text:
You are here: Home / Theories and Models / Chromosome Theory of Heredity Explained
Chromosome Theory of Heredity Explained
The Chromosome Theory of Heredity was one of the fundamental theories of genetics that helped to unify the idea that there were ties that binds humanity together. Proposed by Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri, who were working independently of each other, this is the first theory which identified the chromosome as the carrier of genetic materials.
This theory also explains the mechanisms of Mendelian inheritance correctly. It was the first theory to identify chromosomes which would have paired factors and linear structures at specific sites within the human body.
It is common to refer to this theory as the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance.
What Are the 5 Key Points of the Chromosome Theory of Heredity
When Sutton first published his work on the theory of heredity in 1902, there were 5 key points that were being developed to support the arguments of the idea. In 1903, Boveri published papers which proposed essentially the same thing, though his work was focused on the study of sea urchins, while Sutton was studying grasshoppers.
This led to the development of 5 key points that are expressed within the Chromosome Theory of Heredity.
1. Chromosome groups of presynaptic cells are made up of two equivalent series of chromosomes. Strong ground exists for the conclusion that one chromosome is contributed maternally and the other is contributed paternally.
2. A process referred to as pseudo-reduction allows for the pairing of homologous members so that the individually contributed chromosomes can be unionized.
3. Maturation mitosis, or the first post-synaptic, is equational. This means the result from the process is a lack of differentiation within the chromosomes.
4. A second post-synaptic division occurs, which is a reducing action. This results in the separation of the chromosomes that have conjugated in synapsis, which relegates them to different cells.
5. Chromosomes retain a level of morphing individuality throughout the various cell divisions which occur in a living being.
These ideas of linked heritage would be combined into the theory of heredity with the work of E.B. Wilson, who would publish a textbook on modern biology called "The Cell." Wilson was friends with Boveri, but Sutton was his student. This led him to include the theory in his publication as the "Sutton-Boveri Theory."
The name preference may be reversed today, but the theory remains the same.
What About the Work of Thomas Morgan?
Thomas Morgan was also quite fascinated with the idea of heredity playing a role in biology. Some even refer to Morgan as one of the founding fathers of modern genetics. He would win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for his work that helped to confirm that chromosomes play a role in heredity.
Boveri may have worked with sea urchins and Sutton may have worked with grasshoppers, but Morgan preferred to work with fruit flies. Regular fruit flies have red eyes. Morgan mated a red-eyed female fruit fly to a white-eyes male fruit fly and discovered all the offspring would have red eyes. Because red eyes are dominant, this was an expected result because of the patterns of dominant and recessive inheritance.
When Morgan made a reciprocal cross, however, he discovered that all the male fruit flies had white eyes, but all the female fruit flies had red eyes. To Morgan, this initial result seemed to violate the rule of independent assortment. The only way to explain the results, in fact, was if there was a genetic factor that caused eye coloration on an X chromosome.
By discovering this trait of genetics, Morgan would go on to help support the Chromosome Theory of Heredity. Although his work wasn't the first to propose the idea, it was critical in confirming the observations and proposals made by Sutton and Boveri about 20 years before his work was published.
What Is the Implications for Humanity?
Humans follows a similar pattern of gene linkage. This means there is genetic information available on each chromosome. Yet no matter how they line up together, the only possibilities that may occur are based on the parental types that are available.
This means we can predict certain offspring outcomes through pedigree analysis. We can determine if there are autosomal recessive traits, autosomal dominant traits, or X-linked / Y-linked recessive traits by looking at the genetics of each parent.
In dominant scenarios, only one parent carries an allele. In recessive scenarios, both parents must carry an allele. Then, in linked recessive traits, the outcome will only affect a specific gender.
By understanding how genetic information is passed along, it becomes possible to know what to expect for the health of any offspring. This is all due to the Chromosome Theory of Heredity.
Filed Under: Theories and Models Tagged With: Definitions and Examples of Theory


God is the object of our worship and the recipient of our praise. We live to honor Him, both with holy lives and adoring lips. Where tradition helps to proclaim the Good News of Jesus Christ, and further the mission of our church, we embrace it. Where tradition becomes a wall between God and His people, we seek to tear it down (Matthew 23:13-36; John 9:1-41).
Jesus is our Lord, and because of this everything else is peripheral. Jesus Christ alone is the only real and lasting hope (John 14:6). We love Him and, for this reason, we place our relationship with Him first above all others. We strive to respond faithfully to the call of Jesus- to follow Him above all the distractions of this world, which so often compete for our time, energy, and attention (Luke 14:15-24). If God is pleased with us, nothing else matters.
We believe the Bible is God's Holy, Inspired Word. The Scriptures are our final authority in all matters. The Holy Spirit- who is our Teacher- uses the Scriptures to daily guide us (Psalm 119:105; Acts 2:42-47).
Since people matter to God, they matter to us. All people are made in God's image and have worth. Therefore, we strive to obey both the Great Commandment (Matthew 22:36-40) and the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20) by reaching out to the world around us and sharing the everlasting love of Jesus Christ (John 20:21).
We are a church of individuals, different in many ways, yet called together by God to be one in ministry and mission. As members of the same body and family, we become more effective when we work in harmony as a unified whole (John 17:20-23). Among us, love for one another is the norm (John 13:34; Romans 13:8), conflicts are resolved according to the teaching of Jesus (Matthew 18:15-17), and we seek to build each other up (1 Thessalonians 5:11). We rejoice together and we suffer together (1 Corinthians 12:25-27). We pray for each other (James 5:16), accept each other (Romans 15:7) and serve one another in love (Galatians 5:13).
There are some disputable matters on which two Christians may agree to disagree, even though they are in the same local church and part of the same leadership team. We may state the case for our position, but will also acknowledge that sincere and intelligent Christians hold different views. We are committed to nurturing the unity we share as the family of God and to obeying His command to "love one another" (Romans 14:1-15; 2 Timothy 2:23-24; Titus 3:9; John 13:35; Phil. 2:2; Eph. 4:1-3).
We believe each member is called to be a minister (Ephesians 2:8-10; 4:11-12). Our God is a great God who deserves to be served by faithful stewards. It is a privilege to give our time, money and resources to Him. In fact, anything less than our very best is an insult to His Holy, Awesome Name. In response to His grace, how can we be less than fully devoted followers of the cross?
We believe children are a gift from the Lord and that it is our responsibility as a church to partner with parents in raising a next generation fully committed to the Lord. Regardless of what we accomplish during our life time, it is the faithfulness of our children and grandchildren that will be our significant heritage. As individuals and as a church we must take seriously the training and equipping of the Next Generation (Deut. 6).


text:
HCV Infection among Saudi Population: High Prevalence of Genotype 4 and Increased Viral Clearance Rate
Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim ,
* E-mail: asa@tu.edu.sa; , asa@bsu.edu.eg
Affiliations College of Medicine, Taif University, Al-Taif, Saudi Arabia, Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
Mohammad S. Bamaga,
Affiliation Al-Hada Armed Forces Hospital, Department of Molecular Pathology, Al-Taif, Saudi Arabia
Gaber M. G. Shehab,
Affiliations College of Medicine, Taif University, Al-Taif, Saudi Arabia, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Abdel-Aziz S. A. Abu-Elsaad,
Affiliations College of Medicine, Taif University, Al-Taif, Saudi Arabia, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
Fayssal M. Farahat
Affiliations Postgraduate Training and Research Center, Armed Forces Hospitals, Al-Taif, Saudi Arabia, Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim,
Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim Mohammad S. Bamaga ... Fayssal M. Farahat
<% if(figureList.length > 1) { %>
All Figures Next Previous
Show in Context
HCV is a major etiological agent of liver disease with a high rate of chronic evolution. The virus possesses 6 genotypes with many subtypes. The rate of spontaneous clearance among HCV infected individuals denotes a genetic determinant factor. The current study was designed in order to estimate the rate of HCV infection and ratio of virus clearance among a group of infected patients in Saudi Arabia from 2008 to 2011. It was additionally designed to determine the genotypes of the HCV in persistently infected patients. HCV seroprevalence was conducted on a total of 15,323 individuals. Seropositive individuals were tested by Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HCV assay to determine the ratio of persistently infected patients to those who showed spontaneous viral clearance. HCV genotyping on random samples from persistently infected patients were conducted based on the differences in the 5′untranslated region (5′UTR). Anti-HCV antibodies were detected in 7.3% of the totally examined sera. A high percentage of the HCV infected individuals experienced virus clearance (48.4%). HCV genotyping revealed the presence of genotypes 1 and 4, the latter represented 97.6% of the tested strains. Evidences of the widespread of the HCV genotype 4 and a high rate of HCV virus clearance were found in Saudi Arabia.
Citation: Abdel-Moneim AS, Bamaga MS, Shehab GMG, Abu-Elsaad A-ASA, Farahat FM (2012) HCV Infection among Saudi Population: High Prevalence of Genotype 4 and Increased Viral Clearance Rate. PLoS ONE 7(1): e29781. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029781
Editor: Niyaz Ahmed, University of Hyderabad, India
Received: October 21, 2011; Accepted: December 5, 2011; Published: January 13, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Abdel-Moneim et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study was supported by a research grant (Project No. 1-432-1187) through the Research Support of Taif University, Saudi Arabia. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) continues to be a major etiological agent of liver disease throughout the world. HCV infection is the most serious blood borne infection in the Middle East. The virus is primarily transmitted in surgical operations such as organ transplantations, blood transfusions or by injection using contaminated syringes. HCV is a RNA virus related to the genus Hepacivirus, Family Flaviviridae and is characterized by a high spontaneous mutation rate [1], [2]. HCV has been classified into six major genotypes [2] and dozens of subtypes [3]. Genotypes 1, 2, and 3 are common throughout North America and Europe. Genotype 4 (HCV-4) is common in the Middle East and in Africa, where it is responsible for more than 80% of HCV infections [4]. In Saudi Arabia, HCV-4 was the most prevalent genotype followed by HCV-1 whereas genotypes 2, 3, 5 and 6 were rarely reported [5], [6], [7], [8].
In general, HCV infection usually results in viral persistence [9], and up to 30% of persistently infected patients develop chronic liver disease [10]. This poses a high risk of infection to individuals who receive organs, blood or blood products from HCV-infected donors [11], [12], [13]. Chronic HCV infection may lead to serious sequelae, including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma [14], [15]. A strong host immune response enhances HCV clearance [16], [17]. Thus, variation in genes involved in the immune response may contribute to the ability to clear the virus. In a recent genome based study, a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs12979860) −3 kilobases upstream of the IL28B gene, which encodes the type III interferon IFN-λ3- was shown to be associated strongly with more than a twofold difference in response to HCV drug treatment [18]. Interestingly, this mutation was found in a high rate of the population from Arabian Gulf Countries [19].
The current study was designed to: estimate the seroprevalence of HCV exposure among Saudi populations, determine the HCV genotypes in a representative sample of persistently infected patients and estimate the rate of virus clearance among the HCV exposed individuals.
The HCV seroprevalence was conducted on 15,323 Saudi nationals. The overall anti-HCV antibodies were detected in 7.3% (1124/15323) of the examined individuals (Figure 1a). The HCV seropositive percentages over 4 years were ranged from (6.9–9.0%) in males and (5.3–8.5%) in females where non-significant variations were found between female and male seropositive percentages using t test, (P = 0.1806) (Table 1).
PowerPoint slide
Figure 1. Seroprevalence of anti-HCV antibodies using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay.
A: The total seroprevalence among the whole tested population. B. HCV seroprevalence in males in comparison to females. Results were analysed using the chi-square and the two-sided P value was 0.0034.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029781.g001
Table 1. Seroprevalence of anti-HCV antibodies using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay in males and females from May 2008 to May 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029781.t001
This finding was higher than those recorded in other previous studies in Saudi Arabia [20], [21]. Between 1992 and 2002, 63,368 blood donors were screened for anti-HCV antibodies and 0.58% were found positive [20]. In another study, a higher ratio was reported −1.7% (9/528)- and the differences in the exposure rate due to ethnic origin was recorded where the anti-HCV in non-Bedouin Saudis (living in urban areas) was greater than that in Bedouin Saudis: 4.2% (7/165) and 0.5% (2/363) respectively [21]. On the other hand, Saudi patients subjected to hemodialysis showed a very high rate of HCV infection (up to 50%) with a further increase in the rate of infection among patients with end-stage renal disease [7]. In the present study, HCV prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies in males (55.9%) was found to be higher than the prevalence in females (44.1%) (Figure 1b).
HCV among acutely infected persons showed a 14–40% spontaneous recovery rate and clear viremia shortly following seroconversion while the rest of the HCV exposed individuals developed persistent infection [22], [23], [24], [25]. Chronically infected individuals possess sustained viremia usually develop persistent HCV infection. They can expect a worsening of their liver disease, potentially culminating in cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. In the current study, HCV seropositive individuals were subjected to screening for HCV RNA viral load using a Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HCV assay that possesses a lower detection limit of 12 IU/ml. This assay is used for both donors and patients and has been found to be a very effective way for screening for HCV infection [26]. In some patients, the HCV-RNA level fluctuates and accordingly, HCV-RNA is undetectable. Regular follow-up of HCV-RNA is recommended at 6–12 months intervals after clearance to confirm HCV negative status [27]. Patients in the current study who became HCV-RNA negative were often re-tested 3–4 times in 12 months to confirm their clearance of the infection as recommended by Harris et al. [27]. Patients experiencing persistent HCV infection were found to comprise 51.6% (580/1124) of the total HCV exposed individuals while 48.4% (544/1124) of the HCV exposed infection cleared the infection (Table 2). There was no explanation why the infection persists in some patients and resolves spontaneously without intervention in others. Recently, host genetic variation was found to explain the heterogeneity in HCV clearance and an association between the virus clearance and the presence of a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs12979860) −3 kilobases upstream of the IL28B gene- does exist [18], [19]. The patients in that study, who showed C/C genotype, were three times more likely to clear HCV relative to those who possessed C/T and T/T genotypes [19]. The allele frequencies showed that the pattern in which the allele leading to a greater natural HCV clearance is nearly fixed throughout East Asia and also in individuals from some Arabian Gulf countries [19].Variations in genes involved in the immune response may also contribute to the ability of patients to clear the virus [19]. Conflicting results regarding the gender effect of the HCV virus clearance were recorded [28], [29]. In the current study, non-significant (P = 0.4714) differences between the ability of infected male and female patients to clear the virus (Table 2) were found. This finding agrees with those of Inoue et al. [28] but disagrees with those of Bakr et al. [29]. It is possible that interleukin 10 promoter polymorphisms (associated with rate of IL-10 production) can account for any gender disparity in HCV clearance [30].
Table 2. Percentage of HCV clearance among HCV infected population and comparison between percentage of clearance between male and females infected patients.
While most commercially available HCV typing assays target the 5′UTR since this region is the most highly conserved and targeted for amplification methods, it has a limited subtyping accuracy [31]. Although the preferred region for subtyping is the NS5B gene, it is not always possible to amplify this region because of primer-target mismatch. Failure in sequencing the NS5B gene has been reported by some investigators despite successive attempts to amplify cDNA with the NS5B primers [32]. It is worthwhile mentioning that all 83 samples analyzed were successfully amplified and sequenced in this study using 5′UTR.
Genotype 4, followed by genotypes1a and 1b, were found to be the most common genotypes in Saudi patients, whereas genotypes 2, 3, 5 and 6 were rarely found [5], [6], [7], [8]. In the current study, 81/83 strains were found to be classified as genotype 4 while only 2/83 strains were classified as genotype 1 (Figure 2). The genotype 1 strains detected in the current study possessed guanine (G) residue at position −99 (Figure 3) while 1a strains possessed adenine (A) at that residue [33], [34]. Phylogenetic analysis of the 5′UTR showed that Saudi strains (TAIF.SA9, TAIF.SA10) were identical and showed high homology to three 1b strains from Japan (AB049090, D30613 and AF207774) (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Phylogenetic analysis of partial 5′UTR sequences of HCV samples.
HCV prototype sequences from GenBank were included. The evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted in MEGA 4.1.
Figure 3. Deduced nucleotide sequence of different Saudi HCV strains based on 5′UTR sequences.
Ten selected strains (TAIF.SA1-10) were included. The nucleotide sequence of (TAIF.SA1) was found identical in 75/81 of the examined strains.
Among the genotype 4 strains in this study (n:81), different variants (TAIF.SA1-8) were found. The nucleotide sequence of one variant (TAIF.SA1) was found dominant in 75/81 of the examined strains (data not shown). This sequence was detected in both males and females with an age range of 14–70 years. This variant (TAIF.SA1), showed high homology to isolates: Eg3 (Accession No. DQ988074), RG309 (Accession No.DQ284960) and QC27 (Accession No. HCU33432) from Egypt, India and Canada, respectively. The remaining variants (TAIF.SA2-8) showed minor nucleotide variations. TAIF.SA3 and TAIF.SA7 were found closely related to TAIF.SA1. TAIF.SA4 and TAIF.SA6 were found to be identical and both showed high homology to TAIF.SA5 and to isolates: T63-UTR (Accession No. AB550032), 6 (Accession No. DQ073340), MOR69 (Accession No. HQ833265) and 42179 from Egypt, India, Morocco and UK, respectively. On the other hand, the TAIF.SA8 strain showed less homology to other genotype 4 strains detected in the current study but showed high nucleotide homology to isolates: cl111 (Accession No. DQ295833), QC306 (Accession No. EF115704), 14050 (Accession No. AY766521) and pt91 (Accession No. AM502701) from, Egypt, Canada, UK and France, respectively.
