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Pobeda (, deutsch Arnsberg, Kreis Preußisch Eylau und Struwe) ist der gemeinsame Name zweier ursprünglich eigenständiger Orte in der russischen Oblast Kaliningrad (Gebiet Königsberg (Preußen)). Pobeda gehört zur Niwenskoje selskoje posselenije (Landgemeinde Niwenskoje (Wittenberg)) im Rajon Bagrationowsk (Kreis Preußisch Eylau).

Geographische Lage
Pobeda liegt nordwestlich der Rajonshauptstadt und früheren Kreisstadt Bagrationowsk (Preußisch Eylau) an einer Nebenstraße, die Niwenskoje (Wittenberg) an der russischen Fernstraße A 195 (ehemalige deutsche Reichsstraße 128) mit Slawskoje (Kreuzburg) sowie Pogranitschnoje (Hussehnen) im russisch-polnischen Grenzgebiet verbindet. Bis 1945 war Gussewo (Groß Park, heute nicht mehr existent) die nächste Bahnstation an der Strecke der Kleinbahn Tharau–Kreuzburg, die nicht mehr betrieben wird.

Geschichte

Bis 1945

Pobeda/Arnsberg
Das ehemals Arnsberg genannte Gutsdorf liegt 20 Kilometer von Bagrationowsk (Preußisch Eylau) entfernt – unmittelbar an der Straße von Niwenskoje (Wittenberg) nach Slawskoje (Kreuzburg). Von 1874 bis 1945 war Arnsberg Sitz und namensgebender Ort für den neu errichteten Amtsbezirk Arnsberg, in den anfangs die Landgemeinden Kavern (russisch: Perwomaisjoje, nicht mehr existent), Neu Park (Maikowo, nicht mehr existent) und Packerau (Maiskoje) sowie der Gutsbezirk Arnsberg gehörte. Im Jahre 1910 waren in dem Dorf mit großem Gut und einer Ziegelei 287 Einwohner registriert.

Am 30. September 1928 schlossen sich die Landgemeinde Neu Park und der Gutsbezirk Arnsberg zur neuen Landgemeinde Arnsberg zusammen. Die Zahl der Einwohner stieg bis 1933 auf 268 und betrug 1939 bereits 291. Im Jahre 1945 – zum Amtsbezirk Arnsberg gehörten damals noch die drei Gemeinden Arnsberg, Lavern und Packereu – kam Arnsberg mit seinen beiden Vorwerken Struwe (heute auch: Pobeda) und Heyde (heute russisch: Kalmykowo) infolge des Zweiten Weltkrieges mit dem nördlichen Ostpreußen zur Sowjetunion und erhielt 1950 den russischen Namen Pobeda (deutsche Bedeutung = "Sieg").

Pobeda/Struwe
Das einstige Arnsberger Vorwerk namens Struwe liegt ebenfalls 20 Kilometer nordwestlich von Bagrationowsk (Preußisch Eylau). Eine Stichstraße zweigt nördlich von Sadowoje in westliche Richtung von der Verbindungsstraße Niwenskoje (Wittenberg) – Slawskoje (Kreuzburg) ab. Geschichtlich ist der Ort mit der Muttergemeinde Arnsberg verknüpft.

Bei Übernahme des Ortes durch die Sowjetunion erhielt Struwe 1950 den gleichen russischen Namen wie die Muttergemeinde Arnsberg: Pobeda.

Seit 1946
Die beiden ehemals eigenständigen Ortschaften Arnsberg und Struwe wurden 1950 unter dem russischen Namen Pobeda vereinigt. Pobeda war bis zum Jahr 2009 in den Wladimirowski sowjet (Dorfsowjet Wladimirowo (Tharau)) eingegliedert. Seither ist der Ort aufgrund einer Struktur- und Verwaltungsreform eine als "Siedlung" (russisch: possjolok) deklarierte Ortschaft innerhalb der Niwenskoje selskoje posselenije (Landgemeinde Niwenskoje (Wittenberg)) im Rajon Bagrationowsk.

Kirche
Die Bevölkerung der beiden Dörfer Arnsberg und Struwe war vor 1945 überwiegend evangelischer Konfession. Beide Dörfer waren in das Kirchspiel Kreuzburg (heute russisch: Slawskoje) eingepfarrt. Es gehörte zum Kirchenkreis Preußisch Eylau (Bagrationowsk) in der Kirchenprovinz Ostpreußen der Kirche der Altpreußischen Union. Letzte deutsche Geistliche waren die Pfarrer Friedrich Schumacher und Arno Stritzel.

In der Zeit der Sowjetunion wurde kirchliches Leben verdrängt. In den 1990er Jahren entstanden in der Oblast Kaliningrad neue evangelische Gemeinden. Die Pobeda am nächsten liegende ist die Dorfkirchengemeinde in Gwardeiskoje (Mühlhausen). Sie ist Filialgemeinde der Auferstehungskirche in Kaliningrad (Königsberg) und gehört zur Propstei Kaliningrad der Evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche Europäisches Russland (ELKER).

