Read all about Memorial Hall Library's Summer Reading programs for kids, teens and adults! And then join starting Monday June 25th!
Last summer's kids total was 8338 hours read! Will you help us build a LEGO tower BIGGER than Miss Kim and beat this total?
There is no required reading books at the elementary level for the Andover Public Schools, however we have lots of printed booklists or you can go here for more suggestions! Better yet, stop by and ask our librarians for help!


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Bashar Alubaidi
Staff Assistant, Kenan Institute for Ethics
Bashar Alubaidi serves as the assistant to the Director and is the payroll representative of the Institute. He provides information and personal assistance to visitors, callers, internal staff, and faculty regarding KIE programs, policies, and services. He assists in the arrangements of the Faculty Council meetings. Bashar is originally from Iraq, having moved to the United States in December 2012 after earning his DDS in Cairo, Egypt.
bashar.alubaidi@duke.edu
Jeremy Buotte
International Programs Coordinator
Jeremy Buotte provides support for the Human Rights, Global Migration, Religions and Public Life, and Technically Right programs at the Kenan Institute, as well as manages the Ethics Book Clubs for Staff. He holds a B.A. in Rights, Religion and Law from the University of Connecticut and a master's degree in Ethics from Yale University.
jeremy.buotte@duke.edu
Christian Ferney
Program Director, Kenan Institute for Ethics
Christian Ferney oversees university-wide ethics initiatives, ethics curriculum development, and the KIE alumni network. In a previous role, he managed many of the Institute's co-curricular programs, such as Team Kenan and Project Change. A native of Portland, Oregon, he has lived in Durham since 2003. He holds a BA in sociology from Linfield College and an MA (2005) and PhD (2009) in sociology from Duke University.
christian.ferney@duke.edu
Ada Gregory
Associate Director, Kenan Institute for Ethics
Ada Gregory develops a variety of KIE programs related to student life and community engagement, runs the DukeEngage in New York program, and facilitates faculty involvement in projects across the Institute's portfolio. Ada graduated from Duke (BA/MA) and went on to work at the state and local levels for 20 years influencing policy and practice related to victims' rights, violence against women, and criminal justice reform. She returned to Duke in 2006 and worked in several capacities, including as director of the Duke Women's Center and chief administrator for the university's signature institutes and initiatives, before joining the Kenan Institute for Ethics in 2018.
ada.gregory@duke.edu
Dana Hall
Assistant Director of Operations, Kenan Institute for Ethics
Dana Hall serves as part of the Institute's senior leadership team, providing strategic administrative and programmatic direction, including overall administrative management and coordination of a variety of business-related functions such as finance, budget, personnel, space and facilities, planning grant administration, and policy interpretation.
dana.hall@duke.edu
Manda Hufstedler
Program Coordinator, Kenan Institute for Ethics
Manda Hufstedler provides support for the Ethics & Society Certificate program and the Ethics and Global Citizenship Living/Learning Community, manages the ethics film series, and serves as the assistant to the Director of Undergraduate Study for Ethics. She holds a BA in English from Duke University (T'18) and is an avid bibliophile, photographer, and macaroni and cheese enthusiast.
manda.hufstedler@duke.edu
Gair McCullough
Gair McCullough coordinates Reimagine Medicine and supports the Arete, Purpose, What Now, and Project Change programs at KIE. Before Duke, she worked in youth ministry, education, and entrepreneurship, always with a focus on youth empowerment and flourishing. Gair earned a BA in English and an MA in Teaching at UNC-Chapel Hill, as well as a Master's in Christian Practice at Duke Divinity School. She's a devotee of the NYT Sunday crossword and the New Yorker caption contest.
gair.mccullough@duke.edu
Virtues and Vocations Communications Strategist
Erin Collazo Miller works on Virtues & Vocations, an initiative to consider how to cultivate character in professional education. She earned a BA in English at Duke University and studied theology at Regent College.
erin.c.miller@duke.edu
Amber Díaz Pearson
Research Scholar, Kenan Institute for Ethics
Amber Díaz Pearson works on research and programming with the Religions and Public Life Initiative and the Kenan Graduate Fellows Program, along with survey research, data analysis, and writing for the Education for Civic and Moral Responsibility project. She also manages the KIE Campus Grants Program and the Moral Purpose Award essay competition, and is responsible for educational program assessment at the Institute. She holds a B.S. in Political Science and a B.A. in Spanish from Arizona State University, and a A.M. and Ph.D. in Political Science from Duke University.
amber.diaz@duke.edu
Communications Manager, Kenan Institute for Ethics
Scott Peters is responsible for the Institute's communications and media outlets, graphic design and photography. Scott holds a BA in Political Science from North Carolina State University and comes from a career in public and private sectors spanning strategic planning, project management, and multimedia arts.
scott.m.peters@duke.edu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Handbook & Guides
U.S. Mint Gold & Platinum Pricing Grid
United States Mint Announces 2020 American Innovation™ $1 Coin Program Designs
Jul 2, 2020 | News, U.S. Mint
WASHINGTON – The United States Mint (Mint) today officially announced the designs for the 2020 American Innovation™ $1 Coin Program. The new designs will appear on the reverses (tails) of $1 coins honoring innovations and/or innovators from Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, and South Carolina.
Mint Chief Engraver Joseph Menna created and sculpted the Maryland American Innovation $1 Coin design. Mint Artistic Infusion Program artists created the designs for the remaining 2020 American Innovation $1 Coins, which Mint Medallic Artists sculpted. Here's what the public can expect to see:
American Innovation – Connecticut
Designer: Richard Masters
Sculptor-Engraver: Renata Gordon
The Connecticut $1 Coin recognizes the Gerber Variable Scale. The design depicts the scale being used to increase a geometric shape by 200 percent, a shape that resembles the state of Connecticut. Inscriptions are "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA," "GERBER VARIABLE SCALE," and "CONNECTICUT."
American Innovation – Massachusetts
Designer: Emily Damstra
Sculptor-Engraver: Eric David Custer
The Massachusetts $1 Coin recognizes the invention of the telephone. The design depicts the dial of an early rotary telephone. Inscriptions are "MASSACHUSETTS," "TELE-PHONE," and "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA."
American Innovation – Maryland
Designer: Joseph Menna
Sculptor-Engraver: Joseph Menna
The Maryland $1 Coin pays homage to the Hubble Space Telescope. The design depicts the telescope orbiting the earth surrounded by a field of stars. Inscriptions are "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA," "THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE," and "MARYLAND."
American Innovation – South Carolina
Designer: Justin Kunz
Sculptor-Engraver: Phebe Hemphill
The South Carolina $1 Coin recognizes educator and civil rights activist Septima Poinsette Clark. The design depicts Ms. Clark marching with three young African American students who carry books and an American flag, representing that education and literacy among oppressed people are necessary for empowerment and enjoyment of civil rights. Inscriptions are "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA," "SEPTIMA CLARK," and "SOUTH CAROLINA."
American Innovation $1 Coins feature a common obverse (heads) design depicting a dramatic representation of the Statue of Liberty and the required inscriptions "$1" and "IN GOD WE TRUST."
On-sale dates for products containing the 2020 American Innovation $1 Coins will be published on the Mint's Product Schedule here. When available, the Mint will accept orders at catalog.usmint.gov/. Information about shipping options is available at catalog.usmint.gov/customer-service/shipping.html.
The American Innovation $1 Coin Program is a multi-year series featuring distinctive reverse designs that pay homage to America's ingenuity and celebrate the pioneering efforts of individuals or groups from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. territories.
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Weekly World Numismatic News for January 10, 2021 January 10, 2021
UPDATE: SIGNED! (No '21 Silver Dollars, yet!) January 5, 2021
December 2020 Numismatic Legislation Review January 3, 2021
HAPPY NEW YEAR 2021! January 1, 2021
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Bee Hives
Where Did Honey Bees Come From?
Why Are Bees Important?
Are Bees Going Extinct?
Why Did Honey Bees Start Disappearing?
Beekeeper Suits
How Can Bees Make Honey?
Where Do Bees Go in the Winter?
Bee Hive Kits
Can Bees Have Hives Underground?
How Can Bees Help Us?
How Do Bees Make Honey?
How to Get Started in Beekeeping
Where Is Beekeeping Legal and Illegal?
How Much Do Beekeepers Make?
Is Beekeeping Dangerous?
Is Beekeeping Good for Bees?
Do Honeybees Sting?
How to Feed Honey Bees
What Do Honey Bees Do?
Do Bees Eat Honey?
How Do Bees See Flowers?
Does Beeswax Melt?
How Do Bees Communicate?
How Do Bees Make Wax?
What Honey Is Best for You?
Do Honey Bees Migrate?
Do Honey Bees Pollinate?
Why Is Honey Good for Your Skin?
Can Honey Ferment?
Is Beeswax Biodegradable?
How Is Beeswax Collected?
What Crops Do Bees Like?
Do Beeswax Candles Clean the Air?
How Can Honey Be Used as Medicine
Where Do You Get Bees for Beekeeping?
What Time of Year to Start Beekeeping
How Much Work Is Beekeeping?
How to Make Money Beekeeping
How Hard Is Beekeeping?
Why Beekeeping Should Be Done in Good Pasturage
What Is a Nuc in Beekeeping?
How Much Does It Cost to Start Beekeeping?
Home » Bees » Do Honey Bees Pollinate?
Are honey bees everything?
Risks when focusing solely on honey bees
First introduced in North America in the 1600s, honey bees play a crucial role in pollinating large crops, and you can find out more info here on how to keep them. However, these are not the only insects and pollinators that need protection, as focusing only on their needs can lead to many local ecosystem-related issues.
Before going into details about honey bees, let's first take a look at what pollination means since it's a process that has a tremendous impact on worldwide agricultural processes. Pollination stands for the transfer of pollen that contains the male gametes of a plant to the receptive stigma, which is the female part of this process.
This can take place either on the same plant or from one to the other, within the same species. The result is fertilization, which means that plants sexually reproduce to produce seeds. Pollination can be done by the wind as well, as many examples show us. Conifers, grasses, and even some types of trees are pollinated by wind today.
However, the truth is that most flowering plants use living organisms to do this transfer. While some might think that only bees are responsible for pollination, in fact, there are many other types of creatures that actively participate in it. The list includes wasps, beetles, flies, ants, butterflies, and even birds and bats in some situations. Insects do have the main role though.
When it comes to cultivated crops, it's estimated that around 80% of all pollination is done by honey bees. Many of the fruits and vegetables that we eat would not be available in stores without help from the insects, and the same goes for other important crops such as herbs, nuts, spices, or oilseed ones.
Moreover, even plants that are not specially grown for their fruits do require pollination in order to be able to multiply and propagate by seed. Of course, pollination plays a major role from an economic point of view as well, given that honey bees alone are responsible for adding an estimated $15 billion to the country's economy each year thanks to increased crop yields.
You may not know this, but honey bees were brought to North America sometime in the 1600s by colonists. Many of them escaped into the wild at the time, which then led to an estimated 4,000 native bee species being displaced, and the honey bees continued to pollinate the developing agricultural industry throughout the 20th century.
In the 1990s there two species of parasitic mites that were accidentally introduced to the United States from Asia. Known as the Varroa mite and the tracheal mite, these two went on to cause severe declines in the honey bee population in a relatively short amount of time. Further on, these were controlled using chemical pesticides which substantially increased costs.
Around the same time, feral honey bees populations went through a dramatic decline which, combined with increased agricultural production, led to finding another solution, namely contracted pollination services. This means that honey bee hives were placed on trucks each spring and moved around to different areas of agricultural production to pollinate crops that were in bloom.
On the other hand, some experts think that this practice led to the spread of various honey bee diseases, as well as other hive pests. The fact remains that many of the crops we are using today would not be able to exist without honey bees to ensure pollination at bloom time. Some of these crops are 90% dependent on this process, with some being entirely so.
