text:
\section{Introduction}
The Duffing oscillator is a paradigmatic model for nonlinear dynamics. Its quantum properties \cite{Larsen1976,Sazonov1976,Drummond1980c,Dmitriev1986a,Dykman1988a,Peano2006,Dykman2007,Serban2007}  have gained renewed recent
interest in the light of nanomechanics \cite{Kozinsky07} and as a qubit readout device \cite{Siddiqi04,Siddiqi05,Lupascu07,Metcalfe07} for superconducting qubits \cite{Clarke2008}, the Josephson bifurcation amplifier (JBA). In the context of readout, examples of the experimental setup are a driven nonlinear superconducting resonator \cite{Metcalfe07} coupled to the quantronium qubit \cite{Vion02} or a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) used as a JBA \cite{Lupascu07}, inductively coupled to the flux qubit and in contact with dissipative measurement circuitry.

The JBA detection profits from the very different amplitudes and phases of the coexisting states of oscillator's forced vibrations and the formally infinite gain at the bifurcation \cite{Siddiqi04,Siddiqi05,Lupascu07,Metcalfe07}. In the first step of detection, the JBA is driven through the bifurcation point where, depending on the state of the qubit, one of the attractors disappears. The JBA then decides between the attractors thus pre-measuring the qubit. This decision is probabilistic, because of quantum and classical fluctuations that can cause an inter-attractor transition even before the bifurcation point is reached. At the next stage, the parameters are changed so as to suppress the probability of fluctuation-induced switching and the latched vibration state is observed. Qubit energy relaxation in the latter state will drive the measurement away from the ideal quantum nondemolition regime in that the post-measurement state is not correlated with the measurement output \cite{Picot08}.

In this paper, we study qubit relaxation mediated by the
oscillator. Because of the oscillator-qubit interaction, coupling of the oscillator to a heat bath leads to an indirect coupling of the qubit to that same bath and, consequently, to relaxation. The energy emitted by the qubit creates excitations in the bath. The qubit transition can be {\it stimulated} by forced vibrations of the oscillator, which have a comparatively large amplitude already for a weak resonant driving. This means that the driving accelerates qubit relaxation. For the lowest-order stimulated processes that we consider, the energy transfer to the bath becomes $|\omega_q\pm \omega_F|$, where $\omega_q$ is the qubit frequency and $\omega_F$ is the driving frequency. As a consequence, the qubit relaxation rate becomes dependent on the vibration amplitude of the oscillator, which bears on the experimental observations \cite{Picot08}.

The dependence on the vibration amplitude is even more pronounced where $\omega_q/2$ is close to the oscillator eigenfrequency $\omega_0$, $|\omega_q-2\omega_0|\ll \omega_0$. In this case the decay rate displays resonances where $\hbar(\omega_q-2\omega_0)$ goes through the quasienergy level spacing of the driven oscillator. We have analyzed both resonant and nonresonant cases. The results coincide where the ranges of their applicability overlap, which indicates that they describe all qubit frequencies. We have also extended the analysis to the case where $\omega_q$ is close to $\omega_0$.

In Sec.~II we give a general expression for the relaxation rate of a qubit coupled to a driven quantum oscillator. In Sec.~III we describe the theory of the oscillator and its fluctuations close to the stable vibrational states. In Sec.~IV we provide an explicit expression for the oscillator power spectrum. The proposed method and the result go beyond the immediate problem of the qubit relaxation. The obtained expression allows us to study the qubit relaxation rate as a function of frequency detuning $\omega_q-2\omega_F$, including the onset of quasienergy resonances, and to discuss resonant heating and cooling of the qubit. In Sec.~V qubit relaxation and the change of the effective qubit temperature are studied far from resonance. Section~VI provides a summary of the results.

\section{Golden rule qubit relaxation}

We will express the qubit relaxation rate in terms of the power spectra of small-amplitude fluctuations of the driven oscillator about its steady states of forced vibrations. The fluctuations will be assumed small, which justifies describing them in a
linearized approximation. This approach allows us to find the relaxation rate both where the qubit frequency $\omega_q$ is close or far detuned from the oscillator eigenfrequency $\omega_0$ and $2\omega_0$.

The Hamiltonian of a superconducting qubit reads
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:qubit_Hamiltonian}
\hat H_{\rm q}=\hbar \frac{w}{2}\hat\sigma_z +\hbar\frac{\delta}{2}\hat\sigma_x,
\end{equation}
where $\sigma_{x,y,z}$ are Pauli matrices and $|\delta|\ll w$. The inductive coupling of the qubit to the oscillator will be treated as a weak perturbation and, for the typical setup of superconducting qubit measurements, is quadratic in the oscillator coordinate $x$ \cite{Siddiqi05,Lupascu07,Siddiqi2006,SerbanPRB07,Lupascu04,Ioana07a,SerbanPRB07}
\begin{equation}
\hat H_{I{\rm d}}=\frac{m\omega_0\Delta_q}{2}\hat\sigma_z\hat x^2,
\label{eq:couplinghamiltonian}
\end{equation}
where $\Delta_q$ is the oscillator frequency shift  due to the coupling. We will also discuss the linear case, in which the operator $x^2$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq:couplinghamiltonian}) is replaced by $x$. As the interaction (\ref{eq:couplinghamiltonian}) does not commute with the qubit Hamiltonian $\hat H_{\rm q}$ it introduces energy relaxation.

We assume that the oscillator is coupled to the bath strongly enough, so that its damping $\kappa$ exceeds the decay rate of the qubit. Then the oscillator serves as a bath for the qubit. To second order in $\Delta_q$, the decay rate of the qubit excited state $\Gamma_e$ has a standard golden rule form \cite{Blum96,Chemphys04,Nato06II,DK_review84,Shnirman2005},
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:decay_excited_general}
\Gamma_e= C_{\Gamma}{\rm Re}\,G(\omega_q),\qquad C_{\Gamma}=\frac{1}{2}(m\omega_0\Delta_q\delta/\hbar\omega_q)^2,\\
G(\omega)=\int\nolimits_0^{\infty}dt e^{i\omega t}\langle\delta \hat x^2(t+\tau)\delta \hat x^2(\tau)\rangle_F,\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $\omega_q=\sqrt{w^2+\delta^2}$ is the qubit transition frequency and $\delta \hat x^2(t)\equiv \hat x^2(t)-\langle \hat x^2(t)\rangle$.
The averaging $\langle\cdot\rangle$ is done disregarding the qubit-oscillator interaction and assuming that the oscillator {\it fluctuates about a given steady state of forced vibrations}. In calculating $\langle \hat A(t+\tau)\hat B(\tau)\rangle_F$ we imply additional averaging with respect to $\tau$ over the driving period; this period is small compared to
 $\Gamma_e^{-1}$ due to the underdamped nature of the system.

The expression for the excitation rate out of the qubit ground state $\Gamma_g$ has the same form as $\Gamma_e$ except $G(\omega_q)$ should be replaced by $G(-\omega_q)$.
We will see that the ratio $\Gamma_g/\Gamma_e$ is not given by the Boltzmann factor $\exp(-\hbar\omega_q/k_BT)$ due to the nonequilibrium character of this driven system. The Bloch-Redfield rates for the qubit  are
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:Bloch_rates}
&&T_1^{-1}=\Gamma_e+\Gamma_g, \\
&&T_2^{-1}=\frac{1}{2}T_1^{-1}+ 2C_{\Gamma}(w/\delta)^2{\rm Re}\,G(0).\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
Of primary interest for us will be the decay rate $T_1^{-1}$. As we show, it has a component where one quantum of the oscillator or the bath is created or annihilated; this component is proportional to the squared dimensionless amplitude
$r_a^2$ [see Eq.~\ref{eq:equilibrium_position})] of the attractor the JBA has latched to; $T_1^{-1}$ also has a two-quantum component. Both of them can lead to enhanced relaxation at specific working points, identified as {\em quasienergy resonances}.

\noindent
\section{Dynamics of a resonantly driven nonlinear oscillator}
To find the oscillator correlation function $G(\omega)$ we assume the limit where the resonant driving current $I_B$ of the corresponding SQUID is much smaller than the critical current $I_{\rm c}^{\rm eff}$ but is large enough to reach the oscillator bistability regime. Then the driven SQUID can be modeled by a Duffing oscillator. Dissipation is described as resulting from contact with a bath of harmonic oscillators. The Hamiltonian of the oscillator + bath reads
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{H}_{\rm d}(t)&=&\hat H_S(t)+\hat H_I+\hat H_B,\label{lab}\\
\hat H_S(t)&=&\frac{\hat{p}^2}{2m}+\frac{m\omega_0^2}{2}\hat{x}^2-\gamma_S \hat{x}^4 + F(t)\hat{x},\nonumber\\
\hat H_B&=&\sum_j\hbar\omega_j\hat b_j^{\dagger}\hat b_j,\:\:\hat H_I=-\sum_j\hat{x}\lambda_j(\hat{b}_j+\hat{b}_j^{\dagger}).\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $F(t)=F_0( e^{i\omega_{F} t}+ e^{-i\omega_{F} t})$ is the driving field with frequency $\omega_{F}$. The spectral density of the bath weighted with the interaction $J(\omega)=\pi\sum_j\lambda_j^2\delta(\omega-\omega_j)$ is assumed to be a smooth function for $\omega$ close to $\omega_0$. The oscillator damping constant is $\kappa= J(\omega_0)/2\hbar\omega_0m$ (cf. \cite{DK_review84}). For the case of an Ohmic bath we have $J(\omega)=2\hbar m\kappa\omega \Theta(\omega_c-\omega)$ where $\omega_c$ is a high-frequency cutoff. The interaction-induced renormalization of $\omega_0$ is supposed to be incorporated into $\omega_0$.

The steady states of the oscillator are forced vibrations. For weak damping and almost resonant driving, $|\omega_F-\omega_0|, \kappa\ll \omega_0$, and up to moderate driving amplitude $|F_0|$ these vibrations are almost sinusoidal. They can be analyzed in the rotating wave approximation (RWA) by changing to the  rotating frame with a canonical transformation $\hat U_{\rm r}(t)=\exp(-i\omega_{F} t\hat{a}^{\dagger}\hat{a})$ ($\hat{a}$ is the oscillator annihilation operator), and then by changing to dimensionless variables \cite{Serban2007,Dykman2007,Dykman1988a}
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:slow_variables}
\hat x=C_{\rm res}(\hat Q\cos\omega_F t+\hat P\sin\omega_F t),\\
\hat p=-C_{\rm res} m\omega_F (\hat Q\sin\omega_F t - \hat P\cos\omega_F t),
\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $C_{\rm res}=[2m\omega_F(\omega_0-\omega_F)/3\gamma_S]^{1/2}$.
This transformation changes phase space volumes, so that
\begin{eqnarray}
[\hat Q,\hat P]=i\lambda_S,\quad \lambda_S =\hbar\frac{3 \gamma_S}{2m^2\omega_F^2\,|\delta\omega|} , \quad \delta\omega=\omega_F-\omega_0
\end{eqnarray}
The dimensionless parameter $\lambda_S$ plays the role of Planck's constant in these units. We assume that $\lambda_S\ll 1$, in which case the oscillator dynamics is semiclassical. The oscillator has coexisting states of forced vibrations provided $\gamma_S\delta\omega <0$.  Motivated by the description of the JBA we have chosen the {\em soft} case of the Duffing oscillator, $\gamma_S=m\omega_0^2/24 >0$, i.e., $\delta\omega<0$.
The main results can be straightforwardly generalized to the hard case by choosing $\delta\omega>0$.

If we disregard fast oscillating terms, following the RWA, the oscillator Hamiltonian $\hat H_{S{\rm r}}=\hat U_{\rm r}^{\dagger}\hat{H}_{S}\hat U_{\rm r}-i\hbar \hat U_{\rm r}^{\dagger}\partial_t\hat U_{\rm r}$ becomes time-independent,
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:scaled_Hamiltonian}
&&\hat H_{S{\rm r}}=-(\hbar |\delta\omega|/\lambda_S)\hat g,\\
&&\hat g=\frac{1}{4}(\hat P^2+\hat Q^2-1)^2-\hat Q\beta^{1/2}, \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $\beta$ is the dimensionless
squared amplitude of the driving field, $\beta =3\gamma_SF_0^2/2(m\omega_F\,|\delta\omega|)^3$.

For $\beta < 4/27$ the Hamilton function $H_{S{\rm r}}$ has three extremal points. In the presence of dissipation two of them, with largest and smallest $Q$, become attractors. In the laboratory frame they correspond to stable forced vibrations with amplitude $C_{\rm res} r_a$. The third extremum of $H_{S{\rm r}}$ is a saddle point.
For not too weak driving, the distance between the steady states in $(P,Q)$ space is large compared to the typical amplitude of quantum fluctuations $\propto \lambda_S^{1/2}$, as well as to the amplitude of classical fluctuations, which come into play for higher temperatures.

Of primary interest for us are small-amplitude fluctuations of the oscillator about steady states. They can be conveniently described by the oscillator density matrix $\hat\rho$ in the Wigner representation, $\rho_W(Q,P)=\int d\xi \exp[-i\xi P/\lambda_S]\langle Q+\xi/2\left|\hat\rho\right|Q-\xi/2\rangle$. When the oscillator is latched to one of the attractors, $\rho_W$ has a narrow Gaussian peak at that attractor. For weak damping, i.e., up to second order in the interaction $\hat H_I$ in Eq.~(\ref{lab}), and linearized close to an attractor the master equation for $\rho_W$ in the RWA reads \cite{Dykman2007}
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:QKE_near_maximum}
\dot \rho_W \approx -\mbox{\boldmath $\nabla$}({\bf K}\rho_W) +\lambda_S\kappa\left(\bar n+\frac{1}{2}\right)\mbox{\boldmath $\nabla$}^2\rho_W,
\end{eqnarray}
where we introduced vector ${\bf K}=\left(-|\delta\omega|\partial_Pg-\kappa Q, |\delta\omega|\partial_Qg-\kappa P\right)$
that describes the drift of the mean coordinate;
$\mbox{\boldmath $\nabla$}=(\partial_Q,\partial_P)$ \footnote{The signs of the derivatives of $g$ in ${\bf K}$ are opposite to those in Ref.~\cite{Dykman2007}; also, we incorporated into ${\bf K}$ the factor $|\delta\omega|$}, and $\bar n=1/[\exp(\hbar\omega_F/k_BT)-1]$ is the
Planck occupation number of the oscillator. The attractor position $(Q_a,P_a)$ is found by
demanding the drift to cease, ${\bf K}(Q_a,P_a)={\bf 0}$, which leads to $Q_a=\beta^{-1/2}r_a^2(r_a^2-1)$,
$ P_a=-\beta^{-1/2}(\kappa/|\delta\omega|) r_a^2$, and
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:equilibrium_position}
r_a^2\left[(r_a^2-1)^2+(\kappa/\delta\omega)^{2}\right]=\beta
\end{eqnarray}
($r_a^2=Q_a^2+P_a^2$) \cite{LL_Mechanics2004}.  Near attractor $a$ vectors ${\bf K}$ should be expanded,
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:expanding_K}
{\bf K}(Q,P)\approx [({\bf Z}\mbox{\boldmath $\nabla$}){\bf K}]_a, \qquad {\bf Z}=(Q-Q_a,P-P_a).
\end{eqnarray}
Here, $[\cdot]_{a}$ indicates that the derivatives are calculated at attractor $a$. This expansion defines a matrix $\hat{\cal K}$ with elements ${\cal K}_{nm}=[\partial_mK_n]_a$, where components 1 and 2 correspond to $Q$ and $P$, respectively.

Equation (\ref{eq:expanding_K}) is an expansion in the width of the Gaussian peak \cite{Dykman1988a}
$[\lambda_S (2\bar n+1)]^{1/2}$ as can be seen from combining Eqs.~(\ref{eq:QKE_near_maximum}) and (\ref{eq:expanding_K}) . In our units, if this quantity is much smaller than unity, the deviations of $\hat{H}_{Sr}$, Eq.~(\ref{eq:scaled_Hamiltonian}), from a quadratic form in $\hat{P}-P_a$ and $\hat{Q}-Q_a$ can be neglected. This is also reflected in the absence of higher derivatives and higher order terms in $\lambda_S$ in
Eq.~(\ref{eq:QKE_near_maximum}).

\noindent
\section{Qubit dissipation close to resonance with the oscillator}

We first consider dissipation of the qubit in the situation where its frequency is close to $2\omega_F\approx 2\omega_0$, i.e., $|2\omega_F-\omega_q|\ll \omega_F$; however, we assume that $|2\omega_F-\omega_q|$ largely exceeds the qubit dephasing rate, so that the driving does not pump the qubit resonantly. The major contribution to the correlation function $G(\omega_q)$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq:decay_excited_general}) comes from the terms in $\hat x(t_1)$ proportional to $[\hat Q(t_1)+i\hat P(t_1)]\exp(-i\omega_F t_1)$ for $t_1=t+\tau$ and $[\hat Q(t_1) - i\hat P(t_1)]\exp(i\omega_Ft_1)$ for $t_1=\tau$
(note that $\hat Q(t),\hat P(t)$ remain almost unchanged over a drive period).
We can now re-write the excursion of the quadratic term as
\begin{equation}
\delta \hat{x}^2(t)=2x_a(t)[\hat{x}(t)-x_a(t)]+[\hat{x}(t)-x_a(t)]^2.
\label{eq:decompose_noise}
\end{equation}
Here, $x_a(t)$ is given by Eq.~(\ref{eq:slow_variables}) with $\hat Q,\hat P$ replaced by $Q_a,P_a$, which have to be determined from Eq.~(\ref{eq:equilibrium_position}). With $\hat{x}(t)-x_a(t)$ being a Gauss distributed variable, Eqs.~(\ref{eq:decay_excited_general}) and (\ref{eq:decompose_noise}) give rise to two types of decay rates. One is due to the noise of $\hat{x}(t)-x_a(t)$ scaled by the prefactor $x_a$. This is a one-quantum process, where a transition between the qubit states is accompanied by creation or annihilation of one quantum of the oscillator vibrations induced by the driving field, with the energy difference compensated by the field and the thermal bath. The second is based solely on the noise of $[\hat{x}(t)-x_a(t)]^2$.
This is a two-quantum process for the oscillator, which makes transitions between the next nearest levels with energy deficit compensated also by the field and the thermal bath.  We are now going to compute both contributions.

\subsection{One-quantum noise}

We start with the first term in Eq.~(\ref{eq:decompose_noise}), the one-quantum noise, i.e., the linear correlator scaled by the attractor radius. From Eqs.~(\ref{eq:slow_variables})
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:G_resonant}
&&G(\omega_q)\approx \frac{m^2\omega_F^2\delta\omega^2}{9\gamma_S^2}
r_a^2N_{+-}(\omega_q-2\omega_F),\\
&&N_{+-}(\omega)=\int\nolimits_0^{\infty}dt\exp(i\omega t)\langle \hat Z_+(t)\hat Z_-(0)\rangle_{\rm slow},\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $\hat Z_{\pm}\equiv \hat Z_1\pm i \hat Z_2$ and we define $\hat Z_1 = \hat Q-Q_a, \hat Z_2=\hat P-P_a$. The averaging $\langle \cdot\rangle_{\rm slow}$ is done in the rotating frame and in the RWA. The time dependence of operators is calculated with Hamiltonian $\hat H_{S{\rm r}}+\hat H_B+ \hat U_{\rm r}^{\dagger}H_I\hat U_{\rm r}$. This Hamiltonian has the same structure (except for the explicit form of $\hat H_{S{\rm r}}$) as for a stationary oscillator with no driving, if one goes to the interaction representation via the transformation $\hat U_{\rm r}$. Then we can apply the quantum regression theorem and write \cite{DK_review84},
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:slow_correlator_defined}
\langle \hat Z_n(t)\hat Z_m(0)\rangle_{\rm slow}={\rm Tr} \bigl[\hat Z_n\hat\rho(t|\hat Z_m)\bigr]
\end{equation}
($n,m=1,2$). The operator $\hat\rho(t|\hat Z_m)$ is the weighted density matrix; it satisfies the standard
master equation [cf. Eq.~(\ref{eq:QKE_near_maximum})], but its initial condition is $\hat\rho(0|\hat Z_m)=\hat Z_m\hat\rho^{\rm (st)}$, where $\hat\rho^{\rm (st)}$ is the RWA density matrix in the steady state.

