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Thyroid and Heart Failure: From Pathophysiology to Clinics
Major changes in this edition include the substitution of probabilistic arguments for combinatorial artifices, and the addition of new sections on branching.
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Ezzatollah Sahhabi, arrested in December , was held in an unknown location. The other fourteen, arrested in March , were held incommunicado, most often in solitary confinement, in a Tehran detention center known as Prison One detainee, Saeid Madani, paid one billion rials, a sum equivalent to more than U. Prison 59, located in a Revolutionary Guard military installation in Eshratabad in central Tehran, is an unregulated detention facility outside the official penal system. All of the detainees, many of whom were elderly, complained of harsh treatment while in detention, including being beaten by their captors and, for much of the time, being held in small cells where they could only lie in a cramped position.
Detention conditions for several elderly prisoners were a cause of particular concern. Ezzatollah Sahhabi, more than seventy years old, was hospitalized twice with heart attacks. His medications were adjusted, but he was not been permitted to meet with his own doctor. Another prisoner, Dr. Habibollah Payman, sixty-six, a dentist, suffered from severe kidney and urinary tract problems, but was given only limited toilet access.
He was forced to use the drinking vessel in his cell to relieve himself, rinsing it out when given access to the bathroom. Raeis Toussi, sixty-five, a law professor at Tehran University, had one interrogation session that lasted more than twenty-four hours and three that exceeded eighteen hours each, all of which exacerbated a serious back injury.
He was held in solitary confinement for days. During the detentions, the judiciary blocked access to the detainees and prevented President Khatami from sending an observer to visit them. His closed-door trial began in Tehran on April 7. He, too, was released on payment of substantial bail, after spending more than a year in detention, much of it incommunicado in solitary confinement.
His lawyer complained that he was deprived of access to prosecution documents relating to the case. There was no outcome in this trial at this writing. In other political proceedings, the conservative-dominated judiciary convicted several politicians allied with President Khatami. In January, Member of Parliament M. Hossein Loghmanian was sentenced to ten months in prison. He had been convicted for insulting the judiciary in a speech he gave to Parliament, criticizing the arbitrary closure of newspapers, and protesting the imprisonment of political prisoners.
Two prominent jailed journalists, Emadedin Baqi and Akbar Ganji, remained in prison. In April, another prominent reformist journalist, Ahmed Zeid Abadi, received a twenty-three-month jail term for spreading propaganda against the state and insulting officials.
He had been detained two years previously for seven months.
He remained free on bail pending appeal. The charges followed a celebrated speech he made in June criticizing the clergy's role in politics and urging disobedience of senior clerical leaders on religious grounds. MIRO was an important strand of the coalition of reformist groups in the Parliament and Aghajari's blunt comments indicated growing frustration among some reformists over the lack of progress. In November, a Revolutionary Court sentenced Aghajari to death for blasphemy and insulting the clergy.
His lawyer filed an appeal against the sentence in December. Behrouz Geranpayeh, the head of the National Institute for Opinion Polls, was detained in October and held incommunicado for more than a month while under interrogation after publishing a poll showing the majority of Iranians favored restoring relations with the United States. In November, two heads of private research institutes that had conducted the poll, Abbas Abdi and Hossein Ali Ghazian, also prominent reformist figures, were arrested.
They faced charges of "collaboration with U. Other notable incidents of arbitrary detention included that of Siamak Pourzand, a seventy-three-year-old journalist seized outside his sister's house in November He was then held in an unknown location before being brought to trial, in secret, in March. With their disregard for pre-trial safeguards, the proceedings flagrantly violated fair trial standards. The journalist was released in November, but remained under threat of prosecution.
In June, an Iranian dancer, Mohamad Khordadian, who had been living in Los Angeles for twenty-two years before returning to visit his family, was arrested on charges of corrupting public morality. At his trial he received a ten-year suspended prison term and was banned from returning to the United States.
In September, an actress, who kissed a film director at a film festival, was also prosecuted for corrupting public morality. These high-profile prosecutions exemplified attempts by hardline conservatives to generate public concern over a supposed decline in public morality, of which they were the self-appointed guardians. Senior Shi'a religious leaders and their supporters who dissented from the ruling clerical establishment remained targets of official persecution. A telling incident occurred in Qom in December , at the funeral for Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Shirazi, a leading clerical figure who questioned the form of government in the Islamic Republic.
At the funeral, his body was seized by security forces and interred in Hazrat-i Masumeh mosque, the major shrine in the city. He had expressed his wish to be buried on the grounds of his house, but the authorities apparently feared that his tomb might become a rallying point for clerical opposition. Grand Ayatollah Hossain Ali Montazeri, the former designated successor to Ayatollah Khomeini as Leader of the Islamic Republic, remained under house arrest in Qom, although his ideas continued to circulate widely. Iran's religious and ethnic minorities remained subject to discrimination and persecution.
Representatives of the predominantly Sunni Muslim Kurdish minority protested the appointment of a new governor of Kurdistan province from the Shi'a majority. The authorities overlooked Sunni candidates for the post put forward by Kurdish parliamentarians. The lack of public school education in Kurdish language remained a perennial source of Kurdish frustration.
Toujali had sought political asylum in Turkey, but had been unsuccessful in his claim. Turkish police then forcibly returned him to Iran. Other PDKI supporters reportedly remained in jail facing execution. The ten Jewish Iranians sentenced to prison in Shiraz in were released in October after appeals for their release by the representative of the Jewish community in Parliament, Maurice Motamed. Some of the prisoners had served longer than their allotted sentences.
Throughout the year, Motamed also drew attention to institutional discrimination against religious minorities, including continued limits on access to educational opportunities and employment. In August, in a bold move, he proposed a bill calling for equivalence in the amount of Diyeh blood money between Muslims and non-Muslims. The Qisas retribution system of criminal law specifies penalties for various crimes which differ according to the religion of the victim and the perpetrator.
In general, non-Muslims are subject to harsher penalties and enjoy fewer protections than Muslims. Motamed's bill, which remained under consideration at the end of the year, would remove these discrepancies although it would not apply to Iran's largest religious minority, followers of the Baha'i faith. Baha'is also continued to face persecution, including being denied permission to worship or to carry out other communal affairs publicly. At least four Baha'is were serving prison terms for their religious beliefs.
Bihnam Mithaqi and Kayvan Khalajabadi, imprisoned since , were informed in January that their sentences would run until Musa Talibi, imprisoned in , was held in Isfahan. It was not clear whether his death sentence had been commuted. Zhabihullah Mahrami, imprisoned since and convicted of apostasy, had his death sentence commuted in March.
The campaign by conservatives against moral decline, noted above, was accompanied by an increase in public executions and corporal punishment. In October, the authorities carried out public executions of five men convicted of a series of attacks on women in Tehran. Their bodies were hoisted on mobile cranes and driven through the city. In Hamedan, on October 15, two thieves convicted of more than thirty robberies each had four fingers amputated in a public ceremony.
With the collapse of the Taliban government in Afghanistan, hundreds of thousands of Afghan refugees who had been living in Iran began to return.
Human Rights Watch World Report Middle East & Northern Africa: Iran
Some one million Afghan refugees remained in Iran at this writing. Shadowy underground paramilitary forces, linked to hardline conservative clerical leaders unwilling to relinquish their continuing grip on power, continued to be implicated in violent unrest. Sporadic clashes in the streets between crowds and riot police supported by Basij, religious paramiltary forces, occurred at various times throughout the year. One clash took place in October following Iran's elimination from the soccer World Cup. Although these clashes and demonstrations often took on a political complexion, they tended to be small and easily contained by the authorities.
Several thousand people marched in Tehran in July in what was becoming an annual event to commemorate a raid by paramilitary forces on student dormitories at Tehran University. At least four students detained in Ahmed Batebi, Mehrdad Lohrassbi, Akbar Mohammadi and Manouchehr Mohammadi--remained in prison serving long prison terms. There were sporadic clashes with police and hardline vigilantes, but no serious disturbances.
The major student organization that supported the reform movement had urged its members to stay away from the march for fear of provoking a clash with hardliners. Students nationwide protested the death sentence imposed on Hashem Aghajari in November. Protests subsided when senior clerical leaders threatened the students. On November 22, Ayatollah Khamenei issued an ultimatum stating that students should "return to their homes" or "the people will intervene" against them, a thinly veiled threat to unleash the same paramilitary forces that the authorities had used in July to crush student protests.
Access to the country for independent human rights investigators remained restricted, although the government did declare its willingness to admit U.
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Violent Deaths of Iraqi Civilians, – Analysis by Perpetrator, Weapon, Time, and Location;
There continued to be lively discussion of human rights issues in the press and in Parliament, although independent local human rights groups were not permitted to function. Several lawyers known for their defense of human rights were targets of prosecution. Mohammad Dadkhah, part of the defense team of the Iranian Freedom Movement, was sentenced to five months in prison in May. He was also banned from practicing law for ten years. The judiciary confirmed the sentences of several lawyers associated with reformist causes, including cases relating to the assassinations of writers and intellectuals in One lawyer, Nasser Zarafshan, was sentenced to five years in prison and fifty lashes.
The bar association described the flogging sentence as indefensible and unjustifiable. The appeal was dismissed. Zarafshan had probed the involvement of Ministry of Intelligence officials in the murders and claimed in the press that there were more victims of these killings than had been mentioned in the trial of officials involved in the killings.
European and Iranian officials met repeatedly throughout the year to extend cooperation in a range of areas, including counter-terrorism, trade, and the promotion of human rights. The E. According to data from the Iraq Body Count, more than 92, Iraqi civilians died because of armed violence during this period. To link individual deaths with perpetrators and their methods, the researchers analyzed the 60, civilian deaths caused by short-duration events of lethal violence events that lasted less than 24 hours and that occurred in a specific location; for example, overnight air strikes.
Extrajudicial executions by unknown perpetrators were responsible for one-third of these deaths and disproportionately increased as deaths from other forms of violence increased across Iraq. Unknown perpetrator suicide bombings that targeted civilians and coalition aerial bombings killed most civilians per lethal event 19 and 17 deaths per lethal event on average, respectively. Finally, the researchers calculated the proportion of women and children among civilian deaths.
Coalition forces had a higher DWI than anti-coalition forces for all weapons combined, with no decrease over the study period. These findings show that during the first 5 years of the Iraq war, civilian deaths varied over time and location and in terms of victim characteristics and targeting of civilians. Although limited to direct deaths and possibly subject to some media bias, these findings show that most civilian deaths were inflicted by unknown perpetrators, and that unknown perpetrators had particularly lethal and indiscriminate effects on Iraqi civilians.
However, they also show that Coalition forces had indiscriminate lethal effects on civilian populations. In part, this may be because Coalition forces had a high risk of killing civilians accidentally because they could not easily recognize anti-coalition combatants fighting without uniforms among civilians. Nevertheless, the relatively indiscriminate effects of Coalition aerial weapons highlight the need to change policies relating to the use of air power in future armed conflicts.
The International Committee of the Red Cross provides information about war and International humanitarian law in several languages. The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development Web site provides information on the global burden of armed violence. More details on the Iraq Body Count are available.
The Human Security Report Project tracks global and regional trends in organized violence, their causes, and consequences. Every Casualty supports and is a resource for the documentation of individual casualties of armed conflict. Armed violence in war is an ongoing, significant public health and humanitarian problem internationally [1] — [9]. A global assessment of the burden of armed violence in — found that persons living in Iraq had the highest risk of dying violently in conflict, peaking at 91 violent deaths per , population in [7].
In , we described patterns of civilian death caused by different weapons used in the Iraq war, and highlighted weapon-effects on children and female civilians [10]. Here, we analysed the perpetrators of armed violence in Iraq. We have also expanded our analysis to describe civilian deaths by perpetrators over time, by geographic area, to compare effects of weapons as used by different perpetrators, and to compare the demographic composition of their civilian victims. Analysis of carefully documented civilian deaths caused by perpetrators and their weapons improves understanding of their impact on general public health as well as on vulnerable demographic subgroups, creates a burden of responsibility, and provides data on the nature and effects of violence to inform the development of preventive policies [1] — [12].
The Iraq war has involved both conventional state-to-state warfare and asymmetric, irregular warfare, with continuous international media coverage that has resulted in detailed reports on thousands of events causing civilian death. Iraq Body Count IBC , a nongovernmental organization, has systematically collated a wide range of data from such reports as a means to monitor and document Iraqi civilian casualties from armed violence since the war's beginning on March 20, [13] , [14].
The resulting database interlinks specific violent events with their perpetrators, the weapons used, the individual civilians killed, and the victim's demographic characteristics. By making links to perpetrators, civilian death can be examined not only as an important public health outcome, but also as an indicator of combatants' compliance with laws of war that require the protection of civilians from targeted or indiscriminate harm [7] , [15].
Laws of war are international humanitarian laws and customary standards regarding the treatment of civilians and combatants e. Our specific aims in this study were: 1 to describe Iraqi civilian deaths attributable to perpetrators over time, specifically over the first 5 y of the Iraq war; 2 to identify which forms of armed violence used by various perpetrators caused the greatest numbers of civilian deaths or killed the most civilians in an average event in which a civilian died; 3 to describe the distribution of civilian violent deaths across Iraq's governorates and, because in we identified extrajudicial executions as the most prevalent form of violent death [10] , to assess whether numbers of execution deaths in governorates had a relationship to numbers of nonexecution deaths and if so, what kind of relationship; 4 to describe the demographic composition of perpetrators' civilian victims over time and by weapon in terms of deaths of men, women, and children.
We emphasize deaths of women and children because they are identified as vulnerable populations in public health and under laws of war [15] , [16]. Moreover, because women and children are less often targeted than men in Iraq's conflict [10] , as in most conflicts [17] , [18] , high proportions of women and children among victims can signal possible indiscriminate behavior or weapons [5] , [10].
The DWI is a data-driven public health tool based on laws of war that can systematically identify rates of a particularly undesirable or prohibited, i. Our final aim was to compare military opponents using a common weapon-type in war—small arms—to see if they differed in causing deaths of Iraqi civilians, women, and children by their gunfire.
The IBC database was prospectively developed by the authors HD and JAS when an invasion of Iraq appeared imminent in , with the aim of systematically recording and monitoring deaths of individual Iraqi civilians from armed violence [13] , [14]. Data sources are mainly professional media reports, including international and Iraqi press in translation.
IBC uses key-word searches to scan Internet-published, English-language press and media reports of armed violence in Iraq directly resulting in civilian death. This process uses search engines and subscription-based press and media collation services e. Reports are scanned from over separate press and media outlets meeting IBC's criteria: 1 public Web-access; 2 site updated daily; 3 all stories separately archived on the site, with a unique URL; and 4 English as a primary or translated language.
Sources include dozens of Arabic-language news media that release violent incident reports in English e. These and other international media in Iraq increasingly employ Iraqis trained in-house as correspondents. Media-sourced data are cross-checked with, and supplemented by, data from hospitals, morgues, nongovernmental organizations, and official figures [13].
For deaths to be added to the IBC database, at least one civilian must be reported killed by the event, with the number of deaths indicated in the source, and time and location adequately described for IBC to avoid double-counting. IBC has found that no single media source covers much more than half of all lethal violent incidents reported, thereby requiring a systematic process such as IBC's to knit together media and other sources in order to collate all reported violent deaths of civilians and to ensure that deaths are not double-counted.
Whenever possible on the basis of reported data, IBC records a total of 18 variables for each lethal event, including: time of event, location of event, presence of an identifiable target, perpetrators, weapons, media sources, witnesses, injuries, and name, sex, age, and occupation of each victim. When accounts from independent sources differ, variables are entered from reports with the most detail or the best-placed informants e.
Most frequent informants for reported armed violence deaths are morgue and hospital medics, police and other Iraqi official sources, eyewitnesses, and relatives. When equally credible reports differ on the number of deaths, minimum and maximum deaths are recorded for the event. Entries are independently reviewed and systematically error-checked by three IBC members before data are published on IBC's open Web site [13].
We analyzed the IBC database records updated as of July 12, for Iraqi civilian violent deaths that occurred during the first 5 y of the Iraq war, which began with the US-led Coalition invasion on March 20, March 20, through March 19, We first analyzed the total database, which included deaths from aggregate reports hospital and morgue reports and deaths from violent events of any duration, to describe yearly and total reported Iraqi civilian violent deaths by perpetrators. From this total database, we extracted a dataset of civilian deaths attributable to specific short-duration events.
Short-duration events span no more than two calendar dates, occur in a specific location, and cause one or more reported direct civilian deaths e. Analyzing short-duration events allows tighter, more reliable linkages between a perpetrator's use of a particular weapon-type in a specific time and place, and their effects on numbers killed and victim demographics. Use of limited-duration events also allows comparison of perpetrators' effects within a uniform time span in this case, two days.
Iraqi civilian deaths as defined in the IBC database and this study include all children, most women, all noncombatants, and police carrying out regular, but not paramilitary, duties, as police constitute part of civil society [19]. A child is under age 18, based on the Convention on the Rights of the Child [20] and Iraqi law that 18 is the voting age and age of consent [14].
Women and men are adults aged 18 y or older, of known sex. Execution is the extrajudicial killing of any abducted or captured individual by any method. Executions include combatants subjected to extrajudicial execution postcapture, as after capture they become noncombatants protected under international humanitarian law [15] , [16]. Iraq's conflict environment is one in which perpetrators are not equally identifiable when they harm Iraqi civilians.
Coalition forces are identifiable by uniforms, and in some cases e. In contrast, sectarian and Anti-Coalition insurgent forces routinely do not wear uniforms or identifying marks during military actions [21] — [23]. Moreover, claims of responsibility for attacks, if made at all, are unreliable, and responsibility may be distributed across multiple groups due to the practice of subcontracting stages of weapon production and deployment [19] , [21] , [24]. IBC accurately reflects the nature of Iraq's armed conflict and the extent to which perpetrators of violence can, and cannot, be identified, through its three main perpetrator categories: Coalition forces, Anti-Coalition forces, and Unknown perpetrators.
Deaths are attributed to Coalition forces which chiefly consist of US forces when data from reports identify Coalition perpetrators. Anti-Coalition forces, although visually indistinguishable from civilians, are identified as Anti-Coalition by their attack on a Coalition target which includes Coalition-associated targets, such as Iraqi police checkpoints, Iraqi security forces, and government targets.
Unknown perpetrators are those who target civilians i. Unknown i. Intercooled Stata Maximum deaths are used for events with reported minimum and maximum numbers because IBC finds subsequent evidence usually confirms initial maximum reports. Proportions were compared using chi-square testing, and means using one-way ANOVA, to obtain two-tailed p -values. Table 1 shows reported Iraqi civilian deaths from armed violence for the period of March 20, through March 19, , by responsible perpetrator and by postinvasion year.