Today, American farmers are able to feed more people using less land, and the food is safe, but honey bees are a crucial part of this story, so they need to be paid attention to. The estimated number of bee colonies in the U.S. today is of around 2.7 million, and two-thirds of these travel the country in order to pollinate crops, as well as to produce honey and beeswax.
However, the need might be greater than this, given that almond orchards alone, a crop that is entirely dependant on the pollination process, require approximately 1.8 million colonies to be able to adequately cover the nearly 1 million acres planted around the country.
While it's true that honey bees play a crucial role within the agricultural system, especially since large crops need to be sustained for us to benefit from fruits and many other nutritional types of food, these are not the only pollinators we should be paying attention to. In fact, according to some experts, those who are worried about these insects often cannot see the larger picture.
There are many other pollinators in nature that need to be protected as well, including bats, butterflies, flies, hummingbirds, as well as other bee species. Being focused solely on honey bees means that thousands of other pollinators are overshadowed, but these are equally important for a balanced ecosystem.
Our impact from an environmental point of view means that many insect species are still wiped out, and this impact is soon going to be noticeable beyond our meals. While the public attention is focused on honey bees, other more vulnerable species are left suffering without too much help.
Human activity means that entire areas that insects use to hide, nest, and forage are being cleaned and turned into something else, which leads to the extinction of numerous species that no longer have a place to live. Moreover, while we are focusing on honey bees, we tend to forget that there are more than 20,000 species of bees.
Their colors range from red and black to metallic blue-green, some being solitary instead of hive-dwellers, and occupying a wide range of spaces, including dirt or wood. As for those that produce honey, there are only 7 species in this category.
As we've already mentioned, there are many other pollinating insects we should turn our attention to. Bumblebees, for example, are experiencing severe die-offs, as this goes up to 96% of the population in some cases. Some species are considered extinct in North America, while others are not doing so great.
Everyone should be aware that bumblebees are particularly important pollinators given their size and fuzziness. Some of them have also developed special relationships with some types of flowering plants. For example, tomatoes rely on buzz pollination, a process that is ensured only by certain types of bees.
This means that when a bumblebee is around the flower and bites it, this is followed by a vibration used to shake out the pollen. Farmers and gardeners found a way to work around this by using electric toothbrushes to trick the plants into thinking they are pollinated by the right bees. Some countries, such as the U.K. import non-native bumblebees each year.
Some of these escape, which means that there's a higher risk to spread diseases to other local pollinators. In the United States, beekeepers use billions of bees in California, a state known for its large almond crops that could not produce the much-desired fruits without help from these pollinators.
By shuffling honey bees and bumblebees around the world, there is a very high chance to introduce diseases in new locations and thus damage local ecosystems even more. That's why, before buying a beehive and starting your own adventure to protect the environment and sustain the pollination process, research the matter and see what's locally needed.
There's another reason why focusing on honey bees might not be the best idea, namely that they are not always the most effective choice compared to other pollinators. In fact, honey bees can oftentimes be less efficient, but they can spread diseases to other types of insects.
This usually becomes a problem when people form colonies of their own without taking into consideration the local species and their needs. While owning beehives can be a great and rewarding hobby, it's very important to know what you are doing. Newly introduced bees should not compete with local species or endanger them.
Given the pollination needs that are increasing around the world, some people have even started doing it by hand or with mechanical tools. However, we need to be aware that we will never be able to pollinate the entire planet by hand, so we need to take care of every type of insect that gets the job done, not only honey bees.
It's true that they are very important as well, but pesticides and chemicals are endangering a lot more types of pollinators than we can imagine.


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Halloween 2017 is right around the corner, but reality TV stars and celebrities often celebrate the holiday for several weeks in October.
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text:
import Registry from '../../Registry';
import * as falsy from '.';

/**
 * Register `.falsy` assertion in default registry.
 *
 * @author Maciej Chałapuk (maciej@chalapuk.pl)
 */
falsy.registerIn(Registry.instance);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub