These shows are 30 years in the making.
A pair of storied New York hard rock outfits, Life of Agony and Sick of It All, are finally joining forces for a pair of co-headlining shows this weekend.
The historic gigs, billed as "Two Sick Nights of Agony," are happening Friday, Dec. 14 at the Paramount in Huntington, New York, and Saturday, Dec. 15, at the Stone Pony in Asbury Park. Both shows will be opened by Billy Bio, featuring Billy Graziadei of Biohazard.
What took so long for these shows to happen?
"You know, I don't know," said Life of Agony frontwoman Mina Caputo. "We would ask ourselves the same question over the years. ... There's no dirt there; one of my first vinyls was Sick of It All, 'Blood, Sweat and No Tears' (1989). We've loved Sick of It All forever."
Caputo, now 45, explained that Sick of It all's debut LP came at a key moment in her life as a musician who had grown up playing classical piano and listening to the likes of Billie Holiday, John Coltrane, Frank Sinatra and Tony Bennett, as well as classic rock staples like Led Zeppelin and Pink Floyd.
"You meet kids, you hang out with kids and different subcultures — punks, skinheads, this, that — and everyone's listening to different kinds of music," Caputo said. "And through, obviously, other people, bands like the Bad Brains have come to me at a very early age, like 14.
"(There was) Sick of It All, Cro-Mags, all the key records like 'The Age of Quarrel' (by Cro-Mags, 1986) and Gorilla Biscuits' 'Start Today' (1989), then there was Sick of It All's 'Blood, Sweat and No Tears.' Those were key albums that helped me evolve in just different sorts of sub-genres that were going on in New York City."
In turn, that scene helped inspire Caputo and her Life of Agony cohorts to take the stage themselves.
"Those were those records that basically gave us the inspiration and the encouragement and the guts to do it ourselves," she said.
Caputo tells us the band has been hard at work all year writing songs for its next album, the follow-up to 2017's excellent "A Place Where There's No More Pain."
She was also open to the idea of celebrating the band's 30th anniversary in 2019.
"That's a pretty good idea," Caputo said. "I'm going to have to maybe creatively come up with something the guys. Because yeah, it is our 30 year (anniversary), maybe we should do a special kind of thing."


Many biomedical journals offer authors an opportunity to identify potential reviewers for their manuscript. Published evidence has consistently supported the conclusion that author-recommended reviewers respond more favorably to submitted manuscripts than editor-selected reviewers. In a recent publication, Kowalczuk, MK et al (BMJ Open.2015 Sep 29; 5(9):e008707) explored the impact of suggesting a reviewer on recommendations for acceptance/rejection at two BMC journals. Author-suggested reviewers recommended acceptance of 62 and 66% of manuscripts submitted to BMC Infectious Diseases and BMC Microbiology, respectively, whereas, editor-identified reviewers recommended acceptance of 31 and 38% of manuscripts submitted to these two journals. Author-suggested reviewers recommended rejection of 5 and 2% of manuscripts submitted to BMC Infectious Diseases and BMC Microbiology, respectively, whereas editor-identified reviewers recommended rejection of 17 and 21% of manuscripts submitted to these two journals. These findings are consistent with those of previous studies on this topic (Moore, JL., et al. 2011. Am Soc Nephrol 22:1598; Bornmann L, and Daniel H-D. 2010. PLoS ONE 5(10): e13345.; Wager E. et al. 2006 BMC Medicine 4:13; Schroter S et al; 2006. JAMA 295:314).
When recommending a reviewer, you must be certain that the individual recommended has the expertise necessary to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the manuscript being reviewed, evidenced by significant peer-reviewed publications on closely related topics. It's equally important that the individual recommended have no direct collaborative or mentor-mentee relationship, or work at the same institution as any author of the submitted manuscript, as this would constitute a conflict of interest. Similarly, if reviewers are recommended, and the journal considering the manuscript for publication follows the common policy of maintaining confidentiality of reviewers, the authors should not contact recommended reviewers to determine if they were asked to review their manuscript; the potential reviewer may wish to maintain this confidentiality.
As the number of biomedical journals has expanded substantially in the past 15 years, with a concomitant increase in the number of manuscripts requiring peer-review, many editors appreciate recommendations of qualified reviewers as this can simplify their job. Consequently, depending on the journal, it's likely that at least one of your recommended reviewers will be asked to review your manuscript. Similarly, if there are individuals who you believe should be excluded from reviewing your manuscript, it's appropriate to identify these individuals, and communicate (diplomatically) the reasons for recommending their exclusion; hopefully, this is a very short list. It is highly unlikely that the editor will ask these individuals to review your manuscript.
By recommending reviewers who you know have the expertise to critically assess your manuscript, and asking that specific individuals who are likely to provide a negative review be excluded, you're likely to increase the probability that your manuscript is accepted for publication.


We've hired 5 more people in the last 5 months. Now, we're on the lookout for an exceptional senior to principal level ecologist to join our growing head office team, based in Chester. This is an incredible opportunity to advance your career, and bridge the gap to a commercial/management role within a strong, growing business.
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• Ambitious, and enjoy the challenges and opportunities of working in a busy, professional environment.
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• A bat and GCN survey licence, and have successfully obtained EPS licences for bats or GCN.
The role is immediately available. Initial interest can be expressed by sending your CV and covering letter (alongside anything else you consider supports your application*) to our principal, Chris Formaggia, via [email protected].
*You might wish to provide details of any relevant social media profiles, such as LinkedIn or twitter – we like this sort of stuff, so if you do it well, then do bring it to our attention! It would also be advantageous for you to include links to any other publications, online works and even blogs that you contribute to.
If you are successful at the application stage you will be invited to interview at our head office, where you can meet some of our team and talk through the role and your suitability in more detail.
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just a sectarian spirit that would have us argue over such things.
I went to that page earlier. I started to watch the video, but I ran out of free time at word. Hopefully I will finish it tomorrow.
I saw that they have actually made "Hidden Manna" into a video book as well now. That is new !
other. You cannot serve both God and Money" Luke 16:13 (NIV).
Hence the worship of God and money are mutually exclusive.
Most of us do not consider ourselves to be worshippers of money.
is directly proportional to one's financial fortune.
no compelling reason to responsibly save money or to help each other.
Sign #4: Almost everyone chooses their work based on money.
more money. Any other factors that might be considered are secondary.
stress comes they often lose their homes through foreclosure.
live. Where is God in all of this?
cannot worship both God and money-a choice has to be made.
are trying to worship God and money.
as the basis for making all decisions (e.g., Colossians 2).
get them to make every decision for Christ. This is the biblical perspective.
worship of Christ and chosen to worship commerce (i.e., money).
current economic calamity is part of the consequences.
commerce (i.e., money) or Christ-what will it be?
Er Lee, this is a thread for End Times related study links.
The most revealing Truth ever. We need to wake up and smell the coffee.
With so much of it being posted lately, why not. It would be easier to locate this way..
Hey, why not any link related to End Times? It doesn't have to be Jewish. You find an interesting link or source, post it here, with just a brief excerpt maybe.
This is not a debate thread.
The whole apocalypse, of which xxii. 10-15 is the conclusion, is, like the shorter one which precedes it, in every part and feature (except where altered by the Christian compiler) thoroughly Jewish in spirit and conception, as was fully recognized by Mommsen ("RÅ¡mische Gesch." v. 520-523).
It presents the development of the whole eschatological drama according to the Jewish view.
It is Hebrew in composition and style, and bears traces of having originally been written in Hebrew, as is shown by the words (tabernacle; xxi. 3) for;(angels) mistaken for (Kings; ix.) (has conquered) for (is worthy); and others. The two apocalypses appear to have been, like that in Matt. xxiv., or like the Epistle of James and the Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs, in the possession of Essenes who joined the Judeo-Christian Church after the destruction of the Temple.
The End Times, when a new heaven and a new earth appears and the old is burned up is hyperbole for what sociologists call a social paradigm.
It is what has happened many times on different planes of social interact than the religious.
On the Educational Level, the Enlightenment was the change from a social paradigm that was called the Age of Reason when thinking centered on the idea that common sense and lear thinking itself was the ruler for understanding life and our place in it.
Once the Scientific Method grew up and matured out of the paradigm its impact changed the whole world again.
These changes, in both those cases, had the impact of a giant comet wiping out all the previous ages, as clearly a different earth and heaven thereafter as had the bronze age replace the stone age.
What Revelation predicts the appearance of one man, in the spirit of Jesus, who by merely opening up the Bible for the believers he will call together, the next major change in the arena of relion and man's concept of God will burn up the old world of medieval confusion that is christianity today.
That is to say, Rev 4&5 tell us that the expected messiah will have the key to scripture which has been missing until then.
He will open the Bible to the present denominationally divided and diverse church, ushering in an ecumenicalism that will include and embrace and even promote to leadership the whole of the Jewish people.
In a way, the simple sum of the whole thing is thatthe Jews will accept Jesus because they will see that he was actually their Elijah.
This will bring tem into the body of Christ, World Christianity, and embrace them under the wing of 2 billion fellow christians, saving them with the force and magnitude of the whole congregation of world wide christianity where Christ is the head and they themselves are merely part of the bread of thechurch.
The social, economic, and theological changes forthcoming will be a new heaven in the mind of mankind ever after, a different insight and paradigm about god, religion, and a new earthly behavior in regard to worship.
The one Key to this whole change in Judaism is to see Jesus as their Elijah.
This momentous moment in Jewish history will begin with the curiosity of comparing the Book of Kings with the Gospels.
BothElijah and Jesus raised the dead.
BothElijah and Jesus were immortal.
BothElijah and Jesus disappeared from the foot of a mountain.
BothElijah and Jesus ascended into Heaven before witnesses.
BothElijah and Jesus troubled Israel.
BothElijah and Jesus were hunted down by the Jewish authorities.
BothElijah and Jesus hid in a cave/tomb.
BothElijah and Jesus pondered in the wilderness 40 days.
BothElijah and Jesus walked on the water.
Bothwrote letters to people on Earth after they had ascended.
Bothappointed a successor, Elisha by Elijah, and Peter, by Christ.
Bothwere hunted by the Jewish authorities.
Bothgave a successor the power to raise the dead.
Bothgave a successor a symbolic authority, the cloak to one, the keys to the other.
Bothasked that this "cup" be taken from them.
Bothmultiplied the meal for many people they feed in the crowd.
Bothdestroyed the pagan worshippers and priests, one Baal, the other, the Pantheonof Rome.
Bothwere promised faithfulness three times, Elisha in the former and Peter, in thelatter.
My view of the end times is that it refers to a catacylsmic moment in Judaism when the Jews convert to Jesus.
This will be a revival like no other.
It will mean that Christianity, Islam, and the whole world will need re-evaluate their own Bible insights.
The Jewish priest who will replace the present rabbinicql authorities will be returned to their right place as the priests before god forever, as stated in Exodus.
These priest are the Cohans, or the sons of Aaron.
These sons of Aaron, all with names like cohan or Kahn, etc, are known to us.
They have been genetically identified and through their Y-chromosome, proven to be sons of one man, presumably Aaron, who lived in the age of Moses, around 1360BC.
John 12:1 Then Jesus six days before the passover came to Bethany, whereLazarus was, which had been dead, whom he raised from the dead.
John 20:25 The other disciples therefore said unto him, We have seen theLORD. But he said unto them, Except I shall see in his hands the print of thenails, and put my finger into the print of the nails, and thrust my hand intohis side, I will not believe.
2 Kings 2:11 And it came to pass, as they still went on, and talked,that, behold, there appeared a chariot of fire, and horses of fire, and partedthem both asunder; and Elijah went up by a whirlwind into heaven.
12 And Elisha saw it.
1 Kings 18:17 And it came to pass, when Ahab saw Elijah that Ahab saidunto him, Art thou he that troubleth Israel?
John 7:25 ] Then said some of them of Jerusalem, Is not this he, whomthey seek to kill?
Matthew 12:40 For as Jonas was three days and three nights in thewhale's belly; so shall the Son of man be three days and three nights in theheart of the earth.
Are you advocating temple worship?
I read the OT to be looking to the Cross of Christ.