Equation (\ref{eq:G_resonant}) reduces the problem of the qubit decay rate to calculating the oscillator power spectrum in the rotating frame. For a quantum oscillator in a given attractor it can be done using Eqs.~(\ref{eq:QKE_near_maximum}), (\ref{eq:G_resonant}), (\ref{eq:slow_correlator_defined}) and the relations for the transition to the Wigner representation
$
\left[\hat Q\hat\rho\right]_W=\left(Q+\frac{1}{2}i\lambda_S \partial_P\right)\rho_W(Q,P),\quad \left[\hat P\hat\rho\right]_W=\left(P-\frac{1}{2}i\lambda_S \partial_Q\right)\rho_W(Q,P)
$
By multiplying Eq.~(\ref{eq:QKE_near_maximum}) by $\hat Z_n\exp(i\omega t)$ and then integrating over $Q,P, t$ we obtain a linear equation for matrix $\hat N(\omega)$ of the Fourier-transformed correlators $N_{nm}(\omega)=\int\nolimits_0^{\infty} dt\exp(i\omega t)\langle \hat Z_n(t)\hat Z_m(0)\rangle_{\rm slow} $,
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:N_nm_equation}
&&(i\omega\hat I+ \hat {\cal K})\hat N(\omega)=\hat {\cal N} -\frac{1}{2}i\lambda_S\hat\epsilon,\nonumber\\
&&\hat {\cal N}\hat {\cal K}^{\dagger} + \hat{\cal K}\hat {\cal N} = \lambda_S\kappa\left(2\bar n+1\right)\hat I,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\hat I$ is the unit matrix and $\hat\varepsilon$ is the fully antisymmetric tensor (the
Levi-Civita tensor) of rank two. The matrix elements of the matrix ${\cal N}$ are ${\cal N}_{nm}=-\int dQ\,dP\,Z_nZ_m\rho^{\rm (st)}_W$. From Eqs.~(\ref{eq:G_resonant})-(\ref{eq:N_nm_equation}) one obtains for a given attractor $a$
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:resonant_power_spectrum}
{\rm Re}\,N_{+-}(\omega)=2\lambda_S\kappa
\frac{(\bar n +1)\bigl\{\left[\omega-|\delta\omega|\left(2r_a^2-1\right)\right]^2 + \kappa^2\bigr\}+|\delta\omega|^2\bar n r_a^4}
{(\omega^2-\nu_a^2)^2+4\kappa^2\omega^2},
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
where $\nu_a^2=\kappa^2+|\delta\omega|^2(3r_a^4-4r_a^2+1)$ with $r_a$ obtained from solving Eq. \ref{eq:equilibrium_position}. In the high-temperature limit $\bar n\gg 1$ Eq.~(\ref{eq:resonant_power_spectrum}) coincides with the result obtained earlier \cite{Dykman1994b} in the classical limit.

\subsection{Two-quantum noise}

The second contribution to the qubit decay rate originates from direct two oscillator quanta transitions. It is not proportional to the squared attractor amplitude $\propto r_a^2$. The decay probability is determined by the power spectrum of the squared oscillator displacement $[\hat x(t)-x_a(t)]^2$. At resonance, $|\omega_q-2\omega_0| \ll \omega_0$, the main contribution to this power spectrum comes from the Fourier-transformed correlator $\langle \hat{Z}_+^2(t)\hat{Z}_-^2(0)\rangle$. The latter was studied earlier for a nonlinear oscillator in the absence of driving \cite{DK_review84} and for linear driven oscillators \cite{Ioana07a,SerbanPRB07}. Up to moderate temperatures, $\hbar\bar n\gamma_S/m^2\omega_0^2\kappa \ll 1$, it leads to
\begin{equation}
{\rm Re}\,G(\omega_q)\approx \frac{\hbar^2}{(m\omega_0)^2}\frac{\kappa(\bar n+1)^2}{(\omega_q-2\omega_0)^2+4\kappa^2}.
\label{eq:quadrate}
\end{equation}
This term becomes important for weak driving, where the amplitude of forced vibrations is on the order of the fluctuational oscillator displacement, $r_a^2 \lesssim \lambda_S (2\bar n + 1)$. However, if the oscillator is strongly underdamped in the rotating frame, $\kappa \ll \nu_a$ (see below), the decay rate may display attractor-dependent two-quanta quasienergy resonances for $|\omega_q-2\omega_F|\sim 2\nu_a$, which will be larger than the background given by Eqs.~(\ref{eq:G_resonant}), (\ref{eq:resonant_power_spectrum}) for $\kappa r_a\lesssim \nu_a [\lambda_S (2\bar n + 1)]^{1/2}$. Both their height and position depend on the field amplitude $F_0$.

\noindent
\subsection{Discussion of the results for resonant decay}

In total, the qubit decay rate is a sum of the one-quantum, $\Gamma_{\rm 1}$, and
two-quantum rate, $\Gamma_{\rm 2}$, i.e., $\Gamma_{\rm tot}=\Gamma_{\rm 1}+\Gamma_{\rm 2}$.
These contributions are described by Eq. (\ref{eq:decay_excited_general}) with the function $G$ given by Eqs.~(\ref{eq:G_resonant}) and (\ref{eq:resonant_power_spectrum}) for $\Gamma_{\rm 1}$ and (\ref{eq:quadrate}) for $\Gamma_{\rm 2}$.

The one-quantum rate $\Gamma_{\rm 1}$ is quadratic in the forced vibration amplitude $\propto r_a$. The physical origin of this term can be understood as follows:
small fluctuations of $x(t)-x_a(t)$ are frequency-mixed with the
forced vibrations $x_a(t)$ in the laboratory frame, as described by the interaction
$\propto\delta x^2$. As a result fluctuation amplitude is multiplied by the forced-vibration amplitude, and the qubit decay rate is quadratic in the latter amplitude.

Apart from the proportionality to $r_a^2$, the attractor dependence of $\Gamma_1$ is also due to the different curvature of the effective potentials around the attractors.
For weak oscillator damping $\kappa \ll \nu_a$, the parameter $\nu_a$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq:resonant_power_spectrum}) is the frequency of small-amplitude vibrations about attractor $a$. It sets the spacing between the quasienergy levels, the eigenvalues of the rotating frame Hamiltonian $H_{S{\rm r}}$ close to the attractor. The function Re~$N_{+-}(\omega)$ has sharp Lorentzian peaks at $\omega=\pm\nu_a$ with halfwidth $\kappa$ determined by the oscillator decay rate. The dependence of $\nu_a$ on the control parameter $\beta$ is illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:nu_a}.

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=1.6in]{fig1a.eps}
\includegraphics[width=1.7in]{fig1b.eps}
\caption{Left panel: Squared scaled attractor radii $r_a^2$ as functions of the dimensionless field intensity $\beta$ for the dimensionless friction $\kappa/|\delta\omega|=0.3$. Right panel: The effective frequencies $\nu_a/|\delta\omega|$ for the same $\kappa/|\delta\omega$. Curves 1 and 2 refer to small- and large amplitude attractors. }
\label{fig:nu_a}
\end{figure}

The decay rate of the excited state of the qubit $\Gamma_e\propto {\rm Re}~N_{+-}(\omega_q-2\omega_F)$ sharply increases if the qubit frequency $\omega_q$ coincides with $2\omega_F\pm \nu_a$, i.e., $\omega_q-2\omega_F$ resonates with the inter-quasienergy level transition frequency. This new frequency scale results from the interplay of the system nonlinearity and the driving and is attractor-specific, as seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:nu_a}. In the experiment, for $\omega_q$ close to $2\omega_0$, the resonance can be achieved by tuning the driving frequency $\omega_F$ and/or driving amplitude $F_0$. This {\em quasienergy resonance} destroys the QND character of the measurement by inducing fast relaxation.

The analysis of the excitation rate out of the qubit ground state in the resonant case $|\omega_q-2\omega_F|\ll \omega_F$ is similar; $\Gamma_g$ is given by Eqs.~(\ref{eq:decay_excited_general}) and (\ref{eq:G_resonant}) with $N_{+-}(\omega_q-2\omega_F)$ replaced with $N_{-+}(-\omega_q+2\omega_F)$; the last function is given by Eq.~(\ref{eq:resonant_power_spectrum}) with $\omega=\omega_q-2\omega_F$ and with interchanged coefficients $\bar n+1 \leftrightarrow \bar n$.

The scaled decay rates $\Gamma_{e,g}$ as functions of detuning $\omega_q-2\omega_F$ are illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:decay_spectra}. Even for comparatively strong damping, the spectra display well-resolved quasi-energy resonances, particularly in the case of the large-amplitude attractor. As the oscillator approaches bifurcation points where the corresponding attractor disappears, the frequencies $\nu_a$ become small (cf. Fig.~\ref{fig:nu_a}) and the peaks in the frequency dependence of $\Gamma_{e,g}$ move to $\omega_q=2\omega_F$ and become very narrow, with width that scales as the square root of the distance to the bifurcation point. We note that the theory does not apply for very small $\omega_q-2\omega_F|$ where the qubit is resonantly pumped; the corresponding condition is $(m\omega_0\Delta_q\delta C_{\rm res}^2r_a^2/\hbar\omega_q)^2\ll [T_1T_2^{-1}+ (\omega_q-2\omega_F)^2T_1T_2]$. For weak coupling to the qubit, $\Gamma_e\ll \kappa$, it can be satisfied even at resonance.

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=1.6in]{fig2a.eps}
\includegraphics[width=1.6in]{fig2b.eps}
\caption{The scaled decay rate factors for the excited and ground states, curves 1 and 2, respectively, as functions of scaled difference between the qubit frequency and twice the modulation frequency; $\Gamma_0=\hbar C_{\Gamma}r_a^2/6\gamma_S$. Left and right panels refer to the small- and large-amplitude attractors, with the values of $\beta$ being 0.14 and 0.12, respectively. Other parameters are $\kappa/|\delta\omega=0.3,\bar n=0.5$. }
\label{fig:decay_spectra}
\end{figure}

An important feature of the qubit relaxation in the presence of driving is that the stationary distribution over the qubit states differs from the thermal Boltzmann distribution. If the oscillator-mediated decay is the dominating qubit decay mechanism, the qubit distribution is determined by the ratio of the transition rates $\Gamma_e$ and $\Gamma_g$. One can characterize it by effective temperature  $T_{\rm eff}=\hbar\omega_q/[k_B\ln(\Gamma_e/\Gamma_g)]$. If the term in curly brackets in the numerator of Eq.~(\ref{eq:resonant_power_spectrum}) is dominating, $T_{\rm eff}\approx 2T$, but if the field parameters are varied so that this term becomes comparatively smaller $T_{\rm eff}$ increases, diverges, and then becomes negative, approaching $-2T$. Negative effective temperature corresponds to population inversion. The evolution of the effective temperature with the intensity of the modulating field is illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:effect_temp}.

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=1.6in]{fig3a.eps}
\includegraphics[width=1.6in]{fig3b.eps}
\caption{The effective scaled qubit temperature $T_{\rm eff}^*=k_BT_{\rm eff}/\hbar\omega_q$ as function of the scaled field strength $\beta$ in the region of bistability for the small- and large-amplitude attractors, left and right panels, respectively; $(\omega_q-2\omega_F)/|\delta\omega| = -0.2$ and 0.1 in the left and right panels; other parameters are the same as in Fig.~\ref{fig:decay_spectra}.}
\label{fig:effect_temp}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Linear qubit-to-oscillator coupling}

The above results can be extended also to a qubit linearly coupled to the oscillator. Such coupling was discussed in numerous contexts in the problem of a two-level system coupled to an oscillator; in particular, it underlies the broadly used Jaynes-Cummings model of the cavity quantum electrodynamics. The linear coupling leads to resonant decay of the qubit if the qubit frequency $\omega_q$ is close to the oscillator eigenfrequency, $|\omega_q-\omega_0|\ll \omega_0$ and the oscillator decay rate largely exceeds the qubit decay rate. The effect is significantly modified if the oscillator is resonantly driven. If we consider linear coupling of the Jaynes-Cummings form $V_x\sigma_xx$, the corresponding contribution to the decay rate of the excited state of the qubit is
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:linear_coupling_decay}
\Gamma_e=(V_xw/\hbar\omega_q)^2(m\omega_F|\delta\omega|/3\gamma_S)
{\rm Re} N_{+-}(\omega_q-\omega_F)
\end{equation}
(for the coupling of the form $V_z\sigma_zx$ one should replace in the above expression $V_xw$ with $V_z\delta$).

