The San Francisco Estuary (California, USA) had abundant pelagic fish in the late 1960s, but has few pelagic fish today. A primary cause for this decline in fish is thought to be a trophic cascade, triggered by declining phytoplankton. Here, we describe the changes in pelagic community structure of the San Francisco Estuary. Then, we examine whether changes in hydrodynamics due to freshwater exports, which increased exponentially beginning in 1967, in addition to the 1986 invasion by the clam Potamocorbula amurensis, explain the phytoplankton loss. Hydrodynamic variables were reconstructed back to 1956 using statistical models fit to, and cross-validated against, output from a hydrodynamic model. Then, we regressed mean summer/fall chlorophyll a—the season with the largest phytoplankton decline—against the reconstructed hydrodynamic variables and the presence/absence of P. amurensis for 1969–2014. The regression model, which explained 78% of the interannual variation in chlorophyll a, was then used to quantify the influence of P. amurensis and exports on chlorophyll a. Based on monitoring data, chlorophyll a declined 22-fold from 1969–2014, zooplankton declined 32-fold from 1972–2014, and pelagic fish declined 92-fold from 1968–2014. Averaged over 1990–2014, the chlorophyll a model ascribed an 88% decline in chlorophyll a to P. amurensis, a 74% decline to exports (at minimum), and a 97% decline to the combined influence of P. amurensis and exports (at minimum). Thus, the decline in pelagic productivity in the San Francisco Estuary has occurred largely due to the combined impacts of the P. amurensis invasion and increased freshwater exports.
Estuaries rank with agroecosystems and tropical rain forests as the most productive ecosystems in the world (Hopkinson and Smith 2005). Rivers slow and broaden as they encounter seawater, expanding the photic zone and increasing residence time—the time a water parcel takes to move through a water body (Monsen et al. 2002). An expanded photic zone and high residence time provide phytoplankton with time and energy to reproduce. Estuaries have naturally high nutrient concentrations due to their basal locations in watersheds, mobilization of nutrients from the benthos by tidal-energy, and nutrient upwelling from adjacent marine ecosystems (Odum 1967; Smith and Hollibaugh 1997; Hopkinson and Smith 2005). Anthropogenic nutrient inputs, most notably nitrogen from wastewater treatment plants and agricultural runoff, are also powerful drivers of estuarine productivity (Anderson et al. 2002; Whitall et al. 2007). These inputs often tip estuaries into eutrophic states, the most serious threat to estuarine ecosystems globally (Howarth et al. 2000; Anderson et al. 2002; Hopkinson and Smith 2005; Kemp et al. 2005). In the Chesapeake Bay for example, nutrient enrichment has elevated phytoplankton densities for over 100 years (Kemp et al. 2005). Consequently, severe, recurring periods of benthic hypoxia, first noted in the 1950s, have caused declines in macrophytes and benthic macroinfauna (Kemp et al. 2005).
Given the global prevalence of estuarine eutrophication, the San Francisco Estuary (SFE) presents a surprising counter-example. It is formed by the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers and the Pacific Ocean in central California, USA. The SFE is highly altered. An estimated 97% of its tidal wetlands were drained in the 19th and early 20th centuries (Whipple et al. 2012), it is highly invaded by exotic species (Cohen and Carlton 1998), and extensively channelized (Nichols et al. 1986). Two large pumping plants—part of the federally operated Central Valley Project (CVP) and the California operated State Water Project (SWP)—export fresh water from the southern Delta (landward of the SFE) to supply cities and farms to the south, while most of the fresh water enters from the north via the Sacramento River (Kimmerer 2004; Fig. 1). Nutrient concentrations in the SFE are elevated, mainly due to discharge from several large wastewater treatment plants and agricultural runoff (Jassby et al. 2002; Kimmerer et al. 2012; Dahm et al. 2016). However, while the estuary was productive as recently as the early 1980s, it is currently one of the least productive estuaries in the world (i.e., <100 g C m−2 year−1; Cloern et al. 2014; Wilkerson and Dugdale 2016). The low pelagic productivity of the SFE is considered a primary cause for the low abundance of several resident fish species (Sommer et al. 2007), including the imperiled Delta Smelt (Feyrer et al. 2003; Sommer et al. 2007; Hammock et al. 2017; Hamilton and Murphy 2018).
Despite intensive research and decades of monitoring (e.g., Kimmerer 2004; Dugdale et al. 2007; Dahm et al. 2016), the causes for the low productivity of the SFE remain unclear. Researchers have proposed five hypotheses to explain the low abundance of phytoplankton: (1) grazing by the invasive clam Potamocorbula amurensis (Alpine and Cloern 1992), (2) ammonia inhibition of diatom growth (Parker et al. 2012; Wilkerson and Dugdale 2016), (3) phosphorus limitation (Van Nieuwenhuyse 2007), (4) elevated nitrogen, resulting in an unsuitably high nitrogen to phosphorus ratio (Glibert 2010; Glibert et al. 2011), and (5) freshwater exports from the south Delta, which removes phytoplankton from the estuary and may reduce residence time (Jassby and Powell 1994; Arthur et al. 1996). Of these hypotheses, grazing by P. amurensis is the most widely accepted (e.g., Jassby et al. 2002; Feyrer et al. 2003; Kimmerer 2004; Kimmerer 2006; Cloern and Jassby 2012; Dahm et al. 2016). The evidence for the grazing hypothesis is two-fold. First, mean chlorophyll a decreased in Suisun Bay—the epicenter of the P. amurensis invasion—from 11 µg L−1 before the invasion (1975–1986) to 2.2 µg L−1 after the invasion (1987–2010; Cloern and Jassby 2012). Second, filtration rates by P. amurensis in Suisun Bay are estimated to exceed local phytoplankton production (Thompson 2005). However, by the time P. amurensis invaded in 1986, much of the primary and secondary pelagic productivity had already been lost, simultaneously from both fresh and brackish regions (Cloern and Jassby 2012; Hammock et al. 2017), indicating that P. amurensis is not the only cause for the loss of pelagic productivity. The three nutrient hypotheses are controversial. Nutrient levels in the SFE are considered replete (Jassby et al. 2002; Cloern et al. 2007; Kimmerer et al. 2012), and high nitrogen generally promotes algal growth (e.g., Anderson et al. 2002; Whitall et al. 2007). However, others have suggested that high nitrogen/ammonia suppresses algal growth in the SFE (e.g., Glibert et al. 2011; Parker et al. 2012), and Van Nieuwenhuyse (2007) suggests that phosphorus may be limiting. The freshwater export hypothesis (Jassby and Powell 1994) is relatively unstudied.
Here, we describe the changes in the food web (Fig. 2, Step 1) and then use a series of four modeling steps to examine the influence of exports on SFE phytoplankton productivity (Hypothesis 5), while accounting for the grazing of P. amurensis (Hypothesis 1; Fig. 2, Steps 2–5). Hydrodynamic variables were reconstructed back to 1956 using statistical models fit to, and cross-validated against, output from the hydrodynamic computer model Delta Simulation Model II (DSM2). This step was necessary because the version of the computer model we used does not extend to periods before 1989, whereas exports began increasing exponentially in 1967. Finally, we regressed mean summer/fall chlorophyll a—the season with the largest phytoplankton decline—against the reconstructed hydrodynamic variables and the presence/absence of P. amurensis for 1969–2014.
Our analysis consisted of five steps (Fig. 2) which we briefly describe here, in subsequent sections, and in the supplement. In Step 1 (Fig. 2) we used monitoring data collected by state and federal agencies to characterize the timing and extent of the long-term changes at three monitoring locations in the SFE (D7, D8, and D10; Fig. 1) in terms of six variables: chlorophyll a (µg L−1), meso-zooplankton (individuals m−3), pelagic fish (individuals trawl−1), invasive clams (individuals m−2), orthophosphate (mg L−1), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (mg L−1; details in supplementary material, Characterizing decadal trends). In Step 2 (Fig. 2) we used DSM2 (V8.1), a publically available, hydrodynamic computer model of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta/SFE developed by the California Department of Water Resources (DWR), to quantify the combined influence of CVP and SWP exports on the two major freshwater inputs to the SFE, the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers (DWR 2018a, b; details in supplementary material, DSM2). Simulations were run of neutrally buoyant particles released monthly on each river, both in terms of how long the particles spend in the SFE (i.e., a proxy for residence time), and particle fate. Particle fates included loss to agricultural diversions (agricultural diversions occur throughout the Delta, the estimates of which were extracted from DSM2), CVP and SWP exports (the combination is an estimate for loss of freshwater from the SFE), and exiting the SFE (i.e., movement past Martinez toward the Pacific Ocean; Fig. 1). We ran these simulations over six 15-month periods between 1989 and 2012 using DSM2, with the CVP and SWP pumps set either to their historical export rates (observed), or with the CVP and SWP pumps set to zero. Periods of both extremely high, normal, and extremely low flow (Sacramento River at Freeport plus San Joaquin river at Vernalis) were included to capture the range of possible hydrodynamic conditions, and included water years 1991, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2005, and 2009, and the three months following each water year (Oct, Nov, Dec). In Step 3 (Fig. 2) we fit statistical models to 2/3 of the monthly residence time and particle fate results, compared them, and selected the best model in each of the four categories (residence time and particle fate for both rivers). Predictor variables included river flow, agricultural diversions, CVP and SWP exports, and several interactions. The top model in each category was then cross-validated against the remaining 1/3 of the DSM2 results (see model cross-validation below for details). In Step 4 (Fig. 2), using each of the four top-ranked models and publically available data on exports, flow, and agricultural diversions as predictors, we reconstructed monthly residence times and particle fates for both rivers back to 1956, well before water exports began increasing exponentially in 1967 when the SWP pumping plant came online (the CVP has operated since the early 1950s). Finally, in Step 5 (Fig. 2) we fit a series of statistical models to predict chlorophyll a measurements in the SFE, using the reconstructed hydrodynamic variables and the presence/absence of P. amurensis as predictors. The top-ranked model was then used to quantify and compare the influence of CVP plus SWP exports and P. amurensis on chlorophyll a. Predictions were made under four scenarios: without P. amurensis and at low freshwater export levels (i.e., actual export levels during the drought year of 1977), at 1977 export levels but with P. amurensis, at observed (actual) export levels without P. amurensis, and at observed export levels and with P. amurensis.
DSM2 includes a one-dimensional mathematical module for dynamic simulation of one-dimensional hydraulics (stages, flows, velocities; i.e., HYDRO), a water quality module (mass transport processes for conservative and non-conservative constituents; i.e., QUAL), and a module for 3-D tracking of neutrally buoyant particles that runs based on HYDRO simulations (i.e., PTM) (Fig. 2). See supplemental material (DSM2) and two websites with additional information, including documentation, calibration, input and historic data for the model (DWR 2018a, b).
Using HYDRO, simulations were run under two conditions: with the CVP and SWP pumps operating at their historical levels of water export, or with the CVP and SWP pumps set to zero exports. Simulations were run monthly for 1991, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2005, and 2009 water years. 1991 and 1998 were the lowest and highest outflow water years (Sacramento plus San Joaquin river flow) during the years that were available for simulation in DSM2 (1989–2012), and the other four years were selected haphazardly. In addition to the 12 months of each water year, we extended simulations through Oct, Nov, and Dec of the following water year because the fall period was especially of interest. It is during fall that the Sacramento and San Joaquin river flows are lowest (Fig. S19), so the CVP and SWP pumps may exert more influence on hydrodynamics. In addition, summer/fall is the period during which phytoplankton density has declined most (Fig. S20), and is the season with the earliest available chlorophyll a measurements (Alpine and Cloern 1992; Jassby and Powell 1994; Thompson 2005).
Using PTM, 1000 neutrally buoyant particles were inserted (virtually) at one of two locations: near Sacramento on the Sacramento River (DSM2 node 331, Fig. 1 'Sac I') or near Stockton on the San Joaquin River (node 21, Fig. 1 'SJ I'). Insertions were made with the CVP and SWP pumps either on or off based on the HYDRO simulations, such that particles were tracked under four scenarios: Particles released on the Sacramento River with the pumps on and off, and particles released on the San Joaquin River with the pumps on and off. Simulations began on the 15th of each month and were allowed to run for one year. Each particle was tracked individually by the model, and the number of days it took for 10–90% (at 10% increments) of particles to exit the water body was registered. DSM2 also quantified the fate of the particles released, which we treated as a proxy for water fate in subsequent analyses. Particles were considered to have exited the SFE once they passed Martinez (i.e., particles heading toward San Francisco Bay), entered the CVP or SWP pumps, or were diverted for agriculture (Fig. 1). Typically, for residence time studies some percentage of particles exiting is selected and defined as residence time, often 66.7% (e.g., Liu et al. 2011). Because we were interested in the effect of CVP and SWP pumping on an average unit of water, we defined residence time as the average time a particle spent in the Delta/SFE (i.e., residence times were averaged across all percentages of particles remaining).