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Pobeda bankgorodov.ru

Ort im Rajon Bagrationowsk


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Seeking dental treatment abroad can be intimidating, but by following this guide you can address all your dental care issues without any worry.
Patients in the US and Canada often find themselves neglecting their dental care due to the high prices in the region. However, this can lead to everyday problems such as difficulties in chewing, speaking issues, bone loss, sunken facial structure, muscle pain, and many more. Dental treatment abroad has been one of the best solutions available for patients in the US and Canada since they are able to get expert care at a fraction of the cost. The Costa Rica Dental Tourism Guide can help guide you on how to seek great dental clinics.
We can address most of the questions you may have about seeking dental treatment abroad.
How do I get in touch with a verified dental clinic?
One of the first issues patients may have is connecting to renowned dental clinics in the region of their choosing. They may not be aware of certified dentists and verified clinics. This problem can be solved easily with The Costa Rica Dental Tourism Guide. They can help you get an appointment with the best Costa Rica dentists in the region so that you receive expert care in an efficient manner.
Is it cost-effective to get dental treatment abroad?
The second issue is the price of dental care. One of the main reasons why people seek dental treatment abroad is the difference in price. In the US, a single dental implant can cost you around $5,000. This money can be used to fly out to another country and get the procedure done at a fraction of the cost. We recommend using the money to get dental treatment in Costa Rica.
Flights to Costa Rica cost around $350 – $850 from the US and Canada and a hotel for 7-10 days can cost $800 – $1000. Factor that in with the low cost of $750-$1000 for a dental implant and you still end up saving a lot of money while enjoying of the best Costa Rica Dentist Prices. You also get to visit one of the most beautiful tourist destinations in the world with this option. The lower cost of care is one of their most attractive qualities since you can get dental care from specialists while saving a lot of money.
Are dental procedures in Costa Rica safe?
A lot of people may not consider it safe to get dental treatments abroad. However, Costa Rica has one of the largest dental tourism industries in the world because of its renowned dental care system. They have a high standard of dental care in the region since it plays a crucial role in their economy. The dental clinics in the region usually import their equipment and technology from the US as well since it is cheaper to get from a nearby location.
Dentists in Costa Rica are also some of the best in the world, especially those verified by The Costa Rica Dental Tourism Guide. If you have any other questions, click here to find out more about dental treatment abroad or email us at info@dentistup.com.
The high prices for subpar dental care in the United States and Canada have forced patients to seek dental treatment elsewhere. The prices in these regions are so high that it is simply cheaper to fly out to other countries for high-quality dental care. Dental Patients used to be scared to go for dental treatment abroad due to myths about unsafe environments. However, now many websites like The Costa Rica Dental Tourism Guide have cropped up, ensuring safe, reliable, expert dental care treatment for foreign patients.
Why Is Dental Treatment Abroad Popular?
Patients in the US and Canada have begun to realize that even if they break the bank and seek dental treatment in their own countries, it simply isn't good enough.
For the hefty price of $5,000, a US patient can get a single dental implant from a subpar dental clinic. However, if you choose to get dental treatment abroad in Costa Rica, you can get much more for your buck since one dental implant only costs around $750-$1,000. You will end up saving $2,550 despite the travel and hotel costs for a 7-10 day stay, as well as receive some of the best dental care in the world.
Dental clinics which are verified by The Costa Rica Dental Tourism Guide bring in their equipment from the United States. This ensures that any procedure you go through is safe and as painless as possible. It also means that dental care will be efficient and long-lasting. For example, when expertly placed, dental implants can last for 30 years and have enough support to chew through any food. This means that patients don't have to keep investing in dental care over and over again. Problems with missing teeth like digestion issues, nutritional levels or troubling biting and chewing are also eliminated through this level of care.
Dentists in the region have trained from some of the best schools in the world and speak fluent English. They deal with hundreds of foreign patients a week, which is why they have become really comfortable dealing with these clients. The dental care in Costa Rica is flourishing due to the professionalism exhibited by the dental clinics in the region.
For most patients, it isn't even about the price as it is getting the high standard of care by choosing dental treatment abroad. Costa Rica's dental tourism industry has been flourishing due to the high standard set in place by the government. The country realizes that high-quality care coupled with low prices can cause their country's tourism to rise. This is why they have pooled in their resources to ensure foreign patients experience comfortable, safe, specialized dental treatment.


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Featured News Travel
LUX* South Ari Atoll enters TripAdvisor Certificate of Excellence Hall of Fame
LUX* South Ari Atoll has been inducted into the TripAdvisor Certificate of Excellence Hall of Fame.
The resort was admitted into the Hall of Fame after having earned a Certificate of Excellence every year for the past five years.
"This is a huge deal for us as it's earned only when receiving the Certificate of Excellence five years in a row! Thanks to all of you, for consistently sharing your positive reviews over the past years," the resort said, in an announcement.
Now in its ninth year, the Certificate of Excellence designation recognises establishments that consistently earn great reviews on TripAdvisor from travellers. It accounts for the quality, quantity and recency of reviews submitted by travellers on TripAdvisor over a 12-month period. To qualify, a business must maintain an overall TripAdvisor bubble rating of at least four out of five, have a minimum number of reviews and must have been listed on TripAdvisor for at least 12 months.
Businesses that have received a Certificate of Excellence for five consecutive years will qualify for the Hall of Fame.
Cutting-edge designer villas and world-class dining can be found only a 30-minute seaplane flight away from the main Velana International Airport, making LUX* South Ari Atoll one of the most exciting resorts in the Maldives.
With 193 private villas dotted at the water's edge along four kilometres of powder fine beach or perched on stilts above a crystal clear lagoon, these spacious pavilions and villas bring an entirely original vibe of coastal, beach house chic to the Maldives.
Excellent eating and drinking is always a cut above the rest at LUX*, and at LUX* South Ari Atoll, there is authentic South East Asian street food in the Maldives' only over-the-water gourmet night market and world-class Chinese cuisine at East, along with the Japanese restaurant Umami, which offers live teppanyaki and dazzling selection of sakés.
While the resort has a PADI-certified dive centre, two infinity pools, a floodlit tennis court, a fitness centre and a renowned spa which hosts a wellness concierge and a menu of indulgent treatments, what sets the property apart from its neighbours are surprises, or better known as #ReasonstogoLUX. Designed to create lasting memories for guests, these 'reasons' can range from island-roasted coffee in Café LUX* to impromptu movie screenings at cinema paradise and the chance to hang your wishes on the Tree of Wishes.
To book a stay LUX* South Ari Atoll, please contact: stay@luxmaldivesresort.com
TagsAwardAwardsCertificate of Excellence Hall of FameLUX* Hotels & ResortsLUX* Island ResortsLUX* MaldivesLUX* ResortsLUX* Resorts & HotelsLUX* South AriLUX* South Ari AtollTripAdvisorTripAdvisor Certificate of Excellence

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GamerApoc.org has now launched its Community Server. If your looking for a place to hang your Tabard, or just a place to get a good start to your journey as king of your own land.
"7. No Racism or Excessive Foul Language. Foul Language is allowed Not Excessive!", This includs Names!!!!


Whether you're selling or settling in for the long haul, it's worth spending time sprucing up the exterior of your home – you see it every day after all! You can create great street appeal with an attractive colour scheme, a good paint job, a new front door, fresh landscaping, timber screening for your carport and fence – and even just cleaning the driveway. Decide which will give big impact and have a go at doing them yourself.


This year the Old Bournemouthians cricket team are playing on Saturdays in the Hampshire League, rather than on Sundays in the Dorset League. If anyone is interested in playing for the club please leave a reply here, contact Malick Kudmany, the OBA's Cricket Secretary.
I am married and living in Ealing with 3 children and am a Retail Partner at King Sturge Property Consultants in London. Still playing football for Old Lyonians in the Southern Amateur League (although currently out with a broken leg) as well as some cricket and golf. In regular contact with Rob May (1978-85).


Jocelyn Cunningham currently serves as the Chair of All In Together's Board.
Ms. Cunningham is a senior partner in Deloitte's Financial Services Industry (FSI) practice in New York. Ms. Cunningham has held numerous leadership positions within the FSI practice and the Consulting practice. She has also held senior Client Leadership roles. Ms. Cunningham serves Deloitte's largest banking and capital markets clients and has significant experience in both securities and banking as it relates to brokerage, asset management, investment banking and research. Ms. Cunningham primarily focuses on technology enabled business solutions to drive organizational transformation. Ms Cunningham has assisted clients with large scale transformations, business strategy and alternate operating models, merger integration, and activities related to regulatory compliance, infrastructure, technology, and operations. Ms. Cunningham also is committed to Diversity and Inclusion and leads certain of the Firm's acivities including representing Deloitte on the US 30% Club Steering Committee and supporting the Deloitte Corporate Governance efforts re: Board Diversity. She is also a member of the Senior Partner Advisory Committee of the Firm.
Ms. Cunningham is a member of the Women's Bond Club of New York (WBCNY), a member of the Senior Women's Advisory group (WBCNY), a Board member of the Women's Refugee Commission (WRC), past Board Member of the WBCNY, a Past-President of the WBCNY, a past Board Member and Chair of the Association of Management Consulting Firms, and is a member of the Financial Women's Association of New York.


First of all, I would like to promote the Hoagie Awards, being hosted over at Heather Anne's blog. You have a chance to vote and recommend blogs you like, (as long as they fit in the categories.) The prize is a faux-gold encrusted turkey, bag of jelly beans, and a $1 bill, I assume in U.S. currency.
Fry onions and garlic in large pot until soft. Blend tomatoes in blender on pulse for 5 seconds. Add to pot along with stock, vegetables, beans, turkey and spices. Simmer until all vegetables are cooked. If desired, add freshly ground black pepper. Serve with warm whole-grain bread.


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Taqiyya: Arabic for 'Holy Hypocrisy'
Written by Marilyn Assenheim on September 19, 2013
Wikipedia defines taqiyya as follows:
"In Islam taqiyya is a form of religious dissimulation or a legal dispensation whereby a believing individual can deny his faith or commit otherwise illegal or blasphemous acts while they are at risk of significant persecution."
In other words, lying as a religious right and instruction. It was visibly on display when Yasser Arafat mouthed peaceful platitudes about America and Israel to an English-speaking audience while simultaneously swearing death and destruction to both on Al Jazeera, in Arabic. It was ignored. Taqiyya is nothing new.
The appellation "The Muslim Brotherhood" is another glowing example of taqiyya, abetted by the regime. During his pig's breakfast of an "Arab Spring" The Lyin' King insisted that The Muslim Brotherhood was nothing but a peaceful, humanitarian organization. Despite that attempt to impose Imperial taqiyya, The Muslim Brotherhood has, arguably, emerged as radical Islam's most violent and to-be-feared terrorist arm. It is closely linked to, among other things, Syrian, Iranian and Palestinian terrorist activity.
In Wednesday's headlines from the Washington Free Beacon: "Muslim Brotherhood Official, Former Clinton Foundation Employee Arrested: Official business for two organizations overlapped." It wouldn't be the first time there was an ignored international conflict of interest by the Clintons. Especially where The Muslim Brotherhood was involved. The Clintons are no strangers to throwing out the welcome mat to those closely affiliated with The Muslim Brotherhood. Huma Abedin, Assistant to then Secretary of State, and long-time beneficiary of Mrs. Clinton's favors, politically and remuneratively, has close family ties to The Muslim Brotherhood. The Washington Free Beacon reports: "Gehad el-Haddad served as one of the Muslim Brotherhood's top communications officials until Egyptian security forces seized him as part of a wider crackdown on officials loyal to ousted former President Mohamed Morsi. Before emerging as a top Brotherhood official and adviser to Morsi, el-Haddad served for five years as a top official at the Clinton Foundation…" All at the same time he was on the Clinton payroll.
Examples of taqiyya are prevalent everywhere one looks … if one only wishes to see. Pervez Musharraf once said "Islam teaches tolerance, not hatred; universal brotherhood, not enmity; peace, and not violence." Taqiyya. Musharraf never took his own advice. Musharraf was a four star general who gained the presidency of Pakistan through a bloody coup d'état. He was later accused of assassinating former Prime Minister, Benazir Bhutto, the first woman elected to office in a Muslim state, shortly after he'd granted her amnesty from trumped up charges of corruption. She had returned to Pakistan, after self-exile, to run for office again. She was leading in the race at the time she was forcibly launched into paradise via a car bomb, less than two months after her return to Pakistan and Musharraf's"amnesty." On Wednesday, according to India's Post, Musharraf is seeking a retrial for murder and conspiracy to commit murder charges in an anti-terrorism court in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. He is facing several other murder charges as well. Facts won't impede his denials; taqiyya.
In 1504 a fatwa was issued allowing extensive use of taqiyya. A Western world, eager to be deceived, has been water-boarded with it ever since. Small wonder the U.N. has gone from recognizing the nation of Israel to declaring it the most heinous government on earth in just 65 years. Taqiyya has been the primary gambit in the radical Islam playbook since the Western world began to rewrite its history and bleat about "fairness," relentlessly scuttling to level the playing field and to assume guilt, real or imagined.
No matter what crimes are committed by radicals; Islamic radicals simply deny, the West buys. Taqiyya endorses murder while howling for "justice." "Justice" is the last thing radicals want. But in the arena of the aggrieved, no one knows how to play a PC America better than radical Islamists. Just look at 9/11. And today "justice" translates as "overlook any atrocity I commit while giving me everything I want."
Image: Yasser Arafat; author: Hans Jørn Storgaard Andersen; Yasser-arafat-1999.jpg; ublic domain
Marilyn Assenheim
Marilyn Assenheim was born and raised in New York City. She spent a career in healthcare management although she probably should have been a casting director. Or a cowboy. A serious devotee of history and politics, Marilyn currently lives in the NYC metropolitan area.
LMAO: Fox News Anchor Tells Her Lib Critics To 'F*** OFF On Hot Mic And It's Hilarious