Therefore, current findings confirm the corrected prevalence of HCV-4 in Saudi Arabia to be at least 97.6%, i.e. greater than the previously reported prevalence observed among the Saudi population. Further, it was found that most of Saudi patients infected with a single subtype of HCV-4 however genetic variability does exist. This suggests a recent circulation of a single HCV-4 strain among Saudi patients.
The project and data forms were approved by the Regional Research and Ethics Committee at Armed Forces Hospitals, Taif, Saudi Arabia. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in our study.
Plasma samples were collected at Al-Hada Armed Forces Hospital, Al-Taif, Saudi Arabia. A total of 15,323 samples were collected (7911 males and 7412 females) from individuals between the ages of 14 to 88 years during the period from May 2008 to May 2011. Samples were aliquoted and stored at −20°C till used.
Serological assays screening for HCV
The ARCHITECT anti-HCV chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (version 3.0, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL) was used for the qualitative detection of anti-HCV in plasma samples (n: 15,323) according to the manufacture's instruction. The presence or absence of anti-HCV in the specimen was determined by comparing the chemiluminescent signal in the reaction to the cutoff signal determined from a previous ARCHITECT Anti-HCV calibration. If the chemiluminescent signal in the specimen was greater than the cutoff signal, the specimen was considered reactive for anti-HCV. The reproducibility of the assay was determined by using a modified form of the EP5-A2 protocol of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [35].
Measurements of HCV RNA
HCV-RNA was screened in seropositive samples by using COBAS Amplicor HCV 2.0 qualitative assay and the COBAS TaqMan HCV assay (Roche Diagnostics). In the COBAS Amplicor HCV 2.0 assay, the viral genome was extracted with the HCV Specimen Preparation Kit as described [36]. In the COBAS TaqMan HCV assay, the viral RNA was extracted by the automated COBAS AmpliPrep instruments and HCV RNA was amplified and detected with the COBAS TaqMan Analyzer [37].
HCV genotyping
Randomly selected representative samples from HCV persistently infected patients (positive anti-HCV antibodies/positive HCV-RNA) were included in the study. Plasma samples from HCV real time positive patients (n:83) were subjected to HCV genotyping.
RNA purification and reverse transcription PCR
RNA was extracted from 300 µl of plasma with 900 µl of TRIzol (Sigma), according to the manufacturer's protocols. The RNA pellet was resuspended in 50 µl of diethyl pyrocarbonate treated water (Promega) and stored at −80°C. One-step RT-PCR amplification for 5′ Untranslated Region (UTR5′) sequences was performed using one step RT PCR (Qiagen) in a total 50-µl reaction volume using 5 µl of the extracted RNA, 0.6 µM forward 5′-GAAAGCGTCTAGCCATGGCGTTAGT-3′ and reverse 5′ -CTCGCAAGCACCCTATCAGG-3′ oligonucleotides as described [38]. Samples were incubated at 50°C for 30 min, and 95°C for 15 min. DNA amplification was performed for 35 cycles each consisting of 94°C for 15 s, 50°C for 30 s, 72°C for 40 s. The last cycle was followed by a 7 min. extension step at 72°C.
DNA purification and sequencing
Amplicons were purified and analyzed by ethidium bromide agarose gel electrophoresis. Samples showing a band of the 241 bp were excised from the gel and amplicon was purified using gel extraction kit (Qiagen Inc) for further analysis by DNA sequencing in both directions using the sense and antisense amplification primers (Macrogen Inc., Korea). All sequence data used in this study are available in the GenBank database (Accession No: JN808433-JN808442).
BLAST analyses were initially performed to establish UTR5′ sequence identities to GenBank accessions. Comparative analyses were performed using the CLUSTAL W Multiple Sequence Alignment Program, Mega 4.1. HCV representative sequences used for the alignments were obtained from the GenBank and EMBL database. The phylogenetic trees were constructed by using the neighbour-joining method with Kimura two-parameter distances using MEGA version 4.1 [39]. The reliability of internal branches was assessed by 1000 bootstrap replications and the p-distance substitution model.
Both Fisher's Exact Test and Chi square as well as t test were used to analyze the results using Instat software.
Conceived and designed the experiments: ASA-M MSB. Performed the experiments: ASA-M MSB GMGS A-ASAA-E FMF. Analyzed the data: ASA-M A-ASAA-E. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ASA-M MSB. Wrote the paper: ASA-M.
1. Ogata N, Alter HJ, Miller RH, Purcell RH (1991) Nucleotide sequence and mutation rate of the H strain of hepatitis C virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 15: 3392–3396.
2. Simmonds P, Alberti A, Alter HJ, Bonino F, Bradley DW, et al. (1994) A proposed system for the nomenclature of hepatitis C viral genotypes. Hepatology 19: 1321–1324.
3. Kuiken C, Simmonds P (2009) Nomenclature and numbering of the hepatitis C virus. Methods Mol Biol 510: 33–53.
4. Khattab MA, Ferenci P, Hadziyannis SJ, Colombo M, Manns MP, et al. (2011) Management of hepatitis C virus genotype 4: recommendations of an international expert panel. J Hepatol 54: 1250–1262.
5. Al-Faleh F, Huraib S, Sbeih F, Al-Karawi M, Al-Rashed R, et al. (1995) Hepatitis C virus genotypes in patients with chronic liver disease and haemodialysis patients from Saudi Arabia. J Viral Hepat 2: 293–296.
6. Osoba AO, Ibrahim M, Abdelaal MA, Al-Mowallad A, Al Shareef B, et al. (2000) Hepatitis C virus genotyping by polymerase chain reaction and DNA enzyme immunoassay among Saudi patients in the Western Province, Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 20: 394–397.
7. Karkar A (2007) Hepatitis C in dialysis units: the Saudi experience. Hemodial Int 11: 354–367.
8. Alzahrani AJ, Obeid OE, Al-Ali A, Imamwardi B (2009) Detection of Hepatitis C virus and Human immunodeficiency virus in expatriates in Saudi Arabia by antigen-antibody combination assays. J Infect Developing Countries 3: 235–238.
9. Alter MJ, Margolic HS, Krawczynski K, Judson FN, Mares A, et al. (1992) The natural history of community acquired hepatitis C in the United States. N Engl J Med 327: 1899–1905.
10. Seeff LB (1999) Natural history of hepatitis C. Am J Med 127: 10S–15S.
11. Alter MJ, Coleman PJ, Alexander WJ, Kramer E, Miller JK, et al. (1989) Importance of heterosexual activity in the transmission of hepatitis B and non-A, non-B hepatitis. JAMA 262: 1201–1205.
12. Esteban JI, Gonzales A, Hernandez JM, Viladomiu L, Sanchez C, et al. (1990) Evaluation of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in a study of transfusionassociated hepatitis. N Eng J Med 323: 1107–1112.
13. Van der Poel CL, Resnick HW, Schaasberg W, Leentvaar-Kuypers A, Bakker E, et al. (1990) Infectivity of blood seropositive for hepatitis C virus antibodies. Lancet 335: 558–560.
14. Seeff LB, Buskell-Bales Z, Wright EC, Durako SJ, Alter HJ, et al. (1992) Long-term mortality after transfusion-associated non-A, non-B hepatitis. N Eng J Med 327: 1906–1911.
15. Kaneko S, Unoura M, Takeuchi M, Terasaki S, Ogino H, et al. (1994) The role of hepatitis C virus in hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan. Intervirol 37: 108–113.
16. Cooper S, Erickson AL, Adams EJ, Kansopon J, Weiner AJ, et al. (1999) Analysis of a successful immune response against hepatitis C virus. Immunity 10: 439–449.
17. Rehermann B, Nascimbeni M (2005) Immunology of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection. Nature Rev Immunol 5: 215–229.
18. Ge D, Fellay J, Thompson AJ, Simon JS, Shianna KV, et al. (2009) Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance. Nature 17: 399–401.
19. Thomas DL, Thio CL, Martin MP, Qi Y, Ge D, et al. (2009) Genetic variation in IL28B and spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus. Nature 461: 798–801.
20. Tamimi W, Hajeer A, Qasem L, Alkhashan A, Alsohabani A, et al. (2003) Expansion of Saudi blood donor pool by better screening and vaccination practices. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 10: 1159–1160.
21. Abdelaal M, Rowbottom D, Zawawi T, Scott T, Gilpin C (1994) Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus: a study of male blood donors in Saudi Arabia. Transfusion 34: 135–137.
22. Alter MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Nainan OV, McQuillan GM, Gao F, et al. (1999) The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. N Engl J Med 341: 556–562.
23. Kenny-Walsh E (1999) Clinical outcomes after hepatitis C infection from contaminated anti-D immune globulin. N Engl J Med 340: 1228–1233.
24. Vogt M, Lang T, Frosner G, Klingler C, Sendl AF, et al. (1999) Prevalence and clinical outcome of hepatitis C infection in children who underwent cardiac surgery before the implementation of blood-donor screening. N Engl J Med 341: 866–870.
25. Seeff L, Miller RN, Rabkin CS, Buskell-Bales Z, Straley-Eason KD, et al. (2000) 45-year follow-up of hepatitis C virus infection in healthy young adults. Ann Intern Med 132: 105–111.
26. Bamaga MS, Bokhari FF, Aboud AM, Al-Malki M, Alenzi FQ (2006) Nucleic acid amplification technology screening for hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus for blood donations. Saudi Med J 27: 781–787.
27. Harris HE, Ramsay ME, Andrews N, Eldridge KPH (2002) Clinical course of hepatitis C virus during the first decade of infection: cohort study. BMJ 23: 450–453.
28. Inoue G, Horiike N, Michitaka K, Onji M (2000) Hepatitis C virus clearance is prominent in women in an endemic area. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 15: 1054–1058.
29. Bakr I, Rekacewicz C, El Hosseiny M, Ismail S, El Daly M, et al. (2006) Higher clearance of hepatitis C virus infection in females compared with males. Gut 55: 1183–1187.
30. Paladino N, Fainboim H, Theiler G, Schroder T, Munoz AE, et al. (2006) Gender susceptibility to chronic hepatitis C virus infection associated with interleukin 10 promoter polymorphism. J Virol 80: 9144–9150.
31. Verbeeck J, Stanley M, Shieh J, Celis L, Huyck E, et al. (2008) Evaluation of Versant HCV genotype assay (LiPA) 2.0. J Clin Microbiol 46: 1901–1906.
32. Tamalet C, Colson P, Tissot-Dupont H, Henry M, Tourres C, et al. (2003) Genomic and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis C virus isolates: a survey of 535 strains circulating in southern France. J Med Virol 71: 391–398.
33. Germer JJ, Rys PN, Thorvilson JN, Persing DH (1999) Determination of hepatitis C virus genotype by direct sequence analysis of products generated with the Amplicor HCV test. J Clin Microbiol 37: 2625–2630.
34. Zeuzem S, Ruster B, Lee JH, Stripf T, Roth WK (1995) Evaluation of a reverse hybridization assay for genotyping of hepatitis C virus. J Hepatol 23: 654–661.
35. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2004) Evaluation of precision performance of quantitative measurement methods, EP5-A2. Clin Lab Stand Inst, Wayne, PA.
36. Sarrazin C, Gartner BC, Sizmann D, Babiel R, Mihm U, et al. (2006) Comparison of conventional PCR with real-time PCR and branched DNA-based assays for hepatitis C virus RNA quantification and clinical significance for genotypes 1 to 5. J Clin Microbiol 44: 729–737.
37. Sarrazin C, Teuber G, Kokka R, Rabenau H, Zeuzem S (2000) Detection of residual hepatitis C virus RNA by transcription-mediated amplification in in patients with complete virologic response according to polymerase chain reaction-based assays. Hepatology 32(4 Pt 1): 818–823.
38. Murphy D, Willems B, Deschenes M, Hilzenrat N, Mousseau R, et al. (2007) Use of sequence analysis of the NS5B region for routine genotyping of hepatitis C virus with reference to C/E1 and 5′untranslated region sequences. J Clin Microbiol 45: 1102–1112.
39. Kumar S, Tamura K, Jakobsen IB, Nei M (2001) Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software. Bioinformatics 17: 1244–1245.
Is the Subject Area "Hepatitis C virus" applicable to this article?
Viral persistence and latency
Is the Subject Area "Viral persistence and latency" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Phylogenetic analysis" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Genotyping" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Antibodies" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Blood" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Immune response" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Liver diseases" applicable to this article?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


