text:
Evaluation of the Waitakere Community Injury Prevention Project
Carolyn Coggan1,
Pam Patterson1,
Marilyn Brewin1,
Rhonda Hooper1,
Elizabeth Robinson2
1Injury Prevention Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
2Department of Community Health, University of Auckland
Correspondence to:
Dr Coggan
(e-mail: c.coggan{at}auckland.ac.nz)
Objective—To evaluate the Waitakere Community Injury Prevention Project (WCIPP).
Methods—Process and outcome evaluations were conducted over a three year period. Process activities included analysis of project documentation, participant observation, key informant interviews, and two post-implementation case studies. A quasiexperimental design was used for the outcome evaluation. Three primary sources of data were collected and analysed: injury statistics; a pre-post telephone survey (n=4000); and a pre-post organisation survey (n=144).
Results—Process evaluation provided a comprehensive account of the operation and activities of the WCIPP. Findings stress the pivotal role of the coordinators and highlight the value of incorporating a multicultural approach. A positive impact on changes to Waitakere City Council safety policies and practices was also evident. Outcome evaluation findings demonstrated significant reductions in rates of Waitakere child injury hospitalisations (p<0.05), while comparison communities showed an increase in child hospitalisation rates. In addition, compared with pre-intervention and comparison data, significantly more Waitakere residents were aware of injury prevention safety messages (p=0.0001) and had acquired appropriate child safety items (p=0.0001).
Conclusion—The community injury prevention model appears to be an effective strategy for injury prevention. The support provided by the council for the WCIPP has provided a benchmark for the role of local governments in injury prevention.
safe communities
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.6.2.130
The prevention of injury has been identified as a public health priority. 1 In New Zealand, injury is the leading cause of death for those aged 1 to 34 years. In childhood, injury accounts for approximately 60% of all deaths and by adolescence and young adulthood, injury (including suicides) accounts for approximately 80% of deaths.2
To address this major public health issue, in 1994, the New Zealand Public Health Commission called for expressions of interest in a community based injury prevention pilot based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) Safe Community model for injury prevention. This model is a community based, all age, all injury prevention programme, which recognises that those most able to solve community injury problems are those people who live in that particular community.3–7
Waitakere City Council was awarded the contract by the Public Health Commission. Waitakere is the sixth largest city in New Zealand with a population of 155 565 (1996 census data). It lies in the western part of the greater Auckland area, where nearly one in three New Zealanders live. Waitakere is a young city, with one third of the population under 20 years, and nearly half below the age of 30 years. Waitakere is 67% Pakeha/European, 14% Maori (indigenous people of New Zealand), 11% Pacific people, 7% Asian, and 1% other.
The Public Health Commission also considered it important that an evaluation of the pilot project, the Waitakere Community Injury Prevention Project (WCIPP), be conducted. This contract was awarded to the Injury Prevention Research Centre, University of Auckland. The specific issue of evaluation of community based injury prevention is topical in the international research literature, both in terms of methods and findings. It is also generally acknowledged that the evaluation of community based interventions is complex and often controversial.8 Issues raised include different methods of statistical analyses and the lack of comparative data, combined with the lack of information on implementation strategies.9–12 This article is based on the first comprehensive evaluation of a community based injury prevention project to be conducted in New Zealand.
Evaluation of the community based injury prevention project, the WCIPP, was conducted over a three year period (1995–97) with funding external to the project. The overall goal of this evaluation was to ascertain the process and impact of the WCIPP model and the progress towards a reduction in injuries within Waitakere. The evaluation was also designed to provide information relevant to policy development.
Process evaluation activities conducted throughout the entire three year pilot phase included analysis of project documentation to obtain information relating to implementation; participant observation at monthly management group meetings and official presentations organised by the WCIPP; regular telephone communication and six monthly key informant interviews with each of the three coordinators; and, six monthly key informant interviews with either management group members and key council staff or representatives from community organisations in Waitakere (n=100 interviews in total). In addition, two post-implementation case studies were undertaken. One was conducted at the Waitakere City Council where the general and Pacific components of the WCIPP were based. The other was centred on the pan-tribal urban Marae where the Maori component of the WCIPP was based. Both case studies evolved when, after the review of the key informant interviews and project document, it became apparent that more in-depth knowledge of the institutionalisation of the WCIPP within these organisations would be helpful for future policy development. For both case studies, in-depth key informant interviews were conducted with individuals responsible for promoting wellbeing and safety within their organisations.
For the outcome evaluation a quasiexperimental research design was used. A comparison population (147 000) was matched to the intervention population (155 000) on a number of relevant variables (demographic characteristics, new housing developments, road safety, and safer community (crime prevention in New Zealand) coordinator positions in both councils. Three primary sources of data were collected: injury statistics; a pre-post intervention telephone survey of Waitakere and the comparison population (n=4000); and a pre-post survey of Waitakere and the comparison population organisations (n=144). Additional routinely collected data were also accessed from Land Transport Safety Authority and the Auckland Fire Service.
Morbidity data for admissions to public and private hospitals were obtained from the New Zealand Health Information Service National Minimum Dataset for the years 1989–98. Records for patients who had been hospitalised overnight as a result of receiving an injury were extracted for the areas of Waitakere, greater Auckland, and the comparison community. Injury hospitalisation rates were calculated from 1991 and 1996 census figures (for years not in a census year, population figures were estimated).
Analysis of trends was conducted for all age groups. As childhood injuries were a particular focus for the WCIPP, a separate analysis was carried out for children aged 0–14.
Logistic regression models were used to model the trends in the rates of hospitalisation over time. For children aged 0–14, ethnicity (Maori v non-Maori); gender; and community were included as variables in the model. For the analysis of all age groups, another variable was included for age group (0–14, 15–24, 25–64, 65+). Additionally, a scale factor was used to allow for over dispersion in the model. The logistic regression model was used to investigate whether hospitalisation rates for the three communities responded differently to the intervention. Separate regression lines were fitted for the pre-intervention period (1989–95), and the intervention and post-intervention periods (1996–98). A test was undertaken to investigate any differences between the communities in the change in slopes pre-intervention and intervention/post-intervention, thereby testing whether any intervention/post-intervention change in hospitalisation rates for Waitakere were significantly different from any changes in the comparison communities.
As mortality data are only available up to 1996, no analysis was undertaken on fatal injuries.
For the telephone survey a 15 minute questionnaire was designed to provide information on awareness of injury and injury prevention, knowledge of and involvement in the WCIPP, self reported injury and treatment sought, risk taking behaviours associated with road related injuries, and use of safety items.
Baseline data were obtained from a random sample of residents (16 years+) in August/September 1995. Post-intervention survey data were obtained two years later using the same interview criteria and questionnaire. Households were randomly selected and respondents who reported being over 16 years of age and having the most recent birthday were selected for interview. Eight callbacks were made to selected households before replacement by an alternative household. The same criteria and questionnaire were used to survey the comparison community. A total of 4000 residents were interviewed in this manner. To investigate pre-post differences within each of the communities χ2 tests were undertaken of telephone surveys. Only p values ≤0.05 are quoted as significant.
To assess the impact of the WCIPP on organisations, a questionnaire was developed to cover awareness of the project and injury prevention and to assess changes in safety policies and practices. A total of 144 organisations were contacted in Waitakere and in the comparison community in 1995 and 1997. Organisations were matched and included the local council, preschool centres, schools, alcohol and drug prevention agencies, police, fire service, and rest homes. Analysis of organisational surveys were descriptive and no weighting or tests of significance were conducted. Routinely collected data were also accessed from the Land Transport Safety Authority and the Auckland Fire Service.
PROCESS EVALUATION
WCIPP operation
There were two distinct phases to this three year pilot. First, a development phase covering the first nine months of operation, which involved the establishment of the management group, employment of coordinators, identification of priority areas for the pilot, and the development of a strategic plan. Details of this phase have been described elsewhere.13 The implementation phase covered the remainder of the pilot.
The management group was responsible for the development and implementation of objectives and strategies of the WCIPP and developed three major components to the project (Maori, Pacific, and a general population project) and appointed a coordinator for each. All coordinators had limited previous knowledge of injury prevention. However, they all had community development experience, knowledge of appropriate cultural processes, established community networks, and quickly developed knowledge and expertise in injury prevention. The general and Pacific components of this project were based within the council. The Maori component was based at the local pan-tribal Marae. All components came under the umbrella of the council. Analysis of all key informant interviews indicated a high level of satisfaction with the conduct of the WCIPP. They also consistently reported that the management group, coordinators, and council staff were well respected for their skills and ability to work effectively together.
After community consultation, seven priority areas (Maori, Pacific, children, young people, older people, alcohol, and road) were established, which provided an effective focus for activities. Working parties (including representatives from local community agencies and community representatives) were established from each of the priority areas. Analysis of key informant interviews indicated that this was an effective means of taking the project out into the community.
Implementation strategies
A balance of strategies was developed focusing on three broad areas of injury prevention: promotion; education and training; and advocacy and action for hazard reduction and environmental change. Analysis of project documentation, key informant interviews, and participant observation indicated that strategies operating throughout the implementation phase primarily focused on child safety. Examples included promoting correct child restraint use; burns and scalds education; safety practices while playing sport; preventing falls; correct use of cycle helmets; and the reduction of hazards around the home and school. Other strategies focused on the use of smoke alarms and home safety for older people. Findings from key informant interviews illustrate high levels of satisfaction with the quality of resources developed. Additional information on implementation strategies is provided elsewhere.14
Marae and Waitakere City Cuncil case studies
Key informant interviews showed evidence of increased awareness about preventability of injury at the Marae and case study findings also highlighted a strong network of support for the Maori project and its role in injury prevention. Improvements in lifestyles and the provision of safer environments for whanau (family) were also found. Examples included the installation of smoke alarms; improvements in pedestrian access; covering of drains; promotion of child safety days; and safe sports promotion.14
Raised awareness of injury prevention requirements by council and recognition that public buildings need to incorporate safety design criteria was highlighted in the council case study. Recognition of the need to provide information on safety issues was also found. Council now requires all leaders of major projects and programmes to state how their project meets, or furthers, safety. There was also recognition that the WCIPP provided an avenue for council to interact with the voluntary sectors of the community and thereby contribute to the social structure of Waitakere. The case study also identified that council had initiated environmental changes in Waitakere, specifically regarding safety for older people, playground safety, safe surfaces for sports fields, and town centre revitalisation.14
OUTCOME EVALUATION
Injury statistics
Waitakere was the only community to show a decrease in injury hospitalisation rates in both 1997 and 1998 (fig 1). Rates for the comparison community increased in 1996/1997 but decreased slightly in 1998. Rates for the rest of Auckland increased in 1996, decreased slightly in 1997, and then increased again in 1998. There was no significant difference between the communities in the change in slopes during the intervention/post-intervention period.
Injury hospitalisation rates for all age groups, 1989–98.
Children aged 0–14—
Waitakere was the only community to show a decrease in injury hospitalisation rates in the intervention/post-intervention period (fig 2). Rates for the comparison community dropped in 1996 but then continued to rise in 1997 and 1998. Rates for the rest of Auckland dropped slightly in 1996 but continued to increase in subsequent years. The change in slopes during the intervention/post intervention period was significantly different between the communities (p<0.05).
Child injury hospitalisation rates, 1989–98.
A 63% response rate was achieved. Compared with pre-intervention and comparison data, a highly significant increase in awareness of injury prevention was found (p=0.001). No reductions in self reported injury for children or adults in the last month or 12 months were found in Waitakere, compared with pre-intervention and comparison data. However, significantly fewer Waitakere respondents, who reported being injured, required medical treatment compared with pre-intervention and comparison data (p=0.0001).
Compared with pre-intervention and comparison data significantly more Waitakere respondents acquired the appropriate type/number of child restraints (p=0.0001); fencing for swimming pools (p=0.0001); fire guards (p=0.0002); stair gates/guards for children (p=0.0001); and protective sports equipment (p=0.0001).
Organisational survey
Increases in awareness of the WCIPP and injury prevention among Waitakere organisations were also evident. Eighty five per cent of Waitakere organisations had heard of an injury prevention project compared with 25% in the comparison community. Half of the organisations had been contacted by someone from the WCIPP in the pre-post intervention surveys and 75% found the contact to be very useful. Changes to Waitakere schools' practices were found compared with pre-intervention and comparison data. Apart from council itself, minimal changes to other Waitakere organisations' safety policies or procedures were found.
Additional information/data
Land Transport Safety Authority data for 1998 showed that 98% of adults in Waitakere were appropriately restrained in the front seat, representing an annual increase of 7%. A 7% increase was also seen in children using appropriate child restraints (78%). Auckland Fire Service 1998 data found that Waitakere had the highest level of smoke alarm ownership in the greater Auckland region (71%), but unfortunately no comparison data with previous years were available.
In 1998 Waitakere was accredited as the first WHO Safe Community in New Zealand. In this first evaluation of the WHO model in New Zealand, process and outcome measures demonstrated the powerful effect that the WCIPP had with regard to the institutionalisation of injury prevention within the local authority and Marae. There were also positive results in changes in awareness of injury prevention and positive changes in safety related behaviour. Evaluation findings highlight the appropriateness of adopting a community injury prevention model as a basis for addressing injury prevention. This finding has been reported elsewhere.11,15,16
In accordance with good process evaluation practice, strategies were designed to gather information on project operation and reach, levels of satisfaction, and quality of resources produced. Process evaluation findings indicated that the role of the project coordinators was pivotal to the success of the WCIPP and that the three components of the WCIPP provided an important cross cultural structure. However, there are at least seven different Pacific nations within the Pacific community in Waitakere, making the task of implementing injury prevention strategies within the migrant community challenging. It is important that the flexibility required to establish appropriate cultural procedures and practices for all cultures represented in the community is recognised.
The establishment of working groups in the priority areas was successful and good intersectoral collaboration occurred. A balance of injury prevention strategies for the three broad areas of promotion, education and training, and advocacy and action for hazard reduction and environmental change was achieved. As expected, the scope of the strategies developed varied. Most of the child safety initiatives operated for the entire implementation phase, while others, such as the Firesafe Waitakere Campaign, were one off events. However, although the objectives of the WCIPP were achieved by the strategies implemented, not all age groups or injury types were covered. While few process evaluations of WHO Safe Community projects have been reported, those that have included information on implementations strategies, also state that not all injury types could be addressed.18,19 The expectation that this could occur may be unrealistic given the level of resources provided and highlights the possibility that the WHO criteria for Safe Communities may not be entirely appropriate in settings where contracted outputs specify priorities.
Case study findings indicated that the Maori coordinator built a strong network of support for the Maori project at the Marae. Pivotal to the success of this project was the development of a Maori perspective on injury prevention which supported Maori protocol and encompassed a holistic view of health and wellbeing at the Marae. This component of the WCIPP was an excellent model of a diverse injury prevention project, aspects of which could be transferred to other indigenous communities.
Within Waitakere City Council, especially in those sections most likely to consider safety in their policies, there was good support for the WCIPP and the part it played in the creation of a safety culture within the council and the community. The synergy created through the collaboration of the WCIPP coordinators and council representatives resulted in safety being given a much higher priority. This is on-going, as illustrated by the current safety requirements of council. It is also significant that council values the community links that the WCIPP has achieved and the long term benefits that are likely to occur as the community develops a greater sense of trust in local government.
In this first outcome evaluation of the WHO Safe Communities model in New Zealand, significant reductions in the rate of injury hospitalisations for children were achieved in Waitakere, whereas the comparison community showed an increase. This is an important finding as child safety was one of the major campaigns conducted by the WCIPP. Reductions in serious injuries have not yet been able to be demonstrated in similar projects conducted in Australia.12,18
The WCIPP was not able to demonstrate significant reductions in injury hospitalisations rates for all age groups. However, it is very encouraging that Waitakere was the only community to show a decrease in injury hospitalisation rates for two subsequent years (1997/98). Evaluation of the effects of the WCIPP on fatal injury statistics is on-going.
The WCIPP was unable to replicate findings of significant reductions in self reported injuries for either adults or children.12 It is unclear why this has occurred. One explanation could be that the activities of the WCIPP have resulted in more Waitakere residents being aware of injury as a public health issue and this knowledge resulted in a more accurate recall of self reported injury.19
The WCIPP was successful in raising awareness of injury prevention among individuals and community organisations. Positive increases in adoption of appropriate behaviours and practices in the area of child safety were also found. Significantly more Waitakere respondents had obtained fire guards; stair gates/guards for young children; appropriate type and number of child restraints for motor vehicles; and protective equipment for sports, post-intervention and compared with the comparison community. The combination of an increase in awareness of the WCIPP and environmental change are important steps for the reduction of injuries.20
The community injury prevention model appears to be an effective strategy for injury prevention. This pilot was implemented within a large urban multicultural community. The findings suggest that the WHO Safe Communities model worked well under the umbrella of a local government authority. Given the many areas of influence that local authorities have on safety issues and structures, findings of this evaluation add support to the placement of future community injury prevention projects within local government. In addition, the positive findings in the child priority areas adds weight to the view that community based injury prevention projects should consider fewer, more targeted, interventions.
We would like to thank the WCIPP coordinators. We also thank Dr Robyn Norton for her input into initial phases of this evaluation. Funding for this evaluation was provided by the Health Funding Authority (HFA) and the Accident Rehabilitation and Compensation Insurance Corporation (ACC). IPRC also receives core financial support from the Health Research Council of New Zealand, ACC, and HFA.
Barss P, Smith G, Baker S, et al. Injury prevention: an international perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
New Zealand Health Information Statistics. Mortality and demographic data 1995. Wellington: Ministry of Health Manatu Hauora, 1998.
Lindqvist K, Timpka T, Schelp L, et al. Evaluation of a home injury prevention program in a WHO safe community. International Journal of Consumer Safety 1999;6:25–32.
Lindqvist K, Timpka T, Schelp L, et al. The WHO safe community programm for injury prevention: evaluation of the impact on injury severity. Public Health 1998;112:385–91.
Svanström L, Schelp L, Ekman R, et al. Falkoping, Sweden, ten years after: still a safe community? International Journal of Consumer Safety 1996;3:1–7.
Lund J, Svanström L. International Journal of Consumer Safety—an issue on safe communities (editorial). International Journal of Consumer Safety 1995;2:59–60.
Schelp L. Community Intervention and changes in accident pattern in a rural Swedish municipality. Health Promotion 1987;2:109–25.
Pless IB. Perspectives on evaluating community programmes (editorial). Inj Prev 1996;2:81–83.
Langley JD, Alsop JC. Lidköping accident prevention programme: what was the impact? Inj Prev 1996;2:131–3.
Hanley J, Choi S. Commentary: statistical perspectives on the Lidköping papers. Inj Prev 1996;2:133–4.
Svanström L, Ekman R, Schelp L, et al. The Lidköping accident prevention programme—a community approach to preventing childhood injuries in Sweden. Inj Prev 1995;1:169–72.
Day LM, Ozanne-Smith J, Cassell E, et al. Latrobe Valley better health project. Victoria: Monash University Accident Research Centre, 1997.
Coggan C, Patterson P, Brewin M, et al. Waitakere community injury prevention project: formative evaluation report (developmental phase). Auckland: Injury Prevention Research Centre, 1997.
Coggan C, Patterson P, Brewin M, et al. Process evaluation report of the Waitakere community injury prevention project. Auckland: Injury Prevention Research Centre, 1998.
Jeffs D, Booth D, Calvert E. Local Injury information, community participation and injury reduction. Aust J Public Health 1993;17:365–72.
Ytterstad B, Smith GS, Coggan C. The Harstad injury prevention study: prevention of burns in young children by community based intervention. Inj Prev 1998;4:176–80.
Hawe P, Degeling D, Hall J. Evaluating health promotion. Sydney: Maclennan and Petty, 1995.
Ozanne-Smith J, Watt G, Day L, et al. Community based injury prevention evaluation: the safe living programme (1990–1996). Victoria: Monash University Accident Research Centre, 1998.
Laflamme L, Svanström L, Schelp L. Safety promotion research. Sweden: Karolinska Institutet, 1999.
Christoffel T, Gallagher SS. Injury prevention and public health. Maryland: Aspen, 1999.
Copyright 2000 Injury Prevention
Program evaluation—balancing rigor with reality
Susan S Gallagher
Injury Prevention 2000; 6 78-79 Published Online First: 01 Jun 2000. doi: 10.1136/ip.6.2.78