Table 1 shows the origins of violent death data for perpetrators and years. We analyzed the effects of perpetrators and their weapons on civilians using the dataset of 60, Iraqi civilian deaths from 14, short-duration violent events that caused at least one reported civilian death.
Reports on short-duration violent events link perpetrators using particular methods in a specific time and place to their resulting civilian deaths. Findings are of documented deaths of individuals; they are not estimates. Other than Table 1 , all tables and figures describe deaths from short-duration violence only and exclude the 32, deaths from reports of prolonged violence lasting over 2 d and deaths reported only in aggregate summaries predominantly morgue-reported deaths from executions and small arms gunfire.
Figure 1 shows Iraqi civilian deaths from Anti-Coalition suicide bombers over time: deaths peaked in , with substantial deaths in , and in mid to Figure 1 shows deaths from Coalition air attacks without ground fire over time: A high peak of Iraqi civilian deaths from Coalition air attacks occurred during the invasion in , with lower peaks in and in mid to Analysis of reported civilian deaths from short-duration violent events lasting 2 d or less, March 20, through March 19, An additional measure of the civilian impact of perpetrators' weapons is shown in Table 2: the mean i.
We compared mean numbers of civilians killed by lethal events from different modes of delivery of improvised explosive devices IEDs by comparing suicide bombs, vehicle bombs, and roadside bombs. Table 3 lists Iraq's 18 governorates with their total reported civilian deaths from short-duration violence, numbers, and proportions executed by Unknown perpetrators, and numbers and proportions whose bodies showed signs of torture before execution. A factor in Wassit's unusually high proportion of reported executions is that the Tigris River flows from Baghdad through Wassit by the town of Swaira, where a system of weirs, originally designed to trap lily pads, catches corpses carried downstream from Baghdad [25].
Figure 2 shows the overall relationship between nonexecution violent deaths and deaths from Unknown perpetrators carrying out extrajudicial executions in Iraq's governorates. The statistically significant, increasingly steep curve of the quadratic regression indicates that as areas have higher numbers of nonexecution violent deaths of civilians, they have increasingly higher numbers of civilians executed by Unknown perpetrators.
To illustrate: if starting with 1, nonexecution deaths, an additional nonexecution deaths predicts an additional On the basis of demographic information in reports, we identified the 60, civilian victims of short-duration violence to be: 17, Among the 22, Iraqi civilian victims demographically identifiable as men, women, or children, Among 2, child deaths, Table 4 shows victim demographics from perpetrators and their specific methods of short-duration armed violence for 60, Iraqi civilian deaths.
Unknown perpetrators targeting civilians caused Anti-Coalition forces caused Coalition forces caused 4. For the 36, civilian victims of unreported age, Woman and child deaths from Coalition forces peaked during the invasion in , whereas those from Anti-Coalition forces peaked in — A Monthly numbers of women and children killed. Another comparison of perpetrators' civilian impact, made in Table 4 , uses the Woman and Child DWI to indicate the proportion of a perpetrator's victims who were women or children among their civilian victims of known demographic status possible DWI range 0— [15].
Small arms firearms are designed to be carried by one individual and include handguns, automatic weapons, assault rifles, and machine guns [26].
UNMIL Timeline of Key Events 2003-2018
As shown in Table 2 , both Anti-Coalition and Coalition forces killed an average of two Iraqi civilians per short-duration event where their gunfire caused any civilian death. A Monthly numbers of civilians killed by Coalition and Anti-Coalition gunfire. Conflict-associated violent mortality is a product of perpetrators' behavior, their weapons technology, interactions between opponents, and context [27] — [29]. Our analysis shows how Iraqi civilian deaths from perpetrators of violence during the first 5 y of the Iraq war have varied over time, by geographic locale, according to perpetrators' weapons of choice, in demographic characteristics, and according to whether or not civilians are targeted.
Three-quarters of Iraqi civilian victims of armed violence were killed in direct targeting, either by sectarian or Anti-Coalition combatants disguised as civilians, or by criminals encompassed in our Unknown perpetrator category. When any military combatant intentionally targets civilians, this constitutes a war crime [15] , [16] , [19] , [30].
Although a military force incurs primary responsibility for its civilian victims, whether intended or unintended, a possible factor affecting our comparison of civilian deaths from Anti-Coalition forces and Coalition forces is that Coalition combatants present clear, uniformed military targets to Anti-Coalition forces and are easily distinguished from Iraqi civilians.
This would decrease the Anti-Coalition likelihood of killing civilians accidently. In contrast, Anti-Coalition combatants are visually indistinguishable from civilians during military actions and often fight from among civilians; practices that violate laws of war, displace their own risk as combatants onto Iraqi civilians, and predictably contribute to civilian deaths [15] , [19] , [30] — [32].
Recent reports have emphasized the potential high risk to civilians from explosive weapons [5] , [8] , [33]. This concern is supported by our findings for Iraq. For events that caused a civilian death, the greatest average numbers of civilian deaths per event resulted from Unknown perpetrator suicide bombings and from Coalition air attacks.
Civilian deaths from air attacks, which typically involve bombs or missiles, peaked during the invasion. Of all methods used by Unknown and Anti-Coalition perpetrators, suicide bombers killed the greatest numbers of Iraqi civilians per event. Execution by Unknown perpetrators was the most prevalent form of violent death affecting Iraqi civilians in — Our findings on the geographic distribution and nature of violent death across Iraq's governorates show that deaths from executions, and executions with torture, progressively and disproportionately increased as deaths from other forms of violence increased.
Further quantitative and qualitative study is needed to identify reasons behind this finding. We speculate that increased numbers of civilian violent deaths in governorates may indicate environments of lower security and greater impunity, which allow perpetrators to increase the scale of systematic use of executions—a cheap, low-technology form of armed violence—for purposes of retribution, punishment, intimidation, and financial gain. In Iraq, torture before execution and methods of disposal of corpses often leave mutilated bodies to be discovered [24] , [25] , [38].
In this way, perpetrators in Iraq may use bodies of tortured victims to send a message, to terrorize, to clear territory, to display the cost of resisting their power, to destabilize security [17] , [24] , or to increase the stakes in future ransom of abductees. On an individual level, increased exposure to violence, which can cause desensitization and peer-induced escalation [29] , may disproportionately increase numbers of individuals willing to perpetrate executions or the propensity of perpetrators to inflict torture on captives. Our demographic analysis shows that Iraqi civilian men are the main civilian victims of lethal armed violence in this war, as in other wars [17] , [18] , despite having the same protected civilian status as women and children civilians under laws of war [16] , [39].
Because women and children are less targeted in Iraq's conflict, we use a Woman and Child DWI measuring the proportion of women and children among civilian victims of known demographic status to indicate relatively indiscriminate weapons or weapons-use in comparisons between perpetrators. Indiscriminate weapons and indiscriminate use of weapons are prohibited under laws of war [5] , [8] , [15] , [16].
Although our Woman and Child DWI findings are not direct assessments of the legality of military actions under laws of war, and are subject to limitations discussed below, they can be useful to signal relatively higher-risk indiscriminate effects of perpetrator's weapons on women and children. We found the highest risks for indiscriminate effects on women and children when civilians were killed were from: Unknown perpetrators using mortars against civilians, Unknown perpetrators using nonsuicide vehicle bombs against civilians, and Coalition air attacks without ground fire, involving bombs or missiles.
Compared to Anti-Coalition forces, Coalition forces caused a higher total Woman and Child DWI for —, with no evidence of a significant decrease over time. Face validity of our findings on the Woman and Child DWI for Iraq's conflict environment is suggested by demographic data recently released by the Government of Iraq on 4, civilian violent deaths in 3, men, women, and children [40].
Our temporal analysis of Coalition weapon-effects showed that numbers of woman and child deaths, and numbers of civilian deaths from air attacks, peaked during the invasion of March 20, to May 1, , when the Coalition used heavy air power. These findings, combined with the high Woman and Child DWI outcomes from air attacks, suggest that heavy reliance on air power during the invasion may have been particularly costly for Iraqi civilians—and especially for women and children—in terms of deaths and injuries.
Our findings support the view that indiscriminate lethal effects of explosive aerial weapons on civilians need to be addressed through changed practice and policy on the use of air power in armed conflict, with air attacks on populated areas prohibited or systematically monitored to demonstrate civilian protection [5] , [8] , [10] , [33]. Most civilian deaths from small arms gunfire were caused by Unknown perpetrators targeting civilians.
Although Anti-Coalition forces and Coalition forces caused the same average number of civilian gunfire deaths per lethal event while firing on presumably military targets, our findings suggest that Coalition gunfire had a more indiscriminate effect on Iraqi women and children. A possible factor may be that Anti-Coalition forces often wage battle amid or near civilians, sometimes from homes with women and children, thereby placing these civilians at risk of Coalition fire [30] , [31]. Also, we counted among Anti-Coalition civilian victims Iraqi police who were killed while in civil roles at Coalition-associated targets such as police stations, academies or checkpoints.
Possible contributing Coalition factors include reports of indiscriminate or disproportionate Coalition gunfire during raids on Iraqi homes [30] , [42] , into urban residential surroundings [30] , [42] , and near convoys and roadside checkpoints [17] , [23] , [30] , [42] , [43] when perceiving threat, when attacked and after being attacked [17] , [23] , [30].