For linear coupling, the decay rate does not have the factor $r_a^2$. However, it is still different for different attractors. If the oscillator is strongly underdamped, it displays resonances whenever $\hbar|\omega_q-\omega_F|$ coincides with the oscillator quasienergy level spacing near the attractor $\hbar\nu_a$.

\noindent
\section{Qubit decay far from resonance}

For the case where $|\omega_q -2\omega_0|$ is not small compared to $\omega_0$ and $\omega_q\gg \nu_a$, the correlation function $G(\omega_q)$ can be calculated by perturbation theory to the lowest order in the oscillator-to-bath coupling. To this end we again write $\delta\hat x^2(t)\approx 2x_a(t)[\hat x(t)-x_a(t)]$. We need to find $\hat x(t)-x_a(t)$ in the time range $\sim |\omega_q-\omega_F|^{-1}$. The analysis is familiar from the studies of phonon sidebands in solids \cite{Stoneham2001}. We linearize the Heisenberg equation of motion for $\hat x(t)-x_a(t)$. The terms $\propto \gamma_S$ and $\propto F(t)$ in this equation can be disregarded, since the oscillator nonlinearity is weak, $|\gamma_S|x^2\ll m\omega_0^2$, as is also the driving; the back-action (friction) force from the bath can be disregarded as well, since $\kappa\ll |\omega_q -2\omega_0|$. However, the quantum force from the bath $\sum\nolimits_j\lambda_j(\hat b_j+\hat b_j^{\dagger})$ may have components at frequency $\omega_q\pm\omega_F$ and should be kept. Integrating the linear equation for $\hat x(t_1)-x_a(t_1)$ first with $t_1=t+\tau$ and then with $t_1=\tau$ and substituting the result into Eq.~(\ref{eq:decay_excited_general}), we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:nonresonant_decay}
&&{\rm Re}\,G(\omega_q)=\frac{2\omega_F|\delta\omega|}{3m\gamma_S}
r_a^2\sum_i\frac{J(\omega_i)\Phi_T(\omega_i)}{(\omega_0^2-\omega_i^2)^2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\omega_i$ takes on the values $\omega_q\pm \omega_F, \omega_F-\omega_q$. The function $J(\omega)$ is the density of states of the bath  weighted with the coupling to the oscillator, it is defined below Eq.~(\ref{lab}) and we assume $J(\omega)\equiv 0$ for $\omega < 0$. Function $\Phi_T(\omega_i)=\bar n(\omega_i)+1$ for $\omega_i=\omega_q\pm\omega_F$ and $\Phi_T(\omega_i)=\bar n(\omega_i)$ for $\omega_i=\omega_F-\omega_q$; here $\bar n(\omega)=1/[\exp(\hbar\omega/k_BT)-1]$. It is important that the two asymptotic expressions obtained in a different way, Eqs.~(\ref{eq:G_resonant}) and (\ref{eq:resonant_power_spectrum}) on the one hand and Eq.~(\ref{eq:nonresonant_decay}) on the other hand, coincide in the range $\nu_a,\kappa\ll |\omega_q-2\omega_F|\ll\omega_F,\omega_c$,
thus indicating that we have found the qubit relaxation rates at arbitrary frequency.

Equation (\ref{eq:nonresonant_decay}) describes decay of the qubit excitation into excitations of the bath coupled to the oscillator. This decay is mediated by the oscillator and stimulated by the driving. The decay rate is determined by the density of states of the bath at the combination frequencies $|\omega_q\pm\omega_F|$. Most notably, it is quadratic in the amplitude of the oscillator forced vibrations and therefore strongly depends on the occupied attractor.

The far-from-resonance regime is important for the experiment \cite{Picot08} with a SQUID-based bifurcation amplifier, since the amplifier was operated at a frequency far below the qubit frequency. In this experiment, the relaxation rate of the qubit for the large vibration amplitude of the oscillator was much larger than for the small amplitude, see Fig. 2c of Ref.~\onlinecite{Picot08}, and was increasing with the driving strength on the low-amplitude branch (branch 1 in the left panel of Fig.~\ref{fig:nu_a}), in qualitative agreement with the theory. It is not possible to make a direct quantitative comparison because of an uncertainty in the qubit relaxation rates noted in Ref.~\onlinecite{Picot08}; also, even though the decay rate of the oscillator  at frequency $\omega=\omega_F$ is given, the oscillator decay rate at the relevant much higher frequency $\omega=\omega_q$ is not known.

The excitation rate out of the ground state of the qubit $\Gamma_g$ is also determined by Eq.~(\ref{eq:nonresonant_decay}) with interchanged $\bar n(\omega_i) + 1
\leftrightarrow \bar n(\omega_i)$ in function $\Phi_T(\omega_i)$. If the oscillator-mediated decay is the dominating qubit decay mechanism, the effective qubit temperature $T_{\rm eff}$ depends on the interrelation between the values of $J(|\omega_q\pm\omega_F|)$. This goes beyond the temperature analysis in the
resonant case because in the former, only $J(\omega_F)$ entered into the relaxation rate whereas, for strong detuning, the environmental spectrum is probed at multiple, distinct frequencies.
The analysis here is fully similar to that of cooling and heating of oscillators \cite{Dykman1978,DK_review84}, the area that attracted much interest recently \cite{Kippenberg2008,Grajcar2008}. We note that, in contrast to the previous work, here we consider heating and cooling of a two-level system, a qubit, that results from the coupling to an oscillator rather than heating and cooling of the oscillator that may result from such coupling provided the relaxation rate of the qubit is higher than that of the oscillator.

If $J(\omega_q-\omega_F)\gg J(\omega_q+\omega_F)$, the qubit temperature $T_{\rm eff}\approx T\omega_q/(\omega_q-\omega_F)$ exceeds $T$, whereas for $J(\omega_q-\omega_F)\ll J(\omega_q+\omega_F)$ we have driving-induced cooling of the qubit, $T_{\rm eff}\approx T\omega_q/(\omega_q+\omega_F)$; for $\omega_F>\omega_q$ the temperature $T_{\rm eff}\approx - T\omega_q/(\omega_F - \omega_q)$ is negative. Heating and cooling of the qubit can be achieved also for nonresonant excitation of the oscillator \cite{Dykman1978,DK_review84,Kippenberg2008}.

For weak driving and $\omega_q$ far from $2\omega_0$, qubit decay may be due to two-quanta transitions in which an oscillator makes a transition between its neighboring levels and a quantum of the bath is created or annihilated (for stronger oscillator-bath coupling, two bath quanta transitions may be also important). The corresponding rate is determined by ${\rm Re}\,G(\omega_q)\approx (2\hbar/m^3\omega_0)\sum\nolimits_i J(\omega_i) (\omega_0^2-\omega_i^2)^{-2} \Phi_T(\omega_i)\Phi_{Ti}$, where $\omega_i=\pm\omega_q \pm\omega_0$. Here, function $\Phi_T(\omega_i)$ is the same as in Eq.~(\ref{eq:nonresonant_decay}) (except that $\omega_F$ should be replaced with $\omega_0$), whereas $\Phi_{Ti}=\bar n+1$ for $\omega_i=\pm (\omega_q-\omega_0$ and $\Phi_{Ti}=\bar n$ for $\omega_i=\omega_q+\omega_0$. This expression coincides with Eq.~(\ref{eq:quadrate}) for $\omega_0 \gg |\omega_q-2\omega_0| \gg \kappa$.

The results on nonresonant oscillator-mediated decay can be extended also to the case of linear qubit-oscillator coupling, with coupling energy $V_x\sigma_x x$. In this case $\Gamma_e=2(V_xw/\hbar m\omega_q)^2(\omega_q^2-\omega_0^2)^{-2}J(\omega_q)[\bar n (\omega_q)+1]$. The decay rate is independent of the attractor occupied by the oscillator.

Due to the factor $(w/\delta)^2$ in $T_2^{-1}$, i.e. the particular choice of working point, the dephasing rate of the qubit is several orders of magnitude larger that the relaxation rate, allowing for a good, near-QND, qubit detection.

\section{Conclusion}

In conclusion, the presented approach describes the relaxation of a qubit coupled to an underdamped driven quantum oscillator, both in the regime where the qubit transition frequency $\omega_q$ resonates with the oscillator frequency or its second overtone and where it is far away from resonance. The proposed mechanism shows to what extent quantum measurements with bifurcation amplifiers are of the nondemolition type.

The qubit relaxation rate is expressed in terms of the power spectrum of the oscillator. We find this power spectrum in the explicit form near resonance where, as we show, it can have a double-peak structure as function of frequency. This result and the proposed method are general for a nonlinear oscillator, and thus go beyond the problem of qubit relaxation.

Both in the resonant and nonresonant regimes the qubit decay rate strongly depends on the attractor the oscillator is latched to. Far from  resonance, including the experimentally important range of a high qubit frequency, and for the coupling quadratic in the oscillator coordinate the qubit decay rate is quadratic in the amplitude of the oscillator's forced vibrations. For $\omega_q$ close to $2\omega_0$, the decay rate is resonantly enhanced. For a strongly underdamped oscillator it displays narrow maxima as a function of the control parameters once $\hbar\omega_q$ goes through the appropriate oscillator quasienergy, which depends on the attractor. We observe that the decay mediated by a driven oscillator changes the qubit temperature, leading to heating, cooling, or population inversion depending on the frequency detuning. In the case of linear qubit-oscillator coupling, the qubit relaxation rate does not contain the squared vibration amplitude as a multiplying factor, but for $\omega_q$ close to $\omega_0$ it displays attractor-dependent quasienergy resonances.