A federal appeals court's decision backing one of the Obama administration's most significant efforts to eliminate discrimination against transgender people will remain in effect, thanks to an order handed down on Tuesday. This is not a total victory for trans rights — in no small part because federal appeals courts do not have jurisdiction over the entire nation in the way that the Supreme Court does — but it is a significant one, especially because of the specific court that handed down Tuesday's order. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit includes North Carolina, the home of what is probably the highest-profile anti-LGBT law in the nation.
Federal Court Tells Lawmakers To Shut Up And Deal With Trans People In BathroomsJustice by CREDIT: AP Photos/Skip Foreman A federal appeals court just dropped a bomb on Southern lawmakers who think…thinkprogress.orgAlthough this case, G.G. v. Gloucester County School Board, involved a local school board in Virginia, the ruling controls all federal courts within the Fourth Circuit, including courts in North Carolina.
A few weeks later, in the beginning of May, the school board asked the full Fourth Circuit to rehear the case. Typically, federal appeals are heard by panels of three judges. In rare instances, however, an appeals court will agree to convene an "en banc" panel — a panel consisting of every active judge on the court — to hear a particular case. Tuesday's order denied en banc review of the G.G. case.
That's not a particularly surprising outcome. En banc review is considered an extraordinary action by an appeals court, and the Fourth Circuit is dominated by Democratic appointees who, for the most part, can be expected to back the Obama administration's play in G.G. — or, at the very least, to defer to the administration under Auer. The Fourth Circuit's conservative minority also doesn't appear to have put up much of a fight. According to the court's Tuesday order, not one judge called for a poll of the court's members to determine whether any of them supported en banc review.
Judge Paul Niemeyer, probably the most conservative member of the Fourth Circuit, did pen an angry opinion accompanying the Tuesday order. It is the sort of opinion that uses phrases like "politically correct acceptance" and "virtually every civilization's norms on this issue stand in protest." If Justice Antonin Scalia were still alive, he would no doubt read it and smile.
But Scalia is dead, and that reality puts a serious kink in Niemeyer's plans. In the final paragraph of his opinion, Niemeyer discloses his strategy to protect anti-trans discrimination: "While I could call for a poll of the court in an effort to require counsel to reargue their positions before an en banc court, the momentous nature of the issue deserves an open road to the Supreme Court." Additional review by the appeals court would delay review by the justices, and Niemeyer wants this case to get there soon.
Before Scalia's death, this would have been a smart strategy. Among other things, Scalia and three other justices previously authored opinions indicating a desire to overrule Auer. And, while Justice Anthony Kennedy — a conservative who occasionally votes with the Court's liberal bloc — is largely supportive of gay rights, his views on trans rights is far more uncertain.
Absent Scalia, however, it is very likely that there are at least four votes on the Supreme Court to uphold the Fourth Circuit's decision in G.G. That's not enough to set a national precedent, but it is enough to keep the Fourth Circuit's ruling in place within the states overseen by that court.
Scalia Is Dead, But Texas Has A Devious Plan To Bring His Vote Back To LifeJustice by CREDIT: AP Photo/Luis M. Alvarez A landmark lawsuit filed by several states that wish to preserve their…thinkprogress.orgSo Niemeyer's ideological allies probably won't be able to look to the Supreme Court for relief, but that doesn't mean that they are without cards to play. North Carolina Gov. Pat McCrory (R) filed a lawsuit seeking to defend parts of his state's anti-LGBT law. That lawsuit landed in a very conservative judge's courtroom. In the short term, that may be enough for the governor to get a trial court opinion reading G.G. very narrowly.
Meanwhile, a bloc of states led by Texas filed another lawsuit broadly challenging the Obama administration's efforts to prevent anti-trans discrimination. That case, thanks to what appears to be a deliberate effort to manipulate the process federal courts use to assign cases to judges, is assigned to a federal judge who has taken aggressive anti-LGBT actions in the past. In the worst case scenario for transgender people, that judge could issue a nationwide injunction restricting trans rights. And, while such injunctions are disfavored, that judge's decision will appeal to the Fifth Circuit, which is very conservative.
So, while Niemeyer's plans are unlikely to come to fruition, the Texas case could create an anomaly that our federal court system currently is not equipped to handle. An anti-LGBT judge could issue a nationwide injunction that conflicts directly with the Fourth Circuit's decision in G.G. Meanwhile, the only court that can resolve this uncertainty currently has only eight members, and may lack the votes it needs to resolve this impasse in either direction.