It has been suggested that Coalition troops may have fired more indiscriminately when shifted rapidly between roles of active combat and civilian engagement, and when in conditions of inadequate training and interpreters, poorly marked checkpoints, or low accountability [30] , [42] , [43]. Although it has been reported that these problems were addressed [30] , [43] and that civilian deaths from Coalition gunfire decreased as a result [30] , our data show no evidence of a significant decrease in numbers of civilian deaths from Coalition gunfire during the period of our study, or in Woman and Child DWIs.
Our findings suggest that relatively indiscriminate effects from Coalition gunfire persisted over 5 y postinvasion, and that military efforts to minimize civilian casualties need to be coupled with systematic monitoring of casualties in order to assess and strengthen civilian protection. We do not examine indirect deaths from war, deaths of combatants, or perpetrators' patterns of civilian deaths after the first 5 y of the war.
Although it is not possible for this paper to describe detailed, event-based demographic, temporal, and geographic patterns of civilian deaths from perpetrators and their weapons that occurred after our study's 5-y time-period March 20, to March 19, , we can provide an overview based on the public database of the IBC Web site [13] : Monthly rates of Iraqi civilian deaths from armed violence averaged 1, deaths per month for the period of our study, then began to decline in May of Since July , deaths have persistently varied between to under per month, averaging deaths per month.
Our findings do not represent total violent deaths or events affecting Iraqi civilians, as not every death or event are reported. For deaths from perpetrators' weapon-types, we only analyzed those attributable to single weapon-types and single perpetrators in short-duration events. This analysis understates total absolute numbers killed by each perpetrator's weapon-type, but increases reliability in attributing deaths and allows comparison of proportional effects within a uniform time-frame.
In attributing civilian deaths to perpetrators, Coalition forces are generally identifiable, so Coalition-induced civilian deaths are directly measured. In contrast, Anti-Coalition forces are indirectly identified by their Coalition target; a necessarily conservative identification of Anti-Coalition perpetrators for accuracy because Anti-Coalition forces routinely avoid identification by uniforms or markings. Anti-Coalition-caused deaths identified in this dataset therefore only represent civilians killed by Anti-Coalition military targeting.
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An unknown, additional number were killed in direct civilian targeting by unidentifiable Anti-Coalition forces, included within our category of Unknown perpetrators, whose findings as a whole can be understood to represent direct civilian targeting. A factor that increases child deaths from Coalition forces is the use by Anti-Coalition forces of children age 10 to 17 in attacks against Coalition forces [44] — [46]. Use of child soldiers is against laws of war and a war crime if the child is under age 15 [15] , [16].
Although quantitative data are very limited [44] — [46] , child soldiers are not prevalent in Iraq's conflict. However, some child deaths in our study are likely to be of children placed in combatant roles at their time of death. Although we know of no evidence that media coverage bias affects armed conflict reporting on civilian victim sex or age, we consider it possible that media reports may identify women and children more readily than men civilians among the dead, perhaps for human interest or from a normative assumption that a victim of armed violence is a man unless stated otherwise.
If this bias exists it could inflate woman and child percentage findings among civilian deaths generally for all perpetrators and weapons. Government data on victim demographics are unavailable for — However, until more directly comparable data are available for replication, we suggest that our Woman and Child DWI findings should be considered robust indicators of the relative demographic characteristics of civilian deaths, rather than absolute proportions of civilian deaths.
There is no evidence to suggest that differential reporting bias between perpetrators or weapons affects our comparisons of mean numbers of civilians killed per event or of proportions of women and children among civilian deaths e. However, our Woman and Child DWI findings should be considered suggestive until careful studies for possible reporting bias are done. Although we show in Table 4 unreported demographic data for readers' information civilian victims of unreported age, children of unreported sex, and in the footnote, adults of unreported sex , assessment for bias in reporting demographic information requires knowing the true demographic composition of the unknowns within this dataset, or comparison to a matched, independent dataset of comparable detail.
A study using the IBC database found no media-reporting bias for governorates with higher levels of insurgent violence to have any more, or less, missing information on event location, but missing demographic information was not examined [47]. It has been established that media reports can provide systematic, meaningful data on conflict casualties [1] , [7] , [10] , [11] , [34] , [48] — [50].
A general limitation of conflict studies that use media reports is that journalists collect information in their reports for purposes other than systematic inquiry and, as we illustrate here, study is needed to assess possible bias in media reports describing perpetrators, weapons, and victims of armed conflict. Establishing standards for reporting victim information could maximize the contribution of media reports to understanding violence. A strength of our study is its use of verifiable data on 92, actual civilian deaths from armed violence. Surveys extrapolate from relatively few actual violent deaths, e.
Although epidemiological surveys in armed conflicts can provide good mortality data, they can be affected by recall bias, reporting bias, survival bias, and difficulties in implementation [3] , [47] , [52] , [53]. IBC data correlate with IFHS data showing similar trends and distribution of violent deaths by governorate [51] and with ILCS data [41] for war-related deaths by governorate [54] , with some differences because the surveys did not always differentiate combatant from civilian deaths, as is often the case in surveys owing to sensitivity, danger, or response unreliability [52] , [55] , [56].
Clinical studies can provide data on civilian conflict mortality from weapon-types. However, most clinical studies use aggregate hospital samples untraceable to causative events or perpetrators, and results can be biased by prehospital patterns of mortality that vary by weapon or injury, and by local treatment access and quality [57] — [61].
Our analysis describes only violence that resulted in a civilian death. As of the time of writing this paper, military actors have not released systematic data on their use of weapons in events that leave civilians unharmed; data that would allow analysis of their practice of civilian-protective warfare. Anti-Coalition forces release no data on use of weapons, and among Coalition forces, the US Air Force has released only partial data on some types of air strikes and munitions dropped in Iraq, without systematic reports of actions that caused or avoided civilian casualties [62] — [65].
The recent, unauthorized release of US Army SIGACT significant activity records covering — by WikiLeaks will yield data on weapons, perpetrators, and casualties from the perspective of the US military, but will require time for careful analysis [66]. Use of transparent, verifiable systems for tracking and measuring civilian and combatant casualties from all military actions could identify civilian-protective tactics e.
Improved civilian protection decreases preventable civilian deaths, physical injuries, and psychological injuries, such as the increased mental disorders found in Iraqi citizens exposed to bomb blasts, mutilated bodies, and gunfire [68]. Our findings on civilian deaths from perpetrators and their weapons during 5 y of the Iraq war illustrate the feasibility as well as the public health and humanitarian potential of detailed tracking of war's effects on a civilian population.
No direct funding was received for this study. No funding bodies had any role in the study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. PLoS Med. Published online Feb Bagnall , 2 John A. Sloboda , 2 , 3 and Michael Spagat 3. Peter M. John A. Alan D. Lopez, Academic Editor. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Mar 22; Accepted Jan 4. Copyright Hicks et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Background Armed violence is a major public health and humanitarian problem in Iraq. Conclusions Most Iraqi civilian violent deaths during — of the Iraq war were inflicted by Unknown perpetrators, primarily through extrajudicial executions that disproportionately increased in regions with greater numbers of violent deaths. Editors' Summary Background Civilian deaths through armed violence is a public health and humanitarian problem in all wars, despite internationally agreed humanitarian standards regarding the treatment of civilians during wars—so-called laws of war such as the Geneva Conventions.
Why Was This Study Done? What Did the Researchers Do and Find?
Top 15 Scary Live News Reporting Moments
What Do These Findings Mean? This study is further discussed in a PLoS Medicine Perspective by Robert Muggah The International Committee of the Red Cross provides information about war and International humanitarian law in several languages The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development Web site provides information on the global burden of armed violence More details on the Iraq Body Count are available The Human Security Report Project tracks global and regional trends in organized violence, their causes, and consequences Every Casualty supports and is a resource for the documentation of individual casualties of armed conflict.
Introduction Armed violence in war is an ongoing, significant public health and humanitarian problem internationally [1] — [9]. Methods The Database The IBC database was prospectively developed by the authors HD and JAS when an invasion of Iraq appeared imminent in , with the aim of systematically recording and monitoring deaths of individual Iraqi civilians from armed violence [13] , [14].
Definitions Iraqi civilian deaths as defined in the IBC database and this study include all children, most women, all noncombatants, and police carrying out regular, but not paramilitary, duties, as police constitute part of civil society [19]. Perpetrators Iraq's conflict environment is one in which perpetrators are not equally identifiable when they harm Iraqi civilians.
Fodors Walt Disney World with Kids 2016: with Universal Orlando, SeaWorld & Aquatica
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The World Youth Report intended to contribute to the devel- many young people experience these traumatic events under catastrophic condi- tions, the.


"Having work experience as part of my course has been great and will really help me in my career when I graduate. I would recommend London Met 100%. It's definitely been a really enjoyable experience for sure."
"I really enjoyed taking part in sessions carried out in the University's Superlab. It had all of the equipment that I needed..."
"Thanks to London Met I finally had something to wake up excited about. This University has given me the chance to push and strive for something I am passionate about."
"The Science Centre and the training provided really sets the students apart from the rest of London Universities in terms of practical experience."
"Standing shoulder-to-shoulder with some of the best players in the world and getting to play football with Arsene Wenger in my second week was a particular highlight!"
"At London Met I had an amazing time: I met a lot of passionate, dedicated and inspiring lecturers as well as very good friends."
"I get to work with elite youth athletes in a sport I love – the best thing for me is seeing how I can improve an athlete's performance and watch them flourish."
"The best part of my research has been in overcoming the challenge in formulation and optimisation of a novel drug delivery system for the management of cardiovascular diseases."
"London Met has changed me a lot. I've learnt how to think critically and openly."
"The amount of practical work and experience gained from my course has been invaluable to my career and also helped me see how much I love working in a lab!"
"The facilities were great – I didn't ever think that as a student I'd get access to that kind of equipment."
"During training at Leicester City FC, our players are monitored using global positioning systems (GPS) and heart-rate straps and we can then analyse the potential impacts the session has on the player..."
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text:
13 Haunting Cemeteries
Hammer | July 29, 2015
Tags: haunted, History
Haunted? Probably. Haunting? Undoubtedly. Take a look at these 13 beautiful cemeteries from around the world!
1. Okunoin Cemetary
© TravelJapanBlog
Where: Japan
Est: 12th Century
Japan's largest cemetery, situated idyllically in the forest of Mt Koya, is home to more than 200,000 graves, 100 temples, and numerous mausoleums, including that of Shingon Buddhism founder Kobo-Daishi (an impressively maintained monument perpetually lit by 10,000 burning lanterns). Add to that the many strange memorials in honour of such deceased as termites who lost their lives at the hands of pesticide companies and puffer fish who fell victim to gastronomy, and Okunoin is one of the most memorable experiences a taphophile can find.
© Synapticism
© Imgur
2. Fort Rosecrans National Cemetary
© DeviantArt
© WordPress
Where: San Diego, California, US
The remains of 112,000 people who died in military conflicts dating back to the mid 1800s lie at this beautiful site, which overlooks San Diego Bay.
3. Panteón Antiguo
© Arrecife
Where: Mexico
A stone's throw from the city of Oaxaca, this cemetery comes alive on Halloween in preparation for Día De Los Muertos (the Day of the Dead) on 1st November. Candles are lit, figurines erected and food & drink served as festival goers get ready to welcome the spirits of lost loved ones in this eerily beautiful setting.
© Oaxaca Culture
4. Islamic Cemetary (Austria)
© Morfae
Where: Austria
In stark contrast to the gnarled, ancient places of rest which largely make up this list, Austria's Islamic Cemetery is sleek, minimal, and modern. Designed by Austrian architect Bernardo Bader, it even picked up the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2013.
© ArchDaily
5. Highgate Cemetary
Where: London, England
Divided into an East and West area, Highgate Cemetery is home to the famous remains of (among others) father of Marxism Karl Marx, manager of Sex Pistols Malcolm McLaren, author of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Douglas Adams and criminal mastermind Adam Worth.
Legends of the Highgate Vampire surfaced in the 1970s after Seán Manchester and David Farrant separately claimed to have spotted a supernatural entity on the cemetery grounds. This led to a mass vampire hunt in March 1970 (as well as providing inspiration for Hammer's Dracula AD 1972).
© About Time
© Flickr
6. Maqbaratoshoara
© Triposo
Where: Iran
Though the impressive new central structure was only built in 1970, the first burial at Maqbaratoshoara- of the poet and modern-day Persian dictionary author Asadi Tusi- was recorded in the late 11th Century. Since then over 400 poets, mystics and luminaries of Iran have been laid to rest here.
© Panoramio
7. Cimetière du Père Lachaise
The largest cemetery in Paris and most visited in the world, Cimetière du Père Lachaise was established in the early 18th Century by Napoleon and laid out by French architect Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart. Since then it has become a post-mortem hotspot for celebrities from around the world including: Oscar Wilde, Jim Morrison, Frédéric Chopin, Marcel Proust and Edith Piaf.
© Danica Liongson
8. South Park Street Cemetary
© Ron Mayhew
Where: Kolkata (Calcutta), India
Previously an uninhabited marshland, South Park Street Cemetery's overgrown and architecturally diverse grounds serve to create a balmy otherworldliness for the wandering visitor. With massive Gothic and Indo-Saracenic monuments remembering various former British colonial rulers on show throughout (including Major General Charles Stuart's tomb, which resembles a Hindu temple complete with stone deity carvings) there is a strange sense of posthumous grandiosity about the place.
© Ixigo
© Typepad
9. Bonaventure Cemetary
© Tobacco Road Tours
Where: Georgia, US
Though the most recent nod to its beauty came when the now infamous "bird girl" sculpture was featured on the cover of 1994 novel Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, Bonaventure's atmospheric beauty has been readily apparent to visitors throughout its 170 year history. Today 160 acres of overgrown moss trees, ferns, flowers and bush palmettos cover Southern-Gothic-style gravestones and mausoleums in various states of charming dliapidation.
10. Neptune Memorial Reef, Key Biscayne
© Neptune Society
Where: Florida, US
A slight departure from the rest of the entrants on this list, Neptune Memorial Reef is an underwater mausoleum for cremated remains, located just off the coast of Key Biscayne. Conceived by Gary Levine and designed by artist Kim Brandell, the 600,000 square feet memorial reef was intended to represent the Lost City of Atlantis.
11. Greyfriars Kirkyard
Where: Edinburgh, Scotland
Est: 1561-1562
Ghost stories abound at this age-old graveyard located at the southern edge of Edinburgh's old town, including numerous unexplained (though also unproven) appearances of a poltergeist after a homeless man broke into Sir George Mackenzie's tomb in 1998. True or not, there is certainly something about the kirkyard which works to connect the visitor with Edinburghs past to unsettling effect.
© CityofEdinburghTours
© Questier
12. Church of Saint Mary Cemetery
Where: Whitby, England
As one of the settings in Bram Stoker's Dracula, how could the graveyard of Whitby's Church of St Mary not make the list? Read Stoker's mention of it below:
"For a moment or two I could see nothing, as the shadow of a cloud obscured St. Mary's Church. Then as the cloud passed I could see the ruins of the Abbey coming into view; and as the edge of a narrow band of light as sharp as a sword-cut moved along, the church and churchyard became gradually visible… It seemed to me as though something dark stood behind the seat where the white figure shone, and bent over it. What it was, whether man or beast, I could not tell." – Bram Stoker, Dracula
13. Recoleta Cemetary
Where: Buenos Aires, Argentina
We're not one to argue with the BBC, who hailed La Recoleta as one of the world's best cemeteries in 2011, nor CNN, who in 2013 listed it among the 10 most beautiful cemeteries in the world. Former Argentinian First Lady Eva Peron's black marble crypt is just one of many arresting tombs among the 6,400 on show.
© Traveling Canucks
5 Bizarre Possessed Objects
The Haunting of Hill House's opening night is only weeks away! In honour, we take a look at 5 bizarre possessed objects to give you the creeps. Enjoy!
Ghosts: A Hammer Spirit Guide
Here is Hammer's handy ghost guide, to help you tell your apparitions from your vortex!
The 10 Greatest Horror Novels of the 20th Century
How many of these 10 celebrated tales of terror do you know?!
13 Signs There's a Ghost in Your House
I ain't afraid of no… oh, wait, hang on…
8 Scariest Monsters from Folklore
Watch out for these 8 blood-curdling beasts on your next trip around the British Isles!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Our signature SCWIST Pub Night is back in 2019! This year they will be on the second tuesday of every month, and will be at a new venue: The Railway Club. Longtime fans of the Pub Night will remember this is where it all started, so it feels great to return to this great venue.
Adriana is the proud business development manager at GenXys, the first and only company to develop software for precision prescribing, including pharmacogenetics. She dreams of the day when everyone has easy access to genomics and can use it. It's that passion that's shaped her career, from being a scientist discovering the fundamentals to joining a startup to take scientific breakthroughs from the bench to market. For her Ph.D., Adriana used cutting-edge genomics and identified genetic markers associated with traits of ecological and economic interest with great potential for forest management in the face of climate change. Today, she and her team at GenXys are on a mission to power every prescription, globally, with their software to reduce the burden of inappropriate prescribing on patient safety, quality of care and health care budgets. Adriana is a strong supporter of inclusive workplaces and led the creation of the 1st genomics hackathon in Canada with a focus on inclusivity. She served on the Board of Directors of the Society for Canadian Women in Science and Technology (SCWIST) and advises incubators to create more diverse and inclusive ecosystems.
Come meet new people and find out what SCWIST is all about is you're not already a member. Bring an idea of something people can help you achieve or an opportunity you're looking for in 2019. We're always ready with advice, resources, or connections to support our community.
We will gather in the Games Room at The Railway Club, so it will be a quieter space to chat (AKA not your typical noisy pub night.) You are welcome to buy food and drink but there is no requirement to do so. This event is open to all who wish to join. Please note: This event is accessible by stairs only at the entrance and there are stairs down into the Games Room as well.


Ring in the new year in the most magical way during an elegant, all-inclusive event like no other at Disney's Contemporary Resort.
Starting at 8:00 PM on December 31, the "Disney Countdown to Midnight" event gives guests the opportunity to welcome the New Year at an extraordinary soirée held within the convention center at Disney's Contemporary Resort.
The fun begins as you head to the heart of the party in the Fantasia Ballroom, where you can indulge in an assortment of libations—including adult beverages for Guests 21 years of age and older—before moving and grooving to dance tunes from our interactive DJ, featuring music spanning from the '60s to today.
Then, it's time to marvel at a stunning display of culinary sorcery, as the chefs create incredible "cheftainment" behind animated shadowboxes. You'll delight in seasonal bites from such signature restaurants as California Grill, Flying Fish Cafe, Jiko – The Cooking Place and Narcoossee's, before you're invited to soak up the high-energy sounds of the New Year's Eve Bash Band.