IS and FKW were supported through NSERC discovery grants and quantumworks as well
as the EU through EuroSQIP and the DARPA through the Quest program. MID was supported in part by the NSF grant  EMT/QIS-0829854.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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WHO WAS JOAN MIRÓ?
As a man who doggedly and persistently committed himself to experimentation and non-objectivity, and as someone who was heavily influenced by the Fauvism, Cubism and Surrealism movements, Miró lent his genius to several genres and forms, like ceramics, engravings and sculptures all with a strange, idiosyncrasy that is truly his own. His influence was heavily felt with the other so-called Color Field painters, such as Pollock, and his message and imagery reverberate to the current age.
Joan Miró Biography
Joan Miró Ferrá was born on April 20th, 1893 in Barcelona. His family trade was goldsmithing and watchmaking and Miró was enlisted in drawing classes at the age of seven at a local private school. He enrolled in the fine art academy at La Llotja in 1907, much to the dismay of his parents, and studied at the Cercle Artistic de Sant Lluc. He enjoyed his first solo show in 1918 at the Dalmau gallery, but his work was ridiculed and defaced by harsh critics. Inspired by the Surrealist and Cubist exhibitions abroad, he was drawn towards the art community that was gathering in Montparnasse and moved to Paris to become more integrated with the pulse of the Art Scene in 1920.
In 1924, Joan Miró joined the Surrealist group. The symbolic and poetic nature of the work that Miró had already been utilizing as well as the dualities and contradictions contained within his pieces already caused a great ideological fit with the group and fit with within their beliefs. During this time, he produced some of his most influential work, such as The Tilled Field in 1923.
In 1934, Joan Miró's work began to be exhibited in France and by 1941, Miró was forced to flee his home when war broke out across Europe. He travelled to Mallorca where he stayed with his family.
During this time, Joan Miró's renown was growing in America, and his work was being showcase in New York at the MoMA. Cincinnati commissioned a large-scale mural from him in 1947, and this cross-pollination of artistic visions influenced a generation of American Abstract Expressionists in Miró's wake.
The Tilled Field (1923), a brilliant piece of work populated entirely with indecipherable, complex forms serves as an interesting showcase of the land of his birth – Catalonia. His abstract depiction of his homeland jolt the viewer out of the readily available ease of reality and turn a pastoral countryside into an almost nightmarish landscape of blacks and harsh angles. The painting is almost a sarcastic parody of nature itself, with its recognizable forms becoming warped, distorted and merged within each other. It has been seen both as an homage to Spain's history and also a statement on the political upheaval in Europe at the time. Like many other artists at the time, Joan Miró used his art frequently to express his political views, and this painting symbolizes how utterly radical the departure from his previous works this painting truly is.
Maternity (1924) almost directly contrasts his efforts with The Tilled Field in a way that essentializes and reduces the complexity of femininity down to simplistic forms. A female figure showcased in the painting 's hard to recognize at first, but is unmistakably prominent in the placement of the image, with very scant, abstract details providing the information our brain needs to comprehend what we see: some wavy lines for hair, large thighs, and hips, a bull's-eye mark where the womb would be. This figure is underneath what can only be seen underneath more significant female figure, who is giving it suck. Miró clearly suggests the impacts of Maternity and femininity and has it resound with us on an instinctual level, as opposed to giving flesh and realism to the forms, which would distract from the aim of the piece. The purity of motherhood is paramount in this image.
Joan Miró continued to receive accolades and public support as he aged, and in 1974 he was commissioned to create a tapestry piece for the World Trade Center in New York. In 1983, Miró died in his home a year after he completed his sculpture Woman and Bird for his home city of Barcelona. Even unto his death, Miró toiled for his art, and he was well rewarded for it.
Fun Facts about Joan Miró
Joan Miró was a late bloomer, and painted some of his most excellent works in his seventies and eighties. At 82, he even started painting with his finger!
Miró was incredibly active, creating a gigantic body of work, including approximately 2000 paintings, 500 sculptures, 400 ceramics, 5000 drawings and 1000 lithographs.
Miró's work is filled with symbols, including birds, stars, and women. In his own words, he explains that "For me a form is never something abstract; it is always a sign of something. It is always a man, a bird, or something else."
He believed that his art was not for people in the present, like the old, and that his art was specifically meant for the newer younger generation. "It's for the year 2000 and for the people of tomorrow," he is quoted as saying.
His family wanted him to give up working on art and instead take up office work, which he had gone to school to study (he finished business school at the age of 17). After suffering a minor nervous breakdown, followed by a horrible fever, Miró devoted himself to his artistic pursuits afterwards.
Joan Miró continually explored the possibility of creating a new form of visual message that could exist outside the substantive world. Like other surrealists, his focus on the abstract instead of the real led to breathtaking and beautiful imagery that lodges itself in our minds to this very day. This rejection of naturalism is indicative of other Surreal and Dada artists like Jean Arp and Yves Tanguy and solidifies Miró as a true pioneer in the realm of abstract art. Musart has a special love for the Surrealists and Miró is absolutely no exception – it is a great pleasure to feature Miró's works and further proliferate his artistic vision.
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Magic City
Arquitectonica to design new $1 billion "Innovation District" in Miami
By Jason Sayer (@adjasoncies) • December 2, 2016
Arquitectonica to design new $1 billion "Innovation District" in Miami. (Courtesy Arquitectonica)
Developer Tony Cho and investor Bob Zangrillo, the CEOs of Dragon Global and Metro 1 respectively, aim to transform the neighborhood of Little Haiti in Miami. Working with Miami studio Arquitectonica, the pair proposes that areas between Northeast 60th and 64th streets to the south and north, and Northeast Second Avenue and a railroad line to the west and east, be developed (in phases) as a gargantuan mixed-use project. 170,000 square feet of the site's former industrial spaces will be repurposed to include an innovation center for start-ups and businesses.
According to the Miami Herald, Cho and Zangrillo hope to bring entrepreneurs to the $1 billion campus and keep them there, offering housing and spaces to both work and play. "We are investing money, cleaning things up, bringing more street lights and security in the neighborhood; we're bringing in art, creating jobs," Cho said. "I see Miami melding as an urban node. These are all becoming very interesting neighborhoods."
Phase one of the "Innovation District" will see the construction of a sculpture garden, a 30,000-square-foot "Magic City Studios," and the innovation center. The latter will span 15,000 square feet and be part of the "Factory," which will also feature an amphitheater for events. Despite the wealth of square footage available, none will be allocated to parking, furthering the walkable and pedestrian friendly campus feel of the development. Instead, small apartments will negate the need for what Cho calls a "behemoth garage space" that would take up valuable land and only drive up the cost of housing. Speaking in the Wall Street Journal, Cho added that ride-hailing apps would plug the transport gap.
The Herald, meanwhile, also reports that listed tenants so far include Salty Donut, Aqua Elements, Photopia, Baby Cotton, ICA (Institute of Contemporary Art), Wynwood Shipping, and Etnia Barcelona.
Phase one is so far penned for 2018 and will be privately financed. The Zangrillo and Cho also mentioned that office and retail space, affordable workforce housing, including micro-units, and even a boutique hotel could possibly come in the future.
Jason Sayer (@adjasoncies)
Editorial Associate, The Architect's Newspaper
Arquitectonica Miami Mixed-Use
July 3, 2019 ROSSETTI designed a partial-pop-up tennis stadium for the Miami Open
July 2, 2019 Zaha Hadid's completed One Thousand Museum joins the Miami skyline
June 12, 2019 Arquitectonica's second finished building is being torn down
February 18, 2019 Yona Friedman sculpture takes the stage at ICA Miami


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With the end of World War I and the downfall of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire the conditions were met for proclaiming the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians in December of 1918. The Yugoslav ideal had long been cultivated by the intellectual circles of the three nations that gave the name to the country, but the international constellation of political forces and interests did not permit its implementation until then. However, after the war, idealist intellectuals gave way to politicians and the most influential Croatian politicians opposed the new state right from the start.
The Croatian Peasants' Party (HSS) headed by Stjepan Radic, and then by Vlatko Macek slowly grew to become a massive party endorsing Croatian national interests. According to its leaders the Yugoslav state did not provide a satisfactory solution to the Croatian national question. They chose to conduct their political battle by systematically obstructing state institutions and making political coalitions to undermine the state unity, thus extorting certain concessions. Each political or economic issue was used as a pretext for raising the so-called "unsettled Croatian question".
Trying to match this challenge and prevent any further weakening of the country, King Aleksandar I banned national political parties in 1929, assumed executive power and renamed the country Yugoslavia. He hoped to curb separatist tendencies and mitigate nationalist passions. However the balance of power changed in international relations: in Italy and Germany Fascists and Nazis rose to power, and Stalin became the absolute ruler in the Soviet Union. None of these three states favored the policy pursued by Aleksandar I. In fact the first two wanted to revise the international treaties signed after World War I, and the Soviets were determined to regain their positions in Europe and pursue a more active international policy. Yugoslavia was an obstacle for these plans and King Aleksandar I was the pillar of the Yugoslav policy.
During an official visit to France in 1934, the king was assassinated in Marseilles by a member of VMRO - an extreme nationalist organization in Bulgaria that had plans to annex territories along the eastern and southern Yugoslav border - with the cooperation of the Ustashi - a Croatian fascist separatist organization. The international political scene in the late 30's was marked by growing intolerance between the principal figures, by the aggressive attitude of the totalitarian regimes and by the certainty that the order set up after World War I is was loosing its strongholds and its sponsors were loosing their strength. Supported and pressured by Fascist Italy and nazi Germany, Croatian leader Vlatko Macek and his party managed to extort the creation of the Croatian banovina (administrative province) in 1939. The agreement specified that Croatia were to remain part of Yugoslavia, but it was hurriedly building an independent political identity in international relations.
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While most people opt for drugs such as aspirin to relieve joint pain, a number of safer, natural alternatives are available these days. These remedies are used to effectively treat common symptoms such as swelling, tenderness, stiffness, and reduced range of motion.
The discomfort associated with joint pain can be a headache to deal with and while common medications may do the trick, these often come with a number of risks – aside from also being expensive. This is why non-pharmaceutical alternatives are most definitely worth a try. Here are five natural remedies that could help you relieve your joint pain.
In order to understand how we can prevent future pain and get an idea of where our pain could stem from, let's take a look at the major causes of joint pain. Perhaps the most common is old age. The collagen that creates cartilage in your joints deteriorates, creating more pain and inflammation.
Other causes include poor posture, injuries, inactivity (lack of exercise and movement), overuse from repetitive movements and possibly arthritis or osteoarthritis. Even a lack of sleep can contribute to fatigue, pain, and stiffness. Many of these causes can be avoided by making the right lifestyle choices, such as getting enough exercise.
There are a number of herbs out there which contain ingredients that give them anti-inflammatory properties. While they should be used in conjunction with another remedy for pain, they're great for reducing inflammation in the long run. Herbs to consider include turmeric, ginger, rosemary, cloves, boswellia, and even green tea.
You've probably already heard of cannabidiol oil and some of its many health benefits. But did you know that it helps with a number of body pains such as arthritis?
Recent studies have found that cannabinoids attach themselves to receptors in our brain, one of them being responsible for pain and inflammation. They influence the signals these receptors respond to, which helps reduce these two common signs of joint pain.
These days, you can easily buy from a CBD oil distributor and have it delivered to your door. Even the smallest bottle will last you some time due to the low dosage amounts – and it's affordable. So, don't hesitate to give CBD oil a shot.
We've been told about the importance of calcium for our bones and teeth since we were children. It is indeed necessary for bone health and getting enough calcium is key, as our bodies cannot produce it naturally. Calcium is found in dairy, almonds, and dark leafy greens. Be sure to up your Vitamin D intake in order to help your body absorb calcium.
Epsom salts are known to provide fast relief, reduce inflammation, and relax tense muscles. Your skin effectively absorbs the magnesium and sulfates found in the salts. You could try taking a relaxing bath with two cups of salts that have been soaked in warm water for 20 minutes. Alternatively, you could compress it right onto your skin.
As a long-term solution for preventing future joint pain, switching to an anti-inflammatory diet is a good idea, as pain caused by swelling will likely decrease. This type of diet should contain antioxidants found in fruit and vegetables, Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish, seeds, and nuts as well as a minimal amount of sugary and processed foods.
Aside from natural remedies, a healthy lifestyle is always beneficial to decreasing joint pain. This means getting enough movement and exercise, eating healthily, and if appropriate, losing weight. The less strain you put on your joints, the less likely you'll experience pain. It all comes down to taking care of your body.