Statistical models were fit to the residence time and particle fate data for two purposes (Fig. 2). The first was to identify and quantify the explanatory variables that influence the four response variables (residence time and particle fate on both the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers). The second was to use the statistical models to reconstruct residence times and particle fates during periods for which we lacked DSM2 estimations but had hydrologic data from DWR's Dayflow website. DSM2 only allows particle tracking back to 1989, whereas water exports increased exponentially beginning in 1967 (Fig. S6). To test for a relationship between hydrodynamics and chlorophyll a, we needed the hydrodynamic variables to extend to periods before water exports had reached modern levels and chlorophyll a had declined. Categories of models were fit and compared that had one of four response variables: residence time on the Sacramento River, residence time on the San Joaquin River, particles lost on the Sacramento River, and particles lost on the San Joaquin River. The residence time and particle fate models were fit to data from four of the six water years for which we had DSM2 output: 1991, 1998, 1999, and 2009. These years were selected to include the water years with the lowest and highest combined flow on the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers (1991 and 1998) and two intermediate years within the available range for DSM2 (1989–2012).
For residence time on the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, the models were fit in R using the function lm (R Core Team 2018). Log10 transformations were applied to residence time for both rivers to linearize relationships between predictors and responses. For the Sacramento River residence time models, predictors included log10 transformed average monthly flow at Freeport (m3 s−1), the average flow of the next month (m3 s−1, log10 transformed), average monthly CVP plus SWP pumping (m3 s−1), an interaction between average monthly flow and pumping, agricultural diversions (m3 s−1), and an interaction between monthly flow and agricultural diversions (Table S1). Predictors for the San Joaquin River residence time models were identical (Table S1), except that monthly flow at Vernalis was used rather than at Freeport (locations in Fig. 1). The monthly averages were calculated from the 15th of each month to the 14th of the following month to match the DSM2 simulations.
For the particle fate models (one set for the Sacramento and one for the San Joaquin), the response variables were the proportion of the 1000 particles that were lost via either agricultural diversions or CVP and SWP exports rather than exiting toward the Pacific Ocean. Beta-binomial models were fit because the response variables were over-dispersed, proportional data (McElreath 2016). Similar suites of predictors were used as for the residence time models described above, with identical transformations and units (Table S2).
The models in each of the four categories were compared with Akaike Information Criterion corrected for small sample size (AICc; Burnham and Anderson 2002). The top-ranked model from each category was then validated against the two water years to which the models were naive (1996 and 2005). Using the predictions from each of the four statistical models for both water years (predictions) and DSM2 derived data (observed), we calculated three model validation metrics: R2, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, and the Willmott Index of Agreement (Moriasi et al. 2007).
Following validation, the statistical models were used to estimate monthly residence times and particle fates (% lost) from Aug 1956 to Oct 2014 based on flow and CVP and SWP pumping data from DWR's Dayflow website and agricultural diversion data extracted from DSM2 (Fig. 2). For both the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, the particles lost (%) variable was converted to particles remaining (%) by subtracting it from 100%. The proportion of particles remaining for each river was then multiplied by the respective river flow to obtain remaining flow, or the flow of each river that reaches the Exit in Fig. 1 (i.e., Martinez, CA).
Once the monthly hydrodynamic variables were reconstructed, a series of statistical models were built to quantify their influence, and the influence of P. amurensis, on chlorophyll a in the SFE (stations D7, D8, and D10; Fig. 1) (Fig. 2). Annual means of chlorophyll a for each station were used as the response variable for two reasons. First, phytoplankton generation times are on the order of days and therefore respond quickly to environmental conditions (e.g., Cloern et al. 1983). Thus, modeling mean annual chlorophyll rather than monthly chlorophyll removed the potential for temporal autocorrelation among the measurements and simplified the analysis. Second, we were interested in drivers of interannual rather than seasonal variability. We had a complete dataset from 1969 to 2014, so sample size was 138 (46 years × 3 stations). Linear models with Gaussian error distributions were fit in which log10-transformed mean annual chlorophyll a (µg L−1) was the response variable. Predictors included presence/absence of P. amurensis (≥1987: present, <1987: absent), Sacramento River residence time (days), flow (m3 s−1) of Sacramento River water that remains in the SFE (i.e., flows past Martinez, CA), the interaction between residence time and remaining flow for the Sacramento River, the identical variables for the San Joaquin River, and a variable for station (Table 1). We calculated the 'remaining flow' variables by multiplying the proportion of particles that were not lost on both rivers by flow in the respective river, either at Fremont (Sacramento River) or Vernalis (San Joaquin River). Each remaining flow variable was log10-transformed to linearize its relationship with log10-chlorophyll a. The station variable was used to account for potential differences in chlorophyll a among stations. Fourteen models were fit and compared using AICc (Burnham and Anderson 2002; Table 1).
P. amurensis was included as a predictor because it is well-known to suppress phytoplankton abundance in the SFE (Alpine and Cloern 1992; Thompson 2005; Kimmerer and Thompson 2014). P. amurensis was treated as a dummy variable rather than as a density because (1) of the three stations only D7 had density data, (2) benthic invertebrate density data only extended back to 1979, whereas chlorophyll a data extended back to 1969, and (3) other studies have treated P. amurensis as 'present/absent' because its proliferation was so rapid (e.g., Jassby et al. 2002, although see Kimmerer and Thompson 2014). Residence time was included because it drives phytoplankton productivity (e.g., Soballe and Kimmel 1987; Jassby and Powell 1994 and references therin). Remaining flow was included because we hypothesized that residence time and flow would interact. Our rationale was that chlorophyll a in the SFE should depend on the residence time of the freshwater inputs, as well as the quantity of water experiencing that residence time. While nutrient concentrations drive phytoplankton dynamics in many systems, they were not included as predictors because the data only extend back to 1975 whereas chlorophyll a data extend back to 1969, and because nutrients in the SFE are largely considered replete (e.g., Jassby and Powell 1994).
Because DSM2 was explicitly used to quantify the influence of CVP plus SWP pumping on residence time and particle fate, we report the effect size—the difference in the response variable calculated at the minimum and maximum of a predictor variable—of pumping based on the output directly rather than the statistical models of DSM2. In addition, the top-ranked statistical models were used to quantify the influence of each predictor on each of the five response variables (Sacramento and San Joaquin residence times and particle fates, and SFE chlorophyll a). For each predictor, model estimates were made at its minimum and its maximum, with the other variables held constant at their means. For interactions, predictions were made at the minimum and maximum of both factors in the interaction, with the other variables held at their means. However, certain predictions for interactions can be unrealistic. For example, the chlorophyll a model predicts unrealistically high chlorophyll a at maximum remaining flow and maximum residence time, a combination which could not occur (high remaining flows occur during wet years, high residence times occur during droughts; Table 2). Therefore, to calculate environmentally relevant effect sizes, we used the residence time and particle fate models to calculate hydrodynamic conditions during water years back to 1969, but with two different levels of exports (observed and 1977 levels). Then, those hydrodynamic variables were used to make predictions using the chlorophyll a model under four scenarios: 1977 pumping with and without P. amurensis, and observed levels of pumping with and without P. amurensis. 1977 pumping levels, which were depressed because of a severe drought in CA, were used rather than zero pumping because the lowest level of pumping to which the chlorophyll a model was trained occurred in 1977. The effect sizes are best used to understand the statistical models, including under which conditions certain variables matter most (Table 2), while the estimates during actual water years are better used to interpret the hydrodynamic and biological significance of variables.
Sac RT × Sac Flow M.
SJ R RT × SJ R Flow M.
Chlorophyll a, zooplankton, and fish communities of the SFE exhibited steep declines followed by extended periods of low abundance (Fig. 3a–c and S1–S3), while clams increased (mainly P. amurensis; Fig. 3d). Mean annual chlorophyll a declined from 11.43 to 2.39 µg L−1 between 1975/76 and 2013/14, or 4.8-fold. If the analysis is limited to Aug, Sept, and Oct the chlorophyll a data extends further back: From 1969/70 to 2013/14, chlorophyll a declined from 37.3 to 1.72 µg L−1, or 21.7-fold (Aug, Sept, and Oct; Fig. S1D). Zooplankton declined from 27,773 to 876 individuals m−3 from 1972/73 to 2013/14, or 31.7-fold. Pelagic fish declined from 157.7 to 1.7 individuals trawl−1 from 1968/69 to 2013/14, or 92.3-fold. For chlorophyll a, zooplankton, and pelagic fish, the declines were in progress well before the 1986 invasion of P. amurensis, and all exhibited a negative exponential functional form (Fig. 3a–c). Between 1975 and 2014, orthophosphate was fairly stable in the SFE, while dissolved inorganic nitrogen increased (Figs S4 and S5). Mean annual CVP plus SWP exports of fresh water increased exponentially beginning in 1967 (Fig. S6). By ~1990, mean annual exports had somewhat stabilized near 200 m3 s−1, although with considerable variation depending on flow (Fig. S6).
The top-ranked residence time model for the Sacramento River included flow, agricultural diversions, CVP plus SWP pumping, and an interaction between agricultural diversions and flow (Table S1). Model estimates show that residence time increases with decreasing flow (from 5.1 to 74 days from maximum to minimum flow), with increasing agricultural diversions (from 25.730.3 to 25.730.3 days from minimum to maximum agricultural diversions), and with increasing CVP and SWP pumping (from 25.6 to 31.3 days from minimum to maximum pumping; Fig. 4a). For the San Joaquin River, the top ranked residence time model included flow, CVP and SWP pumping, an interaction between flow and CVP and SWP pumping, agricultural diversions, and an interaction between flow and agricultural diversions (Table S1). Model estimates show that residence time increases with decreasing flow (from 11.8 to 66.8 days), with decreasing agricultural diversions (from 31.2 to 35.5 days), and with decreased CVP and SWP pumping (from 15.5 to 45.8 days; Fig. 4b).
For all three interactions in the residence time models, high flow dampened the influence of the pumps or agricultural diversions on residence time, while low flow increased their influence. For instance, during Aug, Sept, and Oct when flow is low, CVP and SWP pumping exerted a strong, negative effect on residence time on the San Joaquin River (Fig. 4b, S8-S12), and a small, positive influence on residence time on the Sacramento River (Fig. 4a, S8–S12; details in supplement DSM2: Residence time). During most years, the negative effect of the pumps on the residence time of the San Joaquin River was diminished during the rest of the year by high flows (Fig. S9–S12). However, during the drought water year of 1991 the pumps exerted a strong, negative influence on residence time nearly year-round (Fig. S8).
The top-ranked particle fate model for the Sacramento River included flow, CVP plus SWP pumping, agricultural diversions, an interaction between flow and agricultural diversions, and an interaction between flow and CVP plus SWP pumping (Table S2). Model estimates show that percent particles lost (to agricultural diversions and CVP plus SWP) decreases with increasing flow (from 34.7 to 0.4% loss) and increases with increasing agricultural diversions (4.2 to 34.4%) and CVP and SWP pumping (2.2 to 72%). The top-ranked particle fate model for the San Joaquin River included flow, CVP plus SWP pumping, agricultural diversions, a flow by CVP plus SWP pumping interaction, and a CVP plus SWP by agricultural diversions interaction (Table S2). Similar to the Sacramento River model, estimates for the San Joaquin River show that percent particles lost (to agricultural diversions and CVP plus SWP pumping) decreases with increasing flow (from 86.1 to 1.7% loss) and increases with increasing agricultural diversions (26.9 to 79.7%) and CVP and SWP pumping (7.0 to 99.6%). Based on DSM2 output, in Aug, Sept, and Oct, when the effects of the CVP and SWP were pronounced (e.g., Fig. 4), the percent of particles lost increased with CVP and SWP pumping from 1.4 to 45.5% on the Sacramento River and 6.0 to 92.1% on the San Joaquin River (details in Supplement DSM2: Particle fate).
Each of the four top-ranked models of DSM2 results were successfully cross-validated. The R2 of the relationships between DSM2 results and predictions ranged from 0.86 to 0.98 (Table S3). Nash-Sutcliffe efficiencies ranged from 0.85 to 0.97, and Indexes of Agreement ranged from 0.95 to 0.99 (Table S3). Together, these metrics indicate that all four statistical models can be considered 'very good' (Moriasi et al. 2007, Figs S13–S16, Table S3). Therefore, the four statistical models were used to reconstruct residence times and particle fates back to 1956, at observed levels of CVP and SWP pumping, with pumping in each statistical model set to zero (Fig. 5), and set to low (1977, a drought year) levels for use in the chlorophyll a models. Predicted residence time for the Sacramento River did not change systematically through time (Fig. 5a). In contrast, San Joaquin River residence time, and particles remaining in both rivers exhibited negative exponential declines (Fig. 5b–d), similar in functional form to the declines in the pelagic community of the SFE (Fig. 3a–c).
