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Google"s solar-fueled cyber drone crashes in…
Google"s solar-fueled cyber drone crashes in New Mexico test
By migration user | migration@dfmdev.com |
A prototype of the massive solar-powered drone Google plans to build as a platform for delivering Internet service from the sky was destroyed in a crash at a New Mexico test site.
The unmanned Solara 50 fell to the ground shortly after takeoff on May 1 and the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board is investigating, Keith Holloway, an agency spokesman, said in an interview. The accident occurred at a private airstrip east of Albuquerque and no one was injured, he said.
The crash is a setback for Google"s high-altitude vision of how to bring Internet access to areas of the world without sufficient infrastructure on the ground. Titan Aerospace, the company Google bought last year for undisclosed terms, built the drone, which its promotional material says has a wingspan of 164 feet. It is supposed to fly above the weather, where it could then beam Internet signals to earth as if it was a satellite.
"Although our prototype plane went down during a recent test, we remain optimistic about the potential of solar-powered planes to help deliver connectivity," Courtney Hohne, a spokeswoman for Mountain View-based Google, said in an interview. "Part of building a new technology is overcoming hurdles along the way."
The company is in a race with Facebook, which also attempted to buy Titan, a company headed by former Microsoft executive Vern Raburn. Facebook instead acquired U.K.-based Ascenta, which is designing its own high-altitude drones, for $20 million.
The acquisitions are part of a broader strategy by the two Internet companies of pushing technology in areas such as robotics and mobile phones in hopes of pioneering new markets.
The upper surface of the wing on Google"s Solara 50 is covered in solar cells to generate power, according to company data. It"s designed with batteries that store electricity so it can continue flying at night and stay aloft for five years.
The drone Google intends to use in providing Internet service will be larger and capable of carrying heavier payloads than the model that crashed.
Titan has also flown a smaller version, the Solara 10, according to a company video. The planes are built with a thin fuselage and relatively long, curving wings that allow them to fly through thin air as high as 65,000 feet. For comparison, airlines mostly cruise between 30,000 feet and 40,000 feet.
While the Google Solara crash wasn"t a threat to people on the ground, U.S. regulations require the NTSB to investigate accidents of drones weighing more than 300 pounds, Holloway said. The agency hasn"t set a date for when it will release a more detailed report on the accident and its cause, he said.
The NTSB hasn"t yet posted a preliminary report about the incident on its website listing aviation accidents under investigation.
The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, which regulates aviation and had registered Google"s aircraft, is also monitoring the investigation, according to an agency statement.
Google"s Titan subsidiary had registered three Solara 50 drones with the FAA, including the one that crashed. The FAA allows companies to register experimental and test aircraft, and also has a process to approve unmanned flights by manufacturers.
migration user


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PHOTOS: See How Itunu Babalola was Buried in Ibadan Amidst Tears
By Shola Akingboye, Dec. 4, 2021
The Chairman/CEO, Nigerians in Diaspora Commission (NIDCOM), has reassured the family of late Itunnu's Babalola, a Nigerian who died in Cote d'Ivoire prison, that the Federal Government of Nigeria will give necessary support to ease the burden of losing a breadwinner in a family.
The NIDCOM Boss gave the promise on a telephone conversation with the
father of Itunnu, Mr Emmanuel Babalola, after the burial, in his home
in Ibadan, according to a statement made available to RegentAfrica Times by Gabriel Odu, of the Media, Public Relations and Protocols Unit, NIDCOM.
She insisted that justice must be served even in death and full autopsy
carried out and documented.
Mr Emmanuel Babalola, father to Itunnu a.k.a Becky Paul commended
efforts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nigerian Embassy in Cote
d'Ivoire and Nigerians in Diaspora Commission (NIDCOM) for their
untiring efforts to ensure that Itunnu Babalola received justice.
However, the remains of Itunnu Babalola a.k.a Becki Paul, touched down at
the Murtala Mohammed International Airport Lagos on air Cote d'Ivoire
at about 11:30 pm, Friday December 3, 2021.
The Nigerian Mission Delegation in Cote D'Ivoire, upon arrival in Lagos,
handed over the body of Itunnu Babalola to NIDCOM Delegation led by Mr Abdur-Rahman Balogun, Head, Media, Public Relations and Protocols Unit, NIDCOM.
The NIDCOM delegation further moved the body to Ibadan on December 4, 2021 for internment at the Sango Cemetery in Ibadan after a Service of Songs by
the Celestial Church of Christ.
It could be recalled that Itunnu Babalola while in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, her home was burgled and reported the matter to the police but the case turned against her, as she was accused of human
trafficking and sentenced to 20 years in prison.
Through the intervention of Nigerian Mission in Cote d'Ivoire, the
sentence was commuted to 10 years.
It was not long afterwards, Itunnu Babalola died while in prison custody under a mysterious circumstances.
According to autopsy report as presented by the Nigerian Mission, Itunnu
Babalola died of Sepsis, a respiratory disease condition.
Previous FG APPOINTMENT: Uche Egenti's Friends Thrills Guests at A Grand Reception to Honour their Icon
FG APPOINTMENT: Uche Egenti's Friends Thrills Guests at A Grand Reception to Honour their Icon
How Osibona, Owner of Collapsed Building in Ikoyi was Rescued Lifeless
'Potopoto' Fights at Synangogue Worsens as Joshua's Family, Disciples Tears Each other Apart on Newspapers (Read Cross-fires)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Includes a 25-minute treatment, use of the facilities, afternoon tea with tea/coffee and a glass of fizz.
Includes a 50-minute treatment, use of the facilities, afternoon tea with tea/coffee and a glass of fizz.
The perfect indulgent package to give your skin and spirit that well needed boost.
This package includes a 25-minute salt and oil body scrub & the choice of either a 50-minute full body invigorating massage or rejuvenating facial.
A 50-minute treatment that will give you a relaxing flavour of what ESPA has to offer. Includes a relaxing back, neck & shoulder massage followed by a time precious facial.


A seemingly endless array of enticing amenities are found in this 2-story, Craftsman-style house plan. A deep, covered front porch greets guests, who upon entering the home, are treated to views of the great room from a two-story-high entry hall. The great room captivates its occupants with a fireplace that is flanked by built-in seats and bookshelves, a soaring two-story-high ceiling and direct access to a screened porch that expands entertaining options to the outside.A rear deck is accessed from the dining area for outdoor dining or simply relaxing. The kitchen, with breakfast island workspace and walk-in pantry, accesses a fabulously practical utility area that includes a mudroom with bench and lockers, a powder bath -- adjacent to additional benches and lockers -- and a generously sized laundry with ample counter space and soaking sink.Adjacent to the kitchen is a "mother-in-law suite" with its own entrance from a covered porch. This private suite accesses the rear deck, and includes a bath with shower and walk-in closet. Flanking the suite's covered porch are two garage areas -- a single-car garage to the side and a two-car garage to the front.On the second level, a sprawling master suite with its own private deck, features a large walk-in closet, linen closet and pampering bath with his and her vanities, shower, soaking tub and shower. Bedrooms 2 and 3 share a centrally located hall bath with dual sinks. A few steps down the hall lead to the library with built-in window seats and views to the great room below.
Total Finished 3114 Sq. Ft.


Hannah Massey is leading Yoga On Tap February 9th.
Get to know Hannah..."I first rolled out my mat May 2008 when a friend looked at me running around at my job and said, "You need yoga" and without knowing it I did! I tried my first yoga class in years with the hope of a new form of working out but found that the feeling of release and the ease off my mat kept me wanting more. For the first time in YEARS I could breathe again! I left that maddening job (and a maddening boyfriend!), changed my entire career path, and headed down a new road. This road led to many self-discoveries that I would not have come to if my heart and mind had not been open by yoga. I loved teaching my first yoga class and learning so much from my early teachers.
After taking teacher training from Grace Morales, my world was changed and my vision was honed! I left the 10 months of training with my voice and a new drive and energy to teach my style of class. I love vinyasa, flowing from one posture to another, and creating classes where each posture has a purpose. One pose sets you up for the next, opening that muscle to go deeper in the next sequence. Each of my classes works up to a peak posture, giving my students time to play with that pose and ending class with floor work to prepare for svasana.
I have sweat on many yoga studio floors across the United States, learning from each and every instructor. Sometimes I learn to push myself, other times I run to my iPhone or notepad and jot down a section of the sequence that I simply MUST steal. I am eternally grateful to all my teachers who have led the way on my yoga journey.
I love my job of teaching yoga to a wide range of students. My class at the Charlotte Athletic Club is one unlike any other on their schedule. Yoga Sculpt is a combination of yoga, weight and body work, followed by deep stretch. We open our minds and decompress from the day with 30 minutes of yoga, then get the heart pumping with weights, plyometrics, barre-inspired moves, and kettlebell-esque for another 30 minutes then wind down with 15 minutes of sinking in before svasana. When the majority of this gym's membership is getting direction from their personal trainers, this group of dedicated yogis come to this class to not only work their body but also their mind and spirit. Yoga Sculpt is offered Wednesday nights 6:00 – 7:15 pm.
My dedicated group of early morning yogis get me out of my own covers at 5:30 am, rain or shine! This special group of men and women work their bodies to extreme every other morning with5:45 am Boot Camp at the Cornwell Center and come Wednesday mornings for one day to decompress and stretch those muscles. Don't get me wrong, we work hard, but this Wednesday morning class is taught is a dimly lit room where we flow non-stop. I teach at The Cornwell Center Sunday afternoons at 3:00 pm and Wednesday mornings at 5:45 am."


The Money Shop believe that you should get your hands on cash when you need it. So why wait? Offering a fast, friendly and confidential service with the best deals around. The UK's No.1 for Cheque Cashing, Payday Loans (Cash 'til Payday) and Cash Loans with over 500 stores across the UK.


