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Community-based surveillance of Cryptosporidium in the indigenous community of Boliwong, Philippines: from April to December 2017
Ryan V. Labana, Julieta Z. Dungca, Veeranoot Nissapatorn
DOI : https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018047
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Epidemiol Health > Volume 40; 2018 > Article
Labana, Dungca, and Nissapatorn: Community-based surveillance of Cryptosporidium in the indigenous community of Boliwong, Philippines: from April to December 2017
Epidemiol Health 2018; 40: e2018047.
Published online: Sep 28, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018047
Ryan V. Labana1, 2 , Julieta Z. Dungca2, 3 , Veeranoot Nissapatorn4, 5
1Department of Biology, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines College of Science, Philippines
2Graduate School, Centro Escolar University, Manila, Philippines
3School of Science and Technology, Centro Escolar University, Manila, Philippines
4School of Allied Health Sciences (Southeast Asia Water Team), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
5Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
Correspondence: Ryan V. Labana Department of Biology, Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Science, Sta. Mesa, Manila 1008, Philippines E-mail: rvlabana@pup.edu.ph
Received Sep 8, 2018 Accepted Sep 28, 2018
©2018, Korean Society of Epidemiology
For the first time, Boliwong, an indigenous community in the Philippines, was surveyed for the prevalence of Cryptosporidium from April to December 2017.
Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in samples from the river, creek, and water pumps via immunomagnetic separation techniques, and from human and animal concentrated faecal samples using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique.
Seven of the 24 water samples (29.2%) were positive for Cryptosporidium, with the highest concentration (0.8 oocyst/L) detected in the creek. Of 35 fecal samples from different animal groups, 8 (21.6%) were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. The highest intensity of oocyst shedding was detected in dogs (χ2 =8.00). Of the 137 human fecal samples, 39 (28.5%) were infected with Cryptosporidium. In this study, 3 risk factors were found to be associated with infection: (1) location (crude odds ratio [cOR], 16.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.11 to 127.41; p=0.008), (2) drinking water from the natural spring (cOR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.82; p<0.05), and (3) using an open pit as a sanitary toilet facility (cOR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.14 to 5.20; p<0.05). When the cOR was adjusted, using an open pit as a sanitary toilet facility remained a significant risk factor of infection (adjusted OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.90; p<0.05).
There is a potentially emerging Cryptosporidium zoonosis in Boliwong, Lagawe, Philippines. It is recommended that the toilet facilities and the water system in the community be rehabilitated to avoid any possible disease outbreak. Health education is also needed in the community to maintain proper hygiene and sanitation practices.
KEY WORDS: Cryptosporidium, Epidemiology, Indigenous peoples, Protozoan, Public health, Zoonosis
Two million people across the globe die every year due to waterborne diseases [1]. Cryptosporidium, a waterborne parasite in the subphylum Apicomplexa, is recognized as a major cause of the increasing number of water-associated outbreaks in the past 10 years [2-4]. It is transmitted through the intake of food and water contaminated with transmissible oocysts [5]. Transmission also occurs through direct contact with an infected human or animal and contaminated water, faeces, soil, or vegetation. Cryptosporidium infects a wide range of human and animal hosts, and the density of their infective oocysts is sufficient to pollute the aquatic environment, promoting a wide-range of zoonotic infections [6]. Since it is ubiquitous, and because the infective oocysts are microscopic (as small as 2 μm) and can pass through traditional filtration systems, Cryptosporidium is now considered as an important public health concern. It causes symptoms of watery diarrhoea, abdominal pain, weight loss, vomiting, fatigue, fever, and even morbidity and death [7].
In the Philippines, 55 people die every day from underdiagnosed diseases due to contaminated water [8]. As an emerging market economy, the Philippines are undergoing continuous industrialization and urbanization [9]. These factors are commonly associated with the issues involving accessibility of clean water that are currently confronting the country. The effluent from developments that are part of modernization typically impacts the nearby rural communities. In addition, agricultural runoff and domestic discharge in rural areas carry raw sewage, fertilizers, heavy metals, and solid wastes to the receiving bodies of water [10]. These environmental changes, together with the population explosion in rural communities and the effects of closer contacts between people and domestic animals, have altered the ecological balance between pathogens and their animal and human hosts [11].
Cryptosporidium is not well studied in the Philippines. Since 1985, when it was first reported in diarrheic patients in the country [12], few studies have been conducted of its prevalence and occurrence. No study has investigated its epidemiology. Recently, there have been reports of a high prevalence of Cryptosporidium in treated and untreated water sources in various regions of Luzon [13]. An alarming prevalence of 77.3% was also reported in a study 2conducted in the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewage System, a major water source for the majority of Filipinos in Metro Manila and neighbouring provinces [14]. In a different study, oocysts were detected in all (100%) the water samples collected from public swimming pools in Laguna [15]. Despite these alarming findings, Cryptosporidium remains underappreciated as a threat to public health in the Philippines.
This study was conducted to understand the possible role of Cryptosporidium in the emergence of waterborne diseases in the Philippines. It aimed to draw conclusions from a single community in the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) with the goal of using the findings as a potential epidemiologic model for other indigenous communities in the country. CAR is a region in the Philippines with a persistently high prevalence of diarrhoea. Several municipalities in this region have been reported to have poor water and sanitation conditions; the toilets are mostly open pits, while the water sources are mostly deep well and/or spring developments [16,17]. This study further aimed to identify risk factors of Cryptosporidium infection and to estimate the points of oocyst transmission to help policy-makers formulate sensitive and effective community health programs.
Study location and population
The cross-sectional study was conducted from April to December 2017 in an indigenous community inhabited by the Tuwalis, an ethnolinguistic group in Boliwong, Lagawe, Philippines (16.8221°N, 121.1424°E). This area is covered by high mountains with a total land area of 956.4726 ha and an elevation of 563.2 m above mean sea level. The community was reported to have poor sanitation, unimproved water sources, and low socio-demographic status. Figure 1 shows the location of Boliwong in the northeast part of the Philippines.
Stratified random sampling was performed by forming 3 strata in the study location: (1) lowland, (2) midland, and (3) upland. From the lowland region, 30 consenting participants were drawn from 560 population members (5.3%), and the corresponding participation rates from the midland and upland regions were 35 of 550 (6.4%) and 72 of 570 (12.6%), respectively. The total sample was 137 (8.1%) of the total population of 1,680 in Boliwong. Participants were randomly chosen with substitution for data gathering and faecal sample collection.
A standardized questionnaire, probing general information, household income, water sources, sanitation, and hygiene practices, was distributed among participating heads of households or adults over 18 years old. The participants were asked to sign the consent form after indicating that they understood the main objective of the study.
Collection of human and animal faecal samples
To complete the participation, each participant was asked to submit a faecal sample. A spatula that came with the container was used to place the human faecal sample in a clean screw-top container. The participants were advised to fill the container with a pea-sized sample, without placing it into contact with urine and water from the toilet. Faecal samples were also collected from domestic dogs (n=12), domestic cats (n=7), domestic swine (n=4), goats (n=6), carabaos (n=2), and chicken (n=6). If defecation was not directly observed, the presence of high-moisture sheen on the surface of the faeces was observed to ensure faecal freshness. All samples were collected from surfaces that had not been in contact with the substratum to avoid contamination.
Detection of Cryptosporidium via modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining
To detect Cryptosporidium oocysts from the animal and human faecal samples, modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining was done. This method has already been established for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Briefly, faecal smears were made from the concentrated deposit. It was air-dried, fixed in methanol for 3 minutes, and stained with strong carbol fuchsin for 15-20 minutes. Tap water was used for thorough rinsing, followed by decolorizing in acid alcohol (1.0% hydrochloric acid [HCl] in methanol) for 15-20 seconds. The sample was rinsed thoroughly again in tap water and was counterstained with 0.4% malachite green for 30-60 seconds. After final rinsing and air drying, the sample was examined with cedarwood oil under the oil immersion objective [18]. A zigzag method was used to view the fields of the cover slip. Pink or red stains corresponded to Cryptosporidium oocysts. The oocysts were measured, and ranged from 4 to 6 μm in diameter. Morphological details, including non-homogeneous colour and the appearance of a hollow portion of the oocyst, were also observed. Any particle that did not meet these criteria was excluded from the Cryptosporidium-positive samples [19].
Collection, filtration, concentration, and immunofluorescence assay of water samples
A total of 24 surface-grab water samples was collected from the river (n=9), creek (n=9), and water pumps (n=6). The water samples were filtered using a nitrocellulose membrane (47 mm in diameter, 0.2 μm pore size) by mild suction using a vacuum pump. The obtained sediment was carefully washed using 0.1% Tween-80. The washed sediment was centrifuged at 3,000×g for 15 minutes and was aspirated into a 10-mL syringe. To isolate the oocysts, an anti-Cryptosporidium bead conjugate was added to the sample, allowing the oocysts to bind with the beads. The tube was then placed in a magnetic particle concentrator (MPC-1) to magnetize the sample and separate the oocyst-magnetic complex from the contaminating debris. The supernatant was then removed and discarded. The beads were separated again with 50 μL of 0.1 N HCl using a MPC-M. Each sample concentrate was placed in the well of a microscope slide. When dried, it was fixed with methanol and was labelled with anti-Cryptosporidium fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) monoclonal antibody. The assay was carried out using a commercial kit Dynabeads GC-Combo (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Cryptosporidium oocysts were recognized based on fluorescence. Round or oval shapes with bright apple-green fluorescence that measured 4 to 6 μm were confirmed as Cryptosporidium. To confirm the presence of nuclei in the oocysts, light or intense blue internal staining was observed upon examination using 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole of the samples identified as positive based on the FITC examination.
The prevalence rate was computed by dividing the number of parasite-positive human/animal faecal samples by the total number of samples collected within each risk-factor category/animal group. SPSS version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used to analyse the data. Univariate logistic regression analysis evaluated the association between each risk factor (e.g., location, age, sex, water source, and sanitation- and hygiene-related factors) and Cryptosporidium infection. The results were calculated as crude odds ratios (cORs). Risk factors at p-value <0.05 were considered significant and were subjected to a multivariate regression analysis to further clarify their associations. The intensity of oocyst shedding among the animal groups was determined by computing the mean count of oocysts per animal group and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
The results of this study showed that Cryptosporidium oocysts were present across the water sources, animals, and human inhabitants in Boliwong. Of the 137 human faecal samples, 39 (28.5%) were infected with Cryptosporidium oocysts from participants who reported no symptoms of infection (76.9%). Seven (17.9%) participants reported having diarrhoea in the past six months, 2 (5.1%) had amoebiasis, 1 (2.6%) had gastroenteritis, and 1 other participant (2.6%) reported a case of vomiting.
Of the 37 animal faecal samples, 8 (21.6%) harboured Cryptosporidium. The highest prevalence of Cryptosporidium was observed in dogs and chickens, both of which had a prevalence of 33.3%, followed by pigs and goats, with a prevalence of 25.0 and 16.7%, respectively. However, no oocysts were detected from cats or carabaos. The results of the prevalence of Cryptosporidium from human and animal faecal samples are shown in Table 1.
Of the positive animal samples, those from dogs had the highest intensity (Figure 2). The conjecture of emerging zoonosis in the community was reinforced when the intensity of oocysts was determined both in animal faecal and water samples. Seven (29.2%) of the 24 water samples were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts (data not shown). The oocysts were detected from all the examined water sources (i.e., the river, creek, and water pumps). The highest concentration was detected in the creek (0.8 oocyst/L), while the lowest concentration was detected in water pumps (0.1 oocyst/L). The concentration of Cryptosporidium in the river was 0.4 oocyst/L.
To fully understand the emerging Cryptosporidium zoonosis in Boliwong, hygiene and sanitation practices were also investigated (Table 2). Three risk factors were deemed to be significantly associated with Cryptosporidium infections in the community: (1) location, (2) drinking water from the natural spring, and (3) using an open pit for defecation. The majority of the participants reported getting water from the natural spring for drinking consumption (72.3%) without any treatment, whilst the rest (27.7%) purchased bottled water from water refilling stations in Poblacion East, the capital of Lagawe. Water from the natural spring was distributed to the respective households through a piping system. There was no recorded regular monitoring of pipes in the community, so the quality of drinking water was not ensured. Drinking water from the natural spring was identified as a significant risk factor in this study (cOR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.82; p<0.05).
In regard to sanitation, 56 of the 137 participants (40.9%) had no sanitary toilet facilities, while 81 (59.1%) had a flush or pour latrine in their household. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection was higher among those who had no improved toilet facility (39.3%) than among their counterparts (21.0%). Using an open pit for defecation was also significantly associated with Cryptosporidium infection (cOR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.14 to 5.20; p<0.05).
Another significant risk factor determined in this study was the location. The results showed that people living in the upland and midland regions of Boliwong had higher odds of Cryptosporidium infection. The standard of living of the people in the upland and midland regions was determined to be low. Most of the houses in the upland and midland regions were made of light materials and were always open for pet animals such as cats and dogs. The children habitually played on the ground with no footwear. There was also a garbage dump site situated in the upland region that was accessible to children playing in its vicinity. These conditions placed individuals at risk of parasitic infections. In contrast, the lowland area was less rural and less populated than the upland and midland areas. When the cORs of the significant risk factor were adjusted, using an open pit for defecation remained associated with Cryptosporidium infection.
The interconnections of the human, animal, and environmental interface in the community of Boliwong were characterized in this study through a simple epidemiologic triad (Figure 3). The epidemiologic triad was designed to promote the One Health approach in treating Cryptosporidium occurrence in the community, as this approach is an increasingly important prismatic view of the multifactorial causes of infectious disease. Its main goal is to provide governments, non-governmental organizations, and practitioners with a view of the health problem (in this case, Cryptosporidium infection).
This is the first report of Cryptosporidium infection in an indigenous community in the Philippines. The findings in this study provide conservative evidence of the potential emergence of Cryptosporidium transmission in the community of Boliwong. Our findings revealed the co-existence of human and animal infections in the community capable of triggering further proliferation of oocysts [7].
Role of the water system in the prevalence of infection
The transmission of Cryptosporidium oocysts is usually waterborne. Contaminated water can be a direct source of human infection through drinking or accidental ingestion of contaminated water. Contaminated water can also infect humans if it is used in washing and preparing food, which is considered foodborne transmission [2].
There is one long stretch of river and another stretch of creek in this community. These water systems traverse the upstream, midstream, and downstream regions of Boliwong, serving a large portion of the community. These bodies of water, together with water pumps, are used by the human inhabitants for bathing, swimming, and laundry activities. Aside from domestic use, these also serve as the main water sources of the terraced ponds and rice paddies of the farmers. The creek, for example, is connected to the tubing system in the rice field that is used for watering purposes. A high prevalence of Cryptosporidium in the creek was identified in this study, which poses the risk that the oocysts may spread widely, not only to the food of the people in the community, but also to the regions that receive the harvested rice.
Furthermore, various animals have access to the water system—specifically to the river and creek—to drink, bathe, and defecate. Voided goat, carabao, and dog faecal samples were observed less than a meter away from the river. This close proximity between animals and the water system might cause the massive dispersal of oocysts in the environment.
Animals as an agent of oocyst dispersal
Several animal groups were visibly present in the community. Carabaos and goats were usually tied in the backyard, while pigs were put inside a cage. Of note, most owners of these pets did not practice any manure management. Manure and other pet waste, and even human faeces, visibly pooled on the surrounding ground. The pooling of animal faeces on the ground, with subsequent drainage into waterways, was considered as a significant contributor to infections. Dogs and chickens had the highest intensity of oocyst infection. These animal groups, together with cats, are free roamers in the community, with access to houses, gardens, rice fields, and other places. Birds and dogs are among the non-human hosts of Cryptosporidium that are considered reservoirs for human infections because they harbour C. meleagridis and C. canis, which have been reported to infect humans as well [20]. Several studies have demonstrated contrasts in clinical manifestations among the different species of Cryptosporidium. C. hominis, for instance, is associated with diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. C. parvum, C. meleagridis, and C. canis, in contrast, are only associated with diarrhoea. Furthermore, there are other species that can infect animal hosts, but not necessarily humans [21]. This study did not identify the species of the detected Cryptosporidium via molecular techniques. Despite this gap, the potential for Cryptosporidium infections in the community can still be considered high due to the important ecological characteristics of the community that favour the widespread transmission of oocysts.
The threat of Cryptosporidium infections in humans
The 28.5% prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection among human inhabitants in Boliwong should not be dismissed. Poor hygiene and sanitation, particularly regarding the widespread use of open pits as toilet facilities in the community, can worsen the present condition. People regularly drink water from the natural spring, which possibly harbours the parasite. They are also in direct contact with pets and farm animals that increase the risk of contracting Cryptosporidium infection. The habitual use of unsafe water sources (i.e., river, creek, and water pumps) in the community supports the conjecture that Cryptosporidium may be emerging as a zoonosis in the community.
Interventions should be made to address the factors found to be influential in the spread of parasitic infections. It is advisable that people in Boliwong should avoid accidental intake of water from the river during bathing and when engaging in other recreational activities. It is also not advisable to have contact with the creek, as it was contaminated with Cryptosporidium. The dispersal of animal groups throughout the environment should be minimized by placing chicken in cages and maintaining other pets at a distance. If a person cannot avoid contact with animals, proper handwashing should be a habit.
Furthermore, providing a developed water source and improved toilet facilities to the households in the community is strongly recommended and would make a major positive impact on the prevention of Cryptosporidium infections. The people in Boliwong should also understand the various means of transmission of parasites from animals to the environment and to humans. Proper hygiene and sanitation behaviour should be further encouraged in the community through community-wide health education. An One Health approach should be applied to the eradication of parasites, since several sources were identified as infected or contaminated.
An estimated 14-17 million indigenous people inhabit the Philippines [22]. The findings of this study should receive attention and lead to the implementation of similar epidemiological surveillance programs among other indigenous communities in the country. The impact of waterborne pathogens such as Cryptosporidium from the public health perspective has not been highlighted in the Philippines due to the paucity of domestic studies regarding this important protozoan parasite. Sufficient data on Cryptosporidium in various areas and from different sources could be used by experts to formulate possible solutions.
In conclusion, the people of Boliwong are at risk of contracting Cryptosporidium infections, as Cryptosporidium may be emerging as a zoonosis in the community. Unimproved water sources and poor sanitation practices support the wide dispersal of oocysts throughout large parts of the community. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected from several key point sources (i.e., humans, animals, and the water system), which calls for consistent interventions before any waterborne outbreak involving Cryptosporidium or other relevant intestinal protozoan parasites occurs in the near future.
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.
Map of Boliwong in Lagawe, Philippines.
Mean count of oocysts among (A) animal groups and (B) water sources.
Epidemiologic triad of Cryptosporidium infection in Boliwong.
Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in human and animal samples
Fecal sample
Infected, n (%)
Human 137 39 (28.5)
Cat 7 0 (0.0)
Dog 12 4 (33.3)
Goat 6 1 (25.0)
Pig 4 1 (25.0)
Carabao 2 0 (0.0)
Chicken 6 2 (33.3)
Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection
Infected (%)
cOR (95% Cl)
aOR (95% Cl)
Upland 72 36.1 16.39 (2.11, 127.41) 0.01 1.58 (0.65, 3.82) 0.31
Midland 35 34.3 15.13 (1.83, 125.06) 0.01 - -
Lowland 30 3.3 1.00 (reference)
Age (yr)
≤ 12 63 27.0 0.87 (0.41, 1.84) 0.72 -
>12 74 29.7 1.00 (reference)
Male 63 28.6 1.01 (0.48, 2.13) 0.98 -
Female 74 28.4 1.00 (reference)
Size of household (n)
>5 52 32.7 1.39 (0.65, 2.96) 0.39 -
≤5 85 25.9 1.00 (reference)
Poverty threshold
Below 98 28.6 1.02 (0.45, 2.32) 0.97 -
Within 39 28.2 1.00 (reference)
Food threshold
Educational level (attended-finished)
Elementary 54 36.0 1.14 (0.40, 3.28) 0.80 -
High school 30 21.4 0.57 (0.16, 2.02) 0.38 -
College 23 30.4 1.00 (reference)
Employed 44 35.0 1.69 (0.79, 3.64) 0.18 -
Unemployed 93 24.0 1.00 (reference)
Source of drinking water
Bottled water 37 13.5 0.29 (0.11, 0.82) 0.02 1.48 (0.56, 3.91) 0.42
Natural spring 100 34.0 1.00 (reference)
Boiling water before consumption
Yes 84 33.3 1.91 (0.85, 4.27) 0.11 -
No 53 20.8 1.00 (reference)
Type of toilet facility
Open pit 56 39.3 2.44 (1.14, 5.20) 0.02 0.41 (0.19, 0.90) 0.02
Flush/pour 81 21.0 1.00 (reference)
Garbage truck 20 20.0 MV - -
Burning 100 18.0 MV - -
Open pit 17 100
Owns a pet
1-2 97 30.9 1.54 (0.65, 3.64) 0.32 -
≥3 40 22.5 1.00 (reference)
cOR, crude odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; MV, missing values.
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Even in cases attracting much less international attention, the analysis of cyberattacks necessarily involves inspection of the geolocations of the opponent. It is necessary to finally break down an attack e.g. by isolating the opponent's infrastructure, or to conduct a successful counterattack. An access to IP geolocations can be useful even before an intrusion. Data from previously revealed intrusions or attempts can be correlated with those of actual traffic. IP geolocation data makes this activity more efficient.
Phishing, a special form of social engineering has a tremendous and increasing impact, causing harm to many individuals and organizations worldwide. It aims at obtaining sensitive data by sending information pretending as if the attacker was a reliable, trusted party. Have you ever received any message stating that the maintainer of your e-mail service urgently needs your password in order to keep your account running? Or your bank needs your authentication data for some validation purpose? Probably yes: phishing became a part of our life, unfortunately. Frequently carried out by botnets during a longer time period, detection of phishing is a very important challenge for cybersecurity.
By using IP geolocations, for instance, e-mails can be subjected to a geographical plausibility check. By comparing the locations of the IP addresses occurring in the e-mail headers with the addressees' data and the localization features of the e-mail content, malicious e-mails can be filtered out in many cases. A more detailed analysis of a larger set of such mails can then shed light onto a phishing campaign.
Credit cards are popular partly because of the ease of their use. There is a price to be paid for it, however: it is not very hard for someone to obtain all data of a card necessary to carry out a successful payment. Card companies, banks and other providers have to maintain security of transactions. IP geolocation data are essential for this purpose. All of them continuously monitor transaction data for regional discrepancies to reveal fraud ASAP. You paid for a coffee in a bar in California, and five minutes later you have purchased some luxury clothes online from a tablet in Paris? It is hardly possible that it was, the owner of the card in both cases. Luckily the aforementioned monitoring immediately reveals the threat.
The Internet made many activities of even the simplest individuals global. This raises a vast amount of legal issues worldwide. Something might be legal somewhere in the world while being considered as a crime somewhere else. Some contents may be available in some regions of the world while copyright protected in others. Assuming that you provide a service which is not welcome in some regions, how do you decide where the communication of your client comes from? Investigating some suspicious activity, how do you find out where the actors came from? For sure, IP addresses are at your hand in all the cases, so IP geolocations can answer many of such questions.
It is quite a common expectation that a webshop should use your language and currency, no matter where it is actually operated. This should work even if you are not yet signed in or haven't configured anything. Again, it is only your IP address which can be turned into location information.
Suppose you are running a successful business on the web and you want to make a survey of your clients to see whom your future marketing strategy should address. Using IP geolocation data can easily turn your web server access logs or other server data containing IP addresses into valuable business information. You will be able to analyze your traffic in physical time and space.
But not only on a strategic level: in everyday operation of a targeted advertisement service, the location of the consumer to whom an actual ad is directed to is of fundamental importance. And the IP address involved in the communication is always there to enable the localization of the client.
The applications we have mentioned so far relate to business aims or security considerations. But there are several others which are purely technical. A good example is communication load balancing.
Content delivery networks (CDNs) distribute services spatially to end-users to provide high availability and high performance. A significant portion of data available on the Internet today is distributed through various types of such network. As a distributed architecture, load balancing techniques play a very important role in their design and operation. It is easy to see that IP geolocations are very useful from this point of view, too.
The above incomplete outline of applications of IP geolocation data clearly shows their importance. Maybe you have also found that you are in the need of these data. Though their accurate generation from scratch is a significant technological challenge, to actually obtain them is easier than you would think, especially using our IP geolocation API at https://geoipify.whoisxmlapi.com.


text:
Q: /var/lib/ using majority of my space I have a Digital Ocean VPS with 2GB RAM, 50GB space, and 1 vCPU. Running Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS
Yet, I have only 16GB left. After looking into this further, I've found that my /var/lib directory is utilizing 22GB. Yet, when I look into those folders, I'm not seeing any files that appear to be taking up that amount of space.
This is running LAMP for a Wordpress install. I have two virtuals live the. /var/www directory is only taking up 6GB and I'm able to account for everything.
uname -a
Linux website 5.4.0-80-generic #90-Ubuntu SMP Fri Jul 9 22:49:44 UTC 2021 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

aaron@website:/var/lib$ ls
AccountsService    dpkg             man-db         phpmyadmin   tpm
PackageKit         fail2ban         mecab          plymouth     ubuntu-advantage
apache2            fwupd            misc           polkit-1     ubuntu-release-upgrader
apt                ghostscript      mysql          private      ucf
boltd              git              mysql-files    python       unattended-upgrades
clamav             grub             mysql-keyring  shim-signed  update-manager
cloud              initramfs-tools  mysql-upgrade  snapd        update-notifier
command-not-found  landscape        os-prober      snmp         usbutils
dbus               letsencrypt      pam            sudo         vim
dhcp               logrotate        php            systemd
aaron@eastonparkwiki:/var/lib$ dirsize
22G     .
aaron@website:/var/lib$ dirdu
du: cannot read directory './apt/lists/partial': Permission denied
du: cannot read directory './mysql-keyring': Permission denied
du: cannot read directory './snapd/cookie': Permission denied
du: cannot read directory './snapd/cache': Permission denied
du: cannot read directory './snapd/void': Permission denied
du: cannot read directory './mysql': Permission denied
du: cannot read directory './mysql-files': Permission denied
du: cannot read directory './update-notifier/package-data-downloads/partial': Permission denied
du: cannot read directory './polkit-1': Permission denied
du: cannot read directory './AccountsService/users': Permission denied
du: cannot read directory './php/sessions': Permission denied
du: cannot read directory './private': Permission denied
du: cannot read directory './fwupd/gnupg': Permission denied
598M    ./snapd/snaps
334M    ./clamav
197M    ./apt/lists
156M    ./snapd/seed/snaps
51M     ./mecab/dic/ipadic-utf8
40M     ./mecab/dic/ipadic
32M     ./dpkg/info
3.2M    ./command-not-found
1.8M    ./dpkg
636K    ./fwupd/remotes.d/lvfs
608K    ./usbutils
484K    ./snapd/apparmor/profiles
324K    ./ucf/cache
292K    ./systemd/deb-systemd-helper-enabled
292K    ./snapd/seccomp/bpf
200K    ./dpkg/alternatives
164K    ./cloud/instances/252343267/sem
144K    ./systemd/catalog
112K    ./ucf
108K    ./cloud/instances/252343267
aaron@website:/var/lib$ ls -lha
total 212K
drwxr-xr-x 51 root      root      4.0K Jun 28 12:12 .
drwxr-xr-x 14 root      root      4.0K Jun 27 09:13 ..
drwxr-xr-x  4 root      root      4.0K May 18 16:41 AccountsService
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K Jun 27 09:11 PackageKit
drwxr-xr-x  5 root      root      4.0K Jun 27 09:14 apache2
drwxr-xr-x  5 root      root      4.0K Jul 23 15:52 apt
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K Sep 10  2020 boltd
drwxr-xr-x  2 clamav    clamav    4.0K Jul 23 16:00 clamav
drwxr-xr-x  8 root      root      4.0K Jul 23 03:00 cloud
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K Jul 23 11:58 command-not-found
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K Jun 26 22:41 dbus
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K Apr 10  2020 dhcp
drwxr-xr-x  7 root      root      4.0K Jul 23 15:53 dpkg
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K Jun 27 12:08 fail2ban
drwxr-xr-x  6 root      root      4.0K Jun 27 09:14 fwupd
drwxr-xr-x  4 root      root      4.0K Jun 27 09:15 ghostscript
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K Mar  4 07:01 git
drwxr-xr-x  4 root      root      4.0K May 18 16:41 grub
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K Jul 23 06:20 initramfs-tools
drwxr-xr-x  2 landscape landscape 4.0K May 18 16:43 landscape
drwxr-xr-x  4 root      root      4.0K Jul 23 06:09 letsencrypt
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K Jul 23 00:00 logrotate
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K May 18 16:43 man-db
drwxr-xr-x  3 root      root      4.0K Jun 27 09:13 mecab
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K Apr 15  2020 misc
drwx------  9 mysql     mysql      12K Jul 23 03:00 mysql
drwx------  2 mysql     mysql     4.0K Jun 27 09:14 mysql-files
drwx------  2 mysql     mysql     4.0K Jun 27 09:13 mysql-keyring
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K May 11 07:49 mysql-upgrade
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K Jun  4  2019 os-prober
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K Jul 23 06:21 pam
drwxr-xr-x  4 root      root      4.0K Jun 27 09:13 php
drwxr-xr-x  3 root      root      4.0K Jun 27 09:16 phpmyadmin
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K Nov  2  2020 plymouth
drwx------  3 root      root      4.0K May 18 16:39 polkit-1
drwx------  2 root      root      4.0K May 18 16:39 private
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K May 18 16:39 python
drwxr-xr-x  3 root      root      4.0K May 18 16:48 shim-signed
drwxr-xr-x 23 root      root      4.0K Jul 23 14:50 snapd
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K Aug 17  2020 snmp
drwxr-xr-x  3 root      root      4.0K May 18 16:39 sudo
drwxr-xr-x 10 root      root      4.0K Jun 28 11:55 systemd
drwxr-xr-x  2 tss       tss       4.0K Dec  3  2019 tpm
drwxr-xr-x  3 root      root      4.0K Jun 26 22:44 ubuntu-advantage
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K Jul 17 18:49 ubuntu-release-upgrader
drwxr-xr-x  3 root      root      4.0K Jun 28 12:12 ucf
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K Jul 21  2020 unattended-upgrades
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K Jun 26 22:42 update-manager
drwxr-xr-x  4 root      root      4.0K Jul 23 15:53 update-notifier
drwxr-xr-x  2 root      root      4.0K May 18 16:41 usbutils
drwxr-xr-x  3 root      root      4.0K May 18 16:39 vim

Any thoughts on why this is occurring and how to remediate?

A: I forgot that my dirdu alias didn't have sudo. I found it was a bunch of mysql binlogs. I've purged outdated binlogs and set a global expire setting

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


(3) "premises" shall include the physical location of the financial entity, including all of its branches, as well as the financial entity's web site. Thus, a financial entity may engage in linking arrangements with third party brokerages within this exemption.
(3) such payment is made directly by the registered dealer to the financial entity which, as a condition of this exemption, upon request agrees to provide the Securities Commissioner, or representative of the Commissioner, a statement or internal records itemizing such payments including, but not limited to, the date, amount of payment, the name of each person for whom a referral payment was made and the name of the person receiving the payment.
(c) The filing and fee requirements for dealers and agents exempted from registration pursuant to this section are preserved.
(D) an initial fee equal to the amount that would have been paid had the financial entity and designated officer of the financial entity filed for registration in Texas.
(2) Upon amendment to its Form 133.9, the financial entity files an amended Form 133.9 and an amendment fee as provided in the Texas Securities Act, §35.B(1).
(3) Annually, the financial entity files renewal fees which would have been paid had the financial entity been registered in Texas.
(d) Any financial entity relying on this exemption shall, upon written request, furnish to the Securities Commissioner any information relative to the third party brokerage arrangement that the Commissioner deems relevant, including, but not limited to, records regarding referral fee payments to employees and officers of the financial entity, agreements between the financial entity and the registered dealer, and customer complaints regarding the brokerage activities. Standard compensation records are sufficient "records regarding referral fee payments to employees and officers." All records required by this subsection shall be kept for the life of the third party brokerage arrangement plus an additional five years and may be retained electronically, in hard copy form, microfilm, or microfiche.


text:
The SNCF Foundation
Support for your non-profit
Photo credit (banner): Dylan Gillis / Unsplash
Here you'll find open calls for projects from the SNCF Foundation. Whether you're a non-profit or an SNCF employee, we'd welcome an application from you.
What does it mean for the SNCF Foundation to issue a call for projects?
Every year, we grant funding to non-profits that are working to solve social problems. Want to get your project in the running? Respond to one of our calls for projects.
New call for projects
"Working for the environment in communities"
The purpose of this call for projects was to promote environmental initiatives by, with or for young people. It closed at midnight on 11 June 2021, and panels of judges held regional meetings between late June and early July 2021. All applicants were notified of the results by email at the end of the summer.
Photo credits: © iStock
Want to submit a proposal for your non-profit?
Submission of proposals for the second 2020 selection panel have closed.
For more information, please send an e-mail to: ilyes.chemlal@sncf.fr
early childhood projects received funding in 2020
projects for adolescents received funding in 2020
Six winning projects
Apprendre pour grandir
This call for projects targeted education non-profits working to promote mastery of core knowledge. The focus was on two age groups: early childhood (ages 0-6) for acquisition of essential skills, such as reading, writing, counting and speaking, and adolescence (ages 11-18) to establish digital literacy as a skillset in its own right.
Cap contes vers la lecture
We supported Fleurs de Contes, a non-profit that teaches the art of storytelling to four- and five-year-olds in the Loire Valley region.
Mission Kamishibaï - Petite Bibliothèque Ronde de Clamart
This programme, launched in the Paris region by the non-profit Societies, encouraged children to read through kamishibai, a Japanese storytelling technique based on picture scrolls.
Tutorat numérique dans les quartiers
This project, led by Expli'Cité, offered academic support in French and maths to young people ages 7-18 in the Paris region.
Declick14s
In this project, the non-profit Colombus offers an introductory course on computer programming to teens in working-class neighbourhoods of Paris, Evry and Toulouse.
My planet, my neighbourhood
In this project, the Lyon-based non-profit Imagineo encourages students to create podcasts that address global issues through the lens of their own neighbourhoods.
Espace Passerelles
This non-profit, based in central France, launched Aïe, un poète, a project that created video poetry inspired by encounters between established poets and aspiring newcomers. The films were broadcast to a wide audience on social media, web TV and a local television network.
J'Ouvre l'oeil
Based in South-Western France, this non-profit teaches young people from working-class areas to use digital tools and discover the worlds of culture and civic engagement beyond their neighbourhoods.
Arkaeos
This non-profit launched a project that helped young people in South-Eastern France master core skills by introducing them to the sciences and underwater archaeology.
Coups de Cœur Solidaires
Photo credits: © Matthieu Raffard
If you're an SNCF Group employee, there's another way you can help people in need. Request funding for your favourite cause through our Coups de Cœur Solidaires programme.
Every year, the Foundation selects some 400 projects for grants of €1,000-€2,000.
non-profit projects supported in 2020
Three winning organizations
Championed by Pascal Carré, an SNCF employee in the Centre-Val de Loire region, Puzzle bridges the digital divide by organizing IT courses for residents of rural communities.
Cadet Roussel
Sandra Cottebrune, who works at Keolis Caen Mobilités in Normandy, volunteers with Cadet Roussel, a non-profit that offers activities to children on the paediatric oncology ward at Caen University Hospital.
Quentin Régnier, an SNCF employee in the Paris region, won funding for La Chorba, an organization that makes meals from unsold supermarket food and distributes them to the needy.
Photo credits Open Close
Photo credit (banner): © Dylan Gillis / Unsplash
SNCF Foundation: Employee engagement
SNCF Foundation: Partnerships
Foundation: Focus areas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Breaking ground at Fall Creek Falls State Park are, from left, are Keith Pyle of Bell Construction; Bledsoe County Mayor Gregg Ridley; Lt. Gov. Randy McNally; Rep. Cameron Sexton; TDEC Deputy Commissioner Brock Hill; Deputy Gov. Jim Henry; Ann McGuaran, state architect; Rep. Kelly Keisling; Rep. Ron Travis; General Services Deputy Commissioner John Hull; Ron Lustig of Earl Swensson Associates; and Park Manager Jacob Young of Fall Creek Falls State Park.
Tennessee State Parks and elected officials broke ground on Tuesday for a new inn, restaurant and conference center at Fall Creek Falls State Park, part of a broader $200 million investment in state parks over the last eight years by Governor Bill Haslam's administration and the Tennessee General Assembly.
The facility at Fall Creek Falls is part of over $175 million in capital projects appropriated for state parks since 2011.
Tennessee's state parks received more than 38 million visits in 2018, the highest recorded visitation ever. Tennessee State Parks have strategically, and selectively, added nearly 40,000 acres to state park and natural area holdings under the Haslam administration. The additions in the last eight years include three unique state parks – Cummins Falls State Park in Jackson County; Lamar Alexander Rocky Fork State Park in Unicoi County; and Seven Islands State Birding Park in Knox County, bringing the current total of state parks to 56.
The state now manages or oversees more than 225,000 acres in Tennessee, one of the largest state park public land portfolios in the eastern United States.
· New pedestrian bridges at Cumberland Mountain State Park, Chickasaw State Park and Seven Islands State Birding Park.
Fall Creek Falls State Park has seen the renovation of 20 cabins and the refurbishment of an additional 10; renovation of Village Green buildings; installation of a new irrigation system at the golf course; renovation of the swimming pool and snack bar area; new playground area; roof replacements; restroom upgrades; and fresh paint.
At Fall Creek Falls, the new inn and restaurant are forecast to generate $278,000 per year in sales and occupancy taxes, a growth of $90,000 per year compared to revenue from the previous facility. Short-term, construction is expected to bring in an estimated $14.7 million in taxable spending to the area, along with more than 100 construction jobs.
The 98,000-square-foot facility is designed to reflect the natural setting of the park and will include three floors of visitor space with double rooms, king rooms and suites at the inn; indoor and outdoor gathering areas with larger meeting rooms for conferences; and paths connecting the facility to recreational trails at the park. The restaurant faces Fall Creek Lake, providing scenic views for diners.
The facilities at Fall Creek Falls are part of a robust number of state parks in the Upper Cumberland region, including Burgess Falls State Park; Cumberland Mountain State Park; Justin P. Wilson Cumberland Trail State Scenic Trail State Park; Rock Island State Park; Sgt. Alvin C. York State Park; Standing Stone State Park; Cummins Falls State Park; Cordell Hull Birthplace State Park; Edgar Evins State Park; and Pickett CCC Memorial State Park.


Southern Wesleyan: E - Dj Ludwick. RBI - Will Pitts. GIDP - Sawyer Price. SB - Will Pitts.
Trinity Baptist: E - Michael Camacho. 2B - Kaleb Allbritton; Bryan Lopez. 3B - David Quevedo. HR - Ryan Brooks. RBI - Kaleb Allbritton 2; Austin Hillier; Ryan Brooks; Michael Camacho 2; David Quevedo; Bryan Lopez. Sac - Austin Hillier. GIDP - Tyler Litten. SB - Kaleb Allbritton.
Southern Wesleyan: Batters Faced - Josh Antwine 17; Cole Standifer 7; Josh Core 5; Tyler Parry 5.
Trinity Baptist: Batters Faced - Jacob Burr 25.


text:
Chirlane McCray's Poem Proves Why 'Black Girls Rock' Is So Necessary
Kirsten West Savali
Kirsten West Savali is a cultural critic and senior writer for The Root and was awarded a 2015 Harry Frank Guggenheim Fellowship. Her provocative commentary explores the intersections of race, social justice, religion, feminism, politics and pop culture. Follow her on Twitter.
What Black Women Living With HIV Want You To Know
4 Stereotypes About Women In The Workplace (That Aren't True)
Help A Sister Out: Ways Women Can Help Each Other Get Ahead At Work
PHOTO CREDIT: NY Daily News
In a piercing poem entitled "I Used To Think" published in the 1983 poetry collection, Homegirls: A Black Feminist Anthology, writer and editor Chirlane McCray, wife of NYC mayoral hopeful Bill de Blasio, tackles narrow European beauty standards and the White supremacy that undergirds them head on.
The poem stands as a powerful literary example of why BLACK GIRLS ROCK! — a non-profit organization established by Beverly Bond to "promote the arts for young women of color, as well as to encourage dialogue and analysis of the ways women of color are portrayed in the media" — is so very necessary.
It also taps into why the organization's marquee event, 'Black Girls Rock,' which aired Sunday, Nov. 3 on BET, has continued to resonate with audiences for four years.
MUST READ: Black Girls STILL Rock! Founder Beverly Bond On The 4th Annual BET Award's Show
McCray, an unapologetic feminist who identified as a lesbian prior to her marriage to de Blasio, purged her soul of the shame the Black community and United States at-large made her feel about herself. From her "nappy" head to her "big-bottom," McCray wrote that she "used to think" her Blackness rendered her unworthy of love and that her strength was her greatest weakness.
Read McCray's poem below via KinteSpace.com:
I Used to Think
©1983 Chirlane McCray
I can't be a poet
because a poem is being everything you can be
in one moment,
speaking with lightning protest
unveiling a fiery intellect
or letting the words drift feather-soft
into the ears of strangers
who will suddenly understand
my beautiful and tortured soul.
But, I've spent my life as a Black girl
a nappy-headed, no-haired,
fat-lipped,
big-bottomed Black girl
and the poem will surely come out wrong
And, I don't want everyone looking at me.
If I could be a cream-colored lovely
with gypsy curls,
someone's pecan dream and sweet sensation,
I'd be poetry in motion
without saying a word
and wouldn't have to make sense if I did.
If I were beautiful, I could be angry and cute
instead of an evil, pouting mammy b**ch
a ni**er woman, passed over
conquested and passed over,
a ni**er woman
to do it to in the bushes.
My mother tells me
I used to run home crying
that I wanted to be light like my sisters.
She shook her head and told me
there was nothing wrong with my color.
She didn't tell me I was pretty
(so my head wouldn't swell up).
Black girls cannot afford to
have illusions of grandeur,
not ass-kicking, too-loud-laughing,
mean and loose Black girls.
And even though in Afrika
I was mistaken for someone's fine sister or cousin
or neighbor down the way,
even though I swore
never again to walk with my head down,
ashamed,
never to care
that those people who celebrate
the popular brand of beauty
don't see me,
it still matters.
Looking for a job, it matters.
Standing next to my lover
when someone light gets that
"she ain't nothin come home with me" expression
But it's not so bad now.
I can laugh about it,
trade stories and write poems
about all those put-downs,
my rage and hiding.
I'm through waiting for minds to change,
the 60's didn't put me on a throne
and as many years as I've been
Black like ebony
Black like the night
I have seen in the mirror
and the eyes of my sisters
that pretty is the woman in darkness
who flowers with loving.
When asked about the poem, de Blasio, who has made it abundantly clear that the "First Lady" is the love of his life, said that it is a testament to her character:
"It's a very painful and very challenging poem but very beautiful," he said in an interview with the Spanish language station La W Radio.
"I love her so deeply and one of the things I love is that she, despite the difficulties she went through, is such a positive and hopeful person and such a creative person. And so that poem really is one of the things that made me fall in love with her."
McCray's heart-wrenching poem, which crescendos with purpose and self-actualization, makes it very clear that it is not racist to hold an empowering event such as Black Girls Rock, as some have argued.
The racism lies in a White supremacist nation that continues to marginalize and silence Black women, making Black Girls Rock a non-negotiable necessity.
#WhiteGirlsRock Trends On Twitter In Response To 2013 'Black Girls Rock'
Brown Bombshells Shut It DOWN At The 2013 Black Girls Rock! Awards [PHOTOS]
BLACK GIRLS ROCK! 23 Past & Present Honorees
bill de blasio	, black girls rock 2013	, Chirlane McCray


text:
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インタフェース org.apache.mina.core.service.IoHandler の使用 (Apache MINA Core 2.0.0-RC1 API)
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      概要
      パッケージ
      クラス
    使用
      階層ツリー
      非推奨 API
      索引
      ヘルプ

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インタフェース
org.apache.mina.core.service.IoHandler の使用

IoHandler を使用しているパッケージ

org.apache.mina.core.service

org.apache.mina.core.session

org.apache.mina.handler.chain
Chains of Responsibility パターンを使って、階層化されたプロトコルを順番に実装するのを支援するハンドラ実装です。

org.apache.mina.handler.demux
<tt>messageReceived</tt> のハンドラを複数の下位ハンドラに分割することで、複雑なプロトコルを実装するのを支援するハンドラ実装です。

org.apache.mina.handler.multiton
Multiton パターンを使用して、多数のセッションでハンドラをひとつだけ使うのではなく、セッションごとにハンドラをひとつ作成できるようにします。

org.apache.mina.handler.stream

org.apache.mina.proxy

org.apache.mina.core.service での IoHandler の使用

IoHandler を実装している org.apache.mina.core.service のクラス

 class
IoHandlerAdapter

          An abstract adapter class for IoHandler.

IoHandler を返す org.apache.mina.core.service のメソッド

 IoHandler
IoService.getHandler()

          Returns the handler which will handle all connections managed by this service.

 IoHandler
AbstractIoService.getHandler()

          Returns the handler which will handle all connections managed by this service.

IoHandler 型のパラメータを持つ org.apache.mina.core.service のメソッド

 void
IoService.setHandler(IoHandler handler)

          Sets the handler which will handle all connections managed by this service.

 void
AbstractIoService.setHandler(IoHandler handler)

          Sets the handler which will handle all connections managed by this service.

org.apache.mina.core.session での IoHandler の使用

IoHandler を返す org.apache.mina.core.session のメソッド

 IoHandler
IoSession.getHandler()

 IoHandler
DummySession.getHandler()

IoHandler 型のパラメータを持つ org.apache.mina.core.session のメソッド

 void
DummySession.setHandler(IoHandler handler)

          Sets the IoHandler which handles this session.

org.apache.mina.handler.chain での IoHandler の使用

IoHandler を実装している org.apache.mina.handler.chain のクラス

 class
ChainedIoHandler

          An IoHandler which executes an IoHandlerChain
 on a <tt>messageReceived</tt> event.

org.apache.mina.handler.demux での IoHandler の使用

IoHandler を実装している org.apache.mina.handler.demux のクラス

 class
DemuxingIoHandler

          A IoHandler that demuxes messageReceived events
 to the appropriate MessageHandler.

org.apache.mina.handler.multiton での IoHandler の使用

IoHandler を実装している org.apache.mina.handler.multiton のクラス

 class
SingleSessionIoHandlerDelegate

          推奨されていません。

org.apache.mina.handler.stream での IoHandler の使用

IoHandler を実装している org.apache.mina.handler.stream のクラス

 class
StreamIoHandler

          A IoHandler that adapts asynchronous MINA events to stream I/O.

org.apache.mina.proxy での IoHandler の使用

IoHandler を実装している org.apache.mina.proxy のクラス

 class
AbstractProxyIoHandler

          AbstractProxyIoHandler.java - IoHandler that intercepts events until handshake is complete.

      概要
      パッケージ
      クラス
    使用
      階層ツリー
      非推奨 API
      索引
      ヘルプ

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 次

  フレームあり
 フレームなし

  すべてのクラス

Copyright © 2004-2010 Apache MINA Project. All Rights Reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Posted in "Post your vehicles"
I bought it for $420.00 new in 2012. Barely ridden, still has nubbys on tires. No rust, kept indoors. It has a scratch on the rear brake lever and handle bars, neither is huge nor effects riding or operation. One of the bolts in the neck is broke, but the other three bolts are tight enough to were the bars don't move. I'm also looking for a Fixie around 48-54cm.
Posted in "Post Your Bottlerockets"
Posted in "[STOLEN BIKES] Post Your Stolen Bike Ad Here (Europe Only)"


text:
from .test_project_base import TestProjectBase
from openerp.exceptions import AccessError
from openerp.tools import mute_logger

EMAIL_TPL = """Return-Path: <whatever-2a840@postmaster.twitter.com>
X-Original-To: {email_to}
Delivered-To: {email_to}
To: {email_to}
Received: by mail1.openerp.com (Postfix, from userid 10002)
    id 5DF9ABFB2A; Fri, 10 Aug 2012 16:16:39 +0200 (CEST)
Message-ID: {msg_id}
Date: Tue, 29 Nov 2011 12:43:21 +0530
From: {email_from}
MIME-Version: 1.0
Subject: {subject}
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; format=flowed

Hello,

This email should create a new entry in your module. Please check that it
effectively works.