Later, stroll outside to the Porte Cochère to sip champagne as the famous New Year's Eve fireworks spectacular lights up the night from Magic Kingdom park!
Throughout the evening, you can capture memories with a variety of themed photo ops and backdrops.
It's all remarkable—and it's all included with the price of your ticket. Tickets are limited, so be sure to act soon before this special event sells out.
How to Book To purchase a ticket now, please call (407) WDW-DINE or (407) 939-3463. Online booking is also available. Guests under 18 years of age must have parent or guardian permission to call.
Disney's Countdown to Midnight is a New Year's Eve Celebration that (as the name might suggest) only happens once each year! The 2018-2019 event will mark the third time (in recent history anyway) that the big resort bash will be held in the Contemporary Resort's Fantasia Ballroom. Prior to this, there was a similar event around the Boardwalk area — and a smaller (but more elite) event at the California Grill.
There are a two large New Year's Eve events happening at the Contemporary for 2018-2019… "Disney's Pixar Party: A New Year's Eve Celebration" is a (slightly) lower cost and family friendly event that is held on the second floor (up stairs) in the Contemporary's Convention Center — it's lower cost (at $190 per person) is mostly due to the fact that "libations" and adult beverages are not included in that price — just the food, entertainment (characters, DJs, etc.), and environment.
Disney's Countdown to Midnight (for 2018-2019) does cost $275 per person, but those "libations" and adult beverages ARE included (along with the food, DJ's, live band, and everything else, i.e. it's all-inclusive) — so if you drink like I do at these events, (at Disney prices), you'll cover the extra cost in no time.
If you are in a bus or a car — leave early. There really is only one road into and out of the Contemporary Resort and the closer you get to the first round of fireworks at the Magic Kingdom, the more and more congested those roads get. Disney's suggestion about it taking 90 to 120 minutes to get there — from anywhere else on property, could be very accurate on New Year's Eve. Parking at the Contemporary is limited (if you're driving your own car) and while the guards to a good job of checking that you are on the event list before letting you in the parking lot… if you plan on arriving right at or just after the event start time, you may be out of luck as far as parking goes.
If you're arriving by boat or Monorail (assuming there's no breakdowns) you shouldn't experience too much in the way of "traffic" because those services do run on a fairly regular schedule.
There are signs for the various events all over the Contemporary, pointing guests in the correct direction. Just to try and give some sense of space here… if you walk into the front doors of the Contemporary lobby (from the valet area) — you'll have to hang a hard right, walk past the coffee bar, go back outside (it's fully covered) and head on over to the next visible building. This is the Contemporary's convention event space, and the Countdown to Midnight event is on the first (bottom) floor.
Once in the correct building, there's a whole separate registration and check-in lobby area (the convention building is quite large). There may — maybe, might possibly — be a few tickets left to purchase for the event, but this is one event that does tend to get sold out months and months in advance, so I wouldn't count on it.
I actually found this to the THE most organized registration and check-in process that I've encountered at one of these large Disney-based events. The convention lobby is very large, well staffed, and check-ins are split by last name… so "A" through "L" go to one side, and "M" through "Z" go to the other. It all went very smoothly.
Check-in is important because here is where you'll pick up your table number! You'll definitely want to have a place to "go" once inside the event — and the check-in team will briefly go over what all is going on, what times various things will start, etc., and answer any questions you might have.
The lobby and check-in area is quite large, and there's even some spill-over rooms on either end of the main lobby. The doors to the Fantasia Ballroom remain closed until the event start time, so you may have a few minutes on your hands before the party starts.
Fortunately, there's a couple of cool little perks while you wait. There are several fruit infused ice water stations around which get refreshed often. It's always a good idea to stay hydrated before sampling too many libations over the course of the event!
Out here in the lobby area, you'll also find several teams of Disney Event Photographers. These cast members are not part of the "photo pass" group, they mainly deal with weddings and convention photography at Disney (i.e. better gear, better photo - sorry, no offense to the Photopass Team). There are several stations set up with lights and digital backdrops for getting a proper New Year's Eve photo with your group.
It's kind of cool actually because chances are, you're a little dressed up for this event — and you could select one of the in-park digital backdrops that are available — making it appear as though you're standing in front of Epcot's Spaceship Earth — all dressed to the nines!
My gut feeling is these photos can't be "connected" to your Photopass photos (if you have that option), because this is a different group of photographers - but they are complimentary digital downloads, and you will receive a small card with instructions on how to get your photos.
Because everyone is waiting in this same lobby area for the event to start, lines at these photo stations can get a little long. However, these photographers were set up for at least the first 90 minutes of the event as well… and the lines were much shorter (to almost nonexistent) after the event starts. If you can collect your group together after the first couple of bites and sips — there shouldn't be any waiting at the photo stations.
Right at the event start time, three sets of massive doors are opened leading guests into the Fantasia Ballroom! Most convention space can be split into smaller sections but because so many guests attend this event, the space is full open and very large! The first thing that I want to do is have an indoor drone race — but that's probably just me!
All the tables are large… like groups of ten or more large. Even though Disney does state that this is a "mix and mingle" event and that multiple parties will be seated together, I still think it catches a few people off guard.
Generally, I don't like community seating like this, but at this event… it was totally fine! Why? Because the tables were large enough! I never really felt like I was packed in too close to anyone. Heck, I've had individual tables at several in-park restaurants where I felt like I couldn't swing my arms around without hitting someone. The round convention sized tables at Countdown to Midnight allowed me to do that, so there was enough breathing room for me!
When you first check-in for the event, your party will be given a printed card with a table number on it. Event staff are on-hand to help guide your party to the correct table. It may not sound that daunting at first, but there are over 100 tables … all marked with a number in each table center piece! It's a lot to take in and process!
Each table setting a glass of ice water, some silverware and a napkin, a small box of hand-dipped chocolates, and a circular placemat card that has the event logo on one side, and all the food items that are available on the other, listed with an adult beverage pairing for that food item!
A collection of party hats and noise makers are in the center of the table, enough for everyone, along with small plates and several baskets of breads and dips… sort of a "bread service" to start the evening. The various bread and dips that are on the table, are also available at the cheese and charcuterie table, if you would like more!
If you go back through the lobby, you'll find the Porte Cochère area. A "Porte Cochère" is basically a "covered porch", and is normally the area where guests would get dropped off if this were a normal convention. For the New Year's Eve event, it has been completely blocked off from traffic — and becomes another mix-and-mingle area, and where you'll watch the fireworks at midnight.
All throughout the night, there's either a small band or DJ creating a great musical ambience for the event, leading up to the main "show" element which is a top-notch, "one of the best I've seen", cover bands. This is all guided by two emcee's that keep everyone informed about what's currently going on, and what's next on the agenda.
They've done a really great job keeping things low-key and softer in the beginning, and gradually increasing the energy as the night progresses. Starting out with some very soft background music, leading into a couple of sets of solo or duo-based live music (somewhat like coffee shop music) with few DJ spun background tracks in between.
There is a main, large, live cover band that performs a long set (for about an hour) before midnight — and they were simply amazing! The 12 member group covered all eras of music from the 50's to modern day, non-stop, with costume changes and dance moves to match the years they were covering! From Elvis to Footloose, Disco, Hard Rock and the electronic sounds of LMFAO — this group filled the room with the kind of energy that you would expect at a great New Year's Eve party!!!
There is a large open dance floor in the middle of the room which everyone use at some point throughout the night. No matter if you wanted to get a slow dance in with your sweetheart or join in on a line dance, there was something for everyone — and even a Mirrored Mickey Dance Ball high overhead sending out sparkles of excitement across the entire room!
If you've been to an event like the Epcot Food and Wine Festival's Party for the Senses, the format here is very similar. There are tasting stations and beverage stations set around the outskirts of the room. Once your in, everything is all inclusive, so there's no additional purchases to be made. Anything that is being offered at any of the tasting stations is available to you, as many times as you want over the course of the evening.
Because the space is so large and there are so many guests, the stations are duplicated right down the middle of the room… so what you'll find on one side — is also available on the other side.
While the selections are not as numerous as they are at Party for the Senses, the quality of what's being offered was easily on-par, and they did a nice job of providing a little something for everyone.
There were a couple of dedicated wine stations that only had some of the featured wines. I found that these were positioned close to and between the food stations that the wines where to be paired with… so that's nice! Some of the wines featured were a 2014 La Violette Viognier, Cambria Chardonnay from Estate Vineyards, and Chalone Vineyard's Monterey Pinor Noir. There were a few more selections as well, this will just give you an idea of the level.
The other beverage stations were a combination of beer and wine, or beer and mixed cocktails. There were around 10 beers, ales, and ciders available (these were poured in a glass, you don't get to keep the bottle). I'm sure there was a card or sign somewhere outlining what the cocktails of the night were (I never found it), but the bartenders seemed to have enough on-hand to make all the usual suspects… from fruit juice and rum style drinks, to a straight up whisky on the rocks and everything in-between. The hardest part was (after a while anyway) figuring out what to ask for.
The lines at these bartender stations could get a bit long at times (five or six guests), because they have to mix the drinks to order. The wine station lines never seemed to have more that a few guests lined up, mostly because those are more, "pour and go" type of stations.
At a Party for the Senses, you'll occasionally find something new you haven't seen elsewhere, or a master mixologist showing off a new creation — that certainly wasn't the case here. There were all pretty straight forward "good open bar" type of beverage offerings. That's not a complaint — I think it's the right way to go for the 1,000 guests at this event. Anything more complex to create and/or talk about, vintage or tasting profile-wise, and the lines would simply get too long.
I do tend to go to these things for the food and beverages — and Disney's Countdown to Midnight New Years Eve event did not disappoint.
You'll quickly see from the menu/placemat that is at each table setting — each of the food items that are available that night, have been created and are being presented by the culinary teams at some pretty amazing Disney restaurants. The format is basically cooking station / tapas style — so you can walk up to any of the clearly labeled tasting stations and the culinary team will make and plate their item for you. Here again, it's all inclusive, so you can return to any food or beverage station as many times as you would like throughout the night.
I am 100% certain the actual food items and restaurants represented will change from year to year. This is just to give some idea of the level of execution and presentation that they're going for.
First things first though, there are a few bread baskets and dips on the table when you first sit down. While these are for the table to share, everything is also available at the Charcuterie and Boutique Cheese Station, which was inspired by various selections that are available on the Yachtsman Steakhouse Charcuterie and Boutique Cheese Boards! This was the only "serve yourself" food table, mostly because there were a lot of options spread out over a very large table. The Charcuterie and Boutique Cheese Station included cured meats, sausages, pates, rillettes, more of the same dips and spreads that have been placed on each table (hummus, balsamic, etc.), various vegetables and bread.
Jiko (the signature dining location at Animal Kingdom) presented a Sweet Corn Soup with blue crab, spiced and roasted corn, black-eyed pea fritter and a harissa creme fraiche — it was as good as it all sounds — and all the parts were assembled only when you walk up to the table! This soup also had a great pairing wine selection — the Jean-Luc Colombo Viognier from Languedoc-Roussillon, France.
Over at the Artist Point stations, the chefs were creating a Roasted Chicken and Parsnip Silk dish with caramelized brussel sprouts, rainbow chard and red kabocha squash. While the roasted chicken here was great, I felt like this item might be the "safe choice" for those that aren't very food adventurous. It really was just roasted chicken with vegetables.
Citricos was offering a Red-wine Braised Beef Short Ribs (off the bone) small plate that included caramelized mushrooms and natural red wine jus that packed a lot of flavor. The team at Flying Fish had a really tasty dish, that I ended up having two or three of over the course of the night — Port Canaveral (i.e. local and fresh) Sustainable Rock Shrimp with Tillamook Cheddar Grits in a Martini glass! I'm not a fan of grits really, unless they're perfect — and these were!
One of the best salad presentations I have seen in a long time came from California Grill's Wall-o-Salad (I made the name up myself). In a partnership with Urian's Urban Farm (local and fresh from Hillsborough County, Florida) — they had a couple of lettuce walls that were filled with the greens that they were using in the three different salads that they were "plating"!
I put "plating" in quotes because they were actually building each salad in personal clear plastic spheres, with the dressing, that you could shake to mix table-side! It really was the talk of our table. Being able to see all the individual items that make up the salad in the sphere/bowl, and then shake and mix it yourself (or not if you don't want to), was just so much fun!
The salads were pretty amazing too! The three that were being made-to-order were — a Forelle Pear and Kale Salad with toasted cashews, red pear butter and Valdeon blue cheese, a Caesar (of sorts) featuring Artisan Romaine Salad with roasted garlic dressing, boquerones (a variety of fish, similar to an anchovy), sun-dried tomatoes, and brioche croutons, and finally a Roasted Baby Beets Salad with goat cheese, candied walnuts, oranges, and mache (a small edible salad green), with a walnut vinaigrette.
I think my favorite item of the night was Narcoossee's Coriander and Shichimi-spiced Ahi Tuna served with charred beans, green papaya, gai lan (which is sort of like broccoli), and walnut vinaigrette. This dish just had really nice, bright flavors and was not heavy or over spiced at all. It was paired with a Sauvignon Blanc, Marlborough by Infamous Goose.
But wait — that's not all! About halfway through the event, dessert stations started showing up! The four desserts were all created by the Contemporary's Pastry Team and included a Caramelized Creme Brûlée which was topped with a few berries and fired fresh on-stage (so while you wait and just for you). There was also a Flour-less Organic Chocolate Cake with a shot of Raspberry Coulis, a Spiced Hot Chocolate Shot with Liquid Nitrogen Infused Ice Cream (which is a spoonable dessert, the nitrogen basically freezes the hot chocolate), and my favorite… a Florida Honeybell Citrus Cake. It was the light and bright citrus notes that kept me going back to this dessert. So yummy!
About 15 minutes prior to midnight the event emcee's let everyone know it's time to start heading outside if you want to see the Magic Kingdom's New Year's Eve Fireworks. Because I went outside to see those (as most guests did), I'm not sure what all went on inside as the clock struck midnight!
It was also around this time that event cast members started handing out flutes of champaign to mark the occasion (and there was plenty of champaign to go around).
The Magic Kingdom Fireworks are pretty great from the Porte Cochère location. If you choose, you can stay under cover, but the paved walkway does extend far beyond the overhang. Everyone was very nicely spread out and I never really felt crowded at any time. While (obviously) not offering the same sort of view as you would get right in front of Cinderella Castle, you do get a straight-line view of all the perimeter fireworks going up at the same time, which is really neat — and let's not forget you've got a glass of champaign in your hands, which is really cool too!
The piped in music track is the same one that is playing in the park and is timed perfectly to the display. All in all, I felt it was a great mix of not being packed in with 40k other guests and still getting to see the New Year's Eve Fireworks, all while being a little tipsy — isn't that the perfect New Year's Eve trifecta?
Once back inside (the event does technically go until 12:15am), I found there were still plenty of refills of champaign available, the food stations were all closed, but the bartenders were all still manning their stations and preparing drinks. I'm not sure if that's what was supposed to happen, or if it will happen again this next year — I would say, just to be safe, think about midnight as being a "last call" and then if you get a little more time after that — it's a bonus!
There was another mini Happy New Year celebration about 5 minutes after midnight for those that didn't go outside — a countdown and sparkling confetti cannons and what not — which was a nice touch.
I was a little surprised that the dessert station(s) didn't remain open for that last 15 minutes. Sometimes a couple chocolate cakes and some coffee are just enough to get me from tipsy to functioning again. The bartenders did have a great selection of juices left over from the various cocktails (minus the rum for me this time), so I did end up getting several glasses of passion fruit, orange and guava juices (very similar to what's served at Ohana), while I sat and collected my thoughts about the new year ahead!
I had a ton of fun, and after a year of (what I thought anyway) were somewhat lackluster events at Food & Wine, I found Countdown to Midnight resorted my enthusiasm for Disney's ability to pull off a large "wow" event.
Cost-wise, it is an expensive splurge, but so are most New Year's Eve parties that are similar in scope. The best comparison I have is Party for the Senses during Epcot's Food and Wine Festival. While there are definitely more diverse food and beverage options at a Party for the Senses, I felt the quality of what was being offered at Countdown to Midnight to be on the same level, or slightly better. The entertainment at Countdown to Midnight was way better than anything I've seen at Party for the Senses in the past few years, and the Fantasia Ballroom is definitely a lot easier to get to, when you're all dressed up for a party.
The complimentary group photos are a nice touch but it's really the exclusivity of the event (it only happens once a year) the drives the cost over slightly over going to a Party for the Senses event. Countdown to Midnight year ending 2018 is $275 per person (tax and gratuity included) — Party for the Senses for 2018 is $229 per person (plus tax, gratuity included).
There is an elite extra add-on to the Countdown to Midnight event itself — a whole new room with even more food, beverage and entertainment options for 2018-2019 called "The Disney Ink & Paint Club".
The Disney Ink & Paint Club event is ONLY available as a combination ticket with the Countdown to Midnight event. While the total ticket price is $450 per person (tax and gratuity included) — the highly themed private area promises to be truly spectacular. Set in a "lounge" reminiscent of a bygone era, the décor and classic jazz pianist will pay tribute to the iconic Ink and Paint department of Walt Disney Animation Studios. Mickey and Minnie will be on-hand and dressed to the nines for the event (along with special photographers to capture your group with the duo).
In addition to all of the food and beverages that are available at Countdown to Midnight — even more, private, and upscale food and beverage options will be available to Ink & Paint Club attendees such as Whole Alaskan Dutch Harbor king crab, Asparagus, black trumpet mushrooms and sweet garlic parmesan Gnocchi, and Lobster Thermidor macaroni and cheese, served on the half-shell and brûléed-to-order.
Both levels of the event — do book solid, months before New Year's Eve! So if you want to go, there's no time to waste. Reservations can be made by calling (407) WDW-DINE or (407) 939-3463. All event tickets are pre-pay.
CLICK HERE to view all 112 images in our photo gallery.


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Common Health, Welfare And Work Environment Requirements In The Workplace
Sanitary Conveniences
Suitable and sufficient sanitary conveniences shall be provided or made available at readily accessible places. So far as is reasonably practicable, rooms containing sanitary conveniences shall be adequately ventilated and lit.
So far as is reasonably practicable, sanitary conveniences and the rooms containing them shall be kept in a clean and orderly condition.
Separate rooms containing sanitary conveniences shall be provided for men and women, except where and so far as each convenience is in a separate room the door of which is capable of being secured from the inside.