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Metadata: Assessment of the "State" of the Demersal Fish Communities in UK waters
To date, OSPAR has largely been responsible for the development of an ecosystem approach to the management of marine natural resources within the convention area. Ten Ecological Quality Issues have been identified, with the intention of setting Ecological Quality Objectives (EcoQOs) for each issue. Since 2000, this scheme has been developed and piloted in the North Sea. Fish Communities is the fifth in the list of Ecological Quality Issues, and is considered to be one of three community-level issues. In addressing concerns regarding anthropogenically induced change in fish communities therefore, a communitylevel approach has been widely adopted. This has generally involved the application of univariate metrics to groundfish survey data to quantify change in various aspects of the community's composition, structure and function. The element of Ecological Quality for the North Sea fish community focuses on "changes in the proportion of large fish and hence the average weight and average maximum length of the fish community", thus clearly identifying the need for a community size composition metric as the "indicator" on which to base an EcoQO for the "fish community" Ecological Quality Issue. The chosen metric, the Large Fish Indicator (LFI) was eventually defined as "the proportion by weight of fish greater than 40cm in length", based on ICES first quarter (Q1) International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) data. The LFI was intended to be an indicator of the "general health" of the demersal fish community. Indeed DEFRA have adopted the LFI as a means of monitoring change in the trophic structure of demersal fish communities, since in marine systems, ontogenetic change and inter-specific variation in diet is so strongly linked to predator body-size. However, other aspects of the composition, structure and functioning of fish communities, such as abundance, biomass, productivity, species richness, species diversity and mean life-history trait composition, can also be summarised using univariate metrics. Any one, or all, of these alternative metrics might also be considered to be indicative of the "health" of fish communities. The LFI was chosen ahead of these alternative metrics because it was believed to be particularly sensitive to variation in fishing pressure, and therefore to indicate directly the effect of fishing on the state of the fish community. But this raises the question as to whether one indicator is sufficient to inform on the general health of the demersal fish community, or is a suite of indicators necessary in order to provide information on various different aspects of a community's composition, structure and function? In this assessment of the state of the demersal community in UK waters, fifteen univariate metrics are applied to groundfish survey data to quantify changes in five main aspects of community composition, structure and function: abundance/biomass/productivity; size composition; species richness; species diversity; and life-history trait composition (Table 1). Bottom trawl surveys have been carried out as part of the traditional annual fisheries management process for several decades. These surveys routinely provide point estimates of the abundance at length of each species sampled; therefore providing the ideal data sets for the application univariate community metrics. Many of these surveys have run for two or three decades now, providing appropriate time series with which to evaluate changes in the composition, structure and function of fish communities. Furthermore, most coastal European nations have been involved in survey activity, providing data from most western continental shelf waters. In this assessment, otter trawl survey data is analysed to assess changes in the demersal fish communities present in the sea area that constitutes the UK's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The UK EEZ has been divided into nine principal subregions (Figure 1), and assessment of the state of the fish community in each sub-region was required. However, one of the sub-regions, the Scottish Continental Shelf, straddled the boundaries between OSPAR Regions II and III, and between ICES area IV and VI. Consequently, none of the groundfish surveys, which are normally aligned with the ICES designated marine regions, covered the entire Scottish Continental Shelf sub-region. A single assessment for the Scottish Continental Shelf was therefore not possible. The subregion had to be further sub-divided in line with the data available for analysis, and three Assessment of the "State" of the Demersal Fish Communities in UK Waters 2 separate assessments made for the southwestern and northeastern sectors of this large area (Figure 1). To assess the state of the demersal fish community and make a judgement on the changes observed, it was necessary to decide what constituted "beneficial" and "detrimental" change. Emphasis is generally placed on conserving and restoring biodiversity; implying that declines in species diversity (both richness and evenness) are detrimental. The converse was therefore also assumed to hold. The life-history trait composition responses of populations and communities to anthropogenically raised levels of mortality have recently received considerable attention. Declines in population age and length at maturity, decreased community average ultimate body length, and increased in community average growth rate are all considered to be detrimental consequences. Improved management would therefore be expected to induce the opposite, beneficial trends. Established population dynamics theory predicts that size-related fishing mortality reduces the mean size and proportion of large fish in exploited populations (including non-target species taken as by-catch). This concept underpins development of the LFI as the basis for the OSPAR North Sea Fish Community EcoQO. Reductions in LFI are therefore considered detrimental. Changes in LFI were generally inversely correlated with changes in the abundance, biomass and (growth) productivity of the fish community, implying that declining abundance, biomass and productivity are indicative of a fish community returning to a more natural undisturbed state. The von Bertalanffy growth equation makes it clear that larger fish, closer to their ultimate body length (L8), have lower daily specific growth rates. Large fish exert a strong predation loading on small fish abundance. Since trophic transfer efficiency is around 10%, every kg of production by larger fish requires 10kg of production in their smaller prey fish populations. Specific growth rates among smaller fish are approximately twice that of larger fish, so 5kg of prey fish are required to support every kg of larger fish. Reductions in the abundance of larger fish, with the consequent reduction in predation loading on smaller prey fish, would therefore tend to result in a rapid increase in the abundance and biomass of small fish; a typical trophic cascade effect. In assessing the state of the demersal fish community, two questions were addressed. Firstly, how has the state of the community changed over the last decade, from 1999 to 2008; the period of particular interest to the current report. Secondly, how does the state of the community over the period 2004 to 2008 (i.e. now) compare with that prevalent during the eight-year period when data were first available for analysis. Detrimental trends were assigned a "red" colour code and beneficial trends "green" (e.g. Table 2). Where no discernable trend was apparent, an "orange" colour code was applied. Five separate aspects of composition, structure and function of the demersal fish community were considered, and a judgement was made based on the trends observed in the 15 univariate community metrics applied to the groundfish survey data. Linear regression was used to make an assessment of metric trends over the last decade. In comparing the current situation with the earlier "reference period", mean metric values over the period 2004 to 2008 were determined and the assessment was scored red or green depending on whether the recent mean value differed by more than one standard deviation either side of the mean value determined for the earliest possible "reference period".
Title The title is used to provide a brief and precise description of the dataset such as 'Date', 'Originating organisation/programme', 'Location' and 'Type of survey'. All acronyms and abbreviations should be reproduced in full. Assessment of the "State" of the Demersal Fish Communities in UK waters
Alternative title The purpose of alternative title is to record any additional names by which the dataset may be known. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Report Volume 1 No 3
File Identifier The File Identifier is a code, preferably a GUID, that is globally unique and remains with the same metadata record even if the record is edited or transferred between portals or tools. Marine_Scotland_FishDAC_1506
Resource Identifier This is the code assigned by the data owner. Marine_Scotland_FishDAC_1506
Spatial resolution This describes the spatial resolution of the dataset or the spatial limitations of the service. 55000.00
Spatial resolution unit This describes the unit of spatial resolution which for distance must be metres. http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/uom/gmxUom.xml#m
Frequency of updates This describes the frequency with which the resource is modified or updated i.e. a monitoring programme that samples once per year has a frequency that is described as 'annually'. not planned