Thanks,

--
Raoul Boitempoils
Integrator at Agrolait"""

class TestProjectFlow(TestProjectBase):

    @mute_logger('openerp.addons.base.ir.ir_model', 'openerp.models')
    def test_00_project_process(self):
        """ Testing project management """
        cr, uid, user_projectuser_id, user_projectmanager_id, project_pigs_id = self.cr, self.uid, self.user_projectuser_id, self.user_projectmanager_id, self.project_pigs_id

        # ProjectUser: set project as template -> raise
        self.assertRaises(AccessError, self.project_project.set_template, cr, user_projectuser_id, [project_pigs_id])

        # Other tests are done using a ProjectManager
        project = self.project_project.browse(cr, user_projectmanager_id, project_pigs_id)
        self.assertNotEqual(project.state, 'template', 'project: incorrect state, should not be a template')

        # Set test project as template
        self.project_project.set_template(cr, user_projectmanager_id, [project_pigs_id])
        project.refresh()
        self.assertEqual(project.state, 'template', 'project: set_template: project state should be template')
        self.assertEqual(len(project.tasks), 0, 'project: set_template: project tasks should have been set inactive')

        # Duplicate template
        new_template_act = self.project_project.duplicate_template(cr, user_projectmanager_id, [project_pigs_id])
        new_project = self.project_project.browse(cr, user_projectmanager_id, new_template_act['res_id'])
        self.assertEqual(new_project.state, 'open', 'project: incorrect duplicate_template')
        self.assertEqual(len(new_project.tasks), 2, 'project: duplicating a project template should duplicate its tasks')

        # Convert into real project
        self.project_project.reset_project(cr, user_projectmanager_id, [project_pigs_id])
        project.refresh()
        self.assertEqual(project.state, 'open', 'project: resetted project should be in open state')
        self.assertEqual(len(project.tasks), 2, 'project: reset_project: project tasks should have been set active')

        # Put as pending
        self.project_project.set_pending(cr, user_projectmanager_id, [project_pigs_id])
        project.refresh()
        self.assertEqual(project.state, 'pending', 'project: should be in pending state')

        # Re-open
        self.project_project.set_open(cr, user_projectmanager_id, [project_pigs_id])
        project.refresh()
        self.assertEqual(project.state, 'open', 'project: reopened project should be in open state')

        # Close project
        self.project_project.set_done(cr, user_projectmanager_id, [project_pigs_id])
        project.refresh()
        self.assertEqual(project.state, 'close', 'project: closed project should be in close state')

        # Re-open
        self.project_project.set_open(cr, user_projectmanager_id, [project_pigs_id])
        project.refresh()

        # Re-convert into a template and schedule tasks
        self.project_project.set_template(cr, user_projectmanager_id, [project_pigs_id])
        self.project_project.schedule_tasks(cr, user_projectmanager_id, [project_pigs_id])

        # Copy the project
        new_project_id = self.project_project.copy(cr, user_projectmanager_id, project_pigs_id)
        new_project = self.project_project.browse(cr, user_projectmanager_id, new_project_id)
        self.assertEqual(len(new_project.tasks), 2, 'project: copied project should have copied task')

        # Cancel the project
        self.project_project.set_cancel(cr, user_projectmanager_id, [project_pigs_id])
        self.assertEqual(project.state, 'cancelled', 'project: cancelled project should be in cancel state')

    def test_10_task_process(self):
        """ Testing task creation and management """
        cr, uid, user_projectuser_id, user_projectmanager_id, project_pigs_id = self.cr, self.uid, self.user_projectuser_id, self.user_projectmanager_id, self.project_pigs_id

        def format_and_process(template, email_to='project+pigs@mydomain.com, other@gmail.com', subject='Frogs',
                               email_from='Patrick Ratatouille <patrick.ratatouille@agrolait.com>',
                               msg_id='<1198923581.41972151344608186760.JavaMail@agrolait.com>'):
            self.assertEqual(self.project_task.search(cr, uid, [('name', '=', subject)]), [])
            mail = template.format(email_to=email_to, subject=subject, email_from=email_from, msg_id=msg_id)
            self.mail_thread.message_process(cr, uid, None, mail)
            return self.project_task.search(cr, uid, [('name', '=', subject)])

        # Do: incoming mail from an unknown partner on an alias creates a new task 'Frogs'
        frogs = format_and_process(EMAIL_TPL)

        # Test: one task created by mailgateway administrator
        self.assertEqual(len(frogs), 1, 'project: message_process: a new project.task should have been created')
        task = self.project_task.browse(cr, user_projectuser_id, frogs[0])
        res = self.project_task.get_metadata(cr, uid, [task.id])[0].get('create_uid') or [None]
        self.assertEqual(res[0], uid,
                         'project: message_process: task should have been created by uid as alias_user_id is False on the alias')
        # Test: messages
        self.assertEqual(len(task.message_ids), 3,
                         'project: message_process: newly created task should have 2 messages: creation and email')
        self.assertEqual(task.message_ids[2].subtype_id.name, 'Task Created',
                         'project: message_process: first message of new task should have Task Created subtype')
        self.assertEqual(task.message_ids[1].subtype_id.name, 'Task Assigned',
                         'project: message_process: first message of new task should have Task Created subtype')
        self.assertEqual(task.message_ids[0].author_id.id, self.email_partner_id,
                         'project: message_process: second message should be the one from Agrolait (partner failed)')
        self.assertEqual(task.message_ids[0].subject, 'Frogs',
                         'project: message_process: second message should be the one from Agrolait (subject failed)')
        # Test: task content
        self.assertEqual(task.name, 'Frogs', 'project_task: name should be the email subject')
        self.assertEqual(task.project_id.id, self.project_pigs_id, 'project_task: incorrect project')
        self.assertEqual(task.stage_id.sequence, 1, 'project_task: should have a stage with sequence=1')

        # Open the delegation wizard
        delegate_id = self.project_task_delegate.create(cr, user_projectuser_id, {
            'user_id': user_projectuser_id,
            'planned_hours': 12.0,
            'planned_hours_me': 2.0,
        }, {'active_id': task.id})
        self.project_task_delegate.delegate(cr, user_projectuser_id, [delegate_id], {'active_id': task.id})

        # Check delegation details
        task.refresh()
        self.assertEqual(task.planned_hours, 2, 'project_task_delegate: planned hours is not correct after delegation')


By using our ordering step-by-step process outlined in the 'Placing an Order' page, ordering your wedding stationery will be an easy and memorable experience. If you need any help while customizing your order, feel free to contact us via email, live chat, or phone and we will be happy to assist!
Once your order is received, it will be directed to one of our professional designers. Your designer will create an initial proof based on your input wording, selected font styles and colors.
Proofs take up to 2 business days to be designed. Once your proofs are ready, they will be sent via email for your review. Hard copy proofs are not available, but samples with your wording are available for purchase upon your request. To request changes as you work one on one with your designer, simply reply to our email letters and let us know the updates you would like to see.
Check your electron proofs very carefully. Once proofs are approved, they will be printed exactly as shown. Once your stationery looks perfect and is ready to be printed, simply email us with your approval.
All printing can be done in two ways – digitally on our professional printing machines or by means of foil stamping. The digital printing is flat, it perfectly compliments our high-quality lustrous and matte card stock and results in crisp text and saturated colours. The hot foiling is a traditional artisan method of hand printing that transforms cards into the genuine artworks. First a metal plate is engraved with your design. Then the block is heated and pressed firmly onto the selected card with a sheet of coloured foil sandwiched between the two. As a result the card features a beautiful metallic finish.
Generally, printing takes 2 business days. The bulk order with the quantity of cards more than 200 pieces may take about 3-4 business days. The timeline for such orders is usually outlined individually.
All our luxury designs include the time-consuming handmade work, therefore their production may take up to 7 business days. If you are short of time and need to get the cards asap, please contact us before placing your order online.
We are proud to inform that all Polina Perri invitations are shipped fully assembled. All the ribbons are tied, pockets are glued, sides folded. Some designs from luxury collection can take up to 15 minutes per card for assembling! For inexpert ones assembling could be a very stressful and laborious work that may have unstable and unsatisfactory result. Unlike most of stationery online shops, we supply brides and grooms with professionally finished goods, not DIY kits! And that doesn't require any extra charges.
We realize that the wedding is going to be one of the most memorable and exciting experiences of your life, this is why we intend to provide only high-end service. Your order will be thoroughly packed in protective plastic and boxed to ensure delivery safe and sound.


Dr. Heather Brown Orthodontics is now accepting applications for the 2019 Summer Internship Program. This program is a structured orthodontic internship developed for high school and college students expressing a serious interest in the specialty of orthodontics. All applicants are encouraged to apply early because the class size is limited to only six students. Applications must be submitted no later than Monday, May 13, 2019 in order to be considered. Selected applicants will be notified by May 20, 2019.
The summer 2019 internship scheduled dates are from June 4, 2019 thru June 28, 2019 every Tuesday and Thursday from 9:00 am to 1:00 pm. Unfortunately, make-up days will not be available for missed sessions. There is a $75 fee required to participate which will cover intern uniforms and dental supplies.
Congratulations to the following students for successfully completing the 2012 Summer Orthodontic Internship program. Pictured L-R Vivian Galindo, Raevin Davis, Alejandra Colocho, Corina Pina, and Taylor Redmond.


