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Justia Patents Radiant EnergyUS Patent for Vehicle light Patent (Patent # 9,103,517)
Vehicle light
Dec 1, 2011 - Stanley Electric Co., Ltd.
A vehicle light can prevent color variations of the projected image. The vehicle light can include a laser diode, a wavelength conversion member including a phosphor configured to receive blue light emitted from the laser diode and then emitting white light, a projection lens configured to project the white light emitted from the wavelength conversion member to provide forward illumination for a vehicle, and a diffusing portion provided to the projection lens, configured to diffuse the excitation light which is incident on the projection lens from the wavelength conversion member.
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This application claims the priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-268054 filed on Dec. 1, 2010, Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-025529 filed on Feb. 9, 2011, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-025530 filed on Feb. 9, 2011, all of which are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference.
The presently disclosed subject matter relates to a vehicle light.
Some vehicle lights such as vehicle headlights are conventionally known to employ a light source which includes a semiconductor light-emitting element and a wavelength conversion material such as a phosphor (for example, see Japanese Patent No. 4124445). In the vehicle light of this type, the phosphor is irradiated with excitation light (for example, blue light) from the semiconductor light-emitting element, so that the light (for example, yellow light) emitted by the phosphor being excited is mixed with the excitation light to transmit a visible radiation (for example, white light), which is then projected as forward illumination for the vehicle through an optical system such as a projection lens.
However, in the aforementioned conventional vehicle light, part of the excitation light may be regularly reflected from the phosphor so as to be transmitted through the projection lens as it is without being mixed with a predetermined color, thus causing partial color variations to occur in the projected image (for example, light distribution pattern).
The presently disclosed subject matter was devised in view of these and other problems and features and in association with the conventional art. According to an aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter, a vehicle light can prevent color variations of the projected image (for example, light distribution pattern).
According to another aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter, a vehicle light can include a light source including a semiconductor light-emitting element; a wavelength conversion member including a phosphor configured to receive excitation light emitted from the semiconductor light-emitting element and then emitting visible light; a projection lens configured to project the visible light emitted from the wavelength conversion member to provide forward illumination for a vehicle; and a diffusing portion provided to the projection lens, configured to diffuse the excitation light which is incident on the projection lens from the wavelength conversion member.
The vehicle light with the above configuration can further include a condensing optical system configured to focus the excitation light having been emitted from the semiconductor light-emitting element on one surface of the wavelength conversion member. In the vehicle light, the projection lens can be disposed to be opposed to the one surface of the wavelength conversion member, and the diffusing portion can be formed at a portion of the projection lens which is illuminated with the excitation light condensed by the condensing optical system and then regularly reflected from the wavelength conversion member.
Alternatively, the vehicle light with the above configuration can further include a condensing optical system configured to focus the excitation light having been emitted from the semiconductor light-emitting element on one surface of the wavelength conversion member. In the vehicle light, the projection lens can be disposed to be opposed to the other surface of the wavelength conversion member, and the diffusing portion can be formed at a portion of the projection lens which is illuminated with the excitation light condensed by the condensing optical system and then passed through the wavelength conversion member.
According to still another aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter, a vehicle light can include a light source including a semiconductor light-emitting element; a wavelength conversion member including a phosphor configured to receive excitation light emitted from the semiconductor light-emitting element and then emitting visible light; a reflector disposed to cover the wavelength conversion member from the rear side of the wavelength conversion member to above the wavelength conversion member so as to reflect the visible light emitted from the wavelength conversion member to provide forward illumination. In the vehicle light with the above configuration, the wavelength conversion member can be disposed to receive the excitation light from a forward and obliquely upward position, and can have an inclined surface so that the excitation light that is regularly reflected from the surface of the wavelength conversion member can be directed rearward to be incident on a rear end portion of the reflector.
In the vehicle light with the above configuration, the rear end portion of the reflector can be formed at and below the level of the wavelength conversion member so that all or most of the excitation light that has been regularly reflected from the surface of the wavelength conversion member can be incident on the reflector.
In the vehicle light with any of the above configurations, the rear end portion of the reflector can include a condenser reflection surface that can condense on and reflect to the wavelength conversion member the excitation light that has been regularly reflected from the surface of the wavelength conversion member.
According to further another aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter, a vehicle light can include a light source including a semiconductor light-emitting element; a wavelength conversion member including a phosphor configured to receive excitation light emitted from the semiconductor light-emitting element and then emitting visible light; a reflector disposed to cover the wavelength conversion member from the rear side of the wavelength conversion member to above the wavelength conversion member so as to reflect the visible light emitted from the wavelength conversion member to provide forward illumination. In the vehicle light with the above configuration, the wavelength conversion member can be disposed to receive the excitation light from a rear side thereof, and can have an inclined surface so that the excitation light that is regularly reflected from the surface of the wavelength conversion member can be directed to a region positioned forward and obliquely upward with respect to the wavelength conversion member and forward of the reflector, the region where a light distribution pattern formed by the vehicle light is not influenced.
The vehicle light with the above configuration can further include a condenser reflection surface that can be disposed in the region where the excitation light regularly reflected from the surface of the wavelength conversion member is directed, the condenser reflection surface being able to condense on and reflect to the wavelength conversion member the excitation light.
In the vehicle light with the above configuration, the condenser reflection surface can be integrally formed with the reflector.
In the vehicle light with any of the above configurations, the semiconductor light-emitting element can emit a laser beam.
According to one aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter, the projection lens can include the diffusing portion configured to diffuse excitation light incident upon the projection lens at the diffusing portion from the wavelength conversion member. Thus, when part of the excitation light that has not been turned into visible light in the phosphor of the wavelength conversion member and is incident upon the projection lens, that part of excitation light can be diffused in the diffusing portion. It is thus possible to prevent the excitation light from being transmitted through the projection lens at the same strength as that at which the excitation light has been emitted from the semiconductor light-emitting element, in turn preventing color variations of the projected image.
According to another aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter, part of the excitation light that has not been turned into visible light in the phosphor is the light that has been incident upon the surface of the phosphor of the wavelength conversion member from a forward and obliquely upward position with respect thereto and regularly reflected rearward from the surface, and accordingly, the light can be reflected from the rear end portion of the reflector to be incident again onto the phosphor. It is thus possible to prevent the excitation light having been regularly reflected from the surface of the phosphor from being projected directly onto a light distribution pattern, in turn preventing color variations of the light distribution pattern.
According to still another aspect of the presently disclosed subject matter, part of the excitation light that has not been turned into visible light in the phosphor is the light that has been incident upon the surface of the phosphor of the wavelength conversion member from a rearward position with respect to the wavelength conversion member and regularly reflected forward and obliquely upward from the surface. Accordingly, the light can be thereby directed to a region positioned forward and obliquely upward with respect to the wavelength conversion member and forward of the reflector where the light cannot influence the light distribution pattern. It is thus possible to prevent the excitation light having been regularly reflected from the surface of the phosphor from being projected directly onto a light distribution pattern, in turn preventing color variations of the light distribution pattern.
These and other characteristics, features, and advantages of the presently disclosed subject matter will become clear from the following description with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view illustrating a vehicle light according to an exemplary embodiment made in accordance with principles of the presently disclosed subject matter;
FIGS. 2A and 2B are explanatory views illustrating an optical path of the vehicle light according to the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional side view illustrating a vehicle light according to another exemplary embodiment;
FIGS. 4A and 4B are explanatory views illustrating an optical path in the vehicle light of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional side view illustrating a vehicle light according to another exemplary embodiment made in accordance with principles of the presently disclosed subject matter;
FIGS. 6A and 6B are explanatory views illustrating an optical path of the vehicle light of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional side view illustrating a variation of the vehicle light of FIG. 5;
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional side view illustrating a variation of the vehicle light of FIG. 8;
FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional side view illustrating a vehicle light according to another exemplary embodiment made in accordance with principles of the presently disclosed subject matter;
FIGS. 12A and 12B are explanatory views illustrating an optical path of the vehicle light of FIG. 11;
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional side view illustrating a variation of the vehicle light of FIG. 11;
FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional side view illustrating a vehicle light according to another exemplary embodiment;
FIGS. 15A and 15B are explanatory views illustrating an optical path in the vehicle light of FIG. 14;
A description will now be made below to vehicle lights of the presently disclosed subject matter with reference to the accompanying drawings in accordance with exemplary embodiments.
It should be noted that the directions of "upper (up)," "lower (down)," "forward (front)," "rearward (back, rear)," "right," and "left" are based on the direction when seen from the vehicle light of each exemplary embodiments and correspond to the indications in the drawings unless otherwise specified.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view illustrating a vehicle light 3 according to an exemplary embodiment of the presently disclosed subject matter.
As illustrated, the vehicle light 3 is what is called a direct-projection type headlight. The vehicle light 3 can include a light source including a laser diode (hereinafter referred to as the LD) 31, a condenser lens 37, a wavelength conversion member including a phosphor 32, and a projection lens 35.
Among these components, the LD 31 can be the semiconductor light-emitting element according to the presently disclosed subject matter which can upwardly emit a blue laser beam or the excitation light for the phosphor 32. Furthermore, the LD 31 can have a laser outlet which can be elongated in the left to right direction (in a direction perpendicular to the paper surface of FIG. 1) and thus can emit a laser beam that is widened in the left to right direction.
The condenser lens 37 is a condensing optical system which can be disposed above the LD 31 and can focus the blue light, which has been emitted upwardly from the LD 31, on the main surface of the phosphor 32 disposed further above. To be more specific, the condenser lens 37 can focus the blue light from the LD 31 generally at the center of the phosphor 32 in the direction of thickness thereof through the main surface thereof.
The phosphor 32 can be a fluorescence material that is a wavelength conversion material and can be excited by receiving the blue light emitted from the LD 31 to thereby emit yellow light. The phosphor 32 can be disposed above the condenser lens 37 with the main surface inclined downwardly in the forward direction. When the phosphor 32 receives the blue light, the blue light scattered in the phosphor 32 can be mixed with yellow light emitted from the phosphor 32, thereby allowing white light to be radially emitted. The phosphor 32 can also receive on the main surface thereof the blue light from the LD 31, the blue light being condensed by the condenser lens 37. The phosphor 32 can then radially emit white light in the forward direction from the main surface. The main surface can be formed to have generally the same area as that of the condensed spot of the blue light. Accordingly, the phosphor 32 can emit the white light as if the light is emitted from a point light source that has generally the same size as that of the condensed spot of the blue light.
The projection lens 35 can be an aspherical plano-convex lens with a convex front surface. The projection lens 35 can be disposed in front of the phosphor 32 in a manner such that the rear surface thereof is diagonally opposed to the main surface of the phosphor 32 so that the phosphor 32 is located on an optical axis Ax of the projection lens 35 in the back-and-forth direction. The projection lens 35 can have an object-side focal point located at or near the phosphor 32 to project the white light emitted from the phosphor 32 as forward illumination for the vehicle.
The projection lens 35 can also have a diffusing portion S formed on the rear surface thereof. The diffusion portion S can be provided with microscopic asperities. Specifically, the diffusing portion S can be formed at a portion of the rear surface of the projection lens 35 which is illuminated with the blue light condensed by the condenser lens 37 and then regularly reflected from the phosphor 32 (see FIG. 2A). The diffusing portion S can be configured to diffuse the blue light incident on the projection lens 35 which has not been turned into white light by the phosphor 32 but simply regularly reflected therefrom in addition to the white light.
FIGS. 2A and 2B are explanatory views illustrating the optical path of the vehicle light 3.
As shown in FIG. 2A, in the vehicle light 3 configured as described above, the blue light (excitation light) emitted from the LD 31 can be focused on the phosphor 32 by the condenser lens 37 so that most of the blue light can be emitted forward as white light via wavelength-conversion and mixing with yellow light. At this time, part of the blue light focused on the phosphor 32 may not be turned into white light but simply regularly reflected from the phosphor 32 and then directed to the projection lens 35. However, that part of blue light can be incident upon the diffusing portion S of the rear surface of the projection lens 35, and is diffused. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent the blue light from being transmitted through the projection lens 35 at the same strength as that at which the blue light has been emitted from the LD 31.
As shown in FIG. 2B, the white light emitted from the phosphor 32 can be provided by the projection lens 35 as forward illumination for the vehicle.
According to the vehicle light 3 described above, the blue light which has not been turned into white light but simply regularly reflected from the phosphor 32 can be diffused by the diffusing portion S. This makes it possible to prevent the blue light from being transmitted through the projection lens 35 at the same strength at which the blue light has been emitted from the LD 31, which in turn can prevent color variations of the projected image.
Furthermore, in terms of safety (eye safety) for the human body, the blue laser beam light would not necessarily be emitted out of the vehicle light. In this context, the blue light can be prevented from being transmitted through the projection lens 35 at the same high strength at which the blue light has been emitted from the LD 31, thus enhancing the safety.
Next, a description will be made to another exemplary embodiment of the presently disclosed subject matter. Note that the same components as those of the aforementioned exemplary embodiment will be denoted with like reference numerals and will not be repeatedly explained.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional side view illustrating a vehicle light 4 according to another exemplary embodiment of the presently disclosed subject matter.
As illustrated in this figure, the vehicle light 4 can include an LD 41, a condenser lens 47, and a wavelength conversion member including a phosphor 42 as well as the projection lens 35 that is configured in the same manner as in the aforementioned exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1. The vehicle light 4 is different from the vehicle light 3 of the aforementioned exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1 in that the blue light can be passed through the rear surface of the phosphor 42 in the forward direction.
The LD 41 can be disposed to emit the blue light in the forward direction, and the other arrangements are provided in the same manner as for the LD 31 of the aforementioned exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1.
The condenser lens 47 is the condensing optical system of the presently disclosed subject matter, and can be disposed in front of the LD 41 in a manner such that the blue light emitted from the LD 41 in the forward direction is focused on the rear surface of the phosphor 42 that is disposed at a further forward position. To be more specific, the condenser lens 47 can focus the blue light from the LD 41 generally at the center of the phosphor 42 in the direction of thickness through the rear surface thereof.
