text:
North American X-10 známý také pod označením RTV-A-5 byl nadzvukový bezpilotní experimentální letoun vybavený dvojicí proudových motorů, který vznikl počátkem 50. let 20. století pro Letectvo Spojených států (USAF). Byl určen k testování různých funkcí souvisejících s bezpilotním letem, tedy k testování letových vlastností, navádění, navigačních a řídících systémů. Získané zkušenosti a technologie měly nalézt uplatnění u chystaných mezikontinentálních řízených střel SM-64 Navaho (B-64). Samotný letoun X-10 byl považován za kandidáta na řízenou střelu s jadernou hlavicí, ale pokrok ve vývoji mezikontinentálních balistických raket (ICBM) SM-65 Atlas a SM-68 Titan vedl k ukončení projektu. Byl prvním proudovým letounem s konfigurací křídel delta-kachní plochy s automatickým řízením a navigačním systémem až do rychlosti Mach 2.

Konstrukce

Letoun X-10 byl bezpilotní dolnoplošník s hliníkovou konstrukcí a hlavním křídlem ve tvaru delta. Na přídi letounu se nachází plovoucí vodorovné plochy. Letoun X-10 byl vybaven dvojicí svislých ocasních ploch. K pohonu letounu sloužila dvojice proudových motorů Westinghouse XJ40-WE-1 s přídavným spalováním. Letoun vzlétal a přistával na zatahovacím příďovém podvozku. Při přistání mohl být využit brzdící padák. Letoun měl zvládat trvalý let rychlostí Mach 2, při němž by se trup letounu mohl zahřívat až na 240 °C. Trup letounu měl těmto teplotám odolat. K chlazení systémů na palubě se využívalo proudění hydraulické kapaliny, která pak procházela hlavní palivovou nádrží a fungovala tak, jako velký chladič.

V ozbrojené verzi by letoun přišel o podvozek místo něj by nesl hlavici do hmotnosti 3150 kg, rovněž by byla využita přední palivová nádrž, která měla prodloužit dolet s hlavicí až na 2000 km.

Vývoj
Experimentální letoun X-10 vznikl v rámci snah usnadnění vývoje řízených střel s plochou dráhou letu. Společnost North American Aviation začala v květnu roku 1950 pracovat na přípravách testovacího letounu pro plánovanou mezikontinentální střelu Navaho, která měla dosahovat rychlosti Mach 3. Letoun
X-10 měl být tedy obdobou plánované střely. Původně měl být vypouštěn z upraveného letounu B-36, ale od tohoto požadavku bylo upuštěno. V prosinci 1950 provedla společnost North American testy ve vlastním větrném tunelu v Santa Susanna s modelem letounu až do rychlosti Mach 2,87. USAF v květnu 1951 zkontrolovala maketu letounu, který byl pokročilejší než tehdejší pilotovaná letadla.  V prosinci 1952 byl dokončen první letoun, který posloužil ke zkouškám strukturální integrity. V září následujícího roku pak došlo k pojížděcím zkouškám na letecké základně Edwards. V říjnu 1953 pak došlo k prvnímu letu letounu X-10, který North American vedla pod označením vyvinula RTV-A-5  (Research Test Vehicle, Air Force). Letouny X-10 uskutečnili patnáct letů ze základny Edwards, dalších dvanáct letů bylo uskutečněno ze základny Cape Canevaral. Program letounu provázela řada nehod, při nichž byla většina z vyrobených letounů zničena. Program byl ukončen ve prospěch raketově poháněných ICBM.

Po ukončení programu Navaho byla trojice letounů X-10 převedena v roce 1958 k testování amerického protiletadlového systému CIM-10 Bomarc a Nike. I zde však letounům X-10 štěstí nepřálo dva stroje byly zničeny při přistání a třetí po ztrátě spojení.

Ačkoliv projekt letounů X-10 utrpěl řadu ztrát, přinesl program řadu zkušeností, které se později hodily u bezpilotních i pilotavných letadel, například u systémů fly-by-wire.

Operační historie

Zachované stroje
Jediný existující kus (sériové číslo 51-9307) se nachází ve sbírkách Národního muzea Letectva Spojených států v Daytonu ve státu Ohio.

Specifikace
Údaje dle

Technické údaje
 Délka: 20,2 m
 Rozpětí: 8,6 m
 Výška: 4,39 m
 Plocha křídla: 39,5 m²
 Profil křídla: NACA 66-006 (mod)
 Prázdná hmotnost: 11700 kg
 Vzletová hmotnost: 15876 kg
 Maximální vzletová hmotnost: 19183 kg
 Pohonná jednotka:  2 × Westinghouse XJ40-WE-1 každý o tahu 48 kN

Výkony
 Maximální rychlost: 2100 km/h (Mach 2,08)
 Dostup: 14000 m
 Stoupavost: 26,54 m/s

Odkazy

Reference

Související články
 MX-770
 CIM-10 Bomarc
 Bell X-9

Externí odkazy

 Ohlédnutí za vývojem střel Navaho 1. část(angličtina)(archiv)
 Ohlédnutí za vývojem střel Navaho 2. část(angličtina)(archiv)
 Boeing: Galerie X-10

X-10
Bezpilotní letadla USA
Americká experimentální letadla


text:
Q: Gnuplot: How to assign specific colors to values out of palette range? In the Gnuplot documentation it says:

The set cbrange command sets the range of values which are colored using the current palette by styles with pm3d, with image and with palette. Values outside of the color range use color of the nearest extreme.

However, I would like to assign values outside of color range different colors. How is this possible?