I'm Andy Jacobs and I'm a UX researcher and consultant. I help companies achieve their business goals by putting the user first.
I have getting on for 20 years experience in conversion rate optimisation, UX and digital strategy.
Good UX should start with uncovering the problems before validating solutions.
My job is to gather evidence to present to stakeholders so that an informed decision can be made. It is to remove subjectivity from the equation and, wherever possible, make recommendations based on the evidence collected. As the representative for the user, I will fight for their right to have the best experience possible and work back from that where business realities have to be balanced.
The best thing to do is to get in touch using the form or the details below.


text:
Fossett search ends as storm blows in
Tracie Cone
Associated Press Writer
Mono County Sheriff's Search and Rescue photoThe wreckage of Steve Fossett's plane has been taken to be examined in a Sacramento warehouse.
MAMMOTH LAKES, Calif. " Investigators finished up Friday at the scene of aviator Steve Fossett's plane crash in the wilderness of the Sierra Nevada mountains just as dark clouds rolled in and winds picked up ahead of a storm that threatened to bury any remaining evidence under 2 feet of snow.
Teams of volunteers, as well as local and federal search crews, furiously combed the site for any evidence that could help piece together the mystery of the famous adventurer's plane crash more than a year ago.
Mangled and charred plane parts and other bundles of debris were headed to a warehouse in Sacramento where investigators planned to lay them out for examination. There were a lot of pieces, "consistent with a high-energy impact, which means the aircraft was traveling at great speed," Mark Rosenker, acting chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board, said at a media briefing.
"We'll be looking at the entire fuselage to make sure nothing broke off to cause the accident," he said.
Any suspected human remains were to be taken to a state crime lab for testing. Search teams recovered a small bone fragment Thursday.
Fossett, a part-time Beaver Creek resident, vanished Sept. 3, 2007, during what was supposed to be a short pleasure flight from a Nevada ranch owned by his friend Barron Hilton.
Despite several searches by air and on the ground over the past year, efforts to find his single-engine plane had been unsuccessful. The break came this week when a hiker found Fossett's identification cards in a remote wilderness area near Mammoth Lake about 65 miles southwest of Hilton's ranch.
Thrill-seeker Fossett gained worldwide fame for setting records in high-tech balloons, gliders, jets and boats. In 2002, he became the first person to circle the world solo in a balloon. Investigators wondered if weather had anything to do with the fatal crash.
"Mr. Fossett is an accomplished aviator who flew very complicated aircraft; yet on this day, he was flying one relatively simple to fly," Rosenker said. "It will take us awhile to understand this very interesting and very tragic accident."
The NTSB is attempting to gather radar and weather data to determine what the conditions were in the area the day of the accident. They hope the radar data will help them pinpoint the time of the crash.
According to the National Weather Service, it was generally clear and calm in the Mammoth Lakes region the morning of the crash. Local officials say some storm clouds did move in, however.
Investigators also have recovered gauges from the plane they hope will show speed and altitude.
Bill Manning, airport and transportation director at Mammoth Yosemite Airport, said the high Sierra is a beautiful but dangerous area to fly, estimating that the region sees three to five small plane crashes every year.
"It's hugely rugged. … It's a fabulous environment but unforgiving, for sure," he said. "Anytime you fly in the mountains, it's not like you're going to land on a highway. There just aren't many places you can put an airplane down and walk away."
Associated Press writers Terence Chea and Sudhin Thanawala in San Francisco contributed to this report.


have i told you before? have i?
that i like to lie in bed at night with the lights out and watch little movies like this one on my ipad.
just before i fall asleep.
dreaming of bus rides through snowy hills.
and little cafes just like this one.
Charles Bukowski's Nirvana from Patrick Biesemans on Vimeo.
How beautifully paired, the little film and the poem. I sometimes get that "curious feeling that everything is beautiful". I call them my ecstatic moments.
Always enjoy visiting you MaryAnn for I never know just when you will enchant me with a special offering such as this. I have heard of Bukowski but never read him….never been patient enough with poetry, but I will have to check him out. Would be nice to have a video and Paul G's amazing readings to assist me. Make up my failure of imagination. sigh.
I enjoyed this a lot, and it'll send me off to search for more, thanks. It reminds me a little of Jack Kerouac, though I'm not comparing.
Love the little film, thanks for sharing.
mesmerizing. *sigh* thank you for sharing.
I loved this, every little thing… even the aluminum pie pan, but I have to ask (because: 1. I am an idiot. 2. They don't teach this at my school), how is this a poem?
Delightful video! And speaking of delights, is it the 15th yet? I can't wait for your class to start!
Hello sweet girlie! Happy holidays to you! What a very delightful way to spend the evening in the dark! You are my kind of gal! How the heck are you!?
Love that so much. Thank you for sharing. I'm not familiar with Bukowski – but I can tell you now, I will be.
Charles Bukowski and diners…heaven. From the time I was a little girl I've LOVED diners. Still do. On vacations my favorite part would be to have my Mom, Dad and siblings all in a booth, in a diner, while traveling on the road. Thankyou for starting my busy day off with such a beautiful piece accompanied by my own beautiful memories! By the way…for those wanting to know the voice, it is Paul Giamatti, the marvelous character actor. In the movie Sideways (he starred in it) he spoke of Charles Bukowski.
Loved that. Thanks for sharing and now I must buy some Bukowski. Too bad that guy can't read it to me. Somehow, I don't think the voice in my head can match the complexity of his.
Ahhh…western North Carolina, land of Andy Griffith, Aunt Bea and Mayberry, I live nearby. Sweet little piece, but marred for me by one visual detail. I'm not trying to be a stickler or a spoilsport, but a disposable aluminum pie plate? Really? If the setting is a fuzzy, distant past, the pies would have been baked on premises in a reusable dish.
That lapse was a visual red flag of anachronism for me and the camera returned for a second peek(where granted the dish was less obvious). Funny what draws our attention.
nice way to fall asleep. last night watcge The best marigold hotel. a kindly movie.
ahhh…my brother is a HUGE Charles Bukowski fan- I will need to forward this on to him…thank you!
Magic Mary Ann!!! Pure and sweet magic. The video reminded me very much of a scene from Mad Men, one of those scenes that feel out of place amid the story line but reveals something deeply significant about one of the characters. Something that knowing it changes your perception of the character, the story beneath the story. Thanks for sharing this gem with us. Sweet Dreams.


text:
Q: Which storage mechanism will be more efficient? Case 1: If I have one record, and create 1000 attachments to that record worth 1KB each.
Case 2: In another case, if I create one attachment and zip all the files together. Assuming that zipping the contents will not save the storage.
Which storage mechanism will be more efficient? Does the Notes and Attachments record by itself consume any space?

A: If you were talking a regular Hard Disc, then obviously, Case 2 would be more efficient. However, with Salesforce, efficient use of disc space is the least of your concerns. According to the Salesforce Limits Quick Reference Guide, for an EE Org, the file storage allocation is 11 GB, so I wouldn't see that as a concern especially since I see no limits placed on the number of files an org can store. Fast and easy record retrieval would seem to be of much more importance.


text:
Who's Checking Your Bags?
By Susan Dominus
The tragedy of American Airlines flight 587 – whatever brought it down – raises an unsettling question: Just how easily could explosives end up onboard? The answer is not so reassuring: Checked baggage on flights leaving Kennedy, for the most part, makes it on the plane without so much as a sniff from a well-trained dog.
Until September 11, the number of checked bags screened on domestic airlines hovered at a dismally low 3 percent. The checked baggage that did get screened belonged to passengers whose travel patterns raised a red flag. "But that's only effective for as long as the profile remains a secret," says Bob Monetti, whose son died on PanAm flight 103, and who's now a security consultant for the FAA. "Now we all know that if you use cash or buy a one-way ticket, that's part of the profile – nobody's going to try that." Since September 11, airlines have "greatly increased" the number of passengers whose checked baggage is randomly screened, claims the FAA, but to what extent, it won't say. Once a bag has been pulled aside for inspection, a machine that's essentially a cat scan for luggage sets off an alarm if materials with the density of explosives pass by (apparently salamis qualify, as do plastic ski boots, dense wads of money, and fruitcakes, among many other things). Trained personnel then check the screen and possibly inspect bags by hand, in the presence of the passenger.
At Kennedy, only in Terminal One is every piece of checked baggage screened, at the insistence of airlines that operate there (such as Japan Airlines and Air France). The FAA is currently making a push to get 100 percent of baggage screened by the year 2004, but until now, the machines have been used sparingly, for fear of delays from all those false-positive salamis. One of the few states in the country that's already established 100 percent bag screening is Hawaii, but that's to guard against what must have once seemed like the biggest threat: contraband agriculture.


E.O.T.C is a cool fun exciting week at Grey Lynn School.
At the newspaper challenge we had newspaper and we made anything out of it.
Poi making was cool because you made your own poi. They did it with Briarns mum, Ashely and Stellas mum, Victoria.
We did Quasedillas. When I ate them I was full of joy. They were amazing and so delicious, too bad not everyone got to taste it.
Compass making was you made two types of compasses. It was cool and we got to use one of your compasses for an activity. It was so fun.
Woodwork, wood work was cool you used tools like hammers ,saws,nails,.glue stuff like that.
a soft glove. It's so fun we did it with Griffins mum, Anne and with Hollys mum, Toni. It was cool, my glove was red. Mine was like a vampire and he had 4 eyes and little ears and a cape.
Cyans mum, Tina and the reliever, Simon. It was amazing.
and last of all is soup. The soup was yummie, it was so nice and amazing. It was so fun.


text:
Q: Convert Feature Layer to an array of Polygons in ArcGIS JS? Pretty straight forward: I am simply trying to get a feature layer
var floodLayer = new FeatureLayer("URL");

and convert it to a polygon array similar to:
var polygons = [];

for (var i = 0; i < floodLayer.graphics.length; i++) {
var polygons[i] = new Polygon({ "rings": floodLayer.graphics[i].rings, "spatialReference": floodLayer.graphics[i].spatialReference });
}

However, feature layers don't appear to have the appropriate properties to create polygons. Unless I am missing something?