The phosphor 42 can be formed of the same fluorescence material as that for the phosphor 32 of the aforementioned exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1, and disposed at a forward position of the condenser lens 47 with the rear surface supported by an optically transparent member 421. The phosphor 42 can be arranged in a manner such that the front surface thereof is directly opposed to the rear surface of the projection lens 35 so that the phosphor 42 can receive, through the rear surface, the blue light from the LD 41 condensed by the condenser lens 47 and then radially emit white light to the projection lens 35 that is located at a further forward position. The phosphor 42 can also be arranged in a manner such that the blue light which has been condensed by the condenser lens 47 and then passed through the phosphor 42 in the forward direction can illuminate the portion of the rear surface of the projection lens 35 at which the diffusing portion S is formed (see FIG. 4A). The phosphor 42 can also be formed so that the areas of the front surface thereof and the rear surface thereof are generally the same as the condensed spot area of the blue light.
As shown in FIG. 4A, in the vehicle light 4 configured as described above, the blue light (excitation light) emitted from the LD 41 can be focused on the phosphor 42 by the condenser lens 47 and then most of the blue light can be converted and emitted forward as white light. At this time, part of the blue light focused on the phosphor 42 cannot be turned into white light but passed through the phosphor 42 to be directed to the projection lens 35. However, since that part of blue light that is incident upon the diffusing portion S of the rear surface of the projection lens 35 can be diffused, it is possible to prevent the blue light from being transmitted through the projection lens 35 at the same strength as that at which the light has been emitted from the LD 41.
Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 4B, the white light emitted from the phosphor 42 can be provided as forward illumination for the vehicle through the projection lens 35.
The vehicle light 4 described above can provide the same effects as those by the vehicle light 3 of the aforementioned exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1. That is, the blue light which has not been turned into white light by the phosphor 42 but passed through the phosphor 42 can be diffused by the diffusing portion S. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent the blue light from being transmitted through the projection lens 35 at the same strength at which the blue light has been emitted from the LD 41, which in turn can prevent color variations of the projected image as well as ensure safety for the human body.
While the presently disclosed subject matter has been described with reference to the certain exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications and variations are obviously possible in light of the above teaching, and the presently disclosed subject matter may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
For example, although the LDs 31 and 41 have been taken for illustration purposes as the semiconductor light-emitting element of the presently disclosed subject matter, the semiconductor light-emitting element is not limited to the laser diode but may also be, for example, a light-emitting diode.
Furthermore, in the aforementioned embodiments, the LDs 31 and 41 are configured to emit blue light and the blue light can cause the phosphors 32 and 42 to emit yellow light. The presently disclosed subject matter is not limited thereto and may employ other arrangements (a combination of the excitation light and the phosphor) which can provide white light. Furthermore, the light emitted from the phosphors 32 and 42 is not limited to white light, but may also be a visible radiation of other colors for use in vehicles such as automobiles.
Furthermore, in the embodiments above, the diffusing portion S can be formed at a portion of the rear surface of the projection lens 35 which is illuminated with the blue light regularly reflected from the phosphor 32 or the blue light passed through the phosphor 42. However, the diffusing portion S may not need to be formed across that entire portion. More specifically, depending on the output of the regularly reflected or transmitted blue light, taking color variations of the projected image or effects exerted on safety into account, the diffusing portion S may be formed only in a range smaller than the portion which is illuminated with the aforementioned blue light. For example, the diffusing portion S may be formed so as to reduce the peak power of the blue light emitted from the LDs 31 and 41 to a half value.
As illustrated, the vehicle light 1 is what is called a projection type headlight. The vehicle light 1 can include a light source including a laser diode (hereinafter referred to as the LD) 11, a condenser lens 12, a mirror 13, a wavelength conversion member including a phosphor 14, a reflector 15, a shade 16, and a projection lens 17.
Among these components, the LD 11 can be the semiconductor light-emitting element of the presently disclosed subject matter which can upwardly emit a blue laser beam or the excitation light for the phosphor 14.
The condenser lens 12 can be disposed directly above the LD 11 and can focus the blue light, which has been emitted upwardly from the LD 11, on the surface (top surface) of the phosphor 14 via the mirror 13 that is disposed further above. To be more specific, the condenser lens 12 can focus the blue light from the LD 11 generally at the center of the phosphor 14 in the direction of thickness thereof through the surface thereof.
The mirror 13 can be disposed above the condenser lens 12, and can include a planar reflecting surface 131 formed on the lower surface thereof. The reflecting surface 131 can be formed to be inclined in the rearward direction at an angle of 22.5 degrees, for example, so that the blue light, which has been emitted upwardly from the LD 11 via the condenser lens 12, can be reflected obliquely downward in the rearward direction at an angle (depression or directivity angle) of 45 degrees, for example.
The phosphor 14 can be disposed obliquely below the mirror 13 in the rearward direction (for example, in the direction at the angle of 45 degrees) and obliquely above the condenser lens 12 in the rearward direction. Further, the phosphor 14 can be disposed with the top surface thereof inclined in the rearward direction at an angle of 22.5 degrees, for example. The phosphor 14 can be a fluorescence material that is a wavelength conversion material and can be excited by receiving the blue light emitted from the LD 11 to thereby emit yellow light. Accordingly, when the phosphor 14 receives the blue light, the blue light scattered in the phosphor 14 can be mixed with yellow light emitted from the phosphor 14, thereby allowing white light to be emitted. The top surface of the phosphor 14 can be formed to have generally the same area as that of the spot of the blue light condensed by the condenser lens 12. Accordingly, the phosphor 14 can emit the white light as if the light is emitted from a point light source that has generally the same size as that of the condensed spot of the blue light. In the present exemplary embodiment, the phosphor 14 can be supported by a support such as a metal plate 18 inclined in the same manner as the phosphor 14. The support metal plate 18 can include a mirror top surface such as an aluminum deposited surface, so that the white light emitted downward from the phosphor 14 can be reflected upward.
The reflector 15 can be formed to be a curved plate and opened obliquely downward in the forward direction as shown in FIG. 5, so that the top of the phosphor 14 can be covered by the reflector 15 with a predetermined space therebetween. The reflector 15 can have a lower surface to be a reflecting surface 151, which can reflect light emitted from the phosphor 14 in the forward direction.
The reflecting surface 151 can be a free curved surface based on a revolved ellipsoid having a first focal point at or near the position of the phosphor 14. The revolved ellipsoid can be formed so that the eccentricity thereof is gradually increased from the vertical cross-section toward the horizontal cross-section. The reflecting surface 151 can be formed so that the top of the phosphor 14 can be covered by the reflecting surface 151 with a predetermined space therebetween from its rear portion to above the phosphor 14. With this configuration, the white light emitted from the phosphor 14 can be focused at or near the front end of the shade 16 by the curve of the reflecting surface 151 shown in the vertical cross-section while being focused gradually in front of the shade 16 by the curve of the reflecting surface 151 shown in the cross-section toward the horizontal cross-section. The reflecting surface 151 can have a rear end portion (lower end) of which level is below the phosphor 14 as shown in FIG. 5. Accordingly, as described later, the blue light having been regularly reflected from the surface of the phosphor 14 in the rearward direction can be incident on the rear end portion of the reflecting surface 151.
The shade 16 can be a shielding member disposed in the forward direction with respect to the phosphor 14. The shade 16 can be configured to shield part of the white light reflected from the reflecting surface 151 of the reflector 15 so as to form a cut-off line of a low beam light distribution. The shade 16 can be disposed so that its top surface is positioned at a level that substantially coincides with the level of the horizontal plane (perpendicular to the vertical direction) including the optical axis Ax of the projection lens 17. The top surface of the shade 16 can be an aluminum deposited surface as in the metal plate 18. With this configuration, the white light having been reflected from the reflecting surface 151 and incident on the top surface of the shade 16 can be reflected toward the projection lens 17.
The projection lens 17 can be an aspherical plano-convex lens with a convex front surface. The projection lens 17 can be disposed in front of the phosphor 14 and the reflector 15 in a manner such that the top surface of the shade 16 and the phosphor 14 are located on the optical axis Ax of the projection lens 17 in the back-and-forth direction. The projection lens 17 can have an object-side focal point located at or near the front end of the shade 16 to project the white light reflected from the reflecting surface 151 of the reflector 15 as forward illumination for the vehicle while the white light image is inverted.
FIGS. 6A and 6B are explanatory views illustrating the optical path of the vehicle light 1 of the present exemplary embodiment.
As shown in FIG. 6A, in the vehicle light 1 configured as described above, the blue light (excitation light) emitted from the LD 11 can be focused by the condenser lens 12 and reflected by the reflecting surface 131 of the mirror 13, so that the blue light can be incident on the top surface of the phosphor 14 from a position obliquely upward in the forward direction with respect to the phosphor 14. At this time, most of the blue light incident on the phosphor 14 can be emitted radially upward as white light. However, part of the blue light may not be turned into white light but simply regularly reflected from the inclined top surface of the phosphor 14 and then directed in the rearward direction along the optical axis Ax. The blue light directed rearward from the phosphor 14 can be incident on the rear end portion of the reflecting surface 151 of the reflector 15 so that the blue light can be reflected from the rear end portion and incident again on the phosphor 14 to be turned into white light. As described above, the reflecting surface 151 can have the rear end portion (lower end) extend below the phosphor 14 as shown in FIG. 5. Accordingly, all or most of the blue light that has been regularly reflected from the surface of the phosphor 14 and spread around the optical axis Ax and directed to the rear side can be incident on the rear end portion of the reflecting surface 151, so that the blue light can be reflected from the reflecting surface 151 toward the phosphor 14.
Further, as shown in FIG. 6B, the white light emitted upward from the phosphor 14 can be reflected from the reflecting surface 151 of the reflector 15 and provided as forward illumination for the vehicle through the projection lens 17. At this time, part of the white light to be directed toward the lower portion of the projection lens 17 can be shielded by the shade 16, so that the desired low beam light distribution having been shielded at or above the cut-off line can be formed.
According to the vehicle light 1 described above, the blue light which is incident on the phosphor 14 from a position obliquely upward in the forward direction with respect to the phosphor 14 and has not been turned into white light but simply regularly reflected from the inclined top surface of the phosphor 14 can be reflected from the rear end portion of the reflecting surface 151. Then, the blue light can be incident again on the phosphor 14 to be turned into white light. This makes it possible to prevent the blue light regularly reflected from the top surface of the phosphor 14 from being projected through the projection lens 17 on the low beam light distribution pattern (projected image of a low beam), which in turn can prevent color variations of the light distribution pattern.
Furthermore, the blue laser beam light can be prevented from being emitted out of the vehicle light, which is a possible solution in terms of ensuring the maximum permissible exposure (MPE).
In addition, the blue light which has been regularly reflected from the top surface of the phosphor 14 can be caused to be incident on the rear end portion of the reflecting surface 151. When compared with a case where blue light is caused to be incident on a central part of the reflecting surface to be returned to a phosphor, the white light can be reflected by means of the entire reflecting surface 151 for forming the low beam light distribution pattern except for the rear end portion thereof. Namely, the portion of the reflecting surface 151 having an intrinsic function of forming a desired light distribution pattern can be utilized without being divided into plural portions. This can facilitate the designing of the reflecting surface 151, leading to the facilitation of the formation of light distribution pattern.
According to the vehicle light 1 described above, the blue light which has not been turned into white light but simply regularly reflected from the top surface of the phosphor 14 can be caused to be incident again on the phosphor 14 to be turned into white light. Accordingly, when compared with the case where such blue light is emitted as it is out of the vehicle light, the vehicle light 1 can enhance the light use efficiency.
It should be noted that as shown in FIG. 7 the rear end portion of the reflecting surface 151 can have a condenser reflection surface 151a that can reflect the blue light having been regularly reflected from the top surface of the phosphor 14 and condense the blue light onto the phosphor 14. Such a condenser reflection surface 151a can gather the blue light from the phosphor 14 and redirect it toward the phosphor 14 to ensure the wavelength conversion into white light. This can enhance the light use efficiency with reliability.
Next, a description will be made to another exemplary embodiment of the presently disclosed subject matter. Note that the same components as those of the aforementioned exemplary embodiment of FIG. 5 will be denoted with like reference numerals and will not be repeatedly explained.
As illustrated, the vehicle light 2 is what is called a parabola type headlight. The vehicle light 2 can include an LD 11, a condenser lens 12, a mirror 23, a wavelength conversion member including a phosphor 24, and a reflector 25.
The phosphor 24 can be disposed obliquely below the mirror 23 in the rearward direction (in the direction at the angle of 55 degrees) and obliquely above the condenser lens 12 in the rearward direction. Further, the phosphor 24 can be disposed with the top surface thereof inclined in the rearward direction at an angle of 27.5 degrees, for example. The other arrangements of the phosphor 24 are provided in the same manner as for the phosphor 14 of the aforementioned exemplary embodiment of FIG. 5.
The reflector 25 can be formed to be a curved plate and opened obliquely downward in the forward direction as shown in FIG. 8, so that the top of the phosphor 24 can be covered by the reflector 25 with a predetermined space therebetween. The reflector 25 can have a lower surface that is a reflecting surface 251, which can reflect light emitted from the phosphor 24 in the forward direction.
The reflecting surface 251 can be a free curved surface based on a revolved parabola having a focal point at or near the position of the phosphor 24. The reflecting surface 251 can be formed so that the phosphor 24 can be covered therewith at its top with a predetermined space therebetween from its rear portion to above the phosphor 24. The reflecting surface 251 can have a rear end portion (lower end) of which level is below the phosphor 24 as shown in FIG. 8. Accordingly, as described later, the blue light having been regularly reflected from the surface of the phosphor 24 in the rearward direction can be incident on the rear end portion of the reflecting surface 251.
As shown in FIG. 9A, in the vehicle light 2 configured as described above, the blue light (excitation light) emitted from the LD 11 can be focused by the condenser lens 12 and reflected by the reflecting surface 231 of the mirror 23, so that the blue light can be incident on the top surface of the phosphor 24 from a position obliquely upward in the forward direction with respect to the phosphor 24. At this time, most of the blue light incident on the phosphor 24 can be emitted radially upward as white light. However, part of the blue light may not be turned into white light but simply regularly reflected from the inclined top surface of the phosphor 24 and then directed in the rearward direction. The blue light directed rearward from the phosphor 24 can be incident on the rear end portion of the reflecting surface 251 of the reflector 25 so that the blue light can be reflected from the rear end portion and incident again on the phosphor 24 to be turned into white light. As described above, the reflecting surface 251 can have the rear end portion (lower end) of which level extends below the phosphor 24 as shown in FIG. 8. Accordingly, all or most of the blue light that has been regularly reflected from the surface of the phosphor 24 and spread and directed to the rear side can be allowed to be incident on the rear end portion of the reflecting surface 251, so that the blue light can be reflected from the reflecting surface 251 toward the phosphor 24.
Further, as shown in FIG. 9B, the white light emitted upward from the phosphor 24 can be reflected from the reflecting surface 251 of the reflector 25 and provided as forward illumination for the vehicle to form the desired light distribution pattern (such as a low beam light distribution pattern).
The vehicle light 2 described above can provide the same effects as those by the vehicle light 1 of the aforementioned exemplary embodiment of FIG. 5.
It should be noted that as shown in FIG. 10 the rear end portion of the reflecting surface 251 can have a condenser reflection surface 251a that can reflect the blue light having been regularly reflected from the top surface of the phosphor 24 while condense the blue light onto the phosphor 24 in the same manner as the reflection surface 141 of the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 5.
FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional side view illustrating a vehicle light 3 according to another exemplary embodiment of the presently disclosed subject matter.
As illustrated, the vehicle light 3 is what is called a projection type headlight. The vehicle light 3 can include a light source including a laser diode (hereinafter referred to as the LD) 31, a condenser lens 32, a wavelength conversion member including a phosphor 34, a reflector 35, a shade 16, and a projection lens 17.
Among these components, the LD 31 can be the semiconductor light-emitting element of the presently disclosed subject matter which can forwardly emit a blue laser beam or the excitation light for the phosphor 34 along an optical axis Ax of the projection lens 17 described later.
The condenser lens 32 can be disposed in front of the LD 31 and can focus the blue light, which has been emitted forward from the LD 31, on the surface (top surface) of the phosphor 34 disposed in front of the condenser lens 32. To be more specific, the condenser lens 32 can focus the blue light from the LD 31 generally at the center of the phosphor 34 in the direction of thickness thereof through the surface thereof.