text:
Q: How is execve invoked on linux? If you call exec(...) on linux, it ends up calling execve() which calls sys_execve(), which then calls do_execve, which then walks through a list of handlers until it finds one that matches (there is a default elf handler in binfmt_elf.c for this).
On the other hand, if you look at the source for glibc, then execve() calls hurd_exec(), which then calls __file_exec (which I can't find the source for).   It looks to eventually end up in dl-open.c, but I can't find the code that runs in between.
I'm assuming that a userspace program will always call the version from the library, in which case, where does __file_exec go to?  I can't find a reference to it in either the kernel or the glibc code...
note: this is for armv8, linux 3.10.

A:
On the other hand, if you look at the source for glibc, then execve() calls hurd_exec()

Not on Linux, it doesn't.
You are probably looking at sysdeps/mach/hurd/execve.c, but on Linux you should be looking at sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/execve.c, which calls INLINE_SYSCALL (execve, ...); which does what you'd expect: pass control to the kernel.

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Home / News / Equipment / SanDisk announces 256GB microSDXC card and 'world's fastest, highest capacity' USB flash drive
SanDisk announces 256GB microSDXC card and 'world's fastest, highest capacity' USB flash drive
Posted on	5 January 2017 at 3:43 pm	by CODP / Equipment, News
SanDisk has unveiled its new 256GB Ultra microSDXC UHS-I Premium Edition card. Meeting A1 performance standards, it's designed to expand smartphone storage for photos and videos as well as provide space to store and run apps. It's said to achieve transfer speeds ranging up to 95MB/s. At this capacity, the card is able to store up to 24 hours of 1080p Full HD video.
The A1 performance standard means this microSD card can handle random read input-output access per second, also called IOPS, of 1,500, as well as a write IOPS of 500. As such, SanDisk says this card is suitable for handling in-app permissions, graphics and audio, and save profiles on a smartphone. The A1 spec is particularly useful in in light of Android Marshmallow 6's option for storing and launching apps from the microSD card.
SanDisk also announced a 256GB USB 3.1 solid state flash drive. Claimed to be the world's fastest, highest capacity drive, it offers read speeds up to 420MB/s and write speeds up to 380MB/s. SanDisk claims that's fast enough to transfer an entire full-length 4K movie to the drive in 15 seconds.
The new Ultra microSDXC Premium Edition card will be available globally later this month for $199. The 256GB SanDisk Extreme Pro USB 3.1 drive arrives at the same time, and will sell for $179 through Best Buy and Amazon.
SANDISK® UNVEILS WORLD'S FIRST MICROSD CARD DESIGNED TO DELIVER A NEW DIMENSION OF MOBILE APPLICATION PERFORMANCE
THE 256GB SANDISK ULTRA® MICROSD CARD WITH THE LATEST A1 SD SPECIFICATION OFFERS MOBILE USERS EVEN MORE STORAGE EXPANSION OPTIONS
LAS VEGAS, Jan. 4, 2017 – Western Digital Corporation (NASDAQ: WDC), a global storage technology and solutions leader, today unveiled the world's first microSDTM card that meets the Application Performance Class 1 (A1) requirements from the latest SD Association's SD 5.1 specifications. By meeting the A1 performance standard, the 256GB SanDisk Ultra® microSDXCTM UHS-I card, Premium Edition, delivers capacity, speed and enhanced capability to deliver a better smartphone experience1.
Since the popular memory card format launched more than a decade ago, microSD cards have been instrumental in driving new segments in digital imaging like action cameras, drones, dashboard cameras and surveillance systems, and have significantly impacted the evolution of the smartphone. Today, approximately 75 percent of smartphone models on the market contain microSD slots, according to data from Strategy Analytics2. The 256GB* SanDisk Ultra microSD card offers the capacity and performance consumers need to capture all of life's moments without having to worry about what to delete. The card can hold up to 24 hours of Full HD video3 and with premium transfer speeds of up to 95MB/s**. With A1 performance, the card can launch and run apps at blazing speeds.
"The microSD card has been an integral part of the digital revolution by providing more options for high performance, high capacity storage for smartphones," said Dinesh Bahal, vice president of product management, Client Solutions Business Unit, Western Digital. "SanDisk® cards are at the center of more than two billion consumer devices, and now with this A1 card, we're proud to play a significant role in continuing to advance the trusted format."
Long used by billions to expand capacity for photos, videos, music and many other digital files, the, microSD card now must evolve to support application-intensive environments, paving the way for a new dimension of memory card performance. With the introduction of the Android Marshmallow 6 operating system, users can expand storage capacity on smartphones by selecting the microSD card as preferred or adoptable storage, which means apps can now be loaded and launched directly from the A1 microSD card.
The A1 spec allows the new card to manage random read input-output access per second (IOPS) of 1,500 and write IOPS of 500, so it can quickly open apps and process accompanying tasks, such as audio, graphics, saved profiles and in-app permissions. With this in mind, the new SanDisk Ultra microSD card with A1 is designed to provide consumers a faster, more powerful app experience using cards.
"SD technology is trusted by consumers around the world for its reliable, backwards compatible and
highly interoperable storage, making it the world's leading memory format with billions of SD memory cards and devices in the market," said Brian Kumagai, SDA president. "The A1 specification will help consumers identify the appropriate card to ensure an optimal experience when running and launching apps on their smartphone. We are pleased that SanDisk will release an A1 card, and continues to contribute to breakthrough technologies enabled by the microSD format."
The new SanDisk Ultra microSD card with A1 is compatible with the SanDisk® Memory Zone app for Android™, giving users an easy way to manage and back up content on their device. The app is available for free through the Google Play™ Store4. The card will be available worldwide in January 2017 with a U.S. MSRP of $199.99.
The complete line of SanDisk® microSD cards can be purchased at more than 300,000 retailers worldwide.
SANDISK® LAUNCHES ITS FASTEST, HIGH-CAPACITY USB FLASH DRIVE EVER
NEW SANDISK EXTREME PRO® USB 3.1 SOLID STATE FLASH DRIVE NOW FEATURES SSD PERFORMANCE IN A PORTABLE, ALUMINUM METAL FORM FACTOR
LAS VEGAS, Jan. 4, 2017 – Western Digital Corporation (NASDAQ: WDC), a global storage technology and solutions leader, today announced its fastest, high-capacity USB flash drive to date with the launch of its high-performance 256GB* SanDisk Extreme PRO USB 3.1 Solid State Flash Drive. The new drive delivers the speed, capacity, and reliability of an SSD in the convenient form factor of a small USB flash drive, and is ideal for creative professionals, tech enthusiasts, or anyone who creates and shares massive files.
A game-changer in the USB storage category, the drive is capable of read speeds up to 420MB/s and write speeds up to 380MB/s1. With its unprecedented speeds, you can transfer full-length 4K movie to the drive in less than 15 seconds2. With its USB 3.1 interface, people can rapidly access and move files on the go, without having to worry about a cable. The new drive also features a sophisticated design with a durable aluminum metal casing and a retractable connector for ultimate style and reliability.
"The combination of SSD performance and a compact USB form factor offers the ultimate performance and convenience for moving files easily and quickly," said Sven Rathjen, vice president of marketing, Client Solutions Business Unit, Western Digital. "With its increased capacity and blazing speeds, the SanDisk Extreme PRO USB 3.1 Solid State Flash Drive is our sleekest, most powerful SanDisk USB device yet."
The SanDisk Extreme PRO Solid State Flash Drive is available up to 256GB, giving consumers plenty of room to manage large files. For added file protection, it includes the SanDisk SecureAccess® software, which offers 128-bit file encryption and password protection3. The drive also comes with a limited lifetime warranty4.
The new 256GB SanDisk Extreme PRO USB 3.1 Solid State Flash Drive will be available in late January 2017 at Amazon.com and Best Buy at an MSRP of $179.99.
SanDisk storage solutions can be purchased at more than 300,000 retailers worldwide.
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Amazon has expanded its list of services and it covers a variety of areas, including cloud storage. There are different solutions available from the company based in Seattle, Washington, including Amazon S3 and Amazon Glacier. The latter is an affordable option that offers an impressive amount of backup space for a reasonable price. However, there are a few limitations that should be taken into consideration before signing up for the service. We'll go through different aspects of Amazon Glacier, including its performance, limitations and cost. Then, we'll check the actual backup process.
It is difficult to establish the monthly price of Amazon Glacier since there are different factors that determine the charges applied. The first aspect that is taken into consideration is disk space. The price you pay depends on the gigabytes per month used when you keep your files in the storage vaults. Bandwidth is another aspect that determines the monthly cost of the service. The price varies according to the amount of data transferred to and from the cloud.
The length of storage should also be kept in mind since you could be charged an additional fee for storing a file for less than three months before you delete it. The price also depends on the physical location or regions. Additionally, it should be noted that retrieving a file can take at least 4 hours. The longer you wait, the amount you pay is less.
What makes Amazon Glacier an affordable option?
Amazon Glacier is meant to be a long-term storage solution. As the name suggests, this cloud storage service is set to "freeze" your data. When you upload data to Amazon Glacier, it is stored securely, but it is not easy to access. As such, it is not a storage service that should be considered is you need file syncing or continuous backups. Glacier works like a tape backup drive and in order to get your data, you will need to wait more time and pay a higher amount than with other options. If you don't need to access your files on a regular basis, Amazon Glacier could be a good and cheap option to store your data.
How does Amazon Glacier work?
You can easily register for Amazon Glacier, but before you do, it is advisable that you become familiar with the way in which the service works. It is possible to use your regular Amazon login to create a storage account. Then you will be able to download the Amazon Glacier client to manager your data. There are different Amazon Glacier solutions that you can try and here you will find more about them.
Glacier Uploader is compatible with Windows, Mac and Linux. This makes it a practical option if you are generally moving from one computer to another. Glacier Uploader is more suitable for users with some advanced technical knowledge. Still, this Java client for Amazon Glacier is a good option that can be combined with other cloud backup service or a memory stick.
Windows users can opt for Fast Glacier, an easy to use option that is free when you only need it for personal use. It is ideal for uploading large amounts of data into the cloud if you don't have a T1 connection available, because you can opt for multi-part uploads. The commercial version costs less than $30. Fast Glacier also gives you the possibility of connecting multiple Amazon Glacier accounts. This is very convenient if you need to manage data stored in the cloud service at home or at work. It supports a drag and drop option with windows Explorer.
CloudBerry Backup is another good solution for Windows. It works like a conventional backup technology, giving you the possibility of uploading data based on your pre-set schedule. This client is compatible with Amazon S3, Azure, Google and of course, Amazon Glacier. If you use multiple cloud storage solutions, CloudBerry Backup is a practical choice. Personal users would need to pay $29.99, while the price for commercial users is between $79.99 and $299.99. However, there is a free trial that allows you to try the service for 15 days. CloudBerry Backup offers good features for home use, but it is more suitable for corporate users.
If you are concerned about security, you can consider Arq, an option for Windows and Mac that encrypts your data before upload. It works for both Amazon Glacier and Amazon S3. This allows you to enjoy access to your data stored in the cloud instantly when you use S3, while keeping long-term storage in Glacier, for files that you don't need to access too often. Arq offers a trial that allows you to try the service before purchasing it and it is a more stable and practical alternative to Time Machine for Mac users.
SAGU stands for Simple Amazon Glacier Uploader and it uses the command line Glacier application, featuring a convenient and appealing interface. Although it is quite basic and doesn't offer an extensive selection of features, its simplicity may be exactly what you are looking for. Plus, since it is built in Java, it is very portable.
Cloud Gates is an option that sets up a virtual drive on your computer. This virtual drive can be connected to your Amazon Glacier or Amazon S3 and then you can use your usual FTP software to upload files to it. The website is very basic and their Amateur plan, which offers up to 500GB costs $25 per month. However, they promise to refund customers if they are not entirely happy with the service.
It is important to keep in mind that regardless of the Amazon Glacier Client that you opt for, the backups can take a long time to become accessible. This means that it is not the right option for files that you need to access regularly and quickly. Furthermore, you can't request a single file, but a complete archive in zip file format. Whenever you access an archive, you are charged for the bandwidth that is used to download the data. If you have a large amount of data and a lot of it consists of files that you rarely use (but you still want to keep them), Glacier is a good option. However, it is not the right choice for storing work documents, studying materials or other files that you use on a regular basis.


text:
/*jslint indent:2*/
/*global require:true, console:true, process:true, setInterval:true*/

(function () {
  'use strict';

  setInterval(function () {
    console.log('Only one cleanup handler will be called.');
  }, 250);

  process.on('SIGINT', function () {
    console.log('cleanup #1');
    process.exit(0);
  });

  process.on('SIGINT', function () {
    console.log('cleanup #2');
    process.exit(0);
  });

  setTimeout(function () {
    process.kill(process.pid, 'SIGINT');
  }, 1000);

}());

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
HomeSportVolta ao Algarve receives 30 invitation requests from foreign teams
Volta ao Algarve receives 30 invitation requests from foreign teams
Thirty foreign groups, including 16 from WorldTeam, have already requested an invitation to take part on the 47th edition of the Volta ao Algarve bike race, the only UCI ProSeries event in Portugal.
By TPN/Lusa, in Sport · 23 Dec 2020, 08:00 · 0 Comments
In a statement, the Portuguese Cycling Federation explains that "in the coming weeks it will define the race squad", which will be disputed in February, and states that "the choice will take into account the 16 top category teams, WorldTeam, but also the Portuguese mainland formations and the ProTeam level sets that requested an invitation".
The federation considers that the interest on the part of some of the main formations is justified by "the quality of the organization, the international media coverage of the event, the excellent quality of the hotel industry in the Algarve and the security of the destination Portugal, particularly the Algarve, in a time of pandemic".
According to the federation's activity plan, 'Algarvia', the only event on the calendar of the UCI ProSeries category to be held in Portugal, will run from 17 to 21 February, even before the Opening Event (7 March), which traditionally starts the season.
€1.3 million bonus for Portuguese clubs
By TPN/Lusa, In Sport - 13 Jan 2022, 14:15
Snowboarder Christian Oliveira qualifies for winter Olympics
By Kevin Broderick, In Sport, News - 12 Jan 2022, 11:06
First NBA points for Portuguese baller
Can Dating Go Back to "Normal" Yet? – If Not, What Are the New Dating Rules?
More ventilators for Portugal
Portugal out of Euro2022 handball
The Portuguese handball team has been eliminated from Euro2022, after losing to the Netherlands by 32-31, in Budapest, in the third round of Group B.
By TPN/Lusa, In Sport 19 Jan 2022, 14:30
After defeats against Iceland (24-28) and Hungary (30-31), the Portuguese team, which was already trailing by 17-13 at half-time, lost again in a match in which they needed to win by two goals to move on to the next round. Portugal thus misses out on a place in the top 12, two years after finishing in sixth place in the 2020 European Championship, held in...
Portugal best futsal team in the world
The Portuguese men's futsal team has won the award for best team by FutsalPlanet, with Sporting winning the award for best club in the world.
The awards crowned Brazilian Ferrão, from FC Barcelona, as the best player, ahead of Pany Varela, from Sporting, in second place, and Merlin, also from Sporting, who was third. Zicky Té, also from Sporting, received the award for the best young player in the world, with Brazilian Guitta elected best goalkeeper and Nuno Dias receiving the...
Portuguese centre Neemias Queta today scored 22 points and 11 rebounds, in an NBA G-League game
Neemias Queta, who has played six games for the Sacramento Kings in the NBA, started and was on the court for 27 minutes.
The Portuguese number '88', who won four offensive rebounds, an assist and a steal. He also had three 'turnovers' (losses of the ball without a throw) and a personal foul. Nehemiah shared the Stockton Kings' leading scorer with Jahmi'us Ramsey, who had the same 22 points, with four rebounds and four assists in 35 minutes.The top scorer of the match...
Rúben Dias "honoured" to be one of "The Best"
Portuguese footballer Rúben Dias, from Manchester City, has said that he feels "honoured" to be part of the FIFA/FIFPro 'eleven' of the year, announced during the FIFA The Best gala.
"I am honoured to be chosen for the world's 'eleven'," the 24-year-old central defender wrote on Twitter. Dias, who has played for Portugal on 37 occasions, was chosen as Player of the Year in the English League, which he won for City, and as defender of the year in the 2020/21 Champions League, having reached the final, losing to Chelsea. Now, he is the...
Ronaldo still the best
Portuguese footballer Cristiano Ronaldo, has been given a FIFA Special Award for his 115 goals for the national team.
"It's very beautiful", said the Manchester United forward, about the trophy presented to him by FIFA President Gianni Infantino, after the announcement of The Best award, which went to Robert Lewandowski (Bayern Munich). Ronaldo, who was also part of the FIFPro's eleven of the year, alongside fellow Portuguese player Rúben Dias...
Portugal's EURO'2022 handball dream by a thread
Portugal is close to being eliminated from the EURO'2022 handball championship after having lost against Hungary yesterday evening.
In Sport 17 Jan 2022, 09:55
Hungary scored with six seconds to go and won the match 30-31. Iceland must beat the Netherlands this Sunday for Portugal to continue on to the knockout stage. Portugal's next game takes place on Tuesday against the Netherlands.
Covid-19: Portugal Update, 20 January
By TPN/Lusa, In COVID-19, Portugal - 20 Jan 2022, 15:34
Experts warn of "testing system saturation"
By TPN, In COVID-19, Portugal - 20 Jan 2022, 15:15
Portugal first country to offer healthcare through Uber Eats
By TPN, In Portugal, Business, Lisbon - 20 Jan 2022, 14:08
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ScientiaMobile has released version 1.8 of its WURFL API. To get the best possible performance from your WURFL solution, you should have both the latest API (1.8) and our most recent XML (released weekly to Commercial license customers).
Improved detection of iOS 10.
Release 1.8 is available across all WURFL products. WURFL OnSite users can download here. WURFL InFuze users can sign in and download from their account. We have moved downloads of the WURFL OnSite API to scientiamobile.com, which requires an account username and password. Please contact us if you have any issues registering for an account.
WURFL Cloud, WURFL.js, and WURFL InSight customers will automatically benefit from Release 1.8 – no downloads necessary.
Beginning with WURFL Release 1.8, ScientiaMobile will only offer WURFL OnSite under either a Commercial license or an Evaluation license. Previous users of AGPL or other Open Source license versions are welcome to evaluate WURFL OnSite for 30 days under the Evaluation license. After 30 days, you can contact us here to acquire a Commercial license. We also offer several other products that may fit your budget and needs (WURFL.js, WURFL Cloud).


text:
Tesla Powerwall 2
10 Simple Techniques For Solar Panel Installation
The Ultimate Guide To Solar Panel Installation
The Greatest Guide To Solar Panels
The Basic Concept Of Solar Panels
Facts About Solar Panel Installation Revealed
– 8 Simple Techniques For Solar Panel Installation
– Nevada Solar Group
– 8 Simple Techniques For Solar Panels
– Services Offered By Solar Companies in Nevada
8 Simple Techniques For Solar Panel Installation
Generally speaking, when choosing a solar panel to your house, there are several things to consider. You will first have to decide how many panels you would like to install. Then, you'll have to decide on which type of panel for you. Some solar panels are better than others, depending on what you require them for and the size of your dwelling. When choosing a panel, you should first determine where your panels will be installed. If you live in an area which has a lot of sunlight throughout the day, then you may wish to find solar panels which have large solar arrays. If you don't live in a very sunny area, you may wish to consider a smaller solar panel. It's not important to have the largest panel in the area, just the largest solar panel that you need.
When you are thinking about installing solar panels on your home, it is important to choose the right solar system for you. There are many different types of solar panels, but what you will need to do first is to know what each sort of panel does and how to set up the panels to suit your requirements. Additionally, some solar systems may be installed together. This allows you to maximize your panels and save money as well. Solar Panels for Homes is generally divided into two categories. First, are the"base" and second, are the"mounting" forms of panels. A solar panel typically has a solar array or a single panel, a solar battery, or solar interconnection wiring and the inverter. Certainly, having solar panels to your house will offer a big benefit to you. If you already have a roof which receives direct sunlight from sunlight throughout the year, you may want to consider using both solar panels and a battery as part of your solar installation.
How To Pick The Right Solar Panel For You (energysage.com) - EnergySage takes the guessing out of selecting solar panels. Research the best solar panels and determine which type of solar panel is right for you.
☀ How to Choose the Best Solar Powered Attic Fan (2020 Update) (suntrica.com) - Finding the Best Solar Powered Attic Fan Isn't as Simple as You'd Think. There Are Several Factors that You Need to Know In Order to Avoid...
The 10 Best Solar Garden Lights in 2020 - (Reviews & Guide) (gardenhelpful.com) - We've selected the 10 best solar garden lights from out of 50 plus solar light models - so don't buy before reading our reviews.
6 Best Solar Power Banks
Nevada Solar Group
2575 Montessouri St #200, Las Vegas, NV 89117
Solar batteries are a smart financial investment for energy storage. Without a battery bank, you will not be able to keep energy generated by your system for later usage. If you're tied to the grid, no battery suggests no backup power when the utility grid suffers an interruption. If you live off-grid, your system merely won't work at all.
Picking the very best battery for your solar panels includes lots of consider your choice, consisting of the battery's capability, power, effectiveness, and expenses depending upon your needs. To assist you make the ideal option, let's examine how solar batteries work, the different types of batteries available, and our recommendations for the finest batteries for solar in 2020. When setting up a solar battery as part of your solar panel system, you can save excess solar power instead of sending it back to the power grid.
Another factor to consider when choosing a solar panel is how many you need. While solar panels can be found in various sizes, you can also have one panel that's made for many different sized windows. If you live in an older home and you will need to heat your house, then having a larger panel will be necessary. On the other hand, if you're in a newer home and you have more windows and want to heat your house more efficiently, then you can have a smaller solar panel. Panels for homes are very easy to install, especially if you have sufficient room and have a ladder. However, there's still one other thing that may be a real help if you are having trouble setting up the panels; the panels, which is the inverter.
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When your solar panels aren't producing electrical power, you can draw from the saved energy when you require it. The electricity is returned to the grid just when your battery is complete or draws from the grid only when the battery is low. Batteries for energy storage are typically made from lead-acid or lithium-ion.
8 Simple Techniques For Solar Panels
8 Best Solar-Powered Phone Chargers to Recharge Without an Outlet (goodhousekeeping.com) - The best solar chargers to recharge your devices on the go. These portable solar-powered phone chargers are perfect for backpacking, camping, power outages, and more.
Guide to the best solar panels for a camper van conversion (parkedinparadise.com) - Best solar panels for RV or camper van: Rigid vs Flexible > Polycrystalline vs Monocrystalline > How many panels you need > Solar panel installation guide
How To Choose The Best Solar Panel for You in 2020 (news.energysage.com) - Understanding the parts that make up your solar energy system can help you select the best solar panels, inverter and installer for you!
What is the Best Battery for Solar Storage in 2020? (energysage.com) - Need help choosing a solar energy battery? This guide will help you find the best solar storage option for your solar panel system.
flooded lead-acid, sealed lead-acid, and lithium batteries prior to making your choice. Here are some of the difference between lead-acid vs. lithium-ion batteries: Flooded lead-acid (FLA) batteries have been utilized for the last 150 years and are amongst the most common batteries used for off-grid solar setups. These batteries are low-cost, 99% recyclable, and simple to get rid of at the end of their lifespan.
They're the most affordable alternative but need periodic upkeep to work effectively. The plates of every cell in the battery should be submerged in water to operate appropriately (which is why they are called "flooded" batteries). You'll require to include water every 1 to 3 months to keep the plates submerged.
The Main Concept Of Solar Panels
There are many advantages to using solar panels in your house, including the environment and saving money on your electrical bill. Not only are you helping the environment, but by taking charge of your electric bill, you're also lowering your electricity bills also. With solar energy, you can lower your dependence on traditional fuels and utilize natural resources. In addition, the solar panels can save you money because they will help you to decrease the amount of electricity you use. You will pay less on your electric bill because you're saving on the total amount of energy you are using. This is beneficial because when you use less energy, you're actually paying less in your electrical bill. Solar panels for houses are more than simply a great investment for your residence. You will see that using solar energy can help save you money on your electricity bill, and of course the planet. In addition, you will find it is much easier to control your power usage, because the solar panels are less complex. Panels for homes are very easy to install, especially if you have the proper skills and tools. It doesn't matter if you're not. If you wish to test it yourself, there are plenty of guides available online that will help you through the entire process and show you step by step.
Services Offered By Solar Companies in Nevada
small power
battery management system
power optimizer
What to Look For in a Solar Generator
How to choose the best solar equipment for your needs
How to compare your solar storage options
How to choose the best battery for a solar energy system
What features should you look for in a solar charger?
How You Can Choose the Best Solar Panel System Size: Your Top Questions Answered
How do I choose my solar panels? Guide to choosing your solar equipment
How to Choose Solar Garden Lights?
How To Install Solar Panels
What are the best batteries for solar?
(renewableresourcescoalition.org) - Rankings, reviews & buying guide for the 6 best Solar Power Banks in 2020. Models from FEELLE, ADDTOP, Hiluckey & more included with in-depth evaluations.
7 Best Solar Generators: Portable and Whole House Powered 2020 (climatecounts.org) - As technology continues to advance, access to green and renewable energy such as solar energy is quickly gaining popularity. This is because green energy is more reliable and cleaner than most of the other power sources available. This makes it environment-friendly and capable of saving you money. Typically, a solar generator converts sun energy captured
How You Can Choose the Best Solar Panel System Size: Your Top Questions Answered (gloucestercitynews.net) - (Gloucestercitynews.net)(March 30, 2020)--Solar panel installations have taken the world by storm, and even here in the United Kingdom, a lot more property owners are seeing their many benefits. With a solar PV system, you not only reduce and save on your electric bill and decrease your reliance on the grid – you also have the unique opportunity to earn money simply by selling back the electricity you don't use. But if you are thinking about having your own solar PV system, what would be the best size for you? Simply put, what should you know about the ideal system size?
If you are unable to perform regular check-ups, the very best battery for your solar panels is the sealed lead-acid battery with these advantages: There are 2 types of sealed lead-acid batteries with fairly similar qualities: AGM (absorbent glass mat) and gel. They don't need to be filled up with water, like flooded batteries.
More from EV Charging, Solar Power


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UK sued over arms sales to Israel
Israel Materials 25 February 2009 03:38 (UTC +04:00)
A Palestinian human rights group has filed a lawsuit at the High Court in London over the United Kingdom's continuation of trade with Israel following that country's offensive in Gaza.
Al-Haq, which is based in Ramallah in the West Bank, said that in trading with Israel, including supplying arms, Britain is breaking international law.
The organisation said that Israel had violated international law during its assault on Gaza and that Britain should therefore suspend all financial, military or ministerial assistance to Tel Aviv.
It also said that that the UK should "insist that the European Union suspend [its] preferential trading agreement with Israel until it demonstrates full respect for its human rights obligations".
The lawsuit names three UK ministers, David Miliband, foreign minister, John Hutton, defence minister and Peter Mandelson, business minister.
Speaking to Al Jazeera, Phil Shiner, a UK lawyer who represents Al-Haq in Britain, said: "International law is very clear on this issue.
"All states are under an obligation not to render assistance and not to recognise the illegal situation [in Gaza] and to co-operate together by all lawful means to end that particular situation ... and to ensure respect for the Geneva Conventions.
"The UK government has gone completely in the wrong direction. It has increased its arms exports [to Israel]. It continues to import Israeli arms, it continues to invite Israeli arms manufacturers to arms fairs here".
In pursuing the lawsuit, Shiner said "all that's in our way is that obviously it's a controversial topic. Judges might be frightened of entering this territory but once they do the law is very clear".
Last month, Amnesty International, the UK-based human rights organisation, called on the British government to suspend all military exports to Israel until there is no longer a substantial risk that such equipment will be used for serious violations of human rights.


Her role as Brenda Barrett was a serious step of her within the film industry of all across.She simultaneously started seeing in number of silver screens, before her entre within the General Hospital she acted in large number of theatre production in her life with high success.She was married to '80s star Corey Feldman from 1989-1993. Green, 39, and Fox, 26, are expecting their first child together.actress Marcil dated her costar, Brian Austin Green, from 1999-2003.
Former "90210" star Vanessa Marcil is officially a free woman ... plus a bunch of bank accounts and other boring stuff.
because her divorce from "CSI: NY" actor Carmine Giovinazzo (aka the nicest DUI arrestee of all time) has been finalized. Marcil filed for divorce from Giovinazzo last summer, citing "irreconcilable differences." They were married in 2010 and have no children together. It's been a rough couple months for Carmine, who was arrested for DUI in January in Scottsdale, AZ.
General Hospital (GH) spoilers report the bad news that Vanessa Marcil's and family were involved in a near fatal car crash.
General Hospital's former Brenda Barrett reports that fiancé MC was badly injured but Vanessa Marcil and the children are fine.


THE not-to-be-missed annual event that showcases exceptional craftsmanship in London. Check out the amazing programme with hidden workshops and unknown makers alongside celebrated masters, famous galleries, studios, shops and luxury brands.
The 7th edition of one of the world's most important events on sustainability in fashion. A meeting platform for the fashion sector's decision-makers, leading NGOs, experts, policy-makers and academia, that creates a common understanding and gaines industry-wide commitment on the most critical issues facing our industry and planet.
Join the 3-day Glossy Summit (Miami, Florida) and the biggest names in fashion and beauty, from legacy brands to the new frontier of innovators. During the Glossy Summit today's rapidly changing fashion playscape will be addressed and new connections and smart, honest insight will be presented.
FASHIONCLASH presents the 11th edition of the international & interdisciplinary fashion festival in Maastricht. During this three-day festival over more than 100 emerging designers and (performing)artists from all over the world get the opportunity to show their work to a diverse, international audience. The program contains fashion shows, theatre and dance performances, exhibitions, fashion talks and awards.
Join the global effort to create an inclusive and environmentally sustainable marketplace during The Economist Events Sustainability Summit 2019 and connect with those at the forefront of the sustainability effort! For the fourth time the Sustainability Summit 2019 will bring together industry leaders, policymakers, entrepreneurs and researchers from around the world.
Are you curious about what you might be wearing in the future? Or do you want to try on the latest wearable technology or learn more about new textile materials and intelligent clothing? This is your change! During London Fashion week Imperial Lates presents a (cat)walk through the future of fashion; join digital embroidery workshops, speak to AI fashion consultants and discover the latests technology trends!
FEBRUARY 2019 (the exact days will follow). ECHO Dubai is an annual art, design and technology festival. It is a platform that will provide artistic concepts powered by technological innovations and installations. It will seek to open people's minds through educational sessions, surprise them through immersive experiences, engage through business discussions and have them wonder what the future holds.
THE annual invitation-only gathering of big thinkers, movers, entrepreneurs, shakers and trailblazers who are shaping the (fashion) world. Addressing today's themes, issues and opportunities impacting the global fashion industry, organized by The Business of Fashion.
This year's Global Innovation Forum in London will challenge its speakers and audience of innovators, entrepreneurs and inventors what it is to 'Be More Human'. Join this unique 2-day event with a tremendous agenda buzzing with experienced speakers, key messages, global players and intense networking, and discuss the latest trends in innovation, design, creativity, R&D and new product development.
The Ellen MacArthur Foundation will stage the fifth Disruptive Innovation Festival (DIF), an online (free)festival of ideas that asks the question: What if we could redesign everything? DIF brings together thought-leaders, entrepreneurs, businesses, makers, learners and doers to catalyse system-level change for a future economy, using a mix of online and face-to-face events to explore the economy through a different lens.
Want to imagine a better future for all of us? Join the first edition of CHANGE Festival, a multi-arts celebration, and explore together ways to improve wellbeing and environments, and (re)consider what we eat, how we spend our money, our relationship with nature and much more. Expect performance, music, talks, installations, workshops, debates and events!
Join the Fashionbytes: Fashion Sustainability talk and dive into the world the most revolutionary and sustainable materials, together with Kresse Wesling MBE (Co-Founder Elvis & Kresse) and Anne Prahl PhD (Design & Innovation Textiles).
Sustainability has become a global buzzword across all industries, but many independent brands struggle to include aspects of eco-fashion to make their business both profitable, impact and sustainable. The seminar 'The Ethics of Fashion' of the UK Fashion & Textile Association aims to some of the most important issues that small business face when it comes to the question of sustainable and conscious fashion and we will look at different aspects of an ethical brand.
A two-day festival on future-proof fashion that crosses over to different art disciplines in Antwerp, De Studio. MOOI features not only inspiring Belgian designers but also international fashion minds within sustainability, technology & innovation. This year's edition is curated by fashion designer Murielle Victorine Scherre, founder of la fille d'O.
A unique opportunity to gain the insights necessary to understand where the fashion industry is heading and how to translate this understanding into smart actions shaping the fashion industry's future, one company at a time.
In this dynamic and rapidly evolving world we all know: tomorrow is unstoppable! During this one-of-a-kind event visionary minds, technologies, solutions, and insights come together. Get a glimpse of tomorrow's answers, dive into a new reality and experience yourself how we will work, eat, live, relax and move in the future, or listen to the music of tomorrow!
Join our MIND FASHION friends and holographic experts DoubleMe and the V&A Research Institute's artist in residence, Rachel Ara for a behind-the-scenes look at her new mixed reality installation 'The Transubstantiation of Knowledge'. The installation interweaves stories from Franciscan nuns, computer code and contemporary technologies to investigate systems of knowledge and power.
During London Fashion Week you can join the annual Sustainable Fashion London symposium! The Sustainable Fashion London symposium will connect industry, organisations and leading researchers in fashion sustainability with innovative talks and presentations, which address the key themes of sustainable design, ethical production, retail and consumption, and education.