A: rings and spatialReference are properties of geometry which is a property of your graphics. So you need to use floodLayer.graphics[i].geometry.rings instead of floodLayer.graphics[i].rings, for example.


If you would like to receive our press releases please email the above address, or download the pdf version right here.
To apply for media accreditation for FanCon 2019 please complete the form below. Only successful accreditation applicants will be contacted.
Large media entities that require more than one media pass must complete the form for each person.
The hashtag for FanCon 2017 ( #fancon2017 ) climbed to the top of trends in South Africa on the weekend of the 2017 event !
A major scoop for FanCon 2017 was the coverage the cosplay received with a full segment on SAs leading actuality programme, Carte Blanche, on DSTV!


NASA scientists revealed a bitter truth about the planet Saturn. Its iconic rings are rapidly pulled apart into a dusty rain of ice particles under the influence of the planet's magnetic field and as such Saturn may loss its ring in the next 100 million years.
It is time to feel proud as India finds a position in a select group of countries which have discovered planets, stars, heavenly objects and so on. Indian scientists have found a sub-Saturn or super-Neptune-sized planet having a radius that is six times that of earth, Isro announced on Friday.


text:
Letter from Myanmar
By Nandita Haksar
An Indian street magician in Yangon.
Street magician Ishamudin performing in Yangon. Photos: Sebastian Hongray.
When I asked Ishamudin, a street magician from Delhi, whether he would be willing to come to Yangon for the shooting of a series of episodes for a TV program on Indian street magic intended to promote friendly ties between India and Myanmar, he flatly refused.
"I don't want to die."
Ishamudin had seen enough videos of the brutalities being perpetuated on the Rohingyas – which are circulating on social media – to convince him that Myanmar was not safe for Muslims. I said I would be there to ensure he would not be harmed and he finally agreed.
The programme I was going to produce would be the first to come out of an agreement signed between Indian public broadcaster Prasar Bharati and Myanmar private broadcaster Mizzima TV in August 2018. Mizzima TV is part of the Mizzima Group which was founded in 1998 by three Burmese journalists in exile in New Delhi, including current CEO Soe Myint. Since Myint's return to Myanmar in 2012, the Mizzima Group has flourished and claims to reach 20 million people through content on a range of platforms, including programmes on the state-run Myanmar Radio and TV (MRTV).
Our experience of the production reflected the complexity of the political situation in Myanmar.
In Yangon, Ishamudin was confident about gathering a crowd around him. He called out to a group of young bhikkhunis sporting pink robes and shaven heads.
"Come! Come see Indian magic!"
The smiles on their faces disappeared. They gathered together in a knot and stood still with fear writ on their faces. Our crew rushed to assure them that there was no danger at all and that they were being invited to watch the shooting of a magic show. Their teacher herded them towards the waiting magician, and his kindly face seemed to put them at ease.
The magician called out to children to come and help him with a magic trick involving an umbrella and Indian and Myanmarese flags. Several young boys rushed up, but one began to cry. The trick culminated in the umbrella being "magically" covered by the flags of both countries and standing in the People's Park, in view of the Shwedagon Pagoda, Ishamudin held up the umbrella of friendship against the sky.
However, as the Mizzima crew packed up their things, Ishamudin appeared disturbed. He said he had never in his life seen children look frightened or cry at his shows. I tried to explain that this was the result of decades of military rule, the effects of which had not quite ended.
Most of the filming for the programme was done in a studio. On the first day, we had to organise the seating arrangements. Ishamudin preferred to sit on the floor, as is the tradition for many Indian street magicians. The Mizzima TV anchor was asked to sit on a chair, to facilitate the shoot, but the Mizzima cameraman objected to this arrangement saying it was not considered good manners for a senior person to sit on the ground and for a younger person (especially a woman) to be sitting on a higher place. I said that in India, we, too, respect our elders but it would be disrespectful to make a young woman sit on the ground. Respect for women is as important a value as respect for elders. We found a middle-ground by having the anchor address Ishamudin as ulay or uncle.
I was careful while writing the script to emphasise the common elements of our cultures, ensuring there was no element of the patronising tone that many Indians adopt while talking to or about our neighbouring countries. One skit involving a blank book which magically reveals the letters of the Hindi alphabet, also produced the Burmese script when the Mizzima crew asked Ishamudin for it, providing the perfect opening for the anchor to point out that both the Burmese and Hindi languages have the same alphabet – Kaa, Khaa Gaa – even though we pronounce it differently and our languages are distinct. When Ishamudin produced samosas from his magic box, we said that while samosas came from India, in Myanmar it took another form and had a different stuffing; besides samosas came to India from central Asia… so there was no pure Burmese culture or pure Indian culture.
CEO Soe Myint (second left) and Mizzima team with Ishamudin (right).
Mizzima CEO Soe Myint confessed that he had been worried about the reaction of the Mizzima TV team to Ishamudin, a Muslim, even though he was not a Rohingya.
In Myanmar the use of word Rohingya is restricted because it means inhabitants of Rohang, an early name for Arakan. The official stand is that this community is from Bangladesh and therefore must be called Bengali. Earlier this year, both BBC and Radio Free Asia which provided programmes aired on MRTV, quit their partnership after the Information Ministry said that they could no longer air content from the channels if they continued to use the word "Rohingya," which is "strictly prohibited."
Two young journalists working for Reuters, Soe Oo and Wa Lone have been jailed under the Official Secrets Act for investigating the killing of 10 Rohingya men. Leading the hate campaign against the Rohingyas are the ultra-nationalist Buddhist monks working with the 969 Movement led by Ashin Wirathu, who was sentenced to 25 years of jail in 2001 for spreading hate but was subsequently released in 2012. Many monasteries are coming under the influence of this ideology.
That is why I was surprised when Soe said we could have a magic show at an orphanage run by a Buddhist monastery nearby. We arrived at the monastery where we were ushered into a large hall filled with more than 200 children, all under the age of 10. As Ishamudin began his magic show, the kids watched fascinated, their faces lit up with joy.
One of the shows was to be at Zeyawaddy, some 200km north of Yangon. This was the place where Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and his Indian National Army had taken shelter during their struggle against British colonialism.
Many farmers, mostly from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, were brought over to Zeyawaddy by the British in the 1800s to cultivate sugar cane and paddy in cleared forest lands. This Indian-Burmese community were made stateless during the military dictatorship and it was the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) which supported the community throughout those years. The RSS in Myanmar works under the name of Sanatan Dharma Swayamsevak Sangh (SDSS).
The presence of the SDSS is why I told Soe that it would not be a good idea to organise a show by Ishamudin in Zeyawaddy. But Soe was confident that his contacts would make the arrangements; why would they not allow the children to see an Indian street magic show?
Soe was shocked when he was told by his contacts in Zeyawaddy that the show had been cancelled because the organisers did not wish to host a Muslim.
In the evening when I sat with some Burmese journalists at Soe's home I asked what they thought of the decision by Amnesty International to strip Daw Aung San Suu Kyi of their highest honour, the Ambassador of Conscience Award, and the campaign against her for not using her moral authority to stop, the genocide of the Rohingyas.
I said that while I was not comfortable with Aung San Suu Kyi's silence, I understood her position. But I did not understand why the West, while condemning her, did not condemn our Prime Minister's silence over growing atrocities against Muslims in India.
One of the journalists very close to the National League for Democracy (NLD) said the party could have solved the problem if they did not have to face the pressure and campaign by Western countries. The West had only succeeded in making her position even more precarious, he said. After all, Myanmar was still under military rule.
Another journalist said that it was a fact that Burmese were chauvinists, being both anti-Muslim and racist. The Rohingya were persecuted not only because of their religion but also their race.
All of them agreed that, if Daw Suu Kyi was not there, there was every chance that the military could once again take over.
I said that when I had last come to Yangon, I had noticed some anti-Indian sentiment, but this time had not been such a negative experience. I said that while I was glad Mizzima had signed an agreement with Prasar Bharati, I did not like the idea of Hindu and Buddhist ultra-nationalists forming an alliance. In India, Hindutva groups have been trying to appropriate Dalit leader B R Ambedkar, and have attempted to forge links with ultra-nationalist extremist Buddhist groups in Sri Lanka and Myanmar.
Ishamudin says that he has heard Burmese muslims express concerns over these alliances when he goes to the mosque to offer namaz every day before coming to Mizzima studio.
I asked Ishamudin what his experience of Myanmar had been. He said he was surprised that he had been able to go to the mosque every day and that he had found Indian members of Jamaat-e-Islami. He had also been surprised to see hundreds of Muslims congregate at the memorial of Bahadur Shah Zafar to offer prayers. He also said that he could not believe that all the men, rich and poor alike wore lungis, and that the biryani in Myanmar was so good!
For the last episode of our magic show we arranged for Ishamudin to visit the Burmese magician Ko Khaing Myat, who welcomed him warmly. Khaing Myat said magic had originally come from India but now they had incorporated many tricks from China and the West.
Ishamudin wanted to know if it was very difficult to get permission to perform in public places, because in India access to public places had become next to impossible for street performers. The Burmese magician said in his country they needed permission from eight separate departments before they could perform in public. The two magicians showed each other their magic. Ko Khaing then took out a large python from a colourful box and the two magicians strung it across their necks and had themselves photographed. Ishamudin said they were not allowed to keep animals and that was why so many animal trainers had lost their means of livelihood.
The two magicians embraced.
~Nandita Haksar is a human-rights lawyer and writer.
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