingredients into a large bowl and add dressing – stir well.


text:
Крамаров — фамилия. Известные носители:

 Крамаров, Абрам Давыдович — советский электрометаллург, лауреат Государственной премии СССР.
 Крамаров, Александр Алексеевич (род. 1946) — российский скрипач.
 Крамаров, Владимир Саввич (1906—1987) — специалист в области сельскохозяйственного ремонтного производства, ректор Украинской сельскохозяйственной академии (1957—1959), член-корреспондент ВАСХНИЛ (1956).
 Крамаров, Олег Павлович (1923—1988) — советский физик, специалист в области пьезоэлектрики.
 Крамаров, Савелий Викторович (1934—1995) — советский и американский актёр.
 Крамаров, Юрий Маркович (1929—1982) — советский альтист.

Другое
 Крамаров — небольшой ударный кратер в экваториальной области обратной стороны Луны.

См. также

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia