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History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)
Mao Zedong's death in September 1976 left China with no central authority figure, both symbolically and administratively. The Gang of Four were dismantled, but Hua Guofeng continued to persist on Mao-era policies. After a bloodless power struggle, Deng Xiaoping came onto the helm to reform the Chinese economy and government institutions in their entirety. Deng, however, was conservative with wide-ranging political reform, and with the combination of unforeseen problems that resulted from the economic reform policies, the country underwent another political crisis with the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.
Power struggles after Mao's death
Bringing back Deng Xiaoping
The demise and arrest of the Gang of Four prompted nationwide celebrations, including parades in the streets of Beijing and other major cities. The Gang of Four symbolized everything that went wrong during the ten years of chaos of the Cultural Revolution, and their demise, the general populace had expected, would mark the beginning of a new era. Hua Guofeng, however, desired to continue the policies set during the Cultural Revolution, and coined this maintenance the Two Whatevers, setting the standard that "whatever policies Chairman Mao set, we will continue to uphold; whatever orders Chairman Mao gave, we will continue to follow." Hua's reliance on Maoist orthodoxy led him to continue a cult of personality surrounding his own image alongside Mao's, equating his presence to that of Mao, but pinpointing the focus at a nominally separate era. To provide for distinct identity, Hua attempted his own change of the Chinese written language by further simplifying characters. A small number of these Hua-era simplifications continue to be in use informally, as there was no formal sanction of their legitimacy after Hua left office. In early 1977, the National Anthem was changed to reflect pure communist ideology rather than revolutionary drive, inserting lyrics exclusively dealing with Mao Zedong Thought and building an ideal socialist nation, as opposed to the wartime patriotism reflected by the original lyrics.
Hua's policies received relatively little support, and he was regarded as an unremarkable leader, lacking political support within the Politburo. At the time Deng Xiaoping was still living in seclusion because of "political mistakes," and the issue of his return to politics was yet again put on the table. Deng had insisted on supporting all of Hua's policies in one of the letters the two men exchanged, to which Hua responded that Deng had "made mistakes, and rightfully must continue to receive criticism." The arrest of the Gang of Four, Hua said, did not justify that Deng's "revisionist" ideas should resurface. During a Politburo meeting in March 1977, many members voiced support for Deng's return, to no avail. In a letter to Hua dated April 10, Deng Xiaoping wrote, "I am fully behind Chairman Hua's policies and agenda for the country". This letter would be openly discussed in the politburo, and in July 1977, Deng Xiaoping was restored in his former posts. By August, with his election as the new Committee Vice-Chairman, and the Central Military Commission's Vice-Chairman, Deng guaranteed the elevation of his supporters, Hu Yaobang, Zhao Ziyang and Wan Li.
Deng becomes Paramount Leader
Although Hua continued in his leadership role, it became apparent by early 1978 that Deng and Hua were divided along fine political and ideological lines. As Vice-Premier in charge of Technology and Education, Deng restored the University Entrance Examinations in 1977, opening the doors of post-secondary education to nearly a generation of youth who lacked this opportunity because of the Cultural Revolution. He elevated the social status of intellectuals from the lows of the Cultural Revolution to becoming an "integral part of socialist construction." Hua, however, insisted on continuing the Maoist line. Deng's stance towards intellectuals was seen as the first of a series of reversals in policy set during the Cultural Revolution, and it proved popular with a large segment of the politburo. Deng's support grew by the day, and his fresh, pragmatic ideas became more welcome than Hua's archaic, and sometimes stubborn views.
Deng chaired the 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China's "de jure" legislative body, and stressed the importance of the Four Modernizations, a series of advances in various fields aimed at strengthening the country by adapting to modern standards. By then Deng was poised to make a final political move to grab power. On May 11, 1978, the "Guangming Daily" newspaper published an article, inspected by Deng's supporter Hu Yaobang, titled "Practice sets the only Standard to Examine Truth". [ [http://dailynews.sina.com.cn/c/144503.html 《光明日报》评论:实践是检验真理的唯一标准, retrieved from Sina.com. Dated May 11, 1978] ] The article stressed the importance of uniting theory and practice, denounced the dogmatic euphoria of the Mao era, and was, in fact, an outright criticism on Hua's Two Whatevers policy. This article was reprinted in many newspapers across the country, and echoed widespread support amongst party organs and the general populace. Discussions sprung up nationwide in government and military organizations, and Deng's novel and pragmatic stance gained increasing popularity.
In April, Deng began the political rehabilitation of those who were formerly labeled "rightists" and counter-revolutionaries, a campaign led by Hu Yaobang that pardoned the wrongly accused, restoring the reputation of many party elders and intellectuals who were purged during the Cultural Revolution and other Mao-era campaigns. Prominent politically-disgraced people including Peng Dehuai, Zhang Wentian, He Long and Tao Zhu were given belated rank-appropriate funerals at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery. Liu Shaoqi was given a large state funeral in May 1982, when the country was asked to mourn the former President some 15 years after his death.
The power transition from Hua to Deng was confirmed in December 1978, at the Third Plenum of the Central Committee of the Eleventh National Party Congress, a turning point in China's history. The course was laid for the party to move the world's most populous nation toward the ambitious targets of the Four Modernizations.
After a decade of turmoil brought about by the Cultural Revolution, the new direction set at this meeting was toward economic development and away from class struggle. The plenum endorsed major changes in the political, economic, and social system. Hua renounced his "Two Whatevers" and offered a full self-criticism. Replacing the old focus of class struggles was the new policy focused on economic construction.
It also instituted sweeping personnel changes, culminating in the elevation of two key supporters of Deng Xiaoping and the reform program, Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang. In contrast to previous leadership changes, Hua would resign his posts one by one, and retired peacefully to private life. The events helped to set a precedent that losing a high-level leadership struggle would not result in physical harm. Hua was replaced by Zhao Ziyang as Premier of the State Council in September 1980, and by Hu Yaobang as party General Secretary of the party in September 1982. Until the mid-1990s, Deng Xiaoping was China's "de facto" leader, retaining only the official title of Chairman of the Central Military Commission, but not the chief offices of the State, government, or the Party.
With changes to the Chinese Constitution in 1982, the president was conceived of as a "figurehead" head of state, with actual power resting in the hands of the Premier of the People's Republic of China and the General Secretary of the Party, who were meant to be two separate people. In the original plan, the Party would develop policy, and the state would execute it. Deng's intentions was to have power divided, thus preventing a cult of personality from forming as it did in the case of Mao. The new emphasis on procedure, however, seemed largely undermined by Deng himself, who took on none of the official titles.
After 1979, the Chinese leadership moved toward more pragmatic policies in almost all fields. The party encouraged artists, writers and journalists to adopt more critical approaches, although open attacks on party authority were not permitted. In late 1980, Mao's Cultural Revolution was officially proclaimed a "mistake". Unlike Nikita Khruschev's denounciation of Stalin, however, Deng did not denounce Mao after he came to power as with Mao rested a large part of the political legitimacy the Communist Party relied upon. Rather, he continued to use Mao's symbol to guide certain policy principles. He called Mao "70% right and 30% wrong".
Reform and opening up
A new page in diplomacy
Relations with the West improved markedly during Deng's term, although the People's Republic of China had gained a certain degree of recognition from the West in the late Mao era. In 1968, the government of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau initiated negotiations with the People's Republic of China that led to the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Canada on October 13, 1970. Canada and China established resident diplomatic missions in 1971, and it led to a series of diplomatic successes in the west. The People's Republic of China joined the United Nations in 1971, replacing the international legitimacy previous held by the "Kuomintang" Government of the Republic of China on the island of Taiwan. In February 1972, US President Richard Nixon made an unprecedented eight-day visit to the People's Republic of China and met with Mao Zedong. On February 22, 1973, the United States and the PRC agreed to establish liaison offices. Although both sides intended to establish diplomatic relations quickly, this move was delayed until 1979 due to the Watergate scandal.
Deng traveled abroad and had a series of amicable meetings with western leaders, traveling to the United States in 1979 to meet President Jimmy Carter at the White House. Carter finally recognized the People's Republic, which had replaced the Taiwan-based Republic of China as the sole Chinese government recognized by the UN Security Council in 1971. One of Deng's achievements was the agreement signed by the United Kingdom and the PRC on December 19, 1984 under which Hong Kong was to be transferred to the PRC in 1997. With the 99-year lease on the New Territories coming to an end, Deng agreed that the PRC would not interfere with Hong Kong's capitalist system and would allow the locals a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years. This "one country, two systems" approach has been touted by the PRC government as a potential framework within which Taiwan could be reunited with the mainland. Deng, however, did not improve relations with the Soviet Union. He continued to adhere to the Maoist line of the Sino-Soviet Split era, which stated that the Soviet Union was a superpower equally as "hegemonist" as the United States, yet even more threatening to the PRC because of its closer proximity. Deng brought China conflict with Vietnam in 1979, following the Vietnam War, under this subject of border disputes, and fought in the Sino-Vietnamese War.
"Red China" was a frequent appellation for the PRC between the Communist ascendancy and the mid-late 1970s with the rapprochement between China and the West (generally within the capitalist/Western bloc). The term was first used, before the establishment of the PRC, in the late 1940s during the Chinese Civil War, to describe the Communist side [ [http://www.newspaperarchive.com/newspapers1/na0015/6789863/43152213.html] [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,856389,00.html?promoid=googlep] ] , and saw great prevalence in the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s. [ [http://famguardian.org/Subjects/Communism/Communism/45GoalsOf%20Communism.htm] [http://news.google.com/archivesearch?q=%22Red+china%22&btnG=Search+Archives&hl=en&um=1&as_ldate=1962&as_hdate=1962] [http://news.google.com/archivesearch?q=%22Red+china%22&btnG=Search+Archives&hl=en&um=1&as_ldate=1972&as_hdate=1972] ] Starting around 1972-1973, following Richard Nixon's visit to China and the beginning of rapprochment and mounting likelihood of diplomatic normalization, the term began to drop in usage significantly. [ [http://news.google.com/archivesearch?q=%22Red+china%22&btnG=Search+Archives&hl=en&um=1&as_ldate=1980&as_hdate=1976] [http://news.google.com/archivesearch?q=%22Red+china%22&btnG=Search+Archives&hl=en&um=1&as_ldate=1980&as_hdate=1980] ] By the early 1980s, it was increasingly rare in mainstream journalism and publications in the Western countries. Since the early 1980s, however, the term remains in use in some circles, particularly right-wing or conservative political discourse and publications; nonetheless, some, including some conservatives, feel the term is not applicable to China in the contemporary period as the country is no longer a "monolithic political entity whose subjects march in lockstep with an all-powerful Communist regime." [ [http://www.antiwar.com/justin/justinchina1.html China ] ] As of the early 2000s, "Red China" still retains some use among more pro-right-wing writers, especially when framing China as an economic or political competitor or opponent (e.g. the "China threat" theory). [ [http://www.newsmax.com/articles/?a=2000/3/9/54741] [http://www.ardemgaz.com/ShowStoryTemplate.asp?Path=ArDemocrat/2006/04/21&ID=Ar02001&Section=Editorial] ] "Red China" is sometimes used in more mainstream/less overtly partisan journalism for metaphoric or comparative use (e.g. "Red China or Green", "New York Times" article title [ [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60F1EF93F540C738FDDAF0894DE404482 Red China Or Green? - New York Times ] ] ).
ino-Vietnamese War of 1979
China's relations with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam began to deteriorate seriously in the mid-1970s. After Vietnam joined the Soviet-dominated Council for Mutual Economic Cooperation (Comecon) and signed the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union in 1978, China branded Vietnam the "Cuba of the East" and called the treaty a military alliance. Incidents along the Sino-Vietnamese border increased in frequency and violence. In December 1978 Vietnam invaded Cambodia, quickly ousted the pro-Mao Pol Pot regime, and overran the country.
China's twenty-nine-day incursion into Vietnam in February 1979 was a response to what China considered to be a collection of provocative actions and policies on Hanoi's part. These included Vietnamese intimacy with the Soviet Union, mistreatment of ethnic Chinese living in Vietnam, hegemonistic "imperial dreams" in Southeast Asia, and spurning of Beijing's attempt to repatriate Chinese residents of Vietnam to China. In February 1979 China attacked along virtually the entire Sino-Vietnamese border in a brief, limited campaign that involved ground forces only. The Chinese attack came at dawn on the morning of 17 February 1979, and employed infantry, armor, and artillery. Air power was not employed then or at any time during the war. Within a day, the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) had advanced some eight kilometers into Vietnam along a broad front. It then slowed and nearly stalled because of heavy Vietnamese resistance and difficulties within the Chinese supply system. On February 21, the advance resumed against Cao Bang in the far north and against the all-important regional hub of Lang Son. Chinese troops entered Cao Bang on February 27, but the city was not secured completely until March 2. Lang Son fell two days later. On March 5, the Chinese, saying Vietnam had been sufficiently chastised, announced that the campaign was over. Beijing declared its "lesson" finished and the PLA withdrawal was completed on March 16.
Hanoi's post-incursion depiction of the border war was that Beijing had sustained a military setback if not an outright defeat. Most observers doubted that China would risk another war with Vietnam in the near future. Gerald Segal, in his 1985 book Defending China, concluded that China's 1979 war against Vietnam was a complete failure: "China failed to force a Vietnamese withdrawal from [Cambodia] , failed to end border clashes, failed to cast doubt on the strength of the Soviet power, failed to dispel the image of China as a paper tiger, and failed to draw the United States into an anti-Soviet coalition." Nevertheless, Bruce Elleman argued that "one of the primary diplomatic goals behind China's attack was to expose Soviet assurances of military support to Vietnam as a fraud. Seen in this light, Beijing's policy was actually a diplomatic success, since Moscow did not actively intervene, thus showing the practical limitations of the Soviet-Vietnamese military pact. ... China achieved a strategic victory by minimizing the future possibility of a two-front war against the USSR and Vietnam." After the war both China and Vietnam reorganized their border defenses. In 1986 China deployed twenty-five to twenty-eight divisions and Vietnam thirty-two divisions along their common border.
The 1979 attack confirmed Hanoi's perception of China as a threat. The PAVN high command henceforth had to assume, for planning purposes, that the Chinese might come again and might not halt in the foothills but might drive on to Hanoi. The border war strengthened Soviet-Vietnamese relations. The Soviet military role in Vietnam increased during the 1980s as the Soviets provided arms to Vietnam; moreover, Soviet ships enjoyed access to the harbors at Danang and Cam Ranh Bay, and Soviet reconnaissance aircraft operated out of Vietnamese airfields. The Vietnamese responded to the Chinese campaign by turning the districts along the China border into "iron fortresses" manned by well-equipped and well-trained paramilitary troops. In all, an estimated 600,000 troops were assigned to counter Chinese operations and to stand ready for another Chinese invasion. The precise dimensions of the frontier operations were difficult to determine, but its monetary cost to Vietnam was considerable. By 1987 China had stationed nine armies (approximately 400,000 troops) in the Sino-Vietnamese border region, including one along the coast. It had also increased its landing craft fleet and was periodically staging amphibious landing exercises off Hainan Island, across from Vietnam, thereby demonstrating that a future attack might come from the sea. Low-level conflict continued along the Sino-Vietnamese border as each side conducted artillery shelling and probed to gain high spots in the mountainous border terrain. Border incidents increased in intensity during the rainy season, when Beijing attempted to ease Vietnamese pressure against Cambodian resistance fighters.
Since the early 1980s, China pursued what some observers described as a semi-secret campaign against Vietnam that was more than a series of border incidents and less than a limited small-scale war. The Vietnamese called it a "multifaceted war of sabotage." Hanoi officials have described the assaults as comprising steady harassment by artillery fire, intrusions on land by infantry patrols, naval intrusions, and mine planting both at sea and in the riverways. Chinese clandestine activity (the "sabotage" aspect) for the most part was directed against the ethnic minorities of the border region. According to the Hanoi press, teams of Chinese agents systematically sabotaged mountain agricultural production centers as well as lowland port, transportation, and communication facilities. Psychological warfare operations were an integral part of the campaign, as was what the Vietnamese called "economic warfare"--encouragement of Vietnamese villagers along the border to engage in smuggling, currency speculation, and hoarding of goods in short supply.
Economic Reform and Opening up
The new, pragmatic leadership emphasized economic development and renounced mass political movements. At the pivotal December 1978 Third Plenum of the 11th CCP Congress, the leadership adopted economic reform policies known as the Four Modernizations. These tenets aimed at expanding rural income and incentives, encouraging experiments in enterprise autonomy, reducing central planning, and establishing direct foreign investment in Mainland China. The Plenum also decided to accelerate the pace of legal reform, culminating in the passage of several new legal codes by the National People's Congress in June 1979.
The goals of Deng's reforms were summed up by the Four Modernizations: the modernization of agriculture, industry, science and technology, as well as the military. The strategy for achieving these aims, all of which were designed to help China become a modern, industrial nation, was "socialism with Chinese characteristics". It opened a new era in Chinese history known as "Reforms and Opening up" to the Outside World (改革开放).
Deng argued that Mainland China was in the primary stage of socialism and that the duty of the party was to perfect "socialism with Chinese characteristics." This interpretation of Chinese Marxism reduced the role of ideology in economic decision-making and emphasized policies that had been proven to be empirically effective, stressing the need to "seek truth from facts". Disparaging Mao's idealistic, communitarian values but not necessarily the values of Marx and Lenin, Deng emphasized that socialism did not mean shared poverty. Unlike Hua Guofeng, Deng believed that no policy should be rejected out of hand simply because it had not been associated with Mao. Unlike more conservative leaders such as Chen Yun, Deng did not object to policies on the grounds that they were similar to those found in capitalist nations.
Although Deng provided the theoretical background and the political support to allow economic reform to occur, few of the economic reforms that Deng introduced were originated by Deng himself. Local leaders, often in violation of central government directives introduced many reforms. If successful and promising, these reforms would be adopted by larger and larger areas, and ultimately introduced nationally. Many other reforms were influenced by the experiences of the East Asian Tigers.
This is in sharp contrast to the economic restructuring, or "perestroika", undertaken by Mikhail Gorbachev, in which Gorbachev himself originated most of the major reforms. Many economists have argued that the bottom-up approach of Deng's reforms, in contrast to the top-down approach of Perestroika, was a key factor in his success.
Contrary to popular misconceptions, Deng's reforms included introduction of planned, centralized management of the macro-economy by technically proficient bureaucrats, abandoning Mao's mass campaign style of economic construction. However, unlike the Soviet model or China under Mao, this management was indirect, through market mechanisms, and much of it was modeled after economic planning and control mechanisms in Western nations.
This trend did not impede the general move toward the market at the microeconomic level. Deng sustained Mao's legacy to the extent that he stressed the primacy of agricultural output and encouraged a significant decentralization of decision-making in the rural economy teams and individual peasant households. At the local level, material incentives rather than political appeals were to be used to motivate the labor force, including allowing peasants to earn extra income by selling the produce of their private plots on the free market. In the main move toward market allocation, local municipalities and provinces were allowed to invest in industries that they considered most profitable, which encouraged investment in light manufacturing. Thus, Deng's reforms shifted China's development strategy to emphasize light industry and export-led growth.