The phosphor 34 can be disposed in front of the condenser lens 32. The phosphor 34 can be a fluorescence material that is a wavelength conversion material and can be excited by receiving the blue light emitted from the LD 31 to thereby emit yellow light. Accordingly, when the phosphor 34 receives the blue light, the blue light scattered in the phosphor 34 can be mixed with yellow light emitted from the phosphor 34, thereby allowing white light to be emitted. The top surface of the phosphor 34 can be formed to have generally the same area as that of the spot of the blue light condensed by the condenser lens 32. Accordingly, the phosphor 34 can emit the white light as if the light is emitted from a point light source that has generally the same size as that of the condensed spot of the blue light. In the present exemplary embodiment, the phosphor 34 can be supported by a support such as a metal plate 18 inclined in the same manner as the phosphor 34. The support metal plate 18 can include a mirror top surface such as an aluminum deposited surface, so that the white light emitted downward from the phosphor 34 can be reflected upward.
Further, the phosphor 34 can be disposed with the top surface thereof inclined in the rearward direction at an angle of 22.5 degrees, for example. Accordingly, as described later, the phosphor 34 can be configured such that part of the blue light that is incident from the rear side thereon and been regularly reflected from the surface of the phosphor 34 can be directed to a predetermined region positioned forward and obliquely upward. The predetermined region may be a front region positioned forward and obliquely upward with respect to the phosphor 34 and forward of the reflection surface 351 to be described later, where the light from the phosphor 34 does not influence the formation of a desired light distribution pattern. In the present exemplary embodiment, this region of the phosphor 34 can be defined such that the blue light regularly reflected from this region of the phosphor 34 can be prevented from being emitted out of the vehicle light.
The reflector 35 can be formed to be a curved plate and opened obliquely downward in the forward direction as shown in FIG. 11, so that the phosphor 34 can be covered therewith at its top with a predetermined space therebetween. The reflector 35 can have a lower surface to be a reflecting surface 351, which can reflect white light emitted from the phosphor 34 in the forward direction.
The reflecting surface 351 can be a free curved surface based on a revolved ellipsoid having a first focal point at or near the position of the phosphor 34. The revolved ellipsoid can be formed so that the eccentricity thereof is gradually increased from the vertical cross-section toward the horizontal cross-section. The reflecting surface 351 can be formed so that the top of the phosphor 34 can be covered by the reflecting surface 351 with a predetermined space therebetween from its rear portion to above the phosphor 34. With this configuration, the white light emitted from the phosphor 34 can be focused at or near the front end of the shade 16 by the curve of the reflecting surface 351 shown in the vertical cross-section while being focused gradually in front of the shade 16 by the curve of the reflecting surface 351 shown in the cross-section toward the horizontal cross-section. The shade 16 can be a shielding member disposed in the forward direction with respect to the phosphor 34. The shade 16 can be configured to shield part of white light reflected from the reflecting surface 351 of the reflector 35 so as to form a cut-off line of a low beam light distribution.
The shade 16 can be disposed so that its top surface is positioned at a level that substantially coincides with the level of the horizontal plane (perpendicular to the vertical direction) including the optical axis Ax of the projection lens 17 to be described later. The top surface of the shade 16 can be an aluminum deposited surface as in the metal plate 18. With this configuration, the white light having been reflected from the reflecting surface 351 and incident on the top surface of the shade 16 can be reflected toward the projection lens 17.
FIGS. 12A and 12B are explanatory views illustrating the optical path of the vehicle light 3 of the present exemplary embodiment.
As shown in FIG. 12A, in the vehicle light 3 configured as described above, the blue light (excitation light) emitted from the LD 31 can be focused by the condenser lens 32, so that the blue light can be incident on the top surface of the phosphor 34 from a rear side with respect to the phosphor 14. At this time, most of the blue light incident on the phosphor 34 can be emitted radially upward as white light. However, part of the blue light may not be turned into white light but simply regularly reflected from the inclined top surface of the phosphor 34, and directed to a predetermined region that is a front region positioned forward and obliquely upward with respect to the phosphor 34 and forward of the reflection surface 351, where the light from the phosphor 34 does not influence the formation of a desired light distribution pattern (such as a low beam light distribution pattern).
Further, as shown in FIG. 12B, the white light emitted upward from the phosphor 34 can be reflected from the reflecting surface 351 of the reflector 35 and provided as forward illumination for the vehicle through the projection lens 17. At this time, part of the white light to be directed toward the lower portion of the projection lens 17 can be shielded by the shade 16, so that the desired low beam light distribution having been shielded at or above the cut-off line can be formed.
According to the vehicle light 3 described above, the blue light which is incident on the phosphor 34 from a rear side and has not been turned into white light but simply regularly reflected from the inclined top surface of the phosphor 34 can be directed to a predetermined region that is a front region positioned forward and obliquely upward with respect to the phosphor 34 and forward of the reflection surface 351, where the light from the phosphor 34 does not influence the formation of a desired light distribution pattern (such as a low beam light distribution pattern). This makes it possible to prevent the blue light regularly reflected from the top surface of the phosphor 34 from being projected through the projection lens 17 on the low beam light distribution pattern (projected image of a low beam), which in turn can prevent color variations of the light distribution pattern.
It should be noted that as shown in FIG. 13 the front end portion of the reflecting surface 351 can have a condenser reflection surface 352 that can reflect the blue light having been regularly reflected from the top surface of the phosphor 34 while condensing the blue light onto the phosphor 34. Such a condenser reflection surface 352 can gather the blue light from the phosphor 34 and redirect it toward the phosphor 34 to ensure the wavelength conversion into white light. This can enhance the light use efficiency. It can be advantageous to form the condenser reflection surface 352 integrally with the reflection surface 351 in view of reduction in the number of parts.
Next, a description will be made to yet another exemplary embodiment of the presently disclosed subject matter. Note that the same components as those of the aforementioned exemplary embodiment of FIG. 11 will be denoted with like reference numerals and will not be repeatedly explained.
As illustrated, the vehicle light 4 is what is called a parabola type headlight. The vehicle light 4 can include an LD 31, a condenser lens 32, a wavelength conversion member including a phosphor 44, and a reflector 45.
Among these components, the phosphor 44 can be disposed in front of the condenser lens 32. The phosphor 44 can have a top surface thereof inclined in the rearward direction at an angle of 27.5 degrees, for example. Accordingly, the phosphor 44 can be configured such that part of the blue light that is incident from the rear side thereon and been regularly reflected from the surface of the phosphor 44 can be directed to a predetermined region positioned forward and obliquely upward. The predetermined region may be a front region positioned forward and obliquely upward with respect to the phosphor 44 and forward of the reflection surface 451 to be described later, where the light from the phosphor 44 does not influence the formation of a desired light distribution pattern. In the present exemplary embodiment, the region can be defined such that the light from the phosphor 44 cannot be emitted out of the vehicle light. The other arrangements of the phosphor 44 are provided in the same manner as for the phosphor 34 of the aforementioned exemplary embodiment of FIG. 11.
The reflector 45 can be formed to be a curved plate and opened obliquely downward in the forward direction as shown in FIG. 14, so that the phosphor 44 can be covered therewith at its top with a predetermined space therebetween. The reflector 45 can have a lower surface to be a reflecting surface 451, which can reflect light emitted from the phosphor 44 in the forward direction.
The reflecting surface 451 can be a free curved surface based on a revolved parabola having a focal point at or near the position of the phosphor 44. The reflecting surface 451 can be formed so that the top of the phosphor 44 can be covered by the reflector surface 451 with a predetermined space therebetween from its rear portion to above the phosphor 24.
FIGS. 15A and 15B are explanatory views illustrating the optical path of the vehicle light 4.
As shown in FIG. 15A, in the vehicle light 4 configured as described above, the blue light (excitation light) emitted from the LD 31 can be focused by the condenser lens 32, so that the blue light can be incident on the top surface of the phosphor 44 from the rear side with respect to the phosphor 44. At this time, most of the blue light incident on the phosphor 44 can be emitted radially upward as white light. However, part of the blue light may not be turned into white light but simply regularly reflected from the inclined top surface of the phosphor 44, and directed to a predetermined region that is a front region positioned forward and obliquely upward with respect to the phosphor 44 and forward of the reflection surface 451, where the light from the phosphor 44 does not influence the formation of a desired light distribution pattern (such as a low beam light distribution pattern).
Further, as shown in FIG. 15B, the white light emitted upward from the phosphor 44 can be reflected from the reflecting surface 451 of the reflector 45 and provided as forward illumination for the vehicle to form the desired light distribution pattern (such as a low beam light distribution pattern).
The vehicle light 4 described above can provide the same effects as those by the vehicle light 3 of the aforementioned exemplary embodiment of FIG. 11.
It should be noted that as shown in FIG. 16 the front end portion of the reflector 45 can have a condenser reflection surface 452 that can reflect the blue light having been regularly reflected from the top surface of the phosphor 44 while condense the blue light onto the phosphor 44. Such a condenser reflection surface 452 can gather the blue light from the phosphor 44 toward the phosphor 44 to ensure the wavelength conversion into white light. This can enhance the light use efficiency. In certain circumstances it can be advantageous to form the condenser reflection surface 452 integrally with the reflection surface 451 in view of reduction in the number of parts.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the presently disclosed subject matter without departing from the spirit or scope of the presently disclosed subject matter. Thus, it is intended that the presently disclosed subject matter cover the modifications and variations of the presently disclosed subject matter provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. All related art references described above are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference.
1. A projection type vehicle light configured to project light forward, comprising:
a light source including a semiconductor light-emitting element;
a wavelength conversion member including a phosphor configured to receive excitation light emitted from the semiconductor light-emitting element and emit visible light, and a metal plate configured to support the phosphor and have a mirror top surface so that the visible light emitted downward from the phosphor is reflected upward; and
a reflector formed to be curved and opened obliquely downward in the forward direction, having a reflecting surface facing downward, and extending from a position adjacent a rear side of the wavelength conversion member to a position above the wavelength conversion member such that the visible light emitted from the wavelength conversion member is reflected to provide forward illumination, wherein:
the wavelength conversion member is disposed to receive the excitation light from a position forward and obliquely upward relative to the wavelength conversion member and includes a surface inclined in a rearward direction toward the reflector such that the excitation light that is regularly reflected from the surface of the wavelength conversion member is directed rearward to be incident on a rear end portion of the reflector,
the metal plate is inclined in the rearward direction toward the reflector such that the excitation light through the wavelength conversion member can be reflected by the surface of the metal plate toward the rear end portion of the reflector;
the rear end portion of the reflector extends below a level of the wavelength conversion member such that substantially all the excitation light that has been regularly reflected from the surface of the wavelength conversion member is incident on the reflector,
the rear end portion of the reflector includes a condenser reflection surface that is integrally formed with the reflecting surface and configured to condense on and reflect to the wavelength conversion member the excitation light that has been regularly reflected from the surface of the wavelength conversion member;
a projection lens having an optical axis and configured to project the visible light reflected from the reflecting surface forward while inverting an image of the visible light;
the visible light reflected by a central portion of the reflecting surface of the reflector is focused between the phosphor and the projection lens;
the surface of the wavelength conversion member and the metal plate that are inclined are located on the optical axis of the projection lens;
the condenser reflection surface is located on or below the optical axis of the projection lens; and
the mirror top surface of the wavelength conversion member is inclined with respect to the optical axis of the projection lens by an angle such that part of the light emitted from the light source is regularly reflected by the mirror top surface to be directed to the condenser reflection surface.
2. The projection type vehicle light according to claim 1, further comprising:
a second reflector disposed substantially at the forward and obliquely upward position and above the light source so as to receive the excitation light that has been emitted from the light source and reflect the excitation light toward the wavelength conversion member.
a reflector formed to be curved and opened obliquely downward in the forward direction, having a reflecting surface facing downward, and extending from a rear side of the wavelength conversion member to a position above the wavelength conversion member such that the visible light emitted from the wavelength conversion member is reflected to provide forward illumination, wherein
the wavelength conversion member is positioned to receive the excitation light from a rear side thereof, and has a surface inclined in a rearward direction toward the reflector so that the excitation light that is regularly reflected from the surface of the wavelength conversion member is directed to a region positioned forward and obliquely upward with respect to the wavelength conversion member and forward of the reflector such that the so directed light is separated from a light distribution pattern formed by the vehicle light;
the metal plate is inclined in the rearward direction toward the reflector such that the excitation light through the wavelength conversion member can be reflected by the surface of the metal plate to a region positioned forward and obliquely upward with respect to the wavelength conversion member and forward of the reflector such that the so directed light is separated from a light distribution pattern formed by the vehicle light;
the reflector integrally includes a condenser reflection surface positioned at a front end portion of the reflector in the region where the excitation light regularly reflected from the surface of the wavelength conversion member is directed, the condenser reflection surface configured to condense on and reflect to the wavelength conversion member the excitation light;
a condenser lens configured to focus the excitation light emitted from the semiconductor light-emitting element at a central portion of the phosphor in a thickness direction of the phosphor through the surface of the phosphor so as to form a spot of the excitation light condensed by the condenser lens having generally the same area as that of the surface of the phosphor;
the visible light reflected by the reflecting surface of the reflector is focused between the phosphor and the projection lens;
the surface of the wavelength conversion member that is inclined and the condenser lens are located on the optical axis of the projection lens; and
4. The projection type vehicle light according to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor light-emitting element emits a laser beam.
a diffusing portion provided to the projection lens and configured to diffuse light incident on the projection lens received from the wavelength conversion member.
8. The projection type vehicle light according to claim 3, wherein the wavelength conversion member is positioned to receive the excitation light from a rear side thereof, and has an inclined surface so that the excitation light that is regularly reflected from the surface of the wavelength conversion member is directed to a region positioned forward and obliquely upward with respect to the wavelength conversion member and forward of the reflector such that the so directed light is separated from a light distribution pattern formed by the vehicle light.
9. The projection type vehicle light according to claim 2, further comprising a condenser lens disposed between the semiconductor light-emitting element and the second reflector, the condenser lens configured to focus the excitation light, which is emitted from the semiconductor light-emitting element and reflected by the second reflector, at a central portion of the phosphor through the surface of the phosphor in a thickness direction of the phosphor, and wherein
the semiconductor light-emitting element, the condenser lens, and the second reflector are vertically separated from an optical path of the visible light reflected by the reflecting surface of the reflector so that the semiconductor light-emitting element, the condenser lens, and the second reflector do not shield the visible light reflected by the reflecting surface.
20110063115 March 17, 2011 Kishimoto
20110157865 June 30, 2011 Takahashi et al.
20130088850 April 11, 2013 Kroell
20130155648 June 20, 2013 Morgenbrod et al.
2007-335334 December 2007 JP
2008-71667 March 2008 JP
4124445 July 2008 JP
2012-74355 April 2012 JP
List of Potentially Related Pending U.S. Appl. No. 13/309,555 to Yoshiaki Nakazato et al., filed Dec. 1, 2011.
Japanese Office Action for the related Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-025529 dated Sep. 30, 2014.
Filed: Dec 1, 2011
Date of Patent: Aug 11, 2015
Assignee: Stanley Electric Co., Ltd. (Tokyo)
Inventors: Yoshiaki Nakazato (Tokyo), Yoshiaki Nakaya (Tokyo)
Primary Examiner: Sean Gramling
Assistant Examiner: Gerald J Sufleta, II
Current U.S. Class: Radiant Energy (340/600)
International Classification: F21S 8/10 (20060101);


