Mt Mitchell United Methodist Church is proud to be the home of a group of gentlemen called the United Methodist Men who get together every third Sunday of the month in the Fellowship Building behind the church. The men share a spiritual fellowship, an early breakfast at 7:00 and discussions about their on-going projects.
One of these projects is being the driving force behind the Hot Dog Sale. This fundraiser is run by a core group of men affectionately called the "Hot Dog Bunch". They show up every 4th Wednesday of the month to keep the hot dog sales running smoothly. The UMM are avid sponsors of Boy Scout Troop #591 so for one month each year, the UMM donate most of their profits from the Hot Dog Sales to the Boy Scouts for trips and fellowship.
Other projects include the Ham Dinner, normally held in November and the Christmas Banquet. Both of these are co-sponsored with the United Methodist Women.
The Mt Mitchell United Methodist Men are a proud part of the Western North Carolina Conference of the United Methodist Men!


Former Democratic National Committee chairwoman Donna Brazile says that she wants to see the full report by Special Counsel Robert Mueller to see how the Trump campaign responded to Russia's attempts to impact the election.
— Donna Brazile on "Fox & Friends"
Brazile noted the summary released by Attorney General William Barr Sunday which said that Trump did not conspire with Russia did leave some unanswered question.
"It says that 'the investigation did not establish that members of the Trump campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities,'" Brazile said.
The former head of the DNC also defended Democrats talks of continuing investigations saying that they have a "constitutional responsibility," adding it is both parties responsibility to protect the country from future hacking attempts.
"Do you know what I want Democrats and Republicans to do? I want them to make sure this never happens to our country again," Brazile said.


text:
This topic has 4 questions:
What is the rhizosphere?
What are the main characteristics of the rhizosphere?
What is the rhizoplane and what are its main characteristics?
What are some examples of how organisms in the rhizosphere influence plant roots?
Question 1. What is the rhizosphere?
The rhizosphere is the region of soil that is immediately adjacent to and affected by plant roots. The rhizosphere is a very dynamic environment where plants, soil, microorganisms, nutrients and water meet and interact. The rhizosphere differs from the bulk soil because of the activities of plant roots and their effect on soil organisms.
Question 2. What are the main characteristics of the rhizosphere?
A major characteristic of the rhizosphere is the release of organic compounds into the soil by plant roots. These compounds, called exudates, make the environment of the rhizosphere very different from the environment in the bulk soil. The exudes can be used to increase the availability of nutrients in the rhizosphere and they also provide a food source for microorganisms. This causes the number of microorganisms to be far larger in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. Their presence attracts larger soil organisms that feed on microorganisms and the concentration of organisms in the rhizosphere can be up to 500 times higher than in the bulk soil.
Another characteristic of the rhizosphere is the uptake of water and nutrients by plants. Plants take up water and nutrients into their roots. This draws water from the surrounding soil towards the roots and rhizosphere. The balance between the movement of water and nutrients towards the roots and their removal from the soil by roots means that their concentration in the rhizosphere is usually very different from what it is in the bulk soil.
Question 3. What is the rhizoplane and what are its main characteristics?
The rhizoplane is the surface of plant roots in the soil. Like the rhizosphere, the rhizoplane is a constantly changing environment. As roots grow they cast off dead cells and must navigate around soil particles, making the rhizoplane highly irregular. The rhizoplane is the site of water and nutrient uptake and the release of exudates into the soil.
Question 4. What are some examples of how organisms in the rhizosphere influence plant roots?
Organisms in the rhizosphere can affect the plant roots by altering the movement of carbon compounds from roots to shoots.
The burrows of earthworms in soil provide an easy route for plants roots to take as they grow through the soil.
Various associations between roots and microorganism can increase nutrient uptake by plants in nutrient poor environments, such as associations with mycorrhiza, rhizobia and Azospirillum.
Some soil organisms are pathogenic and attack plant roots.
Azospirillum is a bacterium that commonly lives in the rhizosphere of grasses. Some strains of this organism produce hormones that stimulate plant growth and other strains fix atmospheric nitrogen and make it available to the grass .
More on mycorrhizal fungi
More on rhizobia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
#include "tensorflow/compiler/mlir/lite/quantization/quantization_config.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <ios>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

#include "absl/strings/numbers.h"
#include "absl/strings/str_split.h"
#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
#include "tensorflow/core/framework/types.pb.h"

// Is this dtype a quantization type from TensorFlow.
static bool IsQuantizationType(tensorflow::DataType dtype) {
  switch (dtype) {
    case tensorflow::DT_QINT8:
    case tensorflow::DT_QUINT8:
    case tensorflow::DT_QINT16:
    case tensorflow::DT_QUINT16:
    case tensorflow::DT_QINT32:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

namespace mlir {
namespace quant {
namespace {
bool GetBooleanSpecs(const std::string& bool_val) {
  bool result;
  std::stringstream iss(bool_val);
  iss >> std::boolalpha >> result;
  return result;
}
}  // namespace

void ParseCustomOpSpecs(absl::string_view node_names,
                        const CustomOpUpdateOptions& update_option,
                        CustomOpMap& custom_op_map) {
  if (node_names.empty()) return;

  std::vector<std::string> custom_nodes = absl::StrSplit(node_names, ',');

  for (auto& cur_node : custom_nodes) {
    std::vector<std::string> node_infos = absl::StrSplit(cur_node, '=');
    std::string node_name = node_infos[0];
    auto node_specification = node_infos[1];
    CustomOpInfo new_node_info;
    switch (update_option) {
      case CustomOpUpdateOptions::kINputIndices: {
        std::vector<std::string> indices =
            absl::StrSplit(node_specification, '-');
        for (auto& cur_index : indices) {
          custom_op_map[node_name].quantizable_input_indices.push_back(
              std::stoi(cur_index));
        }
        break;
      }
      case CustomOpUpdateOptions::kWeightOnly:
        custom_op_map[node_name].is_weight_only =
            GetBooleanSpecs(node_specification);
        break;
      case CustomOpUpdateOptions::kNoSideEffect:
        custom_op_map[node_name].no_side_effect =
            GetBooleanSpecs(node_specification);
        break;
    }
  }
}

bool ParseInputNodeQuantSpecs(absl::string_view node_names,
                              absl::string_view min_values,
                              absl::string_view max_values,
                              absl::string_view inference_type,
                              QuantizationSpecs* quant_specs) {
  std::vector<std::string> input_nodes = absl::StrSplit(node_names, ',');
  std::vector<llvm::Optional<double>> node_mins;
  if (!min_values.empty()) {
    std::vector<std::string> node_mins_str = absl::StrSplit(min_values, ',');
    for (int i = 0, e = node_mins_str.size(); i < e; i++) {
      double value;
      if (!absl::SimpleAtod(node_mins_str[i], &value)) {
        return true;
      }
      node_mins.push_back(value);
    }
  }

  std::vector<llvm::Optional<double>> node_maxs;
  if (!max_values.empty()) {
    std::vector<std::string> node_maxs_str = absl::StrSplit(max_values, ',');
    for (int i = 0, e = node_maxs_str.size(); i < e; i++) {
      double value;
      if (!absl::SimpleAtod(node_maxs_str[i], &value)) {
        llvm::errs() << "Unexpected mins: " << node_maxs_str[i] << "\n";
        return true;
      }
      node_maxs.push_back(value);
    }
  }

  tensorflow::DataType final_type = tensorflow::DT_FLOAT;
  if (!inference_type.empty() &&
      !DataType_Parse(std::string(inference_type), &final_type)) {
    return true;
  }
  return GetInputNodeQuantSpecs(input_nodes, node_mins, node_maxs, final_type,
                                quant_specs);
}

bool GetInputNodeQuantSpecs(
    const std::vector<std::string>& node_names,
    const std::vector<llvm::Optional<double>>& node_mins,
    const std::vector<llvm::Optional<double>>& node_maxs,
    tensorflow::DataType inference_type, QuantizationSpecs* quant_specs) {
  quant_specs->inference_type = inference_type;

  // If min/max are not specified, just return;
  if (node_mins.empty() || node_maxs.empty()) return false;

  // Otherwise make sure min/max has the same size as inputs.
  if (IsQuantizationType(inference_type)) {
    // min/max should have same size as inputs, or shouldn't be specified.
    if (node_names.size() != node_mins.size() ||
        node_names.size() != node_maxs.size()) {
      return true;
    }
    for (int i = 0, e = node_names.size(); i != e; ++i) {
      quant_specs->input_ranges.push_back({node_mins[i], node_maxs[i]});
    }
    return false;
  }
  if (!node_mins.empty()) {
    llvm::dbgs() << "Ignored input_min_values.";
  }
  if (!node_maxs.empty()) {
    llvm::dbgs() << "Ignored input_max_values.";
  }
  return false;
}

}  // namespace quant
}  // namespace mlir

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
What's behind the recent exits at Corcoran?
High-profile brokers explain why they left firm
TRD New York /
Oct.October 08, 2014 01:15 PM
By E.B. Solomont
Amid increasing competition among brokerages, the Corcoran Group has lost a number of high-profile agents to rival firms in recent months.
Most recently, Corcoran veteran Fabienne Lecole jumped to William Raveis' new office in New York City, which is headed by real estate veterans Kathy Braddock and Paul Purcell. In September, the five-person LaChance Team left Corcoran for Urban Compass, while top broker Lauren Muss decamped to Douglas Elliman.
"It was a very hard decision. I was the poster girl for Corcoran," said Muss, who closed $80 million in sales in 2013 and over $1 billion in her career.
Muss offered up a couple of reasons why she left Corcoran. She pointed to Elliman's new alliance with Knight Frank Residential. She also said she was eager to work on new development marketing and resales. At Corcoran, new development marketing is mostly handled by the Corcoran Sunshine Marketing Group.
"I think the market is changing," Muss said. "I felt there were opportunities I was missing that were available here for me."
Corcoran didn't respond to a request for comment.
The firm remains the second-largest brokerage in the city, with 1,191 agents, up 9 percent from last year, according to The Real Deal's annual ranking of top brokerages. This year, Corcoran has seen its listing volume rise to $3.4 billion, up from $2.1 billion in 2013, according to a TRD analysis, which was based on data gathered from the OLR listing portal in March 2014.
Nonetheless, Lecole, who joined Corcoran in 2001 and was among the firm's top 2 percent of producers in 2013, said she was acutely aware of her independent contractor status. "Every day I had a reminder that my business comes from myself, I don't have a real plan," she said.
At William Raveis, Lecole said she will have a team so that she can focus on pitching clients – something she did not have at Corcoran. She'll also have mentors in Braddock and Purcell, who have already helped her develop a long-term marketing strategy. "As much as I love Corcoran, we are about 1,800 brokers," Lecole said. "It's not the same equation."
In the past, such departures from firms have typical come in batches every few years, and sometimes one jump by a broker can inspire others. Leonard Steinberg's move this summer to Urban Compass from Douglas Elliman, for example, prompted a string of others to follow him.
In September, Urban Compass nabbed three teams (or 11 agents total) from Corcoran: the LaChance Team, headed by Debra and Denise LaChance, as well as Jesse Shafer and Greg McHale's Shafer-McHale Team and Stacey Froelich's Froelich Team.
Debra LaChance said Urban Compass offered her and her team the chance to advance their careers. "This was the opportunity for me to take a next step," said LaChance, who will be managing director of boutique development at Urban Compass.
LaChance also noted that she was attracted to Urban Compass' entrepreneurial and collaborative culture. "Here [agents] have a very strong, loud voice," she said. "It's very much listened to and acted upon."
Other high-profile departures this year include Corcoran veteran Bill Cunningham, an executive manager director at the firm, who was tapped in May to head up Trump International Realty. Cunningham previously ran Corcoran's main East Side office for seven years. In addition, Brennan Zahler left Corcoran to run leasing at Town Residential's Fifth Avenue office. And in April, Richard Nassimi, a former head of sales at the W Downtown and at the Cipriani Club Residences at 55 Wall Street, exited Corcoran to start his own firm, The Nassimi Group.
Changes in the market have also prompted some of the defections. Lecole noted that the inventory crunch has intensified competition to get deals done.
"It's hard," she said, explaining that she thinks William Raveis is giving her a leg up. "Instead of being just a broker, I feel like I'm becoming a businessperson with a plan."
CorcoranDouglas Ellimanwilliam raveis
Two Elliman agents launch platform to provide renters, buyers and sellers up to $50K in unsecured loans
Douglas Elliman is coming to Texas
Corcoran to shut down office in building partly owned by Barbara Corcoran
Steve Gold loses exclusive at record-setting Harlem project
More bidding wars for Brooklyn and Queens homes last quarter
Luxury rents up across the city
Pricey Manhattan home sales dropped nearly 40% in Q4
Amazon, WeWork and more — the biggest real estate stories of 2019


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text:
Text plus figures [Requires table-enabled browser]
Volcanoes of the United States
Online Version 1.1
by Steven R. Brantley
Volcanoes and the Theory of Plate Tectonics
Recent Eruptions from U.S. Volcanoes
Hawaiian volcanoes
Cascade volcanoes
Alaskan volcanoes
Restless calderas
Active Volcanoes: Windows into the Past
Few natural forces are as spectacular and threatening, or have played such a dominant role in shaping the face of the Earth, as erupting volcanoes. Volcanism has built some of the world's greatest mountain ranges, covered vast regions with lava (molten rock at the Earth's surface), and triggered explosive eruptions whose size and power are nearly impossible for us to imagine today. Fortunately, such calamitous eruptions occur infrequently. Of the 50 or so volcanoes that erupt every year, however, a few severely disrupt human activities. Between 1980 and 1990, volcanic activity killed at least 26,000 people and forced nearly 450,000 to flee from their homes.
Though few people in the United States may actually experience an erupting volcano, the evidence for earlier volcanism is preserved in many rocks of North America. Features seen in volcanic rocks only hours old are also present in ancient volcanic rocks, both at the surface and buried beneath younger deposits. A thick ash deposit sandwiched between layers of sandstone in Nebraska, the massive granite peaks of the Sierra Nevada mountain range, and a variety of volcanic layers found in eastern Maine are but a few of the striking clues of past volcanism. With this perspective, an erupting volcano is not only an exciting and awesome spectacle in its own right but a window into a natural process that has happened over and over again throughout Earth's history.
The Earth's crust, on which we live and depend, is in large part the product of millions of once-active volcanoes and tremendous volumes of magma (molten rock below ground) that did not erupt but instead cooled below the surface. Such persistent and widespread volcanism has resulted in many valuable natural resources throughout the world. For example, volcanic ash blown over thousands of square kilometers of land increases soil fertility for forests and agriculture by adding nutrients and acting as a mulch. Groundwater heated by large, still-hot magma bodies can be tapped for geothermal energy. And over many thousands of years, heated groundwater has concentrated valuable minerals, including copper, tin, gold, and silver, into deposits that are mined throughout the world.
The United States ranks third, behind Indonesia and Japan, in the number of historically active volcanoes (that is, those for which we have written accounts of eruptions). In addition, about 10 percent of the more than 1,500 volcanoes that have erupted in the past 10,000 years are located in the United States. Most of these volcanoes are found in the Aleutian Islands, the Alaska Peninsula, the Hawaiian Islands, and the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest; the remainder are widely distributed in the western part of the Nation. A few U.S. volcanoes have produced some of the largest and most dangerous types of eruptions in this century, while several others have threatened to erupt.
Scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) engage in a variety of research activities in order to reduce the loss of life and property that can result from volcanic eruptions and to minimize the social and economic turmoil that can result when volcanoes threaten to erupt. These activities include studies of the physical processes before, during, and after a volcanic eruption, assessments of volcano hazards, and public outreach to translate scientific information about volcanoes into terms that are meaningful to the public and public officials.
Monitoring volcanoes for signs of activity, another vital component, is carried out by USGS earth scientists at three volcano observatories, which were established to study active volcanoes in Hawaii (1912), the Cascades (1980), and Alaska (1988). These researchers record earthquakes, survey the surfaces of volcanoes, map volcanic rock deposits, and analyze the chemistry of volcanic gas and fresh lava to detect warning signs of impending activity and determine the most likely type of activity that will affect areas around a volcano. During the past 10 years, several warnings of eruptions were issued by the USGS and monitoring of recently active volcanoes in the United States was expanded. Predicting the time and size of volcanic eruptions, however, remains a difficult challenge for scientists.
Volcanoes are not randomly distributed over the Earth's surface. Most are concentrated on the edges of continents, along island chains, or beneath the sea forming long mountain ranges. More than half of the world's active volcanoes above sea level encircle the Pacific Ocean to form the circum-Pacific "Ring of Fire." In the past 25 years, scientists have developed a theory--called plate tectonics--that explains the locations of volcanoes and their relationship to other large-scale geologic features.
According to this theory, the Earth's surface is made up of a patchwork of about a dozen large plates that move relative to one another at speeds from less than one centimeter to about ten centimeters per year (about the speed at which fingernails grow). These rigid plates, whose average thickness is about 80 kilometers, are spreading apart, sliding past each other, or colliding with each other in slow motion on top of the Earth's hot, pliable interior. Volcanoes tend to form where plates collide or spread apart, but they can also grow in the middle of a plate, as for example the Hawaiian volcanoes.
Few places on Earth allow closer or more dramatic views of volcanic activity than Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes on the island of Hawaii. Their frequent but usually nonexplosive eruptions make them ideal for scientific study. Kilauea's eruptions are so intensely monitored that scientists have assembled a detailed picture of the volcano's magma reservoir "plumbing" system and how it behaves before and during eruptions. Studies of these volcanoes and the surrounding ocean floor continue to improve our understanding of the geologic history of the Hawaiian Island chain and the ability of scientists to determine volcanic hazards that threaten island residents.
Eruptions of Hawaiian volcanoes are typically non-explosive because of the composition of the magma. Almost all of the magma erupted from Hawaii's volcanoes forms dark gray to black volcanic rock (called basalt), generally in the form of lava flows and, less commonly, as fragmented lava such as volcanic bombs, cinders, pumice, and ash. Basalt magma is more fluid than the other types of magma (andesite, dacite, and rhyolite). Consequently, expanding volcanic gases can escape from basalt relatively easily and can propel lava high into the air, forming brilliant fountains sometimes called "curtains of fire."
Lava, whether erupted in high fountains or quietly pouring out, collects to form flows that spread across the ground in thin broad sheets or in narrow streams. The fluid nature of basalt magma allows it to travel great distances from the vent (the place where lava breaks ground) and tends to build volcanoes in the shape of an inverted warrior shield, with slopes less than about 10 degrees. Volcanoes with this kind of profile are called shield volcanoes.
Hawaiian volcanoes erupt at their summit calderas and from their flanks along linear rift zones that extend from the calderas. Calderas are large steep-walled depressions that form when a volcano's summit region collapses, usually after a large eruption empties or partly empties a reservoir of magma beneath the volcano. Rift zones are areas of weakness within a volcano that extend from the surface to depths of several kilometers. Magma that erupts from the flank of a volcano must first flow underground through one of the volcano's rift zones, sometimes traveling more than 30 kilometers from the summit magma reservoir before breaking the surface.
Mauna Loa. Rising more than 9,000 meters from the seafloor, Mauna Loa is one of the world's largest active volcanoes; from its base below sea level to its summit, Mauna Loa is taller than Mount Everest. It has erupted 15 times since 1900, with eruptions lasting from less than 1 day to as many as 145 days.
The most recent eruption began before dawn on March 25, 1984. Brilliant lava fountains lit the night-time sky as fissures opened across the floor of the caldera. Within hours, the summit activity stopped and lava began erupting from a series of vents along the northeast rift zone. When the eruption stopped 3 weeks later, lava flows were only 6.5 kilometers from buildings in the city of Hilo. Mauna Loa erupts less frequently than Kilauea, but it produces a much greater volume of lava over a shorter period of time.
Kilauea Volcano. Kilauea's longest rift-zone eruption in historical time began on January 3, 1983. A row of lava fountains broke out from its east rift zone about 17 kilometers from the summit caldera; within a few months, the activity settled down to a single vent. Powerful fountaining episodes hurled molten rock 450 meters into the air and built a cone of lava fragments that quickly became the tallest landmark on the rift zone.
The eruption changed style abruptly in July 1986 when lava broke out through a new vent. Instead of regular episodes of high lava fountaining, lava spilled continuously onto Kilauea's surface. The steady outpouring of lava formed a lake of molten rock that became perched atop a small shield volcano. By June 1991, the shield was about 60 meters tall and 1,600 meters in diameter, and lava from the eruption had covered 75 square kilometers of forest and grassland, added 120 hectares of new land to the island, and destroyed 179 homes.
Although most of Kilauea's historical rift eruptions were much briefer, prolonged eruptive activity in the east rift zone from 1969 to 1974 formed a similar shield, Mauna Ulu (Hawaiian for "Growing Mountain"), and an extensive lava field on the volcano's south flank. The geologic record shows that such large-volume eruptions from the rift zones and the summit area, covering large parts of Kilauea's surface, have occurred many times in the recent past. In fact, about 90 percent of Kilauea's surface is covered with lava flows that are less than 1,100 years old.
Most eruptions at Kilauea can be viewed at close range, but a few historical eruptions were dangerously explosive. Fast-moving mixtures of ash and gas, called pyroclastic surges, raced across the summit area and into the southwest rift zone during an eruption in 1790. Footprints preserved in a layer of ash 30 kilometers southwest of the summit probably include those of a party of Hawaiian warriors and their families who were crossing the volcano when the eruption struck. An estimated 80 of the 250 people were killed by suffocating clouds associated with the pyroclastic surges. A smaller explosive eruption in 1924 from Halemaumau Crater in Kilauea summit caldera, which killed a photographer who was too close, hurled rocks weighing as much as 8 tons as far as 1 kilometer.
Volcanoes of the Cascade Range erupt far less frequently than Kilauea and Mauna Loa, but they are more dangerous because of their violently explosive behavior and their proximity to populated and cultivated areas in Washington, Oregon, and California. The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in southwest Washington dramatically illustrated the type of volcanic activity and destruction these volcanoes can produce. Scientific studies of the eruption of Mount St. Helens and the eruptive histories of other Cascade volcanoes continue to improve public awareness and understanding of these potentially dangerous peaks.
In contrast to Kilauea, Cascade volcanoes erupt a variety of magma types that generate a wide range of eruptive behavior and build steepsided cones known as composite volcanoes. In addition to basalt, andesite and dacite magmas are common.
These magmas are so highly viscous, or sticky, that expanding volcanic gases cannot easily escape from them. This causes a tremendous build-up in pressure, often leading to extremely explosive eruptions. During such eruptions, magma is shattered into tiny fragments (chiefly ash and pumice) and ejected thousands of meters into the atmosphere or even the stratosphere. Under the force of gravity, sometimes these fragments sweep down a volcano's flanks at speeds of more than 100 kilometers per hour, mixing with air and volcanic gases to form pyroclastic flows. Rock fragments can also mix with water in river valleys to form lahars (volcanic debris flows and mudflows) that destroy everything in their paths.
Andesite and dacite magmas also erupt to form lava flows. Because these lavas are more viscous ("stickier") than basalt, they tend to form thicker flows that travel shorter distances from the vent; consequently, andesite and dacite lavas typically build tall cones with steep slopes of more than 20 degrees.
Mount Baker, Washington. Eyewitness reports of small ashy plumes and active steam vents on Mount Baker dating as far back as the mid-1800's were clear evidence that the ice-covered volcano had one of the most active geothermal systems among Cascade volcanoes. When new fumaroles and unusually dark vapor plumes appeared abruptly in March 1975, however, people in the Northwest became concerned about an impending eruption and possible avalanches and lahars from Sherman Crater, a vent just south of Mount Baker's summit. Despite a tenfold increase in the release of heat by the volcano during the next 12 months, which resulted in extensive changes to the ice cover in Sherman Crater and produced minor releases of ash, no eruption occurred. The thermal activity was not accompanied by earthquakes, which generally precede most eruptions, and since 1976, the volcano has not showed additional signs of activity.
The increased thermal activity between 1975 and 1976 prompted public officials and Puget Power to temporarily close public access to the popular Baker Lake recreation area and to lower the reservoir's water level by 10 meters. Significant avalanches of debris from the Sherman Crater area could have swept directly into the reservoir, triggering a disastrous wave that would have caused loss of life and damage to the reservoir.
Mount Rainier, Washington. Mount Rainier has not produced a significant eruption in the past 500 years, but scientists consider it to be one of the most hazardous volcanoes in the Cascades. Mount Rainier has 26 glaciers containing more than five times as much snow and ice as all the other Cascade volcanoes combined. If only a small part of this ice were melted by volcanic activity, it would yield enough water to trigger enormous lahars.
Mount Rainier's potential for generating destructive mudflows is enhanced by its great height above surrounding valleys and its "soft" interior. The volcano stands about 3,000 meters above river valleys leading from its base. Volcanic heat and ground water have turned some of the volcano's originally hard lava into soft clay minerals, thereby weakening its internal structure. These conditions make Mount Rainier extremely susceptible to large landslides. Several have occurred in the past few thousand years, one as recently as about 600 years ago. These landslides, apparently containing great volumes of water, quickly turned into lahars as they rushed down river valleys.
Mount St. Helens, Washington. The catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980, was preceded by 2 months of intense activity that included more than 10,000 earthquakes, hundreds of small phreatic (steam-blast) explosions, and the outward growth of the volcano's entire north flank by more than 80 meters. A magnitude 5.1 earthquake struck beneath the volcano at 08:32 on May 18, setting in motion the devastating eruption.
Within seconds of the earthquake, the volcano's bulging north flank slid away in the largest landslide in recorded history, triggering a destructive, lethal lateral blast of hot gas, steam, and rock debris that swept across the landscape as fast as 1,100 kilometers per hour. Temperatures within the blast reached as high as 300 degrees Celsius. Snow and ice on the volcano melted, forming torrents of water and rock debris that swept down river valleys leading from the volcano. Within minutes, a massive plume of ash thrust 19 kilometers into the sky, where the prevailing wind carried about 490 tons of ash across 57,000 square kilometers of the Western United States.
The well-documented landslide at Mount St. Helens has helped geologists to recognize more than 200 similar deposits at other volcanoes in the world, including several other Cascade peaks. Geologists now realize that large landslides from volcanoes are far more common than previously thought--seventeen such volcanic landslides have occurred worldwide in the past 400 years. Consequently, when scientists evaluate the types of volcanic activity that may endanger people, giant landslides are now included, in addition to other types of volcanic activity such as lava flows, pyroclastic flows, lahars, and falling ash.
Following the 1980 explosive eruption, more than a dozen extrusions of thick, pasty lava built a mound-shaped lava dome in the new crater. The dome is about 1,100 meters in diameter and 250 meters tall.
Lassen Peak, California. Long before the recent activity of Mount St. Helens, a series of spectacular eruptions from Lassen Peak between 1914 and 1917 demonstrated the explosive potential of Cascade volcanoes. Small phreatic explosions began on May 30, 1914, and were followed during the next 12 months by more than 150 explosions that sent clouds of ash as high as 3 kilometers above the peak. The activity changed character in May 1915, when a lava flow was observed in the summit crater. A deep red glow from the hot lava was visible at night 34 kilometers away. On May 19, an avalanche of hot rocks from the lava spilled onto snow and triggered a lahar that extended more than 15 kilometers from the volcano.
The most destructive explosion occurred on May 21, when a pyroclastic flow devastated forests as far as 6.5 kilometers northeast of the summit and lahars swept down several valleys radiating from the volcano. An enormous ash plume rose more than 9 kilometers above the peak, and the prevailing winds scattered the ash across Nevada as far as 500 kilometers to the east. Lassen Peak continued to produce smaller eruptions until about the middle of 1917.
The Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands have about 80 major volcanic centers that consist of one or more volcanoes. Recent violent eruptions have demonstrated that volcanic hazards do exist in some areas of Alaska, even though it is sparsely populated. Alaskan volcanoes have produced one or two eruptions per year since 1900. At least 20 catastrophic caldera-forming eruptions have occurred in the past 10,000 years; the awesome eruption of 1912 at Novarupta in the Katmai National Monument is the most recent. Scientists are particularly concerned about the volcanoes whose eruptions can affect the Cook Inlet region, where 60 percent of Alaska's population lives.
Redoubt Volcano. Redoubt Volcano erupted for the fourth time this century on December 14, 1989. Following several days of strong explosive activity, a series of lava domes grew in Redoubt's summit crater during the next four months. Most of the domes were destroyed by explosions or collapsed down the volcano's north flank. Some of these events triggered small pyroclastic flows that melted snow and ice on the volcano to form lahars in Drift River Valley, which empties into Cook Inlet 35 kilometers away.
Ash produced by the eruptions severely affected air traffic enroute to Anchorage, Alaska's largest city and a major hub of domestic and international commercial air traffic. Many domestic carriers suspended service to Alaska following major explosive events, and several international carriers temporarily rerouted flights around Alaska. On December 15, a jetliner enroute to Japan encountered an ash cloud while descending into Anchorage. The plane quickly lost power in all four engines and lost 4,000 meters in altitude before the pilots were able to restart the engines. The aircraft landed safely in Anchorage, but it sustained more than $80 million in damage.
Lahars generated during the eruption threatened an oil-storage facility located on the banks of Drift River. Oil is pumped from more than a dozen wells in Cook Inlet to the facility and then loaded onto tankers, which dock just offshore. A lahar on January 2 flooded part of the facility with nearly a meter of water, forcing its shutdown until workers could restore power. This and subsequent lahars prompted the Cook Inlet Pipeline Company to temporarily halt oil production from some oil wells and reduce the amount of oil stored at the facility between tanker loadings.
Augustine Volcano. One of the most active volcanoes in Cook Inlet is Augustine, whose symmetrical cone rises 1,254 meters above the sea. Since Captain James Cook discovered and named it in 1778, Augustine has erupted in 1812, 1883, 1935, 1963-64, 1976, and 1986. Curiously, the quiet intervals between these eruptions apparently have shortened from 70 to 10 years.
Augustine's 1986 eruption was similar to the pattern of events observed in 1976. After eight months of earthquake activity beneath the volcano, a violent explosion began on March 26. Billowing ash plumes rose more than 10 kilometers above the vent, pyroclastic flows sped down the volcano's flanks into the sea, and ash spread throughout Cook Inlet. A second stage began April 23, when lava began erupting near the volcano's summit and added about 25 meters to the top of the existing lava dome. Small pyroclastic flows accompanied growth of the dome.
Scientists were worried that this eruption might trigger a giant landslide from Augustine's steep upper cone, which could enter the sea to create a tsunami (powerful seismic sea wave). At least 12 landslides are known to have occurred at Augustine. The most recent slide took place at the onset of the 1883 eruption when a part of the volcano's summit collapsed into the sea. Within one hour, a tsunami as high as 9 meters crashed ashore on the coast of the Kenai Peninsula 80 kilometers away. No one was killed and property damage was only minor because the tsunami hit at low tide. Subsequent eruptions have rebuilt a steep cone of overlapping lava domes similar to the cone that existed just before the 1883 landslide.
Novarupta, Katmai National Monument. The largest eruption in the world this century occurred in 1912 at Novarupta on the Alaska Peninsula. An estimated 15 cubic kilometers of magma was explosively erupted during 60 hours beginning on June 6-- about 30 times the volume erupted by Mount St. Helens in 1980! The expulsion of such a large volume of magma excavated a funnel-shaped vent 2 kilometers wide and triggered the collapse of Mount Katmai volcano 10 kilometers away to form a summit caldera 600 meters deep and about 3 kilometers across. Extrusion of the lava dome, called Novarupta, near the center of the 1912 vent marked the end of the eruption.
Little was known about the spectacular effects of this great eruption until 1916, when a scientific expedition sponsored by the National Geographic Society visited the area. To their amazement, they found a broad valley northwest of Novarupta marked by a flat plain of loose, "sandy" ash material from which thousands of jets of steam were hissing. The eruption had produced pyroclastic flows that swept about 21 kilometers down the upper Ukak River valley. The thickness of the resulting pumice and ash deposits in the upper valley is not known but may be as great as 200 meters. In 1916, the deposits were still hot enough to boil water and form countless steaming fumaroles; hence the expedition named this part of the Ukak River the "Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes."
Trident Volcano. Eruptions of andesitic lava flows between 1953 and 1960 built a new cone on Trident's southwest flank, adding yet another to the volcano's older complex of three overlapping cones (hence the name Trident). A huge cloud of rising ash was seen on February 15, 1953, in the direction of Katmai National Monument; 3 days later clear weather permitted U.S. Navy pilots to spot a blocky lava flow emerging from Trident's southwest flank. Slow extrusion of lava during the next 4 months built an irregularly shaped lava dome about 1.5 kilometers long and 600 meters tall. Trident continued to erupt intermittently through 1960, generating three lava flows as long as 4.5 kilometers from the same vent and numerous ash-producing explosive eruptions.
Mount Veniaminof. Mount Veniaminof is a massive composite volcano with a summit caldera about 8 kilometers in diameter. Since its formation about 3,700 years ago, the caldera has filled with ice to a depth of at least 60 meters. Between June 1983 and January 1984, a series of small explosions, lava fountains, and lava flows erupted from a small cinder cone within the caldera. The explosions hurled molten lava from the cinder cone, and lava flows melted a pit about 1.5 kilometers in diameter in the ice near the base of the volcano. Water from the melting ice formed a temporary lake.
Mount Spurr. The summit cone of Mount Spurr consists of a large lava dome built in the center of a horseshoe-shaped crater formed earlier by a large landslide. At the southern edge of this ancient crater is a younger, more active cone known as Crater Peak. Scientists have determined that Crater Peak is the source for at least 35 ash layers found in the Cook Inlet area, all of which were erupted in the past 6,000 years. Until recently, a warm turquoise-colored lake partially filled its crater.
A series of explosive eruptions from Crater Peak on June 27, 1992, generated ash plumes as high as about 14 kilometers, small pyroclastic flows that swept down the south and east sides of the cone, and small lahars. The reawakening of Crater Peak followed nearly a year of increased earthquake activity, which escalated further on June 26, less than 1 day before its first eruption. Not all of the explosive episodes were preceded by a change in seismicity beneath the volcano, a condition that required scientists to maintain a 24-hour watch for extended periods of time in order to issue sudden reports and warnings of eruptive activity. The west side of Cook Inlet received a light to moderate ashfall during the largest explosive episode on August 18; Anchorage was blanketed with about 3 millimeters of ash, causing the Anchorage International Airport to close for a few hours. During an eruption at night on September 17, a spectacular display of lightning and incandescent ballistics and pyroclastic flows were witnessed by hunters who camped about 18 kilometers to the southeast; a faint glow above Crater Peak was also visible from as far away as Anchorage.
The largest and most explosive volcanic eruptions eject tens to hundreds of cubic kilometers of magma onto the Earth's surface. When such a large volume of magma is removed from beneath a volcano, the ground subsides or collapses into the emptied space, to form a huge depression called a caldera. Some calderas are more than 25 kilometers in diameter and several kilometers deep.
Calderas are among the most spectacular and active volcanic features on Earth. Earthquakes, ground cracks, uplift or subsidence of the ground, and thermal activity such as hot springs, geysers, and boiling mud pots are common at many calderas. Such activity is caused by complex interactions among magma stored beneath a caldera, ground water, and the regional buildup of stress in the large plates of the Earth's crust. Significant changes in the level of activity at some calderas are common; these new activity levels can be intermittent, lasting for months to years, or persistent over decades to centuries. Although most caldera unrest does not lead to an eruption, the possibility of violent explosive eruptions warrants detailed scientific study and monitoring of some active calderas.
Recently, scientists have recognized volcanic unrest at two calderas in the United States, Long Valley Caldera in eastern California and Yellowstone Caldera in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Whether unrest at these calderas simply punctuates long periods of quiet or is the early warning sign of future eruptions is an important but still unanswered question.
Long Valley Caldera, California. Long Valley Caldera lies on the eastern front of the Sierra Nevada, about 300 kilometers east of San Francisco. A huge explosive eruption about 700,000 years ago formed the caldera and produced pyroclastic flows that traveled 65 kilometers from the vent and covered an area of about 1,500 square kilometers. Ash from the caldera-forming eruption fell as far east as Nebraska. Within the past 40,000 years, eruptions have been restricted to a linear zone of vents, including the Mono-Inyo Craters Volcanic Chain, that extends about 50 kilometers north from the northwest part of the caldera.
This volcanic chain consists of many vents that have erupted in the past several thousand years. Eruptions from vents as recently as 550 years ago produced lava flows, pyroclastic flows, and ash, all of rhyolitic composition. Geologic mapping shows that some eruptions were preceded by ground cracking, suggesting that the ground was pulled apart or stretched as magma neared the surface.
Three moderate earthquakes south of the caldera and one beneath the caldera on May 25-26, 1980, marked the beginning of unrest that continues into the 1990's. Swarms of earthquakes beneath the caldera, changes in several hot springs, and the formation of new springs have occurred since 1980. Precise surveys have also shown that the central part of the caldera has risen by more than 50 centimeters since 1975. This unrest is probably related to the stretching (east-west extension) of the Earth's crust that is known to be occurring in the region around the caldera, and it probably also involves the rise of magma beneath the caldera. Scientists do not know if this unrest will lead to volcanic activity, but the geologically recent eruptions along the Mono-Inyo Craters Volcanic Chain suggest that future eruptions are possible.
Yellowstone Caldera, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Yellowstone Caldera is one of the largest and most active calderas in the world. The spectacular geysers, boiling hot springs, and mud pots that have made Yellowstone famous--and even the strikingly beautiful Grand Canyon of Yellowstone through which the Yellowstone River plunges--owe their existence to the tremendous volcanic forces that have affected the region during the past 2 million years. Cataclysmic eruptions 2.0, 1.3, and 0.6 million years ago ejected huge volumes of rhyolite magma; each eruption formed a caldera and extensive layers of thick pyroclastic-flow deposits. The youngest caldera is an elliptical depression, nearly 80 kilometers long and 50 kilometers wide, that occupies much of Yellowstone National Park. The caldera is buried by several extensive rhyolite lava flows erupted between 75,000 and 150,000 years ago.
The Earth's crust beneath Yellowstone National Park is still restless. Precise surveys have detected an area in the center of the caldera that rose by as much as 86 centimeters between 1923 and 1984 and then subsided slightly between 1985 and 1989. Scientists do not know the cause of these ups and downs but hypothesize that they are related to the addition or withdrawal of magma beneath the caldera, or to the changing pressure of the hot ground water system above Yellowstone's large magma reservoir. Also, Yellowstone National Park and the area immediately west of the Park are historically among the most seismically active areas in the Rocky Mountains. Small-magnitude earthquakes are common beneath the entire caldera, but most are located along the Hebgen Lake fault zone that extends into the northwest part of the caldera. A magnitude 7.5 earthquake occurred along this zone in 1959.
Molten rock has erupted onto the surface of the Earth throughout its 4.5-billion-year history. Although many of these ancient rocks were removed by erosion, volcanic deposits can be found beneath younger rocks in many parts of the United States. To a geologist, such long-lasting volcanic rocks look like those formed by today's active volcanoes. Many ancient volcanic rocks, however, change somewhat with time, as they become firmly consolidated, buried by younger deposits, and sometimes folded and faulted by the continuous shifting of the Earth's crust. Even minerals of volcanic rocks may change, if after burial they encounter high pressures and temperatures.
Most active volcanoes are built on older volcanic deposits erupted from ancient volcanoes, and visitors to the present-day volcanoes walk or drive across these products of past volcanism. For example, anyone driving across the Cascade Range, sunbathing at Waikiki, or fishing on the Alaska Peninsula is there because old volcanic rocks form the landscape.
One step further back in time from today's active volcanoes are people who picnic in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, enjoy the autumn colors in the Blue Ridge of Shenandoah National Park, and hike in the rugged Big Bend National Park of Texas. Many of the rocks in these areas were formed by eruptions or by intrusion of magma into the Earth's crust many millions of years ago. Because volcanic activity has been so important in shaping the Earth, watching active volcanoes today provides a window through which we can glimpse and reconstruct the early volcanic history of our planet.
As we increase our knowledge about volcanic processes, by studying volcanoes erupting today as well as those that have lain dormant for hundreds to thousands of years, we increase our ability to predict when and how volcanoes will erupt. Accurate predictions, presented in terms that are meaningful to public officials, will minimize the number of lives lost and the social and economic upheaval that an eruption can cause.
Andesite A volcanic rock containing 53-63% silica with a moderate viscosity when in a molten state.
Ash Fragments less than 2 millimeters in diameter of lava or rock blasted into the air by volcanic explosions.
Basalt A volcanic rock consisting of less than 53% silica with a low viscosity when in a molten state.
Caldera A large volcanic depression, commonly circular or elliptical when seen from above.
Composite volcano A steep-sided volcano composed of many layers of volcanic rocks, usually of high-viscosity lava and fragmented debris such as lahar and pyroclastic deposits.
Dacite A volcanic rock containing 63-68% silica with a high viscosity when in a molten state.
Dome A steep-sided mound that forms when viscous lava piles up near a volcanic vent. Domes are formed by andesite, dacite, and rhyolite lavas.
Fumarole A vent that releases volcanic gases, including water vapor (steam).
Lahar A flowing mixture of water and rock debris that forms on the slopes of a volcano, sometimes referred to as debris flow or mudflow. The term comes from Indonesia.
Lava Molten rock that erupts from a vent or fissure; see magma.
Magma Molten rock that contains dissolved gas and crystals, formed deep within the Earth. When magma reaches the surface, it is called lava.
Phreatic eruption A type of volcanic explosion that occurs when water comes in contact with hot rocks or ash near a volcanic vent, causing steam explosions.
Pumice A light-colored volcanic rock containing abundant trapped gas bubbles formed by the explosive eruption of magma. Because of its numerous gas bubbles, pumice commonly floats on water.
Pyroclastic flow A hot, fast-moving and high-density mixture of ash, pumice, rock fragments, and gas formed during explosive eruptions.
Pyroclastic surge Same process as pyroclastic flow but of much lower density.
Rhyolite A volcanic rock containing more than 68% silica with a very high viscosity when in a molten state.
Shield volcano A volcano shaped like an inverted warrior's shield with long gentle slopes produced by eruptions of low-viscosity basaltic lava.
Silica The molecule formed of silicon and oxygen (SiO2) that is the basic building block of volcanic rocks and the most important factor controlling the fluidity of magma. The higher a magma's silica content, the greater its viscosity or "stickiness."
Vent The opening at the Earth's surface through which volcanic materials (magma and gas) escape.
Volcano A vent in the surface of the Earth through which magma erupts and also the landform that is constructed by the erupted material.
Volcanic landslide The downslope movement of soil, rock debris, and sometimes glacial ice, with or without water, from the flank of a volcano.
The metric units used in this publication can be converted to English units by using the approximate conversions given below:
1 kilometer = 0.6 of a mile
1 meter = 39.37 inches
1 centimeter = 0.4 inch
1 millimeter = 0.04 inch
1 sq. kilometer = 0.4 sq. mile
1 sq. meter = 1.2 sq. yards
1 sq. centimeter = 0.155 sq. inch
To convert degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit, multiply degrees C by 1.8 and add 32.
To convert degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius, subtract 32 from degrees F and divide the result by 1.8.
Decker, Robert, and Decker, Barbara, 1989, Volcanoes: San Francisco, Freeman, 285 p. (An information-packed introduction to the study of volcanoes written in an easy-to-read style.)
Editors, 1982, Volcano: in the series Planet Earth, Alexandria, Virginia, Time-Life Books,176 p. (A well illustrated and readable general survey of volcanoes and their activity.)
McClelland, Lindsay, Simkin, Tom, Summers, Marjorie, Nielsen, Elizabeth, and Stein, T.C., editors, 1989, Global Volcanism 1975-1985: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 656 p. (A full account of volcanism on Earth based on eyewitness accounts from geologists and other scientists, reporters, travelers, and other keen observers.)
Simkin, Tom, Seibert, Lee, McClelland, Lindsay, Bridge, David, Newhall, Christopher, and Latter, J.H., 1981, Volcanoes of the World: Stroudsburg, Pa., Hutchinson Ross, 233 p. (A comprehensive regional directory of worldwide volcanic activity during the past 10,000 years; activity presented in table format.)
Tilling, R.l., 1982, Volcanoes: Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey general-interest publication, 46 p. (A general introduction for the nonspecialist to the study of volcanoes, with focus on the nature, types, workings, products, and hazards of volcanoes.)
Tilling, R.l., 1984, Eruptions of Mount St. Helens: Past, present, and future: Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey general-interest publication, 46 p. (A nontechnical summary, illustrated by many color photographs and diagrams, of the abundant scientific data available for the volcano, with emphasis on the catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980, which caused the worst volcanic disaster in U.S. history.)
Tilling, R.l., 1987, Eruptions of Hawaiian volcanoes: Past, present, and future: Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey general-interest publication, 54 p. (A nontechnical summary, illustrated by color photographs and drawings, of the eruption history, style, and products of two of Hawaii's active volcanoes, Kilauea and Mauna Loa.)
Wood, C.A., and Kienle, Jurgen, editors, 1990, Volcanoes of North America--United States and Canada: Cambridge University Press, 354 p. (A rich compilation of volcanoes and volcanic fields in North America that were formed in the past 5 million years; includes more than 250 entries prepared by leading experts in volcanology.)
This publication is one of a series of general interest publications prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey to provide information about the earth sciences, natural resources, and the environment. To obtain a catalog of additional titles in the series "General Interest Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey," write:
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Jasmine started life as a tiny little Aquarius in El Paso, Texas at Fort Bliss where her family was stationed at the time. She is the big sister to two brothers. When she uttered her first word, "Macy's", her family knew she was destined to have a penchant for all things fabulous.
Jasmine attended private school for 8 long years and then went on to Lowell High School (Fiat Scientia!) in San Francisco. It was then on to college for Jasmine where she earned a B.A. in Graphic Design and Marketing from San Francisco State University.
Her days (and sometimes nights) are spent working on social media and print/web design projects, pouring over fashion, beauty and design publications and shopping and luxuriating. In her free time, Jasmine enjoys spending time with family and friends and researching her Creole culture.
Today, you can find Jasmine behind a computer monitor bossing pixels around, socializing, chasing behind her baby girls (husband, too!) and narrowing down her search for the perfect cup of coffee!


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Kentucky Derby 143 Trainer Quotes
TRAINER QUOTES FROM THE 143RD RUNNING OF THE KENTUCKY DERBY
LOUISVILLE, Ky. (Saturday, May 6, 2017):
Todd Pletcher, trainer of Always Dreaming (1st)/Tapwrit (sixth)/Patch (14th) – (A very emotional Todd Pletcher shedding tears of joy): "I knew we had a big shot with this horse and I was hoping it would happen. The trip unfolded not exactly the way we had planned. We knew for sure we didn't want to be behind a wall of horses and that turned out OK. Johnny (Velazquez) of course rode him great. This is so special to win this race with Johnny. We've been together for all these years and this is sweet. I'm sorry I don't have a clue about my other two horses. I was so intense following Always Dreaming up front that I never did get a chance to pick them up."
Steve Asmussen, trainer of Lookin At Lee (2nd)/Hence (11th)/Untrapped (12th) –"I'm definitely proud of 'Lee.' He just keeps coming. Drawing the one was tough. He's the first horse in 20 years to run in the top three from the one hole. A lot of credit goes to Corey (Lanerie) for navigating a very good course from there. To me, the Kentucky Derby, everything about it is a thrill. I'm just proud of the effort of Lookin at Lee and the whole team. Hats off to the winner. He ran an incredible race. With Untrapped, Ricardo (Santana Jr.) found a really good spot with him. It just ran away from him in the middle. Hence didn't run into the mud hitting him."
Jerry Hollendorfer, trainer of Battle of Midway (3rd) – "I thought our horse gave a nice effort. We had a good position coming into the lane but Todd's horse was too good."
Mark Casse, trainer of Classic Empire (4th)/State of Honor (19th) – "We got wiped out at the start. That's the problem with the auxiliary gate. McCraken came and nearly knocked us. Classic Empire really got clobbered. The track is impossible. Our horse ran extremely well, considering. State of Honor didn't like the track. I should have told Jose (Lezcano) to go right to the rail because the track has been so speed favoring, especially on the rail."
Chad Brown, trainer of Practical Joke (5th) -- "We got a beautiful trip from the 19 hole. I thought Joel (Rosario) did as well as he could. My horse really got a dream trip, I thought. He even got to the inside where it appeared the track had been better the last two days. He cut the corner and he just couldn't sustain his run. I thought he handled the conditions well and so did Joel. Can't blame the track. I think today he showed he just has a limit to how far he can run. He's a fine racehorse, he's a Grade 1 racehorse. He just can't go this classic distance. I'll talk to the owners, we'll give him a little bit of a breather, and we'll focus on races a little bit shorter than this."
Antonio Sano, trainer of Gunnevera, (7th) – "He came back very well. We have no excuse."
Ian Wilkes, trainer of McCraken (8th) – "I got a great ride. He got knocked around a bit leaving there but that's the Derby. I thought he got him in a good rhythm, got him in a good position. He made his move and I got a little excited but he didn't finish it off. The winner was too good."
John Shirreffs, trainer of Gormley (9th) – "Gormley came back fine. I'd really prefer not to comment on his race until I have a chance to watch the replay."
Graham Motion, trainer of Irish War Cry (10th) – "Rajiv (Maragh) said he was cruising at the top of the stretch. He said he kind of went from having a lot of horse to not having a lot of horse in three strides. Could it be the mile and a quarter? Maybe, but I think it's too early to say. He just didn't finish up. Rajiv thought he was really traveling at the top of the stretch."
Joe Sharp, trainer of Girvin (13th) – "Mike (Smith) came back and said he belongs with this bunch. He hated the track, but still tried to make a run and then we got wiped out on the turn." Mike said I should run him back in the Preakness or the Belmont."
Dale Romans, trainer of J Boys Echo (15th) -- "He just had an awfully rough trip. I came back to the barn to check on him and he seems to be walking fine."
Keith Desormeaux, trainer of Sonneteer (16th) – "He obviously didn't like the track because Kent (Desormeaux) was having to ride him the whole way. He usually takes a hold and relaxes, but today Kent had to ask him and that tells me he didn't like the track. That simple."
Mike Maker, trainer of Fast and Accurate (17th) -- "All is well. Not good enough."
Doug O'Neill, trainer of Irap (18th) – "Disappointing. Mario (Gutierrez) said he didn't handle the track at all. We'll have to talk to Mr. (Paul) Reddam, but I don't think it is likely we will go on to Maryland."
Dr. Keith Latson, AAEP On Call Veterinarian on Thunder Snow (DNF) -- "Thunder Snow galloped back to the paddock comfortably under his own power. He was examined by Dr. Jennifer Kaak and was found to have no injuries and walked back to his barn under his own power."


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Most businessmen would heartily agree when told that maintaining accounts for your transactions though vital becomes difficult keeping in mind the day-to-day demands of running your operations. Accounting gives us an overview of a business and helps us make important financial decisions based on it.
In most small businesses, the number of transactions and other details are manageable and does not justify hiring a full time bookkeeper to maintain your accounts. So maintaining that accounts mostly falls on the owner himself.
Running a small business is a task that requires donning many hats. The most important of it would be the accountant's hat. But if your business involves a lot of transactions, though, in smaller amounts, hiring an accounting firm helps. The accounting firm would ideally need your documents pertaining to all financial transactions like your receipts, invoices and payment vouchers and they maintain the details of it on a spreadsheet or other various accounting software packages that are available in the market. You would probably need to update them every week or bi-weekly depending on the volume of your business.
There are a few accounting software applications that can be customized to suit your business needs. Though they might seem like a big investment in the beginning, they make life much simpler in the long run. They help in maintaining your records, give less chance for foul play and provide an easy retrieval of records.
It would be a good idea initially, to maintain dual systems for the first few months. Confirm that both the systems have the same total before you drop the paper.
All small business owners will find it very beneficial if they follow a few basics to keep a tight overrun of their business activities. Acquiring a bank statement every month end helps in reconciling records. They prove to be a ready reckon for outstandings. A thorough check is advisable to check against unauthorized transactions.
Deposit all cash at the bank immediately to get a bank to ensure all incomes are properly recorded. Cash accounting system is much simpler but keep in mind the maximum turnover in sales allowed by the taxation board. Being consistent is very essential for successful business bookkeeping. Follow the same column heading every month for the year while maintaining records. There will be less confusion at the year end.


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Todd Wofford's Movie Reviews
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During the ancient Battle of Marathon, a runner named Pheidippides was dispatched to Sparta to seek aid for the Athenian army. Legend has it that Pheidippides completed his two-day run, delivered his message, and promptly died from exhaustion. Likewise, 1917 depicts two young troopers entrusted to relay a desperate message to the distant frontlines. What follows is a nerve-shattering trek, presented as if it were one long, unbroken take. This film is not for the squeamish, but for those who can withstand its sudden jolts of adrenaline, director Sam Mendes delivers gripping entertainment, and an awe-inspiring cinematic achievement.
The film takes us to Spring 1917, in what is left of war-torn France. Trenches twist in all directions, their walls painted with blood and soot-stained slop. Between these snaking ditches lies a smoldering moonscape of mangled barbed wire, charred trees, and wildly contorted corpses. It's a perfect masterpiece only the Devil could paint on Earth.
Somewhere in this transplanted Hell, the Germans begin a tactical withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line. The British smell an opportunity, but they also sense a trap. By the time the generals figure out it's the latter, all communication with the front gets severed. To avoid certain annihilation, an order to halt the advance has to be hand-delivered. This task falls into the hands of two unlucky Lance Corporals: Tom Blake (Dean-Charles Chapman) is babyfaced and gregarious, while Will Schofield (George MacKay) approaches life in the field with shrewd caution. We spend the rest of this odyssey on their flank, winding through shell-pocked buildings and across incongruously beautiful countryside.
Many war films have attempted to bring home the withering insanity of life for ground-bound grunts, but no one has ever pulled it off with the relentless dedication of 1917. By tethering themselves to idea of one continuous take (CGI and clever camerawork hide the cuts), Mendes and his crew force us to see the carnage exclusively through the eyes of the infantrymen. Bullets zip from all directions. Planes dogfight in the distant sky. Silhouetted soldiers pop out of burning buildings–are they friend or foe? As an audience, we get a taste of the terrifying anxiety that our protagonists must be feeling. No film this side of Saving Private Ryan creates a stronger sense of you are there.
Mendes and his crew don't burden their story with wistful flashbacks or ladles of lumpy exposition. 1917 doesn't just move, it hurtles like a screaming rocket. What we learn about the main characters occurs only in halting moments of narrative, and it's often relayed between the distant booms of artillery. As such, both lead actors must flesh their characters out from the leanest of sketches. MacKay and Chapman turn in excellent performances from extremely difficult roles. It's a testament to both of them that we feel like we know Blake and Schofield, even though we don't have much in the way of actual information.
1917 creates a topography where strange beauty and magnificent ugliness mingle seamlessly: Rotting livestock sprawl across newly green fields. Cherry blossoms flit across the battlefield, settling softly onto the living and dead alike. (This evokes a similar phenomenon that occurred during the Battle of Shiloh, a bloodbath that was also waged in early spring.) When the characters move at night, roiling fires cast an eerie, cosmic glow. It sounds paradoxical, but Mendes gives us a film that's both visually haunting and undeniably attractive at the same time.
This movie would make an excellent–if exhausting–companion to Peter Jackson's excellent They Shall Not Grow Old. Both films make The Great War feel intimate, modern, and frighteningly real. 1917 goes a step further by distilling the experience down to its most visceral aspect: For these two soldiers, the battle for survival only comes in excruciating increments. Every minute they live to draw another breath feels like its own self-contained victory. Their principle motivation to push on lies in the crumpled photos of loved ones, crinkling in their shirt pockets. 1917 takes us on a journey that's thrilling, essential, and savagely brilliant, all at once. This is the best film of 2019.
119 min. R.
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Brent crude oil gives up gains, falls close to 11-year low
Global Brent crude benchmarks were at $36.13 a barrel at 0744 GMT (11.44am UAE time), down 29 cents or 0.8 percentage points from their previous settlement, and close to an 11-year low of $35.98 a barrel they hit in December. (File)
Brent crude oil prices gave back earlier gains on Wednesday, retreating almost 1 per cent and close to 11-year lows as concerns over growing supply and rising stock levels outweighed tensions between key Middle East producers.
A rift between Saudi Arabia and Iran failed to boost prices this week, as it appeared to put an end to speculation that Opec members could agree on production cuts to lift prices.
Global Brent crude benchmarks were at $36.13 a barrel at 0744 GMT (11.44am UAE time), down 29 cents or 0.8 percentage points from their previous settlement, and close to an 11-year low of $35.98 a barrel they hit in December.
US crude futures were down 13 cents at $35.84 per barrel after already slipping 79 cents the previous day.
The futures market brushed aside earlier support from physical trading, where Saudi Aramco on Tuesday raised its February price for Arab Light grade for Asian customers by $0.60 versus January.
With prices near multi-year lows, analysts said that oversupply remained the main concern in the market.
"Lingering concerns about growing supply continued to outweigh the implications of rising tensions in the Middle East," ANZ bank said, referring to global production outpacing demand by hundreds of thousands of barrels every day.
Adding to this oversupply, Iranian oil exports are widely expected to increase in 2016 as Western sanctions against the country for its alleged nuclear weapons programme are likely to be lifted.
Still, a senior Iranian oil official said the country could moderate oil export increases once the sanctions are lifted to avoid putting prices under further pressure.
"We don't want to start a sort of a price war," Mohsen Qamsari, director general for international affairs of the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), told Reuters in an interview. "I have to say that there is no room to push prices down any further, given the level where they are."
In the United States, concerns over mounting stock levels were ongoing, with crude inventories likely to have risen by 439,000 barrels last week, according to a Reuters poll of eight analysts.
"The market is worried about inventory data that will be released over the next two days. We are expecting a rise in crude oil inventories, which should put further downward pressure on prices," ANZ said.
The US Energy Information Administration (EIA) will publish its closely watched weekly data at 1530 GMT (7.30pm UAE time).
The oil market also faced pressure from a strengthening dollar which hovered near a one-month high reached on Tuesday as traders sought safer havens.