Light industrial output was vital for a developing country that was working with relatively little capital. With its short gestation period, low capital requirements, and high foreign exchange export earnings, the revenues that the light-manufacturing sector generated could be reinvested in more technologically advanced production and further capital expenditures and investments. However, these investments were not government-mandated, in sharp contrast to the similar but much less successful reforms in Yugoslavia and Hungary. The capital invested in heavy industry largely came from the banking system, and most of that capital came from consumer deposits. One of the first items of the Deng reforms was to prevent reallocation of profits except through taxation or through the banking system; hence, the reallocation in more "advanced" industries was somewhat indirect. In short, Deng's reforms sparked an industrial revolution in China.
These reforms were a reversal of the Mao policy of economic self-reliance. The PRC decided to accelerate the modernization process by stepping up the volume of foreign trade, especially the purchase of machinery from Japan and the West. By participating in such export-led growth, the PRC was able to step up the Four Modernizations by taking advantage of foreign funds, markets, advanced technologies, and management experience. Deng also attracted foreign companies to a series of Special Economic Zones, where capitalist business practices were encouraged.
Another important focus of the reforms was the need to improve labor productivity. New material incentives and bonus systems were introduced. Rural markets selling peasants' homegrown products and the surplus products of communes were revived. Not only did rural markets increase agricultural output, they stimulated industrial development as well. With peasants able to sell surplus agricultural yields on the open market, domestic consumption stimulated industrialization, and also created political support for more difficult economic reforms.
Deng's market socialism, especially in its early stages, was in some ways parallel to Lenin's New Economic Policy and Bukharin's economic policies, in that they all foresaw a role for private entrepreneurs and markets based on trade and pricing rather than government mandates of production. An interesting anecdotal episode on this note is the first meeting between Deng and Armand Hammer. Deng pressed the industrialist and former investor in Lenin's Soviet Union for as much information on the NEP as possible.
Tiananmen Square protests
At the same time, political dissent as well as social problems, including inflation, political corruption, massive urban migration, and prostitution emerged. The 1980s saw a surge in intellectual material as the country emerged out of the ignorance of the Cultural Revolution; the time period between 1982–89 saw freedom of the press like never before, and has since then never been seen again. Two prominent schools of thought emerged. One school composed of students and intellectuals who urged greater economic and political reforms; the other, composed of revolutionary party elders, became increasingly skeptical on the pace and the ultimate goals of the reform program, as it deviated from the intended direction of the Communist Party.
In December 1986, student demonstrators, taking advantage of the loosening political atmosphere, staged protests against the slow pace of reform, confirming party elders' fears that the current reform program was leading to a kind of social instability, the same kind that killed hundreds of millions between the years of the Opium War and the founding of the PRC. Inspired by Fang Lizhi, a physicist from Heifei University who gave speeches criticizing Deng's go slow policies, students took to protest. The students were also disenchanted with the amount of control the government exerted, citing compulsory calisthenics and not being allowed to dance at rock concerts. Students called for campus elections, the chance to study abroad, and greater availability of western pop culture. Hu Yaobang, a protégé of Deng and a leading advocate of reform, was blamed for the protests and forced to resign as the CCP General Secretary in January 1987. In the "Anti Bourgeois Liberalization Campaign", Hu would be further denounced. Premier Zhao Ziyang was made General Secretary and Li Peng, a staunch conservative who was unpopular with the masses, formerly Vice Premier and Minister of Electric Power and Water Conservancy, was made Premier.
After Zhao became the party General Secretary, the economic and political reforms he had championed came under increasing attack from his colleagues. His proposal in May 1988 to accelerate price reform led to widespread popular complaints about rampant inflation and gave opponents of rapid reform the opening to call for greater centralization of economic controls and stricter prohibitions against Western influence. This precipitated a political debate, which grew more heated through the winter of 1988–1989.
The death of Hu Yaobang on April 15, 1989, coupled with growing economic hardship caused by high inflation and other social factors, provided the backdrop for a large-scale protest movement by students, intellectuals, and other parts of a disaffected urban population. University students and other citizens in Beijing camped out at Tiananmen Square to mourn Hu's death and to protest against those who would slow reform. Their protests, which grew despite government efforts to contain them, although not strictly anti-Government in nature, called for an end to official corruption and for the defense of freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. Protests also spread through many other cities, including Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Chengdu.
On April 26, the central leadership, under Deng Xiaoping, issued the "4-26 Editorial" on "People's Daily", which was subsequently broadcast on national media, denouncing all recent actions of protest a form of "turmoil" (动乱). The editorial was the first in a series of events in an effort to contain the escalating protests through forceful measures. Thereafter, Deng's actions caused the presidency to have much greater power than originally intended. Various leaders sympathetic to the students, most notably Wan Li, then the NPC Chairman with a degree of constitutional powers to prevent full military action, were placed under house arrest after landing in Beijing. Wan's seclusion ensured that President Yang Shangkun was able, in cooperation with Deng, then-head of the Central Military Commission, to use the office of the President to declare martial law in Beijing and order the military crackdown of the protests. This was in direct opposition to the wishes of the Party General Secretary Zhao Ziyang and other members of the Politburo Standing Committee.
Martial law was declared on May 20, 1989. Late on June 3 and early on the morning of June 4, a date now synonymous with the movement in the Chinese language, military units were called from neighboring provinces and brought into Beijing. Armed force was used to clear demonstrators from the streets. Official PRC estimates place the number of deaths at between two to three hundred, whilst groups such as the Red Cross believe the number to be in the two to three thousand range.
After the protests, the Chinese government faced hordes of criticism from foreign governments for the suppression of the protests, the government reined in remaining sources of dissent that were a threat to order and stability, detained large numbers of protesters, and required political re-education not only for students but also for insubordinate party cadre and government officials. Zhao Ziyang would be placed under house arrest until his death some 16 years later, and due to the subject still being largely taboo in China, Zhao has not yet been politically rehabilitated.
Philip the Good
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On 19 October 2016 we published our decision to set new directions on BT which modified minimum quality of service (QoS) standards to the provisioning and repair of some of the wholesale products that telecoms providers purchase from Openreach to offer broadband and telephony products to consumers and small businesses. These directions were imposed in order to ensure that the minimum standards remain effective in the light of changes in the mix of services telecoms providers were purchasing from Openreach and due to the delay in the next wholesale market reviews.
At the same time, we consulted on a draft direction proposing to extend the duration of the Wholesale Line Rental (WLR) provision minimum standards that Openreach must comply with.
In this document we set out our final decision to set this direction. The effect of this direction is to ensure that the WLR minimum standards for appointment availability and on time provision will remain in place until such time that they are revoked or replaced by our next round of wholesale market reviews.
In the 2014 Fixed Access Market Reviews (FAMR), in order to address concerns of a continued decline in Openreach's performance in provisioning and repairs, we imposed mandatory minimum quality of service (QoS) obligations on BT. In particular, we applied minimum standards to the provisioning and repair of some of the wholesale products that communications providers (CPs) purchase from Openreach to offer broadband and telephony products to consumers and small businesses.
Since the imposition of these minimum standards, there has been a change in the mix of wholesale services purchased from Openreach, which would have reduced the effectiveness of the existing minimum standards. Accordingly, we are now using our direction making powers to apply minimum standards (at the existing levels) relating to the repair of Openreach's main consumer supporting wholesale broadband and telephony services. We are also using our direction making powers to extend the minimum standards for provisioning and repair beyond March 2017, when they would otherwise expire.
The changes we are making are intended to ensure that the current arrangements continue to address the same competition concerns identified in the FAMR. We are separately, as part of our next Wholesale Local Access (WLA) market review, considering options for encouraging further improvements to BT's service quality.
We are also seeking the views of stakeholders on the detailed drafting of a draft direction in relation to QoS for WLR by 5pm on 18 November 2016 and plan to issue a statement shortly thereafter.
In the 2014 Fixed Access Market Reviews (FAMR), in order to address concerns of continued decline in Openreach's performance in provisioning and repairs, we imposed mandatory minimum quality of service (QoS) obligations on BT. Those minimum standards applied to the provisioning and repair of some of the wholesale products that communications providers (CPs) purchase from Openreach to offer broadband and telephony products to consumers and small businesses.
This document proposes a number of modifications to Openreach's existing obligations relating to the repair of certain wholesale broadband and telephony services. We consider that these changes are necessary to ensure that our current regulations continue to be effective in light of changes to the mix of wholesale products CPs purchase. The changes proposed are not intended to extend regulation, but simply to ensure that the current arrangements continue to address the same competition concerns identified in the FAMR.
We will consider potential changes to how we regulate the quality of Openreach's service delivery in the future later this year.
We are seeking the views of stakeholders on this consultation by 9 September 2016 and plan to issue a statement later that month.


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Author: nick
BREAKING: Climate activists launch daring occupation of the California PUC, calling for agency to shut down all gas storage facilities
By nick February 16, 2016 February 16, 2016 Announcements, Uncategorized
SAN FRANCISCO – Two Bay Area residents have occupied the ledge above the entrance to the headquarters of the California Public Utilities Commission (PUC) today to protest the PUC's failure to protect the Golden State from the climate and health impacts of methane from underground natural gas storage facilities.
A well blew out at SoCalGas' Aliso Canyon facility near Porter Ranch on October 23, 2015. Since then, 96,000 metric tons of methane have escaped into the atmosphere, the equivalent of an additional 505,000 cars on the road for a year. Methane is a greenhouse gas that is 86 times more climate-intensive than carbon dioxide. While SoCalGas reported last week that the leak had been plugged, the Aliso Canyon leak has been responsible for 25% of the state's daily greenhouse gas emissions.
Aliso Canyon is one of 12 underground natural gas storage facilities in California, and one of 326 nationwide that use depleted oil and gas wells for storage for urban customers.
"While plugging the leak at Aliso Canyon has been a good step, today we are demanding that the PUC shut down all gas storage facilities; until they do, we are occupying the PUC," said Christy Tennery-Spalding from Diablo Rising Tide, the San Francisco Bay Area chapter of Rising Tide North America.
The PUC is one of two agencies responsible for oversight of underground natural gas storage facilities. The leaking well had not been inspected since 1976. The CEO of SoCalGas reported to the LA Weekly that a safety valve on the well had been removed in 1979.
"It is unconscionable that these regulators are putting people at risk while giving companies a pass. The last time Aliso Canyon was inspected by the PUC was the last time Jerry Brown was governor," said Kelsey Baker, from Occupy San Francisco Environmental Justice, currently occupying the ledge over the PUC's headquarters entrance.
SoCalGas is a division of Sempra Energy and uses the Aliso Canyon facility to store natural gas for delivery to 12 natural gas power plants and 21 million consumers in Southern California. Since the blowout, 10,000 of Porter Ranch's 30,000 residents have fled the community. Governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency, requiring the several state agencies to take urgent action.
Diablo Rising Tide is the San Francisco Bay Area chapter of Rising Tide North America. Rising Tide North America is an all-volunteer grassroots organizing network in Canada, the U.S., and Mexico who confronts the root causes of climate change with protests and events. You can find out more at www.diablorisingtide.org.
Tagged California, Diablo Rising Tide, Porter Ranch, rising tide
Convergence In Support of Eco-Prisoners & Against Toxic Prisons
By nick February 10, 2016 February 10, 2016 Uncategorized
June 11 – 13, 2016 in Washington D.C.
International Days of Action Everywhere
FTP imageFOR OVER A DECADE, June 11th has been a day of action in solidarity with environmentalists and anarchists imprisoned for their actions in defense of the Earth. The day has its origins in an international outcry over the extreme and unprecedented sentencing of Jeffrey Luers to 22 years in prison for damaging several SUV's at a car dealership. Since its inception in 2004, the June 11th day of action and other acts of solidarity have been instrumental in winning shorter sentences or early release for eco-prisoners, including Luers himself as well as Eric McDavid, who was entrapped by an informant. Yet committed earth defenders such as Marius Mason, targeted in the FBI's "Green Scare," are still serving harsh sentences in maximum security prisons for taking direct action against earth destroying industries.
MEANWHILE IN APPALACHIA, the Bureau of Prisons (BOP) plans to build a massive maximum security prison, on top of a former mountaintop removal coal mine in Letcher County, Eastern Kentucky, surrounded by sludge ponds and coal processing and transport operations. This amounts to an environmental justice nightmare, where prisoners who are disproportionately low-income and people of color face toxic conditions behind bars.
It also happens that this prison site is about a mile as the crow flies from a rare and very biodiverse pocket of Eastern old-growth called the Lilley Cornett Woods. Learn more in the December 2105 issue of the Earth First! Journal.
As of December 2015, the BOP got over $400 million approved for the prison's construction. The newly-formed Campaign to Fight Toxic Prisons (FTP) is organizing to stop it, and looking to grow a coalition of opposition.
STOPPING ONE PRISON IS NOT A MAGIC BULLET to ending the U.S. police state, the one that gave way to world's largest prison nation and in turn serves as the apparatus of repression that keeps the planet shackled to industrial capitalism…
But it's a pretty good place to build from. In particular, it is a powerful place that the environmental movement can express solidarity with the growing rage over the racist criminal justice system.
The goal of gathering in D.C. is to converge for a series of actions that can put dual pressure on both the BOP and the EPA regarding this proposed prison, and environmental justice issues related to prisoners in general, while continuing to fight for the release of eco-prisoners in the spirit of June 11th. We also hope to see this effort build stronger bonds between the eco-defense movement and the movements against police and mass incarceration.
We envision a gathering June 11th to 12th for networking, strategizing and organizing, culminating with a mass action on Monday the 13th.
FOR THOSE WHO LIKE THE IDEA, but can't make it to D.C., there are other options. For example, the BOP has regional offices in 5 other locations.
Additionally, the PR company that is contracted to produce the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the BOP's Letcher prison is called Cardno, and has offices in most every U.S. city, and other cities all over the world. This is the same firm that was contracted by the U.S. State Department to produce an EIS for the Keystone XL tar sands pipeline.
In many ways, the prison experiences of activists like Luers, Mason, McDavid, and others such as Daniel McGowan, Rebecca Rubin and Tim DeChristopher, have provided courage and inspiration rather than the desired effect of intimidation. They also gave the environmental movement an inside look at the prison epidemic in the U.S. With the steady stream of urban uprisings against the police state, there has never been a better time to organize at this intersection of ecology and incarceration. We hope you'll join us.
Get in touch if you are interested in helping to organize this J11/FTP convergence or if you are part of a group who wants to co-sponsor it. More details are forthcoming. Contact: FightToxicPrisons@gmail.com
Co-sponsoring groups include Earth First! Prisoner Support, Rising Tide North America, Appalachia Resist!, Jericho D.C., Prison Ecology Project and others TBA.
Cove Point Spring Break – March 6-14th
By nick February 10, 2016 February 16, 2016 Announcements
The Dominion Cove Point liquefied natural gas export terminal is the centerpiece of the fracked-gas infrastructure build-out currently underway in the mid-Atlantic US. The gas industry is tying much of its financial future to exports, and Cove Point, Maryland, is the place it has selected to liquefy the gas, put it on tankers, and bring it around the world.
However, a broad movement has been fighting the gas industry every step of the way — to stop this export terminal at Cove Point, the tangled web of pipelines and compressor stations, export terminals in other places, and where the gas is pulled from the ground. And of course, how the gas industry is doing impacts coal and other fossil fuels, as well. This is all the same fight!
Built on the Mountain Justice Spring Break and Shalefield Justice Spring Break models, Cove Point Spring Break will be an alternative spring break for activists, college students, community members and anyone else wanting to learn more about the epic battle that's being waged against the fracked gas industry in the mid-Atlantic region. The Atlantic Coast and the Atlantic Sunrise pipelines, specifically, are scheduled to come on-line around the same time as the Cove Point export terminal, enabling the industry to ship vast quantities of gas from the Marcellus Shale very quickly to Japan and India — unless we stop these projects first! This camp is intended to bolster our collective skills to take effective action and win!
Plan on workshops and panels to cover subjects that will include kayaktivism (taught by the people behind the incredible kayaktivism you saw in the northwest last year, the Backbone Campaign!), direct action tips and tricks, blockades, action climbing, creating protest art, indigenous history of the area, campaign planning and strategy, tactics to stay safe and secure, and — of course — learning all about why we're working to put a stop to the gas industry's plans for our area!
Hear impacted residents and activists from all over tell personal tales and share lessons learned. Plug in and network with representatives from numerous campaigns. Enjoy this water-based part of the world from the inside of a kayak.
Kids are welcome! Please leave your animal friends at home.
Camp will be as accessible as possible for all types of folks. Please get in touch if you have specific needs you want to make sure are addressed.
We can't wait to see you there! Please register now to reserve your spot and help us plan — and please spread the word to anyone else who you think might be interested!
There is a Facebook event page to help you share this with your networks at https://www.facebook.com/events/1544556029189202/.
Write covepointspringbreak@gmail.com with any questions or thoughts.
Tagged Camps, Cove Point, Mid-Atlantic
Help RAMPS get a campaign house!
By nick December 26, 2015 December 26, 2015 Uncategorized
Our long time friends and allies in the climate justice struggle have finally found a place to call home in Whitesville, West Virginia! For that last five years RAMPS has been a central part of organizing to end Mountaintop Removal, bringing drinking water to families whose water had been poisoned, supporting prisoners in West Virgina jails, and consistently being committed to supporting local community struggles and needs.
If you can spare a couple bucks this season, please support this great band of misfits.
Thier full request is below.
RAMPS is putting down roots: We're buying a house!
RAMPS is buying a house!
And we need your help to make it happen.
Our new home!
It's true. We're about to buy a campaign house in Whitesville. This is a huge opportunity for us to deepen our roots and to grow our reach.
Since RAMPS's inception, a major impediment to our work has been the lack of a home base with adequate housing and work space. For years we've lived and worked out of a crumbling, one-room former post office building here in Whitesville. After 5 years making do, we are thrilled to be moving onward and upward — and across the street!
Check out our online fundraiser, and read our full description of how this new living, working, and organizing space will bring our projects to the next level.
As our supporters, allies, friends, and previous donors, you have done so much for us in the past. Thanks for all your support so far — we wouldn't be here without you. Now we're asking you to give generously to help us take this next big step.
We've got a killer lineup of perks available, to say "thank you" for your donations:
Image of persk: new RAMPS poster, handmade lip balm, and fresh ramps in the mail
There are lots of other perks available. Click here to make a donation and claim your perk!
We're so excited that this is finally happening. We can't wait to grow into this new space, and we hope you'll come visit us there.
Huge thanks to everyone who donated their crafts, foods, art, time and energy to make this happen, including: Cotten's Comforts, Oakwyn Farm, Erin McKelvy, Willie Dodson, Carol Judy, the Beehive Collective, Bec Young & Justseeds, Chad Cordell, and surely others we're forgetting. Special thanks to our lenders and lead donors!
For the land and people,
P.S. Can you also help us spread the word in your circles? An easy way to do this is to share the fundraiser on your own FB page (and ask your friends to support us too!).
Even better, will you forward this email to few family members or friends who might be interested, with a quick personal description of why you're supporting us?
Actually this isn't copyrighted at all. Written in 2015 though.
You're on this list either because you signed up on our website, on paper at an event, told us you wanted on the list, or are an ally in our movement.
RAMPS Campaign
PO Box 63Whitesville, WV 25209
Email Marketing Powered by MailChimp

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Question on equivalence relations In set theory a relation is said to be equivalence if the relation is,.

*

*Reflexive

*Symmetric

*Transitive

I would like to know if the following relation is an equivalence one.
$R = \{ (m,n) \in Z \times Z \; : \; m - n \text{ is even} \}$,
where $Z$ is the set of all integers.
Here's why I think the relation is not equivalence.

*

*To be reflexive let us consider $m = n = 4$. By the relation $m-n = 0$, which is not even. Thus it is not reflexive.

...
But the text book I'm referring to (Analysis by S.R Lay) states that the relation is an equivalence one.
Can someone explain to me why it is such. Thanks in advance. :)

A: *

*$m-m=0$ is even. So reflexivity holds.

*Suppose $m-n=2k$ (i.e. that $m-n$ is even). Then $n-m=-2k$, so n-m is also even. So the symmetric property holds.

*Suppose $m-n=2k$, and $l-m=2j$. Then $l-n=l-m+m-n=2k+2j=2(k+j)$, so $m-n$ and $l-m$ even implies $l-n$ even. So transitivity holds.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Das Amt Wolfisheim war ein Amt der Herrschaft Lichtenberg, ab 1480 der Grafschaft Hanau-Lichtenberg, von der es 1736 an die Landgrafschaft Hessen-Darmstadt überging.

Geschichte
Die innere Amtsorganisation der Herrschaft Lichtenberg entstand am Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts. Anna von Lichtenberg (* 1442; † 1474), eine der beiden Erbtöchter Ludwigs V. von Lichtenberg (* 1417; † 1474) heiratete 1458 den Grafen Philipp I. den Älteren von Hanau-Babenhausen (* 1417; † 1480), der eine kleine Sekundogenitur aus dem Bestand der Grafschaft Hanau erhalten hatte, um heiraten zu können. Durch die Heirat entstand die Grafschaft Hanau-Lichtenberg. Nach dem Tod des letzten Lichtenbergers, Jakob von Lichtenberg, eines Onkels von Anna, erhielt Philipp I. d. Ä. 1480 die Hälfte der Herrschaft Lichtenberg, darunter auch das kleine Amt Wolfisheim.

Mit der Reunionspolitik Frankreichs unter König Ludwig XIV. kam das Amt Wolfisheim unter französische Oberhoheit. Nach dem Tod des letzten Hanauer Grafen, Johann Reinhard III. 1736, fiel das Erbe – und damit auch das Amt Wolfisheim – an den Sohn seiner einzigen Tochter, Charlotte, den Erbprinzen und späteren Landgrafen Ludwig (IX.) von Hessen-Darmstadt. Mit dem durch die Französische Revolution begonnenen Umbruch wurde das Amt Wolfisheim Bestandteil Frankreichs und in den folgenden Verwaltungsreformen aufgelöst.

Nach einer Zählung vom Mai 1798 hatte das Amt 3.112 Einwohner.

Bestandteile

Zugehörige Orte

Sonstige Bestandteile
 Rechte in Achenheim
 Abgaben aus Breuschwickersheim, als Lehen des Bischofs von Straßburg.
 Rechte in Ergersheim
 Dinghof zu Osthofen, der aus dem Marschalktum Hüneburg, einem Lehen des Bischofs von Straßburg, stammte und an die von Matzenheim weiter verliehen war.

Literatur

 Friedrich Knöpp: Territorialbestand der Grafschaft Hanau-Lichtenberg hessen-darmstädtischen Anteils. [maschinenschriftlich] Darmstadt 1962. [Vorhanden in Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt, Signatur: N 282/6].
 Alfred Matt: Bailliages, prévôté et fiefs ayant fait partie de la Seigneurie de Lichtenberg, du Comté de Hanau-Lichtenberg, du Landgraviat de Hesse-Darmstadt. In: Société d'Histoire et d'Archaeologie de Saverne et Environs (Hrsg.): Cinquième centenaire de la création du Comté de Hanau-Lichtenberg 1480 – 1980 = Pays d'Alsace 111/112 (2, 3 / 1980), S. 7–9.

Anmerkungen

Einzelnachweise

Wolfisheim
Geschichte (Elsass)
Historisches Territorium (Frankreich)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This entry was posted on December 2, 2018 at 9:41 am and is filed under 1/6000 Battles, 1/6000 Naval, Miniature Wargames, WWI.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can skip to the end and leave a response. Pinging is currently not allowed.
That is spectacular. Great work. A full military staff would be hard pressed to generate such a comprehensive AAR.
What rules did you use for this? Sounds like the torpedo rules were reasonable. In a lot of rule sets the hits are exaggerated.
The game uses a computer code. There is a link in the post to the code description.
This would be a good premise for a pre-dreadnought scenario, too — the Fashoda War.


text:
title: Publikasjonen "Jubileumshefte Cybernetisk Selskab 42 år" utgis
tags: cyb, minor
year: 2011
template: event.pug
---

Jubileumsheftet er [tilgjengelig i PDF-format](./cyb42-heftet.pdf).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We always wondered how to say, "Mom's spaghetti" in American Sign Language.
Luckily we have Shelby Mitchusson, an ASL interpreter who performed Eminem's "Lose Yourself" on YouTube. It's one of her first videos -- though she appears to have interpreted bad-assery at rock concerts before -- but we can tell she's going to be an internet sensation.
She really gets into it -- and it looks like she plans on rewarding us with more of her videos soon.
"I have a deep love for interpreting music and would love to share more as I am always interpreting music," she wrote on YouTube. "As always your feedback is wanted! Again, thank you all -- I'll upload more soon."
If you think Shelby's awesome, meet the woman who took Public Enemy's music to a whole new level with sign language.


Tornado victim finds her dog in the rubble during a news interview!
The so-called "separation of Church and State" is invoked so often it might as well appear on the dollar bill.John Eastman, law professor at Chapman University, reminds us the phrase isn't in the Constitution as many people incorrectly believe.
"It's become part of the common parlance ... you go to any city council meeting, [and you'll hear] 'You can't do that. It violates the separation of church and state.' People believe that's what the Constitution actually says," Eastman tells Breitbart News.
Eastman blames Americans United for Separation of Church and State, a group which often goes to court in order to strip religion from public arenas, for keeping the phrase's incorrect usage alive and well.
Eastman's new course for Prager University, a learning site now available as an iTunes app, debunks the cultural misunderstanding.
We are saddened at the loss of lives and by the tremendous hardship the tornadoes caused these precious people in Oklahoma. We pray that the Lord Jesus Christ will comfort them in their sorrow and restore them. I have noticed that some people don't notice what has occurred, because it did not affect them. I wonder if that is human nature or just the signs of the times we live in?
The unanswered question in many peoples minds is why did this happen? I had a vision in 2004 that answered the question for me.
In September 2004, while praying, I had a mini vision, as Dad Hagin used to call them. In the vision, it seemed I was standing out in space looking back at the earth. It was like an astronaut would be out in space looking back at earth. I wondered what all this meant? I saw the earth tilted on its axis and saw the earth wobble minutely off course. It wobbled very ,very slightly as you would see a toy top wobble slightly. I saw the wind shift in a different direction, because of this and the earth's crust move in different directions.
The Spirit of God said, "Great changes will occur in the weather of the earth and shifts in the earth's surface and earthquakes will increase. If I did not intervene and stop it the storms and earthquakes would become so violent that total annihilation would occur to the human race." These things will increase as we move closer to the end of the age, because the earth is reeling to and fro, increasingly.
We must learn to listen to the Holy Spirit inside us and use our spiritual authority over things like this. May we all stand in prayer and support those who encountered these things.
82 year old charges only a HUG for a haircut for the homeless. It all started by a church sermon!! Now he is touching lives through Jesus Christ by giving haircuts to the less fortunate.
2 Year Old Scores a Soccer Goal!!
As an atheist, he clearly has no respect for a Christian that WILL NOT share their faith in Christ. He expects you to do so if you truly believe!!
Men Having Simulated Child Birth, HILARIOUS!!
IS THERE ANY LADIES IN THE HOUSE???? Can men really hang when it comes to child birth?? Hope you enjoy this video!!
This is a video of Chinese seeing a bible for the first time!! How we take our bibles and freedom for granted! It's awesome to see them embrace their bibles like something so precious, which they are!
This brings back memories when my pastor went to Nicaragua to hold a Pastor's Conference. He passed out bibles to the pastors. Next morning they came back for the conference and didn't bring their bibles. Evidently, they hid them in the jungle for the fear of losing their bible.
1 Corinthians12:28 And God hath set some in the church, first apostles, secondarily prophets, thirdly teachers, after that miracles, then gifts of healings, HELPS, governments, diversities of tongues.


text:
Q: RGB image to binary image I want to load an RGB image in MATLAB and turn it into a binary image, where I can choose how many pixels the binary image has. For instance, I'd load a 300x300 png/jpg image into MATLAB and I'll end up with a binary image (pixels can only be #000 or #FFF) that could be 10x10 pixels.
This is what I've tried so far:
load trees % from MATLAB
gray=rgb2gray(map); % 'map' is loaded from 'trees'. Convert to grayscale.
threshold=128;
lbw=double(gray>threshold);
BW=im2bw(X,lbw); % 'X' is loaded from 'trees'.
imshow(X,map), figure, imshow(BW)

(I got some of the above from an internet search.)
I just end up with a black image when doing the imshow(BW).