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"20 Giving 20" was part of the AIDS Resource Center of Wisconsin's commemoration of its 20th anniversary combating the AIDS epidemic. View all 20 of those honored on the ARCW "20 giving 20" page.
James Lacey, M.D.
"I never planned on becoming an HIV specialist. But there was a tremendous need for treatment of AIDS patients in the beginning and there were very few physicians who were doing it."
A hematologist and internal medicine physician, James Lacey, M.D., was providing care for people with hemophilia in Green Bay at the onset of the AIDS epidemic. His first AIDS patient was a gay male in his late twenties.
"He was very sick. At that time we were truly grasping for any information we could find to guide us in treatment. The helplessness of the situation was so frustrating."
Lacey made a career commitment to HIV care and treatment. Because of the enormous difficulties that people living with HIV and AIDS encounter, he sustained a deep commitment to his patients, supporting them in every way possible.
"With AIDS, support systems are as important as the physician. Other people make up so much of the care that patients need."
Lacey is thankful for the scientific progress that has made HIV treatment more successful. He acknowledges that adherence to drug regimens is difficult for many patients and he is realistic about the future.
"This disease is going to be difficult for a long time to come."
Photos and Text courtesy AIDS Resource Center of Wisconsin, copyright 2005.
Last updated: 10-May-2005.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Norris J has handed down judgment in the case of Gaia Ventures Ltd v Abbeygate Helical (Leisure Plaza) Ltd. The case was about an overage payment of £1.4million. The key issues were: (a) the meaning of an obligation on a developer (Abbeygate) to use "reasonable endeavours" to achieve "as soon as reasonably practicable" the satisfaction of certain conditions; and (b) whether the developer had become obliged to make the overage payment of £1.4million or to pay damages in lieu.
"The obligation is not to do it 'when convenient' or 'at the time best suited to Abbeygate'; but as soon as reasonably practicable".
The judge went on to conclude that Abbeygate had not, in fact, satisfied that obligation, but, if they had, the overage would have been triggered at a time that entitled Gaia to claim the overage payment. Gaia was, therefore, entitled to recover the £1.4m overage payment.


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Culinary Director, Chef Francisco Araya, talks about the professional programs offered at SCAFA
Contact SCAFA at info@scafa.ae for more information on registration deadlines and payment options for the April 2020 intake.
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They need to step up security - I was under the impression that security was so tight, no-one but close family was allowed in there.
I dont know....I dont feel he is in there....and I am not a very believer of the hoax but I can not feel his presence there.
and the family don't visit!!plus there could be little camers etc in them flowers or micro phones.. sounds silly but you never know!!
if i m not wrong there is something engraved e on the right side of the tmarble resembling a man with long hair and holiding a mike or something :?
Like I said earlier, security would not allow anyone other than close family to get into that crypt.
I dont know....I dont feel he is in there.... I can not feel his presence there.
I wonder how they could take this photo when it's well known that nobody than the mausoleum personnel and family can visit it?
Plus the ingraving or whatever it is with a man (who can look like Michael) and the child is disgusting and unrespectful regarding what Michael went through. We all know that Michael loves children and there are so many ways to show it, why in a so malicious way ? No need to tell more. It's enough for me, it's a fake.
Well, it says a security guard took the picture, so that would explain it.
Are you sure Karen Faye has put this on her facebook... as this picture appeared on a grave finder site first.
idk what it is, but my heart tells me that it's someone else in there...not Michael.
I think you are right, she's in the hoax, or just crazy..... She works very hard trying to convince everybody that Michael is dead. If he was dead, then why would she bother posting all these pictures ?
me to lol although half of my was saying..."how sad they dont even realize he is not there" and the other half of me wished i was there celebrating his life if he really were gone...he most get awefully lonely since none of his family visit??
@mjj fan yes...there is a strange figure marbled there...and at the right, I see a picture of someone, and its not MJ...I believe I'm going insane by this point... :?