Whether you need assistance to take care of your young growing family in the event something catastrophic occurs, or you need help planning care for your aging parents, our law firm can assist with a variety of Caring Solutions to fit your needs. You can have peace of mind knowing you have made decisions about your estate and health before a catastrophic event so your family does not have to deal with such difficult decisions in crisis. You have made the decision for them and they will thank you for giving them guidance to carry out your wishes.
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Having the perfect brow can bring your makeup look to the next level. I have like many of you am still finding the best tips and tricks which works for me. Since I actually started wearing more makeup, I have come a long way, I actually never used to fill in my brows because I thought my face was better without it and discovering uses for things in my stash, I am more than happy to admit, oh boy was I wrong. Being an avid YouTube user, I have used it for ages to learn how to use different products; Nikki from +NikkieTutorials is one of my favourite to watch, her makeup tutorials are epic( I mean you already knew that) anyways i have picked up a few eyebrow tips which i have used and I feel my brow game is beginning to take life. I have recently invested in some brow kits of different price range. I use all of them on different days of the week, depending on how much time i have to do my makeup. The makeup revolution kit has everything you will need to do your brows, I feel I take way too much time to do my brows if i use it (I also use this kit to do my face contouring). The brow pens are one of my favourite tools I love using to do my brows, they're very easy, quick and they get the job done. The brow gel is the product you will need if you're going for the browgasm look, I mean if you want to brow to be on it's A game then this the product for you. I use it for my photo-shoots and nights out because it lasts for ages and I don't even need to set it with the clear brow gel unless I want to.
If you're a beginner in the makeup thing or are looking for a product that's quick and easy to use, I would definitely recommend the either brow pens.
In this picture, I am wearing the benefit goof proof brow pencil in number 4: it does look very natural here but you can always build it up if you want. Decided to do my whole face cause you can't just wear brows on a pic cause that will be weird ?


text:
Green Day's 'American Idiot' movie has been "pretty much scrapped"
Damnit.
By Nick Reilly
Green Day (CREDIT: Taylor Hill/FilmMagic)
Green Day frontman Billie Joe Armstrong has said that plans for a big-screen adaptation of their seminal album 'American Idiot' have been "pretty much scrapped".
The politically-charged 2004 album was responsible for reviving the US band's career, and was later adapted into a Tony-winning musical which spawned productions across the globe.
It was initially reported in 2011 that Tom Hanks was interested in producing a big screen adaptation of the project, before the film was finally confirmed in 2013 and playwright Rolin Jones revealed he was 'finishing up' the script in 2014.
But after spending years in development hell, Armstrong told NME that the project has been placed firmly on ice.
It comes after Armstrong previously said that HBO had finally given the go-ahead to the long-gestating project.
"We've got a green light from HBO, and the script is currently going through a couple of rewrites here and there, so I'm not sure when exactly we're going to start shooting, but it's definitely all systems go at the moment," he told NME in 2016.
Read more: The Big Read – Green Day: "We live our lives as if we have nothing"
The punk icon was speaking for this week's Big Read and also revealed that Donald Trump attended the musical's opening night in New York.
Explaining his unlikely attendance, Armstrong said: "At the beginning of 'American Idiot' there's a montage of all this pop culture garbage, one being 'American Idol', and another was him saying: 'You're fired!'," he says.
"So that's the reason he came, because he'd heard that his face was going to be on the screen. He's a sociopath, you know?"
Last month, Armstrong also revealed that he wants the band to re-record their sixth album, 'Warning'.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Introduction: Violence against women is recognized as a violation of human rights and a form of discrimination, with considerations to hold states responsible, if they do not respond adequately1. The beginning was since the Fourth United Nations Charter on 24 October 1945 that boosted movements worldwide and wanted to ensure that the rights were also achieved for women, because they were at a disadvantage with respect to men. Later, there were treaties, movements, conferences, declarations and global programs which were interested in the subject, changing from a private problem to a social problem2.
Definition: Violence against women must be understood as a violation of human rights and a form of discrimination against women, and all such acts shall be so designated as violence based on gender that results or will result in harm or suffering of physical, sexual, psychological or economic nature, including threats to commit such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, in public or private life.
International fight against gender violence in women – legal instruments: the "Istanbul Convention" on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence adopted by the Council of Europe, is the first legally binding instrument in Europe in this area and the broader international treaty to tackle this social scourge. The agreement includes all forms of violence against women as a crime. The agreement aims to establish a zero tolerance for this kind of violence and represents an important step towards making Europe and other parts of the world, safer places.
1. World Health Organization (2013). Violence against women. Retrieved on April 15, 2014, from: http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/es/.
2. Páez Cuba, L D. (2011). Genesis and evolution of gender violence. Contributions to Social Sciences February 2011. Retrieved on April 15, 2014, from: http://www.eumed.net/rev/cccss/11/ldpc.htm.
Gender violence in women: a global social reality (OV Spanish) Felipe Hurtado Murillo 22'21"