Abstract The abstract provides a clear and brief statement of the content of the resource. To date, OSPAR has largely been responsible for the development of an ecosystem approach to the management of marine natural resources within the convention area. Ten Ecological Quality Issues have been identified, with the intention of setting Ecological Quality Objectives (EcoQOs) for each issue. Since 2000, this scheme has been developed and piloted in the North Sea. Fish Communities is the fifth in the list of Ecological Quality Issues, and is considered to be one of three community-level issues. In addressing concerns regarding anthropogenically induced change in fish communities therefore, a communitylevel approach has been widely adopted. This has generally involved the application of univariate metrics to groundfish survey data to quantify change in various aspects of the community's composition, structure and function. The element of Ecological Quality for the North Sea fish community focuses on "changes in the proportion of large fish and hence the average weight and average maximum length of the fish community", thus clearly identifying the need for a community size composition metric as the "indicator" on which to base an EcoQO for the "fish community" Ecological Quality Issue. The chosen metric, the Large Fish Indicator (LFI) was eventually defined as "the proportion by weight of fish greater than 40cm in length", based on ICES first quarter (Q1) International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) data. The LFI was intended to be an indicator of the "general health" of the demersal fish community. Indeed DEFRA have adopted the LFI as a means of monitoring change in the trophic structure of demersal fish communities, since in marine systems, ontogenetic change and inter-specific variation in diet is so strongly linked to predator body-size. However, other aspects of the composition, structure and functioning of fish communities, such as abundance, biomass, productivity, species richness, species diversity and mean life-history trait composition, can also be summarised using univariate metrics. Any one, or all, of these alternative metrics might also be considered to be indicative of the "health" of fish communities. The LFI was chosen ahead of these alternative metrics because it was believed to be particularly sensitive to variation in fishing pressure, and therefore to indicate directly the effect of fishing on the state of the fish community. But this raises the question as to whether one indicator is sufficient to inform on the general health of the demersal fish community, or is a suite of indicators necessary in order to provide information on various different aspects of a community's composition, structure and function? In this assessment of the state of the demersal community in UK waters, fifteen univariate metrics are applied to groundfish survey data to quantify changes in five main aspects of community composition, structure and function: abundance/biomass/productivity; size composition; species richness; species diversity; and life-history trait composition (Table 1). Bottom trawl surveys have been carried out as part of the traditional annual fisheries management process for several decades. These surveys routinely provide point estimates of the abundance at length of each species sampled; therefore providing the ideal data sets for the application univariate community metrics. Many of these surveys have run for two or three decades now, providing appropriate time series with which to evaluate changes in the composition, structure and function of fish communities. Furthermore, most coastal European nations have been involved in survey activity, providing data from most western continental shelf waters. In this assessment, otter trawl survey data is analysed to assess changes in the demersal fish communities present in the sea area that constitutes the UK's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The UK EEZ has been divided into nine principal subregions (Figure 1), and assessment of the state of the fish community in each sub-region was required. However, one of the sub-regions, the Scottish Continental Shelf, straddled the boundaries between OSPAR Regions II and III, and between ICES area IV and VI. Consequently, none of the groundfish surveys, which are normally aligned with the ICES designated marine regions, covered the entire Scottish Continental Shelf sub-region. A single assessment for the Scottish Continental Shelf was therefore not possible. The subregion had to be further sub-divided in line with the data available for analysis, and three Assessment of the "State" of the Demersal Fish Communities in UK Waters 2 separate assessments made for the southwestern and northeastern sectors of this large area (Figure 1). To assess the state of the demersal fish community and make a judgement on the changes observed, it was necessary to decide what constituted "beneficial" and "detrimental" change. Emphasis is generally placed on conserving and restoring biodiversity; implying that declines in species diversity (both richness and evenness) are detrimental. The converse was therefore also assumed to hold. The life-history trait composition responses of populations and communities to anthropogenically raised levels of mortality have recently received considerable attention. Declines in population age and length at maturity, decreased community average ultimate body length, and increased in community average growth rate are all considered to be detrimental consequences. Improved management would therefore be expected to induce the opposite, beneficial trends. Established population dynamics theory predicts that size-related fishing mortality reduces the mean size and proportion of large fish in exploited populations (including non-target species taken as by-catch). This concept underpins development of the LFI as the basis for the OSPAR North Sea Fish Community EcoQO. Reductions in LFI are therefore considered detrimental. Changes in LFI were generally inversely correlated with changes in the abundance, biomass and (growth) productivity of the fish community, implying that declining abundance, biomass and productivity are indicative of a fish community returning to a more natural undisturbed state. The von Bertalanffy growth equation makes it clear that larger fish, closer to their ultimate body length (L8), have lower daily specific growth rates. Large fish exert a strong predation loading on small fish abundance. Since trophic transfer efficiency is around 10%, every kg of production by larger fish requires 10kg of production in their smaller prey fish populations. Specific growth rates among smaller fish are approximately twice that of larger fish, so 5kg of prey fish are required to support every kg of larger fish. Reductions in the abundance of larger fish, with the consequent reduction in predation loading on smaller prey fish, would therefore tend to result in a rapid increase in the abundance and biomass of small fish; a typical trophic cascade effect. In assessing the state of the demersal fish community, two questions were addressed. Firstly, how has the state of the community changed over the last decade, from 1999 to 2008; the period of particular interest to the current report. Secondly, how does the state of the community over the period 2004 to 2008 (i.e. now) compare with that prevalent during the eight-year period when data were first available for analysis. Detrimental trends were assigned a "red" colour code and beneficial trends "green" (e.g. Table 2). Where no discernable trend was apparent, an "orange" colour code was applied. Five separate aspects of composition, structure and function of the demersal fish community were considered, and a judgement was made based on the trends observed in the 15 univariate community metrics applied to the groundfish survey data. Linear regression was used to make an assessment of metric trends over the last decade. In comparing the current situation with the earlier "reference period", mean metric values over the period 2004 to 2008 were determined and the assessment was scored red or green depending on whether the recent mean value differed by more than one standard deviation either side of the mean value determined for the earliest possible "reference period".
Lineage Lineage includes the background information, history of the sources of data, data quality statements and methods. To determine an overall regional assessment, weighted average scores for each aspect of the demersal fish community composition, structure and function were calculated. In the individual sub-region assessments, red cells were given a value of 1, orange a value of 2, and green a value of 3, and cells were then weighted by the number of ICES statistical rectangles in each sub-region. For the final regional assessment, weighted average scores greater than 2.35 were considered good and assigned a "green" code; scores of less than 1.65 were considered poor and assigned a "red" code; while scores of 1.65 to 2.35 were deemed to indicate little change and assigned an "orange" code.
General subject area(s) associated with the resource, uses multiple controlled vocabularies Fish abundance in water bodies
General subject area(s) associated with the resource, uses multiple controlled vocabularies Fish biomass in water bodies
West The western-most limit of the data resource in decimal degrees -15
Regional sea 42D5
Organisation name Marine Scotland
Delivery point Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Vcitoria Road
Postal code AB11 9DB
City Aberdeen
Individual name Rasmussen, Jens
Individual name Mcgregor, Helen
Locator URL Web address (URL) that links to the resource https://dx.doi.org/10.7489/1506-1
Locator name Name of the web resource DOI:https://dx.doi.org/10.7489/1506-1
Locator function Code that describes the function of the resource. ISO function code chosen from ISO 19115-1 Codelist download
Limitations on public access Any restrictions imposed on accessing the resource such as the need to agree to certain licence conditions. Open Government License (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/)
Access constraints (code) ISO restriction code chosen from ISO 19115-1 Codelist license
Use constraints (code) ISO restriction name chosen from ISO 19115-1 Codelist license
Metadata standard name The name of the metadata standard used to create this metadata MEDIN Discovery Metadata


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HebrewCalendar is a subclass of Calendar that that implements the traditional Hebrew calendar. This is the civil calendar in Israel and the liturgical calendar of the Jewish faith worldwide.
The Hebrew calendar is lunisolar and thus has a number of interesting properties that distinguish it from the Gregorian. Months start on the day of (an arithmetic approximation of) each new moon. Since the solar year (approximately 365.24 days) is not an even multiple of the lunar month (approximately 29.53 days) an extra "leap month" is inserted in 7 out of every 19 years. To make matters even more interesting, the start of a year can be delayed by up to three days in order to prevent certain holidays from falling on the Sabbath and to prevent certain illegal year lengths. Finally, the lengths of certain months can vary depending on the number of days in the year.
The leap month is known as "Adar 1" and is inserted between the months of Shevat and Adar in leap years. Since the leap month does not come at the end of the year, calculations involving month numbers are particularly complex. Users of this class should make sure to use the roll and add methods rather than attempting to perform date arithmetic by manipulating the fields directly.
Note: In the traditional Hebrew calendar, days start at sunset. However, in order to keep the time fields in this class synchronized with those of the other calendars and with local clock time, we treat days and months as beginning at midnight, roughly 6 hours after the corresponding sunset.
"Calendrical Calculations", by Nachum Dershowitz & Edward Reingold, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pages 85-91.
HebrewCalendar usually should be instantiated using getInstance(ULocale) passing in a ULocale with the tag "@calendar=hebrew".
int ADAR Constant for the Adar, the 7th month of the Hebrew year.
int ADAR_1 Constant for Adar I, the 6th month of the Hebrew year (present in leap years only).
int AV Constant for Av, the 12th month of the Hebrew year.
int ELUL Constant for Elul, the 13th month of the Hebrew year.
int HESHVAN Constant for Heshvan, the 2nd month of the Hebrew year.
int IYAR Constant for Iyar, the 9th month of the Hebrew year.
int KISLEV Constant for Kislev, the 3rd month of the Hebrew year.
int NISAN Constant for Nisan, the 8th month of the Hebrew year.
int SHEVAT Constant for Shevat, the 5th month of the Hebrew year.
int SIVAN Constant for Sivan, the 10th month of the Hebrew year.
int TAMUZ Constant for Tammuz, the 11th month of the Hebrew year.
int TEVET Constant for Tevet, the 4th month of the Hebrew year.
int TISHRI Constant for Tishri, the 1st month of the Hebrew year.
int APRIL Value of the MONTH field indicating the fourth month of the year.
int AUGUST Value of the MONTH field indicating the eighth month of the year.
int BASE_FIELD_COUNT This constant was deprecated. ICU 58 The numeric value may change over time, see ICU ticket #12420.
int DECEMBER Value of the MONTH field indicating the twelfth month of the year.
int DOW_LOCAL [icu] Field number for get() and set() indicating the localized day of week.
int DST_OFFSET Field number for get and set indicating the daylight savings offset in milliseconds.
int EPOCH_JULIAN_DAY The Julian day of the epoch, that is, January 1, 1970 on the Gregorian calendar.
int EXTENDED_YEAR [icu] Field number for get() and set() indicating the extended year.
int FEBRUARY Value of the MONTH field indicating the second month of the year.
int GREATEST_MINIMUM Limit type for getLimit() and handleGetLimit() indicating the greatest minimum value that a field can take.
int INTERNALLY_SET Value of the time stamp stamp indicating that a field has been set via computations from the time or from other fields.
int IS_LEAP_MONTH [icu] Field indicating whether or not the current month is a leap month.
int JANUARY Value of the MONTH field indicating the first month of the year.
int JAN_1_1_JULIAN_DAY The Julian day of the Gregorian epoch, that is, January 1, 1 on the Gregorian calendar.
int JULIAN_DAY [icu] Field number for get() and set() indicating the modified Julian day number.
int JULY Value of the MONTH field indicating the seventh month of the year.
int JUNE Value of the MONTH field indicating the sixth month of the year.
int LEAST_MAXIMUM Limit type for getLimit() and handleGetLimit() indicating the least maximum value that a field can take.
int MARCH Value of the MONTH field indicating the third month of the year.
int MAXIMUM Limit type for getLimit() and handleGetLimit() indicating the maximum value that a field can take (greatest maximum).
int MAX_FIELD_COUNT This constant was deprecated. ICU 58 The numeric value may change over time, see ICU ticket #12420.
int MAX_JULIAN The maximum supported Julian day.
long MAX_MILLIS The maximum supported epoch milliseconds.
int MAY Value of the MONTH field indicating the fifth month of the year.
int MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY [icu] Field number for get() and set() indicating the milliseconds in the day.
int MINIMUM Limit type for getLimit() and handleGetLimit() indicating the minimum value that a field can take (least minimum).
int MINIMUM_USER_STAMP If the time stamp stamp has a value greater than or equal to MINIMUM_USER_SET then it has been set by the user via a call to set().
int MIN_JULIAN The minimum supported Julian day.
long MIN_MILLIS The minimum supported epoch milliseconds.
int NOVEMBER Value of the MONTH field indicating the eleventh month of the year.
int OCTOBER Value of the MONTH field indicating the tenth month of the year.
long ONE_DAY The number of milliseconds in one day.
int ONE_HOUR The number of milliseconds in one hour.
int ONE_MINUTE The number of milliseconds in one minute.
int ONE_SECOND The number of milliseconds in one second.
long ONE_WEEK The number of milliseconds in one week.
int RESOLVE_REMAP Value to OR against resolve table field values for remapping.
int SEPTEMBER Value of the MONTH field indicating the ninth month of the year.
int UNSET Value of the time stamp stamp indicating that a field has not been set since the last call to clear().
int WALLTIME_FIRST [icu]Option used by setRepeatedWallTimeOption(int) and setSkippedWallTimeOption(int) specifying an ambiguous wall time to be interpreted as the earliest.
int WALLTIME_LAST [icu]Option used by setRepeatedWallTimeOption(int) and setSkippedWallTimeOption(int) specifying an ambiguous wall time to be interpreted as the latest.
int WALLTIME_NEXT_VALID [icu]Option used by setSkippedWallTimeOption(int) specifying an ambiguous wall time to be interpreted as the next valid wall time.
int YEAR_WOY [icu] Field number for get() and set() indicating the extended year corresponding to the WEEK_OF_YEAR field.
protected static final Date MAX_DATE The maximum supported Date.
protected static final Date MIN_DATE The minimum supported Date.
Constructs a default HebrewCalendar using the current time in the default time zone with the default FORMAT locale.
Constructs a HebrewCalendar based on the current time in the given time zone with the default FORMAT locale.
Constructs a HebrewCalendar based on the current time in the default time zone with the given locale.
Constructs a HebrewCalendar based on the current time in the given time zone with the given locale.
Constructs a HebrewCalendar with the given date set in the default time zone with the default FORMAT locale.
Constructs a HebrewCalendar with the given date and time set for the default time zone with the default FORMAT locale.
Add a signed amount to a specified field, using this calendar's rules.
Rolls (up/down) a specified amount time on the given field.
Subclasses may override this method to compute several fields specific to each calendar system.
Return JD of start of given month/year.
Subclass API for defining limits of different types.
Clears the values of all the time fields.
Clears the value in the given time field.
Compares the times (in millis) represented by two Calendar objects.
Fills in any unset fields in the time field list.
Compute the Gregorian calendar year, month, and day of month from the Julian day.
Compute the Julian day of a month of the Gregorian calendar.
Compute the Julian day number as specified by this calendar's fields.
This method was deprecated. This method suffers from a potential integer overflow and may be removed or changed in a future release. See ICU ticket #11632 for details.
[icu] Returns the difference between the given time and the time this calendar object is set to.
Returns a string name for a field, for debugging and exceptions.
Divide two integers, returning the floor of the quotient, and the modulus remainder.
Divide two integers, returning the floor of the quotient.
Divide two long integers, returning the floor of the quotient.
Returns the value for a given time field.
Returns the maximum value that this field could have, given the current date.
Returns the minimum value that this field could have, given the current date.
Returns the list of locales for which Calendars are installed.
[icu] Returns a DateFormat appropriate to this calendar.
Returns the name of this calendar in the language of the given locale.
[icu] Returns the number of fields defined by this calendar.
Returns the field resolution array for this calendar.
Returns what the first day of the week is, where 1 = SUNDAY and 7 = SATURDAY.
Returns the highest minimum value for the given field if varies.
Returns the day of month (1-based) on the Gregorian calendar as computed by computeGregorianFields().
Returns the day of year (1-based) on the Gregorian calendar as computed by computeGregorianFields().
Returns the month (0-based) on the Gregorian calendar as computed by computeGregorianFields().
Returns the extended year on the Gregorian calendar as computed by computeGregorianFields().
Returns a calendar using the default time zone and locale.
Returns a calendar using the default time zone and specified locale.
Returns a calendar with the specified time zone and locale.
Returns a calendar using the specified time zone and default locale.
[icu] Given a key and a locale, returns an array of string values in a preferred order that would make a difference.
Returns the lowest maximum value for the given field if varies.
Returns a limit for a field.
Returns the maximum value for the given time field.
Returns what the minimal days required in the first week of the year are.
Returns the minimum value for the given time field.
[icu]Gets the behavior for handling wall time repeating multiple times at negative time zone offset transitions.
[icu]Gets the behavior for handling skipped wall time at positive time zone offset transitions.
Returns the timestamp of a field.
Returns this Calendar's current time.
Returns this Calendar's current time as a long.
[icu] Return simple, immutable struct-like class for access to the weekend data in this calendar.
[icu] Return simple, immutable struct-like class for access to the CLDR weekend data.
Returns the length of a month of the Gregorian calendar.
Returns the length of a previous month of the Gregorian calendar.
Returns the Julian day number of day before the first day of the given month in the given extended year.
Subclasses that use additional fields beyond those defined in Calendar should override this method to return an int array of the appropriate length.
Creates a DateFormat appropriate to this calendar.
Returns the number of days in the given month of the given extended year of this calendar system.
Returns the number of days in the given extended year of this calendar system.
Returns the value for a given time field, or return the given default value if the field is not set.
Returns the current milliseconds without recomputing.
Set a field to a value.
[icu] Returns true if the given Calendar object is equivalent to this one.
Tell whether date/time interpretation is to be lenient.
Determines if the given time field has a value set.
[icu] Returns true if the given date and time is in the weekend in this calendar system.
[icu] Returns true if this Calendar's current date and time is in the weekend in this calendar system.
Returns the day of week, from SUNDAY to SATURDAY, given a Julian day.
Converts Julian day to time as milliseconds.
Converts time as milliseconds to Julian day.
Returns the field that is newer, either defaultField, or alternateField.
Returns the newest stamp of a given range of fields.
Adjust the specified field so that it is within the allowable range for the date to which this calendar is set.
Prepare this calendar for computing the actual minimum or maximum.
Given a precedence table, return the newest field combination in the table, or -1 if none is found.
Rolls (up/down) a single unit of time on the given field.
Sets the values for the fields year, month, date, hour, minute, and second.
Sets the values for the fields year, month, date, hour, and minute.
Sets the values for the fields year, month, and date.
Sets what the first day of the week is, where 1 = SUNDAY and 7 = SATURDAY.
Specify whether or not date/time interpretation is to be lenient.
Sets what the minimal days required in the first week of the year are.
[icu]Sets the behavior for handling wall time repeating multiple times at negative time zone offset transitions.
[icu]Sets the behavior for handling skipped wall time at positive time zone offset transitions.
[icu] Set data in this calendar based on the WeekData input.
Returns a string representation of this calendar.
Validate a single field of this calendar.
Validate a single field of this calendar given its minimum and maximum allowed value.
Ensure that each field is within its valid range by calling validateField(int) on each field that has been set.
Returns the week number of a day, within a period.
Constant for the Adar, the 7th month of the Hebrew year.
Constant for Adar I, the 6th month of the Hebrew year (present in leap years only). In non-leap years, the calendar jumps from Shevat (5th month) to Adar (7th month).
Constant for Av, the 12th month of the Hebrew year.
Constant for Elul, the 13th month of the Hebrew year.
Constant for Heshvan, the 2nd month of the Hebrew year.
Constant for Iyar, the 9th month of the Hebrew year.
Constant for Kislev, the 3rd month of the Hebrew year.
Constant for Nisan, the 8th month of the Hebrew year.
Constant for Shevat, the 5th month of the Hebrew year.
Constant for Sivan, the 10th month of the Hebrew year.
Constant for Tammuz, the 11th month of the Hebrew year.
Constant for Tevet, the 4th month of the Hebrew year.
Constant for Tishri, the 1st month of the Hebrew year.
zone The time zone for the new calendar.
aLocale The locale for the new calendar.
locale The locale for the new calendar.
year The value used to set the calendar's YEAR time field.
month The value used to set the calendar's MONTH time field. The value is 0-based. e.g., 0 for Tishri.
date The value used to set the calendar's DATE time field.
date The date to which the new calendar is set.
hour The value used to set the calendar's HOUR_OF_DAY time field.
minute The value used to set the calendar's MINUTE time field.
second The value used to set the calendar's SECOND time field.
Add a signed amount to a specified field, using this calendar's rules. For example, to add three days to the current date, you can call add(Calendar.DATE, 3).
When adding to certain fields, the values of other fields may conflict and need to be changed. For example, when adding one to the MONTH field for the date "30 Av 5758", the DAY_OF_MONTH field must be adjusted so that the result is "29 Elul 5758" rather than the invalid "30 Elul 5758".
This method is able to add to all fields except for ERA, DST_OFFSET, and ZONE_OFFSET.
Note: You should always use roll and add rather than attempting to perform arithmetic operations directly on the fields of a HebrewCalendar. Since the MONTH field behaves discontinuously in non-leap years, simple arithmetic can give invalid results.
amount the amount to add to the field.
IllegalArgumentException if the field is invalid or refers to a field that cannot be handled by this method.
Rolls (up/down) a specified amount time on the given field. For example, to roll the current date up by three days, you can call roll(Calendar.DATE, 3). If the field is rolled past its maximum allowable value, it will "wrap" back to its minimum and continue rolling. For example, calling roll(Calendar.DATE, 10) on a Hebrew calendar set to "25 Av 5758" will result in the date "5 Av 5758".
When rolling certain fields, the values of other fields may conflict and need to be changed. For example, when rolling the MONTH field upward by one for the date "30 Av 5758", the DAY_OF_MONTH field must be adjusted so that the result is "29 Elul 5758" rather than the invalid "30 Elul".
This method is able to roll all fields except for ERA, DST_OFFSET, and ZONE_OFFSET. Subclasses may, of course, add support for additional fields in their overrides of roll.
amount the amount by which the field should be rolled.
Subclasses can refer to the DAY_OF_WEEK and DOW_LOCAL fields, which will be set when this method is called. Subclasses can also call the getGregorianXxx() methods to obtain Gregorian calendar equivalents for the given Julian day.
In addition, subclasses should compute any subclass-specific fields, that is, fields from BASE_FIELD_COUNT to getFieldCount() - 1.


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text:
Judith Hall
Judith Hall is the author of "To Put The Mouth To" which was selected for the National Poetry Series, and Anatomy, Errata, winner of the Ohio State University Press publication award. Most recently she has published The Promised Folly (TriQuarterly Books / Northwestern University Press, 2003). Hall teaches at California Institute of Technology and has served as poetry editor of The Antioch Review since 1995.
Hall is the recipient of many awards including an Individual Fellowship from the National Endowment of the Arts, the Ohio State University Press Poetry Award in 1997, a grant from the Ingram Merrill Foundation in 1984 and the Margaret Bridgman Fellowship in Poetry from the Bread Loaf Writers Conference in 1992. Hall earned her bachelor's degree (1973) from Clark University, a fine arts diploma (1976) from Corcoran School of Art and her master's degree (1979) from Johns Hopkins University. her poems have appeared in numerous publications including the New Republic, Best American Poetry, Paris Review and Yale Review and she has taught at several universities including Loyola College, St. Mary's College and UCLA. While in Residence at St. Mary's, Judith Hall will be working on her new manuscript which has the working title of Last Supper in Milan. She will conduct a writing workshop on campus and present a reading of her work to the campus and local community on Tuesday, March 2, 2004.
To Put The Mouth To
Selected by Richard Howard