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The Fourth Crown
Make Your News Count.
OFF THE HILL
7 Must See Attractions In Saint Peter
By fourthcrown on October 3, 2018
ST. PETER, MN- It's no secret that St. Peter is the reason that people even know Minnesota is a state. We, like, invented her, you know? Many consider it the "Hollywood" of the Midwest and people flock from all over the world to spend time at the home of Gustavus Adolphus College. Groups of people come to this small town, 10 miles north of hell, excuse us, Mankato, to soak up the vibrant culture and see all the amazing places St. Peter has to offer. So we decided to come up with an insider's guide to the countless St. Peter attractions. We narrowed it down to the highlights because The Fourth Crown values quality over quantity (don't @ us).
1. Epcot: Your visit to St. Peter would not be complete without stopping by the Epcot ball! Disney World isn't the only happiest place on Earth!
2. Spade, the immortal townie: Rumor has it Spade has been stationed at The Flame Bar and Grill since the opening of Gustavus in 1862. Every town has a history and Spade is ours.
3. The Welcome to St. Peter sign: The feeling you have when driving into St. Peter is one comparable to the one you will have when you ascend to heaven. Snap a pic so you can remember that feeling to stop yourself from sinning and descending to tHE GATES OF HELL WHERE SATAN WAITS FOR YOU.
4. The Gustavus Sign: Similarly, this sign is just as iconic because people like to have sex on it! So go on, give it a whack! Hop on it! Haha, sex jokes!
5. 7 Mile Creek: Who even knows how many bodies are buried there! Spooky! Also a lovely place to gather for family picnics.
6. The set for the movie "Divergent": You bet your bottom dollar St. Peter got its time on the big screen. While the franchise is over, we kept the bare bones structure around because construction is not annoying at all and people love the free climbing expeditions on the crane from 1 am- 3 am
7. Taco John's: THE Taco John lives here. He is quite shy, but we are all really proud of his successful franchise. We love Taco John.
#MakeYourNewsCount
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SURVEY! Where Do You Need to Have Sex to Complete the Three Crowns Challenge?
Looking for more quality news?
Check out 'The Madison Misnomer,' UW-Madison's premiere source of collegiate, regional, and national news. www.themadisonmisnomer.com www.facebook.com/TheMadisonMisnomer
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Gillig coaches are well represented in the Power Wagon fleet, with four known so far. Pictured below is John Eickhof's 1952 bus (now owned by Greg) being transported on a W500 flatbed. According to John (who kindly supplied this photo), Gillig made a couple of dozen PW buses in the 1950's, but the Hayward, CA company ceased school bus production in 1985. These coaches were mainly sold in the northwestern US. John's bus was one of a pair owned by the Foresthill, California school district. The other one was sold to a logging company, where the body was cut off to make a flatbed truck. John invites you to the Idaho Trail Ride
Blake spotted this bus in Utah in 2005.
A vintage photo of a Gillig, note the front fender mods.
This bus may be a Gillig also, judging by the wing windows. Matt picked it up in 2005. See Eric's pics of this bus at http://imageevent.com/townwagon/1950pwbus
A Gillig video
back to Power Wagon buses


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Home » News » TCL students honored for academic achievement
TCL students honored for academic achievement
Notice: This article is published more than one year ago. Information in this article may be dated or irrelevant.
The Technical College of the Lowcountry has named Port Royal resident Jill Egbert and Hilton Head Island resident Jovonn "Butch" Sumter to the S.C. Phi Theta Kappa Academic All-State Team. PTK is a national honor society for two-year college students. Both were recently recognized during a state-wide recognition ceremony at the State House.
Egbert is a TCL Presidential Ambassador and is majoring in business. She will receive an associate degree in business and a certificate in management this May.
Sumter was also named a 2013 Coca-Cola Community College Academic Team Bronze Scholar. The Coca-Cola Scholars Foundation sponsors the Coca-Cola Community College Academic Team program by recognizing 50 Gold, 50 Silver and 50 Bronze Scholars, and providing nearly $200,000 in scholarships annually. Each Bronze Scholar receives a $1,000 scholarship and a special medallion. An independent panel of judges considers outstanding academic rigor, grade point average, academic and leadership awards, and engagement in college and community service in the selection process.
Sumter is majoring in industrial electronics technology and will receive his associate degree in May. Sumter serves as a TCL Presidential Ambassador and is president of Alpha Lambda Beta Chapter of Phi Theta Kappa at TCL. He is an active member of PILAU, which stands for "Promoting Integrity, Leadership, Academics and cultural Understanding" and focuses on the recruitment and retention of African-American male students. Sumter also completed the Entrepreneurial Learning Project (ELP) course for which he was awarded a certificate of completion in January 2013. Sumter plans to continue his education at a four-year university and then would like to pursue a career in industrial technologies
About Phi Theta Kappa
Phi Theta Kappa Honor Society, headquartered in Jackson, is the largest honor society in American higher education with more than 1,285 chapters on two-year and community college campuses in all 50 of the United States, Canada, Germany, Peru, the Republic of Palau, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, the British Virgin Islands, the United Arab Emirates and U.S. territorial possessions. More than 2.5 million students have been inducted since its founding in 1918, with approximately 135,000 students inducted annually.
The Technical College of the Lowcountry is committed to a policy of equal opportunity for all qualified applicants for admissions or employment without regard to race, gender, national origin, age, religion, marital status, veteran status, disability, or political affiliation or belief.
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At this session of the Translation Lunch Series organized by the Program in Translation and Intercultural Communication (PTIC), students will be introduced to Red T and its advocacy work. They will learn about the hazards of their chosen profession, in particular, the challenges associated with working in such high-risk settings as sites of political unrest, war zones, and the terrorism arena. They will also hear about various Red T initiatives, among them the Open Letter Project – a solidary undertaking with the five major international language organizations AIIC (International Association of Conference Interpreters), FIT (International Federation of Translators), IAPTI (International Association of Professional Translators and Interpreters), CLI (Critical Link International), and WASLI (World Association of Sign Language Interpreters) – as well as efforts to obtain protected-person status for linguists in conflict situations.


Here's an update to the previous post on the upcoming Wi-Ex zBoost CI Active Antenna Amplifier. The Active Antenna Amplifier is going to be an inline amplifier, powered by a coax cable from an indoor AC/DC adapter. Its gain will range from 22dB at 800MHz to 30dB at 1900 MHz, powering the signal for up to 250′ of RG6 coaxial cable. The Active Antenna Amplifier is a self contained, inline unit, which is to be placed outside by the outdoor signal antenna and will be a perfect complement to the zBoost YX545 and the new zBoost CI YX745.
Maximum indoor cell signal performance in signal-challenged homes, buildings, and demanding applications.
Contractors can provide their clients with improved level of service from a zBoost base unit with fewer or smaller external antennas and longer RG-6 cable runs – without degrading the cell signal.
Amplifier enables the signal to be split to 4 zBoost base units and still provide a higher quality and level of cell phone signal.
More distance covered and less degradation. Installers may now route the RG-6 where it is convenient (over 250 feet) rather than struggle to keep it under 75 feet.
Self configures with and receives DC power from zBoost CI coverage unit(s).
We look forward to receiving our first shipments of the zBoost Active Antenna Amplifier within 90 days and look forward to expanding your installers capability to place better cellular signal in areas that were, previously, too remote to cover.
Connectors: 3 F-type connectors for Power, Signal Input and Signal Output.