text:
Featured Artist: Aretha Franklin
Born March 25, 1942 in Memphis, Aretha Franklin is one of the best-selling artists of all-time, selling around 75 million records worldwide. She has recorded 112 charted singles, so there's a good chance you've heard one of her songs. She's won 18 Grammy Awards, has a star on Hollywood's Walk of Fame, her voice has been declared a "natural resource" by the state of Michigan, and she was the first woman inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987. (We should discuss what a travesty it is that a woman wasn't inducted into the Hall of Fame until 1987, but we'll leave that alone for now.) There's no way we can honor the Queen of Soul in only two weeks, but we'll do our best to showcase the very best of Aretha Franklin.
- from I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You (1967)
Respect was written by Otis Redding and originally released in 1965. Aretha Franklin's cover was released in 1967. Whereas Redding's version is a man pleading with his woman for respect, Franklin's is demanding respect from her man and was a call to arms for the feminist movement. Respect won Franklin two Grammy Awards, was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, added to the National Recording Registry, and is often considered one of the best songs of all-time.
2. Chain of Fools
- from Lady Soul (1968)
Chain of Fools was written by Don Covay for Otis Redding, but after listening to Covay's demo, Atlantic Record producers gave the song to Aretha Franklin instead. It was released as a single in 1967 and on the 1968 album, Lady Soul. It won a Grammy and was later inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. Some claim Chain of Fools is an unauthorized rewrite of the gospel song, Pains of Life, recorded in 1967 by Reverend Elijah Fair & The Sensational Gladys Davis Trio.
3. (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman
(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman was written for Aretha Franklin by Carole King and Gerry Goffin and is another hit from Lady Soul (1968). It was later released by Carole King on Tapestry and covered byMary J. Blige, Céline Dion, and a few others, but no one's version was as big a hit as Aretha's. The song idea came when Atlantic Records producer, Jerry Wexler passed Carole King on the street and shouted that he wanted a natural woman song for Aretha. King and Goffin gave Wexler a writing credit.
4. Baby I Love You
- from Aretha Arrives (1967)
Aretha Arrives was Aretha Franklin's twelfth studio album and her second album for Atlantic Records. The recording sessions for the album were delayed due to Aretha shattering her elbow in an accident during a southern tour. She was immobile during the recording but managed to play the piano on several songs. Baby I Love was the only single release from the album. It hit #1 on the R&B charts and #4 on the Billboard Hot 100. B.B. King, Roberta Flack, Donny Hathaway, and Lisa Marie Presley have covered the song.
5. Rock Steady
- from Young, Gifted and Black (1972)
Rocky Steady is from Aretha Franklin's nineteenth studio album, Young, Gifted and Black. Released in 1972, the album's title comes from Nina Simone's song, To Be Young, Gifted and Black, and it won Franklin a Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance. Rock Steady has been covered by several artists. The most notable is Prince. He covered the song, which features Beverley Knight, on his 2007 live album, Indigo Nights.
6. I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)
- duet with George Michael (1987)
Written by Simon Climie and Dennis Morgan, I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me) is a Grammy Award-winning song from Aretha Franklin and George Michael. It was Franklin's biggest hit on the adult contemporary charts, her first and only number-one hit in the UK, and the last of seventeen Top 10 hits in the Billboard Hot 100. For George Michael, it marked his third consecutive number-one in the UK and was the first song he recorded as a lead artist that he didn't also write.
7. I Say a Little Prayer
- from Aretha Now (1968)
I Say a Little Prayer was written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David for Dionne Warwick. The song was intended to convey a woman's concern for her man who's fighting in the Vietnam War. Aretha Franklin recorded the song for her album Aretha Now (1968). It was released as a B-side to The House that Jack Built. I Say a Little Prayer did better on the charts and became Franklin's biggest hit in the UK until she recorded IKnew You Were Waiting (For Me) with George Michael in 1987.
8. Think
Think was written by Aretha Franklin and Ted White and originally released on the album, Aretha Now (1968). The song is a feminist anthem that became Franklin's seventh Top 10 hit in the United States. She re-recorded for the1989 album Through the Storm and did a longer version for the 1980 movie The Blues Brothers. Franklin lip-synced the song for the film, but since she was not used to lip-syncing the musical sequence took several takes and considerable editing.
9. Do Right Woman, Do Right Man
Aretha Franklin began recording Do Right Woman, Do Right Man in Muscle Shoals, Alabama after recording I Never Love a Man The Way I Love You. While taking a break for the night, then-husband and manager Ted White got into a fight with a trumpeter for flirting with Franklin. The next day Franklin and White disappeared, leaving the song unfinished. Two weeks later she resurfaced in New York and, with the help of her sisters, had finished the song, which now ranks among Rolling Stones' list of 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.
10. Sweet Sweet Baby (Since You've Been Gone)
Sweet Sweet Baby (Since You've Been Gone) is from Aretha Franklin's 1968 album, Lady Soul. A live recording of the song is featured on Aretha's first live album, Aretha in Paris (1968). The song spent three weeks on the charts. The B-side to the single was Ain't No Way, which also topped the charts. The Sweet Inspirations provided back up vocals for the original recording. Their leader, Cissy Houston, was Whitney Houston's mother. The group sang back up for several artists including Elvis and Van Morrison.
11. You Send Me
You Send Me was written by Sam Cooke. Released in 1957 as Cooke's debut single, it was a smash hit. The song's been covered by the Supremes, Otis Redding, Van Morrison, Nat King Cole, Whitney Houston, Rod Stewart, Chaka Khan, Steve Miller Band, Dixie Chicks, and Aretha Franklin, to name a few. Aretha covered You Send Me on the album Aretha Now. It was the B-side for Think. Though You Send Me didn't do as well commercially as Sam Cooke's version, Aretha sings the heck out of the song any way you slice it.
12. Sisters Are Doin' It For Themselves
- duet with Eurythmics (1985)
Sisters Are Doin' It For Themselves is a feminist anthem written by Eurythmics' Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart. It was released as a duet with Aretha Franklin in 1985 and reached the top of both the UK and US charts. The song was originally intended for Tina Turner, but she was unavailable. Lisa Simpson, Lucy Lawless as Xena: Warrior Princess, and the Pointer Sisters have all covered the song, and the Spice Girls did a live cover on their SpiceWorld Tour.
13. Freeway of Love
- from Who's Zoomin' Who? (1985)
Freeway of Love is a Grammy-award winning hit from Aretha Franklin's 1985 album, Who's Zommin' Who?. The song marked Aretha's 15th Top 10 hit and 12th Grammy award. The video was shot in Detroit, Michigan and was filmed primarily in black and white. It shows videos of automobiles being manufactured from the Ford Mustang of the early seventies to the then-current Cadillac Cimarron.
14. The Weight
- from This Girl's In Love With You (1970)
The Weight was written by Robbie Robertson of The Band and was released on The Band's 1968 debut album, Music from Big Pink. The Weight is one of The Band's best known songs although it was not a significant hit for the group in the U.S., peaking at only #63. Dozens of singers and groups have covered the song since its release. Aretha Franklin covered it in 1969 for her album This Girl's In Love With You. Her version did much better in the U.S. than The Band's. Aretha's peaked at #19 on #3 on the soul charts.
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[ACLC 2017] Day 3 – By Esther Wong
by Esther Wong | Apr 15, 2017 | Let's Coop | 0 comments
Welcome to Day 3 of the Conference. Let me give you a run-through of a super packed day in the conference!
I was a nervous wreck being the emcee.
We were so privileged to have Ms Sharifah Affiah, former principal of St George's Girls' School, a Malaysian Secondary School notable for its academic achievement. She shared with us the process of how her Campus Co-op managed to achieve an annual turnover of RM 560K as she constantly sought to innovate her co-op business model for the sake of sustainability.
Ms Sharifah shared her vision – to push her students to pursue not just academic achievements, but also holistic learning. Hence, she set-up various CCA with many projects tasked for them – to encourage such learning.
St George's Girls' School Experiential Entrepreneurial Education Programme (SEEEP) empowers the students to have real life opportunity with entrepreneurship.
Let me elaborate on the diverse entrepreneurship models the school adopted.
The school revamped their hostel into budget hostels that can host foreign students from various overseas schools during their conference. The girls in St George's will not hesitate to roll up their sleeves to serve their peers by doing laundry, housekeeping and many more.
Understandably, many parents will raise their eyebrows in shock if they know their children had to manage this service line in conjunction with their studies.
But Ms Sharifah held on to her vision to go against the tradition and shared that she knew her students will be future leaders. However, being leaders would mean that they need to know what their staff do and hands-on experience is necessary for the students to grow.
Not only do these students serve in managing the hostels, they too become tour guides to share their knowledge with foreign students about St George's and Penang too. Before accepting the responsibility of being a tour guide, the students had to read up on the history of their school as well as basic history on Penang. Such skills aid in building their confidence through public speaking which greatly aids in their communication. I believe these are soft skills which will never be able to learn in just pure academics.
Other than budget hostel, this innovative school also provides catering service! The school receives a lot of visits from both local official school personnel and overseas delegates. Since the school is a sponsored venue, the school also decided to charge minimum fee for food. They also offer different packages of tour in school. Through such a service, the students can practice their hospitality skills and ensure that the respective delegates satisfy their tummies during the visiting.
Indeed, product diversification is the key success for St George's Girls' School where the leaders see the need and fill up the gap through innovation for the co-operative's sustainability.
"Never ever give up!"
Ms Sharifah Affifah's ended her sharing with a word of encouragement for the youths.
Our last speaker of ACLC 2017 was our very own former SNCF scholar of 2013, Mr Yeo Tiong Hui who shared about his SNCF scholarship journey with the congregation. I shall break down his sharing into 3 sections – the reason why he chose SNCF scholarship, his internship choice, his eventual career choice and his career opportunities.
Reason for SNCF Scholarship
During his National Service, Mr Yeo volunteered with LEO Club at Singapore Leprosy Relief Association (SILRA) Home which is committed to improve life of ex-leprosy in Singapore through providing them with love, home, health care and life skills such as handicraft skills and rehabilitative work.
He remembered vividly that one day, his team was supposed to bring them out of the home for a tour and a chartered bus is needed. To us, a bus ride is just bringing us to destination A to destination B. But to them, it is a whole new world because they seldom get a chance to be out. That touched him for sure and gave him a social mission to believe in!
Also, Mr Yeo is a mid-term scholar where he studied for 2 years in SMU (jed, please put in the course) before he came to know about social entreprise which is the middle ground of charity and traditional business.
Doesn't this sound like a co-operative business model?
From this, we can already sense his inclination towards a business that is able to sustain social causes.
Lastly, choosing a scholarship route enabled him to lighten the financial burden at home too. Mr Yeo shared that the best part of SNCF scholarship, was to receive allowance and that eased his worries of taking up part time job. With this hard-earned freedom, he channelled his time to SMU – initiative for social enterprise.
Internship Choice
He was keen to intern at NTUC Enterprise Co-op which was newly set up in 2013. He shared with his dad and his dad encouraged him to give it a try. But there were no designated personnel whom he can speak to.
However, he happened to meet Mr Tan Suee Chieh, then Group CEO of NTUC Enterprise during a conference and decided to write in for that internship position for strategic development. He went in and aid its first annual report which is an eye-opening for him! As we can say, the rest is history.
Career Choice
Now I'm sure we are all wondering, why did he choose Educare Co-operative (please insert the link) instead of NTUC sector.
Mr Yeo shared that:
It is important to find a role that you are interested in
He applied for a role and got into a different role. Hence, he decided to challenge himself to do different things.
He graduated with a bachelor of (idk, strategic development and corporate communication). With his current knowledge, he began his first year in Educare in the Humans Resource Division and was trained to be certified hirer. In 2016, he began in visit around the world in the education consultancy division which gave him more insight on how other countries' teaching system works and how Singapore system can aid in theirs too.
Lastly, he shared about his current CEO – Mr Mike Thiruman and how he offered ceaseless opportunities to him.
Within 3 months of employment, he was appointed to be in – to renovate the office. He learnt to communicate with everyone of different age in his office about shifting the office, what type of design, colour etc for the betterment of the Educare office.
He also had the freedom to brainstorm and share new ideas with Mr Mike Thiruman since he works closely with him and Mr Mike Thiruman gave him ample room for him to try out his ideas too.
Tapping on this, he urged the members of the conference to give the youths an opportunity to know about co-operatives and working environments, by giving them an internship or a career opportunity. He firmly believed that this will help to widen the different perspectives of Co-operative through the lens of the youths and more will come to know about the very humble beginnings of Co-operatives which focus on the heart, not just profit.
With that, ACLC 2017 ended with a very insightful panel of discussion by the speakers who emphasized on:
Bold and courage #outofcomfortzone
Embrace changes
Mindset shift
Purposeful engagement
Focus on people
Leverage on technology
Be part of the change
Being a member of the audience, I benefitted a lot as the speakers offered insights into their personal experiences. What an enjoyable and meaningful conference!