The top-ranked chlorophyll a model included the P. amurensis dummy variable, San Joaquin River residence time, remaining San Joaquin River flow, an interaction between San Joaquin residence time and remaining San Joaquin River flow, Sacramento River residence time, remaining flow of the Sacramento River, and an interaction between Sacramento residence time and remaining Sacramento River flow (Table 1). Chlorophyll a predictions from the model agreed well with actual measurements, with an R2 of 0.78 between observed and predicted chlorophyll a (Fig. 6a). The presence of P. amurensis strongly suppressed chlorophyll a (Table 2). While chlorophyll a strongly increased with residence time when remaining San Joaquin River flow was high, at low remaining flow there was little influence of residence time on chlorophyll a (Table 2). A similar pattern occurred on the Sacramento River, where the increasing residence time had a positive influence on chlorophyll a, but only when the remaining flow was substantial (Table 2). Thus, chlorophyll a in the SFE is strongly driven by P. amurensis and the interaction between residence time and remaining freshwater flow. Because CVP and SWP exports reduce residence time on the San Joaquin River, reduce remaining flow of the San Joaquin River, reduce remaining flow of the Sacramento River, and exerts only a slightly positive influence on Sacramento River residence time, CVP and SWP exports had an overall negative influence on chlorophyll a (Fig. 5).
With exports at 1977 levels and without P. amurensis, estimated chlorophyll a was 47.3 µg L−1 averaged over 1990–2014 (after P. amurensis was established and exports had reached modern levels, Fig. S6). At 1977 levels of CVP and SWP exports but with P. amurensis, model estimated chlorophyll a declined from 87.6% to 5.9 µg L−1 (Fig. 6b). At observed export levels but without P. amurensis, model estimated chlorophyll a was 12.2 µg L−1, a 74.1% decline (Fig. 6b). At observed export levels and with P. amurensis, estimated chlorophyll was 1.5 µg L−1, a 96.8% decline (Fig. 6b). Thus, we estimate that the SFE lost an average of 45.8 µg L−1 of chlorophyll a during Aug, Sept, and Oct due to the combined influence of freshwater exports and P. amurensis averaged over 1990–2014 (Fig. 6b). We note that the 1977 level of exports was used rather than zero as the minimum level of freshwater exports, so the influence of CVP and SWP pumping on chlorophyll a is likely larger than our estimates (i.e., 1977 CVP plus SWP exports were 40.7 m3 s−1, not zero).
The effect sizes of CVP and SWP exports and P. amurensis depended on water year type. In the presence of P. amurensis and excluding the four years with the highest Aug, Sept, Oct flow in the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers (1995, 1998, 2006, and 2011), the model estimated loss of chlorophyll a due to CVP and SWP pumping was 39.9 µg L−1 (declining from 51.7 to 11.8 µg L−1). During the same period, the estimated loss due to P. amurensis was 45.3 µg L−1, declining from 51.7 to 6.4 µg L−1. In contrast, during the four wet years, the model estimated loss due to exports was just 9.6 µg L−1, declining from 24.4 to 14.7 µg L−1. During the four wet years the estimated loss for P. amurensis was 21.3 µg L−1, declining from 24.4 to 3.02 µg L−1. Together, CVP and SWP exports and P. amurensis reduced model estimated mean chlorophyll a from 51.7 to 1.5 µg L−1 during the drier periods, and from 24.4 to 1.8 µg L−1 during the four wet years.
There is a growing consensus that the decline in pelagic fish abundance in the SFE is at least partially due to a trophic cascade, triggered by declining phytoplankton (Feyrer et al. 2003; Sommer et al. 2007; Hammock et al. 2017; Hamilton and Murphy 2018). Whereas a top-down trophic cascade would be expected to cause decreases in only certain trophic levels (e.g., fish and phytoplankton, Brett and Goldman 1996), the observational data we present is more consistent with a bottom-up trophic cascade. That is, the SFE exhibited similarly timed, negative exponential declines in phytoplankton, zooplankton, and pelagic fish abundance (Fig. 3a–c). While the invasion of P. amurensis is a well-established cause for the phytoplankton decline (Alpine and Cloern 1992; Thompson 2005), others have suggested that CVP and SWP exports may also reduce phytoplankton abundance, potentially by exporting phytoplankton and reducing residence time (Jassby and Powell 1994; Arthur et al. 1996; Jassby et al. 2002). Here, we use a series of modeling steps to determine the influence of CVP and SWP exports on phytoplankton, while accounting for the impacts of grazing caused by the invasion of P. amurensis (Alpine and Cloern 1992). Model estimates indicate that CVP and SWP water exports and P. amurensis each exert a potent, negative influence on phytoplankton in the SFE, supporting the hypotheses of both Alpine and Cloern (1992) and Jassby and Powell (1994).
The interactions between residence time and remaining flow on each river are key to understanding how freshwater exports from the south Delta reduce phytoplankton tens of kilometers away from the SFE (Fig. 1). Residence time has long been known to be an important driver of phytoplankton abundance in aquatic ecosystems, with decreased residence time associated with lower concentrations of chlorophyll a (e.g., Soballe and Kimmel 1987). However, the associations Søballe and Kimmel (1987) described are for the waterbodies themselves (e.g., lakes and rivers). In the SFE, the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers mix with water from the Pacific Ocean, so the volume of fresh water on which residence time acts is also important. This is best illustrated by extreme water years. During the drought year of 1977, residence times on the Sacramento and San Joaquin peaked (Figs. 5a, b), but SFE phytoplankton was atypically low (Fig. 6a). According to the top-ranked chlorophyll a model, phytoplankton did not respond to elevated residence time because remaining flow was low. That is, there was insufficient fresh water experiencing long residence times to support abundant phytoplankton in the SFE (although see Nichols (1985) and Cloern et al. (1983) for alternative explanations). The opposite occurred during 1983, an extremely wet year. While remaining freshwater flow was high, chlorophyll a in the SFE was suppressed because residence times on both rivers were low (Figs. 5 and 6). During 1970, in contrast, P. amurensis had not yet invaded, residence times were moderate, and CVP and SWP exports were relatively low (Figs. 5, 6, S17, and S18). This left a high proportion of inflow to experience the moderate residence times, resulting in abundant phytoplankton (Fig. 6a).
Model estimates indicate that pumping by the CVP and SWP exerts a potent, negative influence on SFE phytoplankton during periods of moderate flow. However, we note that the true effect size of CVP and SWP could not be estimated because the minimum export rate during summer/fall over the study period (1969–2014) was over 40 m3 s−1, making our effect size estimates of CVP and SWP exports on chlorophyll a conservative. According to model estimates, if summer/fall pumping had been reduced to 1977 levels from 1990 to 2014, in the presence of P. amurensis, mean chlorophyll a would have increased from 1.5 to 5.9 µg L−1. For reference, growth of Daphnia magna is maximized at approximately 10 µg L−1 of chlorophyll a in freshwater portions of the SFE (Müller-Solger et al. 2002). The negative effect on chlorophyll a caused by CVP plus SWP pumping was larger in moderate water years and smaller in wet years. We stress, however, that the estimates we report should not be considered an indication of how the SFE would respond to reduced summer/fall exports in the future because the influence of P. amurensis on chlorophyll a could change unpredictably with reduced summer/fall exports. The chlorophyll a model was not trained to periods of low exports and moderate flow following the invasion of P. amurensis, because this combination of conditions never occurred. Populations of P. amurensis and other grazers may increase in response to elevated phytoplankton (e.g., Beukema and Cadée 1986), potentially muting the response of phytoplankton to the more favorable hydrodynamics. Alternatively, the additional freshwater flow would move the salinity field seaward, potentially shifting the range of P. amurensis down-estuary and reducing the influence of the bivalve (Peterson and Vayssieres 2010). The introduction of Microcystis to the ecosystem, first reported in 1999 (Lehman and Waller 2003, Lehman and Lehman et al. 2005), adds to the uncertainty because any management actions that improve hydrodynamic conditions for phytoplankton are likely to also promote Microcystis in the Delta. Thus, given the novel SFE/Delta community, a substantial decrease in summer/fall exports could conceivably lead to a variety of outcomes, including: little change in phytoplankton and more abundant clams, harmful algal blooms in the Delta, or higher phytoplankton densities. These ecological uncertainties suggest that an adaptive management approach to summer/fall pumping rates, in combination with foodweb monitoring, is warranted.
One important outcome of our study is that the reduction of chlorophyll a by the CVP and SWP pumps is most profound at lower river flows. During periods of high flow, residence times and remaining flow are relatively unaffected by CVP and SWP pumping (e.g., spring and early summer in Fig. 4), so the exports exert little influence on chlorophyll a (e.g., 1998 in Fig. 6b). During these high-flow periods, chlorophyll a is low largely because of low residence times, and less due to the influence of P. amurensis and exports (Fig. 6b, Fig. S10). At lower flows in summer and fall, or nearly year-round during droughts (Fig. S8), the influence of the CVP and SWP pumps on SFE hydrodynamics—and therefore phytoplankton—increases. For example, based on our DSM2 results, the loss of residence time due to exports on the San Joaquin River in April, May, and June was 10.2 days, while during Aug, Sept, and Oct it was 36.9 days. This magnitude of residence time loss is substantial, given that phytoplankton abundance can double within a few days (e.g., 2.9 day doubling time along shoals in the SFE, Cloern et al. 1983). We note that the suppression of phytoplankton abundance due to exports cannot be reversed with equivalent releases from upstream reservoirs. Releasing water in late summer/fall increases flow, which decreases residence time, and therefore suppresses phytoplankton abundance (Table 2, Fig. 6).
Most estuaries with strong human influence exhibit elevated productivity due to nutrient inputs (e.g., Schulz et al. 1991; Kemp et al. 2005), and on a global scale there is a strong correlation between total nitrogen inputs and phytoplankton production (Anderson et al. 2002). In the SFE, several studies have concluded that nitrogen itself suppresses phytoplankton productivity. For example, several authors suggest that high ammonia depresses phytoplankton production in the SFE by reducing nitrogen uptake (Dugdale et al. 2007; Parker et al. 2012; Wilkerson and Dugdale 2016). Glibert et al. (2011) concluded that nitrogen should be reduced to restore the foodweb. Others have concluded that nutrients are replete in the SFE, and point to factors such as flow and grazing to explain interannual variation in chlorophyll (e.g., Jassby and Powell 1994; Jassby et al. 2002; Dahm et al. 2016). Given that hydrodynamics and P. amurensis together explained 78% of the interannual variation in chlorophyll a in our study, we conclude that SFE phytoplankton productivity is low in spite of high nutrients, not because of them.
While our chlorophyll a model performed well, we acknowledge that it could be improved. Although we included an interaction between remaining flow and residence time of freshwater inputs, the model might make better predictions if this interaction is refined. Possibly residence time of only the remaining flow should be used, rather than residence time of the Sacramento and San Joaquin river inputs. However, this is uncertain given that some of the water that was exported may contribute to pelagic production if it enters the estuary before being pushed upstream by the tide and exported. Future analyses may also improve on our work by including nutrients—which may interact with hydrodynamics—and biomass of P. amurensis.
In conclusion, the SFE has transitioned from a productive estuary with abundant pelagic fish into an unproductive estuary with few pelagic fish, and our analysis suggests that the invasion by P. amurensis and CVP and SWP exports are largely responsible. CVP and SWP exports suppress pelagic productivity by reducing residence time on the San Joaquin River, and reducing the freshwater flow on which residence time acts on both the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. Had CVP plus SWP pumping remained at 1977 levels from 1990–2014, we estimate that chlorophyll a would have averaged 5.9 rather than 1.5 µg L−1 (assuming no change in grazing rates). During high flow periods, the pumps have little influence on the hydrodynamics of the SFE, and therefore exert relatively little influence on pelagic productivity. The opposite is true at low flows. Because there has never been a summer/fall with moderate flow, low exports, but with P. amurensis, it is uncertain how the SFE would respond to future reductions in summer/fall exports. These results not only provide some clarity on the causes of the collapse of the SFE pelagic foodweb, but also present an approach that incorporates modeling of hydrodynamic factors with long-term monitoring data to disentangle complex management problems associated with large estuarine ecosystems. Further, the results demonstrate that large-scale freshwater exports from upstream of an estuary can be a potent suppressor of productivity, a result that may be applicable to other heavily managed estuaries.
The online version of this article ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01159-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
We are grateful to the scientists, boat operators, technicians, and managers of the Interagency Ecological Program that produced the decades of data used in this study. We also thank the engineers at DWR for guidance with DSM2. Zack Steel, Tomofumi Kurobe, Rosemary Hartman, and two anonymous reviewers provided helpful reviews, and Randy Dahlgren provided helpful discussions. The Aquatic Health Program at UC Davis funded this study.