My name is Yuliya and I am a final year student at the Pridnestrovian State University qualified as English and German interpreter.
I have several years of experience in service sector working as a waitress and administrator. In addition to my experience, I have strong communication, customer service, and administrative skills. Languages education enables me to treat with different aspects of translation. I would like my future work to be directly connected with languages, because I think it would help me to realize dreams and aspirations. If my energy, flexibility and teamwork skills combined with my analytical frame of mind meet your expectations,I would like to work in your company.


text:
Q: Possible bug in v9.0 Rest[] function Bug introduced in 9.0 and fixed in 9.0.1

Just to be clear, this all works perfectly in v8.0.4.0.  It only fails me in v9.0.  I use 64-bit Linux, 64-bit versions of Mathematica, and I have 16GB of RAM.
I have a data file formatted as follows:
Date,Open,High,Low,Close,Volume,OpenInt
19700102,1.6047,1.6140,1.6047,1.6140,881445,0
19700105,1.6140,1.6235,1.6047,1.6235,549208,0
19700106,1.6140,1.6140,1.6047,1.6140,508527,0
19700107,1.6140,1.6424,1.6140,1.6424,752620,0

There are 10839 rows of data in the file.  I store the first col of data in a list called "dataDate", the second col of data in "dataOpen", etc... All works great until I try to print the data back to the screen.  Version 8 displays the data as expected; but version 9 borks, the kernel resets, and all function definitions and data structures are reset.
Here's the updated, simple code:
data = Import["pg.us.txt", "Data"];

(* Read the first row of data, to get the column headings *)
dataColumnHeadings = data[[1, All]]

(* Store each column of data in a separate list, removing the first element with Rest[] *)
dataDate = Rest[data[[All, 1]]];
dataOpen = Rest[data[[All, 2]]];
dataHigh = Rest[data[[All, 3]]];
dataLow = Rest[data[[All, 4]]];
dataClose = Rest[data[[All, 5]]];
dataVolume = Rest[data[[All, 6]]];
dataOpenInt = Rest[data[[All, 7]]];
Length[dataDate]
Length[dataOpen]
Length[dataHigh]
Length[dataLow]
Length[dataClose]
Length[dataVolume]
Length[dataOpenInt]

Now, if I try to display the contents of any of the seven lists, (by simply typing the list's name and evaluating it), it works perfectly in version 8.  But in version 9, any attempt to evaluate a list by evaluation of its name causes Mathematica 9 to bork:  all imported data is lost as all variables are undefined, user-defined functions cleared, etc. (blue text instead of black text).  It takes about 6-7 seconds for the error to occur, after you evaluate the list name and it displays the truncated output.
Here are links to my updated test notebook and data file if anyone would be kind enough to see if this is just a problem with my machine, or a bug:
https://dl.dropbox.com/u/1224415/test_case.nb
https://dl.dropbox.com/u/1224415/pg.us.txt
Thanks
UPDATE:  As I stated in a response below, removing the "Rest[]" function, used to remove the first element of each list, seems to fix the problem.  Perhaps I'll try to remove the first element in some other manner; or perhaps try to use "Rest[]" in a three step process (wasting RAM):
dataDate = data[[All, 1]];
dataDate2 = Rest[dataDate];
Clear[dataDate];

UPDATE 2:  It doesn't matter how much I mess with the list data:  as soon as I use the "Rest[]" command on it, and display the results to screen, the program borks.  I'm calling this a bug and contacting Wolfram.  This is what I get for being an early adopter...

A: It works fine for me both on a (more or less) pristine 64-bit Ubuntu 12.10 machine and on OS X, so I guess it's an issue on your machine.  Try launching with mathematica -cleanStart and see if that fixes it. If not, I suggest you contact Technical Support for additional assisstance.
Update: As I note in the comments below, if the kernel crashes after an output is printed, it is possible this might be due to a bug in the Suggestions Bar.  You can try turning of the Suggestions Bar in Edit > Preferences (or Mathematica > Preferences on OS X) and see if this helps.  Obviously a crash in the Suggestions Bar is a bug which should be fixed.
In this particular case, you should find that only dataDate produces a crash. I have traced this crash to the fact there is a long sequence of exact integers, so number-theoretic functions are called make predictions.  One of them crashes the kernel--I have sent this off to the relevant developer.  In the mean time, here are some possible workarounds:
1) Replace the integers with date-lists.  You can still compute with these, and will probably get better predictions out of this. Plus you'll be able to format them using DateString and compute using other date-related functions.
dataDate = {Quotient[#, 10000], Mod[Quotient[#, 100], 100],  Mod[#, 100]} &  /@ dataDate

2) Use N or ToString to make your dates not be integers.  This may be easier/more useful depending on how exactly you use these dates, and will avoid your particular crash.
dataDate = dataDate // N
dataDate = ToString /@ dataDate

A: Disabling the "Suggestions Bar" notebook interface enhancement, located in Edit -> Preferences, fixes this issue in both of my test cases:  64-bit Linux and 64-bit Windows 7.  This feature is new in v9.0. I will continue to follow up with Wolfram to see if this is a bug.

A: Just out of curiosity, and following up on Szabolcs' comment, what do you see if you remove the semi-colons (as I did) in the following lines of your code?:
$Version
data = Import["Rest.txt", "Data"]
dataColumnHeadings = data[[1, All]]
dataDate = Rest[data[[All, 1]]]

You should see something like the following (with the corresponding information for your operating system):

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
NFL Defensive Lineman Charged with Burglary in Georgia
Tony McDaniel, a NFL defensive lineman, was charged with burglary on Wednesday in Cobb County.
According to reports, McDaniel entered his girlfriend's home without her consent and left with her cash, car keys, and cellphone.
As a Georgia Criminal Defense Lawyer, it's my responsibility to point out that there are two sides to every story. Just because someone has been accused of a crime does not mean that they are guilty of committing it. Stories get mixed up, and sometimes there are just plain misunderstandings.
I would like to use today's post to better explain the law behind burglary in Georgia. Property Crimes in Georgia are confusing, and people throw around incorrect terms all the time. Property crimes scale from Armed Robbery in Georgia all the way to Theft of Services in Georgia.
Georgia law on burglary in particular has changed a lot over the years, so today, let's take a deep dive on the law behind it.
Burglary in Georgia
Georgia law divides burglary in Georgia into two different degrees.
First-Degree Burglary in Georgia
First-Degree Burglary is defined by Georgia law as:
"When, without authority and with the intent to commit a felony or theft therein, he or she enters or remains within an occupied, unoccupied, or vacant dwelling house of another or any building, vehicle, railroad car, watercraft, aircraft, or other such structure designed for use as the dwelling of another." O.C.G.A. §16-7-1.
So, according to the statute, if a person enters into someone else's home, without their consent or authority, with the intent to commit a felony or a theft, then he is committing first-degree burglary.
To be convicted of first-degree burglary, the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused person entered a house or other structure that is someone's dwelling. The State must also prove that the accused person had the intention to commit a felony after entering the dwelling.
Most people believe that burglary only applies breaking into a home and stealing something from inside that home. This is incorrect. The statute shows that it is actually any felony. So someone could be charged with burglary in Georgia if they intended to commit rape, kidnapping, or assault after entering the dwelling of another without authority.
Second-Degree Burglary in Georgia
The only difference between first-degree and second-degree burglary is that the structure itself has to be designed for use as the dwelling of another.
For second-degree burglary, the crime is entering any structure - regardless of its use - without authority intending to commit a felony or theft therein.
This could be entering into an office building, storage building, store, or warehouse without authority intending to commit theft.
Penalty for a Burglary Conviction in Georgia
Both degrees of burglary are considered felonies in Georgia. If convicted of burglary in Georgia, the penalty is a period between one to twenty years.


One of the solitary essential concepts in service is the sales funnel. Sales funnels can boost your earnings online by automating your business. They use a course of the very least resistance to growing as well as scaling your service on auto-pilot. Yet after hanging around with several of the globe's finest marketing experts, I can inform you with near certainty, not only how sales funnels will certainly enable you to make more money online, however which details funnels you ought to implement.
Now, if you're anything like me, you may be averse to certain funnels. For instance, I'm never a shopping person, yet I do recognize that free-plus-shipping funnels are absolutely crushing it. As a matter of fact, just this past week, while attending the Closing Table Mastermind with Perry Belcher and also Roland Frasier, I obtained extra insight into the attractive "tripwire" funnel, allegedly created by Perry Belcher.
Nonetheless, Belcher really did not design the principle. He attracted that from an old Columbia House ad that sold 13 CDs or tapes for the big price of $1.00. Remember it? However we all recognize that this tempting offer (aka tripwire) had method much more to it than just the $1.00 price. Behind-the-scenes, there was a connection program at the workplace. In Columbia House's' model, this was called adverse option payment. That suggests, you immediately obtain routine month-to-month deliveries (in addition to a costs) unless you expressly specify otherwise.
So why is this so effective and also what does it have to do with sales funnels? As a matter of fact, what you'll discover is that Columbia House's sales funnel was quite basic. You just chose the CDs or tapes you wanted for a dollar, then obtained a routine month-to-month delivery every month at a pre-defined price. They would continuously bill you for those CDs or tapes each and every single month. There were variants of this deal too where you might get hold of 11 CDs or tapes for one cent then obtain the 12th cost-free.
Regardless you take a look at it, these were all tempting offers. This was as well excellent to miss. However what Columbia House as well as other companies understood was that, although they would certainly lose cash out of the gate, they would, on average, with time, make money turn over initially. Which is the power of the sales funnel. Prior to automation, this is how sales funnels worked. And, if you called, you would certainly get a live individual properly strolling you through the funnel.
The Columbia House instance offers deep understanding into the psychology of an offer that's tempting. By very first figuring out the lifetime worth of a consumer as well as their retention rate, Columbia House determined that it can spend a particular amount of money getting clients and still be highly profitable. That's essentially what's made with sales funnels today. And also what really makes those sales funnels so powerful are tripwires.
Today, it's the tripwire that develops the tempting deal. Although Columbia House didn't quite have significant up-sells or down-sells in their funnels, they created a basic two action funnel that functioned. It functioned since the tripwire was so attractive. It appealed deeply to the consumer. Besides, exactly how can you resist an offer like that for 12 or 13 CDs or tapes for $1 or 1 cent when they were retailing at around $10 each at the time.
One more effective instance of this was via Sports Illustrated. As a matter of fact, Sports Illustrated was efficiently on the decrease at the time it introduced its innovative tripwire. There's something about tangible products that people just get in touch with. Also when you're providing an electronic information product on the back end, by sweetening the handle a substantial excellent, you can fairly literally send your conversions through the roof.
In the instance of Sports Illustrated, take on your own back to 1990 when magazine registration rates were beginning to leave. Because duration, Sports Illustrated suffered a 7% decline in their flow in the very first fifty percent of the year. Currently, no matter what they did, they were incapable to get the membership prices up. Also by offering deep discounts on memberships, consumers weren't ordering it. And also, if they discounted too steeply, it would impact their ability to get marketers paying premium rates without showing that consumers were paying close to the complete cover price of the magazine.
Sports Illustrated, owned by Time, Inc., had not been the only publication that was experiencing under the company's umbrella. People publication had actually also experienced a serious decrease of 5%. Time, Inc., recognized that it required to do something fast. So it started to provide a tripwire that consisted of sports bungles on VHS. However, the expense was outrageous and also there were only many mistakes it could use. So, they turned to the football phone as the new tripwire.
Why the football phone? First, it appealed to the target audience. And, it was one-of-a-kind as well as interesting. Even more interesting than a monotonous magazine subscription. The football-shaped phone concept was conceived by Sports Illustrated's supervisor of flow at the time, Michael Loeb. Back then, advertising on cable television was also very cost-effective. And also, the phone, which was sourced from China, only cost a few dollars "landed". So everything made sense.
Loeb worked on the logistics of this offer for several months. However, that wasn't the only offer. They additionally created an offer that contained a tennis shoe phone. If you'll think back to 1990-1991, it was both supplies that were running virtually simultaneously. Discuss an early-on split-test, right?
So, what were the results of all this? Over 1 million brand-new clients. That's right. As well as those offers only competed a restricted time. However it efficiently conserved the firm. That's the power of a tripwire offer. It's a tangible product that gets individuals delighted about whatever else the core deal is. In fact, some people will just acquire what you're marketing entirely for the novelty of the concrete tripwire offer.
Sales funnels are one of the single most powerful ideas in service today for a really specific factor. It's not just the instance of the tripwire that's powerful. It's the entire kitty cheat, in a manner of speaking. There are numerous parts as well as components to what make a sales funnel work so well that I wanted to break it down and also give some more instances to give a deeper understanding to just how you can use them to raise your revenue online.
Currently, if you're not utilizing a sales funnel right now, or if you're simply finding what a sales funnel is, then there are a few means you can swiftly utilize this powerful idea in your company to produce explosive results. Primarily, if you do not have a ClickFunnels account, go here as well as register for the 14-day free trial. Once you have actually setup your account, grab a personalized domain and begin constructing your funnel. If you need help, view several of the on-boarding video clips consisted of with ClickFunnels.
It doesn't matter if you have an existing service or you're working to setup a new company, funnels are the secret to growing and also scaling despite where you're beginning with. Nevertheless, there are 5 specific ways you can use sales funnels to raise your revenue right now. It matters not what service you remain in or what you're selling, you can take advantage of these today, right now, to produce eruptive results.
At the Inner Circle mastermind this week, Russell Brunson studied the hook-story-offer strategy that comes before developing the funnel. Can you develop a sales funnel prior to you have a hook and also a story? Yes. Yet you might have difficulty gaining traction, specifically if you're competing in a red ocean. Red seas are entrepreneur-infested waters competing for the very same pool of customers, whereas blue oceans are a location where couple of entrepreneurs are swimming in.
What does that inform you? Spend the time on the hook and the tale. Yes, the deal is likewise essential. However it's the hook and also the story that's mosting likely to reel leads in. As an example, Brunson utilized the story of fit-to-fat-to-fat founder, Drew Manning. Manning, who was in great form, went out there and acquired a number of weight over a 6 month period to better comprehend what it seems like to be fat. However then he went out there and also shed all the weight.
That right there is an incredible hook and also tale. It's special. And also, because of that, Manning has experienced a meteoric rise, even though his deal isn't that excellent. But when the hook and also the tale is just so great, the offer is nearly useless. Successfully, you can offer practically anything when the hook as well as the story simply crush it. One more instance is the tale of Robert Allen who would always state he might be dropped in any city in the country as well as purchase a home no loan down within 60 days. Which's specifically what he did. His brand has actually corrected a billion dollars in sales as a result of it.
Those are all wonderful hooks as well as tales. Without that, your deal will struggle. If you can come up with a special method to create your hook and story, the remainder will certainly form. Given that there is a lot red sea around, this is most likely one of one of the most crucial indicate make before you introduce any type of sales funnel.
Tripwires are great low-barrier-of-entry items that make leads whip out their bank card. Often, these are too-good-to-pass-up items that are offered at an extraordinary rate. Just think of the tripwire used by Columbia House or Sports Illustrated, for instance. Tripwires help make it simpler to get brand-new customers, and after that to rise them up your value ladder.
Anything that makes client acquisition harder, such as a high-priced service or product out of eviction, is mosting likely to make growing and also scaling your company more difficult. The fact is that it costs 5 times as a lot to attract a new client as it does to maintain an existing one. That's why tripwires are so effective. They lower the barrier-of-entry into your business. And anything that can lower the obstacle of entrance is always excellent.
One more fantastic way to release a sales funnel as well as quickly boost your earnings whatever business you're in is with a lead magnet. The lead magnet requires to add actual worth. However it can be in various styles such as a PDF digital book, checklist, cheat sheet and so on. After the download, you can use a single offer. This means a three-step funnel. You could also create an up-sell if they take the one-time offer and even a payment-plan down-sell if they decline it.
Why do a lead magnet with loads of value? First, you're establishing yourself up as a professional. If that material is absolutely workable, and it includes an enormous amount of value to the possibility's life, after that they're going to regard you as the authority. But it does something even more than that. It refers micro-commitments. The concept? Get someone to concur to do 3 little points for you and the fourth one is instantaneously a yes.
Among one of the most effective sales funnels you can construct is based around the webinar. In fact, it was the webinar that saved Brunson's business from insolvency a number of times. It was a mix and also culmination of knowledge that result in the best webinar script, which develops the basis for the best sales funnel. Some of it came from Jason Fladlien, while other items came from elsewhere in Brunson's trip.
Nonetheless, all that info incorporated right into the format of an excellent webinar and funnel, has essentially changed the businesses of numerous entrepreneurs who've taken their knowledge and monetized it via the exponential pressure of webinars. Constructing a webinar is just one of the surest courses to success with a sales funnel. Actually, the webinar funnel is rather potentially one of the most transformative funnel you could introduce for any business, new or old.
An additional way to raise your revenue with a sales funnel is to build a high-ticket training funnel that goes from application to call to shut.
The application allows you to extract those that aren't significant. As well as, on the phone call, you can seal the deal. Now, this sort of sales funnel jobs if you have actually currently had outcomes with clients. Otherwise, work for complimentary up until you obtain results for individuals. After that, accumulate testimonies as well as make use of those as component of the pitch for the coaching.
Probably one of the greatest and also most prominent sales funnels these days is the free-plus-shipping deal funnel. It makes a terrific access factor into any kind of funnel by producing a single offer or up-sell after the deal, comparable to a tripwire funnel. Nevertheless, the distinction below is the power of the word cost-free. Yes, tripwires, which are very low-cost product and services, work well. But there is actual power in the word totally free.
In fact, people will certainly raise and down for a complimentary offer, also if they have to cover the delivery as well as handling, in contrast to taking an offer that they even have to pay a little amount of cash for.


Well first of all, hey everyone .
Today I had the worst bluescreen i ever had since I am using a PC.
you experience them the less they shock you .
stuck in a bootloop ......... A BLUETOOTH CONTROLLER CAUSES A BLUESCREEEEEN WTF?!?!
I wish you a nice day and thanks for reading XD.
Status: Busy from school, but happy to draw again.
Note: my englich is far away to be perfect and i am sorry for any mistakes i make.
Mamorucraft has started a donation pool!
What did you did? ^^ And what do you mean with "so many emotes"?
Happy Birthday. Hope it goes wonderful.
Hey man, thank you a lot . And sorry for the late reply, I actually forgot to check da.
Ein Test ob ich noch Nachrichten schicken kann.


text:
Category: DaCHS
DaCHS is developed on Debian, and Debian is the recommended deployment platform. Hence, a new major release of Debian (where major means for them: We may break stuff) is always a big thing for me. And so it was with the release that came in July, codenamed "buster". Both on the "big thing" and on the "break" counts. This posting gives DaCHS deployers some background for their buster upgrades. Astronomers not running Debian themselves won't risk missing anything if they skip this post.
So, after I upgraded the first thing I noticed is that DaCHS would no longer even start because astropy (which it needs, in particular, because that's where pyfits sits these days) was gone. Simple explanation: Upstream astropy doesn't support python2 any more, and so Debian buster only has python3-astropy.
Moving DaCHS to python3, unfortunately, isn't that easy; a major dependency, nevow (essentially, a web framework), isn't ported yet, and porting it is a major thing. Believe me, I've tried. The nasty thing, in particular, is that twisted, which lies below nevow still, hands up lots of byte strings. And in python3, b"a"!="a". You wouldn't believe how many interesting bugs that simple truth introduces when you got a library that handed out "just strings" in python2 and now byte strings in python3. Yikes.
Update (2019-08-28): After quite a bit of experimentation, I finally gave up on providing a python2 version of astropy through release, because for a complicated set of reasons (including numpy declaring a conflict with existing astropys in buster) it is impossible to provide a package that works in buster and doesn't break stretch. So, for buster only you'll have to have a second (or, if running beta, third) gavo line in your sources.list (or equivalent):
deb http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/debian buster-foreports main
The instructions at our APT repository have been updated, so you won't have to bookmark this particular page.
But that wasn't the end of it. Buster comes with Postgres 11, which I look forward to in particular because it supports parallel query execution. That could help us quite a bit, given out large catalogs that quite often we want to run sequential scans on. But of course this means upgrading postgres. And attempting to do that on my development machine immediately hit a wall. What's nice is that the q3c and pgsphere extensions that we've had to push out ourselves so far are now part of Debian main. What's rather fatal is that our pgsphere extensions dealing with HEALPixes and MOCs aren't part of the buster pgsphere package (the reasons for that are tedious and arcane and have to do with OpenSSL and the GPL).
Also, the pgsphere package coming with buster is called postgres-pgsphere, which is rather unfortunate as it's missing the version indication. So: If you find it on your system, remove it right away. It will conflict with the one true pgsphere package (postgresql-11-pgsphere). That one you'll get from us, and it has the HEALPix stuff built in. TL;DR: run apt install postgresql-q3c postgresql-11-pgsphere before following the postgres update recipe linked above.
There's a bit more to upgrading the database this time. Because of fairly low-level cleanup in Postgres itself. you're risking index corruption on string indices. Realistically, for almost anything you'll have, it's unlikely that you're affected (it's essentially about non-ASCII in strings), but then it's better to be safe than sorry, and hence you should say
reindex database gavo
first thing after you've upgraded to Postgres 11 (which you should really do once the box is on buster). Only if you have very large tables it might be worth it to restrict the index regeneration to indices that could actually need it; see the postgres link above for how to do that.
One last thing on Postgres upgrades: I've not quite tried to work out why, but probably depending on your /etc/hosts DaCHS on buster is much more likely to connect to your database using IPv6 than it was before. Many older Postgres configurations won't let you in then. If that happens to you, just edit /etc/postgresql/11/main/pg_hba.conf and add a line
host    all         all         ::1/32          md5
(or something less permissive if you prefer).
The next buster-related shock was when TOPCAT's TAP uploads stopped working while my regression tests didn't find anything wrong. After a bit of cursing I eventually figured out that that's not actually buster's fault but twisted's, which in a commit from May 2018 broke chunked uploads (essentially, that's when you're not saying up front how large your upload will be). I've filed a bug report on twisted, but we can't really wait until any sort of fix will be ready and have a broken TOPCAT-DaCHS relationship until then, so for now we're also shipping a fixed twisted package. If you're running DaCHS without our repository enabled, you will have to patch your the twisted code itself. The bug report tells what to do (no warranties, though, because I'm not entriely sure why they changed it in the first place; it's a very small change, though).
[Update (2019-08-14) scratch the part with the fixed twisted packages. They're too much trouble on stretch systems. You can keep using them on buster boxes if you want, though. The most recent stable release monkeypatches the problem out of presumably broken twisteds, and so will the next beta.]
I hope you're not totally discouraged now, because upgrade you should (though perhaps not right before going on vacation) – distribution upgrades are unavoidable if you want to run services for decades, and that's definitely a goal within the VO. See the Debian release note for Debian's take on dist upgrades, which arguably is a bit more alarmist than it would need to; a lean, server-only system typically is really simple to upgrade.
Given the relatively large number of Debian packages we override in buster, I'll be particularly grateful if you complain early about breakage you observe (ideally use the dachs-support mailing list, but see Support for alternatives), and as usual you are encouraged to try the upgrade first on a development system if you have one. Which you should.
Author Markus DemleitnerPosted on August 1, 2019 October 15, 2019 Categories DaCHS, OperationsTags Debian, postgresql, twisted, upgrades
Speak out on ADQL 2.1
If you've always wanted to be part of a standardisation process within the IVOA (and who would not?), the time has rarely been as good as now. Because: We're updating ADQL! Yes! The ADQL you are writing your queries in will receive a few more language elements, and we're carefully trying to heal a few things that turned out to be warts. And while some of the changes are as dull and boring as you may expect standards work to be, on some of them you may wish to have a saying.
Also, you can try things out – the GAVO data center TAP endpoint at http://dc.g-vo.org/tap already has most of the proposed features, and the new DaCHS beta 1.1.2 (out since last Friday) does, too. So, if you're running DaCHS yourself, you can start playing after switching to the beta repository.
You're now supposed to write the standard crossmatch as DISTANCE(ra1, dec1, ra2, dec2)<dist. This replaces the old dance with 1=CONTAINS(POINT(), CIRCLE()) that you've probably learned to hate. Finally: Crossmatching without having to resort to TOPCAT's example menu…
ADQL geometries used to require a first argument that would give the reference frame, as in POINT('ICRS', ra, dec). The hope was that services could then automagically make a statement like CONTAINS(point_in_icrs, circle_in_galactic) work as presumably intended. Few services ever did (DaCHS still tries reasonably hard), and when they did, there were all kinds of opaque oddities. One of the most common sources of confusion is the question what a service is supposed to do with POINT('GALACTIC', ra, dec), assuming it knows that ra and dec are in, say, B1950 FK4. Also, is there any expectation that services attempt to do anything beyond a simple rotation (FK4, for instance, rotates noticably against the ICRS, so proper motions would need to get fixed, too)? In all, the frame as a first argument was ill thought-out, and it's been deprecated. Simply don't put in the string-typed first argument any more. POINT(long, lat) does it. True: This, more than ever, calls for an ADQL astrometry library so you can easily convert, at least, between Galactic and ICRS (probably a few more would be useful, too). More on this in some future post.
Services should have CAST now. Sometimes you want to turn a number into a string or a string into a timestamp. In such cases, you can write CAST('1991-02-01', TIMESTAMP) now. The details are not quite, excuse me, cast in stone yet, so if you have a use case for this kind of thing, speak up now. The current draft also calls for a TIMESTAMP(tx) function – but since that's really not different from CAST(tx, TIMESTAMP), I'm trying to dissuade people from adding it.
Services should have an IN_UNIT function now. That's a nifty thing in particular when you're re-using queries on different services. Just write, say, IN_UNIT(pmra, 'deg/yr') and never worry again if it's arcsec/yr, mas/yr, rad/cy, or whatever. The second argument, by the way, is written according to the Units in the Virtual Observatory standard. It's an optional feature according to the current standard, so perhaps it's too early to party, but I've found this extremely useful, and so I hope we'll see widespread adoption.
Services should now have set operations. These are UNION, EXCEPT, and INTERSECT and are useful when you have two queries that result in the same table schema (because they won't work otherwise). Say you have two complex ways to filter rows from the table source, but you want to process both sorts of results further on – you can say then say something like
SELECT <whatever complex> FROM
(SELECT a,b,c FROM source
WHERE <crazy stuff>
GROUP BY a, b, c) as left
WHERE <other crazy stuff>
GROUP BY a, b, c) as right
WHERE <more complex stuff over a, b, and c>
– and similarly, EXCEPT lets you "punch a hole" in a result table. Another interesting use case would be to query many tables on a service like VizieR in one go; that still works if you make sure the tables defined by the sub-queries have the same columns. Given that a lot of cross-table operations actually boil down to JOINs and WHERE clauses, the set operations are used less that one would expect. But if you need them, there's no real alternative (short of downloading far too much and performing the operation locally, which of course defeats the purpose of TAP).
Common table expressions ("WITH"). DaCHS doesn't do these yet, and it will only pick them up if someone else implements them first. In the way ADQL 2.1 has them ("nonrecursive"), CTEs are little more than syntactic sugar, and I'm not quite sure if the additional implementation complexity is worth it. If you're curious, check CTEs in the postgres manual. If that makes you drool for WITH in ADQL, let me know. It'll not be too hard to sway me to put them in.
Bitwise Operations. That's when integers are treated as bit patterns. If this sounds like nerd stuff to you, well, it happens quite a bit in actual catalogs. See, for instance, Note 3 for the PPMXL. You'd need the flags column described there if you wanted to exclude PPMXL objects that replaced multiple USNO-B1.0 objects (bit 3), you will right now have to write something like MOD(flags,16)>7. That's a bit of magic that everyone will have to think about for a while. With bitwise operations, you'll just write BITWISE_AND(flags,8)=8, which will look familiar to everyone who has used the pattern before (in particular, it's clear we're talking about bit 3). There still is discussion whether bitwise operations are common enough to warrant special syntax – the draft currently says the above should be written as flags&8=8 – or whether the functions DaCHS has at the moment (they're called BITWISE_AND, BITWISE_OR, BITWISE_XOR, and BITWISE_NOT) are good enough.
Offset. If you've ever done anything with ADQL, you'll know that SELECT TOP 10 * FROM hipparcos.main ORDER BY parallax DESC will give you the 10 objects with the larges parallaxes. But what if you want the next but 10 closest stars? Well, OFFSET to the rescue:
FROM hipparcos.main
ORDER BY parallax DESC
There is another, more sinister, application for OFFSET, which happens to be the actual reason I've put it into DaCHS' ADQL ages ago: Written as OFFSET 0 several databases use it to denote a barries for the query planner. This is explained to some degree in the class DaCHS TAP example Crossmatch for a Guide Star – which still mentions the first hack I had built into DaCHS to let query authors rein in overzealous query planners.
LOWER and ILIKE. ADQL has been extremely weak on the side of text processing, so weak indeed that it wasn't nearly enough to cover the use cases for the registry when it moved to RegTAP. ADQL 2.1 adds two basic features – LOWER, a function that lets people query in a case-insensitive fashion, and ILIKE, an operator that is like LIKE, but again ignores case. While both features are obviously great as soon as people dump any kind of text (think object names) into their databases, I'm not terribly happy with ILIKE, as it does the same as RegTAP's ivoa_nocasematch user defined function, and it's always bad when a two standards forsee two different mechanisms for the same thing.
Geometry-typed arguments. CIRCLE and POLYGON now accept POINTs in alternative constructor functions. That is, you can now say CIRCLE(POINT(ra, dec), radius) in addition to the traditional CIRCLE(ra, dec, radius). In itself, that's probably not terribly exciting, but when you have actual POINTs in your database, it's much more compact to write, say,
FROM zcosmos.data
WHERE 0=CONTAINS(
ssa_targetpos,
CIRCLE(ssa_location, ssa_aperture))
(which would return rows for those spectra for which the declared aperture does not contain the declared target). Before, you'd had to write some fairly ugly expression involving COORD1 and whatnot in order to achieve the same effect.
Boolean expressions. That's another one that's still a bit up in the air. First, the rough goal is to allow boolean values in ADQL-accessible tables, which so far have been a hack at best. In the future, you should be able to say WHERE is_broken=True. However, people coming from other languages will find that odd, and indeed, in python I'd cringe on if is_broken==True:. What I'd expect is if is_broken:. Do we want this in ADQL? Currently, it's in the grammar (more or less like this), but this kind of thing makes it still harder to produce useful syntax error messages. Is it worth it, either way? I'm not sure.
That about concludes my quick review of the new features of ADQL 2.1. If you'd like to know more, the current draft is on the IVOA document repository, and if you can deal with version control (you should!), you can follow the bleeding edge in the ADQL document in Volute. Discussion happens on the DAL mailing list.
Update (2018-04-13): Well, as to the CTEs, I couldn't resist after all, and they're in with DaCHS 1.1.3. And I have to say a love them — they weren't hard to put in, and once they're there they make so many queries a good deal more readable than before. I've even put it a server-defined example for CTEs on the Heidelberg TAP service showcasing a particularly compelling use case.
Author Markus DemleitnerPosted on March 5, 2018 April 13, 2018 Categories DaCHS, Standards
Space and Time not lost on the Registry
A histogram of times for which the Palomar-Leiden service has images: That's temporal service coverage right there.
If you are an astronomer and you've ever tried looking for data in the Virtual Observatory Registry, chances are you have wondered "Why can't I enter my position here?" Or perhaps "So, I'm looking for images in [NIII] – where would I go?"
Both of these are examples for the use of Space-Time Coordinates (STC) in data discovery – yes, spectral coordinates count as STC, too, and I could make an argument for it. But this post is about something else: None of this has worked in the Registry up to now.
It's time to mend this blatant omission. To take the next steps, after a bit of discussion on some of the IVOA's mailing lists, I have posted an IVOA note proposing exactly those last Thursday. It is, perhaps with a bit of over-confidence, called A Roadmap for Space-Time Discovery in the VO Registry. And I'd much appreciate feedback, in particular if you are a VO user and have ideas on what you'd like to do with such a facility.
In this post, I'd like to give a very quick run-down on what is in it for (1) VO users, (2) service operators in general, and (3) service operators who happen to run DaCHS.
First, users. We already are pretty good on spatial coverage (for about 13000 of almost 20000 resources), so it might be worth experimenting with that. For now, the corresponding table is only available on the RegTAP mirror at http://dc.g-vo.org/tap. There, you can try queries like
select ivoid from
rr.table_column
natural join rr.stc_spatial
1=contains(gavo_simbadpoint('HDF'), coverage)
and ucd like 'phot.flux;em.radio%'
to find – in this case – services that have radio fluxes in the area of the Hubble Deep Field. If these lines scare you or you don't know what to do with the stupid ivoids, check the previous post on this blog – it explains a bit more about RegTAP and why you might care.
Similarly cool things will, hopefully, some day be possible in spectrum and time. For instance, if you were interested in SII fluxes in the crab nebula in the early sixties, you could, some day, write
rr.stc_temporal
NATURAL JOIN rr.stc_spectral
1=CONTAINS(gavo_simbadpoint('M1'), coverage)
AND 1=ivo_interval_overlaps(
6.69e-7, 6.75e-7,
wavelength_start, wavelength_end)
36900, 38800,
time_start, time_end)
As you can see, the spectral coordiate will, following (admittedly broken) VO convention, be given in meters of vacuum wavelength, and time in MJD. In particular the thing with the wavelength isn't quite settled yet – personally, I'd much rather have energy there. For one, it's independent of the embedding medium, but much more excitingly, it even remains somewhat sensible when you go to non-electromagnetic messengers.
A pattern I'm trying to establish is the use of the user-defined function ivo_interval_overlaps, also defined in the Note. This is intended to allow robust query patterns in the presence of two intrinsically interval-valued things: The service's coverage and the part of the spectrum you're interested in, say. With the proposed pattern, either of these can degenerate to a single point and things still work. Things only break when both the service and you figure that "Aw, Hα is just 656.3 nm" and one of you omits a digit or adds one.
But that's academic at this point, because really few resources define their coverage in time and and spectrum. Try it yourself:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (
SELECT DISTINCT ivoid FROM rr.stc_temporal) AS q
(the subquery with the DISTINCT is necessary because a single resource can have multiple rows for time and spectrum when there's multiple distinct intervals – think observation campaigns). If this gives you more than a few dozen rows when you read this, I strongly suspect it's no longer 2018.
To improve this situation, the service operators need to provide the information on the coverage in their resource records. Indeed, the registry schemas already have the notion of a coverage, and the Note, in its core, simply proposes to add three elements to the coverage element of VODataService 1.1. Two of these new elements – the coverage in time and space – are simple floating-point intervals and can be repeated in order to allow non-contiguous coverage. The third element, the spatial coverage, uses a nifty data structure called a MOC, which expands to "HEALPix Multi-Order Coverage map" and is the main reason why I claim we can now pull off STC in the Registry: MOCs let databases and other programs easily and quickly manipulate areas on the sphere. Without MOCs, that's a pain.
So, if you have registry records somewhere, please add the elements as soon as you can – if you don't know how to make a MOC: CDS' Aladin is there to help. In the end, your coverage elements should look somewhat like this:
<coverage>
<spatial>3/336,338,450-451,651-652,659,662-663
4/1816,1818-1819,1822-1823,1829,1840-1841</spatial>
<temporal>37190 37250</temporal>
<spectral>3.3e-07 6.6e-07</spectral>
<waveband>Optical</waveband>
<waveband>Infrared</waveband>
</coverage>
The waveband elements are remainders from VODataService 1.1. They are still in use (prominently, for one, in SPLAT), and it's certainly still a good idea to keep giving them for the forseeable future. You can also see how you would represent multiple observing campaigns and different spectral ranges.
Finally, if you're running DaCHS and you're using it to generate registry records (and there's almost no excuse for not doing so), you can simply write a coverage element into your RD starting with DaCHS 1.2 (or, if you run betas, 1.1.1, which is already available). You'll find lots of examples at the usual place. As a relatively interesting example, the resource descriptor of plts. It has this:
<updater spaceTable="data" spectralTable="data" mocOrder="4"/>
<spatial>3/282,410 4/40,323,326,329,332,387,390,396,648-650,1083,1085,1087,1101-1103,1123,1125,1132-1134,1136,1138-1139,1144,1146-1147,1173-1175,1216-1217,1220,1223,1229,1231,1235-1236,1238,1240,1597,1599,1614,1634,1636,1728,1730,1737,1739-1740,1765-1766,1784,1786,2803,2807,2809,2812</spatial>
This particular service archives plate scans from the Palomar-Leiden Trojan surveys; these were looking for Trojan asteroids (of Jupiter) using the Palomar 122 cm Schmidt and were conducted in several shortish campaigns between 1960 and 1977 (incidentally, if you're looking for things near the Ecliptic, this stuff might still hold valuable insights for you). Because the fill factor for the whole time period is rather small, I manually extracted the time coverage; for that, I ran select dateobs from plts.data via TAP and made the histogram plot above. Zooming in a bit, I read off the limits in TOPCAT's coordinate display.
The other coverages, however, were put in automatically by DaCHS. That's what the updater element does: for each axis, you can say where DaCHS should look, and it will then fill in the appropriate data from what it guesses gives the relevant coordiantes – that's straightforward for standard tables like the ones behind SSAP and SIAP services (or obscore tables, for that matter), perhaps a bit more involved otherwise. To say "just do it for all axis", give the updater a single sourceTable attribute.
Finally, in this case I'm overriding mocOrder, the order down to which DaCHS tries to resolve spatial features. I'm doing this here because in determining the coverage of image services DaCHS right now only considers the centers of the images, and that's severely underestimating the coverage here, where the data products are the beautiful large Schmidt plates. Hence, I'm lowering the resolution from the default 6 (about one degree linearly) to still give some approximation to the actual data coverage. We'll fix the underlying deficit as soon as pgsphere, the postgres extension which is actually dealing with all the MOCs, has support for turning circles and polygons into MOCs.
When you have defined an updater, just run dachs limits q.rd, and DaCHS will carefully (preserving your indentation) re-write the RD to contain what DaCHS has worked out from your table (but careful: it will overwrite what was previously there; so, make sure you only ask DaCHS to only deal with axes you're not dealing with manually).
If you feel like writing code discovering holes in the intervals, ideally already in the database: that would be great, because the tighter the intervals defined, the fewer false positives people will have in data discovery.
The take-away for DaCHS operators is:
Add STC coverage to your resources as soon as you've updated to DaCHS 1.2
If you don't have to have the tightest coverage declaration conceivable, all you have to do to have that is add
<updater sourceTable="my_table"/>
to your RD (where my_table is the id of your service's "main" table) and then run dachs limits q.rd
For special effects and further information, see Coverage Metadata in the DaCHS reference documentation
If you have a nice postgres function that splits a simple coverage interval up so the filling factor of a set of new intervals increases (or know a nice, database-compatible algorithm to do so) – please let me know.
Author Markus DemleitnerPosted on February 14, 2018 Categories DaCHS, Demo, Operations, StandardsTags adql, registry, RegTAP, tap


Are you balding prematurely? Is your hair thinning for no apparent reason? There are many factors causing hairloss and we have the solution for everyone of those problems. Postpone the hair transplant and do away with those expensive herbal treatments because we have the answer. Grow a head full of hair in just under 4 months and let your hairdresser marvel at the changes in your hair.


MAYfest: Kings & Queens of Nature; Tinkergarden!
Tinkergarten helps kids develop, grow and better prepare through outdoor play-based learning classes and activities. We believe that independent exploration and well-designed play-based activities are the keys to developing a host of important capabilities, including self reliance, creativity, leadership and problem solving. Our expert-designed classes and activities help kids learn and develop the skills that matter most, while enjoying fun, engaging experiences in the physical freedom of local green spaces.
Children will get a chance to decorate their very own nature crowns using natural materials that they find on site and that are provided. Like fairy kings and queens, the children will proudly display their crowns in a short wild rumpus parade to end the class.


Located in the village of Eisfeld, the owner-run Berggasthof & Hotel Kranich is located in Hinterrod am Frankenblick and offers comfortable accommodation, free WiFi and a small spa area with sauna and fitness equipment.Enjoy with us the fantastic view of the Franconian landscape.
Country-style rooms at the Berggasthof & Hotel Kranich in Hinterrod Frankenblick include a flat-screen TV, SKY TV and a private bathroom. Almost all rooms have a balcony and a coffee machine.
The hotel is ideally located for hikers, cyclists and skiers alike. Rental bicycles are available on site.
In the morning, a Thuringian breakfast buffet awaits you. In the hotel restaurant, our well-traveled chef will spoil you with a selection of regional and international specialties and unexpected creations.
Berggasthof & Hotel Kranich is located in Hinterrod Frankenblick, a 10-minute drive from the A73 motorway. Free private parking is available on site.