Pluto tee square: sell, sell, sell!
I (still) have a new article on the way, but I have had some family dramas over the last few days and work is pressing, here is another quick update on the upcoming tee-square.
The last time that Uranus made partile square to Pluto was in 1932, approximately two and a bit years after the great stock market collapse of October 1929. In 1930 there was a tee-square involving Saturn Uranus and Pluto. There are a number of other correlations too: that was also the last time that Uranus was in Aries (suddenly going back to basics), the tee-square was cardinal, but more toward the middle degrees of the signs, and the reason that I think that this affected the USA most specifically is because the tee-square had Uranus as the apex planet which was opposing the USA's Saturn. The USA's Sun squares Saturn from its position applying to the cusp of the 8th house of credit, stock markets and so forth, thus this is a threat to the nation's health (Sun-Saturn). The presence of Sun-Saturn represents an innate problem, a birth defect if you like, which weakens the overall constitution of the native. This is a congenital weakness for the US: if anything is going to kill the patient (square Pluto) then it will be due to this hereditary problem: an over-reliance on credit, on get-rich quick schemes, on living large: Jupiter rules the chart, applying to the 8th too. Excess, (Sun + Jup vs. Sat) is the congenital weakness.
I've already stated how, in a previous article (a little further down this page) the upcoming cardinal tee-square seems to indicate the possibility of a major financial collapse because of the as yet unrevealed scope of the property bubble being burst. This time however, the Aries' Points are involved, and that seems to suggest that the whole world will be affected. It's a global financial collapse this time.
My problem lies in convincing people that this needs to be taken seriously, (and actually in convincing myself naturellement) we all need to start getting acclimatised to living more sustainable lives, because very soon there will be too few resources to go around. I take no comfort from the symptoms either. If we count back the same length of time from the last time Uranus and Pluto was in partile square from the next time it is (June 2012) then we arrive at 2010.
In 1929 the stock market crash occurred as a direct result of the Roaring Twenties, and it was the excess of that decade which is widely blamed for the subsequent collapse. Does that seem at all familiar?
And then there's the archetypal nature of the squaring planets to consider too: Uranus (sudden) square (breakdowns) Pluto (of financial systems).
It just doesn't look good, people.
Pluto tee-square: move to defcon 3!
I am looking forward to how Uranus in Aries will feel, though: the energy.
I'm not so sure it'll be that great really, it's Uranus under the influence of Mars: and Mars-Uranus is explosive, erratic and oft-times a danger to life and limb. It is the natural ruler of nitro-glycerine: a quality of unpredictable and unstable shockwaves. Still, it will at least be exciting. At least you'll have a Uranus-Sun trine to look forward to right? I have to get through a Uranus – Saturn conjunction from 2012. Actually, I just looked, Ur. stations within 12 minutes of a conjunction with my Saturn in July 2012 but doesn't actually go partile until 2013. Great.
Actually, thinking about it now, won't you get a Uranus – Saturn square around the same time? We'll have to give each other pep-talks.
Oh, Mars-Uranus? ::weeps:: Ignorance was bliss.
I'm having saturn conjunct natal uranus in the 4th right now – it feels sporadically like a straitjacket. And I've started sleepwalking, something I haven't done for 21 years. When uranus hits aries it will conjunct my natal saturn in the tenth. I'll be glad when the current lunations are over frankly. I'm starting to feel like cat with a bell round its neck – filled with the desire to pounce but hampered by limitations imposed by others.
Perhaps we're seeing the pre-cursor of the financial crises to come with the situation in Greece and more EU countries in a similar state. Many nation states going bankrupt and people taking to the streets maybe?
I think so Tony, I wonder if Greece's national chart holds any clues?
I have found the chart for Greece: independence was declared in January 1822. That creates a tee-square (get this ) to Uranus at 4 Cap. Pluto is putting on the pressure all right!
Oh and I should add that Greece has Ur/Ne sq. Pl: how's that for a picture of "sudden insolvency?"!!
This Cardinal action is hitting my chart in a strongly personal way with my Sun and North Node at 00 Aries and my Jupiter/Uranus at 1 and 2 Libra respectively.
With Jupiter/Uranus in a natal Opposition with my Sun, it'll be interesting to find them conjunct again and conjunct my Sun. I'm eager to see how this energy manifests. Also have SP2 Sun/North Node crossing my Midheaven, so … interesting times!
Haven't quite felt the challenging, blocked energy of this t-square, but suspect it may come when my partner and I (he's a Libra) make our expected move to Switzerland in late-Spring/early-Summer.
You wouldn't by chance have the "birth info" for Switzerland, would you? What I have is Sept 12, 1848.
I don't know the Swiss birthtime, it may be on astrotheme.com which is a good resource.
As for the transits, they will definitely hit you in a big way, but it doesn't need to be bad, it all depends on how you approach it I would say. A move of that magnitude is fairly profound and that's probably giving you somewhere to channel it positively.
So when is this going to happen then?
It's easy to see what's in play, but less easy to predict accurate timings (or put another way, space is easy, time is hard). The problem energy that is being manifested is starting right now and it will continue building into the summer. I think that the 28th of July, the pressure will stop building immediately, although there is the longer application of a square from Uranus to Pluto in the summer of 2012.
Actually, the process started with Saturn opposition Uranus, which occurs once every 45 years or so: thus 1918-1920, 1965-1967 and 4 Nov 2008 – 28 July 2010. These periods are marked by a long period of tension where change is being resisted by the old order; but breakthroughs are eventually made (for better or worse). So, to answer your question, it's happening now, has been since 2008, we'll see some hard manifestations of that process by August and September (because once the aspect goes past partile the tension is released and the effects are made accessible) but those effects will themselves be part of a broader framework which will become evident in the summer of 2012 when Uranus finally squares Pluto.
ok, so when does the astrological alignment happen then? surely thats not going to happen at just some vague point in the future?
The first alignment is on 28th July and the second phase begins on 24th June 2012. There subsequent hits on September 19th 2012, May 20th 2013, Novemebr 1st 2013, April 21st 2014, 15th December 2014 and the final pass is on 17th March 2015.
That's an incredible 7 passes. I haven't even thought about the repercussions of that, and it tee-squares with the USA's Saturn exactly as it did in 1929. That's when the whole deal will be done with. America will be fully defunct as an economic power at that time I would guess.
I really don't think it's at all a coincidence that this carries us over the Mayan long count calendar end date either.
We're all so linked now. Bad news for America is bad news for a lot of countries.
I have a theory about this actually. I think I know what is going to happen, I've been deconstructing it in my every spare moment for several days.
Ideally, you should write a book about this. Really. I'd buy, for sure.
This is excellent astrological topic chirotic.
Do you agree it´s time to completely withdraw from stock markets within the next 3-4 months?
the t square of the summer of 2010, peaking about july 30th also squares the natal mc and opposes the venus jupiter of the u.s. as well. this is simultaneously activating the sun/pluto opposition of the federal reserve. i expect it then, followed by several years of exacerbating economic and political turmoil on an unprecedented world wide scale.


CUMILLA: Although 67 years have passed after the Language Movement majority of the primary schools in the district have no Shaheed Minar, a monument to commemorate the martyrs of the Language Movement in 1952, reports UNB.
Of the total 2,107 primary schools in the district, only 389 schools have Shaheed Minar while the rest have none. Besides, there are also Kindergarten schools and Ibtedayee madrasas where no Shaheed Minar was built.
Like the other years, 21st February will be observed across the country on Thursday but the students of these institutions won't get the opportunity to show their respect to the martyrs for not having Shaheed Minar of their own.
Even many of them will remain ignorant of the great Language Movement and sacrifice of the martyrs.
There are 30 Shaheed Minars among 108 primary schools in Comilla Sadar, five among 80 primary school in Laksam upazila, 91 among 185 primary schools in Debidwar upazila, 66 among 203 primary schools in Muradnagar, five among 149 primary schools in Daudkandi, 15 among 175 primary schools in Chouddogram, 20 among 148 primary schools in Brahmanpara, 41 among 154 primary schools in Barura, and 20 among 148 primary schools in Burichong.
Besides, there are 22 Shaheed Minars among 135 schools in Chandina, 12 among 92 primary schools in Homna, eight among 150 primary schools in Nangalkot, six among 65 primary schools in Meghna, seven among 104 primary schools in Monohorganj, 40 among 92 primary schools in Titash upazila, and 13 among 153 primary schools in Sadar Dakhshin upazila.
Sources said that although already information have been collected from all upazila primary education offices for constructing Shaheed Minar in all schools, no further progress was made.
Anwar Hossain Siddiqi, district primary education officer, said they have sent a list of the schools to the higher authorities concerend. There was also a discussion over the issue at the meeting of district coordination committee.
"We hope that Shaheed Minar will be constructed at all schools in phases. It is necessary to have a Shaheed Minar at every school for giving knowledge to the young leaders about the Language movement," he said.


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A Labour MP is to push for a Commons debate on evi
A Labour MP is to push for a Commons debate on evidence of widespread dishonesty among healthcare professionals who assess disabled people for the government's new personal independence payment (PIP).Disability News Service (DNS) has been investigating allegations that healthcare professionals working for government contractors Atos and Capita have been lying in their assessment reports.The number of cases in which disabled PIP claimants say their assessor clearly lied in their reports has now topped 200.The DNS investigation has revealed that assessors working for Capita and Atos – most of them nurses – have repeatedly lied, ignored written evidence and dishonestly reported the results of physical examinations.Last week, DWP, Capita and Atos all refused again to launch inquiries into the claims of widespread dishonesty.Now, following a meeting with DNS, Neil Coyle (pictured) – a member of the influential Commons work and pensions select committee – has agreed to take up the concerns after parliament's summer recess.Following that meeting, DNS sent the Labour MP an anonymised version of the database of all the 200-plus cases.And with the claimants' permission, DNS has now shared details of more than 20 of those cases with Coyle, who has previously worked as a director of Disability Rights UK, and for the former Disability Rights Commission.He hopes to use some of these cases to push for action when parliament resumes its work after recess, including seeking a possible backbench debate in the House of Commons.Coyle said: "I'm very concerned at the volume and persistent nature of complaints about inaccurate and in too many cases what appear to be dishonest assessments."We know PIP was designed under the coalition to cut help to half a million disabled people, but the assessment process itself appears badly broken already and repeating mistakes of the work capability assessment."I will be pushing further on this when parliament returns and hope the work and pensions select committee also takes it up."The committee had been investigating the PIP assessment process earlier this year, but its inquiry had to be abandoned when prime minister Theresa May called the general election.But statements that had already been submitted to the committee had provided further evidence of widespread dishonesty.Inclusion London, the pan-London disabled people's organisation, said in its evidence: "Again and again Disabled people are reporting that assessors have ignored written and verbal evidence and that reports do not reflect what occurred in the assessment."It is not yet clear whether the committee will relaunch its inquiry into the PIP assessment process when MPs return after the summer recess. read more
Posted On : July 31, 2019 Published By : admin
THE former Tesco site in St Helens Town Centre is
THE former Tesco site in St. Helens Town Centre is to be refurbished and site owners Tesco are negotiating with another company to open on the site.Since the store closed to make way for the Tesco superstore next to Langtree Park the Council has been running the car park but due to the new development the car park will no longer be available for use by the public. Alternative town centre parking is available at:Chalon Way Car Park 697 Spaces, £1 charge per vehicle for match day parkingTontine Car Park 257 Spaces, £1 charge per vehicle for match day parkingHardshaw Centre Car Park 177 Spaces, no charges on Sundays or for vehicles exiting car park after 7.00pmNorth John Street Car Park 216 Spaces, no charges on Sundays or for vehicles exiting car park after 7.00pmBirchley Street Car Park 496 Spaces, no charges on Sundays or for vehicles exiting car park after 7.00pmWard Street Car Park 72 Spaces, no charges on Sundays or after 6.00pmCentral Street Car Park 53 Spaces, no charges on Sundays or after 6.00pmParade Street Car Park 44 Spaces, no charges on Sundays or after 6.00pmTolver Street Car Park 33 Spaces, no charges on Sundays or after 6.00pmMill Street Car Park 18 Spaces, no charges on Sundays or after 6.00pm read more
ITS Monday Night Thriller time on the Official Sa
IT'S Monday Night Thriller time on the Official Saintsrlfc.com Podcast!We preview our match with Warrington with Mike Rush and Paul Wellens whilst Tommy Makinson reflects on the great win over Huddersfield.To download click here or search for St Helens RFC on iTunes.Remember if you want a question answering on the Podcast drop us a line @saints1890 on twitter or email info@saintsrlfc.com with Podcast in the subject line.
DOWNLOAD the all new Saintsrlfccom Podcast for a
DOWNLOAD the all new Saintsrlfc.com Podcast for a preview of the 2013 Super League season. We've teamed up with Citytalk 105.9 to bring you the best news and views from around the club as well as great features as we progress through the year. In this week's cast, we'll see how far the lads have come on their pre-season programme when they take on Huddersfield Giants on Friday at Langtree Park. We've got interviews with Nathan Brown, Mark Flanagan, Louie McCarthy Scarsbrook, Willie Manu, James Roby and Jordan Turner. To download click here or search for St Helens RFC on iTunes. Remember if you want a question answering on the Podcast drop us a line @saints1890 on twitter or email podcast@saintsrlfc.com
It is a mobile first responsive site that maximis
It is a mobile first, responsive site that maximises the use of quality, in-game photography as well as improved player profiles, historical stats, image galleries and news feeds.The combined "Match Centre" – which features all fixtures, results and a live game updates feed – is the place to be for exclusive content on today's match!Simply click on the Match Centre button to follow the feed and enjoy exclusive content throughout the night!The game kicks off at 8pm and team news will arrive from about 6.30pm!
EXTRAORDINARY PEOPLE Rides of a Lifetime
Jack Viorel is a life changer. "It doesn't matter if they surf again," he says of what the new surfers learn after one day in the water. "They have tools to take on other challenges in their life."Jack's the guy behind IndoJax Surf Charities."It's not just their first wave," he says, "it's their first ride on a different train, a different way of living, trying things that are out of the ordinary and out of the box."Related Article: Surf camp for kids with disabilities kicks off in Wrightsville BeachTrying things out of the box. Like their surf camp for the visually impaired that goes beyond sight to show those who can't see an experience they thought they couldn't do. "We hear stories afterwards of them trying all sorts of new things," Jack said. "Horseback riding, ice skating, you name it."Jack's surf charities empower those who have a special need, or medical condition, or some kind of disadvantage.He opens minds with something as simple as a wave. "For me, it never gets old," he says. "It never ceases to amaze what these kids can actually do and it helps me as a parent and as a person."Jack says each spring the he and team make a trip to India to give orphaned girls a day on the waves.By the way, he and his team offer the surf charity camps for free. Jack Viorel, you are giving rides of a lifetime and memories that last just as long. And that makes you….Extraordinary.Check out the IndoJax Surf Charities website and Facebook page for more information on their mission, events, and how you can help be a part of their life changing non-profit. WRIGHTSVILLE BEACH, NC (WWAY) — Rides of a lifetime happen at Beach Access 10 in Wrightsville Beach. It's where we find our Extraordinary Person of the Week who helps people who can't see….surf."The ocean and this environment has a lot of healing properties for kids who are stuggling with things," Jack Viorel told WWAY's Daniel Seamans.- Advertisement – read more
Bump Stocks fly off the shelf at local gun shop
The device is causing controversy across the country."Banning this is not going to stop anything," Dorothy said. "Unfortunately we hear cases like where people say 'oh you can get 800 rounds a minute.' No, you would require a Belt Fed gun and I don't think they go over 600 rounds either."Following the Las Vegas massacre, bump stocks, or Slide Fires, are in high demand. They are selling out at The Surf City Guns & Ammo shop.Related Article: Town Council to re-evaluate food truck regulations in Surf City"I would say probably 30 to 40 phone calls came in the last two days, per day, people looking for these," Dorothy said. "There are triggers that do the same thing as this. And because the gentlemen had these on his product they're the first thing that's recognized and say 'oh we have to go over this.'"The device is now creating the controversial question, should bump stocks be on the shelves?"I don't think there's any reason a gun owner shouldn't have the product, it's just I think you should do a 4473," Surf City Guns & Ammo Salesman, Richard Royal said. "Background check, nothing wrong with a background check."Richard said he thinks the device should at least have requirements."I do think you should have a permit for it. I think you should have a concealed and carry, I think you should have a permit to buy that, and we don't have to. And that doesn't make any sense to me, it never has," Richard said.Dorothy said they have sold out of the right-handed version and only have a few left-handed bump stocks left. Some distributors, including Dorothy's, are no longer carrying the product. SURF CITY, NC (WWAY) — Police say the Las Vegas shooter had a device known as a "bump stock" on some of his weapons. Bump stocks allow a semi-automatic gun to fire in a similar way an automatic weapon would."This is just an accessory that is designed to work with the energy of your body to move the stock and the entire gun at a faster pace. You still have to pull the trigger one time for every bullet," Surf City Guns & Ammo Manager, Dorothy Royal said.- Advertisement – read more
Thousands enjoy the 37th Annual North Carolina Oyster Festival
WWAY's very own Daniel Seamans was there to emcee the event that brought in more than 20,000 people.The president of Brunswick County Chamber of Commerce, Shannon Viera said this was one of the best turnouts."If I could describe how the oyster festival weekend went I would say based on the volume of cars that were using our free shuttle service, based on the activity at our gate, I'd say we had our busiest year ever," Viera said.Related Article: East Coast Shag Classic happening in Wrightsville Beach this weekendThis event first started out as a small oyster roast and has continued to grow into the large event it is today.The festival is held every year on the third Saturday and Sunday of October. 37th Annual NC Oyster Festival (Photo: Jenna Kurzyna/WWAY) OCEAN ISLE BEACH, NC (WWAY) — The 37th Annual North Carolina Oyster Festival took over Ocean Isle Beach for the weekend.With live music, an oyster shucking contest, shag dancing competition and more than 150 craft vendors there was something for everyone to enjoy.- Advertisement – read more
UNSOLVED Woman brutally killed in Brunswick Co home in 1987
As Roy and Laura Hobbs describe their niece, Beverly Jaye Potter Mintz, you can hear their admiration."I can still see her right now," Laura Hobbs said. "She was real shy. She was real sweet. Pretty. She was beautiful."You can also hear their strong family bond.Related Article: $2,000 reward offered in 2018 murder of Wilmington man"She was a good mother," Laura said. "She loved her boys."You cannot miss their somber tone."She and my youngest daughter were real close," Laura said. "Our daughter lived with her when all this happened," Roy said.Jaye's mom, Lorene, and Laura are twin sisters from Brunswick County."You've heard of identical twins having the same feelings," Roy said. "One of them would get a headache. The other one would take aspirin and they'd both feel better."On February 23, 1987, Laura shared one of the greatest pains in life with her sister. Laura said Lorene took Jaye's four-year-old son with her to run some errands while the youngest stayed home with Jaye."They had gone to town to get Andrew a birthday cake," Laura said. "He was going to be two-years-old the next day."Then, Laura said they went back to Jaye's house."She knocked on the door, but she said instinct, you know, she just opened the door," Laura said. "She said it was always locked, but that day, it was open. She went on in calling her name and calling the little boy. She heard him."She did not hear Jaye."So she headed back that way into the bedroom and he's back in the room where everything happened," Laura said.Jaye's toddler was in the middle of a horrific crime scene."What did he say, 'Mean man hurt mommy?'""Yeah. Mean man hurt mommy. Of course, Lorene went all to pieces," Laura said.Civilian Investigative Specialist with the Brunswick County Sheriff's Office Woody Clookie said Jaye had been killed."She was found brutally murdered, stabbed numerous times and her throat had been cut," Clookie said.As detectives began their investigation, Roy said everything else fell apart. For the next year, Laura said she could not talk about it with anyone, but her twin sister."Actually, I just listened," Laura said.For five years, she just listened."Actually, it was driving me crazy," Laura said. "Every day, to work, home, all the time. That's all she talked about."While investigators were still looking for answers, Laura said she finally stopped listening for a moment to give Lorene the one answer she needed to hear."I said, 'Lorene, you're going to have to forgive that person.' She looked at me horrified. I said, 'You've got to forgive.' I said, 'He's not going to change.' I said, 'You have to forgive for yourself,'" Laura said.A year later, Lorene had an answer for Laura."She said, 'I forgave him and I feel like a weight has been lifted off of me.' And when that day happened, she was like a different person," Laura said.Lorene would never get an answer from investigators. Twenty years after that horrible day, she passed away in 2007. After all the years, the chaos, the loss, it is still hard for Laura and Roy to tell their story, but they do with admiration, a strong family bond, and hope."Never lose hope," Laura said. "I want them to find the person. You know, when you sit in this world, you have to pay the price, but you also have another price to pay."Because even after more than 30 years, they have never, for a moment, lost faith in the ones looking for the answers.This case meant so much to one detective in particular at the Brunswick County Sheriff's Office. Next monday, in part two of this #unsolved, WWAY's Hannah Patrick sits down with the unsolved unit at the Brunswick County Sheriff's Office to talk about where the investigation into Jaye's murder is now, what technology they are looking into and why Captain Phil Perry had such a big impact on this case. BRUNSWICK COUNTY, NC (WWAY) — It may be one of the most well-known murders in the Cape Fear in the last 30 years.A 23-year-old mother of two was brutally killed in her home in the middle of the day with her son in the room.- Advertisement – read more
City of Wilmington giving light bulbs to nonprofits
They must attach a copy of the 501c3 from the IRS.Non-profits interested in receiving some of the donated florescent bulbs should apply on the city's website.The florescent bulbs available from the city are primarily T5, T8 and T12.Related Article: Learn a wizard's way at Museum After Dark: Wizarding SchoolApproved agencies will be notified by September 10. Flourescent lights (Photo: City of Wilmington) WILMINGTON, NC (WWAY) — The City of Wilmington is in the process of replacing fluorescent light bulbs with energy efficient LEDs and they have more than 3,000 fluorescent bulbs they would like to give away to non-profits!The non-profits must be located within the city limits and should apply by September 3.- Advertisement –


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Change Date 15 Jan 1902 3 Aug 1904 16 Oct 1905 31 Aug 1907 15 Jul 1909 13 Nov 1911 24 Dec 1911 17 Aug 1912 29 Jul 1913 3 Jul 1914 6 Nov 1914 29 Dec 1914 29 Jan 1915 28 Apr 1915 14 Sep 1915 22 Nov 1915 5 Jan 1916 21 May 1916 9 Jul 1916 30 Nov 1916 11 Mar 1917 6 Jul 1917 7 Nov 1917 18 Dec 1917 3 Mar 1918 26 May 1918 10 Jun 1918 16 Aug 1918 5 Oct 1918 30 Oct 1918 18 Nov 1918 13 Apr 1919 11 Jun 1919 9 Aug 1919 27 Dec 1919 18 May 1920 25 Jul 1920 10 Aug 1920 28 Nov 1920 5 Apr 1921 27 Aug 1921 5 May 1922 8 Sep 1922 2 Dec 1922 24 Jul 1923 13 Oct 1924 12 May 1925 24 Aug 1925 20 May 1927 29 Mar 1929 27 Apr 1930 26 Mar 1931 22 Sep 1932 12 Dec 1933 16 Mar 1934 23 Feb 1935 5 May 1936 5 Dec 1936 1 Apr 1937 22 Dec 1939 7 Aug 1940 17 Jan 1941 16 Mar 1941 6 Apr 1941 22 May 1941 8 Jul 1941 29 Aug 1941 10 Dec 1941 15 Feb 1942 5 Apr 1942 6 Oct 1942 25 Mar 1943 15 Apr 1944 20 Feb 1945 2 Aug 1945 12 Sep 1945 2 Mar 1946 28 Sep 1946 15 Aug 1947 27 Oct 1947 4 Jan 1948 15 May 1948 17 Sep 1948 6 Jan 1949
Change Chapter (1880 - 1914) Pax Britannica (1914 - 1917) The Great War in the Middle East (1917 - 1918) The Fall of the Ottoman Empire (1918 - 1923) Anglo-French Overreach (1923 - 1934) Rising Nationalism (1934 - 1940) Arrival of the New Order (1940 - 1941) World War II: The Middle Eastern Theater (1941 - 1945) World War II: The South-East Asian Theater (1945 - ) Independence
Change Map Italian Conquest of British Somaliland Japanese Intervention in French Indochina East African Campaign Liquidation of Italian East Africa Anglo–Iraqi War Syria-Lebanon Campaign Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
Southern Asia 1941: Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
I n d i a n
E m p i r e(Br. Raj)
S o v i e t U n i o n
I r a n
East Indies(Neth.)
East Africa(Br. occ.)
Egypt(Br. occ.)
Kenya(Br.)
Indochina(Jap. pres.)
Family(Nat. Ch. infl.)
It.(Ger. sat.)
Malaya(Br. prot.)
Sudan(Br. adm.)
Ceylon(Br.)
Fr. Som.(VFr.)
Br. Som.(Br. prot.)
& Oman(Br. prot.)
Aden prot.(Br. prot.)
Burma(Br.)
B o m b a y
Iraq(Br. occ.)
S.S.R.
Xinjiang(Sov. infl.)
Bhutan(Br. prot.)
Trucial
Oman(Br. prot.)
Goa(Port.)
Nicobar Is.
Kashmir(Br. Ind. prot.)
Central Provs
United Provs
Hyderabad(Br. Ind. prot.)
Mysore(Br. Ind. prot.)
Baluchistan(Br. Ind. agcy)
Central India(Br. Ind. agcy)
Rajputana(Br. Ind. agcy)
Maldives(Br. prot.)
G.(Axis occ.)
Lebanon(Br/Fr occ.)
Liu W.(Nat. Ch. infl.)
Tajik S.S.R.
I.E.A.
Dod.(It.)
S.Z.
Dm.
Pondichéry(Free Fr. adm.)
Karikal(Free Fr. adm.)
Mahé(Free Fr. adm.)
Yanaon(Free Fr. adm.)
Ch.(Free Fr. adm.)
Gwadur(Om.)
Aden(Br.)
Br.P.Gulf(Br. Ind.)
Simla (sum)
23–28 Jul 1941Japanese move into
southern Indochina
26 Jul 1941Britain & US freeze
Japanese assets
25 Aug–17 Sep 1941Anglo-Soviet
invasion of Iran
Map Browser 29 Aug 1941… Change map… ◀ Prev Next ▶ ★ Key More…
World War II: The Middle Eastern Theater
1880–1914 Pax Britannica 1914–1917 The Great War in the Middle East 1917–1918 The Fall of the Ottoman Empire 1918–1923 Anglo-French Overreach 1923–1934 Rising Nationalism 1934–1940 Arrival of the New Order 1940–1941 World War II: The Middle Eastern Theater 1941–1945 World War II: The South-East Asian Theater 1945–pres Independence
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
07 Aug 1940 Italian Conquest of British Somaliland 17 Jan 1941 Japanese Intervention in French Indochina 16 Mar 1941 East African Campaign 06 Apr 1941 Liquidation of Italian East Africa 22 May 1941 Anglo–Iraqi War 08 Jul 1941 Syria-Lebanon Campaign 29 Aug 1941 Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Iran's strategic position and oil reserves became even more important to the Allied war effort than before. In August the British and the Soviets launched a joint invasion of the country, deposing the defiant Reza Shah and opening up a supply route to the Soviet Union.
Changes to the map 08 July 1941–29 August 1941
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran: The British have invaded southern Iran, occupying Ahvaz, Bandar Abbas, and Hamadan. In the north, the Soviets have occupied Tabriz, Rasht, and Mashhad and are advancing on Qazvin and Tehran.
French Indochina: The Japanese have moved into Saigon and occupied the south.
British Protectorates in the Persian Gulf
The British Residency of the Persian Gulf maintained British India's influence in a number of Gulf states from the 19th Century until 1947. These states were nominally independent - and shown as such in most atlases from the period - but all signed treaties guaranteeing British control over their foreign affairs.
The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman was the only one of these states with significant international relations, having obtained trade agreements with the US and France before it signed its treaty with Britain. Maps of the time often show Trucial Oman and even Qatar as regions of Oman.
Trucial Oman was the region to the west of Oman which collectively signed treaties with Britain. The sheikhdoms of this region were often called the Trucial States, and later became the United Arab Emirates. However at this time they had little unity, with no regional council until 1952.
Indian Empire
The British Indian Empire, also known as the British Raj, was comprised of a complex of presidencies, provinces, protectorates, and agencies. Only the top level subdivisions are shown here.
The area under direct British rule was known as British India and made up of presidencies and provinces - a presidency simply being the name for an older province.
Outside British India, but often included within the sphere of the presidencies/provinces, were the hundreds of protectorates or 'princely states'. These were indirectly ruled states, the largest being Hyderabad, Kashmir, and Mysore. The others were either collected into agencies - which might in turn contain other smaller agencies - or fell under the sway of the provinces.
23–28 Jul 1941 Operation "FU"▲
In response to a Japanese ultimatum, Vichy France allows Japan to use air facilities and harbors in southern French Indochina. The Japanese proceed to occupy Saigon and other southern cities, with IJN vessels moving into the ports of Saigon, Tourane, and Camranh Bay.in wikipedia
26 Jul 1941 Freezing of Japanese assets▲
Following Japan's rejection of a United States-sponsored plan to withdraw from most of China and French Indochina and a Japanese agreement with Vichy France to allow Japanese troops into southern Indochina, the US froze Japanese assets. The United Kingdom and the Netherlands followed suit, depriving Japan of 90% of its oil imports.in wikipedia
25 Aug–17 Sep 1941 Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran▲
In Operation Countenance, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union launched a surprise attack on the Imperial State of Iran, after Reza Shah refused to expel German nationals. The British occupied the south including the oil wells of Ahvaz and advanced from Iraq to Hamadan, while the Soviets invaded the north, capturing Tabriz and Qazvin. With his army unable to halt the invaders, the Shah conceded defeat and a ceasefire was arranged on 29 August. The Soviets entered Tehran on 17 September, beginning the joint Anglo-Soviet occupation of Iran.in wikipedia
1940s 1941 August August 29 China France Indochina Iran Japan Russia South Vietnam United Kingdom United States World War II maps


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\section{Introduction}

Open-ended questions are important because, unlike closed-ended questions, open-ended questions allow respondents to express their opinions without constraints and thus may better capture respondents' thoughts. Answers to open-ended questions are text data.
They are often coded manually into different classes by human experts. This is time consuming, inconvenient, and does not scale well in large survey data.

An alternative is automatic coding. Here, statistical models are trained on a small subset of manual coded data which is then used to predict the remaining unlabeled answers. There are typically two tasks: (a) converting text answers into numerical variables to be used in statistical modeling and (b) fitting a classification model to the converted data. For task (a), original text answers are converted into numerical variables from which classification algorithms can learn their relationships with codes or classes. A popular approach to such converting is ngram representation \citep{Schonlau17} in which each input text is converted into a sparse vector. The vector is zero everywhere with the exception of one entry that indicates either the presence or the frequency of each word (or sequence of consecutive words). This is a high dimensional vector with as many dimensions as there are distinct words. Another approach is word embedding in which each word is represented as a dense numerical vector in a lower dimensional space.

For task (b), the numerical variables are fed to a statistical learning model such as Support Vector Machines \citep{Vapnik2000} or Random Forests \citep{breiman01} for model training. The model is trained on roughly a couple of hundred manually coded answer texts. The trained model can then be used to predict (i.e., automatically code) the remaining text answers.
The use of statistical learning methods for analyzing text data from open-ended questions has received increasing attention in social sciences \citep{gweon17,gweon20,schierholz21}.
In addition to automated text classification, statistical learning methods have also been widely used for other survey problems such as predicting nonresponse in panel studies \citep{Kern2021} and adjusting nonprobability samples for improving their population representativeness \citep{kern2020}.

In recent years, the community of natural language processing (NLP) has come to realize that is useful to pre-train a so-called language model that ``understands'' language, i.e. that can predict missing or following words. Only in a second step is the model adapted to a specific classification or other task for the specific domain of interest. This is an example of transfer learning, because we transfer the knowledge about general language learned elsewhere to a specific domain of interest. For language models, this form of transfer learning is called pre-training.