CRISP & GREEN is a wellness-driven restaurant chain featuring a selection of signature and seasonal salads, grain bowls, soups and smoothies.
CRISP & GREEN is a wellness-driven restaurant chain featuring a selection of signature and seasonal salads, grain bowls, soups and smoothies, all made in-house from scratch with premium ingredients. The restaurant also offers free community fitness and wellness events to promote a healthy lifestyle beyond the kitchen.
Sign up to be notified when CRISP & GREEN® franchise opportunities become available on Franchising.com.
While CRISP & GREEN® is not currently accepting new applicants on Franchising.com, these other similar opportunities are actively looking for new franchisees.


A work of Christian theosophy by William Law.
With a publisher's catalogue facing title page and decorative head and tail pieces.
In a calf binding. Externally, worn with front board missing and rear board held by cords only. Internally, binding loosening slightly in places with some pages starting. Ink stamp to front blank. Generally bright and clean.


text:
package com.art4ul.jcoon.handlers;

import com.art4ul.jcoon.annotations.infrastructure.After;
import com.art4ul.jcoon.annotations.infrastructure.ProcessAnnotation;
import com.art4ul.jcoon.context.Context;
import com.art4ul.jcoon.models.Wrapper;
import org.springframework.http.HttpHeaders;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.CookieValue;

import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * Created by Artsem Semianenka
 * Website: http://art4ul.com
 * 12/20/14.
 */

@ProcessAnnotation(CookieValue.class)
@After
public class CookieValueAnnotationAfterHandler implements ParamAnnotationHandler {
    @Override
    public void doHandle(Context context, Annotation annotation, Object paramValue) {
        if (paramValue != null && paramValue instanceof Wrapper) {
            Wrapper wrapper = ((Wrapper) paramValue);
            Object paramValueparamObj = wrapper.getValue();
            CookieValue cookieValueAnnotation = (CookieValue) annotation;

            HttpHeaders httpHeaders = context.getResponseEntity().getHeaders();
            List<String> cookies = httpHeaders.get("Set-Cookie");
            String cookie = getCookieByNameFromList(cookies, cookieValueAnnotation.value());
            wrapper.setValue(cookie);
        }
    }

    private String getCookieByNameFromList(List<String> cookies, String cookieName) {
        String result = null;
        for (String c : cookies) {
            if (c.startsWith(cookieName + "=")) {
                String cookie = c.replace(cookieName + "=", "");
                return cookie;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Download Summary of the Ocean at the End of the Lane: A Novel: Trivia/Quiz for Fans free pdf ebook online. Summary of the Ocean at the End of the Lane: A Novel: Trivia/Quiz for Fans is a book by WhizBooks on --. Enjoy reading book with 0 readers by starting download or read online Summary of the Ocean at the End of the Lane: A Novel: Trivia/Quiz for Fans.
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A touch-free interface which allows users to type by activating an imaginary sphere in between their hands has been developed by Swedish programmers. The team behind Erghis say their algorithm-based technology, which uses existing motion sensor hardware, is superior to current swipe technology. They want to develop software that could be adapted for any individual device or gadget. Matthew Stock reports.
Imagine a sphere, held between your hands, that lets you interact with and control any device or gadget. That's the premise of the Erghis Sphere - a touch-free technology that its Swedish designers hope will consign the keyboard to history. The current prototype uses a mini-sensor which tracks a series of hand commands and gestures, with computer visualization showing how it's reacting to them. By twisting and tapping the virtual sphere, users perform all the normal functions of a computer and mouse. Holger Andersson is chief technology officer for from Malmo-based Erghis Technologies. He says their device is superior to current swipe technology which can't precisely differentiate between gestures. SOUNDBITE (English) HOLGER ANDERSSON, CHIEF TECHNOLOGY OFFICER FOR ERGHIS TECHNOLOGIES, SAYING: "There is no distinction between swiping across and moving my hand back to start the next swipe, so what we've done instead is we've based our interaction around an imaginary object. So if you imagine you're holding an sphere in your hands this is what you use to control your devices....And when you're holding the sphere in your hands certain gestures become very natural, like twisting it or tapping the sphere and these are the ones that we use to command, to map our commands to, to control the system." The team says the current Erghis device is simple to use, with volunteers able to find letters and switch commands within 20 minutes. CEO Ors-Barna Blenessy hopes the Erghis experience will inspire users around the world to share their own configurations. SOUNDBITE (English) ÖRS-BARNA BLÉNESSY, CEO OF ERGHIS TECHNOLOGIES, SAYING: "We will try to make this so that you can save your configurations of the sphere and put them online, share them with other people, so that if perhaps someone has made a Chinese language sphere then you should be able to very quickly and easily download it for yourself." Holger Andersson says the next generation of Erghis will use more advanced sensors which can follow users from a distance. (SOUNDBITE) (English) HOLGER ANDERSSON, CHIEF TECHNOLOGY OFFICER FOR ERGHIS TECHNOLOGIES, SAYING: "All the interaction becomes relative to your hands, so you could move around the room, you don't necessarily need to stand in front of the screen. In fact you don't need a screen to interact with at all, you can interact with any form of technology. So dim the lights in your home and control any sort of smart device." Time will tell if users will be willing cast off the traditional QWERTY keyboard and embrace Erghis with both hands. But developers say their virtual sphere represents a real leap forward in touch-free technology, even if it requires a little imagination.