text:
HomeRemembering the Glorious Jewish Humanity of Anne Meara
Remembering the Glorious Jewish Humanity of Anne Meara
Benjamin IvryMay 25, 2015Image by Getty Images
Image by Getty Images
Anne Meara, who died on May 23 at age 85, was considerably more than one-half of the beloved comedy act Stiller and Meara. Born into a Roman Catholic family, she converted to Reform Judaism in 1961, as she told "People Magazine" in 1977, because she "wanted my children to know who they were." Those children, actors Ben and Amy Stiller, as well as her husband Jerry Stiller, benefited from her intense vivacity and enthusiasm about Judaism, as in everything else that she embraced. In their early years as comedians, Stiller and Meara concocted the characters of a loving couple, Hershey Horowitz and Mary Elizabeth Doyle, whose differences did not impede affection. Their exchanges moved the heart of TV host Ed Sullivan, an Irish-American himself long married to a Jewish woman. Sullivan invited them on his show dozens of times. Yet Stiller and Meara's was a gently misleading dialectic insofar as it purported to follow the venerable comic template of Abie's Irish Rose (anticipating the current Broadway comedy "It Shoulda Been You"). In reality, Meara was as involved with Judaism, if not more so, than Stiller.
Enchanted as a girl by the children's radio show "Let's Pretend" starring Miriam Wolfe (born Miriam Wolff in Brooklyn), Meara dreamed early on of a showbiz career. A "superfan" of the radio show which adapted fairy tales, as she stated in a preface to memoirs by Arthur Anderson, another actor from that series, she trained diligently and built impeccable credentials as a serious actress. Working with the noted pedagogues Alfred Linder and Uta Hagen, by 1949 Meara was performing small roles in high-profile plays, such as Sean O'Casey's anti-war drama "The Silver Tassie," performed at Carnegie Hall.
In 1956, Meara opened on Broadway in Turgenev's "A Month in the Country" directed by Michael Redgrave, acting alongside Luther Adler, Uta Hagen, and Sorrell Booke. In 1957 she was in Brecht's "The Good Woman of Setzuan" with Zero Mostel, Uta Hagen, Nancy Marchand, and Gene Saks. She also played The Second Witch in Joseph Papp's Shakespeare in the Park production of "Macbeth," with other roles in Brecht's "Puntila," Shakespeare's "As You Like It," and "Two Gentlemen of Verona." The following year she played a prostitute in the landmark production of "Ulysses in Nighttown" starring Mostel as Joyce's Leopold Bloom. Joyce's "Ulysses" and its protagonist would captivate almost all the Stiller mishpocheh, as her husband and daughter would also broadcast excerpts from the book. Yet raising a family and keeping food on the table made a regular paycheck from touring in comedy routines irresistible. Her partnership with Stiller, not without its storm and stress, as expected in the extremely difficult profession which both had adopted, bolstered her career changes. Interviewed in 2011 at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, listening to Stiller explain that they always live in the present, not the past, Meara broke in to say, "You're my rabbi, baby." Clearly she admired her partner's life philosophy, as expressed in his "Married to Laughter: A Love Story Featuring Anne Meara" (2001). One touching aspect of the couple's interviews is how intently Meara watches Stiller and weighs his comments, not just to be prepared with a characteristic snappy retort. At the same Columbia interview, when asked what she thinks of Mark Zuckerberg, Meara instantly transformed into a Jewish mother with a pained fixed grin, carping: "He never writes, he never calls." Comedy was apparently in her genes; her father, after years as a lawyer, retired to the Chalfonte Hotel on West 70th Street, not far from the Stiller home on Riverside Drive, where he launched a new career as a comedy writer for the couple.
In an endless list of sitcoms and screen comedies where Meara may not have expressed her full dramatic potential, she always cultivated her interest in Judaism. She appeared in "Lovers and Other Strangers," (1970) written by Renée Taylor and Joseph Bologna, yet another comic variation on the travails of a Jewish-Catholic couple, as well as Ira Levin's thriller "The Boys from Brazil" (1978), about a postwar Nazi plot to clone Hitler. As Mrs. Curry, the adoptive mother of one of the cloned boys, she begs Laurence Olivier, as the Simon Wiesenthal-like Ezra Lieberman, not to make the truth public. This scene with the legendary stage hero Olivier, albeit by then ill and giving one of his weaker performances, must have been deeply important to Meara, whose devotion to the theater was a lifelong constant. In Oliver Sacks' "Awakenings," (1990), her comic timing came to the fore as Miriam, a Jewish patient emerging from a decades-long coma. Asked by a nurse to take her blood pressure, Miriam snaps: "I've been sitting still for 25 years. You missed your chance." When informed that her husband had divorced her years before, Miriam exclaims with relief, "Oh, thank God!"
Four years previously, Meara had popped up in as a different Miriam, the sister of Moses and Aaron, making matzoh during the Exodus from Egypt, on "Shalom Sesame," a spinoff from Sesame Street. Intended to teach children about Israel and Judaism, "Shalom Sesame" was reprised in 2010 with a different cast. As recently as 2011, she was a plausible retired Yiddish theatre star, acting alongside Stiller in . Not the least expression of Meara's Yiddishkeit was her indefatigable devotion to tzedakah, from appearances at charitable events to recording a promotional video not long ago for the American Friends of the Rabin Medical Center. Irreverent about her early Catholic school education, she obviously relished making jocular commercials with Stiller for Blue Nun wine and acting in "Nasty Habits" (1977), Muriel Spark's satire of a Watergate-type scandal re-enacted by nuns in a convent. A gloriously funny and humane person, Anne Meara was also an actress and writer – she completed two full-length plays – of great gifts.
Benjamin Ivry is a frequent contributor to the Forward.
Benjamin Ivry


The fourth phase of the 'Back to Learning' initiative launched Tuesday by the Ministry of General Education and Instruction, at Freedom Square in Kapoeta in the presence of more than 2,000 children and their parents, representatives of UNICEF, the Education Donor Group, Save the Children, Girls Education South Sudan, and members of the National Education Forum and Civil Society.
The Back to Learning 2018 initiative will target the most under-represented communities throughout South Sudan, providing learning opportunities for children currently not attending school, either due to conflict, cultural barriers or obstacles such as distance or family finances. Building on the success of the first two years of the initiative, which provided more than 680,000 children with access to education, the next phase of Back to Learning will put an emphasis on children in conflict affected states, girls and other vulnerable children.
This year's theme 'Inclusive and Equitable Access to Quality Education for Peace and Sustainable Development' aims to highlight the crucial role of education in fostering peace. Education has the potential to build the capacities of children, parents, teachers and community members to prevent, reduce and cope with conflict and to promote equality and peace. Education can also help address the inequalities that generate conflict. Inequalities can fuel conflict, just as conflict can worsen inequalities.
What can we do for the people of Sudan?
National and state-level Back to Learning committees are already in place coordinating activities for this school year, including social mobilization activities across the country to kick start the yearlong campaign. We encourage as many citizens as possible to get involved in this initiative.
UNICEF continues to work with partners to set up temporary learning spaces and provide supplies and psychosocial support to protect children from the worst consequences of the conflict whilst continuing with their education.
•	Provide 500,000 children and adolescents with access to age-appropriate learning opportunities; which will include 300,000 children retained from 2017 and 200,000 children currently out of school.
•	Train 1,200 Parent Teacher Association and School Management Committee members on social mobilization, conflict sensitive education, basic school management and school development.
To provide access to learning opportunities for the more than half a million vulnerable children and adolescents aged 3 to 18, UNICEF and partners require US$47.5 million.
The funds will be used to provide learning facilities and education materials to newly enrolled children in schools; to continue education services to children in conflict-affected areas; and to enrol new students out of school for other reasons.


Criticism proper means dealing in the first place with art as art, which means dealing with value judgments. Otherwise criticism becomes something else. Not that it is to be so narrowly defined as to have to exclude interpretation, description, analysis, etc.; only that it must, if it's to be criticism, include evaluation, and evaluation in the first place—for the sake of art, for the sake of everything art is that isn't information or exhoration, for the sake of what's in art's gift alone.


…This and other physician jobs brought to you by ExactMD. Please contact the hiring authority regarding details about the practice.
Sign-In or Register to post jobs reaching 3,486 registered Job Seekers and access the Sutter Buttes Area Job Seeker database of fresh resumes.
Search: There are 3,486 registered job seekers on Sutter Buttes Help Wanted. Search our resume database and access 1,924 job seeker resumes.
Hit the airwaves: Our partnerships with radio and TV outlets promote SutterButtesHelpWanted.com, uniquely extending the reach of your advertising to more local professionals.


As the figurative quotes imply, a single picture says a lot. The evolution of photography is taking the web for more reasons to be the future.
Ever wondered what Carvertise Company is all about? They are a national advertising business. It pays drivers to place removable ads in their cars. As you know, car advertising gained popularity and it's probably the best time to join fad. By simply driving your car every day, you are getting paid. Pretty amazing!


A former minor-league infielder who played for the Clinton LumberKings has been added to the team's coaching staff for the 2016 season, the Seattle Mariners announced Tuesday.
Luis Caballero played six seasons in the minor leagues, reaching Double-A for 29 games last year. The Panama native played with the LumberKings in parts of three seasons (2013-15), cumulatively batting .192 with 1 HR, 14 RBI and 6 SB in 66 games.
Caballero joins manager Mitch Canham and hitting coach Cesar Nicolas as first-time minor-league coaches on the LumberKings staff. (Click on their names for information about them.) Clinton's pitching coach is Rich Dorman.
Click here and here for information about the other Midwest League coaching assignments for the 2016 season. The MWL season begins Thursday, April 7.


It has been a while since I last made an entry and it's because sometimes I am lazy about logging in and jotting down my thoughts.
But I've been reading my (one of many) cousin's blog and it reminded me of my own space that I had carved out to use as a soap box. This one titled 'but i AM a real women' was originally set up as a place to discuss my role and relationship in/to society as a woman artist and what that means to me. But now I realize that my 'femaleness' extends beyond my artistic practices.
Of course in the great (and mangled here) words of Mierle Ukeles, she says that she is a woman, a wife, a mother and an artist. And due to constraints in time and life, and the demands that every single sector place on her, that she could not maintain her art and career while maintaining her family. So to satisfy her need to create and her duties to her family, she found that she must combine art and family practices so that she might be fulfilled and fulfilling.
Clever girl. Giving her self permission to LIVE. AND to be a real WOMAN all the while. Because real women know that you can only do what you can, and that there should not be shame, guilt, or expectations that lace those decisions with derision from society because we have not done enough. Enough is always enough. Or, what we can each manage individually should be enough for those around us.
And anyone who thinks raising a family does not require the same (if not more) endurance, creativity, patience, and self-love as in making art, well then their opinions are not ones I find worth entertaining.
And as many of the greatest and most successful female (and feminist) artists have been pointing out, especially in recent years- we CAN'T have it all. But we can all have what we need and more. We can all have more than enough.
And that should be enough for the rest of you.


There's no vocal tutorial in this video; the only sound is music ("Why Oh Why" and "Around the World" by ATC.) Feel free to mute it and play whatever music you like!
What stands out: magicalprettyblog uses a couple of awesome, unusual materials in this look. First, to get the intricate swirls around her eyes, instead of using liquid eyeliner, like you'd expect she uses temporary tattoos. That will save the beginner a lot of time, makeup remover, and frustration at her unsteady hands. As a final touch, she adds some pretty little yellow and green somethings—the makeup artist's blog is in Hungarian, but using handy Google translate, we figured out that those accents are dried flowers! What a great, all-natural touch—very fairy. I love that she uses a whole spectrum of colors, without going totally rainbow-bright.
Pair it with: Why not play on the dried flower theme and wear flowers as jewelry, too? This pendant from AhoyAhmisa is made from a real Hibiscus flower petal, set in a synthetic hardening material. It's not necessarily meant to be Fantastic, but you know fairies would appreciate the focus on the simple beauty of nature. This piece would also tie in nicely to the dark purple used on the lids in the video.
Try this out and show us your results!