text:
Q: White and Black Bars for images when testing on Physical Device I am in the process of testing my iOS application, everything goes smoothly on the iOS Simulator (of course), but when I test on the Physical Device, some strange things start happening.
I have an image inside of a UIImageView, and I am using it as the pop-over background. When I run the app on the device, it appears as a black and white striped image.
There are no errors, no warnings, no memory problems (as far as I know), and nothing ever shows up in the Debug windows.
This is the image that appears:

My original image is mainly of a dark grey tone with pattern. It is saved as a PNG and is copied into my project. It's even under source control. What makes it even stranger is that when I change the image to something completely different, it works.
I've renamed, re-imported, etc. Nothing seems to work.
Any ideas? Where is this white/black image coming from? How can I fix this?

A: The PNG your application loads is not a byte-for-byte copy of the PNG you added to the application bundle.  XCode makes some changes to it, putting the channels in BGR order and messing with the alpha.  See this post on iPhone "Optimized" PNGs.
This is speculation, but some property of your image - the channel order, bit depth, alpha, or similar - may not be what XCode assumes.  Then it would end up swapping channel values it shouldn't, corrupting the image.  (If your image is grayscale, with one channel, that alone shouldn't be the problem, however.)
Try creating a new, blank image in the same size as your original, then copy the contents of your background image into the new one.  If your image is opaque, make sure it has no alpha channel.
You might also like to open your problem image in Preview, and select 'View' -> 'Show Inspector'.  I've attached the sort of information I see on images that do work.

Edit: it is possible to prevent  XCode altering your files.  In your 'Build Settings', under 'Packaging', there is the option to 'Compress PNG Files'.  Switch this off if you need the PNG files in your project duplicated exactly.  Your app will take more time to load images, but you may be able to compress your PNG files into smaller sizes.  See Xcode's built-in (de)optimization.


text:
Rise up, voices! Speak truth to power. Bark orders to justice. Sing praises to the good. Beg alms for the poor.
Michigan Under Siege
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FRIDAY FOLLIES: The Arresting truth about Orlando Cops, Vegetables, Bachmann, and the Sublime Ruby Bridges
I guess you've heard that the Orlando police have been busy arresting people from Orlando Food, not Bombs who have been busy feeding the hungry and the homeless in the city's public parks. That was a big story in itself, but the even bigger story was that, among the protesters, there was one lone supporter of the police. He prefers to remain anonymous, but he's pretty clear about why he's supporting them (watch the video from Rawstory):
"The Orlando Police Department has demonstrated that you can count on them to enforce the law," the protester explained stoutly. "If it was against the law for women to vote, I think they would would be there to arrest women who tried to vote. And if it was still against the law for African-Americans to use the same restroom facilities as Caucasian-Americans, Orlando Police Department would be right there to arrest them. Because they will enforce the law no matter what it is, so we have to support them for that.
"Because in America," he went on, "the last thing you need is liberty, justice, conscience getting in the way of the law. We don't want that. So we need to have officers who will just blindly obey and follow anything that they're told. Because this country was founded on bootlicking. … I'm a tax-paying American. I want to see my tax dollars put to use. I like to see people getting arrested. … So I think they're doing a great job, and as long as they continue to arrest people for feeding the homeless, I'll continue to support them, because they're doing their job. ... I think anybody should be arrested for feeding the homeless because it's a vicious, vicious problem."
So here's "the rest of the story". On Monday, while police were waiting in Eola Park to arrest more feeders of the hungry, Food not Bombs were in front of City Hall setting up their tables and serving up the food. They were invited by the mayor, Buddy Dyer, who even offered to give them peppers from his roof garden. It was an open invitation to set up "any time they wanted". From the mayor.
Which brings me to my next question: Who do the police answer to, if not the mayor? Can't he just tell the police to go find some real crime to stop? And if he's not in charge there, how does he have the authority to let them set up in front of City Hall? Is he in danger of getting arrested, too? So many questions, but the point is, the guy with the sign supporting the police got OFNB much more attention than their own protests did. Fine job, guy, whoever you are.
I think what I read was that Buddy, the Orlando mayor, has a vegetable garden on the roof of city hall. They can't feed the homeless in public parks but they can grow veggies on the roofs of public buildings. That's different. Go tell that to the people in power in Oak Park, Michigan, where there's a battle going on because Julie and Jason Bass dared to tear up their front yard and put in a vegetable garden. A nice vegetable garden. Well kept. No weeds. But nonetheless they're vegetables and according to the interpretation of their poorly-written ordinance, they're not allowed in front yards.
Julie Bass says she called city hall and didn't get a "no", so they went ahead and planted their veggies. Well, one thing led to another and so far no jail time, but a fair amount of harassment in the form of citations, etc. Julie took it to Facebook, where it went viral and now Oak Park officials are getting hate mail and phone calls and it's even gone international. I think it's going to be all right, though. The officials really want to back down. They're just trying to figure out how to save face while doing it.
(Breaking news: No jail time for Julie. Charges dropped. Still the matter of the dogs, though...)
And speaking of vegetables, did you hear the latest about Michele Bachmann? (No, not the chutzpah thing. But that was funny, wasn't it? Is she the only person in the world who doesn't know that you have to hack up the "ch" like you would a loogie?) No, this is a new revelation of an old story (2005), where Ms. Bachmann claimed she was terrorized and practically kidnapped by a lesbian and an ex-nun in a public bathroom. As Mike Mullen wrote in City Pages, "Michele Bachmann, an ex-nun, and a lesbian walk into a bathroom sounds like the first line of a joke..." She has a history of calling the police over rather silly incidents, but this one is one of the more hilarious. Really.
A moment of Sublime: The famous Norman Rockwell painting of little Ruby Bridges being walked by U.S Marshals into her newly integrated school is going to the White House. Rockwell called his 1964 painting "The Problem we all live with", and it was among the first of his paintings depicting real, unadulterated problems in what had formerly been perceived as "Norman Rockwell country". It caused a sensation when it appeared on the cover of Look Magazine, and is still a vivid icon of the civil rights movement. It's a painting that brings tears to my eyes every time I look at it, and now it'll be hanging in a prominent place in the White House, at least while Barack Obama is president.
Ruby Bridges went on to become a civil rights activist, concentrating on the children who are in danger of being left behind. She founded the Ruby Bridges Foundation "to promote the values of tolerance, respect and appreciation of all differences through educational programs". That scared but brave little girl became the woman we cherish for her caring soul. Sublime.
The Problem we all Live With - Norman Rockwell, 1964
"Let that one go. He says he don't wanna be mah equal."
Bill Mauldin - St. Louis Dispatch 1960
Posted by Ramona Grigg at 10:24:00 AM
Labels: Buddy Adler, civil rights, ex-nun, Julie Bass, Michele Bachmann, Norman Rockwell, Oak Park, Orlando Food not Bombs, Orlando police, public bathrooms, Ruby Bridges, segregation, vegetable garden, White House
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Vicente López y Planes
Find sources: "Vicente López y Planes" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
President of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata
7 July 1827 – 17 August 1827
Bernardino Rivadavia
Manuel Dorrego (Governor of Buenos Aires)
Governor of Buenos Aires Province
13 February 1852 – 26 July 1852
Juan Manuel de Rosas
Justo José de Urquiza
(1785-05-03)May 3, 1785
Buenos Aires, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
Lucía Petrona Riera Merlo
Alejandro Vicente López y Planes (May 3, 1785 – October 10, 1856) was an Argentine writer and politician who acted as interim President of Argentina from July 7, 1827 to August 18, 1827. He also wrote the lyrics of the Argentine National Anthem adopted on May 11, 1813.
2 Political life
3 Late years
López began his primary studies in the San Francisco School, and later studied in the Real Colegio San Carlos, today the Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires, he obtained a doctorate of laws in the University of Chuquisaca. He served as a captain in the Patriotic Regiment during the English invasions. After the Argentine victory he composed a poem entitled El triunfo argentino (The Argentine Triumph).
Political life[edit]
He participated in the Cabildo Abierto of May 22, 1810 and supported the formation of the Primera Junta, he had good relations with Manuel Belgrano. When the royalist members of the city government of Buenos Aires were expelled, he was elected mayor of the city; he was an enemy of the party of Cornelio Saavedra and one of the creators of the First Triumvirate, of which he was the Treasurer.
Like many other nineteenth century Argentines prominent in public life, he was a freemason.[1]
López was a member of the Constituent Assembly of year XIII, representing Buenos Aires. At the request of the Assembly, he wrote the lyrics to a "patriotic march", which eventually became the Argentine National Anthem, it was a military march, whose music was composed by the Catalan Blas Parera; it was approved on March 11, 1813. The first public reading was at a tertulia on May 7 in the house of Mariquita Sánchez de Thompson, it displaced a different march, written by Esteban de Luca, which would have been the anthem if not for the more militaristic Lopez.
López participated in the government of Carlos María de Alvear, and with his fall he was sent to prison, he held a few more public offices, and was then named Secretary of the Constituent Congress of 1825, and, a little later, minister for the president Bernardino Rivadavia.
After the scandal of negotiations with the Brazilian Empire, Rivadavia resigned the presidency. In his place, López was elected as caretaker, signing the dissolution of the Congress and calling elections in Buenos Aires; the new governor, Manuel Dorrego took charge of the ministry; this unified the federalists. When Dorrego fell from grace and was executed by firing squad by Juan Lavalle, Lopez was exiled to Uruguay.
Late years[edit]
He returned in 1830 as a member of the Tribunal of Justice for Juan Manuel de Rosas, he was president of the Tribunal for many years and, among other things, presided over the judgement of the assassins of Juan Facundo Quiroga.
He was president of the literary salon led by Marcos Sastre, but was not part of the group known as the Generation of '37, to which belonged his two sons, Vicente Fidel López and Lucio Vicente López.
List of heads of state of Argentina
^ The list includes Juan Bautista Alberdi, Manuel Alberti, Carlos María de Alvear, Miguel de Azcuénaga, Antonio González de Balcarce, Manuel Belgrano, Antonio Luis Beruti, Juan José Castelli, Domingo French, Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid, Francisco Narciso de Laprida , Juan Larrea, Juan Lavalle, Vicente López y Planes, Bartolomé Mitre, Mariano Moreno, Juan José Paso, Carlos Pellegrini, Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, and Justo José de Urquiza. José de San Martín is known to have been a member of the Lautaro Lodge; but whether the lodge was truly masonic has been debated: Denslow, William R. (1957). 10,000 Famous Freemasons. 1–4. Richmond, VA: Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co Inc.
Works by Vicente López y Planes at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Vicente López y Planes at Internet Archive
Vicente López y Planes at Find a Grave
Bernardino Rivadavia President of Argentina
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President of Argentina
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vicente_López_y_Planes&oldid=900210635"
People from Buenos Aires
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Articles needing additional references from May 2013
The President of Argentina known as the President of the Argentine Republic, is both head of state and head of government of Argentina. Under the national Constitution, the President is the chief executive of the federal government and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. Through Argentine history, the office of the Head of State has undergone many changes, both in its title as in its features and powers. Current President Mauricio Macri was sworn into office on December 10, 2015; the Constitution of Argentina, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements and responsibilities of the president and term of office and the method of election. The origins of Argentina as a nation can be traced to 1776, when it was separated by the Spanish King from the existing Viceroyalty of Peru, creating the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata; the Head of State continued to be the King. These Viceroys were natives of the country. By the May Revolution of May 25, 1810, the first Argentine autonomous government, known as the Primera Junta, was formed in Buenos Aires.
It was known as the Junta Grande when representatives from the provinces joined. These early attempts at self-government were succeeded by two Triumvirates and, although the first juntas had presidents, the King of Spain was still regarded as Head of State, the executive power was still not in the hands of a single person; this power was vested in one man when the position of Supreme Director was created by the 1813 National Assembly. The Supreme Directors became Heads of State after Independence was declared on 9 July 1816, but there was not yet a presidential system. In 1816, Congress composed a Constitution; this established an executive figure, named Supreme Director, vested with presidential powers. This constitution gave the Supreme Director the power of appointing Governors of the provinces. Due to political circumstances, this constitution never came into force, the central power was dissolved, leaving the country as a federation of provinces. A new constitution was drafted in 1826; this constitution was the first to create a President, although this office retained the powers described in the 1816 constitution.
This constitution did come into force, resulting in the election of the first President, Bernardino Rivadavia. Because of the Cisplatine War, Rivadavia resigned after a short time, the office was dissolved shortly after. A civil war between unitarios and federalists ensued in the following decades. In this time, there was no central authority, the closest to, the Chairman of Foreign Relations the Governor of the Province of Buenos Aires; the last to bear this title was Juan Manuel de Rosas, who in the last years of his governorship was elected Supreme Chief of the Confederation, gaining effective rule of the rest of the country. In 1852, Rosas was deposed, a constitutional convention was summoned; this constitution, still in force, established a national federal government, with the office of the President. The term was fixed with no possibility of reelection; the first elected President under the constitution was Justo José de Urquiza, but Buenos Aires seceded from the Argentine Confederation as the State of Buenos Aires.
Bartolomé Mitre was the first president of the unified country, when Buenos Aires rejoined the Confederation. Thus, Rivadavia and Mitre are considered the first presidents of Argentina by different historians: Rivadavia for being the first one to use the title, Urquiza for being the first one to rule under the 1853 constitution, Mitre for being the first president of Argentina under its current national limits. In 1930, 1943, 1955, 1962, 1966, 1976, military coups deposed elected Presidents. In 1966 and 1976, the federal government was undertaken by a military junta, where power was shared by the chiefs of the armed forces. In 1962, the President of the Senate ruled, but in the other cases, a military chief assumed the title of President, it is debatable whether these military presidents can properly be called Presidents, as there are issues with the legitimacy of their governments. The position of the current Argentine government is that military Presidents Jorge Rafael Videla and Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri were explicitly not legitimate presidents.
They and their immediate successors were denied the right to a presidential pension after the conclusion of their terms. The status of earlier military presidents, remains more uncertain; the President of the Nation has the following powers: Is the supreme head of the Nation, head of government and is politically responsible for the general administration of the country. Issues the instructions and regulations necessary for the execution of the laws of the nation, without altering their spirit with regulatory exceptions. Participates in the making of laws under the Constitution, has them published; the Executive Power shall in no case under penalty, void, issue legislative provisions. Only when exceptional circumstances make it impossible to follow the ordinary procedures foreseen by this Constitution for the enactment of laws, not try to rules governing criminal matters, electoral or political party regime, may issue decrees on grounds of necessity and urgency, which will be decided by a general agreement of ministers who shall countersign them together with the head of cabinet of ministers.
The head of and within ten days submit the decision to the consideration of the Joint Standing Committee, whose compos
Argentine National Anthem
The "Argentine National Anthem" is the national anthem of Argentina. Its lyrics were written by the Buenos Aires-born politician Vicente López y Planes and the music was composed by the Spanish musician Blas Parera; the work was adopted as the sole official song on May 11, 1813, three years after the May Revolution. Some first, quite different, anthems were composed from 1810; the present, much shorter, anthem comprises only the first and last verses and the chorus of the 1813 Patriotic March, omitting much emotional text about the struggle for independence from Spain. The third Argentine national anthem was named "Marcha Patriótica" renamed "Canción Patriótica Nacional", "Canción Patriótica", it has been called "Himno Nacional Argentino" since it was published with that name in 1847. The first Argentine national anthem was the "Patriotic March", published on 15 November 1810 in the Gazeta de Buenos Ayres, it had lyrics by music by Blas Parera. This original composition made no reference to the name of Argentina or an independentist will, talked instead about Spain being conquered by France in the Peninsular War, the absolutist restoration begun by the Council of Regency, the need to keep the republican freedoms achieved so far in the Americas: "Spain was victim / of the plotting Gaul / because to the tyrants / she bent her neck / If there treachery / has doomed a thousands cities / let sacred freedom and union reign here / Let the father to the sons / be able to say / enjoy rights / that I did not enjoy".
In mid-1812, the ruling triumvirate ordered the Buenos Aires Cabildo to commission a national anthem. Cayetano Rodríguez, a Franciscan friar, wrote a text, approved on 4 August; the Catalan musician Blas Parera, music director of the local theater, set it to music and performed it for the first time with the orchestra he conducted on 1 November. Less than a year the Assembly of Year XIII estimated that the song was not effective enough to serve as a national anthem. On 6 March 1813 several poets were asked to submit lyrics; the poem by the lawyer Vicente López y Planes was unanimously considered the best. It was approved as the "sole national march" on May 11, 1813. Parera was asked to compose a new musical setting around the same date, he must have finished the piece in a few days. Oral tradition has it that the premiere took place on May 14, 1813 at the home of the aristocrat Mariquita Sánchez de Thompson, but there is no documentary evidence of that. If this episode is true Parera, contrary to certain misconceptions and under no visible coercion.
The published song sheet is dated 14 May 1813. He again conducted the official premiere in the theater on May 28, was paid 200 pesos; the composition was known as Canción Patriótica Nacional, simply as Canción Patriótica, but in Juan Pedro Esnaola's early arrangement, dated around 1848, it appeared under the title Himno Nacional Argentino, the name has been retained until today. In the complete version of the Anthem of May it is noted that the political vision portrayed is not only Argentine, but Latin American; the lyrics are ardently pro-independence and anti-Spanish, as the country was at that time fighting for its independence from Spain. The song became popular immediately. Within ten years documented performances took place throughout Argentina, in Chile and Colombia until they had their own national anthems. Different versions emerged. In 1860 Esnaola was commissioned to create an official version, he took the task to heart, making many changes to the music, including a slower tempo, a fuller texture, alterations to the melody, enrichment of the harmony.
In 1927 a committee produced a historicist version that undid several of Esnaola's changes, but introduced new problems in the sung line. After a heated public debate fueled by the newspaper La Prensa, this version was rejected and, following the recommendations of a second committee, Esnaola's arrangement was reinstated. In 1944 it was confirmed as the official state anthem. Throughout the 19th century the anthem was sung in its entirety. However, once harsh feelings against Spain had dissipated, the country had become home to many Spanish immigrants, a modification was introduced by a decree of President Julio Argentino Roca on March 30, 1900: "Without producing alterations in the lyrics of the National Anthem, there are in it verses that describe the concept that nations universally have regarding their anthems in peaceful times, that harmonize with the serenity and dignity of thousands of Spanish that share our living, those that can and must be preferred to be sung in official parties, for they respect the traditions and the law in no offense to anyone, the President of the Republic decrees that: In official or public parties, as well as in public schools, shall be sung only the first and last verses and the chorus of the National Song sanctioned by the General Assembly on May 11, 1813."
The song includes a line that has given rise to controversy: Buenos--Ayres se pone á la frente De los pueblos de la ínclita union. In the manuscript and an early printed song-sheet the word opone is used.
Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires
Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires is a public high school in Buenos Aires, Argentina. In the tradition of the European gymnasium it provides a free education that includes classical languages such as Latin and Greek; the school is one of the most prestigious in Argentina. Its alumni include many personalities, including two Nobel laureates and four Presidents of Argentina, its origins date to 1661, when it was known as Colegio Grande de San Carlos, when the colonial government entrusted the Jesuit Order with the education of the youth. After the Papal suppression of the Jesuits from Spanish Empire-controlled South America in 1767, the institution languished until 1772, when governor Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo reopened the school as the Real Colegio de San Carlos. Vértiz appointed Viceroy of the Río de la Plata, renamed the school Real Convictorio Carolino in 1783, a name that endured until 1806. Thereafter, the school changed its program several times. President Bartolomé Mitre redesignated the institution as the Colegio Nacional in 1863, since 1911 the school has been administered by the University of Buenos Aires.
Only for men, the school has admitted female students since 1957. Nowadays, students from the Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires rank among the best in most science Olympiads, such as the IPhO, IChO and IBO. Alumni include many of Argentina's founding fathers, members of political parties of all ideologies, internationally recognized scientists and two Nobel laureates. A partial list includes: In the present Macri's Administration: Hernán Lombardi, Martín Losteau During the previous Fernandez de Kirchner Administration, government officials: Axel Kicillof. Alberto Manguel - writer, essayist, journalist Herman Aguinis - business school professor, author Luis Agote - devised the first effective method of blood transfusion Roberto Aizenberg - Surrealist painter Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear - President of Argentina, 1922–1928 Mariano Moreno - Independence figure, member of the first independent government of Argentina. Manuel Belgrano - leader in the Argentine War of Independence, creator of the national flag Miguel Cané - writer and lawmaker Gregorio de Laferrère - playwright and lawmaker Martiniano Molina - chef and elected mayor of Quilmes Partido Juan Bautista Egusquiza - President of Paraguay, 1894–1898 Bernardo Houssay - Nobel laureate in Medicine, 1947 Agustin P. Justo - President of Argentina, 1932–1938 Mario Firmenich - Montoneros guerrilla leader Alejandro Korn - philosopher and lawmaker Ernesto Jaimovich - politician Manuel Mendanha - plastic artist Film directors: Manuel Antin, Fabián Bielinsky, Ana Katz, Nicolas Entel Salvador Mazza - epidemiologist who helped control Chagas disease locally Father Carlos Mugica - activist priest, assassinated in 1974 José Pablo Ventura - student activist, assassinated in 1977 José Luis Murature - Foreign Minister of Argentina, 1914–1916 Carlos Pellegrini - President of Argentina, 1890–1892 Ignacio Pirovano - surgeon, performed first local laparotomy Nicolás Repetto - co-founder of the Socialist Party of Argentina and Cooperative movement leader Carlos Saavedra Lamas - Nobel Peace laureate Roque Sáenz Peña - President of Argentina, 1910–1914 Lalo Schiffrin - composer and pianist, born Boris Claudio Schifrin, Grammy Award winner and Academy Award nominee Bernardo Grinspun - economist, Economy Minister Journalists: Pepe Eliaschev, Martín Caparrós, Rolando Hanglin, Mario Mactas Ana María Shua - writer Ada María Elflein- Poet Alicia Moreau de Justo - political figure, pioneer in women's and human rights.
Roberto Alemann - lawyer and economist, antinazi activist, Several times minister of Economy. Juan Ernesto Alemann - economist, antinazi activist, Minister of Economy Mario Roberto Álvarez, architect, he designed the municipal Teatro General San Martín. Cartoonists: Caloi, Nik Julio Montaner - AIDS research pioneer The school offers an astronomy observatory, a swimming pool, a cinema, a sports campus with football, handball, volleyball and basketball courts. Free classes are available such as astronomy, languages, tango, history of cinema, piano, band production and martial arts; the sailing team has won many of the local competitions. It has a choir, which sings in the most important school events. In accordance with the meritocratic conception of the school, admission is competitive, it involves ten exams after a year-long course, testing in language, mathematics and history. Every year 1,200 candidates apply but only around 400 gain admission. There are about 2,000 students enrolled, who pay no fees since the school is public and therefore free.
Escuela Superior de Comercio Carlos Pellegrini Instituto Libre de Segunda Enseñanza
Juan Galo Lavalle was an Argentine military and political figure. Lavalle was born in Buenos Aires to María Mercedes González Bordallo and Manuel José Lavalle, general accountant of rents and tobacco for the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. In 1799, the family moved to Santiago de Chile, but returned to Buenos Aires in 1807. In 1812 Lavalle joined the Regiment of mounted grenadiers as a cadet. By 1813 he reached the grade of lieutenant and moved to the army, which under orders of Carlos María de Alvear besieged Montevideo. Lavalle fought against José Gervasio Artigas in 1815 and in the Battle of Guayabos under the command of Manuel Dorrego. In 1816 Lavalle moved to Mendoza to join the Army of the Andes of the "liberator" José de San Martín and fought in Chacabuco and the Maipú in Chile, he continued along with San Martín on his way to Peru and Ecuador and took part in the battles of Pichincha and the Riobamba, after which he became known as the Hero of Riobamba. Because of disagreements with Simón Bolívar, Lavalle returned to Buenos Aires by the end of 1823.
He would govern Mendoza Province for a short time. He fought in the war against Brazil in command of 1,200 cavalry, with great episodes of valour in the battles of Bacacay and Ituzaingó in February 1827, beating the forces of General Abreu and being himself proclaimed General on the field of battle itself. Like many other nineteenth century Argentines prominent in public life, Lavalle was a freemason. By the time he returned to Buenos Aires, the President of the United Provinces, Unitarian Bernardino Rivadavia, had resigned, Manuel Dorrego was elected the federal governor of Buenos Aires Province. Lavalle, a Unitarian himself, led a coup to take the government and executed governor Dorrego without a trial, his government started a reign of terror, aiming to destroy the Federal Party, but the resistance in the countryside didn't recede. In 1829, the demographic growth was negative. During that time, José de San Martín had returned from Europe. While he was in Montevideo, Lavalle offered him the government of Argentina as he was the only man capable of putting an end to the chaotic situation, because of his authority over leaders on both sides.
But when he learned about the spiraling factionalist violence, San Martín realised that he would have to choose sides as the only actual way to govern, so he refused and returned instead to self-exile in Europe. The other provinces did not recognize Lavalle as the legitimate governor, supported the rosista resistance instead. Lavalle would be defeated a short time at the Battle of Márquez Bridge by the forces of Juan Manuel de Rosas and Santa Fe governor Estanislao López. López returned to his province, menaced by Unitarian José María Paz. Meanwhile, Rosas forced him to resign with the Cañuelas pact. Juan José Viamonte was designated as interim governor, the legislature, removed during Lavalle's coup d'état was restored; this legislature would elect Rosas as the governor. Lavalle retired to the Banda Oriental. During the French blockade to the Río de la Plata, Fructuoso Rivera was reluctant to take military actions against Rosas, aware of his strength. Unitarians, who thought that the whole Argentine Confederation would rise against Rosas at the first chance, urged Lavalle to lead the attack, who requested not to share command with Rivera.
As a result, they led both their own armies. His imminent attack was backed up by conspiracies in Buenos Aires, which were discovered and aborted by the Mazorca. Manuel Vicente Maza and his son were among the perpetrators, were executed as a result. Pedro Castelli organized an ill-fated uprising against Rosas, was executed as well. Rosas did not wait to be attacked and ordered Pascual Echagüe to cross the Paraná river and take the fight to Uruguay; the Uruguayan armies split: Rivera returned to defend Montevideo, Lavalle moved to Entre Ríos Province. He expected that the local populations would join him against Rosas and increase his forces, but he found severe resistance, so he moved instead to Corrientes Province. Governor Pedro Ferré defeated López, Rivera defeated Pascual Echagüe, clearing for Lavalle the way to Buenos Aires. However, by that point France had given up its trust on the effectiveness of the blockade, as what was thought it would be an easy and short conflict was turning into a long war, without clear security of a final victory.
France cut its financial support to Lavalle. He didn't find help at local towns either, there was widespread desertion among his ranks. Buenos Aires was ready to resist his military attack, but the lack of support forced him to give up and retire from the battlefield, without starting any battle. Persecuted, his troops suffered constant attacks and Lavalle was forced to move further north, being defeated by Manuel Oribe in La Rioja and Tucumán. Escaping with a small group of 200 men, he was accidentally shot by a Montonera detachment which spread-shot a reputed Unitarian's house, not realizing that Juan Lavalle, the chief of the Unitarians, was staying there; this occurred in 1841 in San Salvador de Jujuy. Afraid that his body would be desecrated by the Federales, his followers fled to Bolivia carrying Lavalle's decomposing remains with them. Hurrying over the Humahuaca pass, they decided to strip the skeleton by boiling it and, after burying the flesh in an unmarked grave, carry the bones, which are today buried at the La Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires.
A statue of the general standing on top of a long, slender column, commemorates the figure of Lavalle at Plaza Lavalle in Buenos Aires. The classic source on Lavalle is "History of Arg
Juan Larrea (politician)
Juan Larrea was a Spanish businessman and politician in Buenos Aires during the early nineteenth century. He headed a military unit during the second British invasion of the Río de la Plata, worked at the Buenos Aires Cabildo, he took part in the ill-fated Mutiny of Álzaga. Larrea and Domingo Matheu were the only two Spanish-born members of the Primera Junta, the first national government of Argentina, he supported the secretary Mariano Moreno within the Junta, was moved to the distant city of San Juan when the Morenists were removed from government. He returned as a deputy for Córdoba in the Assembly of Year XIII constituent assembly, promoting many resolutions. Together with Carlos María de Alvear, he organized the strategy for the downfall of the royalist stronghold in Montevideo, a threat to Buenos Aires during the Argentine War of Independence. Despite the victory, he faced political conflicts with admiral William Brown and an economic crisis, was exiled from the country, he moved to Bordeaux, but returned to Buenos Aires when his exile was lifted by the Oblivion law.
He served as consul for a time, but his business declined and he committed suicide on June 20, 1847. He was the last surviving member of the Primera Junta. Juan Larrea was born on June 1782, in the city of Mataró, Catalonia, his father was Martín Ramón de Larrea, in charge of customs operations in Mataró, his mother was Tomasa Espeso. He studied mathematics and navigation, focused his education towards a career in commerce, his father died in 1793, so Larrea became the patriarch of the family. They moved to Buenos Aires, where he established a warehouse for wines and sugar, he traded with Peru, Upper Peru, Paraguay and colonial Brazil. By 1806 he was a well respected businessman, a syndic of the Royal Consulate, he promoted the role of deputies from Buenos Aires at the Madrid court, to better the representation of the Brazilian viceroyalty and reduce the privileges of peninsular merchants. Buenos Aires and other nearby cities faced the British invasions of the Río de la Plata in 1806 and 1807. In the absence of reinforcements from Spain, viceroy Santiago de Liniers arranged that everyone in Buenos Aires capable of bearing arms should join the resistance against the second invasion.
Larrea established the Legion of Catalan Volunteers with Jaime Nadal y Guarda, Jaime Lavallol and José Olaguer Reynals. Larrea was appointed captain of this military unit; the defense was successful, the British were driven away from the viceroyalty. Larrea's business prospered, in 1808 the Buenos Aires Cabildo appointed him to oversee a naval patrol to suppress shipments of contraband; this gave him an opportunity to put his nautical skills to use. He participated in the secret meetings of patriots who promoted political change, joined the 1809 Mutiny of Álzaga, which attempted to depose viceroy Liniers and replace him with a Junta; the mutiny failed, but the patriots continued to plot, in 1810 the May Revolution succeeded in deposing the new viceroy. Larrea did not take part in the discussions at the open cabildo, but was appointed as member of the Primera Junta. Like many other nineteenth century Argentines prominent in public life, he was a freemason. Larrea's prestige as an influential businessman promoted his appointment as member of the Primera Junta.
However, as with the other members, the precise reasons for his inclusion are unclear. The Junta's membership has been considered a balance between Alzaguists. Larrea resigned his wages from his position as Junta member, organized the resources for the upcoming war of independence. Together with Manuel de Sarratea he drafted a new code regulating business in Argentina, he secured the exile of former viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros by bribing the captain of the ship carrying him, the Dart, to avoid any landfall until reaching the Canary Islands on the far side of the Atlantic, he supported the execution of Liniers after the defeat of his counter-revolution, supported the secretary Mariano Moreno against the president Cornelio Saavedra. Larrea voted for the incorporation of deputies from other cities into the Junta, although he had indicated his opposition to the proposal, it was intended by Saavedra. The proposal prevailed, the Primera Junta became the Junta Grande by incorporating the new deputies.
The resignation and death of Mariano Moreno did not reduce the conflicts between Morenists and Saavedrists. A rebellion on behalf of Saavedrism ensued, on 5 and 6 April 1811, aiming at the resignation of all remaining Morenists, including Larrea. Larrea was accused of joining factions and risking public security, was deposed. Taken prisoner, he was moved to the nearby city of Luján, to the distant San Juan. Larrea resumed business activities in San Juan, avoiding politics until 1812; the Revolution of October 8, 1812 returned the Morenists to power, so Larrea could return to Buenos Aires. He returned as a deputy for Córdoba to the Assembly of Year XIII constituent assembly. In the assembly, Larrea promoted a customs law which taxed most imports, but made exceptions for machines, scientific tools, books and military supplies, he organized a local mint, the supply of the Army of the North. The presidency of the assembly rotated, Larrea presided from April 30 to June 1, 1813. During this time the Assembly outlawed torture and repealed all noble titles, chose the official Argentine National Anthem.
Larrea served in the Second Triumvirate, replacing José Julián Pérez as finance minister, until the Assembly replaced the Triumvirate with the Supreme Director, an office placing the powers of head of state in the hands of one pers
The Governor of Buenos Aires province is a citizen of the Buenos Aires Province of Argentina, holding the office of governor for the corresponding period. The governor is elected alongside a vice-governor; the governor of Buenos Aires Province is Maria Eugenia Vidal since December 10, 2015. For being able to be elected as governor, the citizen must have been born in Argentina, or be the child of an Argentine citizen if born at a foreign country; the citizen must be of at least 30 years old, have at least 5 uninterrupted years of residence in the province if not natural from it. The period lasts 4 years, with the chance of a single reelection. Buenos Aires Province
Argentina the Argentine Republic, is a country located in the southern half of South America. Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, the country is bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Drake Passage to the south. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the fourth largest in the Americas, the largest Spanish-speaking nation; the sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires, the federal capital of the nation as decided by Congress. The provinces and the capital exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; the earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times; the country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century.
Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The declaration and fight for independence was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861, culminating in the country's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city; the country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with several waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest nation in the world by the early 20th century. Following the Great Depression in the 1930s, Argentina descended into political instability and economic decline that pushed it back into underdevelopment, though it remained among the fifteen richest countries for several decades. Following the death of President Juan Perón in 1974, his widow, Isabel Martínez de Perón, ascended to the presidency, she was overthrown in 1976 by a U.
S.-backed coup which installed a right-wing military dictatorship. The military government persecuted and murdered numerous political critics and leftists in the Dirty War, a period of state terrorism that lasted until the election of Raúl Alfonsín as President in 1983. Several of the junta's leaders were convicted of their crimes and sentenced to imprisonment. Argentina is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America, retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America, membership in the G-15 and G-20 major economies, it is a founding member of the United Nations, World Bank, World Trade Organization, Union of South American Nations, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and the Organization of Ibero-American States. Despite its history of economic instability, it ranks second highest in the Human Development Index in Latin America; the description of the country by the word Argentina has been found on a Venetian map in 1536.
In English the name "Argentina" comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, but Italian. Argentina means in Italian " of silver, silver coloured" borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine " of silver" > "silver coloured" mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the feminine form of argentin and derives from argent "silver" with the suffix -in; the Italian naming "Argentina" for the country implies Terra Argentina "land of silver" or Costa Argentina "coast of silver". In Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said l'Argentina; the name Argentina was first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as Giovanni Caboto. In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for "silver" are plata and prata and " of silver" is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin.
The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region. Although "Argentina" was in common usage by the 18th century, the country was formally named "Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata" by the Spanish Empire, "United Provinces of the Río de la Plata" after independence; the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name "Argentine Republic" in legal documents. The name "Argentine Confederation" was commonly used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the country's name as "Argentine Republic", that year's constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as valid. In the English language the country was traditionally called "the Argentine", mimicking the typical Spanish usage la Argentina and resulting from a mistaken shortening of the fuller name'Argentine Republic'.'The Argentine' fell out of fashion during the mid-to-late 20th century, now the country is referred to as "Argentina".
In the Spanish language "Argentina" is feminine, taking the feminine article "La" as the i
President of Argentina [videos]
The President of Argentina, officially known as the President of the Argentine Republic, is both head of state and head of government of Argentina. Under the national Constitution, the President is also the chief …
Bernardino Rivadavia, the first president of the Argentine Republic
Image: Presidente Macri en el Sillon de Rivadavia (cropped)
Governor of Buenos Aires Province [videos]
The Governor of Buenos Aires province is a citizen of the Buenos Aires Province of Argentina, holding the office of governor for the corresponding period. The governor is elected alongside a vice-governor. Currently the governor of Buenos Aires Province is Maria Eugenia Vidal since December 10 …
Image: Maria Eugenia Vidal (cropped)
Image: Iramosmexia
Image: Cabildo Buenos Aires
Image: Manuel Dorrego
Juan Manuel de Rosas [videos]
Juan Manuel de Rosas, nicknamed "Restorer of the Laws", was a politician and army officer who ruled Buenos Aires Province and briefly the Argentine Confederation. Although born into a wealthy family, Rosas independently amassed a personal fortune, acquiring large …
Posthumous portrait of Juan Manuel de Rosas wearing the full dress of a brigadier general
Gauchos resting in the pampas. Oil painting by Johann Moritz Rugendas
Gauchos hunting feral horses. They served in the private army of Rosas.
Rosas at age 36, 1829
Buenos Aires [videos]
Buenos Aires is the capital and largest city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the South American continent's southeastern coast. "Buenos Aires" can be translated as "fair winds" or "good …
Aldus verthoont hem de stadt Buenos Ayrros geleegen in Rio de la Plata, painting by a Dutch sailor who anchored at the port around 1628.
Juan de Garay founding Buenos Aires in 1580. The initial settlement, founded by Pedro de Mendoza, had been abandoned since 1542.
Santiago de Liniers, 1st Count of Buenos Aires.
The Casa Rosada during the Argentina Centennial, 1910.
Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata [videos]
The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was the last to be organized and also the shortest-lived of the Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire in America. — The Viceroyalty was established in …
Image: Pedro de Cevallos
Image: Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo
Image: Virrey Loreto
Image: Pedro Melo de Portugal
Argentina [videos]
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America. Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north …
The surrender of Beresford to Santiago de Liniers during the British invasions of the Río de la Plata
Portrait of General José de San Martin, Libertador of Argentina, Chile and Peru
People gathered in front of the Buenos Aires Cabildo during the May Revolution
The Argentina Centennial was celebrated on 25 May 1910.
Lawyer [videos]
A lawyer or attorney is a person who practices law, as an advocate, attorney, attorney at law, barrister, barrister-at-law, bar-at-law, civil law notary, counsel, counselor, counsellor, counselor at law, solicitor, chartered legal executive, or public servant preparing, interpreting and applying …
Willem Eduard Bok, Jr. in his court dress.
Leondra Kruger, who has made over a dozen oral arguments before the United States Supreme Court.
Law Faculty of Comenius University in Bratislava (Slovakia).
Clara Shortridge Foltz, admitted to the California Bar by examination before attending law school.
Primera Junta [videos]
The Primera Junta or First Assembly is the most common name given to the first independent government of Argentina. It was created on 25 May 1810, as a result of the events of the May Revolution. The Junta initially had representatives from only Buenos Aires. When it was expanded, as expected, with …
The Open cabildo of 22 May decided to replace the viceroy with a Junta.
1897 lithograph of the members of the Primera Junta.
Mariano Moreno, Secretary of War, was one of the most important members of the Primera Junta.
Image: Primera junta por Francisco Fortuny
Manuel Belgrano [videos]
Manuel José Joaquín del Corazón de Jesús Belgrano y González, usually referred to as Manuel Belgrano, was an Argentine economist, lawyer, politician, and military leader. He took part in the Argentine Wars of Independence and …
Portrait of Manuel Belgrano by François-Casimir Carbonnier made during Belgrano's diplomatic mission to London
Manuel Belgrano as a student at the University of Salamanca
Juan José Castelli shared with his cousin Belgrano the work in the Consulate and in journalism.
Belgrano supported the aspirations of Carlota Joaquina de Borbón.
Freemasonry [videos]
Freemasonry or Masonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients. The degrees of Freemasonry …
Lodge in Palazzo Roffia, Florence, set out for French (Moderns) ritual
Print from 1870 portraying George Washington as Master of his Lodge
Freemasons Hall, London, home of the United Grand Lodge of England
Freemasons' Hall, London, c. 1809
Catalans [videos]
The Catalans are the citizens of Catalonia, an autonomous community in Spain and the inhabitants of the Roussillon historical region in southeast France, today the Pyrénées Orientales departments, also called Catalonia …
Battle of the Puig by Andreu Marçal de Sax depicting the Christian victory with the aid of Saint George.
After the Catalan defeat during the War of Spanish Succession, Philip V of Spain ordered the burning of all the Catalan flags and banners.
The castells, human towers, are part of the Catalan culture since 1712 and were declared by UNESCO to be amongst the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
Catalan children wearing the traditional outfit, including the barretina.
Empire of Brazil [videos]
The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and Uruguay. Its government was a representative parliamentary constitutional monarchy under the rule of Emperors Dom Pedro I and his son Dom Pedro II. A colony of the Kingdom …
The locomotive Pequenina (Little One) in Bahia province (Brazilian northeast), c. 1859
Brazilian artillery in position during the Paraguayan War, 1866
Emperor Pedro II surrounded by prominent politicians and national figures c. 1875
A very poor family of caboclos in Ceará province (Brazilian northeast), 1880. In practice, any employed male citizen could qualify to vote. As such, most electors had low income
Uruguay [videos]
Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in the southeastern region of South America. It borders Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east, with the Río de la Plata …
Monument to Charruas native people in Montevideo
Uruguayan troops entrenched in the Battle of Tuyutí, 1866
Uruguayan president Jorge Batlle with former U.S. president George H. W. Bush in 2003
Cerro Batoví in Tacuarembó Department
Juan Bautista Alberdi [videos]
Juan Bautista Alberdi was an Argentine political theorist and diplomat. Although he lived most of his life in exile in Montevideo, Uruguay and in Chile, he influenced the content of the Constitution of Argentina of 1853. — Biography — Early life — Juan …
daguerreotype taken in Chile, dated between 1850 and 1853
The "Literary hall", meeting of members of the Generation of '37
Alberdi in his young age
Image: Juan bautista alberdi bases
Bartolomé Mitre [videos]
Bartolomé Mitre Martínez was an Argentine statesman, military figure, and author. He was the President of Argentina from 1862 to 1868. — Life and times — Mitre was born in Buenos Aires to a Greek family originally named Mitropoulos.As a liberal, he was an opponent …
Image: Bartolome Mitre
Image: Daguerrotipobartolom mit
Image: Bartolomé Mitre
Image: Bagley ad politicians
Mariano Moreno [videos]
Mariano Moreno was an Argentine lawyer, journalist, and politician. He played a decisive role in the Primera Junta, the first national government of Argentina, created after the May Revolution. — Moreno was born in Buenos …
Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract, translated into Spanish by Mariano Moreno
The Representation of the Landowners, economic paper written by Mariano Moreno
Mariano Moreno (left) as a member of the Primera Junta.
Execution of Santiago de Liniers
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento [videos]
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento was an Argentine activist, intellectual, writer, statesman and the seventh President of Argentina. His writing spanned a wide range of genres and topics, from journalism to autobiography, to political philosophy and history. He …
Sarmiento in 1874
Portrait of Sarmiento at the time of his exile in Chile, by Franklin Rawson.
Sarmiento portrayed by Ignacio Baz.
Portrait of Sarmiento painted by his granddaughter Eugenia.
José de San Martín [videos]
José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras, known simply as José de San Martín or El Libertador of Argentina, Chile and Peru, was a …
1820s painting
The Battle of Bailén was one of the most important battles fought by José de San Martín at the Peninsular War.
Arrival of San Martín and Carlos María de Alvear to Buenos Aires, aboard the frigate George Canning.
José de San Martín, trapped under his dead horse during the battle of San Lorenzo, is saved by Juan Bautista Cabral.
Internet Archive [videos]
The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge." It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, movies/videos, moving images, and …
Current headquarters
Mirror of the Internet Archive in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina
2008 hedquarters
A purchase of additional storage at the Internet Archive
Cornelio Saavedra [videos]
Cornelio Judas Tadeo de Saavedra y Rodríguez was a military officer and statesman from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. He was instrumental in the May Revolution, the first step of Argentina's independence from Spain, and was …
Martín de Álzaga sought to depose the viceroy Liniers. By defeating his mutiny, Saavedra increased his political power.
The open cabildo, by Juan Manuel Blanes, during Saavedra's speech.
The people gathered in front of the Buenos Aires Cabildo
Manuel Alberti [videos]
Manuel Máximiliano Alberti was a priest from Buenos Aires, when the city was part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. He had a curacy at Maldonado, Uruguay during the British invasions of the Río de la Plata, and returned to Buenos Aires in time to take part …
Statue of Manuel Alberti at Barrancas de Belgrano.
Image: Manuel Alberti 2
Image: Firma de Alberti
Miguel de Azcuénaga [videos]
Miguel de Azcuénaga was an Argentine brigadier. Educated in Spain, at the University of Seville, Azcuénaga began his military career in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and became a member of the Primera Junta, the first autonomous government of modern …
Cenotaph of Azcuénaga at the La Recoleta Cemetery
Image: Miguel de Azcuénaga 1865
Image: Firma de Azcuénaga
Argentine National Anthem [videos]
The "Argentine National Anthem" is the national anthem of Argentina. Its lyrics were written by the Buenos Aires-born politician Vicente López y Planes and the music was composed by the Spanish musician Blas Parera. The work was adopted as the sole official song …
French transcription for piano by Luis Messemaeckers, published in 1822. This is the oldest sheet music found of the Argentine national anthem outside of Argentina.
The Argentine National Anthem being played for the first time in Mariquita Sánchez's house (painting by Pedro Subercaseaux)
Music sheet found in Santa Ana de Velasco, Bolivia, c. 1860.
First Triumvirate (Argentina) [videos]
The First Triumvirate was the executive body of government that replaced the Junta Grande in the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. It started its functions on September 23, 1811, and was replaced on October 8, 1812. — Origin — After the …
Image: Juanjpaso
Image: Feliciano Chiclana
Image: Juan Martin de Pueyrredon por Villar
British invasions of the River Plate [videos]
The British invasions of the River Plate were a series of unsuccessful British attempts to seize control of areas in the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata that were located around the Río de la Plata in South America — in present-day Argentina and Uruguay. The invasions took …
Sir William Beresford, commander of the British troops.
Lieutenant-General John Whitelocke, commander of the British forces in the second invasion.
Juan Larrea (politician) [videos]
Juan Larrea was a Spanish businessman and politician in Buenos Aires during the early nineteenth century. He headed a military unit during the second British invasion of the Río de la Plata, and worked at the Buenos Aires Cabildo. He took part in the ill-fated Mutiny …
Portrait of Juan Larrea, writing a plan to capture the city of Montevideo
Meeting of the Assembly of Year XIII. Lithograph of the time.
Manuel Dorrego [videos]
Manuel Dorrego was an Argentine statesman and soldier. He was governor of Buenos Aires in 1820, and then again from 1827 to 1828. — Life and politics — Dorrego was born in Buenos Aires on 11 June 1787 to …
Execution of Manuel Dorrego.
Image: Dorrego a color
Justo José de Urquiza [videos]
Justo José de Urquiza y García was an Argentine general and politician. He was president of the Argentine Confederation from 1854 to 1860. — Life — Justo José de Urquiza y García was born in Entre Ríos, the son …
Palacio San José
Image: Justo José de Urquiza MHN
Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires [videos]
Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires is a public high school in Buenos Aires, Argentina. In the tradition of the European gymnasium it provides a free education that includes classical languages such as Latin and Greek. The school is one of the most prestigious in …
Library of the Colegio Nacional
Image: Colegio Nacional Buenos Aires
University of Saint Francis Xavier [videos]
The Royal and Pontifical Major University of Saint Francis Xavier of Chuquisaca is a public university in Sucre, Bolivia. It is one of the oldest universities of the new world, ranking as the second oldest …
Image: Chuquisacantiguo
Image: Universidad Mayor Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca 1
Juan Lavalle [videos]
Juan Galo Lavalle was an Argentine military and political figure. — Biography — Lavalle was born in Buenos Aires to María Mercedes González Bordallo and Manuel José Lavalle, general accountant of rents and tobacco for the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata …
Moving of Lavalle's corpse.
Image: Lavalle
Antonio González de Balcarce [videos]
Antonio González de Balcarce was an Argentine military commander in the early 19th century. — González de Balcarce was born in Buenos Aires. He joined the armed forces as a cadet in 1788. In the battle for Montevideo in 1807, he was captured by the British forces and …
On the Argentina stamp issue 1873.
Image: Antonio González Balcarce
Juan José Castelli [videos]
Juan José Castelli was an Argentine lawyer. He was one of the leaders of the May Revolution, which started the Argentine War of Independence. He led an ill-fated military campaign in Upper Peru. — Juan José Castelli was born in Buenos Aires, and went to school at …
This bas-relief by Gustavo Everlein depicts Castelli demanding that the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros allow an open cabildo.
Bernardino Rivadavia [videos]
Bernardino de la Trinidad González Rivadavia y Rivadavia was the first President of Argentina, then called the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, from February 8, 1826 to June 27, 1827. — He was educated at the Royal College of San Carlos, but left without …
Rivadavia is portrayed on Argentina stamps since 1864.
1837 generation [videos]
The 1837 generation was an Argentine intellectual movement named after the date a literary hall with most of its members was established. Influenced by the new romantic ideas, they rejected the cultural Spanish heritage of the country. They did not acknowledge any …
A statue in Buenos Aires honoring Esteban Echeverría remembers his words: "You Argentines fight for the May Democracy and your cause is not only legitimate but also holy in the eyes of God and the free nations of the world" (Vosotros argentinos lucháis por la democracia de Mayo y vuestra causa no sólo es legítima sino también santa ante los ojos de Dios y de los pueblos libres del mundo). On the other side it says "Slaves, or men subdue to an absolute power, don't have homeland, because homeland is not connected to the place of birth, but in the free exercise of the citizen rights." (Los esclavos, o los hombres sometidos al poder absoluto, no tienen patria, porque la patria no se vincula a la tierra natal, sino en el libre ejercicio de los derechos ciudadanos.)


text:
<?php

namespace webignition\WebResource\Sitemap;

use Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface;
use Psr\Http\Message\UriInterface;
use webignition\WebResource\Exception\InvalidContentTypeException;
use webignition\WebResource\Sitemap\Identifier\Identifier;
use webignition\WebResource\Sitemap\UrlExtractor\NewsFeedUrlExtractor;
use webignition\WebResource\Sitemap\UrlExtractor\SitemapsOrgTxtUrlExtractor;
use webignition\WebResource\Sitemap\UrlExtractor\SitemapsOrgXmlIndexUrlExtractor;
use webignition\WebResource\Sitemap\UrlExtractor\SitemapsOrgXmlUrlExtractor;
use webignition\WebResourceInterfaces\SitemapInterface;

class Factory
{
    const EXCEPTION_UNKNOWN_TYPE_CODE = 1;
    const EXCEPTION_UNKNOWN_TYPE_MESSAGE = 'Unknown sitemap type';

    /**
     * @var Identifier
     */
    private $identifier;

    /**
     * @var array
     */
    private $typeExtractorMap;

    public function __construct()
    {
        $newsFeedExtractor = new NewsFeedUrlExtractor();

        $this->typeExtractorMap = [
            SitemapInterface::TYPE_SITEMAPS_ORG_XML => new SitemapsOrgXmlUrlExtractor(),
            SitemapInterface::TYPE_SITEMAPS_ORG_TXT => new SitemapsOrgTxtUrlExtractor(),
            SitemapInterface::TYPE_ATOM => $newsFeedExtractor,
            SitemapInterface::TYPE_RSS => $newsFeedExtractor,
            SitemapInterface::TYPE_SITEMAPS_ORG_XML_INDEX => new SitemapsOrgXmlIndexUrlExtractor(),
        ];

        $this->identifier = new Identifier();
    }

    /**
     * @param ResponseInterface $response
     * @param UriInterface $uri
     *
     * @return SitemapInterface
     * @throws InvalidContentTypeException
     */
    public function createFromResponse(ResponseInterface $response, UriInterface $uri = null): SitemapInterface
    {
        /* @var Sitemap $sitemap */
        $sitemap = null;
        $responseContent = $response->getBody()->getContents();

        $type = $this->identifier->getType($responseContent);

        if (empty($type)) {
            throw new \RuntimeException(
                self::EXCEPTION_UNKNOWN_TYPE_MESSAGE,
                self::EXCEPTION_UNKNOWN_TYPE_CODE
            );
        }

        $sitemap = Sitemap::createFromResponse($uri, $response, $type);

        $urlExtractor = $this->typeExtractorMap[$type];

        $sitemap->setUrlExtractor($urlExtractor);

        return $sitemap;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Numpy Documentation What happened to http://docs.scipy.org/ ? It has been down for a really long time. What is a recommended documentation source alternative?

A: Can't say if it is recommended but it looks correct - http://sourceforge.net/projects/numpy/files/NumPy/1.8.1/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This picture was taken last week in The Griffin in Glasgow, before Roy's show at The King's Theatre.
He appears to have kept a low profile over the last decades, touring sporadically and not very often, which is a shame for an artist who has not really had the widespread acclaim for his work with The Move, Wizzard, Electric Light Orchestra and indeed his eclectic and always entertaining solo work.
A couple of days later, I wanted to check whether I had requested the tickets to be sent out or to be retained at the box office, so I went back to the website to check.
It was confirmed I had two tickets in Row U…which didn't sound like the front row.
Now, I may have had a couple of glasses when booking, but I'm not that bad, so I checked the seating plan for the stalls of The King's theatre and sure enough, I was not alone – most of the back three rows of the stalls had been booked, the front few rows being fairly sparsely taken.
The way the stalls are laid out is the opposite way round to everybody else's seating plans, so everyone had assumed the long row was the front row.
It got fixed though. I was in Glasgow earlier in the year and went to pick up my Row U tickets and was able to swap them for Row D.
So, before the show last week, my friends and I were in The Griffin, which was unusually quiet, at least until Roy and some of his band walked in, then it got quite busy, which I guess is the power of social media.
The show itself was great. Mr Wood was relaxed and delivered everything I wanted. Even the encore of "I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday" did not seem too incongruous in late February.
Thanks to Barry for the picture below.


text:
Q: Lottie file convert to video mp4 i will try to lottie module use to convert lottie file to mp4 but module gives error
  File "c:\Users\bansi\OneDrive\Desktop\task\lottie\ap.py", line 2, in <module>
    from lottie.exporters.video import export_video
  File "C:\Users\bansi\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.10_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python310\site-packages\lottie\exporters\video.py", line 8, in <module>
    from .cairo import export_png
ImportError: cannot import name 'export_png' from 'lottie.exporters.cairo' (C:\Users\bansi\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.10_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python310\site-packages\lottie\exporters\cairo.py)

ImportError: cannot import name 'export_png' from 'lottie.exporters.cairo'
i need lottie(json)file export file in mp4 video


text:
Kit history
Origin Stories – Arsenal's white sleeves
For more Arsenal kit mythbusting, see The Arsenal History.
For Arsenal's mid-1960s return to plain red shirts and the re-adoption of white sleeves, see here
Today marks the 86th anniversary of a notable development in football kit history.
For the first 46 of their existence, Arsenal – first as Dial Square, then Royal Arsenal and Woolwich Arsenal – had worn plain red shirts, generally paired with white shorts after an early flirtation with navy 'knickers'.
This is how the club looked at the beginning of the 1932-33 season, having come second in the league and lost the FA Cup final in the previous campaign (for the final, and the 1930 decider, the shirts featured white collars).
However, manager Herbert Chapman was always seeking ways to innovate – even if history has bestowed upon him inventions which were not necessarily his. One method was in aiding on-pitch identification, with the development of hooped socks, as above.
March 4, 1933 would see an even more dramatic change as Arsenal took to the field at Highbury for their game against Liverpool looking like this:
The account on the official Arsenal site leaves a lot to be desired:
It was the arrival of manager Herbert Chapman, the 'Great Innovator', in 1925 that launched the Arsenal kit as we know it today. Depending on which source you believe, Chapman either noticed someone at the ground wearing a red sleeveless sweater over a white shirt or played golf with famous cartoonist of the day Tom Webster, who wore something similar. Either way, the 'look' inspired the manager to create a new strip combining a red shirt with white collar and sleeves. It also incorporated the Club badge, which was positioned on the left-hand side of the shirt.
Neither of those stories is correct, though one is closer to the truth – the truth which has featured in the book The Official History of Arsenal, by Phil Soar and Martin Tyler (yes, the commentator). However, to get the most comprehensive tale, we defer, as ever, to the magnificent The Arsenal Shirt, by Simon Shakeshaft and James Elkin.
The cartoonist Tom Webster was playing golf, but it was with Claude Kirby, the chairman of Chelsea, rather than Chapman. Webster showed up for their round in Blackpool wearing a blue sleeveless sweater over a white polo shirt and Kirby was taken with the look. He suggested to the Chelsea manager that the team should wear something similar, but Calderhead vetoed the idea.
Having a conversation with Chapman over a drink in Sheffield, Webster mentioned the incident and a bulb lit in Chapman's brain, and he apparently ordered that a bottle of red ink be brought to the bar so that the cartoonist could provide an artist's impression of what an Arsenal version would look like.
According to The Arsenal Shirt, Arsenal contacted the Football League seeking permission to change, though the initial request only mentioned a switch to white collars and cuffs – possibly an oversight. What is certain is that, on Friday, March 3, 1933, Chapman put in an order with Nottingham-based textile manufacturer Hollins & Co. for ten sleeveless tops in Viyella, a mixture of merino and cotton. These jerseys were to be worn over the club's white change shirts.
It was also decided at this time to change the socks from black to blue, with white hoops (finding a red dye that wouldn't run in the wash was proving difficult).
The next day's Nottingham Evening Post noted the news:
At half past two yesterday afternoon Mr. H. Chapman, the Arsenal manager, telephoned Hollins and Co. and ordered red Viyella jerseys for the team.
Details were given over the telephone, work begun at once and the jerseys despatched from the factory at six o'clock.
Former Arsenal player, trainer and manager Tom Whittaker, in his book Tom Whittaker's Arsenal, recalled "delighted cries and whistles from the crowd" as they ran out in what he called "pillar-box red shirts", though the new look didn't have an immediately positive effect as Liverpool won 1-0.
A draw with Leicester and defeats at Wolverhampton Wanderers and Newcastle United followed, but in early April Arsenal beat title rivals Aston Villa (5-0) and Sheffield Wednesday (4-2) and went on to the win their second title, retaining it in each of the following two seasons.
The Arsenal Shirt notes that there is no evidence as to when the team stopped wearing the pullovers, but by the beginning of 1933-34, one-piece shirts, made by Bukta, were worn.
There is a legend that, with the problem of red dye running still persisting, the white sleeves were unstitched from the red bodies after each game and washed separately. However true that may be, the new look was there to stay and would influence teams like Hibernian, Braga of Portugal and Roy Race's Melchester Rovers.
Tags: Bukta
Previous: Season in kits – Chelsea, 1966-67
Next: The history of Matchwinner, part 2A
2 thoughts on "Origin Stories – Arsenal's white sleeves"
Kabe says:
May I sugges an "origin stories" about all the claret and blue teams (which I think derive from Villa) and all the red and white striped teams (which, I believe, ultimately derive from matresses)
Folarin Alabi says:
Thanks for the information about Arsenals Kit. Funny how history works. Cant imagine Chelsea wearing a blue shirt with white sleeves
January squad number conundrums
Midweek Mashup – Nürnberg, 1997-98
1992-93 Replica World catalogue
The Coupe du Monde – part 4
1to11ify
The Great Squad Numbers Poll, 12-40
Legacies – Barcelona number 3


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text:
ASEAN KNOW OVERVIEW
YANGON - A CITY PROFILE
ASEAN - A regional profile
ASEAN@50 - Historic Milestones
Looking to Asia With A Global Mindset
Brunei - A country profile
Cambodia - A country profile
Indonesia - A country profile
Lao PDR - A country profile
Malaysia - A country profile
Myanmar - A country profile
Philippines - A country profile
Surabaya - A city profile
Thailand - A country profile
Vietnam - A country profile
Discovering Yangon
Tourism Development in ASEAN Countries
Society in ASEAN countries
ASEAN Countries - A Look at Technology and Innovation
Economic Developments in ASEAN Countries
International and Regional Economic Cooperation in ASEAN Countries
ASEAN countries - Political Structures
ASEAN Countries - Biographies of Selected Key Political Leaders
This article provides an overview of Yangon for those keen on exploring the possibility of living and working there. The information presented is gathered from open sources and is not exhaustive or meant to supplement or substitute legal and professional advice.
Land area: 598.75 sq km1
Population (2019): 7.83 million2
Mayor: U Maung Maung Soe3
National language: Burmese 4
Currency: Kyat5
Yangon (formerly Rangoon) is Myanmar's largest city and former seat of government. Apart from serving as the country's financial centre, Yangon is also a trade and logistics hub. Home to the country's main air and sea ports it is also served by road and rail networks. Yangon is bordered by Bago Region Ayeyarwady Region, Kayin State and Mon State.6
Yangon's population reached an estimated 7.83 million in 2014, which is 15.31 percent of the total population of Myanmar (51.14 million). The population of Yangon has grown almost doubled from the 3.966 million recorded in 1983. The urban population made up 69 percent of the total population. The city has an adult literacy rate of 96.6 percent7
Between 2012 to 2017, Yangon's GDP grew at an average 9.2 percent per annum. In 2016 and 2017 alone, its GDP reached USD$10.7 billion, with an annual growth rate of 8.5 percent. Yangon's GDP accounts for about 23 percent of Myanmar's GDP. In 2018, foreign enterprises accounted for 59 percent of the enterprises in Yangon, with 76 percent concentrated in the manufacturing sector.8
The New Yangon City
The New Yangon City is set up to address the challenges faced by the city due to the rise in population, urban infrastructure and to provide opportunities for economic development. The vision of the project by the government-owned New Yangon Development Co (NYDC) is "Productive City, Liveable City" – a city that will be the country's economic engine, while ensuring an inclusive, green and highly liveable experience for its residents. The first phase of the project involved developing 20,000 acres of land to the west of central Yangon into an urban industrial district. The first phase will comprise five village townships, two bridges, 26 kilometres of artery roads, 10 square kilometres of industrial estate, a power plant, transmission and distribution facilities, as well as a water and wastewater treatment plant. The project hopes to create two million jobs.9
Thilawa Special Economic Zone
Located along the Yangon River 25 kilometres south of Yangon, the Thilawa Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is the first of three SEZs in Myanmar. . Its target industries include light industries and the manufacturing of consumer goods. While Zone A of Thilawa SEZ was opened on 23 September 2015,10 Zone B is still under construction. As of January 2019, the Thilawa SEZ has attracted a total of 103 investors from 18 countries, with the majority involved in manufacturing.11
Yangon is often the first point of entry for most international visitors. The city is a melting pot of cultures and religions. It has a large number of colonial-era buildings in Southeast Asia and has a unique colonial-era urban core that has been maintained over the years. While numerous pagodas dot the city, the Shwedagon Pagoda is the most prominent and well-loved landmark. Purported to be the oldest in Asia, it is the national pride of Yangon. The city also has a number of parks, such as the Kandawgyi Lake and Bogyoke Park, and an array of colonial-era buildings.12
Singapore and Yangon
As of 30 September 2018, the highest foreign direct investment inflows to Myanmar was from Singapore, with 289 enterprises investing US$19.731 billion.13 One of these is construction group and property developer Tiong Seng Holdings Limited, which had completed the construction of Yuzana low-cost residential units in the Dagon Seikkan township in Yangon in March 2018.14
Geography. (2019). Yangon City Development Committee. Retrieved December 20, 2020, from https://www.ycdc.gov.mm; Facts about YCDC. (2014). Yangon City Development Committee, p. 7. Retrieved December 20, 2020, from https://www.ycdc.gov.mm ↩
2019 inter-censal survey -population. (2020). Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population. Retrieved December 20, 2020, from http://www.dop.gov.mm ↩
Bhattacharya, A. (2018, August 16). My urban challenge: Mayor of Yangon. GovInsider. Retrieved December 20, 2020, from https://govinsider.asia ↩
Myanmar Languages. (2019). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved December 20, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com ↩
Myanmar Kyat. (n.d.). Oanda. Retrieved December 10, 2020, from https://www1.oanda.com ↩
Yangon. (2020). Ministry of Hotels & Tourism. Retrieved December 10, 2020, from https://tourism.gov.mm ↩
Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population. Retrieved December 10, 2020, from https://www.dop.gov.mm ↩
Doing business in Yangon 2018. (2018). PricewaterhouseCooper Myanmar Co., pp. 4, 8, 10, 12. Retrieved December 10, 2020, from https://www.pwc.com ↩
New Yangon Development Company Ltd. (n.d.). Retrieved December 10, 2020, from https://nydc.com.mm/; Yee, Y. M. (2019, January 25). Yangon's new city to start bidding process. Myanmar Times. Retrieved December 10, 2020, https://www.mmtimes.com; Doing business in Yangon 2018. (2018). PricewaterhouseCooper Myanmar Co., p. 34. Retrieved December 10, 2020, from https://www.pwc.com; Socio-economic master plan for New Yangon city. (2018, September). New Yangon Development Company Ltd, pp. 6, 9. Retrieved December 10, 2020, from https://nydc.com.mm ↩
Myanmar business guide. (2018.). PwC, pp. 24-25. Retrieved December 10, 2020, from https://www.pwc.com ↩
Yamon, A. (2019, January 19). Myanmar plans smart city in Thilawa SEZ. Global New Light of Myanmar. Retrieved December 10, 2020, from http://www.globalnewlightofmyanmar.com ↩
Yangon. (2020). Ministry of Hotels & Tourisms. Retrieved December 20, 2020, from http://tourism.gov.mm ↩
2019 Myanmar statistical yearbook. (2019, September). Central Statistical Organization, p. 459. Retrieved December 10, 2020, from http://mmsis.gov.mm ↩
Tiong Seng scales its construction capabilities offshore with successful handover of residential units in Yangon, Myanmar. (2019, March 28). Tiong Seng Group. Retrieved December 10, 2020, from http://investors.tiongseng.com.sg ↩


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