text:
Food and Farm Communications Fund
Core Grants
Capacity Grants
Grantee Partners
Impact Media
2018 Core Grantees
Agricultural Justice Project, Gainesville, FL – to support a video project to inspire the public to stand in solidarity with those most marginalized within the food system, when making purchasing decisions and supporting food justice work.
The Alliance of Central Asian Mountain Communities, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan – to deliver rural development news and information for villagers of Kyrgyzstan via the "Ayil Demi" newspaper.
California Institute for Rural Studies, Davis, CA – to unearth little-told stories about immigrant innovations in California farming and make them widely accessible through the "Cal Ag Roots: Hidden Histories of the San Joaquin Valley project."
Center for International Policy/Mighty Earth, Washington, DC – to execute high-profile public actions, garnering extensive media coverage in markets that will increase pressure on a multinational corporation to alter its feed sourcing and reduce the harmful effects of unsustainable crop practices.
Hawaii Alliance for Progressive Action, Kapaa, HI – to support strategic communication efforts, to counter industry spin, while promoting regenerative, local agriculture; to expand the base in impacted communities; and to amplify calls to action for pesticide regulation at the State Legislature.
Main Street Project, Northfield, MN – to document and communicate the impact of Main Street Project's poultry-centered regenerative agriculture system on farmers, consumers, and the media.
Native American Food Sovereignty Alliance, Taos, NM – to create and disseminate critical educational resources and to develop peer-to-peer learning networks that strengthen the capacity for developing food sovereignty in Native American communities across the U.S.
Resource Media, San Francisco, CA – to build the communications capacity of two nonprofits working to publicize and counter the environmental justice impact of factory hog farms in North Carolina.
Savé PNG, Papua New Guinea – to support the "Empower Pasifika" project, using communications tools to educate Pacific communities in indigenous food health, family farming and rural livelihoods.
Western Organization of Resource Councils (WORC), Billings, MT – to support WORC's "Homegrown Stories" project, using storytelling and photography to explain how and why our food and agriculture system is in dire need of radical change, through an accessible online platform.
White Earth Land Recovery Project, Callaway, MN – to support a community-owned radio program and tribal newsletter aiming to improve the community's relationship with local food producers and harvesters and to encourage healthy eating habits, environmentally friendly food production, and the preservation and sharing of traditional Ojibwe food systems.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Elite is known in beauty circles for providing talented, work-ready graduates to the industry and Blayze Rooney is no exception. In 2013 she graduated with a Diploma in Beauty and Spa Therapies and two years later went on to win New Zealand's 3rd Most Promising Therapist award at the New Zealand Beauty Awards.
Blayze made the decision to move to Auckland and study at Elite after working at her grandfathers factory for a year after graduating high school. She was attracted to the beauty industry for many reasons including the hands-on nature of the job, the 'people factor', and the varied nature of the industry.
Having found a job directly after graduating, Blayze spent time refining and practising the skills that she learned at Elite before embarking on her next challenge – starting her own business! She currently owns and operates the highly successful clinic My Skin & Beauty in Oamaru.
Elite offers students the chance to sit international exams, including CIDESCO, and this is something which most Elite students make sure to take advantage of. Blayze was awarded top CIDESCO student in 2013 and believes that Elite helped her get to where she is today.
Blayze's advice for students looking at studying is simple. Take the time to ensure you enrol at the best possible school, study hard, and ensure you are willing to work hard after graduating.


1) I got my awesome hand-made clothing today and it's not quite right (size, color..etc)…Now what?
-details of the exchange : would you like the same item, but a different size or color? or something else instead?
6) I receive a tracking number when my item ships, and wait for the new item(s) to come back to me.
* If the order was shipped incorrectly (woops!), a return label will be issued for the return of the incorrect item and the correct one will be sent immediately.
Returns are processed as exchanges only.
Contact by email must be made within 3 days of receiving the order.
Items returned for exchange must arrive back in original condition (unwashed, unworn) within 10 days of arrival to the recipient.
Exchanges cannot be processed without the original packing slip that comes in the package.
Please allow 2 weeks for the exchange order to ship.
Custom items cannot be returned or exchanged.


text:
Alec Baldwin arrested in alleged parking dispute punch
By: Michael R. Sisak | Associated Press
NEW YORK (AP) — Alec Baldwin was arrested Friday after allegedly punching a man in the face during a dispute over a parking spot outside his New York City home, authorities said.
Police said the actor claimed he had a family member holding the spot for him as he attempted to park his black Cadillac Escalade around 1:30 p.m. when a man driving a black Saab station wagon pulled up and took it.
Police said the men were arguing and pushed each other before Baldwin, 60, turned violent.
Baldwin was taken into custody and is expected to face an assault charge. He's being processed at a nearby precinct in Manhattan's Greenwich Village neighborhood.
The driver of the station wagon, 49, was taken to a hospital with jaw pain, police said.
A representative for Baldwin did not immediately respond to a message requesting comment.
Baldwin, the star of movies like "Glengarry Glen Ross" and the television sitcom "30 Rock," portrays President Donald Trump on "Saturday Night Live" and recently started a talk show on ABC.
Asked about Baldwin's arrest, Trump said: "I wish him luck."
An ABC spokeswoman had no comment about Baldwin's arrest, other than to say his talk show will air Sunday night as scheduled.
The most recent episode, with less than 1.5 million viewers, had the smallest audience of any prime-time program on the top four broadcast networks over the past week, the Nielsen company said.
Baldwin's past scrapes with the law include a 2014 arrest in New York City for bicycling the wrong way on a one-way street and a 1995 arrest for allegedly slugging a paparazzi photographer in Los Angeles, one of several such run-ins.
Baldwin was booted off an American Airlines flight in 2011 after allegedly getting belligerent with a flight attendant who asked him to stop playing "Words with Friends" and put his cellphone away.
After the bicycle-related arrest, Baldwin told New York magazine he was ready to quit his public life and leave the city, an hour train ride from where he grew up on Long Island.
"I just can't live in New York anymore," Baldwin said in the article. "Everything I hated about L.A. I'm beginning to crave. L.A. is a place where you live behind a gate, you get in a car, your interaction with the public is minimal. I used to hate that. But New York has changed."
Associated Press media writer David Bauder contributed to this report.


text:
Gibraltar Official Rock Tours - Gibraltar - Rock Of Gibraltar - Gibraltar Weekend Breaks - History of the Rock of Gibraltar - Holidays in Gibraltar
home sites booking around gibraltar links contact us about us
Now under new management
The only way to discover Gibraltar is taking the Gibraltar Tour with your own personal tour guide. Your guide for the day will be able to help you capture the true essence of Gibraltar, as well as keep you up to date with Gibraltar's history, legends, and most popular sites, such as the Pillars of Hercules, Apes Den and St Michaels Cave. Take your memories home with you as your guide will show you the most beathtaking views from the Rock of Gibraltar, where you will be able to pose for that all important family photo.
The Rock of Gibraltar is full of interesting history dating back to the year 711A.D when Tarik Ibn Zeyad, a Berber leader of the Arab Governor of North Africa "Musa Ibn Nosseyer" landed at the Southern end of the rock. The word Gibraltar is a derivative of the Arabic words "Jebel Tarik" which means Tariks Mountain, and so his memory lives on.
We provide The Gibraltar Official Rock Tour, meaning you and your family will be driven and escorted to some of Gibraltar's unique historical sites. Places That You Would Have Never Seen On Your Own.
Our package for your Gibraltar Tour consists of Brand new vehicles all equipped with air conditioning and can sit a maximum of eight people, comes complete with a running commentary throughout by our licensed guides. It provides a friendly and personal relation with our clients. The advantage of having your own personal guide is that they are all familiar with the Apes habitat, the do's and don't' of the Only wild Apes in Europe.
We also cater for large groups and can provide airport and hotel pickups, in Gibraltar and the surrounding area of Spain.
Remember that the Apes are wild animals, therefore must be respected at all times. We guarantee the pictures you shoot will be the most original souvenir you could ever take in Gibraltar with these animals. Other means of transport are available to the top, such as the Cable car but the Gibraltar Official Rock Tour will provide the extras and advantages proving to be Value for Money.
Driving your own car to the very Top is prohibited by the MOD, and still carries the charge into the Nature Reserve, therefore this will not allow you to grasp the outstanding views from the highest point.
Our team of guides are all licensed and approved by the Gibraltar Tourist Board. We ensure your Gibraltar Tour will be one of Satisfaction and Guarantee. Enjoy the Gibraltar Official Rock Tour in a friendly, comfortable and relaxing environment.
At Europa point you will find the only lighthouse run by Trinity House outside the UK. The mosque of King Fahad of Saudi Arabia stands not more than a few hundred meters away. A location where beautiful pictures may be taken.
Gibraltar's monument of the pillars which stand at the entrance into the Nature Reserve. These Ancient Greeks named them Calpe and Abyla. The Pillars of Hercules were known as the end of the Ancient world.
Sited more than 300 meters above sea level, St Michaels Cave is one of the most spectacular grottos in Europe. With magnificent Stalactites and Malactites. The cave connect to smaller caves. The deepest of the caves is 63 meters from the entrance level.
Take back home the most unique and original souvenirs. Our guides will no doubt make your visit to Gibraltar unforgettable. The Apes Den is the site that nobody likes to miss.
The great siege tunnels take you back to the days of the Great Siege. Walk in and discover the man made fortifications that relied only on a sledgehammer, crowbar and gunpowder. More details...
The Moorish Castle overviews the bay of Gibraltar and the neighbouring port of Algeciras in Spain. See the still visible after marks of the several sieges in Gibraltar.
Sail with us, through the Bay of Gibraltar. Here you will marvel at the three species of dolphin, swimming across the bow of the boat, close enough you can almost touch them. You might be lucky to see turtles, tuna fish or the rarer pilot whale or orca (killer whale).
The quickest way to the Top of the Rock! Travel from the base station to the top station, situated at 412 meters above sea level, in a 6 minute, breath-taking ride. Once at the top, you will enjoy the best views of Gibraltar, Spain and nearby Africa.
Book now...
©Gibraltar Rock Tours 2005 Email: info@gibraltartours.org Designed by www.pdg.gi
Gibraltar Tours - Gibraltar Tour Sites - Around Gibraltar - Gibraltar Links - Contact Gibraltar Tours - About Official Gibraltar Rock Tours


Opening: Introduction: Born on 15 February 1874, Shackleton was the second of ten children.
Summary: (from my library's catalog) Presents a visual narrative of Ernest Shackleton's voyage to Antarctica during which his ship, the Endurance, became trapped in ice, forcing the crew on a desperate trek to seek rescue.
I like this book because: it's GORGEOUS and just the kind of book I would have wanted as a kid – glorious, expansive spreads illustrated with my favorite energy-yielding media – pencils! Oh, and lists, more lists, and maps! I can't say why, but some of the images are less crisp than others, and that was a little disappointing, but no matter – they bedazzle so much you still feel a chill!


The official committee for the Croatian annual Vladimir Nazor award has announced the winners for the best artistic achievements in 2015, and the laureate in the film section is Ivona Juka for writing and directing her feature debut "You Carry Me".
"I'm grateful for the most important and most prestigious national award for cultural achievement - the Vladimir Nazor award. I feel honored that I was given the award for the best film - "You Carry Me", by a renowned and expert committee, and especially by my professor Branko Ivanda. I want to thank everyone who have sent their kind words of appreciation, I want to thank especially all my colleagues with whom I had woked with on "You Carry Me" and the colleagues with whom I continue to work", said Ivona Juka.


Speedinvest was launched 2011 as a "Super Angel Fund" with EUR 10M assets under management.
Our team comprises individuals from diverse backgrounds ranging from philosophy to entrepreneurship and beyond.
Speedinvest partners with other excellent VCs and initiatives in order to be able to support our portfolio companies throughout all stages. We actively build and trust that ecosystem, because we know our limits and like to work with smart people.
Speedinvest builds on the cooperation with many experienced entrepreneurs and successful partners in the digital industry.


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Run a search by name for anyone in Glasgow, Pennsylvania & get free white pages information instantly. Glasgow, Pennsylvania white page directory listings include full name, phone number and address.


After graduating, Chantelle Ford started her pre-registration year at Vision Express and is on her way to becoming a fully qualified Optometrist.
Since finishing my degree I've started my pre-registration year at Vision Express in Plymouth and have about one year until I will be a fully qualified Optometrist.
Transitioning into my pre-registration year was made so much easier by the help from University of Plymouth, as we were able to secure our first jobs (pre-registration year) in the second year of our degrees.
It's been less than a year since I've properly started my career towards becoming a fully qualified Optometrist, so I'm not sure I can answer this question! But I love meeting new people on a daily basis!
Take every opportunity that's offered to you: take the plunge and get out of your comfort zone. If you're going to 'put yourself out there,' university is the place to do it! Don't worry so much, because the hard work pays off.
People skills are vital: if you can communicate well with patients and gain their trust it will make your job so much easier, because they will be more open to your help and advice. Don't worry about securing your pre-registration as you'll get an offer from at least one of the multiple opticians.
University has helped me to become so much more independent and to experience so many different things. I'm so much more confident than I was at the age of 18 when I was first turning up to my new halls, and the university experience has been the main reason for this. The support from all of my course tutors and the wider support from the University as a whole has made the last few years that little bit easier.
I've learned all of the vital skills to become a successful Optometrist. My last year at the University of Plymouth Centre for Eyecare Excellence gave me the confidence I needed, with regards to practical skills, to give me an easier transition into my pre-registration year at Vision Express. One lesson I've learned is not to leave things until the last minute!
The placement weeks during the course give you a real insight into how optician stores work and how every member of the store works together in their roles. It also gives you the chance to ask qualified Optometrists who work in practice questions, and to see which type of practice you would like to do your pre-registration year in.
I don't think I could pick one memory: I had such a good three years. Meeting so many new people and making best friends has been brilliant, and we've all had such a good time enjoying all of the events over the past three years. The end of year Optometry 'EyeBall's' were always a laugh, and it was good to talk to the lecturers and tutors outside of the teaching environment.
I'm in touch will lots of fellow alumni and we try our best to meet up, even though we're spread across the UK. I'm in touch with clinic staff and tutors at the CEE clinic and aim to stay in touch with a few of the academics at PAHC.
Yes, it has been the best three years of my life. There are so many opportunities for joining different societies and for taking part in various events and fundraising, it helps to create such a good community between students at University of Plymouth. Of course, the quality of the courses is important, but student life can make or break your experience at university.


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Q: How to get performance data and saving it to JSON by filtering through comparing its URL in JAVA? I want to capture Performance Data which I'm able to capture by using BowserMob Proxy and Selenium. What I'm getting is multiple requests such as Google ads etc. I need to capture only the request whose URL matches mine.
I've tried it using 'addRequestFilter' but I'm not understanding what it actually does.
My Code:@BeforeTest
public void setUp() {
        proxy = new BrowserMobProxyServer();
        proxy.start(3000);

        Proxy seleniumProxy = ClientUtil.createSeleniumProxy(proxy);

        DesiredCapabilities capabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();

        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.PROXY, seleniumProxy);

        System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", driverPath + "chromedriver");

        driver = new ChromeDriver(capabilities);

        proxy.addRequestFilter(new RequestFilter() {
            @Override
            public HttpResponse filterRequest(HttpRequest request, HttpMessageContents contents, HttpMessageInfo messageInfo) {
                if (messageInfo.getOriginalUrl().startsWith("https://metrics.makemytrip.com/b/ss/mmtprod/1/JS-2.1.0/")) {

                    proxy.enableHarCaptureTypes(CaptureType.REQUEST_CONTENT, CaptureType.RESPONSE_HEADERS);

                    proxy.newHar("Review Page");
                }

                // in the request filter, you can return an HttpResponse object to "short-circuit" the request
                return null;
            }
        });

        driver.get("https://www.makemytrip.com/flight/review/?itineraryId=3b6abb9032ba01211685e3802c4593be775661ed&rKey=RKEY:ec1d5ca5-6b23-48b0-b40f-9f446c63d559:2&crId=fcb56b29-4756-4268-a892-942369e4960a&cur=INR&openFF=undefined&xflt=eyJjIjoiRSIsInAiOiJBLTFfQy0wX0ktMCIsInQiOiIiLCJzIjoiREVMLUJLSy0yMDE5MDcyMiJ9");
}

My filter should give me only data matches with this URL-
"request": {
          "method": "GET",
          "url": "https://metrics.makemytrip.com/b/ss/mmtprod/1/JS-2.1.0/s8902900294307?AQB=1&ndh=1&pf=1&t=25%2F5%2F2019%2012%3A17%3A6%202%20-330&mid=49464180872801173040800843530213168686&aamlh=12&ce=UTF-8&ns=makemytrip&cdp=2&fpCookieDomainPeriods=2&pageName=funnel%3Aintl%20flights%3Alisting%20interstitial&g=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.makemytrip.com%2Fflight%2Fsearch%3Fitinerary%3DDEL-BKK-22%2F07%2F2019%26tripType%3DO%26paxType%3DA-1_C-0_I-0%26intl%3Dtrue%26cabinClass%3DE&events=event17%2Cevent18&aamb=RKhpRz8krg2tLO6pguXWp5olkAcUniQYPHaMWWgdJ3xzPWQmdj0y&v15=funnel%3Aintl%20flights%3Alisting%20interstitial&v18=1&c27=%2Fflight%2Fsearch&v27=D%3Dc27&c28=NoServerIP&v28=NoServerIP&c37=VisitorAPI%20Present&c38=49464180872801173040800843530213168686&c41=New%7CNew%7CNew%7CNew&v41=D%3Dc41&v51=D%3Dv0&v52=D%3Dv0&v53=D%3Dv0&v54=D%3Dv0&v55=D%3Dv0&c56=First%20Visit&v56=D%3Dv0&c57=1&v57=D%3Dv0&c74=None&c75=None&v84=49464180872801173040800843530213168686&s=1024x768&c=24&j=1.6&v=N&k=Y&bw=1024&bh=623&mcorgid=1E0D22CE527845790A490D4D%40AdobeOrg&AQE=1",
          "httpVersion": "HTTP/1.1",
          "cookies": [

          ],
          "headers": [

          ],
          "queryString": [

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Live Boldly Campus Tour has landed! Revlon will be visiting college campuses across Klang Valley to showcase how you can achieve a #SelfieReady makeup look. Join us today (28 June) at Inti University Nilai til 1pm! You can also stand a chance to win a Revlon hamper worth RM500 when you upload and tag your own #RevlonMY #LiveBoldly look. 3 lucky winners will be selected, so start snapping away! Follow our FB page for the latest campus tour and beauty updates, to see if we'll be coming to a campus near you.
[Beauty Makeup Tour Giveaway] We're giving away 30 extra passes to our Beauty Makeup Tour. Get exclusive access to hands-on makeup tutorial by our beauty consultant, activities and a goodie bag worth over RM50! We'll be at these locations: Penang on 9th June at Victorian Garden Tea Room & Café JB on 7th July at Mrs Who Cafe. To win the passes, follow SHARE this post and TAG 3 friends in the comments under this post by 11.59pm, 3rd June. 40 lucky winners will be contacted via DM. T&Cs apply.
A few twists to a flawless finish. Get the NEW PhotoReady Insta-filter Foundation, with high definition filter technology and built-in blender that blurs and softens imperfections, to keep skin looking flawless. It's innovative formula also mimics the effects of app filters for a picture-perfect look. Available in 5 High Definition shades. Find your perfect match for only RM89.90 at any Watsons or Guardian nationwide.
It's #PhotoReady time! We are here at Fountain Cafe Pavillion KL for Revlon Insta-filter Foundation launch. Watch the video till the end for a tutorial with our beauty consultant on how you can get a #selfieready look in a few twists. Hint: You could also win a Revlon hamper worth RM500. All you need to do is to tell us what shade our beauty consultant used on the model during the tutorial session! Answer on the comment box below by this Friday, 11:59pm. 3 lucky winners will be selected!
[Watsons Exclusive] A perfect selfie can be hard to get, so let us help you with that. Get a FREE selfie ring light* with any purchase of Revlon products worth RM100 and above. Also, enjoy RM5 instant rebate with any purchase of #PhotoReady products. *T&C apply. Available while stocks last.