Stepping into Mack Bros. Boiler and Sheet Iron Works is like stepping back in time.
Mack, originally a manufacturer of boilers, was established in 1887 by James McNamara on Marcellus Street in Syracuse.
The company still has some of the machinery used in the early 1900s. Of course, the company also uses equipment that is more modern.
No longer making boilers, the company now does a great deal of steel fabricating, bending and forming steel for other applications.
Jim Hueber, president of the company he has worked at for 40 years, is the fourth generation in his family to run the company.
There are challenges being a smaller company with only five or six employees, he said. But those workers bring a lot of experience: Each has been with the company for more than 30 years.
He said the workers are skilled and can take on challenges. One difficult recent project was a set of stairs at the newly renovated Gere Building on Fayette Street.
His approach to being small? Hueber said he just makes sure the company doesn't take on more than it can deliver.


Welcome to a new monthly post (usually updated on the 7th of each month) listing my top 5 best-selling titles from the previous 30 days as well as the most read titles in Kindle Unlimited for the same period.
I first started this last month with a Facebook post––I soon realised a monthly post here is far better and allows easier records to be kept and searched. My previous results were for November 2018, but from now on it'll be the last 30 days on my Amazon dashboard, so that is December 8th, 2018 –– January 7th, 2019.
A recap of the results from last month (which was only for sales) and then on with the new format!
With a new release out in December, surely The Menace can't hold on to first place, can it?
Comment: In this first entry under the new system, it's a clean-sweep for books within The Hunt series as they occupy all five positions in the chart. The latest release did indeed jump in at number one, but as with last month, it seems a book coming out further down the series has increased sales of the first book, with The Prey going from third last month to this month's second-placed best-seller. Will it continue in the chart for another month next time, or will book two (The Pride) which didn't feature in the Top 5 make a charge for the top? All will be revealed next month! (Oh, and I use the ++ in the brackets to mean the book is new into the chart, but not newly published. As the months go by, books might enter and re-enter the top five).
A lot of people read my books as part of the Kindle Unlimited program. All my books are available through this service, so I wanted to add this chart to my monthly update as well (because it's fun) and because it also gives a broader understanding of what people are reading––plus there are more title options once the boxsets are taken into account.
Comment: Two boxsets claim the top two positions, which is no surprise––isn't that what makes Kindle Unlimited so special? The latest release then heads up the individual books. What will happen next month? Let's see.
That's it for this month's chart. None of the titles under my pen-name T H Paul featured this month. With two new books coming out in the next series under that name over the next two months, I wonder if we'll see them emerge, or will my mainstay thrillers continue to dominate? Be sure to watch out for this all next month!
Thanks for reading. I hope you enjoyed it as much as I did.
‹ 1,000,000 words, and counting.


You can use Nautilus, the Novell Linux Desktop file manager in two modes: Spatial or Browser. In spatial mode, each folder or file opens in a new window. In browser mode, you can view files and folders in one location.
Double-click a file or directory to open it.
From this window, select Edit -> Preferences.
Check the Do not open a new window for each folder box.
Double-click a folder in the window to make sure that it opens in browser mode.
If you don't want to change your preferences, but still want to open a folder in browser mode, right-click the folder and select Browse Folder.


text:
Q: helm upgrade with specified namespace is trying to install to the "kube-system" namespace I'm trying to install my kubernetes deployment by helm, but after passing helm upgrade with specified namespace, helm is installing it to the default kube-system namespace.
My version of helm is:
Client: &version.Version{SemVer:"v2.9.1", GitCommit:"20adb27c7c5868466912eebdf6664e7390ebe710", GitTreeState:"clean"}
Server: &version.Version{SemVer:"v2.9.1", GitCommit:"20adb27c7c5868466912eebdf6664e7390ebe710", GitTreeState:"clean"}

The command:
helm upgrade application-catalog . -f /tmp/values-nonprod.eyaml.dec.yaml --install --set deployment.version=0.3.64 --namespace playground --wait --timeout 120 --debug

The error what I got:
Error: pods is forbidden: User "guest" cannot list pods in the namespace "kube-system"

A: First of all, to install a chart you have to use helm install not helm upgrade.
In your case when you can't use helm do deploy app, you could use template feature of helm:
helm template application-catalog -f /tmp/values-nonprod.eyaml.dec.yaml --set deployment.version=0.3.64 | kubectl -n playground apply -f -

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Q: I am trying to reverse a string using simple stack push and pop. However I am receiving some error that I am not able to make sense of My code:
#include<iostream>
#include<stack>
using namespace std;

void Reverse_string(char *C, int n)
{
    stack<char> S;
    for(int i =0; i < n ; i++)
    {
        S.push(C[i]);
    }

    for(int i = 0; i< n; i++)
    {
        C[i] = S.top();  //overwite the char at index i
        S.pop();
    }

}
int main()
{
    char C[51]= "Hello WOrld";