The currently most popular pre-trained language model is BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers). BERT is pre-trained on big data sources from BookCorpus and Wikipedia which have in total more than 3.5 billion words. Recent studies have shown that BERT achieves the state of the art performance in many NLP tasks including text classification \citep{kaliyar2021,cunha21,gasparetto22}.

It is possible to use BERT in two ways: with frozen parameters, and with fine-tuned parameters. Fine tuning takes the frozen parameters as starting values, but allows them to change while training on the domain-specific data set. In both cases, additional parameters needed to convert BERT to the specific task of interest have to be estimated from scratch.
Many applied case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of fine-tuning when the domain-specific data set is large.
For example, the developers of BERT \citep{devlin18} tested fine-tuning BERT for text classification using the a collection of text data, the General Language Understanding Evaluation (GLUE) benchmark \citep{wang18}, that consists of data sets of size ranging from 2,500 to 392,000.
Also, \citet{sun19} focused particularly on the text classification of fine-tuned BERT on 8 benchmark text data sets of sizes ranging from 5,000 to 1,400,000 observations.
Such data sizes are large when compared to the number of survey respondents that answered an  open-ended question. It is not clear whether fine-tuning on smaller domain specific data sets would not work as well, e.g., due to numerical instabilities.

While results with BERT are clearly impressive, it is not clear to what extent such results carry over for classifying open-ended questions in surveys.
One, we are interested in training on a few hundred examples at the most. These are much smaller data sets than BERT is commonly used with.
Two, the classification for open-ended questions is a different domain of application which may not lend itself as easily to BERT model, perhaps because answers are not as easily classifiable.

In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of BERT for the automated coding of open-ended questions. We compare BERT to the traditional alternative, training on n-gram variables, for very small training data sets.

The outline of this paper is as follows:
Section~\ref{s:bert} reviews at a high level how the BERT model is used for text classification. Section~\ref{experiments} applies BERT and other learning methods to classifying text on two data sets, the Patient Joe data and the Disclosure data. Section~\ref{s:discussion} concludes with a discussion.

\section{\label{s:bert}The BERT model for text classification}

This section describes the BERT model and its use for text classification.
To understand the core of the BERT architecture, we start with reviewing the concepts of word embedding and Transformer. Then, we explain some details of how the BERT model is trained. Lastly, we describe how the pre-trained language model can be used for text classification.

\subsection{Word embedding and Transformer}

One of the first advances in the NLP community is the development of word embedding techniques that efficiently represent words
by dense numerical vectors (i.e., a list of numbers).
An embedding of a word is a dense representation of its meaning and each word is linked to a real-valued continuous vector with a defined dimension \citep{khattak19,wang20}.
In the semantic space of word embeddings, the relationships between vectors of words mirror the linguistic relationships of the words.
In that case, words with different meanings lie far away from each other in the embedded space, whereas words with similar meanings lie close to each other.
Popular word embedding algorithms include Word2Vec \citep{mikolov13} and GloVe \citep{pennington14}.

Despite their ability to capturing semantic relationships between words, the early word embedding methods are static, meaning that each word has a fixed position regardless of its contextual meaning in a sentence \citep{wang20-2}.
The static nature makes the word embedding of a polysemous word, i.e. a word with multiple meanings (e.g. lead, row, bow), less efficient, since the meaning of the word depends on the context in a sentence.
The introduction of Transformer \citep{vaswani17} in the deep learning community addresses the polysemy problem using the concepts of attention and self-attention.
The attention mechanism allows deep learning models to pay attention to specific words in a sentence.
Specifically, the embedded vector representation of a word depends on the other surrounding words, inducing context-awareness.
The transformer is intended for translation and consists of two parts: the encoder which embeds words into dense vectors, and the decoder which decodes the vectors into words of a different language.

\subsection{The BERT model}

While originally intended for translation, the Transformer architecture has been adapted to  build language models. A language model is a model that can predict subsequent words in  a sentence or a paragraph.
BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) is a language model that exploits the encoder component of Transformer.
It was not obvious how to train an encoder for prediction, because the encoder looks at words both preceding and following the current work. If you see the next word, the model does not learn anything; it just predicts the next word. The obvious solution to this conundrum is to remove the model's ability to peek ahead (incidentally, this is what the decoder does). Instead, BERT decided incorporated cloze tests to train the model, i.e. it removed a portion of words that then had to be predicted. The cloze tests were given a different name: masked language modeling.
Specifically, BERT randomly chooses and masks 15\% of all input tokens. The masked tokens are predicted based on the contextualized word embedding vectors of unmasked tokens.
For this task, both the right and left contexts of a masked word are jointly considered and it was argued that this bi-directional approach can be superior than other single-direction (i.e., either left-to-right or right-to-left) approaches.
In addition to masking, BERT also uses a secondary task, next sentence prediction, where BERT is given two sentences and predicts whether or not the two sentences follow each other.

BERT was introduced with two versions. BERT-base is structured with 12 encoder layers, hidden size of 768,
12 multi-head attention heads and 110 millions of parameters in total. BERT-large is structured with 24 encoder layers, hidden size of
1024, 16 multi-head attention heads and 340 millions of parameters.
Both models were pre-trained on BookCorpus and Wikipedia which have in total more than 3,500M words.

\subsection{Text classification with BERT}

The pre-trained BERT model is considered to have a general sense of a language (e.g., being aware of context and word ordering in a given text). This deep learning-based model can be used for other various language tasks (i.e., transfer learning).
For text classification, an additional classification layer is added on top of BERT's output layer, and the model parameters are fine-tuned based on a set of given data of interest.
The fine-tuning stage includes learning the new classification layer parameters and modifying all the pre-trained parameters of BERT.

The BERT encoder processes each word in the input text and generates a embedding vector contextualized through a stack of Transformer blocks.
The input text is preceded by a special start token, [CLS]. BERT creates embedding vectors for all input text, including for the [CLS] token. Because the [CLS] embedding vector captures the meaning of text input as a whole, the classification is based on this embedded vector.
The BERT classifier is illustrated in Figure~\ref{example1}.

\begin{figure*}[htp]
\centering
  \includegraphics[scale=0.4]{bert_illustration_2.pdf}
  \caption{A description of text classification with BERT. W stands for a vectorized word input and O stands for output vector.}
  \label{example1}
\end{figure*}

\section{Simulation study} \label{experiments}

\subsection{Data set description}

The Patient Joe data set was collected to study how active respondents would engage in the decision-making process. Respondents were asked to answer the following open-ended question \citep{martin11,Schonlau17}: ``Joe's doctor told him that he would need to return in two weeks to find out whether or not his condition had improved. But when Joe asked the receptionist for an appointment, he was told that it would be over a month before the next available appointment. What should Joe do?'' Answers were classified into one of the four categories: proactive, somewhat proactive, passive and counterproductive. The data set contains 585 observations. The text answers have a median length of 22 words (25th percentile: 13 words, 75th percentile: 35 words).

The disclosure data set was collected to learn the relationship between risk of disclosure and survey participation. A series of vignettes describing different levels of disclosure risk was randomly assigned to respondents \citep{Couper08}. Respondents were then asked how likely they would be to participate in the described survey.
A total of 1,212 positively worded answers was classified into one of the eleven categories
as shown in Table~\ref{tab1}. The text answers have a median length of 10 words (25th percentile: 5 words, 75th percentile: 16 words).

\begin{table*}[htp]
\centering
\caption{Classes in the disclosure data. Classes with less than 10 observations were combined and labeled as ``Others''.}
\label{tab1}
\begin{tabular}{ll} \toprule
Class & Description \\ \midrule
C1 & Believes in research generally \\
C2 & Wants to be helpful / express opinion \\
C3 & General altruism \\
C4 & I'd learn something, interested in results, curiosity \\
C5 & The money (incentive) \\
C6 & Topic-related (interesting, issues important) \\
C7 & Survey doesn't take much time, short survey \\
C8 & Other survey characteristic \\
C9 & No objection \\
C10 & Uncodable response, ambiguous \\
C11 & Others \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table*}

\subsection{Models and hyperparameter tuning}

We compared BERT against other popular machine learning algorithms: random forest (RF) \citep{breiman01}, XGboost (XGB) \citep{chen16} and support vector machines (SVM) \citep{Vapnik2000}.
For each data set, each model was trained on training data of size from 100 to 400. For the non-BERT models, the model parameters were tuned using a validation data of size 100. The remaining observations were used for testing the performance of each model.

For fine-tuning the BERT model, we used epochs = 3, batch size = 8, and learning rate = 0.0003. The dropout probability was set to 0.1.
For the non-BERT approaches, text answers were converted into unigram variables for model training.
The parameters of SVM were tuned with a grid search for $C \in \{0.1, 1, 10\}$, $\gamma \in \{0.01, 0.1, 1\}$ and kernel $\in \{`rbf', `linear', `poly'\}$.
For tuning the parameters of RF, we used a grid search for mtry $\in \{0.3, 0.5, 1\}$, minimum number of samples at each terminal node $\in \{1, 3, 5\}$ and number of trees $\in \{300, 600, 900\}$.
The XGB model has more tuning parameters than SVM and RF. For efficient parameter tuning, we used a random search for learning rate $\in \{0.01, 0.1, 0.3\}$, maximum depth $\in \{3, 5, 10\}$, number of estimators $\in \{100, 200, 300\}$, $\gamma \in \{0, 0.1, 1\}$, $\lambda \in \{0.3, 0.5, 0.7\}$, $\alpha \in \{0, 0.1, 0.2\}$ and sub-sample proportion $\in \{0.5, 0.7, 1\}$. We chose the best combination from 50 random iterations.

\subsection{Results}

Figure~\ref{result1} presents the classification result of each method on the Patient Joe and Disclosure data.
When the training data contained 100 observations, we observed small differences in classification performance between BERT and the other classifiers.
As the size of training data increased, BERT outperformed the others and the pattern was observed in both data sets.
For the Patient Joe data with 400 training examples, BERT achieved classification accuracy of 0.854 and the second best result achieved by XGboost was 0.785.
For the Disclosure data, BERT achieved accuracy of 0.725 and the other algorithms performed almost the same with an accuracy of 0.618.
The ngram-based models showed similar performance on both data sets.
The BERT model without fine-tuning performed the worst. With 400 training observations, the performance difference between with/without fine-tuning was over 0.2 on both data sets.

\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{subfigure}[t]{.47\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.38]{result1_joe.jpeg}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.47\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.38]{result1_disclosure.jpeg}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Performance of each method for the Patient Joe (left) and Disclosure (right) data}
\label{result1}
\end{figure}

The results in Figure~\ref{result2} show the accuracy by class at training data of size 400.
For the Patient Joe data, BERT was more accurate than the others mostly on the two dominant classes (proactive and somewhat proactive).
For the Disclosure data, BERT outperformed the others for 10 out of 11 classes, regardless of their frequencies.

\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{subfigure}[t]{.47\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.38]{result2_joe.jpeg}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.47\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.38]{result2_disclosure.jpeg}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Class-wise accuracy of each method for the Patient Joe (left) and Disclosure (right) data with 400 training examples. Each red bar represents the relative frequency of the corresponding class. The classes are ordered by their frequencies.}
\label{result2}
\end{figure}

\section{Discussion\label{s:discussion}}

With 100 training observations, the ngram-based models (SVM, RF and XGB) and the fine-tuned BERT showed small differences in classification performance for both Patient Joe and Disclosure data sets. Relative to the n-gram based models, BERT became more effective as the size of training data increased.

Fine-tuning vastly improved the classification accuracy of BERT (by 0.1 -- 0.2). BERT without fine-tuning was beaten by the ngram-based models. This suggests that the pre-trained language model requires fine-tuning even for very small training data sets.

Both data sets from open-ended questions have imbalanced class distributions.
The class-wise accuracy results show BERT's better classification performance relative to ngram-based models is not particularly biased towards certain major classes.
BERT tends to achieve higher accuracy for most classes without a noticeable drop in performance for any one class.

We see the following limitations:
1) For 400 training observations, the accuracy in the two examples is roughly 75-85\%. While considerably improved, this may not be enough for some purposes. If so, we recommend semi-automatic classification \citep{schonlau2016semi,gweon20}, where there is a threshold probability below which answers are coded manually.
2) BERT is harder to program than non-pre-trained methods. At present, most analysts are programming in Python to access the pre-trained BERT model. It is also computationally intensive: fine-tuning requires at least a high-end laptop or online resources such as Google Colab.
3) BERT has been very successful in English. BERT models in other languages are being developed. While we are hopeful these results will extend to other languages, this is not certain.

We conclude that the use of BERT is a promising tool for automatic classification of open-ended questions as compared with non-pre-trained classification methods.
The advantage of BERT relative to non-pre-trained methods increases  the more data are used for fine-tuning.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


John and I have been watching the series Life on the Discovery Channel. It is a series that captures in stunning cinematography portions of life that few of us will ever get to see up close.
Last night we watched "Primates" and I was interested to learn about the Japanese snow monkeys. These primates live in the coldest climate imaginable in Japan. A group of them live in an area called Jigokudani ("Hell's Valley") due to the steep cliffs and hot water steaming out from the earth's surface. It is a harsh environment in winter with snow on the ground for a third of the year.
And while you might think that all of these monkeys have it good being able to warm themselves and play in spa-like pools with the water at a warming 105 degrees, the series explains that not all of them get to do so. Only the most powerful and their offspring. Others sit at the edges watching but never being allowed in. Elitism in monkeys seems really, really sad.
The narration for the series is typical science textbook on how life began and evolved...each species eventually developing into another across millions of years. Whether you embrace evolution, creationism, or some blend of the two, there is something about Darwin's "survival of the fittest" that can't be ignored.
In Darwin's theory it is what has to happen for progress. But in our human life it looks like racism or the lines between wealth and poverty or even the cafeteria in middle school. Contrast the quality of life between the dog-eat-dog world of lies, betrayal and power struggles and one where humans actually love their neighbor, help the poor and show kindness as Jesus described.
What if the real argument in Darwin vs. creationism has nothing to do with carbon dating, the missing link, or the evidence of design? What if it is much more personal than that? We are happier in a world where we--like everything else--are made to belong. People with talents and gifts to be shared. People who need to receive love and to give it. People who flourish not at the expense of others but to the benefit of others.
It occurs to me that "survival of the fittest" with humans vying for power over each other will lead to our destruction and not the next step on our evolution. Having the "law of love written on our hearts" is a much more satisfying way to evolve. Darwin recorded the theme of a fallen world. Christ lived the theme of a restored one.


text:
Anoop Krishnan Net Worth 2022, Income, Height, Age & Weight
September 14, 2021 iTech Net Worth 0
Anoop Krishnan, the thirty-six-year-old Indian actor who is best known for his leading role as a Bond villain in the movie, Casino Royale, is being eyed as the next Bond. Reports in the Indian news daily, Indian Life, states that Anoop is in talks with Universal Studios to play Bond in a future Bond movie. This would be Anoop's third Bond role after the two films, Skyfall and Quantum of Solace. The news report does not specify if Anoop is being seriously considered or merely on the table as an option for Bond.
Anoop Krishnan Net Worth
Anoop Krishnan Full Biography
Anoop Krishnan Net Worth is $0.5 Million
Anoop Krishnan is an intelligent and educated actor who has made the mistake of comparing himself with British film star Sean Connery. Anoop Krishnan claims that he is just as good as Sean Connery but is much better at playing Bond. He is from India. He has also made a name for himself in the Hindi film industry, working with some of the best known Hindi directors in the country such as Mahesh Babu, Suraj Badhja and Anushka Shetty. Net worth in next 5 years is expected to go between six to seven million dollars.
Full Name Anoop Krishnan
Net Worth $5-6 million.
Anoop is currently earning about four million pounds per year. He is married to a British actress called Nana Aruna. They have a daughter called Priyanka, whom Anoop plays in one of his films. In an interview in Livety that was carried out by India Today, Anoop said that he had always been open to a part in a Bond movie, but had never been asked to do so. "Bond was my choice. I like playing men, that's why Bond was ideal," he said.
From this interview, it appears that Anoop has done very well at playing Bond and earning him good earnings. According to reports, Anoop has made over twenty movies in the past eight years and as of now, has earned more than three hundred million pounds from these movies. This makes him one of the highest earning actors in India today.
Anoop is no stranger to Hollywood. He has appeared in the Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes film, "Cabaret", as well as the Harry Potter movie, "ement". Apart from these films, Anoop Koyni has also acted in commercials for Mercedes Benz and Dior. His income is almost entirely dependent on the success of his Bond movies and in particular, on the latest Bond villain, Jaws. Anoop played the role of Jaws in the first two Bond movies and since the second movie, he has been given a leading role in every single Bond movie till date. The success of the latest Bond movie, "A view to Eat You" was probably due to the association between Anoop Koyni, who played the villain, and director, Skyfall.
Anoop Koyni's good income and his fame have also allowed him to take luxurious flights throughout the world. Anoop has been spotted in the luxurious private and chartered jets of London and Dubai. Anoop's income is supported by various ad agencies and he seems to lead a luxurious life. Other than Ad agencies, Anoop also receives support from production houses, whose movies he has been a part of, such as Skyfall, Casino, Man on the Moon, MIB: Men in Black, Trains of Fire and the Twilight series.


text:
LR NEWS 1898 DAILY
Publisher - LR NEWS 1898 DAILY
Legal Law News
In Debt to Albert Gallatin
By Alice Jane On Nov 28, 2020
The national government's mounting debt may well be the worst but least talked about bad news story of the twenty-first century. President after president and Congress after Congress, the situation worsens. In these polarized times, the only thing Democrats and Republicans agree on is more spending and borrowing.
Amid this spendthrift self-destruction, it's tempting to conclude that fiscal discipline is too much to ask of officeholders. But then we consider the example of Albert Gallatin.
Albert Who?
Those who have never heard his name can be forgiven. Gallatin has long been eclipsed by Alexander Hamilton, his swashbuckling predecessor as Secretary of the Treasury, who in the 1790s made the national government's assumption of the states' Revolutionary War debts the basis of the Federalists' controversial financial program. After Hamilton took on this debt, it was Gallatin who put plans in motion to pay it off.
Gallatin served as Treasury secretary under both Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. He'd be notable solely for his unsurpassed longevity in that office. Yet even more significant is that, between Jefferson's inauguration in 1801 and 1812, the year of Madison's reelection, the national debt fell from $83 million to $45 million—little more than half of where it stood when Gallatin took charge of America's finances.
The War of 1812 pushed the debt back up, but afterwards paying it down returned as the nation's budgetary priority. Gallatin's basic policy remained in place until, under President Andrew Jackson, the national debt reached zero.
With Gregory May's Jefferson's Treasure: How Albert Gallatin Saved the New Nation from Debt, Gallatin has a biography worthy of his accomplishments. May's account exemplifies Gallatin's energy, good humor, precision, and importance. While not the first modern treatment of the fourth Treasury secretary's contributions, it is the fullest, most exhaustively researched, and best at balancing his public and personal lives with the times he helped shape.
American by Choice
Whether inspired by the ideals of the American Revolution or merely the promise of adventure and opportunity, Geneva-born Gallatin arrived in Boston as a 19-year-old in 1780. Soon tiring of New Englanders, who struck him as joyless and intolerant, he traveled the Appalachian backcountry, surveying land and becoming a U.S. citizen. In 1786 he settled down, purchasing a 370-acre farm that signaled his status as one of the more prosperous men in southwestern Pennsylvania.
What drew him to politics was the debate over ratification of the Constitution. Concerned it might concentrate too much power in the hands of too few, Gallatin gravitated toward the Antifederalist position of his neighbors, who elected him to a special convention in Harrisburg that proposed possible amendments. Soon they sent him to the state legislature in Philadelphia, capital of Pennsylvania as well as the new national government, for which in 1793 he was selected to fill a Senate seat "even though he warned," May writes, "that he may not have been a citizen for the nine years that the Constitution required."
At this point the 32-year-old, already a widower, won the affection of Hannah Nicholson, 26, member of a well-connected New York family that shared his growing allegiance to the Republican party of Jefferson and Madison. Although his first wife had described him as "perhaps not a very handsome man" but as appealing in more important ways, Gallatin confided to a friend that Hannah's appearance was "far less attractive than either her mind or her heart." The new marriage, May observes, "was a good match."
Gallatin was no less blunt with his praise than he was stingy with his purse. In 1792 he admitted that, instead of buying new winter clothes, he had purchased Hume's History of England, Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, and Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England. The degree to which he prioritized liberty as well as frugality became apparent in his principled resistance to Hamilton's financial program, which included not only assumption of states' debts but also an inefficient and onerous excise tax on whiskey.
Gallatin remained in opposition to the whiskey tax even after Federalists, in a party-line vote, expelled him from the Senate because of uncertainty over the date he became a citizen. Since Pennsylvanians initially voted for congressmen not by district but at-large, on a single statewide ballot favoring the populous eastern part of the state, the measure struck farmers in Pennsylvania's west as taxation without representation. Gallatin rallied opposition to the tax—yet also counseled his neighbors not to resist the federal force that in 1794 put down the Whiskey Rebellion. That year, voters elected him to the House of Representatives.
Congressman Gallatin published his Sketch of the Finances of the United States, which overturned "Republican orthodoxies" while making an argument based on quantitative analysis. By 1796, Madison wrote to Jefferson that Gallatin was "a real Treasure." As May points out, little time passed before "Jefferson caught Madison's enthusiasm" for the native French-speaker.
Jefferson's Treasurer
After Madison left Congress in 1796, Gallatin emerged as the Republicans' point man, opposing the creation of a costly military establishment and unthinking acquiescence to the "public curse" of Hamiltonian finance—which made deficit spending seem so easy. Meanwhile, Jefferson, after placing second in that year's presidential contest, became John Adams's vice president. The Jefferson-Gallatin relationship deepened during the Adams presidency, which Jefferson believed threatened, through such measures as the 1798 Sedition Act, the hard-won gains of the American Revolution. Federalists, meanwhile, viewed the French Revolution as the threat, especially after the Reign of Terror and France's Quasi-War with the United States. As May points out, French-speaking "Gallatin took more than his fair share of verbal abuse because he was the very incarnation of Federalist anxieties."
Of course, the same held true for Jefferson, who as America's ambassador in Paris had been present for the first scenes of the French Revolution. Federalists portrayed him as a bloodthirsty, atheist French Revolutionary eager to unleash a Reign of Terror in the United States. His Republican allies, seeking to situate him within the mainstream of American Revolutionaries, pointed out that he had drafted the Declaration of Independence.
Jefferson won this contest of opinion and in 1801 appointed Gallatin to serve as his Secretary of the Treasury.
Gallatin immediately set about paying down the debt. May spotlights his exasperation with the smoke-and-mirrors accounting system inherited from Hamilton and his Federalist successors. Gallatin repeatedly insisted that "the only way the government could reduce its debt… was to spend less than it received." Using "straightforward arithmetic," he estimated $10.6 million in annual revenue. It would take 16 years to pay off the debt if the government could subsist on $3.3 million annually.
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This would be no easy task since Jefferson insisted on eliminating all internal taxes, including the hated whiskey excise. Abolishing these taxes necessitated even deeper reductions in defense spending—essentially the only national expenditure that remained.
At first this seemed a good gamble—especially after the 1803 purchase of Louisiana, which allowed the rapidly-growing U.S. population to expand. In addition, just as the Atlantic served as a barrier separating America from European strife, Louisiana would be a land moat. There was little time to waste since the territory, long claimed by Spain, was about to be transferred to Napoleon's France, which was at war with Great Britain, possessor of Canada. If these belligerents controlled the land to our north and our west, could the United States stay neutral? Even to Gallatin, Louisiana's $15 million price tag seemed a wise investment.
As May explains, many in Congress resented his penny-pinching. "He knew that some of them believed he was too frugal," but not until the start of Madison's presidency did he realize "how much his frugality had weakened his position with them."
Against the backdrop of a booming economy, Gallatin calculated that, in order to afford Louisiana, it would take only 18 additional months to discharge the nation's debts if the Jefferson administration increased annual debt payments to $8 million.
Everything proceeded according to plan until it became clear that the Atlantic served not only as a barrier to invasion but also as a lightning rod for conflict. Asserting neutral trading rights, the United States refused to abide British and French prohibitions on commerce with the other nation and its allies. After repeated attacks on American ships as well as calls for war, Jefferson and Secretary of State Madison decided to impose an embargo on all international commerce. The hope was that this ultimate trade sanction would starve Europe into acknowledging America's neutrality.
Gallatin expressed reservations concerning the Embargo. He cautioned that it "cannot be enforced without the assistance of means as strong as the measure itself." To make the measure stick would require not only the use of the military but also "arbitrary powers" that he considered "dangerous and odious." Jefferson admitted that the "embargo law is certainly the most embarrassing one we have ever had to execute" but considered it necessary to avoid war.
Between 1807 and 1809 Gallatin managed the reality that the national government's revenue, dependent on customs duties paid on imports, cratered by more than fifty percent. Even worse, while the government had run surpluses during Jefferson's presidency, slashing the debt by more than one-third, the failure of the Embargo to bring about European concessions led, ultimately, to the costly War of 1812.
Punished for Parsimony
When Madison, newly elected to the presidency, eyed Gallatin to replace him as Secretary of State, key Republicans objected. May points to several factors impeding Gallatin's advancement to a position regarded as a steppingstone to the presidency. One was that Madison, "a small, quiet man," possessed "no charisma" and "had built few working relationships with members of Congress." Lacking Jefferson's influence, Madison struggled to keep a lid on Republicans' rivalries and competing ambitions.
For example, there was the clique of Republican legislators led by Samuel Smith of Maryland and William Branch Giles of Virginia, who had supported Madison for the presidency and, as May writes, "thought he owed them something."
When they maneuvered to have Samuel Smith's brother, naval secretary Robert Smith, appointed as Secretary of State, Gallatin felt betrayed. May notes how Gallatin, consigned to soldier on as Secretary of the Treasury, "bitterly blamed the 'Smith faction, or ruling party' for sacrificing the 'Republican cause itself, and the people of the United States' to their 'Favoritism, extravagance, parade, and folly.'"
Gallatin's snark regarding his rivals' "extravagance" hints at another reason his prospects dimmed. As May explains, many in Congress resented his penny-pinching. "He knew that some of them believed he was too frugal," but not until the start of Madison's presidency did he realize "how much his frugality had weakened his position with them."
To make matters worse, the War of 1812 exposed how much his frugality had left America vulnerable to its British adversary. In the face of rising tensions, Jefferson and Madison had worked to expand the U.S. military. But given the Republicans' earlier measures to economize on national defense, it appeared almost as if they were starting from scratch.
Although sympathetic to Gallatin, May pulls no punches outlining potential risks of Gallatin's reformation of Hamilton's financial system, all of which seemed bad bets given the declaration of war. Gallatin had "narrowed the tax base down to import duties" and "had given repayment of the public debt unquestioned priority over military spending." Believing that the national government could resort to borrowing if war posed an actual threat, from 1802 through 1811 six of every ten dollars collected were allocated toward paying down the debt—minimizing military preparedness measures. In May's eyes, "Gallatin's frugality became a compulsive disorder."
But if Gallatin did little to prepare the nation for the War of 1812, the military outcome of the conflict almost excuses his penny-pinching approach. In 1813, Gallatin handed the keys to the Treasury department to a temporary replacement and sailed for Europe to join a team of U.S. peace envoys. If in St. Petersburg the British felt no urgency to end the conflict, the passing of a few months and a changing geopolitical context brought the British to the bargaining table at Ghent, where fellow envoy John Quincy Adams grew to admire Gallatin's skills as a negotiator. After the treaty was signed, Adams wrote that it was Gallatin who "contributed that largest and most important share to the conclusion of the Peace."
Gallatin expected little reward for his services. He already knew that enemies Smith and Giles, whose skills at political chess exceeded those of President Madison, had blocked his return to his old post as head of the Treasury. In 1816 he accepted an appointment as America's ambassador to France, where he represented his adopted country until 1823.
After returning to the United States, he served briefly as the vice-presidential running mate of Georgia's William Crawford. May explains that Gallatin's candidacy "was a washout from the start." Bad enough that three other men—John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson—sought the presidency in 1824. Worse was the fact, as one of Gallatin's friends warned, that the members of Congress upholding the principles "that brought Mr. Jefferson into power" could be counted on one hand. When Crawford, in a doomed effort to restart his sputtering campaign, dropped Gallatin from the ticket, the 63-year-old former Treasury chief returned to private life, only interrupting his retirement to serve, from 1826 to 1827, as President Adams's ambassador to Great Britain.
Gallatin went on to help establish New York University and serve as president of the New-York Historical Society. But this final phase of his life yielded irony as well as accomplishment.
President Jackson, whom Gallatin distrusted because of his supposed willingness to sacrifice means to ends, employed Gallatin's means to achieve—for the first and only time in American history—the goal of paying off the entirety of the national debt in 1835.
That was long ago. Today, America's rapidly-growing debt exceeds $27 trillion—more than $82,000 per every man, woman, and child. After his death in 1849, Gallatin, 88, was buried in Manhattan's Trinity Church graveyard, where tourists now flock to the final resting place of his eternal neighbor and much more celebrated predecessor, Alexander Hamilton.
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