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Elkview
Elkview distance to Fairmont
How far is Elkview from Fairmont?
Shortest distance between Elkview and Fairmont is 101.74 miles (163.73 km).
Flight distance from Elkview, WV to Fairmont, WV is 101.74 miles. Estimated flight time is 00 hours 15 minutes.
It takes 00 hours 14 minutes to travel from Elkview to Fairmont with an airplane (average speed of 550 miles).
The driving distance from Elkview, West Virginia to Fairmont, West Virginia is: 128.75 miles (207.2 km) by car.
Driving from Elkview to Fairmont will take approximately 01 hours 57 minutes.
#1 Elkview
Census-designated place in Kanawha County, West Virginia
#2 Fairmont
County seat of Marion County, West Virginia, United States
39°29'6"N 80°8'33"W
Starting point in Elkview: (-81.480359,38.442852)
Ending point in Fairmont: Jefferson Street (-80.142785,39.485002)
Estimated Travel Time Between Elkview and Fairmont
The distance between Elkview and Fairmont is 207 km if you choose to drive by road. You can go 02 hours 18 minutes if you drive your car at an average speed of 90 kilometers / hour. For different choices, please review the avg. speed travel time table on the below.
There is no time difference between Elkview and Fairmont. The current time is 01:01:24.
A car with a fuel efficiency of 8.3 l/100 km will need 17.2 liters (4.54 gallon) of gas to cover the route between Elkview and Fairmont.
The estimated cost of gas to go from Elkview to Fairmont is $14.97 (diesel $16.61).
The place names are translated into coordinates to approximate the distance between Elkview and Fairmont (latitude and longitude). Cities, states, and countries each have their own regional center. The Haversine formula is used to measure the radius.
Driving distance from Beckley, WV to Elkview 72.61 miles (117 km)
Driving distance from Charleston, WV to Elkview 14.01 miles (23 km)
Driving distance from Huntington, WV to Elkview 65.12 miles (105 km)
Driving distance from Martinsburg, WV to Elkview 294.74 miles (474 km)
Driving distance from Morgantown, WV to Elkview 145.2 miles (234 km)
Driving distance from Parkersburg, WV to Elkview 88.79 miles (143 km)
Driving distance from Weirton, WV to Elkview 208.59 miles (336 km)
Weirton Heights, WV
Driving distance from Weirton Heights, WV to Elkview 211.19 miles (340 km)
Driving distance from Wheeling, WV to Elkview 186.13 miles (300 km)


text:
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AI blames the Nigerian Army for human rights violations against civilians fleeing Boko Haram
Júlia Bacardit - iWith.org
Refugee exposed to human rights violations for the army's part.
Nigerian soldiers in their fight against Boko Haram. AI accuses the army.
Widow refugee at Maiduguri camp after fleeing Boko Haram. Nigeria.
Boko Haram and the 110 girls kidnapped on March 2018.
Amnesty International denounces that the 276 girls kidnapped by Boko Haram in Chibok on 2014 have been sexually abused by their ' rescuers', mainly soldiers from the Nigerian Army. Last March, 110 more schoolgirls were abducted .
'People die, there's always a burial, a burial, a burial. I was thinking mine could come at any time'. These are the words of a woman who arrived to a satellite refugee camp settled by the Nigerian Army in Dikwa, Nigeria, by the end of 2017.
According to Aminsty International report 'They betrayed us', thousands of Nigerian women and girls kidnapped by Islamist group Boko Haram have experienced rape in exchange for food.
AI's report has more than 50 interviews with girls who explain how the Nigerian Army and the civil agents sent them to camps were they were forced to become the men girlfriends', which meant offering their bodies for the most basic need.
"I fled my village of Gala Kura when the [Nigerian] air force started bombing it. W were about ten families who agreed to leave together. We were 10 men, 30 women and about 50 children […]Of the children, not more than 10 are still alive. The others all died in Bama Hospital Camp, or in Giwa barracks". 30-year-old Maya (not her real name), who fled her home in early 2016.
For the past 3 years, Boko Haram's goal is to rule over the Muslim part of Nigeria, and although the Nigerian Army is making progress pushing Boko Haram away from the Nigerian territory, refugees are dying and being attacked and abused by the soldiers who try to regain the country's occupied area.
Most of the girls and women from the camps have lost their husbands in the hands of the jihadists and now have to face torture, sexual abuse and hunger. According to what the refugee women told AI, in Bama camp between 15 and 30 people died every day, and the numbers are similar in other military-based satellite refugee camps.
From 2015 to 2016, only in Bama hospital camp, in the North East of Nigeria, hundreds of women died, and the number of mortal victims only started to decrease after the arrival of International aid.
As AI report states, this is due to the high level of corruption in the Nigerian government, now with Muhammadu Buhari as leader. The Nigerian authorities have promised to investigate the cases of sexual violence and starvation, but so far these investigations haven't occurred.
In this video you can see Nigerian refugee women walking towards a governmental office to expose their complaints about the authorities' failure to protect civilians.
More abductions
According to another piece of news released by Amnisty International, the soldiers ignored Boko Haram's warning of its intentions to kidnap more girls to use a sex slaves, and this resulted in 110 more schoolgirls abducted by the jihadists during the past month of March.
The organization accuses the Nigerian authorities of ignoring a call of the abduction of 110 more schoolgirls last March. Osai Ojigho, Amnesty International's Nigeria Director, claims "the Nigerian authorities have failed in their duty to protect civilians".
For its part, the Nigerian authorities claim that AI have no prove of the Nigerian army "being repeatedly told that Boko Haram fighters were heading to Daptchi, and they accuse the organization of "not being ready to contribute towards finding a solution […]but rather being ready to complicate the problems".
"I'm no longer a refugee"
By Xavi Rosiñol
Honduras, a paradigm of effective cooperation
By Montserrat Castanyer
Moving beyond declaring climate emergency
By Àlex Guillamón
Collaborative digital transformation in non-profit organizations, your best bet
By Francesc Bassas i Bullich
Stefano Maccarone: "Share Festival aims to show that the best way to happiness is sharing"
Damián Gallardo, "I was accused of organized crime and kidnapping, but I was being set up by my government"
The #TurnItUp campaign works towards an equal, fair, and green Europe
Sofía Caamaño: "The asylum system in Europe is racist and, in many cases, inhuman"
A project of


Paddocks Press is a monthly free digital newsletter published to educate and update the sectional title community. In this month's issue (Volume 10, Issue 9) the video clip has Carryn explaining what happened with the Algar v Body Corporate of Thistledown court case where the judge examined the phrase "adversely affected" as used in section 32(4) of the STA.
Geyser maintenance and replacement, and the costs that surround this, often come up. The owner concerned is liable for anything the body corporate's insurer does not pay! It's useful to understand the provisions that make for this "no place to hide" situation.
In this article, Zerlinda discusses the issues we experience in sectional title schemes, namely the "three 'P's' - pets, parking and people. More often than not, these are the cause of all the problems in sectional title schemes.
I often get queries on who is responsible for the maintenance (including repair or replacement) of windows and doors within sectional title schemes. In this article, Carryn will address the financial responsibility for this type of maintenance (including garage doors).


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Dr Arthur Turrell
Links & Credits
Dr Arthur Turrell holds a PhD in plasma physics from Imperial College London, for which he won the Atomic Weapons Establishment thesis prize. From 2013 to 2015 he worked as a Doctoral Prize Fellow in the plasma physics group at Imperial alongside renowned starbuilders such as Professor Steve Cowley, former head of EURATOM and former CEO of the UK Atomic Energy Authority.
His PhD supervisor, Professor Steve Rose, is the former Director of the Centre for Inertial Fusion Studies at Imperial College and has been an instrumental figure in the science behind nuclear fusion.
While working at Imperial, Arthur published many academic papers on the science of nuclear fusion, including in top journals such as Nature Communications. His research has been featured in the Daily Mail, Xinhua, Science World Report, Optics.org, International Business Times, Gizmodo, and the Tech Times.
Alongside academic research, Arthur has been a passionate ambassador for science.
He has interviewed Sir Patrick Moore, Sir Roger Penrose, Marcus du Sautoy, and Lewis Wolpert – as well as being interviewed himself by the BBC's Gareth Mitchell. He has given public lectures on star building at the British Science Festival, Institute of Physics Plasma Conference, the UK's Science Museum, a few pubs and even a nightclub! He was the lead scientist of an exhibit named 'Set the controls for the heart of the sun' at the prestigious Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition.
In 2015, he gave a science talk on the BBC's Breakfast programme due to his involvement in the Pint of Science festival. In recognition of his outreach work, he has been awarded the Rutherford Prize for the Public Understanding of Plasma Physics.
Arthur now works at the Bank of England where he is applying his scientific training to questions about the macro-economy, most recently being featured alongside several Nobel prize-winners in articles on how to 'rebuild macroeconomics'. He has helped with speeches for the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee and has written about his experience of moving from physics to economics in the Guardian. As a visiting scientist, he retains close links with the plasma physics group at Imperial College London.
Laser quest for fusion
Interview with Energy Live News
How to make the sun's fusion power on earth
Interview with the Royal Society
Set the controls for the heart of the sun
Promo for the Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition
Arthur Turrell: Adopting Agent-based Models for Public Policy


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CMAKE_MINIMUM_REQUIRED(VERSION 2.8.12 FATAL_ERROR)

PROJECT(psimd-download NONE)

INCLUDE(ExternalProject)
ExternalProject_Add(psimd
	GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/Maratyszcza/psimd.git
	GIT_TAG master
	SOURCE_DIR "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/psimd-source"
	BINARY_DIR "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/psimd"
	CONFIGURE_COMMAND ""
	BUILD_COMMAND ""
	INSTALL_COMMAND ""
	TEST_COMMAND ""
)


Joe Pool Lake has some of the best fishing in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. This 7,400 acre lake offers large mouth black bass, crappie,and catfish. There are several ways to fish at Joe Pool Lake. Anglers can fish from the bank, at both Marinas in floating fishing platforms, in the parks from man-made fishing jetties, or by boat.
Joe Pool Lake has a lot of grassy / hydrilla areas back in coves. These spots hold a lot of bass, but seem to be fished pretty frequently. You can still pull some fish out of these with plastic frogs, worms, or top water lures. And these are a lot of fun.
Some other areas you might consider fishing are some underwater ponds. There are a number of these located around the lake. Many of the main lake points offer great fishing options as well. We have had some successful trips just fishing these points fishing for bass hanging on the underwater ledges.
The bank fishing in Cedar Hill State Park is great as well. You can reach many of the grassy coves from the bank. There are also two fishing piers to fish from and on floating fishing dock. Within Cedar Hill State Park there are also two ponds available for fishing.
Many anglers enjoy fishing from the discharge channel of the Outlet Works. This area is located off of Camp Wisdom Road below the dam. There is a parking lot for your fishing convienance. Anglers land many crappie and catfish from this area. This area is a main attraction when water is being released after a heavy rainfall event. Fishing platforms are offered along the discharge tube. Caution must be exercised if you are fishing from the bank as this area becomes turbleant with gate changes. Pay attention at all times and listen for the siren which sounds before each gate change.
The upper third of both arms of Joe Pool Lake is covered with the timber that was left in the lake when it filled. The lower end was cleared, but several large marked brush piles were constructed prior to filling. Numerous flooded stock ponds, bridges, road beds, and other features were left as structure when the lake was built. Hydrilla is found throughout the lake, especially near the dam.
Largemouth bass are often found associated with hydrilla, pondweed, and underwater structural features. Crappie fishing is good under the bridges that cross the two arms of the lake and white bass school in the lower portion of the lake. Find channel catfish near the creek channels.
For largemouth bass, length limit is a 14-21" slot. Bass 14 inches and less or 21 inches or greater in length may be retained. Only one largemouth bass 21 inches or greater may be retained each day. For smallmouth bass (if present), minimum length = 14 inches. Daily bag limit for all four species of black bass = 5 in combination.
There is no minimum length or daily bag limit on bluegill, redear, warmouth or other species of sunfish.Trout For rainbow and brown trout, their hybrids and subspecies, there is no minimum length and daily bag limit = 5 trout in any combination.