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Synthetic Bible Studies
« Prev Lesson 7. Numbers, Chapters 1-19 Next »
LESSON 7. NUMBERS, CHAPTERS 1-19
A secondary name for Numbers might be "The book of the journeyings," since it gives the story of Israel from the departure from Sinai to the arrival at Moab on the border of Canaan. If you examine the chronological hints in the margin of your Bibles, you will see that the period covered by Exodus and Leviticus was not more than a year or two, while that of Numbers was about 38 years. A map in the back of your Bible will be an aid in mastering this book. You will see the course of the journey was first northeast as far as Kadesh, then south again to a fork of the Red Sea, and finally northeast as before, around the land of Edom to Moab. The outline is not unlike the form of a somewhat irregular "W." We shall study the book in accordance with a geographical outline, considering first the principal events or facts at Sinai before they started, then what occurred between Sinai and Kadesh, and then between Kadesh and Moab.
This book might almost be called the book of the "murmurings," as well as the "journeyings," for from beginning to end it is pervaded with the spirit of rebellion against God, justifying a sort of abstract given of the period in Psalm 95:10, "Forty years long was I grieved with this generation." Let us not forget also that while the annals of many powerful nations of that same period are entirely lost to the world, these of a comparative handful of people are preserved, because of the relation they bear to the redemption of the world through Jesus Christ. This, as well, accounts for the divine long-suffering towards them, and for all the exhibitions of divine love which the book contains. In 1 Corinthians 10, we learn that the things that happened to them were "examples" unto us, in other words, their history throughout was a sort of object lesson illustrating God's dealings with us today in a spiritual sense, and in no part of their history is this more true than in Numbers.
At Sinai, Chapters 1-10.
What are the chief facts, or events, associated in this book with Sinai? The reading in accordance with the prescribed rules will make it easy to reply:
1. Numbering and arranging the tribes, chapters 1, 2.
2. Choosing and assigning the Levites, chapters 3, 4.
3. Special laws and regulations, chapters 5-10.
What was the value or necessity of fact one? Doubtless that every Israelite might know his own tribe or family, especially that the genealogy of the promised Messiah might be ascertained. And then, too, for convenience on the march, and the better preparation for conflict with enemies.
Which tribe was omitted from the numbering, and why (1:47-53; 3:5-13)? Which tribe was multiplied by two to thus fill the vacancy in the original number (1:32-35)?
Into how many divisions were the Levites classified, and what general duties of the Tabernacle were assigned to each (3:17, 25, 26, 29, 31, 33, 36, 37)? What relative position in the camp was occupied by the Levites (2:17)? Who encamped closest to the Tabernacle on the east (3:38)? What special instructions were given for the sons of Kohath (4:1-15)? What was the law for the cleansing and subsequent consecration of the Levites (8:5-22)? By what symbolic act did Israel identify itself with the Levites as a substitute (8:10, 11)? Compare also the following verse. What did God do with the Levites which Israel gave Him, and how does His action illustrate the way in which He still uses His people's gifts (8:18, 19)?
Things to be Noticed.
Notice the illustration of God's power and wisdom in sustaining such a host for 40 years, in a country where there was neither bread nor water to be obtained -- no transports, no supply trains, no friendly nations to contribute anything. God was in the midst of them. He was all, but He was enough (Deut. 2:7; 8:4).
Notice the typical position of the Levites. Their calling for such a special and elevated service was not of debt but of grace, if we consider their ancestry (Gen. 34 and 49). But observe their preparation for it (8:5-8, 12) -- "the blood of atonement, the water of cleansing, the razor of self-judgment." And if we ask whether there were anything antecedent to this which marked them for this selection, perhaps we find the answer in the surrender of their wills to God as indicated in Exodus 32:25-29, with which compare Deuteronomy 33:8-11, and Malachi 2:4-6.
The Minor Regulations.
Under the head of fact 3 attention should be called to the exclusion of the unclean from the camp as bearing on our obligation to put away sin from our individual lives not only, but also the exercise of discipline in the church. Compare Joshua 7:11, 12, and 1 Corinthians 5.
Attention should be called as well to the further allusion to the trespass offering, originally spoken of in Leviticus, to emphasize the two features of confession and restitution, since it is only thus the believer can enjoy Paul's experience (Acts 24:16).
Nor is the law about jealousy without its significance to us. See the divine care to maintain the integrity of. the innocent as well as to punish the guilty (5:14, 28). Typically, Jehovah Himself is the husband, Israel the wife proven unfaithful, alas! The application can be made to Christ and the church, or the individual believer in place of the church. Sin is spiritual adultery.
The law of the Nazarite is full of interest. Here one sets himself apart to God in a special manner, temporarily or permanently. He separates himself from things lawful in themselves, but calculated to interfere with his deeper communion and blessing. He is peculiarly a type of Christ as suggested in such words as John 17:16-19, but an example to every believer who desires to come into the place of spiritual power. Study such New Testament passages as, "Mortify therefore your members which are upon the earth," "Ye are bought with a price, therefore glorify God in your body," "Come out from among them and be ye separate."
From Sinai to Kadesh, Chapters 10-19.
The outline of this part of their journey may be marked by the various "murmurings" or rebellions recorded of them, for example: Taberah, 11:3; Kibroth, 11:34; Hazeroth, 12:15, 16; Kadesh, 13:26.
When did they start (10:11)? Who accompanied them, and why invited (vv. 29-32)? What form of prayer was associated with each stage of the journey (vv. 35, 36)? Is the cause of their first complaint mentioned (11:1)? What was the punishment in this case? As to the precise nature of this "burning" nothing is known, some regarding it as external, and analogous to that which destroyed Nadab and Abihu, while others regard it as internal, i. e., some kind of "a wasting effect of the Lord's displeasure." It is also proper to say here, that the exact localities of these places referred to cannot be defined with certainty.
We call the next stopping-place Kibroth, although the proper word as you perceive is somewhat longer. The shorter term, however, will answer our purpose better, as easier to remember. To what was this "murmuring," in part attributable (11:4)? To what divine appointment or institution did it lead (vv. 16, 17, 24-30)? What is the name of the New Testament council of which it may have been the origin? With what particular ceremony were they set apart (v. 17)? What was the immediate result of this anointing (v. 25)? What was the special cause of murmuring in this case (v. 18)? Does the faith of Moses seem to have been equal to this emergency? What explanation of verse 31 is given in the Revised Version, showing that the quails flew that high, but were not so thick on the ground? How did this gratification: of their desire become a judgment on them?
Spiritual Lessons.
Notice the impressive warnings this affords about worldliness. We long for its gratifications, forgetting its slavery. We are led astray in that direction through our association with false professors or "people of mixed principles."
Notice God's dealings with Moses. How gently He passes by his exhibition of infirmity, and notwithstanding this lapse, bears testimony to his faithfulness (12:7). And yet how impartial in chronicling his faults, thus giving us another incidental proof of the truth of this record!
Notice the secret of a ministry of power. The appointment of the rulers in Exodus as compared with the elders here, illustrates the contrast between a ministry exercised in human strength and in the divine strength (Zech. 4:6; Luke 4:18; Acts 2).
Notice the meaning of the word "prophesied" (11:25). Its importance for this particular lesson is not so great, but for other reasons it is well to know that the usual Hebrew word for "prophet" is of passive import, and implies not so much a speaker as one spoken through. Nor is it restricted in meaning to the foretelling of events, but implies any kind of utterance prompted by divine influence, without reference to time. All this has a very important bearing on the doctrine of inspiration, especially the interpretation of such a passage as 2 Peter 1:20, 21, showing that the historical as well as the prophetical books so called, are equally inspired.
What is the event at Hazeroth as given in chapter 12? What gave rise to this spirit of rebellion? What punishment fell on Miriam? Why not on Aaron (v. 11)? How is the greatness of the character of Moses shown in this incident? Of course, the practical lesson from this is the seriousness of speaking against God's servants (see such a passage as 1 Thess. 5:12, 13); but there is also a typical light in which some have viewed it. Moses is regarded as representing Christ in being rejected by his people, who thrust him out of Egypt into Midian. His Ethiopian bride, is the church, composed chiefly of Gentiles. Aaron and Miriam are the Jews opposing this union. The leprosy is the divine judgments on the Jews, who are nevertheless interceded for by those they oppose, the Christian church. But as Miriam was shut out from the camp only for a season. so when the "seven days" of Israel's rejection are run out, she will be restored again to her land and her God in Jesus Christ.
What is the great event at Kadesh, chapters 13, 14? How many spies were sent out? How many reports brought back? What difference is seen between the majority and minority reports? In what did they agree or disagree? To which report gave the people heed? What two men protested against their conduct? How is Moses' jealousy for God exhibited? His love for the people? His own greatness of soul (v. 12, last clause)? What is the great hope set before us in verse 21? What punishment was visited on the rebellious? What happened to the men who brought the false report? How does verse 30 illustrate 2 Peter 2:9? What showed the impenitence of the nation (vv. 40-44)? What further punishment overtook them? With whom did this whole plan of the spies originate (Deut. 1:19-24)? Does Numbers 13:3 necessarily contradict this? May not God have permitted it merely, when He saw them bent on the purpose? May not the commandment, in other words, have been based on the moral condition of the people? (1 Sam. 8:22).
Notice that the great lesson of this section is one of warning about unbelief. When at Kadesh there were but a few leagues to travel and they would be in Canaan. Why did they fail? Take God's answer for it in (Heb. 3:19).
The Rebellion of Korah.
Chapter 16, which we will not dwell on particularly, is an impressive illustration of divine grace in the light of the previous conduct of the nation. Its renewed reference to offerings and sacrifices when they came into the land, shows God's purpose still to make good to them (i. e., to their children who should actually possess Canaan) all His previous promises. Particularly touching is the allusion to sins of ignorance in verses 22 and 28, with which should be contrasted, however, the warning about presumptuous sins (vv. 30, 31), of which an illustration is afforded in the verses immediately following. How strange the happenings of the next chapter in the light of all this!
What two tribes were chiefly represented in this rebellion (v. 1)? How numerous the ring-leaders (v. 2)? What their animus (v. 3)? To whom does Moses first address himself, and why (vv. 6-11)? What made Korah's conduct particularly reprehensible? Of what base falsehood were the sons of Eliab guilty (vv. 12, 13)? What suggests the possible extent of this rebellion (v. 19)? How once more is the magnanimity and mercy of Moses exhibited (vv. 20-22)? What punishment fell upon the ring-leaders (vv. 32-35)? What illustrates the blind passion of the people at this time (v. 41)? What punishment befell them?
What further miraculous evidence does God give as to the authority of Moses and Aaron in chapter 17? How does He offset any tendency to connect in Aaron by the commands of chapter 18:1-7?
The recent death of so many Israelites had put a large part of the nation in a state of legal uncleanness, which greatly alarmed them (17:12, 13). What standing ceremony is now enacted for the purification of such uncleanness in chapter 19? What evidence have we that this sacrifice, like all the others, pointed towards our Lord Jesus Christ (Heb. 9:11-13)? Why so much should be said about uncleanness from contact with the dead is not clear, except as natural death shadows forth spiritual death and the deadly pollution of sin which occasions it. There may also have been sanitary reasons, however, although in the nature of the case they could not have been the more supreme.
Notice the many deep lessons of this section. For example, the wonderful mercy of God towards men who have forfeited all claim upon it. The nation had no right to Canaan, but God brings them in, and this for his own glory's sake.
Notice how much is said about the "stranger" in chapter 15, and compare it with Paul's teaching about the Gentiles (Rom. 9-11 ).
Notice that sins of ignorance cannot be passed over. "While grace has made provision for them in Christ, holiness demands that they be judged and confessed." Notice in what presumptuous sin consist (15:31), and be warned against it. "As the study of the Word is the safeguard against the former, subjection to the Word is the safeguard against the latter."
Notice the folly and peril of envy, jealousy and pride, and familiarize yourselves with such teachings and exhortations as Romans 12:3-8; 1 Corinthians 3:3; Philippians 2:3-8, etc.
Notice the provision, ample and royal, which God makes for His own, as illustrated in His care for Aaron and his house (18:8-32). Who loses anything when he relinquishes the world for Christ?
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Rotary Club of COOU, Igbariam-Gateway Plants Economic Trees to Support The Environment.
ByPRO COOU
IGBARIAM CAMPUS: The Rotary Club of Igbariam-Gateway on the 29th of September 2022, embarked on the second phase of it's economic tree planting program for the year 2022. The event was led by the Club President, Rtn. Prof. Nneka Nnorom across the Faculties of Education, Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Agriculture within the Igbariam Campus […]
2022 POST UTME AND DIRECT ENTRY SCREENING EXERCISE
Academic, Admission, University News
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University hereby invites candidates who made the University their First Choice Institution in the 2022 Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) and scored 140 for Faculties of Education and Agriculture and 150 for other Courses for the screening exercise. Candidates for Law, Medicine, Nursing, Medical Laboratory Technology and Pharmaceutical Sciences should […]
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A delegation from the University of Alabama Alumni was on a courtesy visit to the Vice Chancellor, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Prof. Greg Nwakoby on Wednesday 3rd August 2022. Their visit was to dialogue on areas of partnership with the University as regards linkages and exchange programs. Among the delegation were, Chief Joseph Ezeh, a […]
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4TH SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP Conference And Exhibition FAPSCON 2022 FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU UNIVERSITY, ANAMBRA STATE In Association With ANAMBRA STATE MINISTRY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERAL RESOURCES THEME: ADVANCING NIGERIAN CONTENT DEVELOPMENT FOR INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTIVITY & SUSTAINABLE DIGITAL ECONOMY
DIVISION OF GENERAL STUDIES CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU UNIVERSITY Call for Papers For Publication in IJGS International Journal of General Studies
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CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU UNIVERSITY ANAMBRA STATE 7TH LECTURE.
The Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State had her 7th Inaugural lecture on 23rd of June, 2022. The lecture was held at the ETF Auditorium with the theme; "POVERTY OF POVERTY IN DEVELOPMENT: THE BROADCAST COMMUNICATION REMEDY". The Vice Chancellor of the University, Prof. Greg Nwakoby, in his brief remarks, reminded the distinguished scholars that […]
PVC REGISTRATION: INEC WILL BE IN CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU UNIVERSITY, IGBARIAM CAMPUS ON TUESDAY 21st & WEDNESDAY 22nd JUNE, 2022.
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THE 7TH INAUGURAL LECTURE OF CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU UNIVERSITY, ANAMBRA STATE.
Academic, University News
TOPIC: By Emma Owums Owuamalam Professor of Mass Communication. Date: 23rd June, 2022. Venue: ETF Auditorium, Igbariam Campus. Time: 11 am. This event will be streamed LIVE on all COOU Social Media Platforms. Be part of it. ©COOUNews 2022.


Later OHRWO take over and bring the showmix with Sizzla and Alborosie on the "I Know Myself" – riddim to an end.
This months editions is rocking new Groovy Soca from the 2012 Carnival Season to the fullest. Last 30min new afro-tronic stuff.. enjoy!
September edition of Riddims Tropicale presented by TropicalBass.com. Guest DJ: Silent Pressure.
In this edition we play only music under 125bpm to keep it slow and groovy: Moombahton, Cumbia, Soca, African, Dancehall and other nice stuff.