Restart your body and create the life and health you deserve!
You will receive new knowledge and new healthy habits that will stay with you at the end of the program.
Detox program improves the digestion and promotes more effective cleanse of the body from toxins and as a result full restart of your body.
With more efficient digestion you will feel an abundance of energy and a need to be more active.


CAT Result 2018, CAT Exam Cut Off , Score Card 2018: All doubt about to CAT Result 2018 has clarified by Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow. The board has updated result in present date. The result of Common Admission Test (CAT) 2018 is available on the official website. All candidates will take patience and wait some time for their result. Candidates who appeared in examination and want to download their result can download after update by the board.
Before the board was trying to release CAT Exam Result 2018 on 05th January 2018 but having some problem it has been postponed. Now the board will not decide the exact date of result. It wills delay on second week of these months. Candidates wait some time more for download their CAT Result 2018. The board will soon update result on its official website www.iimcat.ac.in. Candidates who appeared in examination can download their result soon. All formalities has completed by the board regarding to result. Now the board is going to announce result soon for all candidates who are waiting for result.
The board had invited all eligible candidates to participate in CAT Exam 2017. A huge number of candidates have appeared in examination and now they are waiting for CAT Result 2018. This exam purpose is to admission eligible and interested candidates in upcoming course in management department. Candidates who Performa best in examination will select for admission in management collage for their future course. This is an important examination for all candidates to admission. The board will select candidates according to their performance in examination and previous academic record.
All candidates who appeared in examination can download all related result like cut off mark, score card, merit list and other on official website. Candidates also check all result on website www.studytubes.co.in. According to presentation candidates will allot collage in deferent places.
Search CAT Exam Result 2018 link on website.
Now result page will open on screen.
Enter all required detail in result page.
Result will appear on screen.
Candidates who appeared in highly competitive CAT Exam 2017 and want to download their score card can go through official website. The board will soon update score card of candidates to check their status in written examination. All candidates will soon able to download their CAT Exam Score Card 2018 after update by the board.
Cut of marks will decide candidate's selection in examination. The board will make cut off mark according to candidate's performance in examination. It is define minimum qualification marks of candidates that scored in examination. Candidates who crossed cut off mark will select for next level.
Merit list will basis on overall performance of candidates in examination. candidates selection will basis on their merit list, if candidates name appear in merit list then candidates will able to admission in allot collage. So candidates should check merit list carefully after update by the board on its official website.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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"Batman: Arkham City" Video Game Trailer
Posted: October 14th, 2011 by WorstPreviews.com Staff
Warner Bros and DC Entertainment will release "Batman: Arkham City" video game nationwide on Tuesday, October 18th and have now unveiled a brand new trailer, which you can watch below.
Set inside the heavily fortified walls of a sprawling district in the heart of Gotham City, this highly anticipated sequel introduces a brand-new story that draws together a new, all-star cast of classic characters and murderous villains from the Batman universe, as well as a vast range of new and enhanced gameplay features.
The game will feature Gotham's greatest villains, including Hugo Strange, The Joker, Two-Face, Mr. Freeze and Penguin. It will be available for Xbox 360 and Playstation 3.
Source: DC Entertainment
Batmanfan writes:
Soooooooooo Excited!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
nawtnt writes:
Grea trailer, the video game of the year.
Take my 65 bucks NOWWWWWWWWWWWW
if only the Dark Knight Rises was as Gritty as the game i would of nutted all over the keyboard
on October 15th, 2011 at 1:23:29 AM
Wow, that may get my back into video games once and for all.
Johnnyb writes:
Awesome!!!!! We this and TDKR next year..... I�m so excited!!!!!
SeWerin writes:
Now this is how you make believable Batman without relying on realistic setting/characters.
This is a Batman done right
Just like the punisher video game was also gritty as hell before the third movie came out.
I guess video game screenwriters write better sh*t than
These crappy Hollywood movies
DaveThePhotoGuy writes:
on October 15th, 2011 at 10:02:51 AM
f*ck ME!!!
Now that's a video game.
Played Batman: Arkham Asylum and f*cking loved it, so will definetly get this.
pornfly writes:
f*ckmylife i need a job
UnNameable_One writes:
on October 15th, 2011 at 10:08:40 PM
If any of you have ever played the first one (Batman: Arkham Asylum) then already KNOW this game is gonna be the sh*t. (At 1:58, of the trailer they even show a split-second glimpse of Robin).
Frank_Castle writes:
did anybody else get the goosebumps as if it were a movie you've been waiting for?
Jamall316 writes:
Not getting anything done that week
Dre-EL writes:
why cant they do a movie like that.
on December 7th, 2017 at 10:31:40 PM


Karen Albert of Robert L. McCaffrey Middle School in the Galt Joint Elementary School District is this weeks SEVA Teacher of the Week.
Mrs. Albert has helped students learn all things video production for ten of her 19 years in teaching. During these ten years Mrs. Albert has gotten to experience the magic of seeing students' creativity shine. She challenges her students to try something new and helps them see that they are capable of things they might not have known were possible otherwise.
Mrs. Albert has found that her students often teach her just as much as she is teaching them. While she encourages her students to look to their peers for help before they come to her, she also isn't afraid to ask for help from her students in front of the class. The sense of pride that comes from this collaboration is unmistakable. Mrs. Albert understands that the more responsibility she gives her students the more they develop skills that can be used beyond the four walls of the classroom. Mrs. Albert has been one of the biggest supporters of creating a group for our teachers. She is always looking to build a stronger network and has been instrumental in creating a community for media teachers.


As executive director of Buffalo Niagara Riverkeeper, Jill Jedlicka, MBA '00, tackles some of the region's biggest fresh water challenges, such as cleaning up toxic sediment, eliminating sewage overflows, restoring critical habitat and advocating for the long-term health of the Great Lakes.
Her position is the latest in a career of environmental stewardship. After earning a bachelor's in environmental studies from UB in 1996, she served as an environmental education specialist for the Erie County Department of Environment and Planning. While working there full time, she attended the School of Management part time to earn her MBA.
She says the UB MBA experience helped her to adapt and translate her communication style and perspectives to be a productive team member.
From there, she took up her first role at Buffalo Niagara Riverkeeper, serving as the organization's director of ecological programs for nearly a decade. She was named to her current post in 2012.
"The most valuable aspect of the MBA program for me was the emphasis on team coordination, consensus building and creative problem solving. These life lessons and experiences have helped shape who I am as an executive and team leader," says Jedlicka.
Jedlicka says being able to have a visible and positive impact on the community is the most motivating part of her job.
When she's not caring for the environment on the job, she has fun spending time in the outdoors — hiking, kayaking, mountain biking, traveling and exploring with her family whenever she can.
After this issue went to press, Buffalo Niagara Riverkeeper changed its name to Buffalo Niagara Waterkeeper to reflect the broader scope of its work and impact.


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Which? calls on supermarkets to "Price it Right"
New research carried out by Which? has revealed that nearly three quarters of consumers (74%) feel that supermarkets are trying to mislead them by using confusing pricing practices.
Which? asked 2,100 shoppers about their shopping habits ahead of the launch of its "Price it Right" campaign to improve supermarket pricing. The majority of shoppers (78%) say their weekly household grocery bill has increased in the past 12 months, spending an average £76.83 per week. 91% are shopping around for the best deal and 82% are buying more groceries from cheaper supermarkets.
Which? wants to see an end to supermarkets confusing consumers with hard to read and inconsistent unit prices that make it hard for shoppers to identify which products and promotions are the best value for money.
Richard Lloyd, executive director of Which?, said:
"With household budgets squeezed and rising food costs among the top worries for consumers, it's all the more important that stores make it as easy as possible for people to spot the best value products. All food and drink should be clearly and consistently priced by weight or volume across all stores, including products which are on special offer. While there are some changes which supermarkets can make voluntarily, it's now time for the Government to change the law so that supermarkets 'Price it Right' across the board."
Under current legislation, retailers are required to provide both a selling price and a unit price for food. The unit price is the price by weight or volume that allows shoppers to compare the true cost of products, even if they come in different sizes. For instance, if a 600g jar of mayonnaise costs £3.49 and a 400g jar is £2.50, a clear unit price would show you straight away which jar gives you the most mayo for your money.
Of the people Which? questioned who use unit pricing, 88% said it helps them to work out which products and promotions are the best value for money. Of those shoppers who are aware of unit pricing but do not use it, over a fifth (22%) said it was because unit pricing is too small and hard to read.
As part of the research, Which? conducted spot checks in a branch of each of the top ten leading supermarkets and none of them met the Which? best practice criteria for size and legibility of unit pricing on all of the products we looked at.
Which? is calling for consumers to support the campaign by signing a pledge calling for supermarkets to use clear, simple price labelling at which.co.uk/unitpricing. People can also tweet pictures of confusing unit pricing to @whichaction using the #priceitright.
We hope that the Government will listen to those who have signed the Price it Right pledge, and amend current legislation that allows for inconsistencies in unit pricing.
1. Research Notes
Consumer research: A survey of 2,100 GB adults was conducted on behalf of Which? between 24th – 27th August 2012. Surveys were conducted online and the results have been weighted to be demographically representative of all GB adults.
Market research: In August, Which? researchers visited one branch of the ten leading GB supermarkets (Aldi, Asda, The Co-operative,Iceland, Lidl, Marks and Spencer, Morrisons, Sainsbury's, Tesco and Waitrose) to see how they displayed the unit price.
The researchers went to larger stores and looked at the price labels for ten products from four food categories in each supermarket: Fruit and veg, frozen food, chilled food, general aisle groceries.
The researchers measured the size of the unit price, the selling price and the overall label and looked at the colour font used and the background colour of the label to see how easy it was to read.
The results were then compared against the key criteria that we developed with trading standards officers and the Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB) for clear unit pricing:
An ideal font size of 5mm
A minimum size of 3mm
The unit price should not be less than 50% the height of the selling price
Sufficient contrast between the print and background eg. in black on a white or yellow background
Press Release: Consumer, Food, Health
Sign up to receive all the latest news from Which?


The Introduction is a way for you to meet your classmates, other students, the university, the campus and Borås. Through seatings, games, and parties you will experience everything that a student life in Borås has to offer, and as a new student you will always be welcome. The Introduction is also a way to prepare for your studies, through lunch-lectures, meet and greets and campus tour where you will meet all of the student centered functions.
This years Fall Introdution will take place between the 3rd and the 14th of September where we welcome The University of Borås' new students. It will be two eventful weeks where you as a new students get to meet the student union, the university, our student life and our city.
On the first day of the semester you will get to meet the Vice chancelor, go on a campus tour and get to meet, see and explore most of the university, so that you are prepared for your studies. As we receive 1700 new students you will have a specific starting point on the day for your programme. Eat a good breakfast and prepare for a very intense first day with a lot of new meetings and information. If you are an international student you will start you day at 12:30 in KUBEN, which is right next to Textile Fashion Center and Navet, ask a student buddy if you are lost! If you are an international student and study a programme here at the university, you can choose whether to join the international first day at 12:30 or join your programmes first day. You can find the starting time for your program in Kronox. Note that the program first-day will be held in Swedish. Only the international start will be held in English.
During the Introduction you will meet your student buddy. They wear a yellow, red, or blue T-shirt depending on which section the student buddy belongs to. The student buddy is a current student at the university who have taken on the responsibility to introduce you to everything new and to help you find your place in Borås. If you have questions or thoughts about your time as a student here, ask your student buddy! Their job is to create a stable and safe place for you as a new student, and to support you during the start of your student life.
During your first day you will get an introduction bracelet from your student buddy. This bracelet will be our way of identifying you as a new student. The bracelet will be your ticket to all of the activities during the Introduction, so don't remove it until the Introduction is over! If you need to remove the bracelet because of work or similar things you can tell us in the Student Union's reception before you take it off, and they will sort you out with a new one. If you remove it, lose it or anything similar without telling us, you can buy a new bracelet in the Student Union's reception for 20 SEK.
The Student Union of Borås consists of three different sections. Novitas (red) which is our section for Textile, Engineering and Business students. Humanitas (blue) which is our section for Caring Science, Work Life and Social Welfare. And Scientias (yellow) which is our section for Librarianship, Information, Education and IT. As a union member you will be sorted into the section which corresponds to your program. You will know which section the student buddy belongs to by the color of the shirt. You will get to meet your section on the second day of the introduction. If you want to know more about our sections you can read about them on our section page.
At the University of Borås we have a couple of different association clubs. There are two main types of association clubs. Interest based clubs whose members come together through a specific purpose, e.g. Dancetastic who dance together. The second type are the social clubs, who come together to spend time with each other, do different social activities and throw the bigger parties together. The club members of Borås usually wear overalls of different colors, where each club has their color, usually decorated with different badges and patches. If your student buddy is wearing and overall they are a member of a club, so take the chance to ask which club and what they do! You will be able to meet our association club on the 13th of September when we arrange an Association club conference.
The Project group: Joakim Byvik, Olivia Friberg, Linnéa Liljegren.
All of our Student buddies, student buddy managers, and point generals. Without these voluntary forces and amazing people we wouldn't be able to have an Introduction.
The Association Clubs: 7k-skriven, Dancetastic, ESN, Hållbar student, Sexmästeriet i Borås, Spelföreningen, SVINA, Looking for Brew, Borås Ingenjörers Studentförening, Otyg.


text:
Thignonville és un municipi francès, situat al departament del Loiret i a la regió de . L'any 2007 tenia 324 habitants.

Demografia

Població
El 2007 la població de fet de Thignonville era de 324 persones. Hi havia 120 famílies, de les quals 16 eren unipersonals (8 homes vivint sols i 8 dones vivint soles), 44 parelles sense fills i 60 parelles amb fills.

La població ha evolucionat segons el següent gràfic:

Habitants censats

Habitatges
El 2007 hi havia 133 habitatges, 119 eren l'habitatge principal de la família, 10 eren segones residències i 4 estaven desocupats. Tots els 133 habitatges eren cases. Dels 119 habitatges principals, 109 estaven ocupats pels seus propietaris, 8 estaven llogats i ocupats pels llogaters i 2 estaven cedits a títol gratuït; 12 tenien tres cambres, 35 en tenien quatre i 72 en tenien cinc o més. 93 habitatges disposaven pel capbaix d'una plaça de pàrquing. A 47 habitatges hi havia un automòbil i a 67 n'hi havia dos o més.

Piràmide de població
La piràmide de població per edats i sexe el 2009 era:

Economia
El 2007 la població en edat de treballar era de 221 persones, 177 eren actives i 44 eren inactives. De les 177 persones actives 162 estaven ocupades (91 homes i 71 dones) i 15 estaven aturades (7 homes i 8 dones). De les 44 persones inactives 10 estaven jubilades, 18 estaven estudiant i 16 estaven classificades com a «altres inactius».

Ingressos
El 2009 a Thignonville hi havia 124 unitats fiscals que integraven 341 persones, la mediana anual d'ingressos fiscals per persona era de 19.381 €.

Activitats econòmiques
Dels 10 establiments que hi havia el 2007, 1 era d'una empresa extractiva, 1 d'una empresa de fabricació d'altres productes industrials, 5 d'empreses de construcció, 2 d'empreses de comerç i reparació d'automòbils i 1 d'una empresa de transport.

Dels 4 establiments de servei als particulars que hi havia el 2009, 1 era una fusteria i 3 lampisteries.

L'únic establiment comercial que hi havia el 2009 era una botiga de roba.

L'any 2000 a Thignonville hi havia 10 explotacions agrícoles que ocupaven un total de 900 hectàrees.

Poblacions més properes
El següent diagrama mostra les poblacions més properes.

Referències

 Résumé statistique Fitxa resum de dades estadístiques de Thignonville a l'INSEE.
 Évolution et structure de la population Fitxa amb el detall de dades de Thignonville a l'INSEE
 France par commune Dades detallades de tots els municipis de França accessibles a partir del mapa.

Municipis del Loiret

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Bernie Sanders And The Resurgence Of Socialist Sentiment In America
Ralph Benko Contributor
READING, PA - DECEMBER 03: U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders speaks on stage during a rally to stand up against the GOP tax proposal, hosted by Not One Penny and MoveOn.org at Santander Performing Arts Center on December 3, 2017 in Reading, Pennsylvania. (Photo by Lisa Lake/Getty Images for MoveOn.org)
Quite a few articles have been written lately on the receptivity of Millennials to socialism and even (7% of them) communism. What's up with that? U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders, that's what. In a speech delivered at Georgetown University, "Democratic Socialism in the United States" he said:
So let me define for you, simply and straightforwardly, what democratic socialism means to me. It builds on what Franklin Delano Roosevelt said when he fought for guaranteed economic rights for all Americans. And it builds on what Martin Luther King, Jr. said in 1968 when he stated that; "This country has socialism for the rich, and rugged individualism for the poor." It builds on the success of many other countries around the world that have done a far better job than we have in protecting the needs of their working families, the elderly, the children, the sick and the poor.
Democratic socialism means that we must create an economy that works for all, not just the very wealthy.
Democratic socialism means that we must reform a political system in America today which is not only grossly unfair but, in many respects, corrupt.
In my view, it's time we had democratic socialism for working families, not just Wall Street, billionaires and large corporations. It means that we should not be providing welfare for corporations, huge tax breaks for the very rich, or trade policies which boost corporate profits as workers lose their jobs. It means that we create a government that works for all of us, not just powerful special interests. It means that economic rights must be an essential part of what America stands for.
It means that health care should be a right of all people, not a privilege. This is not a radical idea. It exists in every other major country on earth. Not just Denmark, Sweden or Finland. It exists in Canada, France, Germany and Taiwan.
He goes on.
Sound good? Sounds wonderful!
Pity it doesn't work.
Yet it resonates. As reported by VictimsOfCommunism.org:
For starters, as of this year, more Millennials would prefer to live in a socialist country (44%) than in a capitalist one (42%). Some even said they would prefer to live in a communist country (7%). The percentage of Millennials who would prefer socialism to capitalism is a full ten points higher than that of the general population.
I find the rising tide of socialist sentiment more quaint than alarming.
What the Millennials are expressing is a dissatisfaction with how so-called capitalism has been, and is, failing them. "Free markets" are not a dogma. They are a law of nature. They should never be, although often are, used as a beard for oligarchy.
We will know if free markets are at work, rather than merely being invoked, by whether there is, to quote JFK, a "rising tide that lifts all boats" for the economy and the ecology.
No rising tide? No free markets.
For a full generation -- the Millennials' generation -- the American economy has been somewhere between sluggish and stagnant. It has been this way under both Republican and Democratic administrations. That is a sure sign that, whatever lip service may have been paid to them, free markets have been choked (by Democrats) or subverted (by Republicans).
No wonder the Millennials are disgruntled. They ask for bread. We give them a stone.
The kids are on to something. But as the Victims of Communism Foundation demurely points out, "despite Millennials' enthusiasm for socialism and communism, they do not, in fact, know what those terms mean."
Memo to the Millennials: Communism and socialism suffered repeated Epic Fails at creating a Socialist Workers Paradise.
Note, in passing, that the Scandinavian versions, Social Democrats and Christian Democrats (among those who Sen. Sanders extolled, in his speech, for universal health coverage, a Hayekian principle) have been far more successful and consistently show up as the happiest countries in the world. As I wrote here:
The perennially happiest countries in the world, after all, such as Denmark, Norway, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Sweden all were, last time this columnist looked, social democracies.
One might infer, however, that they are socialist because they are happy rather than happy because they are socialist. And their socialism, argues Corey Iacono, at FEE.org turns out to be more mythic than real.
In response to Americans frequently referring to his country as socialist, the prime minister of Denmark recently remarked in a lecture at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government,
"I know that some people in the US associate the Nordic model with some sort of socialism. Therefore I would like to make one thing clear. Denmark is far from a socialist planned economy. Denmark is a market economy."
Sorry, Sen. Sanders.
Let me confess to some bias here. During the Cold War I was passionately, if lyrically, anti-communist. Yes, my old anticommunist slip is showing. That said, my opposition to the Soviet Union did not include a hostility to Russia, or the Russians, who were themselves victims of Communism.
During the waning days of the Cold War, when President Gorbachev was liberalizing things via Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (economic liberalization) I assembled the Prosperity Caucus -- a group of free market economists which I founded around 30 years ago which meets monthly to this day -- at the Soviet Embassy. We were hospitably, if a bit warily, received.
To break the ice I opened the gathering with a joke.
"I have discovered that communism and capitalism might be closer than it superficially appears. I prove it thusly:
How many Marxist economists does it take to screw in a lightbulb? None! The light bulb contains within itself the seeds of its own revolution!
How many Austrian economists does it take to screw in a light bulb? None! If the government would just leave it alone, the lightbulb would unscrew itself!
This witty foray, such as it was, elicited gazes of incomprehension from our host, an official of the Soviet foreign service, and the entire assembly of supply-side economists. In short, I bombed. (Fortunately, only metaphorically.) When an FBI agent phoned me up some months later to politely inquire what the heck I was doing in there, she too didn't find my recounting of the joke hilarious. This cut short my already unpromising career in Stand-Up Comedy.
There is very likely a recording somewhere in the archives of the KGB -- and the FBI -- if you wish to audit my failed attempt at humor. There is a reason why Carlyle, shamefully arguing for the reintroduction of slavery into the West Indies and referencing that great (and discredited) pessimist Thomas Malthus, called economics "the dismal science." There is a reason why that epithet stuck. Lesson learned!
What many Millennials may not quite grasp is that the heart of the Communist Manifesto was not about fighting Big Business. It was pitting the workers (called the Proletarians) against the Middle Class (called the "Bourgeois"):
Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.
In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate gradations.
The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones.
Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinct feature: it has simplified class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other — Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.
Attacking the Middle Class-based social order did not end well. Nor, one infers, is it what the Millennials really are yearning for.
What was the Communist Manifesto's stated agenda to bring about the Socialist Workers' Paradise?
These measures will, of course, be different in different countries.
Nevertheless, in most advanced countries, the following will be pretty generally applicable.
Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes.
A heavy progressive or graduated income tax.
Abolition of all rights of inheritance.
Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels.
Centralisation of credit in the hands of the state, by means of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive monopoly.
Centralisation of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the State.
Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State; the bringing into cultivation of waste-lands, and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan.
Equal liability of all to work. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture.
Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of all the distinction between town and country by a more equable distribution of the populace over the country.
Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children's factory labour in its present form. Combination of education with industrial production, &c, &c.
More significant than the Millennial's sentimental receptivity to the socialist, and even Communist, brand is the Democratic Party's embrace of significant portions of the core agenda of the Communist Manifesto, albeit in somewhat modified form.
The Democrats remain largely invested in #2, steeply rising tax rates on the affluent; #3, fighting to preserve the Estate Tax's confiscatory rate on substantial estates; #5, the Federal Reserve System; #6, formerly somewhat doing business as "net neutrality;" and #10, staunch opposition to School Choice. Many of the Manifesto's other elements, such as the abolition of property in land, the cultivation of waste-lands, and the combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries (whatever that could have meant, maybe tractors?) have become obsolete as we have moved from an agrarian to an industrial to a post-industrial economy.
Otherwise, one supposes, we would have found these propositions too in the National Democratic Party platform.
Democratic Party doctrine peculiarly embraces, or at least clearly echoes, Marx and Engels' core platform. This observation is not "Red Baiting." I do not suggest that the Democrats have directly quarried from the Communist Manifesto in devising their platforms and policies or that they should be persecuted. It is merely that progressives, to whom these splendid doctrines of yore remain beloved, have disproportionate influence on the Democratic Party.
I urge the Democratic Party, and progressives, to openly celebrate, rather than hide, their ideological roots. I do not begrudge the progressives, or the Democrats, their privilege of bitterly clinging to old Communist dogma. Nor do I begrudge the Millennials' rhetorical sympathies for it.
I am merely incredulous. It seems that the Millennials and the Democrats -- unlike, say, the Russians and the Chinese -- somehow have failed to grasp what a colossal failure socialism and Communism proved in practice. Both the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China scrapped that system as soon as the Cold War ended. And prospered!
That said, the Millennials' grievances are well founded. I consider these grievances rooted in our government's drift from, rather than embrace of, free markets. To quote Jack Kemp -- who called himself a Democratic Capitalist -- quoting from William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar on the floor of the House:
There is a tide in the affairs of men, Which taken at the flood, leads on to fortune. Omitted, all the voyage of their life is bound in shallows and in miseries.
The Millennials have indeed found their lives, after almost twenty years of economic stagnation, "bound in shallows and in miseries." Free markets have not failed. Both national political parties have, for a generation, failed free markets.
What to do? To complete Kemp's quote from Shakespeare, "On such a full sea are we now afloat, And we must take the current when it serves. Or lose our ventures."
Millennials! I feel you and take your disgruntlement seriously. Your mission, in support of your own interests, is to restore the American Dream rather than conniving at state control of the means of production, which is what Socialism is, was, and ever will mean.
Socialism offers a very pretty story. Yet it has always led, and would only lead, to more shallows and miseries to bind our lives. Don't fall for it.
Let us give thanks to Sen. Sanders for his wonderful diagnosis of the pathetic state of the economy and the society. And then let us politely decline his patent medicine prescription for its cure.
The American Dream is one of "prosperity and justice for all." Bringing that about for the future cannot be done by reference to an antique dogma. The project to create a new rising tide that lifts all boats now is, as it should be, in the hands of the Millennials.
Ralph Benko
I am the editor-in-chief of the Committee To Unleash Prosperity's Supply Side Blog; founder of the Prosperity Caucus, and, with Charles Kadlec, co-editor of the Laissez ...


text:
Dasyatis rhinoceros és una espècie de peix de la família dels dasiàtids i de l'ordre dels myliobatiformes.

Referències

rhinoceros


text:
Steve Brooks Collection 11
Sort States
Dallas County, TX 5 Tarrant County, TX 2 Bexar County, TX 1 Hunt County, TX 1
Sort Counties
1980-1989 1 1970-1979 9
Sort Decade
1980 1 1979 1 1977 1 1976 1 1975 1 1972 1 1970 4
October 1 July 1
Sort Month
6th 1
Sort Day
Start Over Resource Type Poster Collection Steve Brooks Collection
[Delany & Bonnie & Friends Concert Poster]
Poster created and signed by Steve Brooks in 1970 that advertises the Delany & Bonnie & Friends concert. It includes a list of the special guest acts and other information about the concert, with an illustration of a band playing music in a treehouse.
Creator: Brooks, Steve
[The Illinois Speed Press Concert Poster]
Poster that advertises the Illinois Speed Press concert. It includes a list of the guest acts and other information about the concert, with an illustration of two men greeting one another.
[Willie Nelson Texas Tennis-Shoe Tour Concert Poster]
Poster that advertises a Willie Nelson concert as part of the "Texas Tennis-Shoe Tour" in 1976. It includes an illustration at the top of the band in the back of a semi trailer being pulled by a shoe.
[Willie Nelson Asleep At The Wheel Concert]
Poster for the Willie Nelson Asleep At The Wheel concert in 1977 as part of the Oakland 1st Annual Country Western Jamboree. It includes a close-up illustration of Nelson's head, with images of band members playing around him.
[Willie Nelson & Family Concert Poster]
Poster for a Willie Nelson and Family concert in 1980, with a large illustrated head-shot of Nelson in the center against a black background, and concert details at the bottom.
[Shiva's Head Band Concert Poster]
Poster created and signed by Steve Brooks that advertises the Shiva's Head Band concert. It includes the guest act and other information about the concert, with an illustration of a bearded man with an image of a crowd of people in his head.
[St. Valentine's Day Willie Concert Poster]
Poster for the St. Valentine's Day Willie Nelson concert on February 14, 1975. At the center of the poster, there is an illustrated image of Nelson, in the bottom of a red heart, with red stripes behind the text below.
[Honeysuckle Rose Movie Poster]
Poster for the Honeysuckle Rose movie starring Willie Nelson, with a border of film reel holes. It includes an illustrated image of Nelson's head, surrounded by musicians and images.
[Sly and the Family Stone]
Poster for the Sly and the Family Stone music event at the Dallas Memorial Auditorium, July 18, 1970, designed by Steve Brooks.
[Concert poster: Eagles, Jackson Browne, John David Souther, October 6, 1972]
A concert poster from the Steve Brooks collection. The concert poster presents the Eagles, Jackson Browne,and John David Souther as performers at the Bronco Bowl Auditorium on October 6, 1972.
[Concert poster: Al Green, special guest Bobby Womack, July 1, (1973)]
A concert poster from the Steve Brooks collection. The concert poster presents Al Green with special guest Bobby Womack as performers at the Dallas Memorial Auditorium on July 1 (1973?).
Date: 197X-07-01


text:
Australian DanceSport Championship
The Big Design Market
Skepticon
Melbourne Cat Lovers Show
AUS-X Open
Suburbs - City & CBD
Suburbs - Docklands
Suburbs - St Kilda
Werribee Open Range Zoo
Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium
Melbourne Star
Eureka Skydeck 88
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Home » Suburbs » Caulfield
By Ozzmosis - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, Link
Caulfield is a popular suburb in Melbourne located 12 kilometres south-east from the CBD and is bordered by Elsternwick to the west and Malvern East to the east.
Best known as the home of the iconic Caulfield Racecourse, this small suburb is a very popular place to visit and live.
Caulfield Melbourne VIC, Caulfield Cup Races & Hotel Accommodation
Caulfield's name can be traced back to one of the region's pioneers, an Irish man is known as Baron Caulfield. Its rich history indicates that in the nineteenth century, the bustling suburb was nothing more than swampy land where pastoralists brought their cattle to feed and water.
As the years progressed, the region grew in leaps and bounds to accommodate different communities. These included Camden Town, Owensville and Alma road Village. Today, the region is home to different attractions that are a testament to the area's development, including the Racecourse that is one of the country's most popular horse-racing tracks.
Each year, the Caulfield Cup is held here as part of the Spring Racing Carnival in Melbourne. The Caulfield Cup is a Group 1 Thoroughbred horse race. Thousands of people come to the track for this yearly race, with the winner of the Caulfield Cup taking home over $3,000,000.
The swampy area located in the southern part of the suburb is now Caulfield's main commercial centre. Look out for Caulfield Plaza Shopping Centre and Caulfield Village for all your shopping needs. Caulfield Village offers an excellent location for families as it is a one-stop location for living, shopping and dining.
Enjoy the natural outdoors at Caulfield Park which is located in Caulfield North. The park is an expansive Victorian garden bordered by Inkerman, Balaclava and Hawthorn Roads. The park is an exciting destination for a family outing as it is home to a decorative lake and fields suited for different types of sports.
Caulfield is serviced by a reliable transport system that connects the suburb to Melbourne and other parts of the city. Trains to Caulfield Train Station run on the Frankston, Pakenham and Cranbourne Lines. Tram services are also frequent along Hawthorne Road via the #3, #64 and #67 trams.
You will find accommodation options in the suburbs around Caulfield, so click the links below to find the best hotels and motels in this area.
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MONDAY, Sept. 14, 2009 (HealthDay News) -- New research suggests that the anti-breast cancer drug trastuzumab, also known as Herceptin, isn't reaching its full potential. Many patients aren't receiving tests that determine whether it's appropriate or are taking it when they don't need to.
Under current guidelines, women with breast cancer in its early stages should receive tests to see if Herceptin might be appropriate for them.
In the new study, researchers analyzed medical data to see if testing has become routine. Their findings will appear in the Nov. 15 issue of the journal Cancer.
As many as two-thirds of patients who were eligible for the testing didn't appear to have had it. And about 20 percent of those who did take the drug appeared to have not taken the test to see if it could work for them in the first place, the researchers found.
In another complication, the research suggests that about one in five tests is inaccurate.
Filling the gaps in care "may help optimize limited health-care resources and improve care for women with breast cancer," said study co-author Dr. Elena Elkin, a researcher at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, in a news release from the journal's publisher.
Doctors are increasingly trying to fine-tune treatments so they specifically target the disease in a particular patient, the researchers noted.
Learn more about Herceptin from the U.S. National Cancer Institute.