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Home review Review: Heat Up 2 Workstation by Ignite VST
Review: Heat Up 2 Workstation by Ignite VST
This time we have something different – Heat Up 2, a huge ROMpler workstation instrument plugin by Ignite VST.
Heat Up 2 is Ignite VST's flagship instrument, their best creation and their most complex plugin to date. This instrument can be run as a VST and Audio Unit plugin (32-bit & 64-bit) and uses a simple method of authorisation on up to three installations. So if you want it on your home computer and at the studio, no problem, they have got you covered.
It comes a time when after a number of synthesizers, you simply want a workstation filled with "bread and butter" sounds, ready to be loaded and played, with a series of customisations and fast workflow in mind. Heat Up 2 has them all plus some cool extras.
I have to admit at first that I was a little circumspect regarding Heat Up 2, not because of it in particular, but because I wasn't too attracted to this kind of virtual instruments in general. My previous experience was limited to Nexus, Hypersonic 2 and Alchemy, plus the array of freeware ROMpler instruments about I am writing for several years now.
But Heat Up 2 has impressed me with the first opening. The look is right and "shapely", modern and familiar same time, with some very inspired design influences from another well-known commercial ROMpler (I will let you guess which). The GUI is compact with 3D rotary knobs and a big display in the middle, in which will be shown the parameter in use, the sound library, an animated waveform, but also will give you access to additional effects and sequencers. A big plus for the interface is the ability to be scaled according to your needs.
The display
As a cool factor, I have to mention that Heat Up 2 comes with a series of skins to choose from – attractive and pleasing to the eye. Also, you can change the display text and highlight color, as well as the color intensity. So, in terms of appearance, it doesn't lack all kinds of options to make it personal as possible.
The settings page
At the bottom of the display, there are six buttons giving you access to different windows and parameters. From the left to right we have "Scope", a complex but clean graphical representation the waveform of the sound you currently play – in fact, an oscilloscope that allows observation of the signal. Next in line is the sequencer with up to 16 steps and note length and sequencer speed selectors. To add a step, simply left click, to delete it – right click. Also, to get started in no time, you can choose from a wide library of pre-made arps, chords, mellows and sequences.
The sequencer
The third bottom page is 3-band equalizer with on/off selector, that allows you to shape, cut and boost the sound. "Browse" is the in-depth sound browser giving you access to the library in use, split into categories/sound types. You can go through the vast factory library either by using the mouse (one click) or using the keyboard up and down arrows. Workflow, baby! Now that we are to the sound library, I have to mention that Heap Up 2 comes with a massive 16GB library containing anything you can imagine, from basses to organs, leads to pianos, bells to strings, brasses to pads, drum kits and much more. These sounds are suitable for a wide range of urban styles including RnB, hip hop, trap, EDM, pop dance etc. On top of that add the RnB Essentials Expansion Pack which comes totally free (bonus) and the possibility to enrich the sound palette with 11 expansions for urban, grime, film music, pop and more.
The browser
The last two pages are the gate with smooth, steps and speed selectors – another great way to add dynamism and movement to the sound, and the FX page which gives you access to tons of cool effects. We'll have a detailed look at these later. Oh, and let's not forget about the "Stereo Shaker" rotary knob situated in the middle of the flame logo which adds "ping-pong" left to right panning movement.
Moving on to the top of the display, there is a row with three menus: first is to select the expansion, the second to choose the instrument type and the third is to pick the preset sound. It allows you to select the desired expansion and sound, no matter in what page you are. Very well structured!
Let's say you worked hard on a sound, making fine adjustments and adding some effects and you want it saved as preset, to use it on other projects too. Yes, it is possible with Heat Up 2: click the double arrows icon and save it in a new or existent category. The settings page (accessible by clicking the two gear icon at bottom right), besides some graphic customisations about I wrote above, lets you choose the parameter triggered by the modulation wheel and the global reverb type.
See also: Review: Pumper 3 In 1 Dynamic Processor Plugin by W. A. Production
Now let's take a look at the effect processors that come with Heat Up 2. From top left, we find a filter unit with low pass and high pass filters, typical parameters such as cutoff, resonance and mix, as well as filter ADSR envelope. On the same row at the bottom, there is a reverb module with width, room, damp and mix knobs. The reverb type can be selected from the settings page in the middle display, you have plate, room but also the original sample reverb option.
The delay unit has parameters for delay speed, feed and mix, and you can put it in sync with the DAW and turn on the ping-pong effect. "Flanger/chorus" module comes with usual controls such as rate, depth, pre-delay and mix. The last module from the main interface is "Master-Out" with volume and pan, a level indicator and ADSR envelope.
The additional FX
The "FX" button situated in the display allows for more. There are two pages of effects: overdrive and distortion, wobble speed and depth, stereo enhancer, phaser with speed, feed and depth, a simple tremolo unit, ring modulator and compressor with typical parameters and a "Make-up" gain knob. Here you can also add "Atmosphere" to the sound, basically layer any preset with sound effects such as chimes, rain, vinyl, tape, wind etc. You can correct the volume of the sound effect layer as you wish. Last but not least, Heat Up 2 has portamento knob, polyphonic/monophonic selectors and a glide rotary knob.
Heat Up 2 is an amazing ROMpler with tweakable sounds and a high-quality factory sound library. It has a very low CPU usage, loads the presets fast and it sounds amazing. The user interface is crisp and clean and very easy to use even for a beginner.
The sound can be customised with an array of effects, arpeggiator and gate. If you want more sounds (although the 500 factory instruments/580 presets will keep you busy for a very long time), you can buy expansions for various urban and pop music genres. The current factory library offers everything you will need into your urban productions, all the presets are 100% usable, all killer, no filler.
Heat Up 2 with Military skin
The sound quality is very good, most of the presets use reverb, delay and other effects, but even if you turn them off, Heat Up 2 will still sound great. The plugin engine loads the sample seamlessly, there are no indicators that the sound is based on samples.
Heat Up 2 has changed my perspective on ROMplers and I'm glad I had the honor to review this gem. I'm very sure that Heat Up 2 will be the foundation for my next musical productions. Highly recommended!
Heat Up 2 costs $149 for a limited time (normally $169) and with the purchase, you also get RnB Essentials free expansion pack.
Heat Up 2 Workstation by Ignite VST
ignite vst
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bryan Apr 3, 2017 At 4:58 pm
Thanks, great downloads….


We now stock a range of quality meat & fish snacks from 'woolf'. Animal Kingdom who manafactuer the treats have great high standards of product production and quality control.
The range comes in unique varieties such as 'Chicken & Cod Sushi' , 'Rabbit & Cod Triangles and 'Salmon Chunks' in 100g bags and bigger bags of dental sticks and dental fish bites.
All Woolf products are guaranteed high quality and taste. But it is more than just another product on the market. We manufacture in high tech facilities and only use high quality packaging. Did you notice the tiny little bag inside the packaging ? It is an oxygen absorber. Why do we use it ? Because quality and freshness of food products are the most important issues for customers.
BRC Global Standards is a leading safety and quality certification programme, used by over 22,000 certificated suppliers in 123 countries, with certification issued through a worldwide network of accredited certification bodies.
Hazard analysis and critical control points or HACCP (/ˈhæsʌp/) is a systematic preventive approach to food safety from biological, chemical, and physical hazards in production processes that can cause the finished product to be unsafe, and designs measurements to reduce these risks to a safe level. In this manner, HACCP is referred as the prevention of hazards rather than finished product inspection. The HACCP system can be used at all stages of a food chain, from food production and preparation processes including packaging, distribution, etc.
An oxygen absorber keeps food fresh and tasty by eliminating oxygen. Oxydization has an adverse effect on color and taste. The absorber prevents colour changes in food and at the same time it protects food aromas, keeping them tasty and fresh. The oxygen absorber also stops oxydization of vitamins and fat, maintaining the quality of food by protecting these specific nutrients from deteriorating. The oxygen absorber also prevents aerobic bacteria, such as mold -which can not live without oxygen- from spreading. It is also effective against infestation of insects, worms & their eggs.
Our products are not a complete diet for your pet. They are complementary to a healthy diet and good exercise. Do not overfeed your darlings, they also can get sick from too much food. Just like us!


All of us need to get airline low-cost discount ticket travel and I have 10 actually superb solutions to help you just do that. The Boracay Island in Philippines is a stunning getaway for any travelers all over the world. Individually, in a case brought by Washington state against the first Trump travel order, the Justice Department on Tuesday mentioned it would voluntarily dismiss its own appeal of a Seattle federal court docket ruling that had suspended the order. The agency said that the telephones is perhaps confiscated from passengers making an attempt to take them onboard, and that individuals found onboard with the telephones would possibly face fines.
From managing accommodation bookings to creating personalized itineraries, all the things in travel requires diligent planning. You should do your self a favor; make it a habit to always be told of your desired destination earlier than you travel overseas. Typically, particularly when traveling in less developed nations, it is desirable to have a bit bit extra safety in your hotel room at night.


Dr. Ganti is an American Board Certified Ophthalmologist and a Fellowship trained Vitreo-Retinal Surgeon. He is a member of the prestigious American Society of Retina Specialists and Fellow of the American Academy of Ophthalmology.
He operates at the Sierra View District Hospital Ambulatory Surgery Center, where he has served recently as the Chief of Surgery. Additionally, he operates at the Madera Surgery Center.
See well - live life!