    Reverse_string(C,11);
    printf("Output = %s", C);
}

the error:
/tmp/ccC6pV6B.o: In function `__static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int)':
reverse_stack.cpp:(.text+0x1bb): undefined reference to `std::ios_base::Init::Init()'
reverse_stack.cpp:(.text+0x1d0): undefined reference to `std::ios_base::Init::~Init()'
/tmp/ccC6pV6B.o: In function `std::_Deque_base<char, std::allocator<char> >::_Deque_impl::~_Deque_impl()':
reverse_stack.cpp:(.text._ZNSt11_Deque_baseIcSaIcEE11_Deque_implD2Ev[_ZNSt11_Deque_baseIcSaIcEE11_Deque_implD5Ev]+0x14): undefined reference to `std::allocator<char>::~allocator()'
/tmp/ccC6pV6B.o: In function `std::_Deque_base<char, std::allocator<char> >::_Deque_impl::_Deque_impl()':
reverse_stack.cpp:(.text._ZNSt11_Deque_baseIcSaIcEE11_Deque_implC2Ev[_ZNSt11_Deque_baseIcSaIcEE11_Deque_implC5Ev]+0x14): undefined reference to `std::allocator<char>::allocator()'
/tmp/ccC6pV6B.o: In function `std::_Deque_base<char, std::allocator<char> >::_M_initialize_map(unsigned long)':
reverse_stack.cpp:(.text._ZNSt11_Deque_baseIcSaIcEE17_M_initialize_mapEm[_ZNSt11_Deque_baseIcSaIcEE17_M_initialize_mapEm]+0x16b): undefined reference to `__cxa_begin_catch'
reverse_stack.cpp:(.text._ZNSt11_Deque_baseIcSaIcEE17_M_initialize_mapEm[_ZNSt11_Deque_baseIcSaIcEE17_M_initialize_mapEm]+0x1a5): undefined reference to `__cxa_rethrow'
reverse_stack.cpp:(.text._ZNSt11_Deque_baseIcSaIcEE17_M_initialize_mapEm[_ZNSt11_Deque_baseIcSaIcEE17_M_initialize_mapEm]+0x1ad): undefined reference to `__cxa_end_catch'
/tmp/ccC6pV6B.o: In function `__gnu_cxx::new_allocator<char>::deallocate(char*, unsigned long)':
reverse_stack.cpp:(.text._ZN9__gnu_cxx13new_allocatorIcE10deallocateEPcm[_ZN9__gnu_cxx13new_allocatorIcE10deallocateEPcm]+0x1c): undefined reference to `operator delete(void*)'
/tmp/ccC6pV6B.o: In function `std::_Deque_base<char, std::allocator<char> >::_M_create_nodes(char**, char**)':
reverse_stack.cpp:(.text._ZNSt11_Deque_baseIcSaIcEE15_M_create_nodesEPPcS3_[_ZNSt11_Deque_baseIcSaIcEE15_M_create_nodesEPPcS3_]+0x48): undefined reference to `__cxa_begin_catch'
reverse_stack.cpp:(.text._ZNSt11_Deque_baseIcSaIcEE15_M_create_nodesEPPcS3_[_ZNSt11_Deque_baseIcSaIcEE15_M_create_nodesEPPcS3_]+0x64): undefined reference to `__cxa_rethrow'
reverse_stack.cpp:(.text._ZNSt11_Deque_baseIcSaIcEE15_M_create_nodesEPPcS3_[_ZNSt11_Deque_baseIcSaIcEE15_M_create_nodesEPPcS3_]+0x6c): undefined reference to `__cxa_end_catch'
/tmp/ccC6pV6B.o: In function `__gnu_cxx::new_allocator<char*>::deallocate(char**, unsigned long)':
reverse_stack.cpp:(.text._ZN9__gnu_cxx13new_allocatorIPcE10deallocateEPS1_m[_ZN9__gnu_cxx13new_allocatorIPcE10deallocateEPS1_m]+0x1c): undefined reference to `operator delete(void*)'
/tmp/ccC6pV6B.o: In function `__gnu_cxx::new_allocator<char>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*)':
reverse_stack.cpp:(.text._ZN9__gnu_cxx13new_allocatorIcE8allocateEmPKv[_ZN9__gnu_cxx13new_allocatorIcE8allocateEmPKv]+0x2c): undefined reference to `std::__throw_bad_alloc()'
reverse_stack.cpp:(.text._ZN9__gnu_cxx13new_allocatorIcE8allocateEmPKv[_ZN9__gnu_cxx13new_allocatorIcE8allocateEmPKv]+0x38): undefined reference to `operator new(unsigned long)'
/tmp/ccC6pV6B.o: In function `__gnu_cxx::new_allocator<char*>::allocate(unsigned long, void const*)':
reverse_stack.cpp:(.text._ZN9__gnu_cxx13new_allocatorIPcE8allocateEmPKv[_ZN9__gnu_cxx13new_allocatorIPcE8allocateEmPKv]+0x2c): undefined reference to `std::__throw_bad_alloc()'
reverse_stack.cpp:(.text._ZN9__gnu_cxx13new_allocatorIPcE8allocateEmPKv[_ZN9__gnu_cxx13new_allocatorIPcE8allocateEmPKv]+0x3c): undefined reference to `operator new(unsigned long)'
/tmp/ccC6pV6B.o:(.data.rel.local.DW.ref.__gxx_personality_v0[DW.ref.__gxx_personality_v0]+0x0): undefined reference to `__gxx_personality_v0'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

A: You seem to have issues linking to the C++ run time libraries. Probably the compiler is trying to compile in C mode for some reason. I'm assuming that you are using Linux as your OS.
Try the command g++ program.cpp -o program. If it does not compile, tell me what the error is.


Alban Russell Culmer, was born at Islington, London on 20 April 1882, eldest son and second child of Thomas William Culmer (1851-1933), wholesale artist brush maker, and his wife Eliza Robertson Grinder née Kennedy (1856-1941), who married at Islington in 1879. In 1901, Alban was an 18 year old artist brush maker, living at 2 Woodview Villa, Archway Road, Hornsey, Middlesex with his parents, 49 year old Thomas and 44 year old Eliza with six siblings, Mary 20, Michael 16, Harold 12, Arthur 9 and Grace 8. By 1911, they had moved to Ashington Hall, Ashington, Essex. He married at Rochford, Essex in 1912, Gwladis M. Barnes and they had four children. The family firm was Culmak Ltd., which moved to Woodbridge, Suffolk in 1920. A member of the Ipswich Art Club from 1946 until his death, exhibiting from The Old Rectory, Orford, Suffolk in 1946, two oil paintings 'Nocturne' and 'Band Concert in the Rain, Bruges', the following year he exhibited from Brook House, Woodbridge, two oils 'Orford Quay' and 'Mirror'd in the Water Clear' and a watercolour 'Orford. Februrary 1947'; in 1948 he exhibited two oils 'The Old Tide Mill, Woodbridge' and 'Blakeney, Norfolk', in 1949 two oils 'Easter Fair, Woodbridge' and 'Tide Mill, Woodbridge' and a watercolour 'Eventide' and in 1950 two oils 'Boyton Dock' and 'Sky over the Deben'. A regular annual exhibitor and in 1967 he was exhibiting from Turn Lane Cottage, Woodbridge, his last posthumous showings were in the Centenary Show in 1974 two oils 'River Colne' and 'Gathering Seaweed'. Alban was also an exhibitor in London. Alban died at Turn Lane Cottage, Woodbridge, Suffolk on 22 May 1970. During the 1960's the company Addis Ltd, then one of the largest shaving brush manufacturers in England, was sold to Addis Ltd., and moved to Hertford.


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Blackthorne Publishing, Inc. was a comic book publisher that flourished from 1986–1989. They were notable for the Blackthorne 3-D Series, their reprint titles of classic comic strips like Dick Tracy, and their licensed products. Blackthorne achieved its greatest sales and financial success with their licensed 3-D comics adaptations of the California Raisins, but the financial loss suffered by the failure of their 3-D adaptation of Michael Jackson's film Moonwalker was a major contributor to the publisher's downfall.

History
Blackthorne was established in 1985 by husband-and-wife team Steve Schanes and Ann Fera, formerly associated with Pacific Comics (which had gone out of business in 1984). Schanes explained, "My abilities have always been to sell and promote, and I needed to have a job to pay my debts and to maintain a minimum life-style with my family. Since I could not locate enough work where I was living, I decided to start up another company, so I borrowed on my credit cards and started Blackthorne." Schanes and Fera raised $16,000 to start Blackthorne (naming the company after the street on which they lived), mostly using their credit cards.

Blackthorne's first title was Jerry Iger's Classic Sheena, with a cover date of April 1985, featuring Sheena, Queen of the Jungle reprints and a new Dave Stevens cover. (The book had originally been slated as a Pacific Comics release.) Despite early struggles due to their limited funds, Blackthorne steadily expanded during its first years. To increase their profitability and visibility, the company employed sales representatives which sold their comics to retail stores not covered by any comic book distributors, such as Hallmark Cards, Spencer Gifts, and 7-Elevens nationwide. By the end of 1987, according to Schanes, the company was publishing 22 comic books a month and was distributing to 900–1,200 gift stores not covered by comics distributors. Meanwhile, Blackthorne earned praise from critics and hobbyists for its reprints of classic newspaper comic strips. Schanes chose to do newspaper strip reprints because they required less financial investment and because there was little competition in the field at the time. Blackthorne immediately bought the rights for 60 different newspaper strips, even though they knew they wouldn't be able to produce most of them for years at best, to lock out any competition in the field.

In addition to their comic book line, Blackthorne published paperback books and created faux books for movie props; for instance, the comic books and technical manuals seen in the movie Russkies are all props crafted by Blackthorne Publishing.

In 1987, however, with the company losing money on its color line, it canceled those titles to focus on its 3-D books and black-and-white licensed products. Blackthorne also suffered from the contemporaneous financial troubles of the Los Angeles-based distributor Sunrise Distribution. Sunrise went bankrupt in 1988, and although Blackthorne (along with fellow West Coast publisher Fantagraphics) sued the distributor, they were never able to recoup their losses. This in turn led to Blackthorne being audited by the federal government in 1988.

In early 1989, the company was still the fifth-largest U.S. comics publisher, bringing in about $1 million in sales and boasting a staff of eight full-time editorial and production employees. They published about 240 different titles a year, with an average print run of about 10,000 copies each. The company made a fatal error, however, when they signed on to adapt the Michael Jackson film Moonwalker to a 3-D comic book. The publisher paid a large licensing fee for the property and when the Moonwalker comic flopped later that year, they experienced a large financial loss.

By mid-1989 the company was outsourcing its operations, and in November the company laid off eight of its nine employees, including editor-in-chief John Stephenson. $180,000 in debt, Blackthorne limped into 1990 before it finally folded.