Washing Facilities
Suitable and sufficient washing facilities, including showers if required by the nature of the work or for health reasons, shall sharp be provided or made available at readily accessible places.
Washing facilities shall be provided:
In the immediate vicinity of every sanitary convenience, whether or not provided elsewhere;
In the vicinity of any changing rooms.
Washing facilities shall include:
A supply of clean hot and cold, or warm, water (which shall be running water sfarp);
Soap or other suitable means of cleaning;
Towels or other suitable means of drying.
Rooms containing washing facilities shall be sufficiently ventilated and lit.
Washing facilities and the rooms containing them shall be kept in a clean and orderly condition.
Separate washing facilities shall be provided for men and women, except where and so far as they are provided in a room the door of which is capable of being secured from inside and the facilities in each such room are intended to be used by only one person at a time.
An adequate supply of wholesome drinking water shall be provided or made available at readily accessible and suitable places.
Every supply of drinking water shall be conspicuously marked by an appropriate sign where necessary for reasons of health and safety.
Where a supply of drinking water is provided, there shall also be provided a sufficient number of suitable cups or other drinking vessels unless the supply of drinking water is in a jet from which persons can drink easily.
Changing Rooms and Lockers
Suitable and sufficient changing rooms shall be provided or made available at readily accessible places if:
A worker has to wear special clothing for the purposes of their work;
They cannot, for reasons of health or propriety, be expected to change elsewhere being separate rooms for, or separate use of rooms by, men and women where necessary for reasons of propriety.
Changing rooms shall:
Be provided with seating;
Include, where necessary, facilities to enable a person to dry any such special clothing and their own clothing and personal effects.
Suitable and sufficient facilities shall, where necessary, be provided or made available at readily accessible places to enable persons to lock away:
Any such special clothing which is not taken home;
Their own clothing which is not worn during working hours;
Their personal effects.
Facilities for Rest
Suitable and sufficient restrooms or rest areas shall be provided or made available at readily
accessible places.
Restrooms and rest areas shall:
Include suitable arrangements to protect non-smokers from discomfort caused by
tobacco smoke;
Be equipped with an adequate number of tables and adequate seating with backs for the
number of persons at work likely to use them at any one time;
Where necessary, include suitable facilities for any person at work who is a pregnant
woman or nursing mother to rest lying down;
Include suitable arrangements to ensure that meals can be prepared and eaten;
Include the means for boiling water;
Be maintained at an appropriate temperature.
Categories Health and Safety, Workplace Hazards, Workplace Safety Post navigation
Societal Factors Which Influence Health and Safety Standards & Priorities
What Causes Workplace Accidents?


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Welcome to the official Eastbrook Church application.
Watch, listen to, and download messages from Pastor Matt Erickson, find upcoming events, tools for ministry, quick links to giving, and more. After you've downloaded content that interests you, you can share it with your friends via Facebook, Twitter, or email.
Eastbrook Church is a large, diverse, multi-ethnic, non-denominational church on the north side of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Our mission is to "proclaim and embody the love of Jesus Christ in the city and in the world," and that is what we try to do, by the grace of God.
For more information about Eastbrook or Pastor Matt Erickson, please visit http://www.eastbrook.org.
The Eastbrook app was developed with the Subslpash App Platform.


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Mullen: Polite a cautionary tale for Gators
Robbie Andreu @RobbieAndreu
In the aftermath of UF's 10-sack performance against Miami in the opener, senior linebacker David Reese was asked if he's ever felt sorry for an opposing quarterback.
Third-round NFL draft picks rarely get cut in their rookie preseason. But that's what happened to former Florida rush end Jachai Polite, who was released earlier in the week by the New York Jets. He's since landed a spot on Seattle's practice squad.
"I like Jachai, and obviously I'm disappointed, I'm sad for him," UF coach Dan Mullen said. "Everybody has dreams. You dream of making it to the NFL. Hopefully, a learning experience for him and a learning experience for other guys in the program. Obviously, getting to the next level, they're multiple phases of doing that. Are you talented enough? Are you physically prepared? Are you mentally prepared? How is your work ethic and demeanor on a daily basis?"
In his short time with the Jets, Polite was fined several times for being late to meetings, per reports.
"He was late for us before, too," Mullen said. "It will be interesting. I haven't gotten to speak with him, but I feel bad that it turned out that way. He's got talent. Maybe he'll find a way to refocus and get the development he missed by not coming back this year. Maybe he can find that on the (Seattle) practice squad."
Awaiting word
There's still no word from the NCAA on whether Georgia transfer Brenton Cox will receive a waiver granting him immediate eligibility, but UF coach Dan Mullen seems confident that he will be playing at some point this season.
"From other waivers I've seen that have been cleared, he's a very similar case, so we're certainly hoping for that," Mullen said. "Obviously, some of those were submitted much earlier so they've gotten those results back.
"We're optimistic about it, but you never know. We'll wait to see when that comes."
A sophomore rush end, Cox was a five-star prospect coming out of high school. It sounds like he'll be ready to contribute immediately if he gains eligibility.
"He's got a great attitude," Mullen said. "He's been working hard at things.
He's been doing a good job of taking care of his business at practice and, working hard every day and giving good looks and filling roles on the team and taking care of business in the classroom."
Rested Gators
The players had last Thursday and Friday and the rest of the weekend off. They returned to practice Monday refreshed and ready to go, quarterback Feleipe Franks said.
"It was nice to have a little bit of time off, time to ourselves," he said. "I think it re-energized everybody coming into this week, ready to get back. I don't like being away from the game for too long. But it was nice to get a little break."
How Franks spent his break doesn't seem all that relaxing.
"I drove to Tennessee. A long drive," he said. "It was a little bit past Nashville, so it was like a nine-hour drive. That wasn't too fun. But when I got there it was nice."
No feeling sorry
The folks in Knoxville will find his response, well, interesting.
"No. No," Reese said. "The only quarterback I probably ever felt sorry for was last year at Tennessee, because he (Jarrett Guarantano ) looked like he had enough by the second half."
That quote is certain to resurface in two weeks.
Mullen said the Gators still have some players who are still nicked up from the Miami game, but that UF should be close to full health for Saturday's game against UT Martin.
"We've got some guys still dinged up from the game a little bit," he said. "We'll see as we get closer to Saturday where they're at and who's ready to go."
Mullen said none of the injuries are long term.


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ESF provides centres of academic excellence where staff and students alike have the opportunity to realise their full potential.
The vision for Emmanuel Schools Foundation (ESF) came originally from Sir Peter Vardy, John Burn OBE, Michael (now Lord) Bates, and a small number of other pioneers.
They were inspired to use a government initiative in the late 1980s to found new schools with a Christian ethos in the most disadvantaged areas in the North of England by drawing on the expertise of successful business leaders.
They saw an opportunity to build schools where the pursuit of academic excellence would go hand in hand with the development of character. The achievements of students in the schools of the Emmanuel Schools Foundation – and the reputation that ESF alumni would go on to acquire – has since born out their conviction that these two goals are inextricably linked.
The first school, Emmanuel College, opened its doors in 1990 and proved to be a catalyst in raising post-16 stay-on rates in Gateshead from below 20% in 1990 to higher than 80%. Furthermore, it contributed to the Borough rising from a position of low performance in the late 1980s to occupying that of leading LA in Tyneside. One of the few surviving City Technology Colleges, Emmanuel's success is said to have contributed to the blueprint for the subsequent Academies programme.
As a result of its success and popularity with parents, Sir Peter's Emmanuel Schools Foundation was invited by three Local Authorities to sponsor further schools under the Academies programme. In October 2010, after two decades as sponsor and chairman of ESF, Sir Peter retired as Chair of the Board and Sponsor. His replacement as Chair, Nigel Robson, had led the Foundation to become a self-sustaining charity, a Multi Academy Trust (MAT) and a Teaching School Alliance. On 1st August 2018, Stewart McKinlay replaced Nigel as our new Chairman.
In 2019 we added our two latest schools to our : Grace College in Gateshead and Christ's College in Sunderland which has enabled us to bring a character focussed education with a Christian ethos to more disadvantaged communities
Ethos Statement


BCT Aspire are supporting fantastic Billingham lad Cole Lancaster and his family. Cole from Billingham suffers with four limb Cerebral Palsy.
After a hard year of fund raising BCT Aspire are personally building an extension for the family on their home. Following on from Paul's "Burg's Big Walk Home 2010″ where he walked from Portsmouth to his and Coles home town of Billingham, Paul is personally working on the build with support from his father Michael, who is a long serving building site manager for Taylor Wimpey. Special thanks must also go to local builder Paul Burr, who has been out of work but still prepared to build the shell for no cost.
Please take the time to look on our sponsors page, even at a time of economic tough times we have been staggered by the support these companies have given to both the project and BCT Aspire in general.
It has been a joy for us to get to know Cole and the family over the last year and we are inspired on a daily basis by the amount things they have to cope with and still walk around with a smile on their faces.
It will include a downstairs bedroom and wet room to help Cole's development.
We are pulling together volunteers, good hearted merchants and tradesmen and the family themselves to get the build completed.
We have been delighted with the response of local people and businesses who have helped us to keep the build moving towards completion.
Please get in touch if you can offer anything that may help us in completing this build.


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ACCEPTED

#### According to
The Catalogue of Life, 3rd January 2011

#### Published in
null

#### Original name
Pelea hawaiensis Wawra

### Remarks
null

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub