text:
The Promise of Purpose-Driven Organizations
A recent report illustrates that although nearly 80% of leaders agree that purpose is a critical element of their organization's success, only approximately a third said that purpose informed their leadership team's decision making. Yet it's been said that, "Without a sense of purpose, no company…can achieve its full potential." How can we address this disconnect? This session will highlight numerous benefits of having a clear sense of organizational purpose and provide case studies about organizations who have authentically embodied their purpose, allowing it to be a force for innovation, strategic planning, health promotion, and day-to-day decision making. To ensure purpose is not focused on isolated corporate social responsibility gestures or taglines, specific strategies for enabling organizations to embrace their purpose as core to their identity will be discussed. Participants will leave with practical ideas to ensure that purpose becomes a shared conscience in their organization that can becomes a guidepost for every decision.
As co-President & CEO of Pro-Change Behavior Systems, Inc., Dr. Johnson is deeply and passionately committed to leveraging the undeniable power and reliability of behavior change science to empower people to experience life-changing breakthroughs. At Pro-Change, she leads business development and strategic initiatives. She brings to her role over 20 years of experience developing behavior change solutions in a variety of domains, including weight management, tobacco cessation, medication adherence, and medical education. She is also the Co-Editor of The Art of Health Promotion.
Dr. Johnson received the co-recipient of the Health Enhancement Research Organization's Mark Dundon Research Award and was named the Health Care Services Woman to Watch by Providence Business News in 2018. In 2015, she was selected as a Top 10 Health Promotion Professional by the Wellness Council of America. Most recently, she was named one of the 2019 50 on Fire by Rhode Island Inno.
Dr. Johnson has been the principal investigator on over $6 million in National Institutes of Health grants to examine the effectiveness of evidence-based health and well-being interventions and has more than 40 publications including refereed research publications, book chapters, and published reports. She is currently leading new initiatives to integrate individual- and culture-level interventions to enhance well-being; increase engagement with evidence-based mobile apps that promote behavior change; and develop interventions for pain self-management, sleep, and financial well-being.
Sara received her PhD in Clinical Psychology from the University of Rhode Island and is currently an adjunct faculty member to the Psychology Department.


The doors open at 9:30am each day. Speakers begin at 10:00am and end at 2:00pm. The Exhibit and Marketplace open at 2:00pm and end at 6:00pm. The Film Festival begins at 11:00am.
Admission is $20 per person per day for full access to Speakers, the Exhibition, the Marketplace and the Film Festival, or $12 per person per day for Exhibition, Marketplace and Film Festival access only. Kids 17 and under are admitted free of charge, and parking is free.
Please select one of the links on the right for more information.


text:
Home > Journals > Biomedical & Life Sciences > JBiSE
Journal of Biomedical Science and Engine... > Vol.3 No.2, February 2010
Senescence of human vocal fold fibroblasts in primary culture ()
George M. Adams, Chet C. Xu, Roger W. Chan
DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2010.32020 PDF HTML 4,969 Downloads 8,915 Views Citations
This study examined the replicative senescence of primary-culture human vocal fold fibroblasts, in terms of changes in gross chromosomal structure with sub- culturing, and population doubling time (PDT). The mRNA expressions of 14 target genes were also examined. The objectives were to identify the onset of senescence for establishing the acceptable limit of sub-culturing, and to better understand the effect of cellular aging on matrix protein regulation in the vocal fold. Gross chromosomal changes in vocal fold fibroblasts from a 58-year-old woman were karyotyped with Giemsa stain. Proliferation of the fibroblasts was determined with cell recovery and PDT calculation. Transcript levels of the target genes were found by RT-PCR. Onset of significant chromosomal anomalies was seen with passage 5. For mRNA expressions, significant increases with passaging were observed in collagenase, macrophage elastase, lysyl oxidase and fibromodulin, whereas significant downregulation was detected in decorin, procollagen I, hyaluronic acid-synthase 2 and collagen III. This modulation pattern suggested that fibroblasts underwent in vitro aging, consistent with the significant increase in PDT. The inception of senescence did not occur until passage 5. These findings may facilitate the development of representative in vitro models for testing tissue engineering approaches involving primary-culture fibroblasts.
Larynx; Extracellular Matrix; Cell Proliferation; Replicative Senescence; Tissue Engineering
Adams, G. , Xu, C. and Chan, R. (2010) Senescence of human vocal fold fibroblasts in primary culture. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, 3, 148-159. doi: 10.4236/jbise.2010.32020.
[1] Gray, S.D. (2000) Cellular physiology of the vocal folds. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America, 33, 679-698.
[2] Gray, S. D., Titze, I. R., Chan, R. and Hammond, T.H. (1999) Vocal fold proteoglycans and their influence on biomechanics. Laryngoscope, 109, 845-854.
[3] Hirano, S. (2005) Current treatment of vocal fold scarring. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, 13, 143-147.
[4] Chan, R.W., Gray, S.D. and Titze, I.R. (2001) The importance of hyaluronic acid in vocal fold biomechanics. Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 124, 607-614.
[5] Cristofalo, V.J., Lorenzini, A., Allen, R.G., Torres, C. and Tresini, M. (2004) Replicative senescence: A critical review. Mechanisms of Ageing & Development, 125, 827-848.
[6] Campisi, J. (1998) The role of cellular senescence in skin aging. Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings, 3, 1-5.
[7] Thibeault, S.L., Li, W., Gray, S.D. and Chen, Z. (2002) Instability of extracellular matrix gene expression in primary cell culture of fibroblasts from human vocal fold lamina propria and tracheal scar. Annals of Otology, Rhinology, Laryngology, 111, 8-14.
[8] Xu, C.C., Chan, R.W. and Tirunagari, N. (2007) A biodegradable, acellular xenogeneic scaffold for regeneration of the vocal fold lamina propria. Tissue Engineering, 13, 551-566.
[9] Titze, I.R., Hitchcock, R.W., Broadhead, K. et al. (2004) Design and validation of a bioreactor for engineering vocal fold tissues under combined tensile and vibrational stresses. Journal of Biomechanics, 37, 1521-1529.
[10] Hirano, S., Bless, D.M., Nagai, H., Rousseau, B., Welham, N.V., Montequin, D.W. and Ford, C.N. (2004) Growth factor therapy for vocal fold scarring in a canine model. Annals of Otology, Rhinology, Laryngology, 113, 777-785.
[11] Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Walter, P. (2002) Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th Edition. Garland Science, New York, 1313-1362.
[12] Sato, K., Miyajima, Y., Izumaru, S. and Nakashima, T. (2008) Cultured stellate cells in human vocal fold mucosa. Journal of Laryngology & Otology, 122, 1339- 1342.
[13] Richardson, A. (1997) Chromosome analysis. In Barch, M., Knutsen, T. and Spurbeck, J. (eds.), The AGT Cytogenetics Laboratory Manual. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 495-496.
[14] McAteer, J. and Davis, J. (2002) Basic cell technique and the maintenance of cell lines. In Davis, J. (ed.), Basic Cell Culture: A Practical Approach. Oxford University Press, New York, 135-189.
[15] Chomczynski, P. and Sacchi, N. (1987) Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Analytical Biochemistry, 162, 156-159.
[16] Girish, K.S. and Kemparaju, K. (2007) The magic glue hyaluronan and its eraser hyaluronidase: A biological overview. Life Sciences, 80, 1921-1943.
[17] Hedbom, E. and Heinegard, D. (1993) Binding of fibromodulin and decorin to separate sites on fibrillar collagens. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268, 27307-27312.
[18] Mitelman, F. (1995) ISCN 1995: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature: Recommendations of the International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature. S. Karger Publishers, Basel, Switzerland.
[19] Campisi, J. (1997) The biology of replicative senescence. European Journal of Cancer, 33, 703-709.
[20] Tsai, K.K., Chuang, E.Y., Little, J.B. and Yuan, Z.M. (2005) Cellular mechanisms for low-dose ionizing radiation-induced perturbation of the breast tissue microenvironment. Cancer Research, 65, 6734-6744.
[21] Frechet, M., Warrick, E., Vioux, C. et al. (2008) Overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase 1 in dermal fibroblasts from DNA repair-deficient/cancer-prone xeroderma pigmentosum group C patients. Oncogene, 27, 5223-5232.
[22] Liu, D. and Hornsby, P.J. (2007) Senescent human fibroblasts increase the early growth of xenograft tumors via matrix metalloproteinase secretion. Cancer Research, 67, 3117-3126.
[23] Rijken, F., Kiekens, R.C., van den Worm, E., Lee, P.L., van Weelden, H. and Bruijnzeel, P.L. (2006) Pathophysiology of photoaging of human skin: Focus on neutrophils. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 5, 184-189.
[24] Millis, A.J., Hoyle, M., McCue, H.M. and Martini, H. (1992) Differential expression of metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase genes in aged human fibroblasts. Experimental Cell Research, 201, 373-379.
[25] Millis, A.J., McCue, H.M., Kumar, S. and Baglioni, C. (1992) Metalloproteinase and TIMP-1 gene expression during replicative senescence. Experimental Gerontology, 27, 425-428.
[26] West, M.D., Pereira-Smith, O.M. and Smith, J.R. (1989) Replicative senescence of human skin fibroblasts correlates with a loss of regulation and overexpression of collagenase activity. Experimental Cell Research, 184, 138-147.
[27] Csoka, A.B., Scherer, S.W. and Stern, R. (1999) Expression analysis of six paralogous human hyaluronidase genes clustered on chromosomes 3p21 and 7q31. Genomics, 60, 356-361.
[28] Butler, J.E., Hammond, T.H. and Gray, S.D. (2001) Gender-related differences of hyaluronic acid distribution in the human vocal fold. Laryngoscope, 111, 907-911.
[29] Csoka, A.B., Frost, G.I. and Stern, R. (2001) The six hyaluronidase-like genes in the human and mouse genomes. Matrix Biology, 20, 499-508.
[30] Madruga de Melo, E.C., Lemos, M., Aragao Ximenes Filho, J., Sennes, L.U., Nascimento Saldiva, P.H. and Tsuji, D.H. (2003) Distribution of collagen in the lamina propria of the human vocal fold. Laryngoscope, 113, 2187-2191.
[31] Paulsen, F., Kimpel, M., Lockemann, U. and Tillmann, B. (2000) Effects of ageing on the insertion zones of the human vocal fold. Journal of Anatomy, 196, 41-54.
[32] Tateya, T., Tateya, I. and Bless, D.M. (2006) Collagen subtypes in human vocal folds. Annals of Otology, Rhinology, Laryngology, 115, 469-476.
[33] Sato, K., Hirano, M. and Nakashima, T. (2002) Age- related changes of collagenous fibers in the human vocal fold mucosa. Annals of Otology, Rhinology, Laryngology, 111, 15-20.
[34] Ruhland, C., Schonherr, E., Robenek, H. et al. (2007) The glycosaminoglycan chain of decorin plays an important role in collagen fibril formation at the early stages of fibrillogenesis. FEBS Journal, 274, 4246-4255.
[35] Hahn, M.S., Kobler, J.B., Zeitels, S.M. and Langer, R. (2005) Midmembranous vocal fold lamina propria proteoglycans across selected species. Annals of Otology, Rhinology, Laryngology, 114, 451-462.
[36] Thibeault, S.L., Bless, D.M. and Gray, S.D. (2003) Interstitial protein alterations in rabbit vocal fold with scar. Journal of Voice, 17, 377-383.
[37] Svensson, L., Aszodi, A., Reinholt, F.P., Fassler, R., Heinegard, D. and Oldberg, A. (1999) Fibromodulin-null mice have abnormal collagen fibrils, tissue organization, and altered lumican deposition in tendon. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 9636-9647.
[38] Lucero, H.A. and Kagan, H.M. (2006) Lysyl oxidase: An oxidative enzyme and effector of cell function. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 63, 2304-2316.
[39] Ding, H. and Gray, S.D. (2001) Senescent expression of genes coding tropoelastin, elastase, lysyl oxidase, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in rat vocal folds: Comparison with skin and lungs. Journal of Speech, Language, Hearing Research, 44, 317-326.
[40] Chhetri, D.K., Head, C., Revazova, E., Hart, S., Bhuta, S. and Berke, G.S. (2004) Lamina propria replacement therapy with cultured autologous fibroblasts for vocal fold scars. Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 131, 864-870.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Play 1941 Frozen Entrance Recreation Here
Name to Arms offers an revolutionary mix of actual-time technique and third, as well as 1st individual controls. League of Legends (LoL) LoL Overview. League of Legends is the #2 recreation on our record as it has been probably the most persistently well-liked eSports games on this planet for a long time now. Joining Overwatch Contenders is a significant milestone for any aspiring Overwatch pro participant. In each of the seven areas, twelve teams will assemble up-and-coming rosters to compete throughout a number of seasons yearly. Those that emerge victorious have an increased likelihood of being noticed by scouts for the Overwatch League. The 2019 Overwatch League season was the second season of the Overwatch League (OWL), an esport based mostly on the video game Overwatch. The league expanded from 12 groups from the inaugural season to 20 groups. Of the eight new groups, two have been from the United … Read more
On-line Battle Games
Overwatch is an online crew-primarily based game typically played as a primary-particular person sport options several completely different game modes, principally designed around squad-based mostly combat with two opposing groups of six players every. The 2018 Overwatch League season was the inaugural season for the Overwatch League, an esports league based on the video game Overwatch which began on January 10, 2018. Common season play continued through June sixteen, 2018, while publish-season play ran from July 11-28, 2018. The London Spitfire won the Grand Finals over the Philadelphia Fusion to change into the League champions, with the Spitfire's Park "Revenue" Jun-younger named the Finals MVP. Prime esports video games 2020: Which titles are the largest in competitive gaming? Counter-Strike: Global Offensive. (Picture credit score: Valve) League of Legends. Fortnite. Dota 2. Call of Obligation. The thrill of combat, the sound of blazing weapons and artillery hearth, battle on land, sea … Read more
Blizzard Entertainment Wikipedia
Oct 28, 2019. Warfare has engulfed Europe! Make a journey via time and head to the entrance traces. Will you be able to lead your forces to victory in Call of Struggle? Take command of powerful armies, naval fleets, and more as you dive straight into the middle of World Battle 2 in this technique game. Conflict of Clans has been consistently evolving to offer extra person-friendly, constant and fun online experiences for Supercell avid gamers. There have been numerous updates for the reason that game launched in 2012. There have been numerous updates since the sport launched in 2012. Combat in life like trench battles, full with defending against the enemy and charging within the title of your nation and glory. Nov 23, 2020. Our next Heroes of the Storm patch has just hit the Public Test Realm and will likely be available for playtesting until November 30, PST. … Read more
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Group ATN.aTTaX wins the Conflict of Clans World Championship Finals 2020 which concluded on November 29. Finals had been performed on November 27 to 29 the place eight groups around the globe completed for the massive prize pool of $1,000,000 USD. 2018 Overwatch League playoffs. The 2018 Overwatch League playoffs began on July eleven, after the 2018 Overwatch League common season ended, and concluded on July 28 with the 2018 Grand Finals, the primary championship match of the Overwatch League (OWL). Six teams competed in the OWL Playoffs. Face off other gamers in large scale 15 vs 15 battles to show off your tanks and skills using them. World of Tanks is an epic online multiplayer sport featuring authentic tanks from the mid-twentieth century. Take control of metal beasts and battle by means of historic places where technique means victory. Clash of Clans is an epic online multiplayer recreation from … Read more
Dota 2 Conflict Of Clans Apps On Android
Overwatch is a squad-based mostly first-person shooter developed by Blizzard Entertainment. Overwatch (video game) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Overwatch is a crew-primarily based multiplayer first-person shooter video game developed and published by Blizzard Entertainment, which released on Could 24, 2016 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Windows. Now open Clash of Clans that you simply simply added to Parallel House, go to sport Settings" after which signal in the second account that you want to load. You now have 2 COC accounts working concurrently. Conclusion. As we can see from the info above, there are various ways on easy methods to have two Clash of Clans accounts on one system. Let's have a look into the playoffs matches of Clash of Clans World Championship Finals 2020. The Madden NFL sequence of American football games has been used as esports. Sport developer Electronic Arts sponsored a $1 million Madden NFL … Read more
Oct 28, 2019. 1 day in the past. vs DUSTY on 30 November 2020 with Get the best Esports Counter-Strike: GO 9 to Five Cup odds and place your guess on-line. World of Tanks is an award-profitable epic scale tank warfare motion multiplayer sport free to play. It will likely be played online due to the coronavirus pandemic. Six of the eight groups within the finals have qualified by the six qualifiers which have been held throughout the year. Two extra teams, eleVen Authentic and H.T Household, have made it to the finals by way of an in-recreation wildcard voting that happened earlier this month. In Overwatch, you control one of several heroes in competitive 6-particular person crew capturing matches. Battle over goals, take down the opposite staff,and obtain victory. Perhaps controlling a cannon-toting, genetically-engineered ape from the moon appeals to you. Or, you may desire zipping round as a … Read more


text:
Bones on show
The Roger Dubuis Excalibur Skeleton Double Flying Tourbillon. A complex piece of haute horlogerie with a name that is anything but skeletal, designed to display two signature devices of Roger Dubuis, the skeletonized movement and the double flying tourbillon. But to understand what Roger Dubuis have done here, we first need to ask what a skeleton watch really is?
''If you can't get rid of the skeleton in your closet, you'd best teach it to dance'' George Bernard Shaw
Since master watchmaker André-Charles Caron first openworked the plates, bars and bridges of his watches around 1760 in Paris, skeleton watches have become some of the most desirable and exclusive watches available. Intended at gaining a public interest in the magical machines that hide behind the dial, he exposed the secrets of the wheels and gears that give a timepiece its heartbeat for the very first time.
Following from this, and with the newly exposed pinions, gears and bridges proudly on show for all to see, watchmakers began to embellish every visible part of the watch, aiming to turn their movements into incredible pieces of art. Plates, bridges and bars gradually became even more elegantly refined and pared back to their absolute minimum, creating beautiful, delicate and complex surfaces upon which engravers could perform their art. As this process evolved it became referenced as 'skeletonizing', and so 'skeleton watches' were born.
The featured watch in my latest piece of art, and the motivation behind looking at where skeleton watches come from, is the Excalibur Skeleton Double Flying Tourbillon from Roger Dubuis. It takes a very modern approach to this most traditional of horological crafts. Traditionally, a skeltonized watch is created by removing metal from an existing movement through the drilling, cutting and machining of the bridges, bars and main plate, often removing up to half their initial volume in the course of the process.
The RD01SQ movement used in this watch by Roger Dubuis however, was designed from the ground up as a skeleton movement, giving a much greater opportunity for creativity than the traditional approach. There are two visible features that first stand out to me as a success of this creative opportunity.
The first noticeable feature is the design of the 'main plate', which is no longer a main plate of the traditional sense. The main plate in a traditional movement is a solid piece of metal, machined to accept the components of the movement and the movement's bridges. For Roger Dubuis in this movement however, the main plate has seemingly been replaced with a pair of highly recognisable Roger Dubuis 'star' style bridges, a true skeleton from which the tourbillons, barrel and wheel train are either sandwiched between or 'hang' suspended in space within the watch case.
The second standout visual feature is the amount of negative space that has been designed into the movement, something you rarely see in skeleton watch movements as space is at a premium to fit everything inside the case. This space also gives the two flying tourbillons the opportunity to present themselves clearly and proudly between 4 and 5 o'clock, and 7 and 8 o'clock, something that the wearer will surely be happy with as part of the joy of owning a tourbillon watch such as this one is to enjoy watching the tourbillons spin on their axis, the tourbillon's in the RD01SQ spinning a full turn once every 60 seconds.
On the subject of tourbillon's, first designed by Abraham-Louis Breguet in the 18th century to improve accuracy of timepieces by negating the effects of gravity, the pair seen in the Roger Dubuis are especially well refined. Although their design may be seen as avant-garde, they take a much more classical approach to watch making and design than the rest of the watch, and are truly elegant to see rotating, the balance wheels inside them each operating at 3Hz (21,600 bph).
There is one more little thing that you may have spotted on the Roger Dubuis movement, and that is the "Poinçon de Genève" (Seal of Geneva), proudly visible between the two flying tourbillons. This is a seal that not only was the watch assembled in the canton of Geneva in Switzerland, but it is also a mark of the design and finishing, as well as the watch's performance.
And so this brings us to the end of my first article exploring a watch featured in my art with a little watch history mixed in there that I hope you have enjoyed. The art piece of this watch will be available in the store, and any comments you have or direct enquiries are always welcome.
Words by Max Resnick, Artist and Founder, Max Resnick Design
Design Placement
welcome to a look into my world of art and design


This 7,500 square foot retail center is located on S.R. 14 (East Liverpool Road) directly across the street from Super Walmart. Streetsboro is an area of tremendous residential growth due to its easy access to the Ohio Turnpike and I-480. This retail center is the place to be in Streetsboro.


Did you hear the one about the Englishman, Scotsman and Welshman?
Diego Maradona, one of the greatest players to play the game is deemed surplus to requirements at the Camp Nou and is sold to Napoli for £6.9m. Who would replace the him, several names are mentioned Rudi Völler, Hugo Sánchez also a possible a return for Austrian star Hans Krankl. Step forward a 27 year old Scottish International called Steve Archibald, he was signed from Spurs for £1.25m.
Terry "El Tel" Venables is going into his third season as manager at the Camp Nou, he has just failed to lift the European Cup a few months early losing on penalties to Steaua Bucherest. Needing some more fire power he looked again to the UK to provide the striking power he needed and signed Mark Hughes from Manchester United for £2m and Gary Lineker, fresh from his Golden Boot in the World Cup for £2.8m from Everton.
1. Load up Spain and any other countries and take charge of F.C. Barcelona.
2. You must sell/demote Messi, Suarez & Dembele. You cannot use them in this challenge.
3. You must buy one English, Scottish and Welsh striker to replace them.
4. Set a target for the number of club goals scored, international goals do not count.
9. Either go for a 5 season target or 10 season.
Great challenge, will be first challenge this year . As im looking to work my way into fmm19.


text:
package io.redspark.ireadme.controller;

import static org.springframework.http.HttpStatus.CREATED;
import static org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod.DELETE;
import static org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod.GET;
import static org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod.POST;
import static org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod.PUT;
import io.redspark.ireadme.dto.TeamDTO;
import io.redspark.ireadme.entity.Team;
import io.redspark.ireadme.entity.User;
import io.redspark.ireadme.form.GenericForm;
import io.redspark.ireadme.security.IReadmeSecurityContext;
import io.redspark.ireadme.service.IReadmeService;
import io.redspark.ireadme.service.TeamService;

import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

import javax.validation.Valid;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ModelAttribute;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseStatus;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/team")
public class TeamController {

	@Autowired
	private IReadmeService service;

	@Transactional(readOnly = true)
	@RequestMapping(value = "/{id}", method = GET)
	public TeamDTO get(@PathVariable("id") Long id) {

		Team team = service.getTeamService().findTeamById(id);

		return new TeamDTO(team);
	}

	@Transactional(readOnly = true)
	@RequestMapping(value = "/me" , method = GET)
	public Collection<TeamDTO> list() {

		User user = IReadmeSecurityContext.getLoggedUser();

		return user.getTeams()
					.stream()
					.map(TeamDTO::new)
					.collect(Collectors.toList());
	}

	@ResponseStatus(CREATED)
	@RequestMapping(method = POST)
	public TeamDTO create(@Valid @ModelAttribute GenericForm form){

		Team team = form.toTeamEntity();
		team.getUsers().add(IReadmeSecurityContext.getLoggedUser());

		team = service.getTeamService().getRepository().save(team);

		return new TeamDTO(team);
	}

	@Transactional(readOnly = true)
	@RequestMapping(value = "/{id}", method = PUT)
	public TeamDTO update(@PathVariable("id") Long id, @ModelAttribute GenericForm form) {

		Team team = service.getTeamService().findTeamById(id);

		team.setName(form.getName());
		team.setImage(form.getImage());
		team.setDescription(form.getDescription());

		return new TeamDTO(team);
	}

	@Transactional(readOnly = true)
	@RequestMapping(value = "/{id}/member", method = PUT)
	public TeamDTO addMember(@PathVariable("id") Long id, @RequestParam("userId") Long userId) {

		Team team = service.getTeamService().findTeamById(id);
		User user = service.getUserService().findUserById(userId);

		team.getUsers().add(user);
		service.getTeamService().getRepository().save(team);

		return new TeamDTO(team);
	}

	@Transactional
	@RequestMapping(value = "/{id}", method = DELETE)
	public TeamDTO delete(@PathVariable("id") Long id) {

		TeamService teamService = service.getTeamService();

		Team team = teamService.findTeamById(id);
		teamService.getRepository().delete(team);

		return new TeamDTO(team);
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Preserve the croissant with our vacuum containers, good even the next day as just made!
Good morning! Keep the croissants in the vacuum containers #magicvac at their best. You can buy in large quantities and according to the frequency of consumption, keep a part in the Executive containers at room temperature and the greater amount of vacuum in the freezer. They will remain as soft as the first day!


text:
The Works of President Edwards: With a Memoir of His Life, Volume 3
By Jonathan Edwards
Wherein it is inquired, what is to be learned from Holy Scrip
tures, concerning God's last end in the Creation of the World.
SECT. I.
The Scriptures represent God as making himself his own last
End in the creation of the World.
It is manifest, that the scriptures speak, on all occasions, as though God made himself his end in all his works; and as though the same being, who is the first cause of all things, were the supreme and last end of all things. Thus in Isa. xliv. 6. " Thus saith the Lord, the king of Israel, and his Redeemer the Lord of hosts, I am the first, I also am the last, and besides me there is no God." Chap. xlviii. 12. "I am the first and I am the last." Rev. i. 8. " I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord, which is, and was, and which is to come, the Almighty." Ver. 11. "I am Alpha and Omega, the first and the last." Ver. 17. " I am the first and the last. Chap. xxi. 6. "And he said unto me, it is done; I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end." Chap. xxii. 13. "I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last."
When God is so often spoken of as the last as well as the first, the end as well as the beginning, it is implied, that as he is the first, efficient cause and fountain, from whence all things originate; so, he is the last, final cause for which they are made: the final term to which they all tend in their ultimate issue. This seems to be the most natural import of these expressions; and is confirmed by other parallel passages ; as Rom. xi. 36. "For of him, and through him, and to him, are all things." Col. i. 16. " For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers; all things were created by him, and for him." Heb. ii. 10. "For it became him, by whom are all things, and for whom are all things." And in Prov. xvi. 4. it is said expressly, " The Lord hath made all things for himself."
And the manner is observable, in which God is said to be the last, to whom, and for whom, are all things. It is evidently spoken of as a meet and suitable thing, a branch of his glory; a meet prerogative of the great, infinite, and eternal being; a thing becoming the dignity of him who is infinitely above all other beings; from whom all things are, and by whom they consist; and in comparison with whom all other things are as nothing
SECT. II.
Wherein some Positions are advanced concerning a just Method
of arguing in this Affair, from what we find in the Holy Scriptures.
We have seen, that the scriptures speak of the creation of the world as being for God as its end. What remains therefore to be enquired into, is, which way do the Scriptures represent God as making himself his end? It is evident, that God does not make his existence or being the end of the creation ; which cannot be supposed without great absurdity. His existence cannot be conceived of but as prior to any of God's designs. Therefore he cannot create the world to the end that he may have existence; or may have certain attributes and perfections. Nor do the scriptures give the least intimation of any such thing. Therefore, what divine effect, or what in relation to God is that which the scripture teacheth us to be the end he aimed at, in his works of creation, and in designing which he makes himself his end ?
In order to a right understanding of the scripture doctrine, and drawing just inferences from what we find said in the word of God, relative to this matter; and so to open the way to a true and definite answer to the above enquiry, I would lay down the following positions.
Position 1. That which appears to be God's ultimate end in his works of Providence in general, we may justly suppose to be his last end in the work of creation. This appears from what was observed before, under the fifth particular of the introduction, which I need not now repeat.
Pos. 2. When any thing appears, by the scripture, to be the last end of some of the works of God, that thing appears to be the result of God's works in general. And although it be not mentioned as the end of those works, but only of some of them ; yet as nothing appears peculiar in the nature of the case, that renders it a fit, beautiful, and valuable result of those particular works, more than of the rest ; we may justly infer that thing to be the last end of those other works also. For we must suppose it to be on account of the value of the effect, that it is made the end of those works of which it is expressly spoken as the end ; and this effect, by the supposition, being equally, and in like manner, the result of the work, and of the same value, it is but reasonable to suppose, that it is the end of
the work, of which it is naturally the consequence, in one case as well as in another.
Pos. 3. The ultimate end of God in creating the world being also the last end of all his works of Providence, we may well presume that if there be any particular thing more frequently mentioned in scripture, as God's ultimate aim in his works of Providence, than any thing else, this is the ultimate end of God's works in general, and so the end of the work of creation.
Pos. 4. That which appears from the word of God, to be his ultimate end with respect to the moral world, or the intelligent part of the system, that is God's last end in the work of creation in general. Because it is evident, from the constitution of the world itself, as well as from the word of God, that the moral part is the end of all the rest of the creation. The inanimate, unintelligent part, is made for the rational, as much as a house is prepared for the inhabitant. And it is evident also from reason and the word of God, that it is for the sake of some moral good in them, that moral agents are made, and the world made for them. But it is further evident, that whatsoever is the last end of that part of creation, which is the end of all the rest, and for which all the rest of the world was made, must be the last end of the whole. If all the other parts of a watch are made for the hand of the watch, in order to move that aright, then it will follow, that the last end of the hand, is the last end of the whole machine.
Pos. 5. That which appears from the scripture to be God's altimate end in the chief works of his Providence, we may well determine is God's last end in creating the world. For, as observed, we may justly infer the end of a thing from the use of it. We may justly infer the end of a clock, a chariot, a ship, or water-engine, from the main use to which it is applied. But God's Providence is his use of the world he has made. And if there be any works of Providence which are evidently God's main works, herein appears and consists the main use that God makes of the creation.-- From these two last positions we may infer the next, viz.
Pos. 6. Whatever appears, by the scriptures, to be God's ultimate end in his main works of Providence towards the moral world, that we may justly infer to be the last end of the creation of the world. Because, as was just now observed, the moral world is the chief part of the creation, and the end of the rest ; and God's last end in creating that part of the world, must be his last end in the creation of the whole. And it appears, by the last position, that the end of God's main works of Providence towards moral beings, or the main use to which he puts them, shews the last end for which he has made them ;
and consequently the main end for which he has made the whole world.
Pos. 7. That which divine revelation shews to be God's ultimate end with respect to that part of the moral world which are good in their being, and in their being good, this we must suppose to be the last end of God's creating the world. For it has been already shown, that God's last end in the moral part of creation must be the end of the whole. But his end in that part of the moral world that are good, must be the last end for which he has made the moral world in general. For therein consists the goodness of a thing, its fitness to answer its end; at least this must be goodness in the eyes of its author. For goodness in his eyes, is its agreeableness to his mind. But an agreeableness to his mind, in what he makes for some end or use, must be an agreeableness or fitness to that end. For his end in this case is his mind. That which he chiefly aims at in that thing, is chiefly his mind with respect to that thing. And therefore, they are good moral agents who are fitted for the end for which God has made moral agents. And consequently, that which is the chief end to which good created moral agents, in being good, are fitted, this is the chief end of the moral part of the creation; and consequently of the creation in general.
Pos. 8. That which the word of God requires the intelligent and moral part of the world to seek, as their ultimate and highest end, that we have reason to suppose is the last end for which God has made them; and consequently, by position fourth, the last end for which he has made the whole world. A main difference between the intelligent and moral parts, and the rest of the world, lies in this, that the former are capable of knowing their Creator, and the end for which he made them, and capable of actively complying with his design in their creation, and promoting it; while other creatures cannot promote the design of their creation, only passively and eventually. And seeing they are capable of knowing the end for which their author has made them, it is doubtless their duty to fall in with it. Their wills ought to comply with the will of the Creator in this respect, in mainly seeking the same, as their last end, which God mainly seeks as their last end. This must be the law of nature and reason with respect to them. And we must suppose that God's revealed law, and the law of nature, agree; and that his will, as a lawgiver, must agree with his will as a Creator. Therefore we justly infer, that the same thing which God's revealed law requires intelligent crea. tures to seek, as their last and greatest end, that God their Creator had made their last end, and so the end of the creation of the world.
Pos. 9. We may well suppose, that what is in holy scripture, stated as the main end of the goodness of the moral world --so that the respect and relation their goodness has to that end, is what chiefly makes it valuable and desirable-is God's ultimate end in the creation of the moral world ; and so, by position, the fourth of the whole world. For the end of the goodness of a thing, is the end of the thing.
Pos. 10. That which persons who are described in scripture as approved saints, and set forth as examples of piety, sought as their last and highest end, in the instances of their good and approved behaviour ; that we must suppose, was what they ought to seek as their last end ; and consequently by the preceding position was the same with God's last end in the creation of the world.
Pos. 11. What appears by the word of God to be that end, in the desires of which the souls of the best, and in their best frames, most naturally and directly exercise their goodness, and in expressing their desire of this end, they do most properly and directly express their respect to God; we may well suppose that end to be the chief and ultimate end of a spirit of piety and goodness, and God's chief end in making the moral world, and so the whole world. For, doubtless, the most direct tendency of a spirit of true goodness, in the best part of the moral world, is to the chief end of goodness, and so the chief end of the creation of the moral world. And in what else can the spirit of the true respect and friendship to God be expressed by way of desire, than in desires of the same end which God himself chiefly and ultimately desires in making them and all other things.
Pos. 12. Since the holy scriptures teach us that Jesus Christ is the Head of the moral world, and especially of all the good part of it; the chief of God's servants, appointed to be the Head of his saints and angels, and set forth as the chief and most perfect pattern and example of goodness; we may well suppose, by the foregoing positions, that what he sought as his last end, was God's last end in the creation of the world.
SECT. III.
Particular Texts of Scripture, that shew that God's Glory is
an ultimate End of the Creation. 1. What God says in his word, naturally leads us to suppose, that the way in which he makes himself his end in his work or works, which he does for his own sake. is in making his glory his end,


text:
Q: How to replace 2 queries with except I have two queries:
SELECT
      users.id,
      users.gender,
      users.status,
      users.icon_id,
      users.image_name,
      coords.lat,
      coords.lng,
      users.mess_count
FROM
    users
INNER JOIN
    coords ON users.id = coords.user_id

then I select blocked users:
SELECT
      first_user,
      second_user
FROM
    blocks
WHERE
    first_user = $1 OR second_user = $1

From first table I need to select all users which has coordinates and not blocked, I also need some public information(gender and etc.). Then because I need two side blocking. I have to select is user blocked him, or he was blocked by that user. So $1 is current user, and I select is my id in block table, if it is - I exclude another user from first query.
Then using string operations in my programming language I transform my string to exclude results I get from second query.
I probably can do it with EXCEPT, but I can't do it, because I have only 2 column selected with second query, and  I need much more, in final result: users.id, users.gender, users.status, users.icon_id, users.image_name, coords.lat, coords.lng, users.mess_count .

A: You could left join with the blocks table, then use the is null check.
SELECT
      users.id,
      users.gender,
      users.status,
      users.icon_id,
      users.image_name,
      coords.lat,
      coords.lng,
      users.mess_count
FROM
      users
INNER JOIN coords ON users.id=coords.user_id
LEFT JOIN blocks ON users.id = blocks.first_user OR users.id = blocks.second_user
WHERE blocks.first_user IS NULL

A: There are several ways to do it, the only mildly compromising factor is that I believe you want to exclude users that appear in either of two columns in the blocks table.
SQL traditionally has weaker performance with OR logic, which the following query attempts to work around.   (In part due to its ability to make better use of indexes)
SELECT
  users.id,
  users.gender,
  users.status,
  users.icon_id,
  users.image_name,
  coords.lat,
  coords.lng,
  users.mess_count
FROM
  users
INNER JOIN
  coords
    ON users.id=coords.user_id
WHERE
      NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM blocks WHERE first_user  = users.id AND second_user = $1)
  AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM blocks WHERE second_user = users.id AND first_user  = $1)

Depending on the version of PostgreSQL, the optimiser may be less efficient with correlated sub-queries, such as those I have used above.  In such a case, the following may be more performant still.  (It still avoids using OR.)
SELECT
  users.id,
  users.gender,
  users.status,
  users.icon_id,
  users.image_name,
  coords.lat,
  coords.lng,
  users.mess_count
FROM
  users
INNER JOIN
  coords
    ON users.id=coords.user_id
LEFT JOIN
(
   SELECT first_user  AS user_id FROM blocks WHERE second_user = $1
   UNION
   SELECT second_user AS user_id FROM blocks WHERE first_user  = $1
)
  AS blocks
    ON blocks.users_id = users.id
WHERE
  blocks.user_id IS NULL

A: Check this out, I wrote the query using NOT IN.
SELECT
  users.id,
  users.gender,
  users.status,
  users.icon_id,
  users.image_name,
  coords.lat,
  coords.lng,
  users.mess_count
FROM
  users
  INNER JOIN coords ON users.id=coords.user_id
  Where
   users.id NOT IN (SELECT first_user FROM blocks WHERE first_user=$1)
   AND
   users.id NOT IN (SELECT second_user FROM blocks WHERE second_user=$1)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
\section{#1}}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{\thesection.\arabic{equation}}
\newcommand{\Id}{{\bf 1}}

\newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}

\begin{document}

\title{The Krein-Gupta-Bleuler Quantization in de Sitter Space-time;\\Casimir Energy-Momentum Tensor for a Curved Brane}
\author{S. Rahbardehghan$^1$ and H. Pejhan$^2$\thanks{e-mail: h.pejhan@piau.ac.ir}}
\maketitle
\centerline{\it $^1$Department of Physics, Islamic Azad University, Central Branch, Tehran, Iran}
\centerline{\it $^2$Department of Physics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran}
\vspace{1.5pt}

\begin{abstract}
In this paper, vacuum expectation value (VEV) of the energy-momentum tensor for a conformally coupled scalar field in de Sitter space-time is investigated through the Krein-Gupta-Bleuler construction. This construction has already been successfully applied to the de Sitter minimally coupled massless scalar field and massless spin-2 field to obtain a causal and fully covariant quantum field on the de Sitter background. We also consider the effects of boundary conditions. In this respect, Casimir energy-momentum tensor induced by Dirichlet boundary condition on a curved brane is evaluated.
\end{abstract}

\section{Introduction}
The recent cosmological observations, which are strongly in favour of a positive acceleration of the present universe, can be well approximated by the de Sitter (dS) universe \cite{Riess}. Furthermore, de Sitter space-time plays an essential role in the inflationary scenario of the very early universe \cite{Hawking,Linde}. So, its metric becomes important at large-scale universe. The quantum field theory on dS space-time is also of considerable interest. De Sitter space is maximally symmetric curved space-time and offers the opportunity of controlling the transition to the flat space-time by the so-called contraction procedure, in which one can quantize fields and obtain simple exact solutions. However, even for this very simple space-time, this is not the case always. Allen has shown that, for the dS minimally coupled massless scalar field, which plays a central role in the inflationary models \cite{Linde2} and the linear quantum gravity in dS space, the covariant canonical quantization cannot be constructed over the Hilbert space because no invariant vacuum exists \cite{Allen}. Actually, the problem is originated due to the presence of a constant solution, the so-called zero mode problem; although this zero mode has positive norm, being part of the Hilbertian structure of the one particle sector is impossible. More accurately, regarding the conformal time, the action of the de Sitter group on this mode generates all the negative frequency solutions of the field equation. Therefore, the constructed Fock space over the Hilbert space (generated by any complete set of modes including the zero mode; ${\cal{H}}_{+}=\{\sum_{k\geq0} \alpha_k\phi_k; \sum_{k\geq0}|\alpha_k|^2<\infty \}$, $\phi_k$ is defined in \cite{Gazeau}) is not closed under the action of the dS group.

The failure of the usual canonical quantization in which the Fock space is constructed over the Hilbert space (the scalar product is positive) had also occurred in quantum electrodynamics. It is prevalently accepted that the origin of that impossibility is the invariance of the Lagrangian under a gauge transformation. It is proved that preserving covariance and gauge invariance in canonical quantization can be performed solely by exploiting the Gupte-Bleuler formalism.\footnote{In this formalism, $V_g$ stands for the space of gauge states (longitudinal photon states), while the space of positive frequency solutions of the field equation which satisfy the Lorentz condition is defined by $V$. Meanwhile, $V'$ is allotted to the all positive frequency solutions space which includes un-physical states. These spaces verify $V_g\subset V\subset V'$. The Fock space is constructed over $V'$, which is not a Hilbert space, but an indefinite inner product space; the Klein-Gordon inner product determines the Poincar\'{e} and locally and conformally invariant indefinite inner product on $V'$.  It should be noted that, all three spaces carry representations of the Poincar\'{e} group but $V_g$ and $V$ are not covariantly complemented. The quotient space $V/V_g$ of states up to a gauge transformation is the space of physical one-photon states (for more mathematical details, one can refer to \cite{BinegarGUPTA,GazeauGUPTA}).} Interestingly, the zero mode problem is deeply analogous to the QED case, for the Lagrangian
$${\cal{L}}=\sqrt{|g|}\partial_\mu \phi \partial^\mu \phi,$$
of the free massless field is invariant under $\phi\rightarrow\phi + \lambda$ ($\lambda$ is a constant function), which is similar to a gauge transformation. So, it would not be surprising if a canonical quantization of the Gupta-Bleuler type, would perform identically for dS massless minimally coupled scalar field; the set $\cal{N}$ of constant functions will serve as the space of gauge states, while $\cal{K}$ is a space of positive frequency solutions of the field equation equipped with the degenerate (but positive) Klein-Gordon inner product. However, the covariant quantum field cannot be constructed through a degenerate space of solutions \cite{Renaud}. Thus, by admitting $\cal{K}$ as an invariant subspace, a non degenerate invariant space of solutions $K$ must be built. These spaces, together with $\cal{N}$, are ingredients of the so-called Gupta-Bleuler triplet ${\cal{N}}\subset{\cal{K}}\subset K$. It is proved that $K$ is a Krein space, the direct sum of a Hilbert space and an anti-Hilbert space (a space with definite negative inner product). Indeed, the crucial point is originated in the fact that for the dS minimally coupled field a covariant decomposition, $ K = {\cal{H}}_{+} \oplus {\cal{H}}_{-}$, does not exist (though concerning the scalar massive field, such a decomposition exists, where ${\cal{H}}_{+}$ is the usual physical states space satisfying ${\cal{H}_{+}^*}={\cal{H}}_{-}$) \cite{Gazeau}. It is shown \cite{Gazeau,Renaud} that through the Krein-Gupta-Bleuler (KGB) structure, one can obtain a fully covariant construction of the minimally coupled quantum field on the de Sitter space-time. This field is interestingly free of infrared divergence.\footnote{Let us recall that the infrared problem on Minkowski space-time is due to the existence of solutions of arbitrary small frequencies. One could think that this problem, and the symmetry breaking associated with it, will disappear on the de Sitter space-time because the frequencies are now discretized since the space-time is spatially compact. But this is not quite true in the sense that, as we have just seen, the covariance of the theory forces one to include the null frequency solution itself in the normal mode decomposition of the field. This is of course in perfect agreement with Allen's result cited above.} The KGB method, therefore, provides a proposal to calculate graviton propagator on the dS background in the linear approximation, without any pathological behavior for largely separated points \cite{Takook1691,Behroozi,Dehghani,Garidi032501,Pejhan2052,TakookRouhani,Rahbardehghan}.

Motivated by these capabilities, in this paper another popular subject in this curved space-time, the interaction of fluctuating quantum fields with the background gravitational field and boundary conditions (Casimir effect), is investigated through the KGB structure. This effect demonstrates non-trivial charactristics of the quantum vacuum and has significant indications on all measures, from subnuclear to cosmological. In this regard and due to the importance of the braneworld scenarios in cosmology and particle physics ($\mbox{e.g.}$ see \cite{Wasserman,Randall}), we perform the calculation of the Casimir energy-momentum tensor in de Sitter space-time for a conformally coupled scalar field subjected to Dirichlet boundary condition on a curved brane.

The layout of the paper is as follows. In Sec. (2), we study the energy-momentum tensor for a conformally coupled scalar field in de Sitter space-time. Then in Sec. (3), the Casimir energy-momentum tensor in the presence of a curved brane as a boundary condition is computed. Finally we have enclosed the paper with a brief conclusion.

\section{Covariant Renormalization of the Energy-Momentum Tensor\\ through the KGB Structure}
To start, consider the $4+1$ dimensional (4+1-D) dS static coordinates, $x^i=(t,r,\theta,\vartheta,\phi)$,
\begin{equation} \label{dS} ds^2_{dS}=g_{ik}dx^i dx^k =(1-\frac{r^2}{\alpha^2})dt^2 - \frac{dr^2}{1-\frac{r^2}{\alpha^2}} - r^2d\Omega^2_3,\end{equation}
and a conformally coupled massless scalar field, $\phi(x)$, on this background that satisfies the equation
\begin{equation} \label{dS;Eq} (\nabla_l\nabla^l + \zeta R)\phi(x)=0, \;\;\zeta=\frac{3}{16}\end{equation}
in which $d\Omega^2_3$ is the line element on the $3$ dimensional unit sphere in Euclidean space, and the parameter $\alpha$ defines the dS curvature radius, $\nabla_l$  and $R$ are, respectively, the covariant derivative and the Ricci scalar for the corresponding metric. The inner product for the solutions space is defined as
\begin{equation}\label{inner}(\phi_1,\phi_2)=-i\int_\Sigma\phi_1\,{\mathop{\partial_\mu}\limits^\leftrightarrow}\,\phi^*_2d\Sigma^\mu,\end{equation}
where $d\Sigma^\mu=d\Sigma n^\mu$, and $d\Sigma$ is the volume element in a given space-like hypersurface, and $n^\mu$ is the time-like unit vector normal to this hypersurface. There exists a complete set of mode solutions of Eq. (\ref{dS;Eq}) which are orthonormal in the product (\ref{inner}), i.e.
\begin{equation} (\phi_k,\phi_{k'})=\delta _{kk'}, \;\;  (\phi_k^*,\phi_{k'}^*)= -\delta _{kk'}, \;\; (\phi_k,\phi_{k'}^*)= 0, \label{eq:ortho} \end{equation}
the set of $\{\phi_k ,\phi_k^*\}$ are, respectively, positive and negative norm states.

As already discussed, in order to have a fully covariant quantization scheme in dS space-time, utilizing the Krein-Gupta-Bleuler structure is unavoidable. In this construction, the field acts on a space of states having the structure of a Fock space but containing both positive and negative norm vectors. Actually, respecting the field equation (\ref{dS;Eq}) and its complete set of mode solutions (\ref{eq:ortho}), the field operator $\varphi$ would be as follows
\begin{equation}\label{123} \varphi =\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \Big( \sum_k (a_k \phi_k + a^\dagger_k \phi^*_k) + \sum_k (b^\dagger_k \phi_k + b_k \phi^*_k) \Big),\end{equation}
$a_k |0\rangle=0,\; b_k |0\rangle=0$ determine the Fock vacuum state $|0\rangle$, while $a_k^\dag |0\rangle=|1_k\rangle,\; \; b_k^\dag |0\rangle= |\bar 1_k\rangle$ are the physical and un-physical states. Note that, $[a_k, a^\dagger_{k'}] = \delta_{kk'},\; [b_k, b^\dagger_{k'}] = -\delta_{kk'}$ and the other commutation relations are zero.

With these definitions, it turns out that the field itself is not an observable: this is as expected and can be seen by calculating the mean value. The components of the energy-momentum tensor on the other hand are observables. To see the point, consider the operator $T_{\mu\nu}$ which obviously is not positively definite as an operator on the full space of states. In order to compute expectation value of the energy-momentum tensor, $\langle \vec{k}|T_{\mu\nu}| \vec{k}\rangle$, in which $|\vec{k}\rangle$ is the excited physical state
\begin{equation} |\vec{k}\rangle \equiv |{k}_1^{n_1}...{k}_j^{n_j}\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{n_1!...n_j!}}(a_{k_1}^\dag)^{n_1}...(a_{k_j}^\dag)^{n_j}|0\rangle, \end{equation}
one should generally begin with
\begin{equation} \langle \vec{k}|\partial_\mu\varphi(x)\partial_\nu\varphi(x)|\vec{k}\rangle = \sum_k \partial_\mu\phi_k(x)\partial_\nu\phi_k^\ast(x) - \partial_\mu\phi_k^\ast(x)\partial_\nu\phi_k(x) + 2 \sum_i n_i \Re \Big(\partial_\mu\phi_{k_i}^\ast(x)\partial_\nu\phi_{k_i}(x)\Big). \end{equation}
In analogy with the conventional approach, the first term is responsible for the appearance of infinite divergences in the theory. However, in the KGB approach, the unusual presence of the second term with the minus sign which comes from the terms of the field including $b_k$ and $b_k^\dag$, can automatically remove this term. Therefore, we have
\begin{equation} \langle \vec{k}|\partial_\mu\varphi(x)\partial_\mu\varphi(x)|\vec{k}\rangle = 2 \sum_i n_i \partial_\mu\phi_{k_i}^\ast(x)\partial_\mu\phi_{k_i}(x). \end{equation}
Correspondingly, there exists an automatic renormalization of the $T_{\mu\nu}$'s (no infinite term appears). A straightforward result of this construction, which assures a reasonable physical interpretation of the model, is the positivity of the energy for any physical state $|\vec{k}\rangle$; $\langle \vec{k}|T_{00}| \vec{k}\rangle\geq0$ ($ = 0 \Leftrightarrow |\vec{k}\rangle=|0\rangle$).

In addition, this procedure fulfills the so-called Wald axioms:
\begin{itemize}
\item{The causality and covariance is assured since the field is.}
\item{For physical states, with respect to the above calculation, it turns out that the formal results are preserved.}
\item{The foundation of the above computation is as follows (note that $[b_k,b_k^\dag]=-1$)
$$a_ka_k^\dag+a_k^\dag a_k+b_kb_k^\dag+b_k^\dag b_k=2a_k^\dag a_k+2b_k^\dag b_k,$$
Which provides a reordering equivalent when the method is applied to physical states (on which $b_k$ vanishes).}
\end{itemize}

The method, therefore, presents an interesting property linked to the vacuum energy issue in curved space-time. To have a deeper insight into the subject from the viewpoint of the KGB approach, let us reconsider the field equation (\ref{123}) in a more explicit form as follows
\begin{equation} \varphi = \sum_k \left(A_k \phi_k + A_k^\dag \phi^*_k\right), \;\;\; \mbox{in which}\; A_k\equiv\frac{a_k+b^\dagger_k}{\sqrt{2}}. \label{fieldcurved1} \end{equation}
Note that, the operators $A_k$ no longer verify $A_k|0\rangle=0$. Nevertheless, by using the operator ${\cal{D}}_k = A_k A_k^\dag + A_k^\dag A_k$, one can determine the Fock vacuum state as (the point is $[b_k,b_k^\dag]=(\phi_k^\ast,\phi_k^\ast)=-1$)
\begin{equation}\langle 0|{\cal{D}}_k|0\rangle =0, \;\;\;\forall k.\label{counter} \end{equation}
Interestingly, it is proved that this equation is independent of Bogolubov transformations \cite{HawkingRadiation}. So in this method, in contrast to the usual approach where the vacuum is determined through the modes and it is usually said that the choice of the modes is equivalent to the choice of the vacuum, the Fock vacuum is unique and therefore does not specify the physical space of states. However, this does not mean that the Bogolubov transformations which only modify the set of physical states are no longer valid in this construction. Any physical state depends on the selected space-time and also on the observer; the physical states of an accelerated observer in Minkowski space are different from those of an inertial observer (Unruh effect) \cite{Garidi}. While, the same representation of the field can be employed for both cases (it is invariant under Bogolubov transformations). Indeed, instead of having a multiplicity of vacua, we have several possibilities for the space of physical states, so the usual ambiguity about vacua is not suppressed but displaced.

Note that, due to the automatic renormalization of the $\langle T_{\mu\nu} \rangle$ through this construction, the expected value of all components of the energy-momentum tensor vanish in the vacuum, and hence there is no conformal anomaly in the trace of the energy-momentum tensor. From this point of view, this renormalization scheme seems to be very different from the other ones which all present this anomaly. Of course, it is not very surprising that our field, which is covariant and conformally covariant in a rather strong sense \cite{Renaud}, does not present any conformal anomaly which, after all, can appear only by breaking the conformal invariance.

In the next section, with respect to the importance of braneworld scenarios, we calculate the Casimir energy-momentum tensor for a curved brane through the KGB method.

\setcounter{equation}{0}
\section{Considering the Theory in the Presence of Boundary Condition}
In this section, by considering the de Sitter space-time as the gravitational background, we evaluate the Casimir energy-momentum tensor for the conformally coupled scalar field, see (\ref{dS;Eq}) and (\ref{123}), subjected to Dirichlet boundary condition on the hypersurface $S$ (we will determine the explicit form of the hypersurface in the next few lines). Technically, to make the maximum use of the flat space-time calculations, we present the dS line element (\ref{dS}) in the form conformally related to the Rindler metric. Regarding the coordinate transformation; $ x^i \rightarrow {x'^i}= (\eta,\sigma,X'),\; X'=({x'^2},x'^3,x'^4)$,
\begin{equation}\label{1} \eta=\frac{t}{\alpha}, \;\; \sigma= \frac{\sqrt{\alpha^2-r^2}}{\Omega},\;\; (\mbox{in which}\;\Omega=1-\frac{r}{\alpha}\cos\theta) \end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{2} x'^2=\frac{r}{\Omega}\sin\theta\cos\vartheta,\;\; x'^3=\frac{r}{\Omega}\sin\theta\sin\vartheta\cos\phi,\;\;x'^4=\frac{r}{\Omega}\sin\theta\sin\vartheta\sin\phi. \end{equation}
the dS line element (\ref{dS}) takes the form
\begin{equation}\label{3} ds^2_{dS}=g'_{ik}dx'^idx'^k = \Omega^2 (\sigma^2d\eta^2- d\sigma^2- dX'^2 ), \end{equation}
that is manifestly conformally related to the Rindler space-time
\begin{equation}\label{4} ds^2_{dS}= \Omega^2ds^2_{R},\;\; ds^2_{R}= \bar{g}_{ik}dx'^idx'^k= \sigma^2d\eta^2- d\sigma^2- dX'^2,\;\; g'_{ik}= \Omega^2 \bar{g}_{ik}. \end{equation}

As the boundary condition, we take an infinite plane moving by uniform acceleration normal to itself which can be determined by the coordinate $\sigma=b$ in the right Rindler wedge. Note that, the curves $\sigma=\mbox{constant}$, $X'=\mbox{constant}$ are worldlines of constant proper acceleration $\sigma^{-1}$ and the surface $\sigma=b$ represents the trajectory of the barrier which has a proper acceleration $b^{-1}$. In the dS static coordinates the boundary $S$ is presented by the following curved brane
\begin{equation}\label{5} \sqrt{\alpha^2 - r^2}= b(1-\frac{r}{\alpha}\cos\theta). \end{equation}

As a Rindler counterpart one can consider the vacuum energy-momentum tensor induced by $S$ (as Dirichlet boundary condition is conformally invariant, the Dirichlet scalar in the curved bulk corresponds to the Dirichlet scalar in a flat space-time). Accordingly, the problem under consideration would be a conformally trivial situation; a conformally invariant field on background of the conformally flat space-time. So, instead of evaluating Casimir energy-momentum tensor directly on dS background, with regard to the standard transformation formula for the VEV of the energy-momentum tensor in conformally related problems \cite{Birrell}, one can generate the results for dS space-time from the corresponding results for the Rindler space-time.

In this regard and in the beginning, we should pursuit quantizing procedure in Minkowski space-time for the massless scalar field, $\Box\phi(x)=0$,
for which the inner product of a pair of its solutions is defined by
\begin{equation}(\phi_1,\phi_2)=-i\int (\phi_1(x) \, {\mathop{\partial_\mu}\limits^\leftrightarrow } \,\phi^*_2(x)) d^3 x.\end{equation}
As already discussed, the field operator in the KGB quantization would be $\varphi = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}({\varphi}_+ + {\varphi}_-)$, in which
\begin{equation}\begin{aligned}\label{fk}
\varphi_+(x)=\int d^3 \vec{k}\;[a(\vec{k})\phi(\vec{k},x)+a^\dag(\vec{k})\phi^\ast(\vec{k},x)],\\
\varphi_-(x)=\int d^3 \vec{k}\;[b(\vec{k})\phi^\ast(\vec{k},x)+b^\dag(\vec{k})\phi(\vec{k},x)],
\end{aligned}\end{equation}
where $\varphi_+(x)$ and $\varphi_-(x)$ are, respectively, physical and un-physical part of the field operator. $\phi (\vec{k},x)=({4\pi\omega})^{-1/2}{e^{i\vec{k}\cdot\vec{x}-i\omega t}}$ and $[a(\vec{k}), a^\dagger(\vec{k}')] = \delta (\vec{k}-\vec{k}'),\;\; [b(\vec{k}), b^\dagger(\vec{k}')] = -\delta (\vec{k}-\vec{k}')$, the other commutation relations are zero. The Fock vacuum state $|0\rangle$ is defined by $a(\vec{k}) |0\rangle=0,\; b(\vec{k}) |0\rangle=0$.

Due to the presence of un-physical states in the KGB structure, when interacting fields are investigated, the unitarity of the S-matrix must be preserved. This would be obtained by the following procedure, which is the so-called unitarity condition \cite{Garidi}; let $\Pi_+$ be the projection over ${\cal{H}}_+$
$$\Pi_+ = \sum_{\{\alpha_+\}} |\alpha_+><\alpha_+|,\;\;\;\;\; |\alpha_+>\;\in {\cal{H}}_+.$$
So, considering the field operator, one has
\begin{equation}\label{unicon} \Pi_+ \varphi \Pi_+ |\alpha > = \left\{\begin{array}{rl} &\varphi_+ |\alpha >, \;\;\;\;\;\; \mbox{if}\; |\alpha>\;\in {\cal{H}}_+ \vspace{2mm}\\\vspace{2mm} &0,\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\mbox{if}\; |\alpha>\;\in {\cal{H}}_{-} \\\end{array}\right. \end{equation}
Correspondingly, in place of a standard selection for the Lagrangian potential term, $V(\varphi)$, we consider the restricted form of $V$ to the positive energy modes as $V'(\varphi)\equiv V(\Pi_+\varphi\Pi_+)$. As a result, vacuum influences in the theory only include the interacting vacuum.

Therefore, with regard to the unitarity condition, the influence of applying physical boundary condition on the field operator is only upon the physical states. Accordingly, when physical boundary conditions are present, the field operator would be as
\begin{equation}\label{effected} \varphi(x)=\sum_d [a({\vec{k}}_d) \phi(\vec{k}_d,x)+a^\dag({\vec{k}}_d)\phi^\ast(\vec{k}_d,x)] + \int d^3 \vec{k}\; [b(\vec{k})\phi^\ast (\vec{k},x)+b^\dag (\vec{k})\phi (\vec{k},x)], \end{equation}
here $\vec{k}_d$ are the eigen-frequencies of the system under consideration.

Before calculating the energy-momentum tensor in view of the accelerated (Rindler) coordinates (defined by the coordinate transformation: $t=\sigma\sinh\eta$, $x=\sigma\cosh\eta$, which cover the region $|x|>|t|$ of Minkowski space), the construction of the Feynman Green function of the KGB method, $G(x,x')$, in the Rindler space is required. In this regard, it is easily seen that with respect to the quantum field of the theory, (\ref{effected}), it can be decomposed into two parts, physical and un-physical parts (the point is $(\phi_k,\phi_{k'}^*)= 0$ and $[a(k), b^\dagger(k')] = [a(k),b(k')] = 0$). Accordingly, we have
\begin{equation}\label{G} G(x,x')= G_{+}(x,x') + G_{-}(x,x'). \end{equation}
Here, the physical part of the theory which is subjected to Dirichlet boundary condition is determined by $G_{+}(x,x')$, while $G_{-}(x,x')$ refers to the un-physical part of the theory which according to its definition would be $G_{-}(x,x')= - G_{0}(x,x')$, where $G_{0}(x,x')$ is the Feynman propagator for a free massless scalar field on the entire Minkowski manifold and the sign "$-$" is due to $[b_k,b_k^\dag]=(\phi_k^\ast,\phi_k^\ast)=-1$. The corresponding propagators for the Dirichlet and the free field ones have been computed, respectively, in Refs. \cite{Candelas} and \cite{Candelas'}. So, for our considered case we have
\begin{equation}\label{DP} G_{+}(x,x')= G_{0}(x,x') - \frac{i}{\pi}\int \frac{d\nu}{2\pi} \exp [-i\nu(\eta-\eta')]\int \frac{d^2k}{(2\pi)^2}\exp [ik\cdot (x-x')] \frac{K_{i\nu}(e^{i\pi}kb)}{K_{i\nu}(kb)} K_{i\nu}(k\sigma) K_{i\nu}(k\sigma'), \end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{DP'}G_{-}(x,x') \Big(= - G_{0}(x,x')\Big) = -\frac{i}{\pi}\int \frac{d\nu}{2\pi} \exp [-i\nu(\eta-\eta')] \int \frac{d^2k}{(2\pi)^2}\exp [ik\cdot (x-x')] K_{i\nu}(k\sigma_>) K_{i\nu}(e^{i\pi}k\sigma_<), \end{equation}
in which $K_{i\nu}(k\sigma)$ is the modified Bessel function of imaginary order.

Now respecting the Feynman Green function (\ref{G}), the VEV of the energy-momentum tensor in view of the accelerated observer in Minkowski space-time would be
\begin{equation} \label{st} <0|T_\mu^\nu|0>^{Rindler}=-i\lim_{x'\rightarrow x} (\frac{2}{3}\nabla_{\mu}\nabla^{\nu'}- \frac{1}{3}{\nabla_{\mu}}\nabla^{\nu}- \frac{1}{6}g_\mu^\nu\nabla_{\alpha}\nabla^{\alpha'})G(x,x').\end{equation}
Considering (\ref{DP}) and (\ref{DP'}) and after a straightforward calculations, we have
\begin{equation}\label{diagT} <T_\mu^\nu>^{Rindler}=\mbox{diag}(A,B,C,C), \end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}\label{abg}
\left\{\begin{array}{rl} \begin{aligned}
A(\sigma)&=\frac{1}{12\pi^3}\int_0^{\infty} d\nu\int_0^{\infty} dk\;k\frac{K_{i\nu}(e^{i\pi}kb)}{K_{i\nu}(kb)}\left[ k^2K_{i\nu}^{'2}(k\sigma)+\frac{2k}{\sigma}K_{i\nu}(k\sigma)K'_{i\nu}(k\sigma)+\left( \frac{5\nu^2}{\sigma^2}+k^2 \right)K_{i\nu}^2(k\sigma) \right],\\
B(\sigma)&=-\frac{1}{12\pi^3}\int_0^{\infty} d\nu\int_0^{\infty} dk\;k\frac{K_{i\nu}(e^{i\pi}kb)}{K_{i\nu}(kb)}\left[ 3k^2K_{i\nu}^{'2}(k\sigma)+\frac{2k}{\sigma}K_{i\nu}(k\sigma)K'_{i\nu}(k\sigma)+3\left( \frac{\nu^2}{\sigma^2}-k^2 \right)K_{i\nu}^2(k\sigma) \right],\\
C(\sigma)&=-\frac{1}{12\pi^3}\int_0^{\infty} d\nu\int_0^{\infty} dk\;k\frac{K_{i\nu}(e^{i\pi}kb)}{K_{i\nu}(kb)}\left[ -k^2K_{i\nu}^{'2}(k\sigma)+\left( \frac{\nu^2}{\sigma^2}+2k^2 \right)K_{i\nu}^2(k\sigma) \right].
\end{aligned}
\end{array}\right.
\end{equation}
It is trace-free, $A+B+2C=0$, and conserved, $A=\frac{d}{d\sigma}(\sigma B)$. We should emphasize that, in Ref. \cite{Candelas} by P. Candelas \textit{et al}., the above regularized result was obtained by subtracting the value that it would have if evaluated relative to the Minkowski vacuum. In our method, however, the VEV of the energy-momentum tensor is automatically regularized.

From now on, therefore, in analogy with the procedure that was proposed in \cite{Candelas} to evaluate the above integrals, one can find:
\begin{itemize}
\item {The asymptotic form, $\sigma/b \rightarrow\infty$, for $T_{\mu}^{\nu}$ in the frame of an observer with proper acceleration $\sigma^{-1}$ as follows
\begin{equation}\label{MM} <T_\mu^\nu>^{Rindler}\sim \frac{-1}{2\pi^2\sigma^4} \int_0^\infty \frac{\nu^3 d\nu}{e^{2\pi\nu}-1}diag(-1,\frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{3}), \end{equation}
Which present a negative energy density with a  Planckian spectrum with the temperature $T=(2\pi\sigma)^{-1}$, corresponding to the absence from the vacuum of black-body radiation.  This result is independent of the particular boundary conditions and of the acceleration of the barrier in the sense that it depends only on the acceleration $\sigma^{-1}$ of the local Killing trajectory. It means that regarding the gravitational analogy, at sufficiently large distances to the barrier, VEV of the energy-momentum tensor depends purely on the local gravitational field.

Note that, when $\sigma$ is analogous to $b$, one would expect the deviation from a black-body spectrum since the temperature corresponds to a wavelength comparable with the distance from the barrier. So, the effects of the boundary conditions become important; the rate at which these effects decline far from the barrier can be found by proceeding to the next order in the asymptotic expansion of $T_\mu^\nu$. It turns out that the terms dependent on the boundary condition are of order $(\sigma^4\mbox{ln}^3\sigma)^{-1}$
\begin{equation}\label{appT} T_\mu^\nu=[ -(480\pi^2 \sigma^4)^{-1}-(144\sigma^4\mbox{ln}^3\sigma/b)^{-1}]\mbox{diag}(-1,\frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{3})+{\cal {O}}[(\sigma^4 \mbox{ln}^4\sigma/b)^{-1}]\;\;\;\;\;(\sigma/b\longrightarrow\infty)\end{equation}}

\item{At the moderate distance, further analytical simplification cannot be applied to the integral representations (\ref{abg}). Therefore, the numerical quadrature should be used to evaluate $T_\mu^\nu$ in this intermediate region. It is found that the energy density is always negative and decreases monotonically towards the barrier \cite{Candelas}.}

\item{In the limit of small separation from the barrier, $\sigma/b\longrightarrow1$, boundary conditions are not effective and it is again possible to compute the explicit asymptotic forms for the energy-momentum tensor which has been shown to vary as the inverse cube of the distance from the barrier, and is therefore unbounded.
    \begin{equation}\label{appabg}
\left\{\begin{array}{rl} \begin{aligned}
A &=[360\pi^2b(\sigma-b)^3]^{-1}+{\cal {O}}[(\sigma/b-1)^{-2}],\\
B &=-[720\pi^2b^2(\sigma-b)^2]^{-1}+{\cal {O}}[(\sigma/b-1)^{-1}],\\
C &=-[720\pi^2b(\sigma-b)^3]^{-1}+{\cal {O}}[(\sigma/b-1)^{-2}].
\end{aligned}
\end{array}\right.
\end{equation}}
\end{itemize}
Note that, the above results are relevant to the right Rindler wedge. By imposing the replacements $I_{i\nu}\longrightarrow K_{i\nu}, K_{i\nu}\longrightarrow I_{i\nu}$ in Eq. (\ref{abg}), one can straightforwardly obtain the expression for the boundary part of the vacuum energy-momentum tensor in the region $\sigma<b$.

The vacuum energy-momentum tensor on the static de Sitter space Eq. (\ref{dS}), therefore, can be easily obtained by the standard transformation law between conformally related problems as follows
\begin{equation}\label{dST} <T_\mu^\nu>^{dS}= \Omega^{-5} <T_\mu^\nu>^{Rindler}. \end{equation}
Now considering Eq. (\ref{G}), one can easily realize that $G(x,x')$ is finite for $\sigma>b$ since the singular parts of $G_{+}$ and $G_{-}$ cancel as $x'\longrightarrow x$. However, if $x$ is a point on this brane then $$G(x,x')= G_{+}(x,x') + G_{-}(x,x')=-G_{0}(x,x'),$$ for $G_+$ vanishes at the barrier due to the choice of Dirichlet boundary condition. If we now let $x'\longrightarrow x$, we find that $G(x,x')$ exhibits the same singularity as the Minkowski space propagator $i\left[ 4\pi^2(x-x')^2 \right]^{-1}$. Regarding this reasoning $T_\mu^\nu$ could, \textit{a priori}, diverge as $(\sigma -b)^{-4}$. However, when the acceleration of the barrier is reduced to zero, $b\longrightarrow \infty$, the energy-momentum tensor must vanish. So, the reproduction of the result for a single barrier at rest entails the leading behavior of $T_\mu^\nu$, as is found, be at worst of order $\left[ b(\sigma-b)^3 \right]^{-1}$ \cite{Candelas}. Note that, in order to have a finite $T_\mu^\nu$ there, accurate cancellations are required, which do not occur for massless scalar field subjected to Dirichlet boundary condition. Nevertheless, selecting such a field, apart from the braneworld models motivation, is due to the relevant important considerations of this field which greatly encourage one to pursuit this path to study the electromagnetic field.

\textit{Remarks on the renormalization:} It is worth to mention that in the standard QFT (the Fock space is built on a Hilbert space), any prescription for renormalizing the energy-momentum tensor, which is consistent with Wald axioms, must yield precisely the trace, modulo the trace of a conserved local curvature term \cite{Wald}. And for the studied case in this paper, a conformally coupled quantum field on the conformally flat background, as has been proved in \cite{Birrell}, the gravitational part of the energy-momentum tensor is entirely determined by the trace anomaly. The above calculations, however, reveal that the manifestation of the gravitational background (the trace anomaly), which corresponds to the situation without boundaries, does not appear. It is not surprising since the KGB structure preserves covariant and conformally covariant in a rather strong sense, therefore the trace anomaly, which can appear only through the conformal anomaly (breaking the conformal invariance when quantum corrections are included), vanishes. In this respect, we should also underline that although the trace anomaly is absent, Wald axioms are well preserved in the context of the KGB construction. Moreover, the covariant automatic renormalization of the energy-momentum tensor, as a significant achievement of this theory, can be helpful in further studying of quantum field theory in curved space-time, where the usual scheme of renormalization includes complexity and somewhat ambiguity.

\section{Discussion}
In this paper, we discussed the bulk Casimir effect for a conformal scalar field when the bulk represents 5-D de Sitter space-time with one 4-D dS brane, which may be similar to our universe. Due to the fact that the braneworld corresponds to a 5-D manifold with a 4-D dynamical boundary, it is obvious that, regarding the 5-D quantum field theory, the non-trivial vacuum energy should appear. Furthermore, in the context of the brane QFT, the non-trivial brane vacuum energy also emerges. In this regard, the bulk Casimir effect should conceivably serve as the cornerstone in the construction of the consistent braneworlds. Indeed, it gives contribution to both the brane and the bulk cosmological constants. Therefore, one expects that it can be helpful in the resolution of the cosmological constant problem. Indeed, as almost commonly accepted, this problem is mainly a question about quantum gravity, since classically it would be more or less natural to just decide - as Einstein did - that we do not like the cosmological constant, and set it to zero. Accordingly, in the investigation and resolution of the cosmological constant problem the inclusion of the dynamics of quantum gravity would be a crucial step \cite{Govaerts,Witten}.

Accordingly, the Krein-Gupta-Bleuler structure is considered in this paper to perform the computations. The authors would like to emphasize the fact that the method not only fulfills the so-called Wald axioms but also is consistent with the de Sitter linear gravity requirements; the causality and the covariance of the theory are assured and contrary to what happened in previous treatments of this problem, the model does not suffer from infrared divergences \cite{Takook1691,Behroozi,Dehghani,Garidi032501,Pejhan2052,TakookRouhani,Rahbardehghan}. Here, it is also worth to mention that, as accurately discussed in Ref. \cite{Garidi}, considering the unitarity condition (see (\ref{unicon}) and related discussion) when interaction is present - in the Minkowskian limit - the behaviour of the method, more precisely, the so-called radiative corrections are the same as the usual QFT. Indeed, in the flat limit, vanishing of the free field vacuum energy in the KGB structure is the only difference between our approach and the usual one. In this regard, we also showed that utilizing the method does not destroy black holes thermodynamics and it is able to retrieve the very result for Hawking radiation even regarding the fact that $<0|T_\mu^\nu|0>$ of the free theory is zero \cite{HawkingRadiation}. In this respect, we hope that the current study based on the Krein-Gupta-Bleuler construction can be extended to the related issues, such as calculation of the Casimir force, due to quantum gravity in dS space.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Epidemiologic trends and clinical features of pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV patients in a tertiary-care hospital in Korea over a 15-year-period
Hye Young Lee, Sang Ho Choi, Tark Kim, Jeonghyun Chang, Sung Han Kim, Sang Oh Lee, Mi Na Kim, Heungsup Sung
Subsequent to the increasing use of immunosuppressant therapy, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PcP) has emerged as a life-threatening condition in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- negative patients. We investigated changes in epidemiological and clinical characteristics among PcP cases with and without HIV infections. Data of 424 patients diagnosed with PcP in a 2,700-bed Korean tertiary care hospital between February 2003 and April 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The study included patients with compatible clinical findings in whom PcP was confirmed via direct immunofluorescence assay. The annual average number of cases increased from 12.2 (initial 5-year period) to 42.2 (recent 5-year period). In HIV-negative patients, hematologic malignancy (34.8%) and solid organ transplantation (32.9%) were the most frequent major underlying conditions, and immunosuppressive therapies including corticosteroids (342/362, 94.5%) and chemotherapy (122/362, 33.7%) were significantly associated with PcP infection (p < 0.001 for both). The incidence of PcP has continued to increase among non-HIV-infected immunocompromised patients in recent years.
Japanese journal of infectious diseases
https://doi.org/10.7883/yoken.JJID.2018.400
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
Tertiary Healthcare
Tertiary Care Centers
Direct Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Organ Transplantation
Hematologic Neoplasms
Lee, H. Y., Choi, S. H., Kim, T., Chang, J., Kim, S. H., Lee, S. O., ... Sung, H. (2019). Epidemiologic trends and clinical features of pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV patients in a tertiary-care hospital in Korea over a 15-year-period. Japanese journal of infectious diseases, 72(4), 270-273. https://doi.org/10.7883/yoken.JJID.2018.400
Lee, Hye Young ; Choi, Sang Ho ; Kim, Tark ; Chang, Jeonghyun ; Kim, Sung Han ; Lee, Sang Oh ; Kim, Mi Na ; Sung, Heungsup. / Epidemiologic trends and clinical features of pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV patients in a tertiary-care hospital in Korea over a 15-year-period. In: Japanese journal of infectious diseases. 2019 ; Vol. 72, No. 4. pp. 270-273.
@article{dafab662ad4d45ac84f66673368976bc,
title = "Epidemiologic trends and clinical features of pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV patients in a tertiary-care hospital in Korea over a 15-year-period",
abstract = "Subsequent to the increasing use of immunosuppressant therapy, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PcP) has emerged as a life-threatening condition in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- negative patients. We investigated changes in epidemiological and clinical characteristics among PcP cases with and without HIV infections. Data of 424 patients diagnosed with PcP in a 2,700-bed Korean tertiary care hospital between February 2003 and April 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The study included patients with compatible clinical findings in whom PcP was confirmed via direct immunofluorescence assay. The annual average number of cases increased from 12.2 (initial 5-year period) to 42.2 (recent 5-year period). In HIV-negative patients, hematologic malignancy (34.8{\%}) and solid organ transplantation (32.9{\%}) were the most frequent major underlying conditions, and immunosuppressive therapies including corticosteroids (342/362, 94.5{\%}) and chemotherapy (122/362, 33.7{\%}) were significantly associated with PcP infection (p < 0.001 for both). The incidence of PcP has continued to increase among non-HIV-infected immunocompromised patients in recent years.",
author = "Lee, {Hye Young} and Choi, {Sang Ho} and Tark Kim and Jeonghyun Chang and Kim, {Sung Han} and Lee, {Sang Oh} and Kim, {Mi Na} and Heungsup Sung",
doi = "10.7883/yoken.JJID.2018.400",
journal = "Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases",
publisher = "National Institute of Health",
Lee, HY, Choi, SH, Kim, T, Chang, J, Kim, SH, Lee, SO, Kim, MN & Sung, H 2019, 'Epidemiologic trends and clinical features of pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV patients in a tertiary-care hospital in Korea over a 15-year-period', Japanese journal of infectious diseases, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 270-273. https://doi.org/10.7883/yoken.JJID.2018.400
Epidemiologic trends and clinical features of pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV patients in a tertiary-care hospital in Korea over a 15-year-period. / Lee, Hye Young; Choi, Sang Ho; Kim, Tark; Chang, Jeonghyun; Kim, Sung Han; Lee, Sang Oh; Kim, Mi Na; Sung, Heungsup.
In: Japanese journal of infectious diseases, Vol. 72, No. 4, 01.01.2019, p. 270-273.
T1 - Epidemiologic trends and clinical features of pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV patients in a tertiary-care hospital in Korea over a 15-year-period
AU - Lee, Hye Young
AU - Choi, Sang Ho
AU - Kim, Tark
AU - Chang, Jeonghyun
AU - Kim, Sung Han
AU - Lee, Sang Oh
AU - Kim, Mi Na
AU - Sung, Heungsup
N2 - Subsequent to the increasing use of immunosuppressant therapy, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PcP) has emerged as a life-threatening condition in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- negative patients. We investigated changes in epidemiological and clinical characteristics among PcP cases with and without HIV infections. Data of 424 patients diagnosed with PcP in a 2,700-bed Korean tertiary care hospital between February 2003 and April 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The study included patients with compatible clinical findings in whom PcP was confirmed via direct immunofluorescence assay. The annual average number of cases increased from 12.2 (initial 5-year period) to 42.2 (recent 5-year period). In HIV-negative patients, hematologic malignancy (34.8%) and solid organ transplantation (32.9%) were the most frequent major underlying conditions, and immunosuppressive therapies including corticosteroids (342/362, 94.5%) and chemotherapy (122/362, 33.7%) were significantly associated with PcP infection (p < 0.001 for both). The incidence of PcP has continued to increase among non-HIV-infected immunocompromised patients in recent years.
AB - Subsequent to the increasing use of immunosuppressant therapy, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PcP) has emerged as a life-threatening condition in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- negative patients. We investigated changes in epidemiological and clinical characteristics among PcP cases with and without HIV infections. Data of 424 patients diagnosed with PcP in a 2,700-bed Korean tertiary care hospital between February 2003 and April 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The study included patients with compatible clinical findings in whom PcP was confirmed via direct immunofluorescence assay. The annual average number of cases increased from 12.2 (initial 5-year period) to 42.2 (recent 5-year period). In HIV-negative patients, hematologic malignancy (34.8%) and solid organ transplantation (32.9%) were the most frequent major underlying conditions, and immunosuppressive therapies including corticosteroids (342/362, 94.5%) and chemotherapy (122/362, 33.7%) were significantly associated with PcP infection (p < 0.001 for both). The incidence of PcP has continued to increase among non-HIV-infected immunocompromised patients in recent years.
U2 - 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2018.400
DO - 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2018.400
JO - Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases
JF - Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases
Lee HY, Choi SH, Kim T, Chang J, Kim SH, Lee SO et al. Epidemiologic trends and clinical features of pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV patients in a tertiary-care hospital in Korea over a 15-year-period. Japanese journal of infectious diseases. 2019 Jan 1;72(4):270-273. https://doi.org/10.7883/yoken.JJID.2018.400
10.7883/yoken.JJID.2018.400


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