Titles

Original series
 Adventures in the Mystwood, 1 issue
 Alien Ducklings, 4 issues
 Alien Worlds graphic novel
 Atomic Man Comics, 3 issues
 Blackthorne's 3-in-1, 2 issues
 Brik Hauss, 1 issue
 Cold Blooded Chameleon Commandos, 5 issues
 Crow of the Bear Clan, 6 issues
 Danse, 1 issue
 Dogaroo, 1 issue
 Duckbots, 2 issues
 Enchanted Valley, 2 issues
 Failed Universe, 1 issue
 Figments, 3 issues
 Fragments (Black), 2 issues
 Freak-Out on Infant Earths, 2 issues — Crisis on Infinite Earths parody
 The Gift, 1 issue
 Ground Pound! Comix , 1 issue
 Hamster Vice, 6 issues — Miami Vice parody
 Jack Hunter (Vol. 1, color), 1 issue
 Jack Hunter (Vol. 11, Prestige format B&W), 3 issues
 Jax and the Hellhound, 3 issues
 Labor Force, 8 issues
 Lann graphic novel
 Laffin' Gas, 12 issues
 Legion Of Stupid Heroes, 1 issue — Legion of Super-Heroes parody
 Mad Dog Magazine, 3 issues
 The Man of Rust, 1 issue
 Midnite, 3 issues
 Mr. Cream Puff, 1 issue
 Nervous Rex, 10 issues
 Of Myths and Men, 2 issues
 Omega Elite, 1 issue
 Omni Men, 1 issue
 Operative: Scorpio graphic novel
 Outposts, 1 issue
 Pajama Chronicles, 1 issue
 Planet Comics, 3 issues
 Possibleman, 2 issues
 Pre-Teen Dirty-Gene Kung Fu Kangaroos, 3 issues — Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles parody
 Red Heat, 2 issues
 Revolving Doors, 3 issues
 Roachmill, 6 issues
 Rivit, 1 issue
 Serius Bounty Hunter, 3 issues
 Shuriken graphic novel
 Starlight Squadron, 1 issue
 Street Poet Ray, 2 issues
 Street Wolf, 3 issues
 To Die For, 1 issue
 Timeline Color Comics, 1 issue (?)
 Tracker, 2 issues
 Twisted Tantrums of the Purple Snit, 2 issues
 Wings Comics graphic novel
 Wolph, 1 issue
 Xeno-Men, 1 issue
 X-L, graphic novel

Blackthorne 3-D Series
80 issues
 3-D Bullwinkle & Rocky, 1 issue
 3-D Bullwinkle For President In 3-D, 1 issue
 3-D Heroes, 1 issue
 3-D Sports Hall of Shame, 1 issue
 Adventures of Capt. Holo 3-D, 1 issue
 Baby Huey 3-D, 1 issue
 BattleTech 3-D, 1 issue
 Betty Boop 3-D, 1 issue
 Bizarre 3-D Zone, 1 issue
 Bozo the Clown in 3-D, 3 issues
 Bravestarr in 3-D, 2 issues
 California Raisins in 3-D, 5 issues
 California Raisins:  The Ultimate Collection trade paperback
 Casper in 3-D, 1 issue
 Classic Jungle Comics, 1 issue
 Dick Tracy in 3-D, 1 issue
 The Flintstones in 3-D, 4 issues
 G.I. Joe in 3-D, 6 issues
 G.I. Joe in 3-D Annual, 1 issue
 Goldyn in 3-D, 1 issue
 Gumby 3-D, 7 issues
 Hamster Vice in 3-D, 2 issues
 Kull 3-D, 2 issues
 Lars of Mars in 3-D, 1 issue
 Laurel & Hardy in 3-D, 2 issues
 Little Dot 3-D, 1 issue
 Little Nemo in Slumberland 3-D, 1 issue
 Merlin Realm in 3-D, 1 issue
 Moonwalker in 3-D, 1 issue
 The Noid in 3-D, 2 issues
 Playful Little Audrey in 3-D, 1 issue
 Rambo III 3-D, 1 issue
 Red Sonja 3-D, 1 issue
 Richie Rich and Casper 3-D, 1 issue
 Sad Sack 3-D, 1 issue
 Salimba 3-D, 2 issues
 Sheena 3-D Special, 1 issue
 Solomon Kane 3-D, 1 issue
 Star Wars 3-D, 3 issues
 Transformers in 3-D, 3 issues
 To Die For 3-D, 1 issue
 Twisted Tales 3-D, 1 issue
 Underdog 3-D, 1 issue
 Waxwork 3-D, 1 issue
 Wendy in 3-D, 1 issue
 Werewolf 3-D, 1 issue

Licensed and reprint titles
 Battle Beasts, 4 Issues
 Battle Force, 2 issues
 BattleTech, 6 issues
 BattleTech Annual
 Beyond Mars, 5 issues (later released as two-part trade paperback)
 Comic Strip Preserves series
 Betty Boop, 3 issues
 Boner's Ark, 1 issue
 Brenda Starr Reporter, 2 issues
 Smokey Stover, 1 issue
 Steve Roper and the Wahoo, 2 issues
 Tales of the Green Beret, 3 issues
 Dick Tracy series
 Dick Tracy Book, 21 issues
 Dick Tracy (Reuben series),  24 issues
 Dick Tracy Monthly/Weekly, 99 issues
 Dick Tracy Special, 3 issues
 Dick Tracy: The Early Years, 4 issues
 Dick Tracy: The Unprinted Stories, 4 issues
 Dick Tracy trade paperback
 The Iger Comics Kingdom trade paperback
 Jerry Iger's Classic Jumbo Comics, 1 issue
 Jerry Iger's Golden Features, 7 issues
 Jerry Iger's National Comics trade paperback
 Jungle Comics,  4 issues
 Kerry Drake, 5 issues
 Kirby: King of the Serials, 1 issue
 Little Nemo in Slumberland, 2 issues
 Li'l Abner (Reuben Series) trade paperback
 Official How to Draw series
 Official How to Draw G.I. Joe, 3 issues
 Official How to Draw Robotech, 14 issues
 Official How to Draw Transformers, 6 issues
 On Stage by Leonard Starr trade paperback
 Prince Valiant graphic novel, 2 issues
 Rambo, 1 issue
 Rambo III, 1 issue
 Rover from Gasoline Alley, 1 issue
 Salimba graphic novel
 Star Hawks, 4 issues
 Stories of the West, 2 issues
 Tales of the Jackalope, 7 issues
 Tarzan, 1 issue
 Waxwork, 1 issue
 Werewolf, 5 issues

Notes

References

 Steve Schanes interview, David Anthony Kraft's Comics Interview #54–55 (1988)
 Duin, Steve, and Mike Richardson. Comics Between the Panels (Dark Horse Comics, Milwaukie, OR: 1998), p. 50.

Comic book publishing companies of the United States
Companies based in El Cajon, California
Defunct comics and manga publishing companies
Defunct companies based in California
Lists of comics by publisher
Publishing companies established in 1985
Publishing companies disestablished in 1990
1985 establishments in California
1990 disestablishments in California
American companies established in 1985

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We're asked often by clients and workshop attendees as we lecture across the country for the secrets to success in this industry. Here's what we tell them.
Whether you are already or wish to become a dog trainer, walker, sitter, or daycare or boarding facility owner, you owe it to yourself, your clients, and the dogs in your care to know everything you can about dog behavior. We have an unfortunate habit of assuming we understand dogs because we've lived with them all our lives. The truth is we suffer from a host of often damaging misconceptions and pieces of conventional wisdom about why dogs do what they do. Ridding yourself of these myths will make you a more effective dog pro.
Start by attending a scientifically-sound program based on positive reinforcement, then keep up your education through seminars, reading, DVDs, and professional conferences.
A lack of or poor marketing is the number one reason for failure in our industry. Too many dog pros rely on a "build it and they will come" approach, or a few brochures or fliers spread around town. This rarely gets the job done, especially in a busy market like the San Francisco Bay Area, New York City, Los Angeles, or any area that offers dog lovers lots of dog pro choices. We also see dog pros waste precious money on passive advertising that rarely works—Google ads, direct mailers, etc. Marketing doesn't have to be expensive or stressful, but it needs to be done and done smart.
Our focus when working with clients is to develop inexpensive community-based marketing plans that play to personal strengths—good writers can write an ongoing column or newsletter, for example. We also recommend finding a way to stand out. Look around at other service providers in your area. What can you do differently, better? There are lots of pet sitters– is anyone focusing on animals with special health or behavioral needs? Anyone sending video report cards to clients on vacation? There are lots of dog walkers—is anyone focusing on small dogs? There are lots of daycares—what will make yours special? Small playgroups and a well-crafted daily itinerary? Special monthly event days?
We can't stress this enough. To be a successful dog pro, you have to do more than see clients and care for dogs. You have to be your own secretary promptly returning phone calls and emails, your own admin assistant handling paperwork, your own accountant managing your books, your own marketing manager executing your marketing plan, and so on. Though you can (and should) get help with many of these tasks, the reality remains: You have to actually run the business. It's easy to get caught up in the day-to-day demands of client needs, but if you don't work on the business itself it won't grow.
Working on and in the business demands efficient use of time. We teach my clients how to create a smart work schedule that allows them to effectively run their businesses while also enjoying plenty of down time and flexibility. After all, there are supposed to be perks to working for yourself. Whether you're the type to flounder under a lack of structure, getting little done without the external pressures of a job and boss, or the type to work yourself to the bone when there's no one to tell you to knock off for the day, a master schedule creates a sustainable balance.
This approach to scheduling involves setting aside specific days and times for each business activity, as well as protected personal downtime. When there's a specific task to be done, it's assigned to its logical spot in the weekly schedule, rather than relegated to a post-it note, intimidating to-do list, or a hopeful "I'd like to get to this someday when I have time." A master schedule operates on the concept of "do dates," listing when something will actually be accomplished, instead of "due dates" that simply cause stress. When everything has its place things get done—and that means success and peace of mind, too.
Though running your own dog business can be challenging, few who do it will tell you they'd rather do something else. Working with dogs and dog lovers is a great way to make a living, especially when combined with the freedom that comes with owning a well run business. So be bold. If you already own a dog business, take it to a new level. If it's been a long-standing dream, give yourself permission to pursue it.


JOIN ACAM, AAPMD, & AAOSH NOVEMBER 2018 IN LAS VEGAS, NEVADA!
Due to the increasing prevalence of multi-caused health problems, ACAM & AAPMD joined forces in 2016 to hold the first collaborative medical and dental healthcare meeting. Now, in 2018, our mission for a united front takes stride as we welcome the like-minded AAOSH. Our goal is to bring the best forward-thinkers, speakers, and companies to this meeting and to bring to light the clinical research and data to support change to the way we think about health. Come be a part of a NEW WORLD of medicine and dentistry in this 3-for-1 event. Register under your primary organization and enjoy access to all three meetings and the joint exhibitor Learning Floor.
The meeting, held at Red Rock Resort, will teach amateur and veteran integrative medicine, dental and airway practitioners alike an array of new information. Pre-conference optional workshops will be held Wednesday, November 7 and Thursday, November 8.
Please join us as we work together to create intelligent healthcare practices and disseminate collaborative information to patients. Even the most cutting edge practitioner will benefit from collaborating with practitioners in other genres of medicine!


More and more people are recognizing the opportunities and advantages of digitization. With it, processes in a wide variety of areas of application are simplified, accelerated and optimized – for example, in the electronic submission of an income tax statement in a private context or the software-based handling of order processes in companies.
But what does the term digitization actually mean? Digitization originally described the transformation of analog values to digital formats. The resulting data could then be processed electronically. This resolved media disruptions. All other forms derived from digitization are based on this simple fundamental principle.
Digitization is one of the megatrends, along with globalization, climate change, new mobility and demographic change. These bring profound changes and disruptive upheavals which will occupy and shape not only our modern world, but also many generations after us. They form the framework for many other developments which they will influence. In the context of digitization, some examples of important topics are blockchain, Big Data, Cloud, artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things.
Our vision is a world in which people see digitization as an opportunity. EASY accelerates, simplifies and optimizes work processes with digital solutions. EASY makes people more successful and relieves the strain on them.
Certainly, a majority of society has already heard of these trends. But I would not be terribly incorrect if I said that only a fraction of the people asked for an explanation of one of the terms, an estimation of a trend or an explanation of how the technology functions had a specific conception or could even provide definitions of the terms.
Digitization and its forms challenge every one of us. Especially in a professional context, we must accept dealing with constant change and lifelong learning in order to be able to keep pace with the transformation. This is also shown by an international study by the Manpower Group.
Skepticism, fears and resistance toward digitization and its associated transformation processes – which until now have affected only a part of society – are based, among other things, on uncertainty about how they function and their advantages.
In this area, people often lack information and content which is easy to understand and accessible to the public.
As a company which supports market players in their transformation process from traditional, closed work processes to a digital, agile work environment through providing innovative platforms and digital software products, we at EASY SOFTWARE understand the problems that have been described. We would like to deal with them more strongly in the future.
In our internal revision of our mission statement in recent months, we have formulated this aspiration in a vision and a mission.
Through a variety of channels and in interaction with various stakeholders, we in the EASY Software Group would like to breathe life into this mission statement. Therefore, in future I will regularly deal with trend and technology topics from the field of digitization in social media and our EASY Newsroom.
I look forward to introducing you to the subject of digitization and its technological forms in a way that is easy to grasp and which everyone can follow, relieving fears and letting you participate in the enthusiasm for these megatrends which motivate all of us at EASY Software.
Digitization should no longer evoke fear or resentment – digitization can be child's play and thus EASY. That is what I strive for together with my colleagues at EASY Software.
I am convinced that innovations change the working world for the better. Digitization is causing a surge in technology around the world, promotes economic growth and will lead to new fields of employment.
With that in mind, I look forward to comments, suggestions and discussions on the subjects of upcoming blog entries. Let's make this world "digital, but EASY".
Are you interested in EASY SOFTWARE AG?


text:
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Town & Country Travel, Inc. | Call: 585.381.2850 or 800.747.2850 | Email:
Destination Exploration
England, Scotland & Wales With Paris
Experience some of Britain's fascinating towns as you travel through England, Scotland, and Wales, stopping for overnights in London, Leeds, Edinburgh, Strathpeffer, Glasgow, Liverpool, Cardiff, and Plymouth.
Part of the charm of traveling through Britain is seeing the spectacular scenery, and on this Britain tour, you'll get the opportunity to witness some of its most scenic areas. Travel through Northumberland National Park, with its wide-open spaces and landscapes of endless beauty; ...
Part of the charm of traveling through Britain is seeing the spectacular scenery, and on this Britain tour, you'll get the opportunity to witness some of its most scenic areas. Travel through Northumberland National Park, with its wide-open spaces and landscapes of endless beauty; Brecon Beacons National Park, with its dramatic landscapes; Dartmoor National Park; and incomparable Snowdonia National Park in Wales, with picturesque villages, mountains, and lakes. Drive through the serene Lake District, England's largest and finest natural park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. On your way to the beautiful Isle of Skye, admire some of Scotland's most stunning scenery, including vast areas of unspoiled wilderness and gorgeous lochs (lakes).
On this Britain tour, you'll also travel to some of Britain's charming towns. In Stratford-upon-Avon, explore the town that Shakespeare called home and get a glimpse into life in 16th-century England. Walk through York's quaint streets with your Tour Director and marvel at England's most complete medieval city. In Bath, explore the elegant city famed for its excavations of the 2,000-year-old Roman baths. In Plymouth, see the Mayflower Steps, where the Pilgrim Fathers embarked in 1620. Enjoy an orientation drive in Cardiff, the capital of Wales, and sightseeing in Edinburgh, Scotland's capital. At the conclusion of your tour, travel via high-speed Eurostar train to Paris for three overnights and guided sightseeing. All services in Paris, including Local Host assistance, are provided by Monograms.
These are just some of the many highlights of this value-minded Britain tour-with Paris. A dream vacation!
Additional Tour Details
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Coronavirus Update and Peace of Mind Policy for Cosmos
About Cosmos
More trips from Cosmos
Whether you're a seasoned traveler looking to check another destination off your list or someone trying to make that once-in-a-lifetime vacation happen, Cosmos can help you get there. For more than 50 years, we've offered travel packages to the world's most captivating places. Cosmos knows what's important once you reach your destination - the sights, the scenes, the locals, and the legends. So, we get you exactly where you want to be.
Spectacu ...
Spectacular train rides, breathtaking cable car ascents, overnight cruise ships, scenic day ferries, private first-class motorcoaches (most with free Wi-Fi) - Cosmos offers a wonderful variety of transportation for a memorable travel experience. And you never have to worry about getting to the ferry on time, buying tickets for the train, or waiting in long lines to take the cable car.
Our tour packages include guided sightseeing and scenic highlights that reveal the best of Europe, U.S., Canada, Asia and South America. Bask in the beauty of Italy, America's National Parks, the Canadian Rockies, the mysteries of the Inca Empire in Peru, and so much more. Enjoy inside visits of the must-see sites with knowledgeable Local Guides who will bring each destination to life.
We build free time into every Cosmos vacation, so you can eat, shop, and explore the way you want. Whether you're into art, music, food, wine, history, or whatever, we give you the freedom to truly personalize your trip with optional excursions that are meaningful to you.
When it comes to meals, Cosmos strikes a perfect balance. We include some meals to save you time and money, yet we also leave enough free time so you can sample your destination's gastronomic delights on your own.
After a day of traveling you want to relax at a comfortable, clean, and attractive hotel. We select hotels with the best guestrooms (always with a private bathroom), service, and food for the money.
At the heart of every great Cosmos tour are the friendly, knowledgeable folks who show you around and help you maximize your free time. We go to incredible lengths to find the most professional Tour Directors and Local Guides.
May 03, 2021 through
Book by: Apr 29, 2021 7:00 PM
15 Nights from
Includes intra-vacation air transfers; arrival and destination airfare not included
Includes intra-vacation air transfers; arrival and destination airfare not included - 3 departures, various dates
Jun 28, 2021 through
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Aug 09, 2021 through
Book by: Aug 5, 2021 7:00 PM
Book by: Aug 19, 2021 7:00 PM
Sep 06, 2021 through
3 London – Oxford – Stratford - Upon - Avon – Leeds
4 Leeds – York – Jedburgh, Scotland – Edinburgh
5 Edinburgh
6 Edinburgh – St. Andrews – Pitlochry – Culloden Moor – Inverness – Strathpeffer
7 Strathpeffer – Isle Of Skye – Glasgow
8 Glasgow – Gretna Green – Lake District, England – Liverpool
9 Liverpool. North Wales Excursion
10 Liverpool – Ludlow – Cardiff, Wales
11 Cardiff – Bath, England – Glastonbury – Widecombe – Plymouth
12 Plymouth – Stonehenge – London
13 London – Paris, France
If you like this trip...
England, Scotland & Wales
The Best Of Britain & Ireland
From Dublin To London
Prices are per-person based on double occupancy, unless otherwise noted.
Town & Country Travel, Inc. | Call: 585.381.2850 or 800-747-2850 | Email:


The world of marketing and advertising is going hand in hand. They help to get better deals undoubtedly. This is why we shall tell you the best apartment advertising ideas of all time. They are surely going to change things for all, especially those who have had no luck recently.
There are lots of free listing services which should be availed since they cost you nothing at all.
This is a free classified list and brings in lots of people from different categories over to your board. It is also the number one place where people turn for all such needs. Hence a posting here each day won't be worthless at all.
Free things might not work sometimes. They have a lot of unnecessary people bugging in. This is why the annoying factor can also be gotten rid of. Paid listing sites have only premium and serious buyers. This is why your apartment here can work wonders for you here.
There are many people who would want to shift to a better apartment but would not want to change their location very differently. This is because there might be a lot of things that they have managed in that location. This is why people prefer looking for apartments near by. If you advertise your apartment in your own locality well, these local listing sites can pool in a lot of benefits overall.
While the top 5 websites prove to be the best for many, you can do so too. These website tricks work all the time and are the best and easy ways to incorporate well too.


A distinctive model, a kitchen that add joy to your life for many years. Pica owns unique and extraordinary forms, yet it can lie in perfect harmony with many different styles. It reflects the modern lifestyle with dynamic and convenient forms. Transcending beyond the usual lines with the contrasting details in its design, Pica guarantees to attact admiration.