text:
A ponyvairodalom olcsó írói eszközökkel, hatásra törekvő, selejtes értékű, általában durva papírra nyomott prózai vagy verses mű, szemben az igényesebb, úgynevezett szépirodalommal.

Jellemzője a könnyen követhető történet, az egyszerű megfogalmazás, emiatt széles néprétegek olvassák. A modern, 20. századtól jelenlévő ponyvairodalmat olykor szórakoztató irodalom, kommersz irodalom, populáris irodalom néven is említik.

"A nemessé felmagasztalás és a kiirtás szándéka között itt is a józan mérlegelés vezethet el az igazsághoz. A ponyva az ókori és középkori szórakoztatásnak is, hírközlésnek is újkori utódja. Igricek, hegedősök, mesemondók és kengyelfutók dédunokája."

A "ponyva" elnevezés háttere
A ponyvairodalommal régóta foglalkoznak, jó példa erre Gergő Endre A ponyvairodalom kritikájához címet viselő, a Nyugatban megjelent írása. Ahogyan ebben a cikkben is kritikus hangot ütnek meg a ponyvairodalommal szemben, úgy a legtöbb helyen, illetve a magában közízlésben is mindenképpen egy negatív jelentés társul a fogalomhoz. Azonban aki föltekintett már valaha a nemzeti könyvtárak féltve őrzött aprónyomtatványos állványzatára, annak számára fölösleges védőbeszédet tartani a ponyva történelmi becsületéről. A laikusok körében azonban teljesen más kép él az irodalom e szegmenséről.

Mind a latinban (purgamentum, quisquiliae), mind az angolban (trash) a ponyva szó jelentése szoros rokonságot mutat a szemét, hulladék, limlom, giccs, ostoba beszéd, söpredék, vacak szavakkal. Ha így nézzük, akkor a magyar nyelvben még szerencséje van szegény ponyvának. Teljesen érthető tehát, hogy a mai átlagolvasót félrevezetheti a negatív csengésű "ponyva" elnevezés, azonban nem ilyen egyszerű a történet.

Történet
A Magyar néprajzi lexikon szerint a ponyva általában a szélesebb társadalmi rétegek számára művészi igénytelenséggel írt irodalom, kalendáriumok, vőfélykönyvek és a szorosabb értelemben vett ponyvafüzetek elnevezése. Magyarországon a könyvnyomtatás megindulásával terjedt el. Vásárokon, földre kiterített ponyvákon vagy ponyvasátor alatt árulták, erről kapta nevét. A ponyvafüzetekben vallásos és világi tárgyú elbeszélések, dalszövegek, imák, versek, ritkán verses levelek olvashatók. A nyomdatechnika a XVIII. század végén kezdetleges, de nem minden művészi ízlés nélküli. Előállítói kezdetben a jelentős nyomdák, majd a XIX. század közepén a kisebb, helyi nyomdák. A század második felében néhány országos vállalat foglalkozik a ponyva előállításával. Adataink szerint először a XVIII. század utolsó harmadában jelent meg a magyar ponyva Pozsony, Pest, Vác, majd Nagyvárad, Veszprém és Debrecen nyomdáiban.

A ponyva csak a XIX. századtól az aljirodalom neve. Eredeti művelődéstörténeti szerepe a XVI. századtól jóval kedvezőbb. Egész Európában a nyomdászdinasztiák anyagi érdekeltségétől ösztönözve ez teremtette meg a polgári, majd paraszti rétegek olvasmányvilágát, merítve a világirodalomból, történelemből, a mondai közkincsből, a folklórból. Vásárokon földre terített ponyván árusították e néhány lapnyi, garasért, krajcárért kapható, zsebbe férő füzeteket. Vándorárusok házaltak is velük. Címlapjukon gyakori a fametszet. Az impresszumok, szerzőnevek hiányának oka a cenzúra kijátszása, illetve hogy sokáig újként lehessen őket eladni. Gátlástalanul ollóznak össze legkülönbözőbb tárgyakat, motívumokat az értelmiség pereméről való (tanító, színész, jogász, altiszt, az alsópapság tagja, deák, kántor, kalendarista, komédiás, nótárius, iparos, nyomdász, kiskereskedő, bazáros, históriás, vőfély stb.) szerzők, fordítók, akik többnyire a nyomda- és a kiadótulajdonos alkalmazottjai, megbízottjai. Nevük után néha ez állt: vándorlantos, dalnok, versíró, versfaragó és hasonlók.

Ismertebb ponyvaszerző és históriás volt Herskovits Miksa, Oláj István, Szedlák Károly, Szilvásy Károly, Szücs György, elvétve nők is akadtak: a csongrádi vak énekes koldusasszony (Lóczi Franciska). Az értelmiségiek közül legtermékenyebb volt a pesti Tatár Péter (Medve Imre) ügyvéd. A szerzői jog a ponyvairodalomban nem érvényesült, a visszaélés minden lehetséges módjával találkozunk (címváltoztatás, átírás, fordítás, összeolvasztás stb.). Igaz, a szerzők neve előtt inkább ez állt: szerezte, szerkesztette, összeszerkesztette, összeírta, mint a rangosabb, egyértelműbb írta kitétel.

A magyar ponyvairodalom előzménye a népkönyv, amely főként német és cseh közvetítéssel már a XV. században eljutott Magyarországra és egészen a XVIII. századig a népi olvasmányok túlnyomó többségét adta. A ponyvairodalom és a folklór kapcsolata kettős. Mesék, fabulák, nemzetközi vándormondák hazai feldolgozásai, lakodalmi dalok, balladák vehetők számba. A XVIII. század végétől váltak mind népszerűbbekké a világi tárgyú népdalok és balladák, bár a régi stílusú balladákból viszonylag kevés jelent meg ponyván (Szálláskereső Jézus, Három árva, Fehér László). Néhány félnépi műfaj (fabulák, tanítómesék, maximák és szentenciák, időjósló szabályok, praktikus mezőgazdasági tanácsok stb.) is megtalálható a ponyvairodalomban. Szintén a ponyvairodalomból terjedt el a betyárköltészet tetemes anyaga, néhány helyi monda, novellamese, tanítómese, a vőfélykönyvek anyagából egész sor lakodalmi dal és rigmus, az egyházi népének számottevő része, és általában a helyi eseményekkel foglalkozó szerencsétlenség-, gyilkosságtörténet és a dalok (kórházballada, városi ballada) túlnyomó többsége. Újabb balladáink részben ponyvairodalmi eredetűek (Bogár Imre, Pápainé stb.), részben pedig kölcsönhatás eredményei, különösen szoros az összefonódás a betyárdalok és a betyárballadák esetében.

A ponyvairodalom első termékei hazánkban is az Apolloniusról, Stilfridről, Bruntzvikról, Szép Magelónáról szóló népkönyvek. A széphistóriák mellett gyakoriak a bibliai tárgyú, a búcsújáróhelyek csodás eseteit, a népi liturgia szövegeit közvetítő füzetek. Kivégzések alkalmával a nép között szétosztott moralizáló bűnhistóriák a XVII-XVIII. században a nyugati országok bestsellerei, nálunk néhány hasonló csak a XVIII. század végéről, illetve a XIX. század elejéről maradt fenn (Angyal Bandi, Zöld Marci, Sallai Pista históriája). A ponyvairodalom termékeinek fele vers, fele próza. A beszámolók a törökellenes harcokról (Vitéz Kádár István históriája, 1658), a francia háborúkról, a politikai pamfletek, paszkvillusok, lázadásokról szóló tudósítások (Péróról, 1735-1736) az újságírás kezdetleges előzményei. A ponyvairodalom a színjátszás kezdeteivel is kapcsolatban van, de főképp a folklórral. A lakodalmi, farsangi dalolást serkentő szerelmi líra füzetkéi (Két… Három… Tíz szép újdonatúj világi énekek, nóták), anekdoták, tréfabeszédek, münchauseniádák (Suszter Lipi, Bohó Misi, Csalóka Péter, Ugri Matyi-szerű Eulenspiegel utánzatok), paródiák, álomfejtő, lottótanácsadó Sybilla-könyvek a folklór sok elemét őrizték meg az utókornak. A legnevezetesebb magyar ponyvaközpontok a XIX. században az alapítás körülbelüli sorrendjében: Landerer, Paczko, Streibig, Ambró, Gottlieb, Weber, Bucsánszky, Grünn, Bagó, Czéh, Wajdits, Bertalanffy, Bartalits, Méhner nyomdái. Ezek a folklór és az irodalom kölcsönhatásának előmozdításában elévülhetetlen érdemeket szereztek (nemzetiségi nyelvű kiadványaikkal, kalendáriumaikkal is). Füzeteiket sokszor sorozatokba rendezték. A hazai ponyvairodalom fő lelőhelyei: OSZK, Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár, Országos Néprajzi Múzeum, szegedi Somogyi Könyvtár.

A magyar ponyva
A magyar ponyva valószínűleg a magyar irodalomnak azokból a népszerű, bár vegyes érzelmeket kiváltó rétegéből születhetett, amelyet reneszánsz prédikátorköltőnk, Sylvester János "cantilenák", "fajtalan énekek", "lator dúdolások", "csúfos gajdok" neveken említ. A másik, szokásban lévő elnevezés, a közköltészet találóbb. Általában a kéziratos énekköltészetet, a XVIII. századi kollégiumi diákköltészetet, a kéziratos verses műveket, a magas irodalomtól jól elkülöníthető, de a népköltészet kategóriájába besorolhatatlan félirodalmat (semi littérature) nevezik közköltészetnek. Hogyan alakult végül a közköltészet ponyvává? Az átalakulás a XVIII. század végén következik be, a kis nyomdák, kis kiadók addig nem látott mértékű elszaporodásával. A nyomdásznak munka, a kiadónak haszon kell, kapva kapnak hát az eladható közköltészeten, s az egyre nagyobb tömegben, egyre kevesebb műgonddal megformázott, legyártott közköltészet lassan ponyvává olvad.

Az első tisztán ponyvai műfajok vallási, moralizáló, bibliai indítékú írások, mivel a cenzúra figyelmen kívül hagyta az ájtatos szövegeket, ugyanakkor meglehetős kereslet mutatkozott irántuk, főleg búcsúk, egyházi ünnepek alkalmával. Nem túl nagy, de biztos üzletet jelentettek kiadónak, nyomdásznak egyaránt. Találunk közöttük szenténekeket (Öt szép istenes énekek), mai szemmel talán túl praktikusnak ható fohászmintákat (Szent Vendelhöz könyörgés marhavész idején), szenthimnuszokat (Énekek a szentséges Szűz Máriához), sőt verses drámaszövegeket (Kristus Jésusnak kínszenvedése előtt az ő Szüz Annyával való szomorú beszélgetése és vég bútsú vétele). A vallásos témák között előkelő helyet foglalnak el az apokrif (Bibliába be nem került, de közismert) evangéliumi történetek, főleg a bolygó zsidó históriája, és Mária mennybemenetelének története. Névtelen ponyvaként jelentek meg társadalmi igazságtalanságokra figyelmeztető állatmesék (A nyúl éneke), amelyek később legnagyobb romantikus költőink figyelmét is felkeltették. (Lásd: Petőfi Sándor: A farkasok dala), illetve tréfás mesterség és egyéb dicséretek. Kedvelt volt a különféle betegségeket, nyavalyákat feldicsérni. Ilyen például a Köszvény dicsérete, melynek egyetlen nyomtatott példánya maradt csak ránk, Ráth-Végh István tesz róla említést.

Közkincs volt-e a ponyvairodalom vagy közpréda? Mind a kettő, közkincse az olvasóknak, közprédája a nyomdászoknak, szerzőknek, szerkesztőknek, de közpréda mivolta hasznára is vált: az életét hosszabbította meg, folytonos újjászületését tette lehetővé. Hol fejtette ki elsősorban pozitív hatását a ponyvairodalom? Egyrészt a maga kezdetleges módszereivel elősegítette az alacsonyabb néprétegek művelődését (később pedig a kicsit tehetősebbekét is), másrészt pedig a történetek megőrzésével és azok folyamatos átszivárogtatásával a szépirodalomba. Azonban ez az átszivárgás nem csupán egyirányú volt, bizony a ponyva is szép számmal merített az irodalom magasabb rétegeiből. A közönség cselekményes történetek iránti igényeit voltak hivatva kielégíteni a novellagyűjtemények, széphistóriák nyomán keletkezett füzetek. Feldolgozták Heliodórosz: Aithiopika című regényét (már az ókorban is sikerkönyv volt!), Tankréd, Árgirus királyfi történetét, sőt Ovidius Átváltozások című eposzgyűjteményét is. Ezek a próbálkozások az eladási adatok alapján már komoly üzleti sikernek számítottak, a kiadványok tízezres nagyságrendű példányszámokban keltek el. A széphistóriák nyomán jelennek meg a mesefeldolgozások a ponyvairodalomban. A kiadók nem csak a felnőtteket, de a gyermekolvasókat is megcélozzák, mint fogyasztói réteget, hiszen a XIX. század közepéig tényleges gyermekirodalom nem létezik, a kisgyerekek a mesékből, illetve olvasni tudó, idősebb társaik széphistóriákból, krónikás énekekből, nagyregényekből elégítik ki történetigényüket. Az első jelentősebb magyar mesefeldolgozások (Heltai Gáspár Száz fabula, Poncziánus históriája) nyomán sorra jelentek meg azok utódai. Az is előfordult, hogy tragédiákat, vagy eposzi történeteket formáltak mesévé. Így történt ez A világhírű Hamlet dán királyfi élete, kalandjai és halála esetében is. Az eredeti magyar népmesékből is merít a ponyva, több népmesénket is kiadták verses formában. Könnyen lehet, hogy Arany János: A hegedű című népies vígballadáját az Urunk utazása e földön Szent Péter társaságában verses ponyvai feldolgozás első változatai ihlették. Rátaláltak a magyar történelmi mondakincsre is. Egymás után születtek a magyar őskorból származó "igen szép, tündéries", vagy "tanúlságos" történetek "a szép reményű ifiak számára". Feldolgozták a honfoglalás, Toldi Miklós, Beczkó történetét, de más modernebb mondákat is: Széchenyi István, Petőfi halála is nagyon jól kelt, de a legnagyobb sikernek mindig a Kossuth Lajos élettörténetét ismertető kiadványok bizonyultak.

Hírversek
A krónikás énekek leszármazottai, a hírversek, szintén nagy érdeklődésre tarthattak számot. A hírversek és a magyar népköltészet betyárkultusza termelte ki a magyar ponyvairodalom talán legsikeresebb műfaját, a betyárponyvát. A híres-hírhedt magyar betyárok sorsáról, Angyal Bandiról, Sobri Jóskáról, a Patkó-testvérekről, Rózsa Sándorról, Vidróczkiról szóló történetek igen kelendőnek bizonyultak. A betyár alakját igyekeznek rokonszenvessé tenni, ugyanakkor a cselekményleírások, jellemzések sablonosak, visszatérő elemek találhatóak a szövegekben a betyár külsejének leírásában (aranyrojtos gatya, elefántcsont pisztoly), az üldözési jelenetekben, illetve az áldozatok megtévesztésében. A történet általában az akasztását váró betyár siralmával zárul, amelyben a hős kissé tragikomikus módon az akasztófa alól szólítja fel az ifjakat az erények gyakorlására, illetve a szülőket az erények számonkérésére. A betyár története után a betyár kedves nótáját találjuk meg, ez változó színvonalú szöveg. Vannak köztük népdalátvételek, illetve a ponyvaszerző által összetákolt, szenvelgő, álnépies giccsszövegek is. Kedveltek még a népies helyzetdalok, a tréfás mulatságok, s különösen nagy számban fogynak a jóslatok, álomfejtő könyvek, házi patikárius és doktor-füzetek.

Népszerűsége
Az 1730-as években megjelenő első ponyvakiadványok iránti keresletről árulkodik a debreceni városi nyomda raktárkönyve: 28.000 példányt adtak el ponyvából néhány év leforgása alatt egyetlen városban azon a Magyarországon, ahol az analfabétizmus 70–80%-os mértékű volt. 1809-ből is fönnmaradt eladási adat, a Hazai és Külföldi Tudósítások című lap közli; az akkor ötmilliós magyar nemzet évi 150.000 kalendáriumra tartott igényt, viszont újságot éppen csak 2000 példányban járatott, könyvből pedig nem vásárolt évi 500 példánynál többet, azt is nehezen, a könyvkereskedő által ismerősök, rokonok között terjesztett előfizetési ívek révén. Olvasási kedv lenne pedig: a kis példányszámban vásárolt szépirodalmat rongyosra olvassák; kézről-kézre adják, veszik, de meg nem veszik. Bogár Imre kivégzése, 1862. július 19-én volt. Bucsánszky Alajos kiadója hat hét alatt 40.000 példányt adott el az ifjabbik Bogár életéről írott betyárballadából. Ugyanezen évben indítja el Arany János irodalmi folyóiratát, a Koszorút, amely 1865-ben, előfizetők hiánya miatt megszűnik

A ponyvairodalom "megnemesítése"
Több ízben is megkísérelték a ponyvairodalom "megnemesítését". 1848–49-ben a néplapok és népversek célja volt a nép megnyerése, később olcsó népművelő irodalom elterjesztését kísérelték meg. Pákh Albert, Vas Gereben, Kemény Zsigmond, Csengery Antal és mások vállalkozásai (Magyar nép könyve, Falu könyve, A magyar ember könyvtára, stb.) mellett nemcsak a szorosabb értelemben vett ponyvanyomdák (Méhner, Bagó, Bartalits, Bucsánszky) adtak világirodalmi és magyar irodalmi értékeket az olvasók kezébe, hanem egész sor füzetes vállalkozást jelentettek meg a nagytekintélyű kiadók (Abafi, Lampel, Szent István Társulat) is. Különösen a XX. század elején a népkönyvtári mozgalom szorgalmazta az értékes, olcsó könyvek falura történő eljuttatását. Egyelőre felméretlen az a nagy hatás, amelyet ez a mozgalom a klasszikus magyar irodalom elterjesztésében tett. A magyar népköltészet első antológiái, nemegyszer átdolgozott formában kerültek a falusiak kezébe, amit több kiváló mesemondó (Pandur Péter, Palkó Józsefné) messzemenően fel is használt. Különösen Benedek Elek könyveinek és a Grimm-mesék magyar fordításainak a népszerűsége igen nagy. A két világháború között elterjedt ponyvairodalomból a paraszti elbeszélést a cowboy-történetek befolyásolták a legjobban. Ennek valószínűleg az is az oka, hogy a történetek felépítése összevethető a csodás mesék szerkezetével. Némileg megkésve, ekkor lettek a legnépszerűbbek a múlt századi rablótörténetek, köztük a legismertebb a Rinaldo Rinaldiniről szóló valóságos ponyvaregény.

A ponyvairodalom hatása

Konkrét adatok állnak rendelkezésünkre arról, hogy a magyar szépirodalom jeles alakjai gyermekkorukban, vagy később többször is kapcsolatba kerültek a filléres kiadványokkal, ötleteket merítettek belőlük, nemritkán legismertebb műveikben bukkanhatunk rá a ponyva közvetlen, vagy közvetett hatásaira. Bessenyei György A filozófus című komédiájában Lidas az inas, és Pontyi uram is többször hivatkozik ponyvákra, leginkább álmos- és jóskönyvekre. Csokonai Vitéz Mihály többek között Tempefői című színművében, Özvegy Karnyóné és a két szeleburdiak című komédiájában, Dorottya című vígeposzában találkozhatunk ponyva-hivatkozással, illetve ponyvából vett részekkel. Vörösmarty Mihály köztudottan megrendelte az Árgirus királyfi históriájának egyik vásári példányát a Csongor és Tünde megírása előtt. Garay János feltehetően egy kalendáriumban találkozott először Háry János alakjával. Katona József Bánk bánjának forrása Csery Péter: Ottó vagy a zabolátlan indulatok áldozatja. Petőfi Sándor János vitéze is a ponyvára került népies mesék hatásait őrzi. Arany János nemcsak témákat merít, de félig tréfásan, félig komolyan maga is megír néhány ponyva-paródiának minősíthető művet, mint amilyen az Ünneprontók vagy A kép-mutogató ballada. Madách a londoni szín haláltánc jelenetét kölcsönzi ponyváról, Jókai gyermekkorának egyik legnagyobb hatású élménye, a ponyva-olvasmányok hatása egész munkásságában érezhető, regényeinek mellékalakjai jórészt már léteztek, csak más néven a vásári füzetecskékben. A sort egészen a két világháború közötti időszakig folytathatnánk. József Attila ponyvában adta ki forradalmi verseit, Illyés a Puszták népében élvezettel ír a szülőhelye környékén élő, paraszti sorú hírköltőkről, akik a ponyvaszerzők egyik csoportját adták.

A ponyva megújítója, Rejtő Jenő
A legismertebb magyar ponyvaíró Rejtő Jenő, aki az 1930-40-es években P. Howard (és jóval kisebb ismertségre szert tevőn Gibson Lavery) álnéven megújította – nagyobb terjedelmű, "pengős regények" keretében – a kalandos történetek műfaját. Kisterjedelmű ponyvákat (tízfilléres, füzetes ponyva, kolportázs-, gyorsregény stb.) korábban is írt, ill. pesti humoristaként ontotta a kabarétréfákat és bohózatokat (1932-től). P. Howard-regényeiben ötvözte a kettőt, s ennek révén napjainkig hatóan forradalmasította a műfajt. Megszületett a humoros kalandregény (légiós és tengerésztörténetek, krimi, vadnyugati/western). Humoros könyveiben valójában ponyvaregény-paródiákat alkotott.

Az elmúlt 80 év őt igazolta: számos ponyva- és szórakoztató irodalmi pályatársai közül alig egynéhány (élet)mű állta ki az idő próbáját. Rejtő viszont milliós olvasótáborral büszkélkedhet (becslések szerint a Kádár-korban összességében közel 8 millió példányszámban jelentek meg – részben "átigazított", megcsonkított – regényei). Mindezt úgy, hogy regényei nem voltak iskolai/kötelező olvasmányok. Sajátos nyelvezetének (ill. olykor a helyesírást kifigurázó betéteinek) és pesti-magyar-közép-európai gyökereinek, életérzésének köszönhetően gyakorlatilag nem lehet érdemben átültetni idegen nyelvre, noha mintegy 15 nyelven ismerünk Rejtő-fordításokat.

A nyelvi humor, a csavaros történetvezetés, groteszk látásmód, abszurd élethelyzetek, furfangos irodalmi figurák stb. összessége végeredményében utánozhatatlan (vagy inkább hamisíthatatlan, ti. rengeteg utánzója akadt már életében, napjainkig hatóan – akik jobbára a nyomába sem érnek) irodalmi műveket eredményezett. Ennek dacára nem minden ízében eredeti: műveiben számtalan, mások műveiből, újsághírekből stb. eredő motívumot használt föl alapanyagként. Ám azokat kiforgatta, átszabta, összegyúrta – alkotói géniusza eredetivé varázsolta mindezt. Egyik utolsó művében (A detektív, a cowboy és a légió c. kisregény) pedig a ponyvaírás/ponyvaírók műhelyének paródiáját (a ponyváról szóló ponyvát – metaponyvát) teremtette meg.

Jegyzetek

Irodalom
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Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Сизоне́нко (25 июля 1931, Москва — 2017) — советский и российский , переводчик и журналист, специалист по истории стран Латинской Америки. Доктор исторических наук (1986), профессор.

Биография
Родился в семье горного инженера. Учился в московской школе № 665. С детских лет интересовался историей.

В 1950 г. поступил в Московский государственный институт международных отношений МИД СССР. В институте специализировался по истории Румынии.

После окончания МГИМО два года работал переводчиком в составе контингента советских войск в Румынии, а также занимался журналистикой — печатался в армейской газете «Советский воин».

В 1958 поступил в аспирантуру факультета журналистики МГУ. Один год обучался в аспирантуре Бухарестского университета. В 1962 г. защитил кандидатскую диссертацию «Очерки истории коммунистической печати Румынии (1931—1937 годы)».

В 1962 г. А. И. Сизоненко был принят на работу в тогда ещё недавно созданный Институт Латинской Америки АН СССР. С этого времени основными сферами его научной деятельности стали новейшая история Латинской Америки, история взаимоотношений России, СССР и Российской Федерации со странами этого региона.

В 1986 г. защитил докторскую диссертацию «Становление отношений СССР со странами Латинской Америки (1917—1946 гг.)». Имел учёное звание профессора.

Основные труды
 Очерки истории коммунистической печати Румынии. М., 1961. Ч. 1. 75 с.
 В стране ацтекского орла : Первые советские полпреды в Мексике. М., 1969. 95 с.
 Очерки истории советско-латиноамериканских отношений (1924—1970 гг.). М., 1971. 204 с.
 Советский Союз и Мексика — 50 лет. М., 1974. 97 с.
 Внешняя политика правительства Народного единства Чили (1970—1973 гг.) / Ю. В. Годунский, А. И. Сизоненко. М., 1976. 172 с.
 Советский Союз и Латинская Америка : Современный этап отношений. Киев, 1976. 86 с.
 Становление отношений СССР со странами Латинской Америки (1917—1945 гг.). М., 1981. 199 с.
 Капабланка : Встречи с Россией. М., 1988. 141, [2] с.
 Непроторёнными путями: первые советские дипломаты и ученые в Латинской Америке. М., 1988. 100, [2] с., [4] л. ил.
 Русские открывают Латинскую Америку. М., 1992. 113 с. ISBN 5-201-05352-1.

Литература
 Комиссаров Б. Н. Александру Ивановичу Сизоненко — 80 // Латинская Америка. 2011. № 7. С. 96—101.
 Александр Иванович Сизоненко (1931—2017): [некролог] // Латинская Америка. 2017. № 10. С. 109—110.

Ссылки
 Биографическая справка

Историки СССР
Историки России
Латиноамериканисты
Выпускники МГИМО
Сотрудники Института Латинской Америки РАН
Почётные доктора вузов России
Члены Союза журналистов России


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Bob Lilly • The Daily Dose
Bob Lilly
Lilies are considered perennial plants and perennial plants are usually better competitors than others. They are also durable.
Robert Lewis Lilly was a fierce competitor. Born in Olney, Texas on this date in 1939, he grew up in the ranching community of nearby Throckmorton. Droughts plagued that region during the 1950s, forcing his family to move to Pendleton, Oregon to find work prior to his senior year of high school. At Pendleton High School, he was named all-state in basketball and football before accepting a football scholarship to Texas Christian University in Fort Worth. There, he was a two time All-Southwest Conference selection and consensus All-American as a defensive lineman. He was also a member of Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity. The Dallas Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team for the 1960 season and participated in their inaugural draft the following year, making Bob Lilly the first player the franchise ever selected with the # 13 overall pick in 1961. He was also drafted with the 14th overall selection in the AFL Draft that year by the rival Dallas Texans. He signed with the Cowboys and began his career at defensive end but was moved to defensive tackle midway through his third season and the results were spectacular, as Lilly became the main cog in Dallas' vaunted "Doomsday Defense". He was selected to his first Pro Bowl in 1962 and proceeded to make that squad ten more times during his career.
"Mr. Cowboy" played 14 seasons in the NFL and played in 196 consecutive games. The only game he missed was the 1973 NFC Championship game loss to the Minnesota Vikings due to a leg injury. He played in two Super Bowls, winning in 1971. In that game he tackled Miami Dolphins QB Bob Griese 29 yards behind the line of scrimmage, setting a league record for longest sack that still stands today. At 6"6", 260 pounds, he combined size, quickness and strength that forced opponents to double and triple team him. His agility allowed him to score four defensive touchdowns in his career, a rare feat for a defensive tackle and he recovered 18 fumbles during his time in the league. NFL Films did a feature on Lilly and called him the "unblockable, unstoppable force of the Doomsday Defense".
Bob Lilly had 94.5 sacks during his career and he was the first inductee into the Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor. He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1980, his first year of eligibility and he was named to the NFL's 1960s All-Decade, 1970s All-Decade and 75th Anniversary All-Time teams. The Sporting News named him "the greatest tackle in NFL history" and ranked him # 10 on its list of the 100 greatest football players. Sports Illustrated named him one of the ten most revolutionary defensive players in league history and, although the Cowboys do not retire jersey numbers, no player besides Bob Lilly has worn # 74 in team history. He was elected into college football's Hall of Fame in 1981.
"As I've said before, another Lilly won't come along in my time. We're observing a man who will become a legend"
-Tom Laundry, the only head coach Bob Lilly ever played for in his 14 NFL seasons.
Emil Zatopek
How bout dem Boys?!?!!! #cowboysfan4ever