The following change is proposed for Article 13 of our Constitution and By-laws. A summary of the change was presented at the September meeting and we will vote on the amendment at the October meeting. The motion will require a 75% majority to pass.
An Auditor shall be appointed by the members at the Annual General Meeting, to audit the books, records, accounts and financial statements.
The auditor is elected by the members and their annual report is addressed to the members. The auditor's report indicates if the funds of the Association have been properly accounted for the financial statement fairly presents the financial condition of the Association.
The duties and responsibilities of the Auditor are delineated in Sections 41 to 55, Part 5 of the Society Act, and are applicable where necessary.
The Association is not required to submit its books, records and statements to a financial audit. As a member-funded organization the review for completeness and accuracy of CRBA financial transactions can be carried out by representatives of members of the society.
Each year at the regular October meeting, two current members of the club shall be elected from those nominated to represent the membership and serve on a financial review committee.
Those selected may not be current members of the club executive when they serve on the financial review committee and can serve in successive years if selected.
The review of financial transactions of the club shall encompass the year from January to December.
Members of the Committee shall meet with the Treasurer at least once, after the end of the fiscal year and before the club financial statements are tabled at the annual general meeting.
Have all financial transactions undertaken on behalf of the club been recorded?
Have purchases in excess of C$300.00 been approved by executive through motions in the executive minutes?
Does the collection and distribution of funds on behalf of CRBA appear to be transparent?
Other than expenditures approved through the annual budget, have financial commitments in excess of C$1,000.00 been communicated and voted upon by association members?
As reasonable and prudent people, do the committee members believe that the financial transactions of the club have been carried out in good faith?


The Preble County Engineer's Office has replaced the structurally deficient, functionally obsolete steel truss bridge over Four Mile Creek with a covered timber structure with walkways that meet FHWA requirements for load carrying capacity and geometrics. This improvement has been made to better suit the needs of the traveling public.
The structure originally at this location was erected in the late 1920s and had numerous repairs to keep it in operation. The current structure is a covered timber structure with a span of 108 feet with a width from face to face of the guardrail of 28 feet. The new structure is also relocated approximately 40 feet to the north to improve the horizontal alignment of Camden-College Corner Road, and thus improve the safety features of this section of roadway. The current structure also includes walkways on either side of the structure to provide a safer area for pedestrian traffic and to provide a scenic viewing area.
Coordinates for the covered bridge.


My modern travel poster of Llanrwst, a small market town on the River Conwy, near Conwy, Wales.
On the edge of Snowdonia lies the beautiful town of Llanrwst in Conwy. If you have been then you have most likely sampled the delights of the tea room Tu Hwnt I'r Bont which is the red leaf covered building on the right. Delicious. You can choose whether you want the print to say Cymru or Wales, just pick from the drop down menu when ordering from Etsy.


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Availability and requirements
Genomic multiple sequence alignments: refinement using a genetic algorithm
Chunlin Wang1 and
Elliot J Lefkowitz1Email author
BMC Bioinformatics20056:200
© Wang and Lefkowitz; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2005
Accepted: 08 August 2005
Genomic sequence data cannot be fully appreciated in isolation. Comparative genomics – the practice of comparing genomic sequences from different species – plays an increasingly important role in understanding the genotypic differences between species that result in phenotypic differences as well as in revealing patterns of evolutionary relationships. One of the major challenges in comparative genomics is producing a high-quality alignment between two or more related genomic sequences. In recent years, a number of tools have been developed for aligning large genomic sequences. Most utilize heuristic strategies to identify a series of strong sequence similarities, which are then used as anchors to align the regions between the anchor points. The resulting alignment is globally correct, but in many cases is suboptimal locally. We describe a new program, GenAlignRefine, which improves the overall quality of global multiple alignments by using a genetic algorithm to improve local regions of alignment. Regions of low quality are identified, realigned using the program T-Coffee, and then refined using a genetic algorithm. Because a better COFFEE (Consistency based Objective Function For alignmEnt Evaluation) score generally reflects greater alignment quality, the algorithm searches for an alignment that yields a better COFFEE score. To improve the intrinsic slowness of the genetic algorithm, GenAlignRefine was implemented as a parallel, cluster-based program.
We tested the GenAlignRefine algorithm by running it on a Linux cluster to refine sequences from a simulation, as well as refine a multiple alignment of 15 Orthopoxvirus genomic sequences approximately 260,000 nucleotides in length that initially had been aligned by Multi-LAGAN. It took approximately 150 minutes for a 40-processor Linux cluster to optimize some 200 fuzzy (poorly aligned) regions of the orthopoxvirus alignment. Overall sequence identity increased only slightly; but significantly, this occurred at the same time that the overall alignment length decreased – through the removal of gaps – by approximately 200 gapped regions representing roughly 1,300 gaps.
We have implemented a genetic algorithm in parallel mode to optimize multiple genomic sequence alignments initially generated by various alignment tools. Benchmarking experiments showed that the refinement algorithm improved genomic sequence alignments within a reasonable period of time.
Multiple Sequence Alignment
Message Passing Interface
Alignment Quality
Fuzzy Region
One of the primary goals in analyzing complete genomes is to identify all of the functional regions in the sequences, including genes and regulatory regions. However, this interpretive work is not keeping pace with the avalanche of raw sequence data. This disparity is due in part to the fact that algorithm development for genomic annotation has been relatively slow, and annotation of completely sequenced genomes inevitably depends on human expert knowledge. The most effective method to understand genomic content is to compare multiple genomes of various phylogenetic distances. The coding regions of a large set of common genes can be identified by comparing genomic sequences that are distantly related phylogenetically. In addition, comparing the genomic sequences of divergent non-coding regions that show some degree of conservation can yield important information related to regulation of gene expression, structural organization of the genome, and possibly other yet unknown functions [1]. Finally, functional and evolutionary inferences can be made from comparative genomic analysis. For example, orthologous relationships can suggest the function of a genetic sequence when the function of a similar sequence in another species is known.
One of the major challenges when comparing two or more genomic sequences is producing a high-quality multiple sequence alignment of all the genomes. In recent years, a number of computer programs have been developed for the alignment of large genomic sequences including CHAOS/DIALIGN [2], MUMmer [3], WABA [4], VISTA [5], BLASTZ [6], MAVID [7], and Multi-LAGAN [8]. In general, these tools utilize heuristic algorithms that provide an approximate solution to the problem of generating multiple sequence alignments. These heuristic tools are based on many different paradigms, but they all fall into the "anchor-extension" strategy, wherein a series of strong sequence similarities (anchors) are identified first and gaps are filled in (extension) by aligning the regions between the anchor points. The resulting alignment is globally correct, but in many cases is suboptimal locally.
In this paper, we describe the development of a program, GenAlignRefine, which improves the overall quality of global multiple sequence alignments by using a genetic algorithm to improve alignments in local regions.
Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is one of the most difficult problems in computational biology and there are only approximate solutions for all but the smallest alignments [9]. Therefore a number of novel heuristic algorithms have been proposed [10]. There are at least two distinct technical problems remaining: the choice of an objective function (OF) that assesses the quality of an alignment, and the design of an appropriate algorithm to optimize the score from that objective function. Ideally, a biologically meaningful alignment should produce a better OF score than a suboptimal alignment. One popular OF is the sum-of-pair (SP) function, which is a direct extension of the scoring method used in pair-wise alignments [11]. The SP score for an aligned column in the MSA is computed by scoring all of the pair-wise comparisons between each residue in each column of an alignment and adding the scores together. The major shortcoming of the SP function is that the alignment quality is extremely dependent on the choice of a score matrix and gap penalties. In general, this choice is problem-specific. For instance, for closely related input sequences, it might be better to use a score matrix reflecting a short phylogenetic distance. On the other hand, for divergent sequences, it might be more appropriate to choose a score matrix reflecting a longer phylogenetic distance.
One alternative to using the SP function is the COFFEE [12] function, which evaluates the consistency between a multiple alignment and libraries of optimal pair-wise alignments of the same sequences. Although COFFEE does not completely overcome the problems related to the choice of score matrix and gap penalties, it can reduce them. (There are some algorithms such as Dialign, in which the OF does not consider gapped regions. Instead, the OF of Dialign uses the sum of weights of gap free segment pairs [13]). The optimal pair-wise alignment is inevitably affected by the choice of score matrix and gap penalty, but a correct choice will be more likely since it is possible to choose different score matricies and gap penalties adaptively based on the distance detected during the pair-wise alignment process. The COFFEE OF has been shown to be more robust and to lead to better alignments [14]. In our application, we chose to utilize the COFFEE OF as a measure of the optimization of the multiple sequence alignment. Our COFFEE score is calculated based on the following formula:
where N is the number of sequences to be aligned; Wij is the percent identity between sequence i and j in the optimal pair-wise alignment library; Cij is the number of aligned character pairs that are shared between the multiple alignment and the optimal pair-wise alignment; and Lij is the length of the optimal pair-wise alignment of sequences i and j. The optimal pair-wise alignment library is constructed by aligning every pair of input sequences with an implementation of the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm [15].
To optimize an alignment by attempting to maximize its COFFEE score, we chose to implement a genetic algorithm. A genetic algorithm is a stochastic search method based on the concept of biological evolution; i.e., in simulating an evolutionary process in a population of potential solutions, a better solution will evolve [16]. Biological terms are used to describe the evolutionary process. Each potential solution is called a chromosome; a set of chromosomes refers to a population; and successive populations are called generations. To create new chromosomes (or offspring), two types of operators are generally used: mutation, which changes a single chromosome, and crossover, which exchanges information from two or more chromosomes. Based on Darwin's principle of survival of the fittest, chromosomes that perform well on certain fitness functions will have a greater likelihood of producing more offspring. Since the best performing individual in each generation is always selected for the next generation, the solutions in each generation are at least as good as those provided in previous runs. In this way, the genetic algorithm is able to optimize solutions from any source. Using genetic algorithms to solve MSA problems is not a new idea. SAGA [17] successfully applies a genetic algorithm to MSAs by attempting to optimize the weighted sum-of-pairs with natural or quasi-natural affinity gap penalties. Further attempts based on SAGA include SAGA-COFFEE, which tries to optimize the consistency-based objective function [14]. Our approach differs from SAGA in several ways. First, GenAlignRefine is designed to optimize multiple sequence alignments without regards to their length. SAGA is not optimized to align genome-length sequences. Second, in order to reduce the number of genetic operators that need to be utilized, GenAlignRefine pre-aligns each fuzzy region using T-Coffee. This allows us to optimize the application of the genetic operators by using a combination of only 3 operators rather than the full set of 22 operators used in SAGA (see below).
There are two considerations when designing a genetic algorithm. The first is how quickly a genetic algorithm can converge to an optimal solution. The second is the risk of misguiding an optimization process to a solution that appears to be optimal, but in fact resulted from convergence to a local optimum. Genetic algorithms are known to be extremely slow, with some MSA implementations being hundreds of times slower than ClustalW [18, 19]. Genomic sequences may be megabases in length, and depending on the similarities between the sequences to be aligned, there may be thousands of poorly aligned regions. For that reason speed is a critical factor. To improve the overall performance of this application, we implemented the entire optimization process as a parallel, cluster-based program.
Based on manual inspection of the multiple genome alignments produced by various tools, we have found that regions encompassing and surrounding gaps are where most of the discrepancies between alignment methods occur. In this study, we concentrated our attention on these "fuzzy" regions. Fuzzy regions were defined as columns in an alignment that contain a gap adjacent to a gap-free region of at least 20 nucleotides. The gap-free regions of 20 nucleotides in length provided a constrained space in the multiple alignment that allowed the refining algorithm to place gaps between the constrained positions. Experimenting with different lengths of gap-free regions showed that a length of 20 was sufficient to allow for reasonable constraint. Longer gap-free regions did not increase the quality of final alignment, but did increase the length of time required for the optimization process.
GenAlignRefine was developed based on the assumption that the original starting alignment is globally correct. With this rationale, the overall genome alignment is shaped by those anchor regions that show strong similarity and are therefore obvious orthologs. These optimal anchor regions are kept intact. Optimization of the fuzzy regions between these anchor points will therefore not reshape the overall alignment, but will improve the overall quality of the alignment by improving each individual local region. One possible reason that the starting alignment might not be globally correct would be if one or more genomes contained large sequence rearrangements in comparison to the other genomes. Regions containing such rearrangements would need to be removed from the analysis since these regions will not be directly alignable. GenAlignRefine handles this problem by removing from consideration fuzzy regions longer than 1000 bases that may contain, in addition to rearrangements, large numbers of repeat sequences. Manual inspection of whole-genome pair-wise dotplots [3, 20] were also used to identify these unalignable regions.
Using a Linux cluster in master-slave mode, fuzzy regions from an initial rough global MSA were identified. These fuzzy regions were then sent by the master to one of the slave nodes where a genetic algorithm (described below) was used to optimize the fuzzy region. The process continued until all fuzzy regions were optimized.
It is important for the efficiency of the search process to utilize a reasonable alignment for each fuzzy region as the starting point for optimization. This avoids local optima and yields better results in shorter periods of time. Therefore, in GenAlignRefine, we first used T-Coffee [14] on each of the fuzzy regions to produce an initial alignment, which is then used as the starting point for the genetic algorithm, thereby becoming the first chromosome from which successive generations originate. This strategy has been proven successful in other studies [21] and we have found it to be very efficient. Furthermore, since each potential solution in a population is derived from the T-Coffee alignment, the simplest way to optimize the COFFEE score is to re-arrange gaps in the alignment. For that reason, we implemented a subset of the mutation operators from SAGA [17] that perform gap re-arrangement: random_gap, local_gap_shuffle, and block_gap_shuffle (see Fig. 1). The random_gap operator randomly inserts a gap into every sequence of the alignment. The local_gap_shuffle operator shuffles one gap in every sequence by randomly moving it to a different position in that sequence. The block_gap_shuffle randomly moves gaps in selected columns of every sequence of the alignment to different positions in that alignment. In addition, any columns containing only gaps are deleted in each generation. A combination of random_gap, local_gap-shuffle, and block_gap_shuffle was able to effectively simulate any single mutation operator in SAGA. Previous studies have shown that operator schedules (setting a probability and frequency for use of each genetic operator) did not improve the performance of SAGA compared to the uniform selection of SAGA operators [21]. After experimenting with different operator scheduling strategies, we chose to use the three operators at equal frequency.
Mutation operators used in GenAlignRefine. a) Random_gap operator. Random gaps (shaded hypens) are inserted into the parent alignment to produce the offspring sequences. b) Local_gap_shuffle operator. Gaps in the parent are randomly moved to produce new offspring. c) Block_gap_shuffle operator. Contiguous blocks of gaps are randomly moved to new positions.
In summary, the overall process used to generate refined multiple sequence alignments starts with a set of sequences that are initially aligned using a genome sequence MSA tool such as Multi-LAGAN. Fuzzy regions within these alignments are identified and individually realigned using T-Coffee. These realigned regions are then refined using our implementation of the indicated set of genetic algorithm operators. All computation following generation of the initial multiple sequence alignment takes place on a Linux cluster.
GenAlignRefine was implemented in Perl to take advantage of the convenience in manipulation of biological sequences provided by the Bioperl [22] application programming interface (API). To bridge the gap between Perl and the message passing interface (MPI) [23] API which is implemented in C/C++ and is required for our parallel implementation, we also provide a wrapper module that ports to Perl only those MPI C/C++ procedures necessary for this application. The implementation of an efficient Needleman-Wunsch algorithm [15] coded in C/C++ and ported to PERL was used to construct pair-wise alignment libraries.
We performed our benchmarking experiment on a 32-node Linux cluster in the Department of Computer and Information Science at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. All machines have 1.6 GHz Dual AMD Opteron™ Processors, 2 GB of RAM, and are connected via Gigabit Ethernet.
The lack of a "gold standard" for assessment of multiple sequence genome alignments makes it difficult to assess the performance of multiple genome alignment tools. In this study, we chose a simulation-based approach to benchmark the results produced by GenAlignRefine. Multiple sequences along with the correct, "optimal" multiple alignment of these sequences as generated by the software tool Rose (random model of sequence evolution) [24] have been widely used to benchmark the performance of multiple alignment tools [25] and phylogenetic analyses [26]. We started with a sequence alignment created by Rose which contains 9 sequences comprising about 100,000 nucleotides each. Sequence generation began with 1 randomly generated ancestral sequence composed of equal nucleotide base frequencies. From that sequence, the 9 test sequences were generated based on the HKY evolutionary model of point substitution [27] using a transition/transversion bias of 2.5. The insertion and deletion threshold was set to allow insertions and/or deletions 5% of the time. The mean base substitution rate was set to 0.05 substitutions per site. The tree was set to ((a:.2,b:.5):.1,(c:.4,d:.5,e:.4):.2,(f:.3,g:.4):.3,(h:.4,i:.5):.1). For each sequence, the mutation probability of each nucleotide position was set to either 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, or 1. Using this set of 9 sequences, we generated two new alignments using the programs Multi-LAGAN [8] which was run locally using the default options, and CHAOS/DIALIGN [2] which was run using the available web application [28]. Each of the two new alignments was then subjected to refinement by GenAlignRefine. We then measured the consistencies between the alignments by comparing each of the four new alignments to the original simulated alignment produced by Rose. The consistency between any two alignments, A and B is defined as the ratio between the number of identical character pairs between the two alignments, and the total number of character pairs in alignment B. The results from this comparison are provided in table 1. In each case, GenAlignRefine was able to improve the quality of each multiple genome sequence alignment by at least 7% as measured by an increase in the number of pair-wise matches to the "optimal" alignment as constructed by Rose. It was also apparent that the quality of the final alignment was dependent on the quality of the original alignment prior to refinement.
Performance of GenAlignRefine on simulated data.
Before Refinement
After Refinement
CHAOS/DIALIGN
78.0%*
Multi-LAGAN
* The numbers indicate the consistency between the alignment generated with the genome alignment tool and the "correct" alignment generated by Rose (see text).
In addition to the above benchmarking experiments, we also conducted a study to demonstrate the usefulness of the program GenAlignRefine by refining the genome alignment of complete genome sequences available for the virus genus, Orthopoxvirus that includes variola virus, the agent responsible for causing smallpox. Genome sequences used in this analysis were obtained mostly from GenBank and included vaccinia virus strains Copenhagen [GenBank: M35027], Western Reserve (WR) [GenBank: AY243312], and Tian Tan [GenBank: AF095689] (with updates from Dr. Chris Upton of the University of Victoria); variola major virus strains Bangladesh [GenBank: L2579] and India [GenBank: X69198]; variola minor virus strain Garcia [GenBank: Y16780]; camelpox virus strains CMS [GenBank: AY009089] and M-96 [GenBank: AF438165]; cowpox virus strains Brighton Red [GenBank: AF482758] and GRI-90 [GenBank: X94355]; ectromelia virus strain Moscow [GenBank: AF012825]; and monkeypox virus strain Zaire [GenBank: AF380138]. Genome sequences of monkeypox virus strain WRAIR 7–61 [GenBank: AY603973] and rabbitpox virus strain Utrecht [GenBank: NC_005858] were kindly provided by Dr. Mark Buller of Saint Louis University. The genome sequence of ectromelia virus strain Naval was obtained from [29]. An initial alignment of these 15 Orthopoxvirus genomic sequences was created using Multi-LAGAN [8]. The overall length of the alignment was approximately 260,000 nucleotides.
Two considerations in implementing our genetic algorithm were when to stop the optimization process and how to breed the next generation. In our benchmarking experiment, if there was no improvement in an alignment's COFFEE score for 500 generations, the optimization process was stopped and the alignment with the best COFFEE score was returned to the master node. As the population size increases, the risk of falling into a local, suboptimal alignment decreases, but so does the speed of the optimization process. Since our starting alignments are derived from T-Coffee, it is assumed that they are close to the global optimum. For that reason, and for the sake of efficiency, we try to keep the population size relatively small. From each pool of 1000 individuals (alignments generated by application of the genetic algorithm), only the top 100 individuals with the best COFFEE scores are allowed to breed. In addition, we use an elite selection strategy in which some of the fittest individuals from the first generation are allowed to carry over unaltered into the second generation. We also permit individuals having the best COFFEE scores to have more offspring. All of these parameters are adjustable.
In general, regions with gaps are most likely to be discordant and therefore in need of improvement. However, even for closely related species, not all regions in their genomic sequences can be aligned. For instance, the regions at the ends of poxvirus genome sequences contain variable numbers of repeat sequences and some of these repeating units are species-specific [30] and thus cannot be aligned. In our study, fuzzy regions longer than 1000 bases were considered unalignable, so these regions were not subject to optimization. In our orthopoxvirus alignment, there were 18 fuzzy regions longer than 1000 bases, all of which occurred at the ends of the original alignment. Between these unalignable genomic regions, there were about 400 gapped (fuzzy) regions that were then subjected to the genetic algorithm. Using 40 processors, it took 150 minutes to optimize all of these regions. Only some 200 regions were actually improved by the genetic algorithm with the remaining 200 regions already showing optimal COFFEE scores. Figure 2 displays the improvement in the 200 fuzzy regions based on the COFFEE scores. It is apparent that, in general, regions with lower initial COFFEE scores showed more improvement while regions with higher initial COFFEE scores showed less improvement.
Improvement of COFFEE score for fuzzy regions. The 200 fuzzy regions derived from the starting Orthopoxvirus alignment that showed improvement following application of GenAlignRefine are displayed. For clarity, regions are sorted according to the overall improvement in COFFEE score. Vertical bars connect dots that show the improvement in COFFEE score for each region at each step in the refinement process. Red dots plot the original COFFEE score of the Multi-LAGAN-generated alignment for each region; green dots plot the COFFEE score of the same region after realignment by T-Coffee; blue dots indicate the COFFEE score of the same region after optimization by the genetic algorithm. The small magenta squares plot the overall improvement in COFFEE score for each region.
An improvement in COFFEE score is only one possible measure that might reflect an actual improvement in alignment quality. And since for these poxvirus sequences, there is no "correct" alignment for comparison as there was for the simulation, we chose to measure improvement by simply demonstrating an increase in the overall percentage identity calculated between all pair-wise sequence comparisons, along with a decrease in the length of the overall alignment due to the introduction of fewer gaps. An increase in the percentage identity can be achieved by simply inserting greater numbers of gaps into the alignment without necessarily improving the overall quality of the alignment. However, when the overall percentage identity is increased concomitant with a decrease in the length of the alignment, then in general, we would argue that the overall quality of the alignment has been improved. The alignment of the 15 Orthopoxvirus genomic sequences produced by Multi-LAGAN was 259817 nucleotides in length and showed 96.0% identity [see Additional file 1]. After refinement by GenAlignRefine, the length of the alignment was 258593 with 96.2% identity [see Additional file 2]. The improvement in the percentage identity was marginal for the overall alignment, but for each fuzzy region, the improvement was much higher. Significantly, this occurred at the same time that the overall alignment length decreased – through the removal of gaps – by approximately 200 gapped regions representing roughly 1,300 gaps. Therefore, the increase in the overall alignment quality was substantial.
The three mutation operators used in the genetic algorithm were effective after using T-Coffee to initially realign each fuzzy region of the starting alignment thus producing a seed for subsequent improvement. This is similar to what has been seen in previous studies [21]. As the resulting alignment from T-Coffee can be viewed as an approximation to the optimal result, starting with this alignment, which is presumably close to the optimal result in the multiple alignment search space, should decrease the chance of becoming trapped into a local optimum. And although there is still a risk that the optimization process will be misguided to a local optimum, the chance of this occurring should be small.
Genetic algorithms are known to be slow and computationally intensive compared to other methods [19]. However by using appropriate design parameters along with a large computing cluster, we have shown that GenAlignRefine can be used to efficiently and effectively improve multiple sequence alignments of whole genome sequences.
GenAlignRefine is freely available under the Artistic License described by the Open Source Initiative [31]. The source code can be downloaded via ftp [32]. Contact elliotl@uab.edu for information on obtaining the software. It has been tested on an AMD Opteron™ Processor-based Linux cluster with LAM/MPI and should be compatible with other implementations of MPI.
We would like to acknowledge the High Performance Computing Laboratory [33] in the Department of Computer and Information Sciences at the University of Alabama at Birmingham for giving us the opportunity to use their Linux cluster. We thank Vijay Velusamy and Zhijie Guan for assistance with the benchmark experiments. We would also like to thank Dr. Mark Buller of St. Louis University for providing us with the genomic sequences of monkeypox virus strain WRAIR 7–61 and rabbitpox virus strain Utrecht that were used in the benchmarking experiments prior to their GenBank release. We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Purushotham V. Bangalore and Ms. Catherine B. Galloway for helpful comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by NIH/NIAID/DARPA Grant No. U01 AI48706 and NIH/NIAID Contract No. HHSN266200400036C to EJL.
12859_2005_525_MOESM1_ESM.txt Additional File 1: Orthopoxvirus multiple genome alignment prior to optimization. Original Orthopoxvirus alignment produced by Multi-LAGAN in Clustal .aln format. (TXT 6 MB)
12859_2005_525_MOESM2_ESM.txt Additional File 2: Orthopoxvirus multiple genome alignment after optimization. Final Orthopoxvirus alignment following improvement by GenAlignRefine in Clustal .aln format. (TXT 6 MB)
12859_2005_525_MOESM3_ESM.pdf Authors' original file for figure 1
CW was responsible for the conception, design, implementation, and testing of the GenAlignRefine. EJL contributed to its conception and testing and provided overall project coordination. Both authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-2170, USA
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