A: Your first problem is that you are confusing indexed images (which have a colormap map) and RGB images (which don't). The sample built-in image trees.mat that you load in your example is an indexed image, and you should therefore use the function ind2gray to first convert it to a grayscale intensity image. For RGB images the function rgb2gray would do the same.
Next, you need to determine a threshold to use to convert the grayscale image to a binary image. I suggest the function graythresh, which will compute a threshold to plug into im2bw (or the newer imbinarize). Here is how I would accomplish what you are doing in your example:
load trees;             % Load the image data
I = ind2gray(X, map);   % Convert indexed to grayscale
level = graythresh(I);  % Compute an appropriate threshold
BW = im2bw(I, level);   % Convert grayscale to binary

And here is what the original image and result BW look like:

For an RGB image input, just replace ind2gray with rgb2gray in the above code.
With regard to resizing your image, that can be done easily with the Image Processing Toolbox function imresize, like so:
smallBW = imresize(BW, [10 10]);  % Resize the image to 10-by-10 pixels

A: It is because gray is in the scale of [0,1], whereas threshold is in [0,256].
This causes lbw to be a big array of false. Here is a modified code that solves the problem:
load trees % from MATLAB
gray=rgb2gray(map); % 'map' is loaded from 'trees'. Convert to grayscale.
threshold=128/256;
lbw=double(gray>threshold);
BW=im2bw(X,lbw); % 'X' is loaded from 'trees'.
imshow(X,map), figure, imshow(BW)

And the result is:


Are you fed up with being seen as lazy and without discipline?
Although you've tried everything, does your excess weight come back like a boomerang?
Have you already given up and resigned yourself to the fact that you will never live in your ideal-sized body?
Systemic Family Constellation Work can help where therapies, diets, and lifestyle changes have not been able to give lasting results.
This book is written for all those affected by excess weight, and for Systemic Constellation facilitators who are helping clients with body weight issues. It's no substitute for a Constellation session, but reading it prepares you to participate in a Systemic Family Constellation.
Some chapters have exercises to do at home that will help you achieve your personal goals to drop excess weight.
Learn from others who have changed their lives and attained their ideal body weight with a Systemic Constellation.


Abstract The Skyrme energy-density functional approach has been extended to study massive heavy-ion fusion reactions. Based on the potential barrier obtained and the parametrized barrier distribution the fusion (capture) excitation functions of a lot of heavy-ion fusion reactions are studied systematically. The average deviations of fusion cross sections at energies near and above the barriers from experimental data are less than 0.05 for 92% of 76 fusion reactions with Z(1)Z(2)< 1200. For the massive fusion reactions, for example, the U-238-induced reactions and Ca-48+Pb-208, the capture excitation functions have been reproduced remarkably well. The influence of structure effects in the reaction partners on the capture cross sections is studied with our parametrized barrier distribution. By comparing the reactions induced by double-magic nucleus Ca-48 and by S-32 and Cl-35, the "threshold-like" behavior in the capture excitation function for Ca-48-induced reactions is explored and an optimal balance between the capture cross section and the excitation energy of the compound nucleus is studied. Finally, the fusion reactions with S-36, Cl-37, Ca-48, and Ti-50 bombarding Cm-248, Bk-247,Bk-249, Cf-250,Cf-252,Cf-254, and Es-252,Es-254, as well as the reactions leading to the same compound nucleus with Z=120 and N=182, are studied further. The calculation results for these reactions are useful for searching for the optimal fusion configuration and suitable incident energy in the synthesis of superheavy nuclei.
GB/T 7714 Wang, Ning,Wu, Xizhen,Li, Zhuxia,et al. Applications of Skyrme energy-density functional to fusion reactions for synthesis of superheavy nuclei[J]. PHYSICAL REVIEW C,2006,74(4):-.
APA Wang, Ning,Wu, Xizhen,Li, Zhuxia,Liu, Min,Scheid, Werner,&Wang, N , Univ Giessen, Inst Theoret Phys, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.(2006).Applications of Skyrme energy-density functional to fusion reactions for synthesis of superheavy nuclei.PHYSICAL REVIEW C,74(4),-.
MLA Wang, Ning,et al."Applications of Skyrme energy-density functional to fusion reactions for synthesis of superheavy nuclei".PHYSICAL REVIEW C 74.4(2006):-.


text:
Liquor-to-minors arrest may be linked to Orange crash
Noelle Frampton, STAFF WRITER
MILFORD -- State Police have charged a 21-year-old city man with providing liquor to minors, and his arrest may be connected to the fatal crash that killed two Orange teens in June.
Police said Jaycen Munro, of Heenan Drive, hosted a party at his home on June 12, the night of the tragic crash in the early hours of June 13. The crash killed Ashlie Krakowski and David Servin, both 19, and launched an investigation that led to manslaughter charges against Milford Police Officer Jason Anderson.
WTNH-TV reported Wednesday that Krakowski and Servin, a dating couple, were at Munro's party, but police did not confirm that.
"I'm not saying it's not connected, but I can't confirm it is connected," said Lt. J. Paul Vance, state police spokesman, on Wednesday night.
Vance had told the Connecticut Post on Tuesday, after Anderson was charged and released, that no further arrests in the case were expected.
Toxicology results from autopsies in the case have not been released.
Milford cop in crash that killed 2 teens faces...
By Frank Juliano, Staff writer
Timeline of Orange fatal crash, investigation
Anderson was charged Monday with two counts of second-degree manslaughter and one count of reckless driving, for alleged speeding before his police cruiser plowed into the Mazda driven by Servin as it was making a left turn from the Boston Post Road onto Dogwood Road in Orange.
The officer had been on his way back to Milford with another officer from a mutual-aid call in West Haven when Servin, headed the other direction, turned into his path.
Munro surrendered to police Tuesday upon learning that an arrest warrant had been issued by Milford Superior Court. He was released after posting $5,000 bond.
He is scheduled for arraignment Nov. 25 in Milford Superior Court on charges of delivery of liquor to minors and allowing minors to possess alcohol on private property, Vance said.
It is clear from Munro's Facebook page that he knew the crash victims.
On June 15, he posted, "R.I.P. ash and dave may you b happy and together 4ever!"
And three days later, he wrote, "Todays gonna suck RIP ash & dave."
On Wednesday evening, a friend, 21-year-old Andrew Goldberg, posted on Munro's page: "Stay up kid. It's all some (expletive) and they need a scapegoat."
Goldberg also posted on his own page, "They're really gonna try and drag jay money down with this (expletive) oinker? what a crock of (expletive). free jay $$."
Anderson, a Milford officer for five years, was released Tuesday after posting a $250,000 bond and will be arraigned Nov. 24 in Derby Superior Court.
Suspended following his arrest, he had returned to administrative duty in late summer, but was not medically cleared to resume patrols, having suffered severe chest injuries in the crash. An internal investigation into his conduct and the crash circumstances is underway.
Krakowski and Servin are buried next to each other in Orange Center Cemetery, their graves marked with stuffed animals and flowers. Their families have filed an intent to sue notice.


Premise of the study: The stability of the bimodal karyotype found in Agave and closely related species has long interested botanists. The origin of the bimodal karyotype has been attributed to allopolyploidy, but this hypothesis has not been tested. Next-generation transcriptome sequence data were used to test whether a paleopolyploid event occurred on the same branch of the Agavoideae phylogenetic tree as the origin of the Yucca-Agave bimodal karyotype. Methods: Illumina RNA-seq data were generated for phylogenetically strategic species in Agavoideae. Paleopolyploidy was inferred in analyses of frequency plots for synonymous substitutions per synonymous site (K-s) between Hosta, Agave, and Chlorophytum paralogous and orthologous gene pairs. Phylogenies of gene families including paralogous genes for these species and outgroup species were estimated to place inferred paleopolyploid events on a species tree. Key results: K-s frequency plots suggested paleopolyploid events in the history of the genera Agave, Hosta, and Chlorophytum. Phylogenetic analyses of gene families estimated from transcriptome data revealed two polyploid events: one predating the last common ancestor of Agave and Hosta and one within the lineage leading to Chlorophytum. Conclusions: We found that polyploidy and the origin of the Yucca-Agave bimodal karyotype co-occur on the same lineage consistent with the hypothesis that the bimodal karyotype is a consequence of allopolyploidy. We discuss this and alternative mechanisms for the formation of the Yucca-Agave bimodal karyotype. More generally, we illustrate how the use of next-generation sequencing technology is a cost-efficient means for assessing genome evolution in nonmodel species.


Double Olympic champion Charlotte Dujardin has become the first British dressage rider in history to reach world number one.
Dujardin and her brilliant London 2012 horse Valegro were unveiled as the new number one combination in the latest world rankings published on Thursday.
The 27-year-old won individual freestyle at Greenwich Park and was also part of the Olympic title-winning British team alongside Laura Bechtolsheimer and Carl Hester.
Dujardin, who trains with Hester at Newent in Gloucestershire, has climbed one place and moved seven rankings points clear of outstanding Dutch combination Adelinde Cornelissen and Parzival.
Cornelissen, who won freestyle silver at Greenwich Park, had been top of the rankings for just over a year.
"It is fantastic to see Charlotte Dujardin and Valegro leading the rankings after their incredible performance in Greenwich Park," said Trond Asmyr, the Federation Equestre International's dressage director.
"The pair have been key to helping Great Britain re-write dressage history and have highlighted the fact that the sport is in an exciting period of change with lots of new faces now in the mix.
"Charlotte's natural talent and her partnership with the hugely-successful Carl Hester mean that she is a valuable driving force for future generations of dressage riders."
Dujardin will be action at the British National Championships, which start at Stoneleigh in Warwickshire next week, together with Bechtolsheimer and Hester.


Lucy Hale does not take body shaming lightly and is not afraid to slam online trolls who poke fun at her appearance!
The Pretty Little Liars star noticed that some sad little person had made a comment about her on Twitter and she was quick to come in with the clap back.
"No straight men are signing off on that anorexic look --that's for gay guys & fashionistas, we want you to please eat a hamburger," the troll wrote.
This sent the star on an absolute RAMPAGE and we're so here for it.
"I am disgusted that a man would even think of saying these absolutely awful words to a woman," she responded. "You should be ashamed of yourself."
"As someone who used to struggle with anorexia, I don't take these comments lightly. Im healthy and happy and you don't know me."
She concludes the rant: "So keep your repulsive comments to yourself."
"Just another insecure man hiding behind a computer screen. Boy BYE."
She's so right! You know what they say about bullies, they are the ones that are insecure.
You've just gotta take note from Lucy: shake those neggo vibes off and move on.


This paper discusses whether the uniqueness of culture will pose a problem in the universality of business ethics. Attempts were made to show that cultures are indeed unique and our findings point towards cultural groupings similar to the TRIAD. The paper conclude with an analysis of the possible implications on businesses and other related parties.


What's Special About The Growth Coach Business Coaching Franchise Culture?
Deciding to join The Growth Coach means you're diving into the potentially lucrative, $12 billion coaching industry — but you're not doing it alone. We've assembled a powerful team of business coaching franchise culture experts, marketing support staff and, most importantly, other coaches to help you when you need assistance.
Regular conference calls keep you on the cutting edge of coaching. Our franchise owners can take part in monthly conference calls with some of the best and brightest coaches in the company. These coaches provide insights on sales and referral networking, guide you through best practices when it comes to applying the materials, and inform you about trends they see emerging in the market.
You're never alone. Too often, coaching franchise concepts have a single core program — a best-selling book or a unique twist on coaching — and little else. New franchise owners pay a king's ransom for access to the special tool, and then they're left to their own devices. That's not how we do it at The Growth Coach. We're as invested in your growth as you are, and we're always there to help, answering your questions, creating marketing materials, or developing new programs to address market needs.
When you become a part of The Growth Coach, you're joining our family of coaches, and that shows — both to your clients and on your bottom line. Find out how you can grow your business in any number of growth markets, or apply to become the next Growth Coach today.


The University of Missouri Research Reactor Center has an impeccable 40+ year record of safe operation. This safety record is a combination of stringent NRC-directed safety regulations, high-quality technical and operations staff, and a philosophy of proactive, preventive maintenance. MURR operates 6.5 days per week; 52 weeks per year.
MURR's reliability record is the envy of the industry.
Missourians are no strangers to nuclear energy, relying heavily on Ameren UE's nearby Callaway plant to cool or heat their businesses and homes and feed their equipment and appliances. But MURR, as a multifunctional research reactor, differs significantly from such a power reactor. As the table below shows, MURR is considerably smaller. While a power reactor such as Callaway needs a source of electricity to cool the reactor core, MURR's pool is capable of absorbing all the heat from the reactor core without the aid of forced convection.


Re-moisturises and deodorises, giving smooth and soft skin as well as all day freshness. Powerful deep cleansing action, yet gentle enough to be used on the most sensitive skin. Neutral pH formulation to prevent dry skin.


What happens when your life ends and you're getting ready to start a new one? Corpse Pose: A Yoga Experience of Life, Death, and Rebirth is part performance, part yoga class imagining the Buddhist concept of bardo - the time between death and rebirth - through movement, yoga, guided meditation, and storytelling.
Part of the Reimagine NYC festival, a citywide event transforming our view of life through examining death, participants will be taken from death to back again in 90 minutes by Samira, played by Minerva Summer, a hilarious transgender southern Italian dakini, and her snivelling assistant Harry, played by musician and performer Harry Einhorn.
The event will also include live music!
Minerva Summer is an actor, performer, dancer, and yoga teacher based in New York, whose work combines fun, deepness, and southern Italian folk dance and music to create experiences of belonging and togetherness for their audiences and students.
Harry Einhorn is a devotional musician, performer and Buddhist scholar.


text:
Johann Martin Zacharias Dase (* 23. Juni 1824 in Hamburg; † 11. September 1861 ebenda) war ein deutscher Schnellrechner und Rechenkünstler. Er war im 19. Jahrhundert so berühmt, dass zeitweise die Redewendung "nach Zacharias Dase" synonym zu "nach Adam Riese" gebräuchlich war.

Leben
Durch einen Brief von Dase an den Phrenologen Gustav Struve sind uns einige biographische Angaben überliefert. Danach war sein Vater Ernst Johann Dase († um 1841) Destillateur und Schankwirt, seine Mutter eine geborene Knaken aus Wandsbek, die nach dem Tod des Ehemannes die Gastwirtschaft noch eine Zeit fortführte. Beide Eltern verfügten nur über einen geringen Bildungsgrad und kümmerten sich wenig um den Sohn. Zacharias Dase nutzte seine freie Zeit überwiegend für seine Lieblingsbeschäftigung, das Rechnen, und verkürzte hierfür sogar seine Schlafdauer. Mit 2½ Jahren kam er in eine Kinderschule, ab einem Alter von etwa sechs Jahren besuchte der die Volksschule. Erstaunlicherweise schwänzte er einmal die Schule, und zwar aus Furcht "vor dem Rechnen, resp[ektive] Zahlenschreiben", was jedoch nur einmal vorkam, da er deshalb eine Prügelstrafe erhielt. Insgesamt besuchte er bis zum 15. Lebensjahr noch drei weitere Schulen. Im Rechnen, das seinen "Geist durchaus nicht anstrengt[e]", war er stets der Beste. Von frühester Kindheit an litt er an Magenkrämpfen, die mit heftigsten Kopfschmerzen begannen und schließlich zur Bewusstlosigkeit führten. Außerdem hatte er "oft sehr lange anhaltende Lachkrämpfe". Die "Art und Weise [s]eines Rechnens, vielmehr welche Wege [s]ein Genie dabei geht, und welches Verfahren es einhält", konnte er nicht erklären. Zacharias Dase verfügte über eine gute räumliche Orientierung sowie einen ausgeprägten Ordnungssinn, der sich durch "Pünktlichkeit in allen Handlungen in Bezug auf Zeit und durch Ordnungsliebe in der Wohnung, ebenso auch durch Reinlichkeit" äußerte. Er war sparsam und abstinent, während ihm Sinnlichkeit und Leidenschaften fremd und Frauen "sehr gleichgültig"  waren.

Zacharias Dase zeigte schon in seiner Jugend eine leidenschaftliche Vorliebe für das Rechnen und widmete der Übung darin fast jede freie Stunde. Seit 1839 trat er in Deutschland, Österreich und England als Rechenkünstler auf.

So multiplizierte er in Wien eine 40-ziffrige Zahl mit einer anderen 40-ziffrigen in 40 Minuten, in Wiesbaden eine 60-ziffrige mit einer anderen 60-ziffrigen in 2 Stunden 59 Minuten bei lebhafter Unterhaltung der Gesellschaft und zog in München die Quadratwurzel aus einer 60-ziffrigen Zahl in 20 Minuten und eine aus einer 100-ziffrigen in 52 Minuten.

Innerhalb von zwei Monaten berechnete er die Kreiszahl π exakt auf 200 Stellen.

In sechs Stunden intensiven Kopfrechnens erkannte er die Repunitzahl R11 als zusammengesetzte Zahl.

Dase stand in Kontakt mit Carl Friedrich Gauß und Carl Gustav Jacobi.

Seit 1948 trägt der Daseweg im Hamburger Stadtteil Billstedt seinen Namen.

Schriften
 Dase, Z.[acharias]: Der Kreis-Umfang für den Durchmesser 1 auf 200 Dezimalstellen berechnet. In: [Crelles] Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik 27 (1844), Nr. 3, S. 198. (Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum.)
 Tafel der natürlichen Logarithmen der Zahlen. In Form und Ausdehnung wie die der gewöhnlichen oder Brigg'schen Logarithmen.. Wien: Sommer, 1850.
 Zacharias Dase. Aufschlüsse und Proben seiner Leistungen als Rechenkünstler. Mitgeteilt von ihm selbst aus seinem Album. Berlin: Selbstverlag, 1856.
 Factoren-Tafeln für alle Zahlen der siebenten Million, oder genauer von 6000001 bis 7002000, mit den darin vorkommenden Primzahlen. Hamburg: Perthes-Besser & Mauke, 1862.
 Factoren-Tafeln für alle Zahlen der achten Million, oder genauer von 7002001 bis 8010000, mit den darin vorkommenden Primzahlen. Hamburg: Perthes-Besser & Mauke, 1863.
 Factoren-Tafeln für alle Zahlen der neunten Million, oder genauer von 8010001 bis 9000000, mit den darin vorkommenden Primzahlen. Hamburg: Perthes-Besser & Mauke, 1865.

Literatur

Weblinks

 Daguerreotypie mit einem Porträt Dases von Carl Ferdinand Stelzner (um 1845), darunter eine Multiplikation zweier 20-stelliger Zahlen. Die Bildunterschrift lautet: "Obrige Multiplication hat H[err] Z.[acharias] Dase in meiner Gegenwart in 7 Minuten 45 Sec[unden] im Kopfe ausgerechnet. J. E. Krüls." (Original im Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe, Hamburg)

Einzelnachweise

Mathematiker (19. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Geboren 1824
Gestorben 1861
Mann


I am on vacation from work until the week after Thanksgiving. And I'm only working one five day week before the end of the year. Hurray for accumulated vacation days!
I'm not planning on doing a whole lot of work on my break. The links post will also be on vacation, but I am planning on getting some work done on an essay that I'm hoping to publish in the next couple of weeks. I also have some personal projects I'm planning on working on, including some painting and cataloging my TBR (remember me when I'm gone). Gotta get all my personal project ducks in a row because I'm pretty sure that the workload I've been dealing with the last few months is only the beginning.
I'll also be taking a break from most social media, with the exception of the wandering.shop Mastodon instance, which is lovely and slow and reminds me of Twitter in the Before Times.
A 13-Year-Old Girl Is Not "All Grown Up" – Mara Wilson on the Sexualization of Child Actresses and Millie Bobby Brown I cannot believe we are having to have this conversation.
First I read this: Something is wrong on the internet and then I listened to this: We're building a dystopia just to make people click on ads and I'm starting to think that Twitter, Facebook, and Google have broken the internet.
Spielrein's story is a case history of pathological patriarchy, anti-Semitism, Stalinism, Nazism, and genocide. It is also the story of an incredible pioneering thinker whose ideas were freely borrowed by the Great Men of Psychoanalysis whose followers conspired in defaming and demonizing Spielrein's character and all traces of her subsequent 30-year history of intellectual and clinical work.
Vivian Shaw Answers Seven Questions I never got around to writing a review of Strange Practice, but I utterly adored it and want for there to be more books in this series; despite some gory bits, the setting and characters are simply wonderful.
On the Twitter/Facebook/Google have broken the internet topic, (spoiler: I agree) I've had a looming sense of dread for a long time based on the principle of "if you aren't paying for a site, you aren't the customer, you're the product." The internet exploded with the grand radical anarchic principle that content wanted to be free. But there never has been such a thing as a free lunch, and it was always clear that if the bill wasn't paid up front, it would be paid in a multitude of invisible ways. Internet content could only be "free" for as long as it operated on a small enough scale that individual providers could afford to provide it as a labor of love…and drop out when they burned out. Without an upfront, transparent way for consumers to support content creators–and more than that, with an internet ethic that disparaged content creators for thinking they should be paid–it was inevitable that the monetization would be undertaken by the least scrupulous agents and done in ways that were functionally invisible to the user. There's an excellent argument that a system of individual upfront payment-for-content would greatly disadvantage marginalized users, but who's getting slammed hardest by the current anarchic Wild West internet? There were other directions the internet economy could have gone if people had prioritized long-term benefit over short-term profit. But we as a society are very very bad at doing that.
I loved that CompuServe story, more interesting history than I had known!


The Women Of RHONJ Dish On Season 5! What Is The Show About? What Have They Learned? Who Do They Need To Pre-Apologize To?
Melissa Gorga Denies That On Display Was Written About Teresa Giudice!
Tamra Barney Films Wedding Spin-Off, Heather Dubrow A Bridesmaid!
Gretchen Rossi Reacts To NeNe Leakes' Comments About RHOC!
Who Is Andy Cohen's Favorite Real Housewife?
Bravo executive Andy Cohen appeared on The Talk and was asked a very popular question. Who is your favorite Housewife? Andy played the infamous game of Plead The Fifth with the women of The Talk and had to answer a series of questions including revealing who is favorite Housewife is.
Countess LuAnn de Lesseps Returns To RHONY Season 6!


Born in Franklin County, Nebraska, Ethel Haworth would go on to become a landscape, western scene, and portrait artist as well as an art gallery owner. Leaving Nebraska at age 13 with her parents Joseph and Miranda (Nettleton) Blandin, the family moved to Eaton, Colorado, and it appears that, from that time, she had more interest in Colorado than Nebraska. Her post-high school education included Colorado Teachers College (now University of Northern Colorado) in Greeley from 1905 to 1907, and then the next two years at the School of The Art Institute of Chicago.
In 1920 in Rawlins, Wyoming, she married Lemuel White Haworth (1887-1976), a divorced World War I veteran. The newlyweds first lived in Oregon where Lemuel, called Lee, took a job as an "axeman in road construction." Although they were married 49 years until her death, it appears that, even though she referred to herself as Mrs. Lee Haworth, she retained her maiden name of Blandin as the signature on her paintings.
From 1947 to 1960, the Haworths lived in Sedona, Arizona, and she became a prolific and respected painter of Southwest scenes. In the early 1950s at El Tovar Hotel at the Grand Canyon, she had a one-year solo exhibition. Her painting Ridin' High, depicting the Grand Canyon, was selected by the Phoenix Greek delegation to be their gift to the King and Queen of Greece when they visited Arizona.
In 1960, Blandin and her husband moved to Canon City, Colorado where she died nine years later on October 19, 1969.
Her work is in the collection of the Arizona Committee of Women in the Arts in Sedona. Her memberships included the Oregon Society of Artists and American Artists Professional League. She had solo exhibitions in Arizona, California, New Mexico, Oregon, and Washington.
Ethel Blandin is not represented in the Museum of Nebraska Art collection.


Special Purpose Machine Tools !! NO longer available !!
The remit is often to provide machines to suit a particular need based on modular proven machine elements.Typically examining the customer problem and providing a cost effective design solution normally including ,methodology with an outline design, build costs and delivery schedule.
Another example: Research Machine for UK defence Industry The requirement was to conduct work on spherical components which are initially digitised. A solution could have been adapted using a 2 axis tilt and rotary table however when this technique is applied the tilt axis moves away from the centre line making it difficult to translate the co-ordinated data. Result from digitising is prone to errors as moves are not normal to component/probing machine plane.
A solution to the problem was achieved by designing the sector swing in the vertical plane using a radial linear guideway arrangement. The guideway supported a carriage with vertical ballscrew travel coupled to a fanuc servo. The component was mounted onto a rotary table beneath the carriage enabling orthogonal axis control of a sphere through axes Z (vertical plane),C (radial tilt) and B rotary. A typical pennine design & build project.


Australia is firmly in the grip of winter in August, but if you visit the "Top End" – Darwin and the coast of the Northern Territory, around to northern Queensland – you would never guess it. The weather in northern Australia is tropical, hot and summery in August. The weather in Australia in August becomes cooler the further south you go, and it is downright chilly in the south-east, where the mountain ski resorts do brisk business at this time of year. Western Australia is cool and wet.
The average temperature for the whole of Australia in August is 7°C (45°F), but this figure is meaningless because the weather differs vastly across the continent. The warmest weather in Australia in August is to be found along the north and north-east coast, where the Gold Coast experiences an average temperature of 21°C (70°F), and Darwin a broiling 31°C (87.8°F).
The snow-covered mountains of Victoria and New South Wales are freezing, but the cities of Sydney and Melbourne are simply very chilly, with top temperatures of around 18°C (64.4°F) and 15°C (59°F) respectively. Across in Western Australia Perth is the wettest city in Australia in August with 118mm of rain falling on average during the month, and temperatures ranging between 18°C (64.4°F) and 8°C (46°F).
August is the perfect month for the multi-cultural Darwin Festival, held over three weeks in the northern city, making the most of the hot weather with a diverse programme of theatre, music, dance, film, workshops and outdoor community events. In Brisbane the Royal Queensland Show takes place … known as the Ekka. There are also numerous country festivals in Australia in August, the biggest and best being the National Country Music Muster in Queensland and the Balingup Medieval Carnival in Western Australia.
Bring a brolly if you are visiting Western Australia in August – and there will be a few showers in chilly Sydney too. In the south you will need winter woollies and a warm jacket, and if you are heading for the mountains pack some thermals and a ski jacket. In the north it is beach weather, so take along the sunblock, sunglasses, shorts and swimwear.


Tonight I will be upgrading the forum to the latest version and it has some new features. I'll list them here when it's done.
Some news about the ww2incolor website: It's undergoing a major change and should be done soon. I am enabling the comments module for the photos and you will now be able to post comments for each photo in the gallery using your forum username. Also, some other new items will be available. Lastly, a huge new change in the photo gallery will be happening and so we should see thousands of new photos soon (some never before seen). The good news? You can download them in high quality print resolution for free. The bad news? Lots of the German photos that we have in our gallery will be gone due to copyright issues.
Forum has been updated to the latest and right now the forum is running the default style/colors. We need to leave it like that for a bit until we get the new mods added to this forum. I hope it's not too bad..


Remove the clamp clips from the print head and insert the Bowden tubes. The Bowden tubes connect to the corresponding numbers on the print head.
Secure the Bowden tubes with the clamp clips.
Fit the print head cable clips onto Bowden tube 2.
Insert the spool holder into the back panel and push until it snaps into place.
Secure the cable from the spool holder behind the cable clips in the back panel.
Connect the cable to the NFC socket at the back of the printer.
Open the two build plate clamps at the front of the build plate.
Gently slide the glass plate onto the build plate and ensure that it snaps into the build plate clamps at the back.
Close the two build plate clamps at the front to secure the glass build plate and close the glass doors.
Connect the power cable to the power socket at the back of the Ultimaker S5.
Plug the other side of the cable into a wall outlet.