A: Since I do not have enough reputation to comment yet, I hope it's ok, if i post this as an answer..
I've only started using gnuplot recently  myself, so I am not 100% if sure that this is what you're looking for, but take a loot at the answer to this post:
gnuplot palette, default and defined
The gist is that you can define your own color functions and those functions can have conditions (see the third line in the third code box: b(x) = (x == 1 ? 1 : sin(2*pi*x))). This way at the end of the colorscale, i.e., at x = 1 the blue value is set to 1, while for the rest of the scale it uses the sin(...) function, which would be 0 at x = 1.
Although it technically means that you do NOT ONLY color values outside your color scale range with a different color but also those exactly at the end (or beginning) of it, maybe you can use this in some way by, e.g., adjusting the range of the color scale slightly.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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			replacements: [
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Gov. Henry McMaster Announces Record Cuts to Unemployment Insurance Tax Rates
COLUMBIA, S.C. - Governor Henry McMaster was joined by S.C. Department of Employment and Workforce Executive Director Dan Ellzey and South Carolina business leaders today to announce that the South Carolina 2020 unemployment insurance tax rates for businesses will be an average of 34 percent lower than 2019. Additionally, the Unemployment Insurance Trust Fund is now at a level sufficient to withstand a recession that is the equivalent of the average of the last three recessions.
The solvency of the trust fund means the elimination of all solvency surcharges, for the first time since 2003, including those to repay the 2008-2011 federal loan as well as the five-year rebuild of the state's trust fund which was depleted during the Great Recession.
"Balancing the requirement to maintain a fiscal safety net while cutting business taxes each year shows that South Carolina is dedicated to making it appealing for companies to do business here so they will continue to create jobs and invest in South Carolinians by expanding opportunities," said Gov. Henry McMaster. "The 2020 savings are a direct result of the growing economy and the support of South Carolina's business community."
During the Great Recession, South Carolina needed to borrow nearly $1 billion from the federal government in order to provide unemployment benefits. The agency, however, was able to pay off the loan early, saving businesses $12 million. After the loan was paid off in 2015, the Legislature approved a regulation that requires DEW to rebuild the trust fund within five years to a level that will cover the potential benefit needs without borrowing from the federal government. The agency has now completed that effort.
"Our agency's mission is to bolster employment throughout the state, and more South Carolinians are now working than ever before with an unemployment rate that is the lowest in recorded history. The best news for these good times is that the trust fund is now prepared to withstand a recession," said Ellzey. "It is imperative to the state's ability to support individuals in the case of an economic downturn that we have a strong trust fund, and we are glad to have the resources ready should the citizens of South Carolina need these funds.
"South Carolina is home to more than five thousand manufacturing facilities operating across all 46 of our counties," said Sara Hazzard, President and CEO of the South Carolina Manufacturers Association. "Our industry employs more than 250,000 South Carolinians, representing 12 percent of our state's workforce. Today is a celebration that is over a decade in the making. It's an example of when government and business leaders work together, we can find solutions and our state can be stronger than ever."
"It truly is a great day for business in South Carolina," said Ted Pitts, President and CEO of the South Carolina Chamber of Commerce. "Less than a decade ago, the state owed the federal government $1 billion, we had 11 percent unemployment, and look where we are today. With almost a $2 billion swing, the trust fund is fully funded and unemployment is at an all time low."
"This is a day that we've been looking forward to for a long time," said Senator Thomas Alexander, Chairman of the Senate Labor, Commerce and Industry Committee. "I especially want to thank the business community. Without their involvement and leadership in providing jobs for the people of South Carolina, we would not be here today. It's the money coming out of their pockets that has paid the debt and has provided the opportunity for South Carolina to have a sound system to meet our future needs."
All liable South Carolina businesses receive a tax rate based on their usage of the system. Tax rate notices will be mailed to more than 120,000 businesses Friday, November 8, but are currently available in an employer's State Unemployment Insurance Tax System (SUITS) account. A guide showing how to access this rate can be found on DEW's website.
A business which qualifies for tax rate class 12, with 100 employees who paid wages of at least $14,000 per year per worker would pay nearly $4,500 less in unemployment taxes in 2020 than they paid in 2019. The tax rate is a formula based on projected benefit costs for the year and the amount that was required to rebuild the trust fund balance by 2020. New businesses qualify for tax rate class 12.
"With more than 2.31 million South Carolinians working and the unemployment rate at 2.9 percent, these cuts are a welcomed incentive for businesses wanting to expand in this vibrant economy," said Ellzey. "We are here to assist them with their workforce, particularly in rural areas where individuals may need training, skill assessments, transportation and other services to succeed in long-term, dedicated employment."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Ag Magazine University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment - It starts with us
CAFE Corner
Sum & Substance
The mAGazine on ISSUU
Home » Spotlight: Akinbode Adedeji
Spotlight: Akinbode Adedeji
International influences have positioned Akinbode Adedeji, known as "Dr. Bode" to his students, to make an international impact. A food engineer in the Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, his research focuses on ensuring everyone in the world has a safe, reliable food supply. Having worked in four countries on three continents, he's proud to tell people he now lives in the Horse Capital of the World.
Q: How did you come to UK?
A: I am originally from southwest Nigeria, but I have spent 10 years in Canada. I got my undergraduate and master's degrees in Nigeria and my doctorate at McGill University. After graduating, I went back to Nigeria and worked for a year and a half. Then I briefly took a position in France before accepting a position at Kansas State University. From there, I went back to Canada to be a research associate at McGill. I accepted a position at the University of Kentucky in 2014.
Q: When did you develop your passion for food engineering?
A: Originally, I wanted to be a chemical engineer, but I didn't get into that program in Nigeria. I was drafted into the food engineering program, which was the first undergraduate program of its kind in Africa. I decided to stay with food engineering, because I felt like I could make a meaningful impact on humanity using engineering-based solutions.
Q: Can you tell me about your research at UK?
A: At UK, my research focuses in three areas. The first one is underutilized grain value-addition, which are grains that have not been fully explored but have potential for food applications. I'm specifically looking at different cultivars of proso millet grown in the United States. My second area is noninvasive methods for food quality assessment and for safety assurance. By using sound sensors and hyperspectral imaging, we can make sure food is actually what manufacturers claim it to be and prevent food fraud from health and religious standpoints. My third area is developing technology to help farmers in developing countries with storing and handling grain after harvest.
Q: What do you enjoy most about your job?
A: The most exciting part of my job is mentoring students and international scholars who are visiting. I enjoy seeing students come into my classroom. They may not know a lot about the topic at first, but by the end of the class, they are displaying some level of deep understanding and proficiency in the subject. I also enjoy seeing my students doing well for themselves and making an impact in their careers.
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Elizabeth Brennan. An 18-year old fashion designer and photographer from Princeton, New Jersey. She began designing at age 5 and launched her own label, Elizabeth Willis NYC, in the fall of 2016. She produces all of her pieces domestically, as reducing the ethical and environmental toll that fashion takes is a cause close to her heart. She is hoping to create a special yearlong collection in the coming months, releasing one new piece per month. Elizabeth took up photography as a freshman in high school and has since had her work featured in numerous regional exhibitions. Through her fine art photography, she seeks to make the ordinary memorable, and through her photojournalism (she has produced four books to date) she seeks to tackle issues such as traditional gender roles and being a woman in sports. She will apply to colleges this fall and is beyond ecstatic to find her home for the next four years. Elizabeth spent the past summer working as a publicist and assistant to a fashion blogger and recently joined the team at The Odyssey online as an op-ed writer. She will also be penning relevant, socially-conscious articles for fashion brand GS Love. Elizabeth believes that young people have the power to do whatever they put their minds to, be that enacting change in their community, starting their own small business, or snagging their dream internship. She can be reached at elizabeth.brennan99@gmail.com, or through her Instagram account, @elizabethwillisnyc, and she loves to collaborate on exciting artistic endeavors!
I was born and raised in central Jersey.
I am a fashion designer and photographer.
:) How did you become an artist?
I grew up, like most children, doing arts and crafts kits — I could never have anticipated that beaded bracelets and paper dolls would spark a lifelong passion for fashion! I began taking photography courses in school a few years ago, and I plan to continue studying it in college next year.
My parents have been incredibly supportive of my creative pursuits. Whether they are accompanying me to Mood in New York City, driving me to a blogger meet-up in Boston, or helping me think through my business plan, they have always believed in me.
Although I believe the written word is often the best way to induce social change, sculptures and mixed media installations, like Doris Salcedo's "Shibboleth," and Ai Wei Wei's "Sunflower Seeds," can have a similar impact.
:) Have you ever experienced any negative/harsh words about your art? If so, how did it make you feel? If not, are you afraid of it happening someday? Why?
One woman told me that she didn't like one dress that I made, but that's the only criticism I have received so far. In the end, that dress happened to be my favorite, so while I was upset that it wasn't well-received by everyone, I didn't take her words to heart.
I would love to meet Frida Kahlo. She is so inspiring, and her story has always fascinated me!
My favorite color would have to be black. It is so versatile! I have a background in film photography, and although I have moved on to the digital realm, I still find myself drawn to the contrast that black and white lends to a photo. In addition, black always looks classic and sharp; it is the quickest, easiest way to throw together an outfit in the morning!
I think that Narcissus Garden by Yayoi Kusama is so beautiful.
Spending time with my family and friends makes me the happiest.
:) In school, whether it's elementary, middle school, or high school, should art be funded?
I absolutely believe that art should be funded in schools. I have been fortunate enough to attend a school where the arts are valued enough to provide financial support for all sorts of disciplines, from photography and media to fine arts and drama.
My ultimate goal is to travel the world taking photographs of the places, and people, that tourists don't see. I'd also like to start designing custom pieces.


text:
BiG Ten Women's Weekly Basketball Honors
Iowa and Ohio State Earn Big Ten Weekly Women's Basketball Awards
Hawkeyes' Kathleen Doyle and Buckeyes' Kierstan Bell are this week's honorees
Kathleen Doyle, Iowa
G – Sr. – La Grange Park, Ill. – Benet Academy – Major: Journalism
• Averaged 24.0 points, 5.5 assists and 2.0 rebounds per game with a .708 field-goal percentage in leading Iowa to conference wins over Illinois and at Northwestern last week
• Scored a career-high 33 points (including 11-of-14 field goals and 9-of-9 free throws) in 25 minutes of Dec. 31 win over Illinois
• Added 15 points and seven assists in Sunday's win at Northwestern, giving her 602 career assists and making her the 12th women's basketball student in Big Ten history to reach to 600-assist milestone
• A two-time Big Ten Distinguished Scholar and Academic All-Big Ten honoree (2017-18 and 2018-19)
• Earns her first Big Ten Player of the Week award
• Last Iowa Player of the Week: Megan Gustafson (March 4, 2019)
Big Ten Women's Basketball Weekly Honor Roll
Amy Dilk, So., G, MICH: Averaged 18.0 points, 6.5 rebounds and 5.5 assists per game with a .682 field-goal percentage in Michigan's wins over Penn State and Michigan State last week
Kate Cain, Jr., C, NEB: Registered 14.5 points, 14.5 rebounds and 5.0 blocks per game with a .700 field-goal percentage and two double-doubles last week, including 19 points, 15 rebounds and six blocks in Sunday's win over No. 24/RV Minnesota
Imani Lewis, So., F, WIS: Also had two double-doubles last week, averaging 21.5 points and 14.5 rebounds per game, highlighted by 23 points and 14 rebounds Sunday afternoon in a victory over Penn State
Freshman of the Week
Kierstan Bell, Ohio State
F – Canton, Ohio – Canton McKinley – Major: Undeclared
• Tallied 13 points and a season-high two blocks in Ohio State's lone game last week, a three-point win at No. 24/RV Minnesota on Dec. 31
• Scored all of her team high-tying point total in the second half
• Made a season-best 3-of-8 from three-point range
• Collects her second Freshman of the Week award
• Last Ohio State Freshman of the Week: Jacy Sheldon (Dec. 23, 2019)
2019-20 Big Ten Players of the Week
P: Arella Guirantes, Jr., RU
F: Mackenzie Holmes, IND
P: Nia Clouden, So., MSU
F: Ashley Owusu, MD
P: Grace Berger, So., IND
Dec. 2
F: Sara Scalia, MINN
P: Taiye Bello, Sr., MINN
P: Kamaria McDaniel, Jr., PSU
F: Kierstan Bell, OSU
P: Destiny Pitts, Jr., MINN
F: Kennedi Myles, ILL
P: Dorka Juhász, So., OSU
F: Jacy Sheldon, OSU
P: Kaila Charles, Sr., MD
P: Kathleen Doyle, Sr., IOWA
BiG Ten Men's Basketball Weekly Honors
Basketball Day Indiana 2020


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text:
May 23, 2022 – Press review of German newspapers
View of the devastated Ukrainian city of Mariupol Copyright: xAlexeyxKudenkox (Imago / SNA / Alexey Kudenko)
From the point of view of SDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG, the conquest of the Ukrainian port of Mariupol by the Russian army did not change the state of the war: "The fall of the city, which Russia considered indispensable for the construction of a land bridge from occupied Crimea to was just a few tens of kilometers east of the dominant Russia, lying in Mariupol A matter of time since the start of the war, but it is supposed to help achieve the minimum objectives of the Russian war: to conquer all of eastern Ukraine, the city of Severodonetsk, which was shot. It is also possible that the rubble will fall", predicts SÜDDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG.
Frankfurter Rundschau predicts a "bloody war of attrition": "Ukrainian President Selinsky is also preparing for this when he says that he no longer wants to negotiate with Russia and wants to return the Russian army to the positions it was in before the illegal war. Attack. This means for Kyiv's allies in the United States and Europe. That they will have to support the country with money, weapons and refugee aid for a long time to come. It helps motivate all concerned if politicians like Polish President Andrzej Duda continue to visit Ukraine and remind them that only the Ukrainian people have the right to decide their own future," notes Frankfurter Rundschau.
NEUE OSNABRÜCKER ZEITUNG warns: "No one should underestimate Vladimir Putin. Although his army did not succeed in overrunning Ukraine with his tanks, the Russian dictator has already controlled important areas in the east and south of the neighboring country. It is limited to bombs and grenades. His war goes far beyond that, as the blockade of Ukrainian ports shows.Putin relies on hunger as a weapon.The potential for blackmail is great.Ukraine, as one of the world's most important breadbaskets, simply cannot In addition, drought, regional conflicts and high fuel prices lead to Exacerbation of supply problems in many countries. Millions of people are at risk of starvation. Anyone who wants to reach Putin will need to stay in power – not only when it comes to supplying arms to Ukraine, but also when it comes to helping poor countries in need, "he said. In the new newspaper Osnabrücker Zeitung.
Bayreuth's NORDBAYERISCHE KURIER asks: "Why does a fundamental change like the one that was possible in Germany after World War II not work in Russia? Ukraine itself is the best example of what is possible in terms of a democratic awakening." Philosopher Peter Sloterdijk recently formulated an elegant formula that the West should That "help Putin fail." That is exactly what the coming months should be about, not saving face for a war criminal. And any discussion of how to make this politically clear deserves any discussion. Because this is above all, the goal can mean one thing: the return of Peace in Europe ", says the newspaper NORDBAYERISCHE KURIER.
changing the subject. BERLINER ZEITUNG appreciates Janine Whistler's decision to remain as leader of the Left Party as a brave one: "For years, the party seemed hardly concerned with peace within the party. Party struggles are part of left-wing identity, but now they alienate voters, who no longer know what the party stands for." And that is in times when left-wing politics must be thriving – war, rising costs, people's fears. If the party is not in a permanent state of emergency, it can set accents. The left Returning to the path of success is a difficult task. Whistler will have to clean up. It must finally set Relevant political issues again. Otherwise, Whistler will only deal with collapse", predicts BERLINER ZEITUNG.
The TAGESZEITUNG newspaper from Berlin writes that the Left Party is going through an identity crisis threatening its very existence: "In times of brutal attack on Ukraine by an imperialist war criminal, the image cherished for years as a peaceful party, has become alienated from NATO and sometimes more and sometimes less outspoken with Vladimir Comes to Putin's own bosom, which is uncomfortably outdated. The FDP scapegoat. Attempts with identity politics and pandering for "Fridays for the Future." Lobbying young leftists does not work. A ruined balance sheet or not "Janine Whistler wants to go on and run again for the party leadership. By doing so, she is doing fatal damage to her party and, unlike former co-chair Susan Hennig-Welso, is jubilant. Anything other than giving up this nomination would be sabotaging the urgently needed restart," she asserts. TAZ.
VOLKSTTIMME from Magdeburg expressed a similar view: "The left is sinking more and more into pettiness in one election after another, has a sex scandal and has only one of two presidents left. Anyone who wants a serious analysis will have to despair. So the pervasive Whistler prefers to tell Cheerfully the news of a new start is imminent. It begins with the leadership and thus also with Hessen. After all, it is reasonably well known in the country. Otherwise, it looks weak with well-known staff at the top. Gregor Gezi no longer wants, Bodo Ramelow must hold out in Thuringia. Dietmar Bartsch may want to do it again, but he has so many opponents, Jan Kurt has to keep the parliamentary group together.Soren Bellmann of Leipzig may want to, for although he is the East German representative of the parliamentary group, he does not It represents one for the people. Perhaps the party's last hope is very different: Sahra Wagenknecht," explains VOLKSSTIMME.
next topic. The World Health Organization expects more cases of monkeypox in the near future. "The virus that has appeared almost exclusively in Central and West Africa for decades seems to be invading the world. And after two and a half years of the outbreak of the Corona epidemic, it is no wonder that the public is excessive," says the newspaper "WELT". Nervous and some people may fear the worst. However, according to the current state of knowledge, there will be no epidemic with this virus. However, nothing can be predicted with absolute certainty in biology and evolution – so a dose of caution is appropriate. Monkeypox can ever be spread from person to person, ironically due to the triumph of medicine: it has been considered the deadliest smallpox eradicated since the 1970s. With the end of mass vaccinations, people are also more likely to get monkeypox again, a renewed vaccination on a large scale of the population is certainly not necessary, yes, perhaps vaccinating people in contact," concludes WELT.
Hof's FRANKENPOST criticizes that contact with monkeypox cases is sometimes contradictory: "While one authority talks only about infection through close physical contact, other reports indicate that the virus can also be transmitted through the air we breathe. The World Health Organization warns, 'You have to follow the methods of Infection, it becomes clear that nothing has changed structurally in Germany. Experts have long said that the era of epidemics has begun. Corona has shown how quickly the health system needs to be upgraded," says FRANKENPOST's comment. That ends the press review.
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Augsburg: where you can travel from Augsburg with a ticket of nine euros
CDU politician Kieswetter attacks Olaf Schultz


We have all heard the saying growing up: Practice makes perfect, But really it's Perfect Throw Practice makes PERFECT practice!
Parent of a College Baseball Pitcher attending Mercyhurst University in Erie, Pennsylvania.
communities for the United States military wounded veteran.
Brandon graduated from Rhode Island University, Division 1 baseball player for The Rams. Served as assistant strength and conditioning coach for New York Yankees and Cleveland Indians, working with both major and minor league players.


How do you say "woof" in French?
Goals for her Paris Field Study semester: Keep improving French skills and immerse in France, while developing as a laboratory researcher.
Carry out her own research project, assigned as part of the overall program of the laboratory.
Learn a range of techniques needed to pursue the project to completion.
Clone a portion of the ROBO4 protein; use mutagenesis to characterize protein interaction with its ligands.
Subject of research: The role of the protein ROBO4 in angiogenesis.
And... Tatiana achieved a surprising scientific discovery; cloning a sequence of ROBO4, through hybridization in situ she demonstrated for the first time that this protein conserves its expression in the bird model, contrary to what was previously assumed.
Goals for hisParis Field Study semester: Become fluent in French, learn more about French society which marked his own country of Lebanon, experience French and European approaches to the field of biomedical engineering.
Placement: Research Laboratory in Biomechanics and Bioengineering at the University of Compiègne.
Become a full-fledged member of a renowned research team.
Carry out a bibliographic survey on dynamic modeling of the lower members.
Conduct market research on state-of-the-art lower member orthoses.
Conceive and develop a computer model of lower member movement and apply it to the design of innovative orthoses.
And... Rayan is continuing this project as a senior thesis while remaining in contact with his host laboratory, where his results have been included in publications. Rayan is thinking about graduate school in France.
Goals for her Field Study semester: To see how my field is approached in a different language, culture and work environment.
Goals for her Field Study semester: To gain experience in research or clinical veterinary work to help with goal of becoming vet.
Participate in the life of the laboratory: attend team meetings, seminars etc.
Become familiar with laboratory protocols, working under a supervisor until able to carry them out independently.
Work on her own set of experiments, examining three cell lines, investigating the expression of a particular protein in two different types of cancer of the bladder.
Attend meetings and research seminars organized by the institute.
Become familiar with the appropriate literature in scientific and medical journals.
And... Her supervisors appreciated Alex's ability to work independently, and develop the methodologically and theoretically rigorous habits of a scientist.


text:
Гапоненко
 Гапоненко, Александр Владимирович (род. 1954) — латвийский общественный деятель, экономист и писатель.
 Гапоненко, Александр Лукич (род. 1952) — советский и российский экономист, профессор РАНХиГС, заслуженный деятель науки РФ (2008).
 Гапоненко, Даниил Васильевич (1921—1995) — лётчик-испытатель, Герой Советского Союза (1957).
 Гапоненко, Казимир (1931—1942 или 1943) — пионер-герой, участник антифашистского подполья в Киеве.
 Гапоненко, Лука Степанович (1916—1996) — советский историк, заслуженный деятель науки РСФСР, и. о. директора Института истории АН СССР (1967—1968).
 Гапоненко, Марьяна Михайловна (род. 1981) — немецкая писательница украинского происхождения.
 Гапоненко, Павел Николаевич (1961—1995) — участник Первой чеченской войны, Герой Российской Федерации (1996).
 Гапоненко, Сергей Васильевич (род. 1958) — белорусский физик, член-корреспондент НАН Беларуси (2004).
 Гапоненко, Тарас Гурьевич (1906—1993) — советский живописец, член-корреспондент АХ СССР (1954), народный художник СССР (1976).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The ACC includes national patient-advocate groups as well as professional medical and scientific organizations. They collaborate to advance research and policies to prevent cancer.
ASCO is a professional oncology society committed to conquering cancer through research, education, prevention and delivery of high-quality patient care.
The Children's Cause brings the voices of childhood cancer survivors and their families to national policies which affect them. Updates on relevant policies and issues are available on the website.
Connects children and families touched by childhood cancer to appropriate summer camps.
This website lists oncology camps by region and state.
This comprehensive website offers information on government and pharmaceutical company sponsored clinical trials, as well as information on newly approved drugs.
This website offers information about clinical trials and the Children's Oncology Group, a network of hospitals that unite researchers at more than 200 leading children's hospitals, universities, and cancer centers.
Information on understanding and finding clinical trials. The site contains information on more than 12,000+ open clinical trials.
This assistive-technology organization provides information about rehabilitation equipment.
The Clearinghouse provides information to people with disabilities by doing research and providing documents in response to inquiries regarding federal funding for disability-related programs.
This organization has compiled a list of college scholarships and financial aid for students with learning disabilities, ADD/ADHD , psychiatric disabilities, visual or hearing impairments and physical disabilities.
Conducts educational programs, provides services, and recommends instructional activities to aid those with learning disabilities.
Through training, technical assistance, legal support, and legislative advocacy, they work to create a society in which people with disabilities are afforded equal opportunity and full participation.
It provides direct, personal and high-quality information to the disability and rehabilitation community. This website offers online publications, searchable databases and timely reference and referral data.
Its "Leave No Child Behind" mission is to ensure every child a Healthy Start, a Head Start, a Fair Start, a Safe Start, and a Moral Start in life and successful passage to adulthood.
It provides information about educational support services, policies, procedures, adaptations and opportunities at American campuses, career-technical schools and other postsecondary training entities.
A community of online survivors and their families with both chats and a message board. The community consists of adult and childhood cancer survivors.
This site has many online professionally moderated forums for people living with cancer and their partners.
This website connects family and friends during a health crisis. It can ease the burden of keeping loved ones updated, while also providing a way for them to send their love and encouragement.
This website has professionally mentored online support groups as well as a discussion board.
This group provides one-on-one cancer support: connecting cancer fighters, survivors and caregivers. They can partner a person fighting cancer with someone who has beaten the same type of cancer.
Information on The Americans with Disabilities Act and current issues regarding disability rights.
Information about EEO Laws, how to file a discrimination charge and statistical information.
Provides free information on how employers can accommodate people with disabilities.
This website has an interactive application for exploring occupations with accommodation features to assist in counseling people with disabilities.
Their Travel Fund helps families with travel expenses such as gas, parking and lodging.
The site provides a resource search engine based on your zip code.
The Foundation provides grants to minimize the financial hardship that is directly attributable to the child's illness.
This site offers a range of free services, including kid-friendly hats with human hair, gift baskets, gift cards, financial aid and sponsorships to pediatric-oncology summer camps.
Assists children with health problems by providing financial assistance for treatment, equipment, displacement and vehicle modifications.
This site has guidelines and Ronald McDonald House locations across the country.
This organization provides education, encouragement, and empowerment to children with life-threatening conditions through the provision of items such hearing aids, wheelchair lifts, therapeutic tricycles, and much more.
This foundation accepts grant applications from families who need financial help to cover the cost of child medical services such as speech, physical or occupational therapy, prescriptions, and medical equipment such as wheelchairs, orthotics and hearing aids.
This nonprofit organization provides wigs and also accepts hair donations.
This website was formed to offer a unique reference point on facing and dealing with bereavement. It has up-to-date articles and newsletters written by professional journalists and experts.
This site has inspirational poetry, articles and information for professionals. It also offers families a way to communicate their story and share with others who are also suffering through grief.
This organization offers brochures, conferences, sibling chats, cyber friends and pen pals to people suffering the loss of a child.
This site provides information on insurance options, quality care and information on new healthcare reform.
Provides information and contacts on state health insurance programs.
Provides an informational book for adult survivors on health insurance. The book is also available in Spanish.
They offer patients free assistance in mediating with insurance companies to assure access to care, maintenance of employment and preservation of their financial stability.
This is a great resource for getting healthy and provides information on nutrition, physical activity, weight management, stress management and quitting smoking.
This website is dedicated to diet and its relationship to cancer and cancer prevention.
Tips on how and why to quit smoking.
This site contains diet information during and after treatment.
The American Skin Association is a leading force in efforts to defeat melanoma, skin cancer and disease. Their mission is to advance research, champion skin health and drive public awareness about skin disease.
The site offers a tool to assist in deciding treatment options and questions to ask your doctor. It also contains descriptions and guides for the main forms of cancer treatment.
Publishes books that provide clear explanations of the various types of childhood cancer; descriptions of state-of-the-art treatments for childhood cancers; emotional support for every member of the family and access to helpful resources.
Lists the hospitals which are members of the Clinical Oncology Group in the United States.
This Foundation offers financial assistance and free support services to bone marrow/stem cell transplant patients and their families.
The site offers disease and treatment information for leukemia and lymphoma patients and their families. On-site questions and answers.
The site offers support and education for brain tumor patients and their families and allows users to e-mail questions to a nurse specializing in brain tumors.
Provides information on clinical trials, cancer statistics, research and other cancer related news.
The National Children's Cancer Society awards college scholarships to childhood cancer survivors who have demonstrated the ability to overcome the difficult challenges of cancer with determination and motivation. Forty $3,500 scholarships will be awarded each academic year.
Information about college scholarships, loans and other types of financial aid.
$1,000 competitive awards are given based upon financial need, quality of essay and recommendations, displaying a "Will Win" attitude, and overall story of cancer survivorship.
They award $3,000 competitive scholarships to those diagnosed with and/or been actively treated for a life threatening disease within the past 5 years.
They offer a one-year award of $500 to childhood brain tumor survivors.
They provide financial assistance to young adults as they move forward with their lives after cancer. Their grants can be used towards medical bills, insurance premiums, tuition, loans, computers, etc.
$2,500 scholarships for those 15-39 years old during their own diagnosis/treatment or during the diagnosis/treatment of a parent or sibling.
Tim and Tom Gullikson Foundation Scholarships are available to brain tumor patients/survivors and/or children of brain tumor patients/survivors. Extra consideration is given to applicants who have an affiliation or connection to the tennis community.
Here you can find information regarding all aspects of cancer survivorship. A survivor or family member can also create a personalized risk assessment specific to diagnosis and treatment.
Members may participate in public and private chat with other cancer survivors.
The site explains what treatments may affect fertility, as well as preventative steps to take prior to treatment.
Their mission is to advocate for quality cancer care for all people touched by cancer. This website lists the national programs related to cancer survivors.
This site offers guidelines, screening recommendations, information on long-term follow-up needs and patient education materials for cancer survivors.
Offers fund-raising guidance to families who need to raise money for transplants. It has some emergency funds available.
This organization assists families with fund-raising for the cost of transplants not covered by insurance and has links to most major transplant centers in the United States.
This is a nationwide league of humanitarian flying organizations dedicated to offering free flights for patients.
This not-for-profit organization flies patients who cannot afford commercial airfare to obtain specialized care.
Their sole mission is to help cancer patients access the best possible treatment by arranging free travel to treatment across the country using empty seats on corporate jets.
They offer a patient travel helpline, airline travel program, volunteer pilot travel program and ground travel program.
Provides information about all forms of charitable, long-distance medical air transport and provides referrals to all appropriate sources of help available in the national network.
They arrange free air transportation for individuals requiring medical diagnosis, treatment or follow up, as well as compassionate purposes such as oncology camps.
Grants wishes for children who are between the ages of 3- 18 and have a life-threatening illness. Anyone can refer a child, including a family member, friend, nurse, doctor, or social worker.
Fulfills wishes for children with a life-threatening medical condition who have reached the age of 2 ½ and are younger than 18 at the time of referral.
Their sole purpose is to answer the dreams of chronically ill, seriously ill, physically challenged and abused children ages 3-18.


Which pears are the sweetest?
An apple a day keeps the doctor away, but what about a pear?
They may not be very popular today, but they have been esteemed throughout history.
It was called "a gift of the gods" in The Odyssey, one of the two legendary Greek poems by Homer, who lived during the 7th to 8th century BC.
Before that – in 5,000 BC – a famous Chinese diplomat named Feng Li quit his prestigious position just so he could cultivate this fruit full-time.
Nowadays, we're more likely to encounter them vicariously, through the lyrics of a Christmas carol rather than in our own meals.
Why are apples more popular than pears?
It's probably because of perishability and seasonality, not an inferior flavor. Pears are one of the few fruits that ripen best post-harvest. Otherwise they're too mushy. Unfortunately, their ripening process can be unpredictable. Their oblong shape can be hard to cut and eat.
The structure of an apple is more conducive to on-the-go eating. With the exception of Honeycrisp, their shelf-life when ripe can be a month or more if refrigerated. A pear is ripe for only a matter of days. Then the skin gets brown and the pulp gets mushy.
Even though they're much less popular, the nutritional value of pear fruit vs. apple is quite similar.
In fact, pears may even offer some advantages when it comes to weight loss, anti-inflammatory properties, and other things which are good for you.
Just like apples, pears can serve as a low calorie and energy boosting snack.
The amount of sugar in a pear vs. apple is identical; 10g of sugar per 100g (3.5 oz) serving. While the amount can vary slightly be variety and ripeness, for all intents and purposes they're the same.
An average medium apple (182g) has 4.4g of fiber while a similar sized pear (178g) has 6g – that's about 36% more fiber.
Aside from the fact that women and men need a minimum of 38 and 25 grams per day, respectively, the more you eat, the fuller you will feel. A major benefit if you're trying to lose weight and curb those snack cravings!
As for the fiber itself, that has zero calories – it passes through the human body undigested.
Which pears have the most fiber?
Since the different types of pears vary in size, the best way to compare their fiber content is by using an equal weight comparison of each.
For 100g or 3.5 oz serving, Comice, Concorde, Seckel and Forelle have 2.9g, Red d'Anjou and Bosc have 3.0g, Green d'Anjou and Bartlett/Williams have 3.1g, and Chinese or Asian pears have 3.6g.
All varieties fall between 2.9 and 3.1g except for Asian pears, which have the most fiber – over 16% more than 2nd place.
There is no difference between an apple pear vs. Asian pear. Both are the same species, Pyrus pyrifolia. In the United States they're often called apple pears since their shape resembles one. In China they're called the Chinese pear, in Japan it's the Japanese pear, and elsewhere it's called Nashi apple pear, sand pear, and bapple, among other names. They're all the same thing.
Fructose gets a lot of flak because of high-fructose corn syrup, but that's quite different than natural forms which are arguably better for you versus regular sugar (sucrose).
Every cell in the body can process glucose, but only the liver can process fructose and deliver it's energy. That can act as a "speed limit" in how fast fructose can raise blood sugar, relative to sucrose and glucose.
This is why fruit-sweetened foods have long been recommended for both type 1 and 2 diabetes. Not as an ideal, but as a less naughty sweetener vs. sucrose or glucose.
In the case of this fruit, since it's packed with fiber, the digestion of fructose is slowed. This results in it having a relatively low impact on blood sugar levels.
According to The University of Sydney, the glycemic index of fresh pears is only 33 to 41, for a 120g (4.2 oz) serving size. This compares closely with raw apples, which range from 28 to 44.
If you search the nearly 30 million pieces of medical literature in the PubMed database, you will only find about 30 human trials involving pears.
It's expensive research and as you can imagine, there isn't much financial motivation to bankroll human studies on this fruit.
That said, there is one on weight loss. We have a university in Brazil to thank for that.
49 overweight women participated (BMI of 25+).
All were 30-50 years old and non-smokers.
Dietitian instructed them how to maintain a diet where 55% of calories were from carbs, 15% from protein, and 30% from fat.
The women were randomized into 3 groups. Each received cookies/patties made of dried apples, dried pears, or oats. Each of these had the same amount of fiber and calories.
These cookies/patties were used as supplements, taken 3x per day for 10 weeks.
Weight was unchanged in the oat group, while those eating the fruit experienced a statistically significant reduction; -0.93 kg (-2 lbs) for the apple and -0.84 (-1.9 lbs) for the pear group.
They covered about 5% of the stomachs in the control group (no treatments given).
They covered about 12% of the stomachs in the rats pre-treated with chlorogenic acid (an antioxidant in coffee).
Almost no ulcers were formed in the rats which ate pear beforehand.
Are pears high in vitamin C?
Not really. The average medium pear weighing 6.3 oz (178g) contains 7.7 mg of vitamin C, which is 12% of the daily value for adults in the US. While this is not a high amount, it's the same amount of vitamin C that apples have on an equal-weight comparison.
Canned pears are still healthy but they will have less vitamin C. The heat of pasteurization during the canning process destroys some. Poached pears will also have less. The healthiest way to eat a pear is raw, with the skin left on.
If you want a high natural source of vitamin C, then get a bag of freeze-dried camu camu powder.
When it comes to total antioxidant activity measured, apples are healthier than pears. The ORAC values for 100g of an average apple with skin intact is 3,049, compared to 1,746 for red Anjou pears and 2,201 for green pears.
However when dried, pears beat apples.
The antioxidant content in pears holds up well to drying. With 40% moisture, dried pears have an ORAC of 9,496 versus 6,681 for dried apples. The reason both are higher than fresh is because most of the water has been removed and hence, the nutrients are concentrated.
The healthiest type of pear for antioxidants will be those with green skin, such as green d'Anjou. Make sure you eat the skin, because that's the part with the highest antioxidant content.
Does pear juice prevent hangover?
A South Korean university conducted a human clinical trial to measure the effects of Korean pear juice on hangovers from drinking.
Remember there is no difference between an Asian pear vs. Korean pear. Both are the same thing.
Whatever you want to call it, the researchers made a juice with it and tested it as a preventive remedy.
14 healthy young men participated.
They were split into two groups; one received 200 mL (6.8 oz) of pear juice, the other received a placebo version.
30 minutes later, they all drank 540 mL (18 oz) of spirits which had a 20.1% alcohol concentration. Drink type wasn't specified but beer and wine are much lower, so presumably this was vodka, gin, rum or whiskey that was diluted.
For 15 hours following the alcohol, blood and urine samples were collected from the men at 9 different times.
As seen in chart A for ethanol (alcohol) levels, those who drank the Korean pear juice beforehand had a lower blood alcohol content (BAC) despite drinking the same amount!
That last part – translated to plain English – is that those with a certain gene seem to be helped the most.
Despite all the hatin' on them these days, carbs (sugars) do serve a very important role in physical fitness.
After an intense bodybuilding session or strenuous strength training, during the 60 minutes that follows – which is hailed as the golden hour – your muscles need sugar badly. They are in what's called a catabolic or breaking down state and need their energy stores replenished.
If you don't get sugar and protein post-workout, your muscles won't benefit as much. At least if you're trying to bulk up.
During that 30-60 minute period post work-out, you actually want a glycemic spike, to promote glycogen synthesis, which supports the muscle recovery and growth.
Plus, having a moderate amount of sugar during strenuous workouts can boost performance.
In a clinical trial involving 20 male athletes who cycled for 75 km (47 miles), those who consumed pears during the event experienced 3.3% faster cycling times versus those on water alone.
There was also a reduction in cortisol, IL-10, and total leukocytes, all of which point to a healthy workout with less oxidative stress.
What vitamins and minerals do pears have?
As with most other pome fruits, vitamin C is the only one in a noteworthy amount. There is also a small amount of vitamin B6.
When it comes to essential minerals, potassium is the most abundant in pears. One medium fruit will provide around 200 mg, which is only 5% of the daily value but still a decent amount given the small serving size. Magnesium is next at 3%.
It's not the reason pears are theorized to help hangovers and exercise performance, but the potassium they contain is an added boost to both scenarios – it's an electrolyte needed for proper hydration.
Sugary drinks – including seemingly "healthy" juices – are contributors to the obesity epidemic among American children.
Many parents don't realize that 8 oz. of 100% apple juice contain 24g of sugar, which is barely better than the same amount of Coca-Cola, with 26g of sugar. Welch's grape juice is worse than both, at 36g!
No wonder our kids are getting fat.
While the solution is to drink less of these sugary drinks, we can't deprive our kids entirely, right? So which are the healthiest juices to give them?
The Department of Pediatrics at Maimonides Medical Center in New York conducted a clinical trial involving 104 babies, toddlers, and young children. There were in three groups; ages 1, 3, and 5 years old.
How well (or not) each juice was absorbed got measured using breath hydrogen excretion (BH2) readings. The higher the BH2 levels, the less sugar there was being metabolized.
In other words, less sugar was being absorbed with the pear juice.
The reason for this was the sorbitol and the higher concentrations of fructose.
This benefit was highest at age 1, lower at age 3, and non-existent at age 5. In short, this means that with babies and toddlers, foods and juices made with pears may be more glycemic friendly. Even when their nutrition facts show the same amount of total sugar.
Since all varieties have very similar nutritional values, the healthiest pear is whichever one works best for your diet and needs.
The Bosc, Comice, Concord, and Seckel are considered to be the sweetest tasting pears. In fact, another name for Seckel are sugar pears. Their small size works best for salads. Among those more readily available and suitable for snacking, the Bosc is a sweet and juicy choice.
According to the famous UK newspaper The Guardian, the best pear type for poaching is Comice or Williams. The latter is more commonly called Bartlett in the US.
Asian/apple pears have at least 16% more fiber by weight than other variety. For diets to lose weight, they are most likely the top choice. You will get more antioxidants with green pears and only slightly less fiber, so you can't go wrong with those, either.
Pears seem to have a laxative effect. Certainly for me.


text:
672 F. 2d 436 - Municipal Bond Reporting Antitrust Litigation Munitrad Systems Inc v. Standard and Poor's Corporation
672 F2d 436 Municipal Bond Reporting Antitrust Litigation Munitrad Systems Inc v. Standard and Poor's Corporation
1982-1 Trade Cases 64,656
In re MUNICIPAL BOND REPORTING ANTITRUST LITIGATION.
MUNITRAD SYSTEMS, INC., Plaintiffs-Appellants,
STANDARD AND POOR'S CORPORATION, et al., Defendants-Appellees.
Fifth Circuit.
April 5, 1982.
Marion J. Craig, III, Earnest Langley, Hereford, Tex., Alioto & Alioto, Joseph M. Alioto, San Francisco, Cal., for plaintiffs-appellants.
Marshall M. Searcy, Jr., Dallas, Tex., for defendants-appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas
Before POLITZ and RANDALL, Circuit Judges, and PARKER*, District Judge.
POLITZ, Circuit Judge:
Munitrad Systems, Inc. instituted this antitrust action in the Northern District of Texas in July, 1975. Following an initial severance and transfer of the claim against Brenton W. Harries,1 the two cases were consolidated with a third2 and the action proceeded in the Northern District of Texas. After more than four years of discovery, the defendants sought summary judgment. With no indication of a need for further discovery,3 the motions were heard and granted. Munitrad appeals, challenging the use of the summary judgment vehicle, maintaining that genuine factual disputes exist regarding the defendants' efforts at monopolization and the damages it suffered. The plaintiff also complains of the trial court's conclusion that the suit was not timely filed. For the reasons assigned, we affirm.
Munitrad Systems, Inc., incorporated in Texas in May of 1970, was conceived as a computerized on-line information retrieval system. The service was designed to provide information to one discrete part of the national investment community, the secondary municipal bond market.4 When Munitrad was formed, information pertinent to the secondary bond market was provided daily by Standard & Poor's The Blue List of Current Municipal Offerings (The Blue List), The Bond Buyer, and The Munifacts Wire Service, in combination with financial information in major daily newspapers and in major periodicals. In addition, security and bond dealers disseminated information on a daily, in-house basis.5
The business of providing municipal securities data to the financial community is a wide open field with virtually no barriers to entry. Furnishing such information generally is not a capital intensive enterprise. In this case, Munitrad entered the arena with only a minimum amount of capitalization, seeking to provide a speedier, computerized on-line information service, making data changes throughout the course of the trading day. By comparison, The Blue List, published every business day, only contains information submitted prior to 3:00 p. m. Eastern Standard Time of the preceding day. As a general proposition, the same limitations apply to all print publications. The variant Munitrad offered was the course of day adjustments and updates.
In a not unusual approach to beginning a new business, Munitrad priced its service on a "loss leader" basis in the fall of 1970. Munitrad began operating at a loss; it continued to operate at a loss in 1970, into 1971, through a reorganization in the fall of 1971, and until it ceased doing business sometime thereafter.
In April of 1971, Standard & Poor's inaugurated its Blue List Retrieval System, a computerized on-line access connection to The Blue List information base, which furnishes data similar to that provided by Munitrad. In seven years of operation, the service generated sufficient net profits in three years to offset the net losses during the other four.
Munitrad's antitrust complaint alleged that the defendants, Standard & Poor's Corporation, its president Brenton W. Harries, and The Blue List Publishing Company, Inc., entered into an unlawful combination to restrain its business dealings with the intention to eliminate it as a competitor, in violation of section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1. This assertion, however, has been abandoned.6 In addition, Munitrad claimed that the defendants monopolized the municipal bond reporting industry and employed illegal tactics, by virtue of their monopoly position, to eliminate a competitor in contravention of section 2 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 2. Damages in excess of 60 million dollars were sought.Propriety of Summary Judgment
Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure directs that a summary judgment "shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." See, e.g., Volyrakis v. M/V Isabelle, 668 F.2d 863 (5th Cir. 1982); Ortego v. Union Oil Co. of California, 667 F.2d 1241 (5th Cir. 1982); Murphy v. Georgia-Pacific Corp., 628 F.2d 862 (5th Cir. 1980); Cubbage v. Averett, 626 F.2d 1307 (5th Cir. 1980); Keiser v. Coliseum Properties, Inc., 614 F.2d 406 (5th Cir. 1980). While in considering a motion for summary judgment, a court must inspect the entire record and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the party opposing the motion, see AT&T v. Delta Communications Corp., 590 F.2d 100 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 926, 100 S.Ct. 265, 62 L.Ed.2d 182 (1979), the nonmoving litigant is required to bring forward "significant probative evidence" demonstrating the existence of a triable issue of fact. Ferguson v. National Broadcasting Co., Inc., 584 F.2d 111, 114 (5th Cir. 1978).
Even in antitrust actions, although sparingly used, summary judgment may be appropriate. See, e.g., Mid-West Paper Products Co. v. Continental Group, 596 F.2d 573 (3d Cir. 1979). The mere allegations of a contract, a combination, or a conspiracy, for the purpose of restraining trade or commerce, and resulting damages, once rebutted, will not withstand summary judgment. Solomon v. Houston Corrugated Box Co., Inc., 526 F.2d 389 (5th Cir. 1976). It is now established that "simply because a suit is brought under the antitrust laws does not foreclose a summary judgment." Aladdin Oil Co. v. Texaco, Inc., 603 F.2d 1107, 1112 (5th Cir. 1979). See, e.g., Pan-Islamic Trade Corp. v. Exxon, 632 F.2d 539 (5th Cir. 1980); Daniels v. All Steel Equipment, Inc., 590 F.2d 111 (5th Cir. 1979); Scranton Constr. Co. v. Litton Industries Leasing Corp., 494 F.2d 778 (5th Cir. 1974), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 1105, 95 S.Ct. 774, 42 L.Ed.2d 800 (1975). See also First Nat'l Bank v. Cities Service Co., 391 U.S. 253, 88 S.Ct. 1575, 20 L.Ed.2d 569 (1968). In short, the requirements of Rule 56 are no less applicable in antitrust actions. Indeed, a strong argument can be made, in an appropriate case, for the particular applicability of the summary procedure in antitrust litigation.7
Munitrad maintains that summary judgment was improper because discovery was still ongoing. We find no merit in this contention for several reasons: the record reflects extensive discovery, spanning more than four years; a Rule 56(f) request for additional discovery was not made; and counsel for Munitrad advised the court that the motions had been met and the matter was ready for argument. We conclude that the summary judgment vehicle was available, which brings into focus the issue of the correctness of the disposition regarding the claimed monopoly and damages.
Monopoly and the Market
Munitrad submits that the evidence developed during the discovery process revealed the exercise of monopoly power by The Blue List and The Blue List Retrieval System over the relevant market. From this linchpin, Munitrad suggests that it has raised a viable, triable issue of monopolization, proscribed by section 2 of the Sherman Act.
An analysis of section 2 monopolization requires a division of the subject into "two elements: (1) the possession of monopoly power in the relevant market and (2) the willful acquisition or maintenance of that power as distinguished from growth or development as a consequence of a superior product, business acumen or historical accident." United States v. Grinnel Corp., 384 U.S. 563, 570-71, 86 S.Ct. 1698, 1703-04, 16 L.Ed.2d 778 (1966). The complainant bears the burden of producing evidence establishing the existence of a monopoly.
To succeed in claiming monopolization, a plaintiff must show the defendant has achieved a monopoly, or, for attempt, demonstrate a "dangerous probability of success." Yoder Bros. Inc. v. California-Florida Plant Corp., 537 F.2d 1347, 1366-1369 (5th Cir. 1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1094, 97 S.Ct. 1108, 51 L.Ed.2d 540 (1977).
H & B Equip. Co., Inc. v. International Harvester Co., 577 F.2d 239, 242 (5th Cir. 1978).
Monopoly is in essence the power to fix prices and exclude competition. See, e.g., United States v. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 351 U.S. 377, 76 S.Ct. 994, 100 L.Ed. 1264 (1956). The relevant market establishes the backdrop against which to measure economic power. It necessarily follows that "defining the product and geographic markets is a threshold requirement under § 2." Spectrofuge Corp. v. Beckman Instruments, Inc., 575 F.2d 256, 276 (5th Cir. 1978), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 939, 99 S.Ct. 1289, 59 L.Ed.2d 499 (1979). See Heatransfer Corp. v. Volkswagenwerk, A.G., 553 F.2d 964 (5th Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1087, 98 S.Ct. 1282, 55 L.Ed.2d 792 (1978); Yoder Bros., Inc. v. California-Florida Plant Corp., 537 F.2d 1347 (5th Cir. 1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1094, 97 S.Ct. 1108, 51 L.Ed.2d 540 (1977); Sulmeyer v. Coca Cola Co., 515 F.2d 835 (5th Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 424 U.S. 934, 96 S.Ct. 1148, 47 L.Ed. 341 (1976).
There is no question that the relevant geographic market for the dissemination of information about municipal securities is the entire United States. Munitrad defined the product and market as: "The day-to-day commercial publishing of advertising of municipal securities within the secondary market for such securities within the United States."
In offering its definition of the relevant market, Munitrad attempts to exclude the in-house municipal securities information systems established and run by dealers. In addition, Munitrad seeks to characterize Standard & Poor's start-up of The Blue List Retrieval System as reactive to its own electronic operations, purportedly which threatened The Blue List 's near-monopoly over the municipal bond information market.
The limitation of the parameters of the relevant market as suggested by Munitrad fails to give due accord to the significance of elasticity of supply and demand in antitrust evaluations. High elasticity of supply in the municipal bond information industry is indicated by the record. Entry costs are low and few meaningful barriers to information start-up exist. Thus, it seems apparent that if The Blue List or The Blue List Retrieval System attempted to exact monopoly prices for the marketed information, other publishers would be encouraged to enter the field, dealers would expand in-house and inter-house communications, and readily available alternatives would be sought out.
The record also reflects significant elasticity of demand in this information market. Several publications or data processing networks can and do serve as reasonably available and interchangeable media for advertising municipal bond offerings. Advertisers may place their listings in the major dailies, such as The Wall Street Journal. They have access to The Bond Buyer as well as electronic distribution systems. In light of the Supreme Court's holding in du Pont, in order to demonstrate a triable issue of monopoly, Munitrad was obliged to offer evidence establishing that the alternatives were not reasonable substitutes for the defendant's services.8 This was not done.
Munitrad attempts to define a submarket for electronic, computerized, municipal securities advertising, under the aegis of Brown Shoe Co. v. United States, 370 U.S. 294, 82 S.Ct. 1502, 8 L.Ed.2d 510 (1962). In doing so, Munitrad depicts The Blue List as controlling monopoly power over the bond information print market and The Blue List Retrieval System as extending that control to the electronic data processing medium. Munitrad urges us to accept a rather circumscribed view of the municipal securities advertising market which was rejected by the district court. We are unpersuaded.
Munitrad contends that its on-line computer information service offered a competitive challenge to The Blue List, which resulted in the creation of The Blue List Retrieval System. The evidence in the record belies this contention. As early as 1964, defendant Harries publicly announced the idea of a computerized Blue List. The technological advances, required to make this feasible and economical, were completed by 1969, but other business factors occasioned a delay in the inauguration of the service. When Munitrad began operating in late 1970, efforts already were underway to offer information through The Blue List Retrieval System with its well-established data base. However, it still was not certain that a sufficient market existed for this new, computerized service product.
Munitrad's principal sales feature was the capacity to enter changes in its bond listings during the course of the trading day. It is upon this capability that Munitrad urges us to distinguish it from the rest of the municipal securities information industry and construct an electronic submarket for the purposes of its Sherman Act claim. We are not persuaded that this course-of-the-day-update variant is enough to render Munitrad's mode of information dissemination sufficiently distinct from the methods of dissemination employed by the bond print and wire media, which existed before its entry into the field. The record demonstrates that the enhancement of the currency, or sheer immediacy, of information, beyond that available in the daily print publications, is not greatly significant in the secondary municipal bond market.9
We further note that customers apparently consider the printed data and the electronic system information to be reasonably interchangeable products. Such a consumer perspective tends to negate Munitrad's suggestion of an identifiable submarket in the information industry-the boundaries of which may be charted by scrutinizing the "public recognition of the submarket as a separate economic entity," Brown Shoe Co. v. United States, 370 U.S. at 325, 82 S.Ct. at 1523-for in "some cases the best perspective may be obtained by looking at another reasonably sensitive gauge of what is going on in the marketplace-the perceptions of those who trade in the market." L. Sullivan, supra note 8, § 16, at 58.
We perceive the pertinent product market to involve the communication of municipal securities data via the print or electronic media. The evidence developed simply does not support a more narrow description. As a consequence, summary judgment in favor of the defendants on the section 2 Sherman Act claim of monopolization was in order.10 Similarly, the record discloses that Munitrad failed to raise a triable issue of fact regarding its claim that the defendants attempted to monopolize the business of disseminating information about and in the secondary municipal bond market. See, e.g., Aviation Specialties, Inc. v. United Technologies Corp., 568 F.2d 1186, 1192 (5th Cir. 1978) ("Establishing a violation of Section 2 requires showing an intent on the defendants' part to bring about a monopoly and a dangerous probability of success.") (citations omitted).
Munitrad cites Bigelow v. RKO Radio Pictures, Inc., 327 U.S. 251, 66 S.Ct. 574, 90 L.Ed. 652 (1946), for the general proposition that the proof of damages required in an antitrust suit is less than that required in other civil actions. We agree. However, mere allegations will not suffice to withstand summary judgment. It is imperative that the fact of the damage causing injury be established.
In its original complaint, Munitrad estimated its damages to have exceeded sixty million dollars. This projection was revised to eight to thirteen million dollars in answers to interrogatories. Finally, on the basis of calculation of its expert witness, Vincent LoCasio, Munitrad suggests that a jury could have awarded damages in the amount of six and one-half million dollars. Our review of the record, however, inexorably leads to the conclusion that Munitrad did not establish a triable issue of the fact of injury, or of its cause. See Terrell v. Household Goods Carriers' Bureau, 494 F.2d 16 (5th Cir. 1974).11
There is a dearth of evidence that Munitrad's demise was a result of anything other than unfortunate business decisions by its management and substantial undercapitalization. The record does establish that The Blue List Retrieval System was in competition with Munitrad. Munitrad claims that the competition was unfair and that this occasioned its failure, but an unsubstantiated claim of this nature provides an insufficient base on which to withstand a motion for summary disposition. Legitimate competition cannot anchor an antitrust action, see Brunswick Corp. v. Pueblo Bowl-O-Mat, Inc., 429 U.S. 477, 97 S.Ct. 690, 50 L.Ed.2d 701 (1977).
Munitrad did not marshall sufficient probative evidence of the fact of its damage by virtue of the defendants' alleged antitrust violations. Further, Munitrad did not meet its burden to adduce sufficient, probative evidence of the amount of its damage. Cf. Keener v. Sizzler Family Steak Houses, 597 F.2d 453 (5th Cir. 1979); Kestenbaum v. Falstaff Brewing Corp., 575 F.2d 564 (5th Cir. 1978), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 909, 99 S.Ct. 1218, 59 L.Ed.2d 457 (1979). In short, this appears to be "one of those cases, not unfamiliar in treble-damage litigation, where injury resulting from normal business hazards is sought to be made redressable by casting the affair in antitrust terms." Poller v. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc., 368 U.S. 464, 474, 82 S.Ct. 486, 491, 7 L.Ed.2d 458 (Harlan, J., dissenting). The motion for summary judgment was entered appropriately.
Having reached these conclusions, we do not address the issue of limitations.
Chief Judge of the Middle District of Louisiana, sitting by designation
The action against Harries was first transferred to the Southern District of New York pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1406
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1407, Munitrad's claims against Standard & Poor's, The Blue List Publishing Co., and Harries were consolidated in the Northern District of Texas with DeGolyer v. Standard & Poor's Corp., CA-3-76-1256-C. The appeal from the DeGolyer case is decided simultaneously herewith. --- F.2d ---- (5th Cir.)
"Should it appear from the affidavits of a party opposing the motion that he cannot for reasons stated present by affidavit facts essential to justify his opposition, the court may refuse the application for judgment or may order a continuance to permit ... discovery to be had or may make such other order as is just." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(f)
The primary market involves distribution into the hands of the public. Trading between dealers bears the secondary market appellation
Typically, a dealer will first attempt to market securities through its offices around the country. Issues which cannot be moved swiftly into the primary market become candidates for the secondary market
The defendants argue that Munitrad did not offer any response to support its conspiracy claim in the trial court and, therefore, elected to forego its section 1 allegation. A review of the record supports the defendants' position. Moreover, we note that neither Munitrad's principal brief nor its reply brief contain argument setting forth its contentions, and accompanying reasons, with respect to a section 1 complaint, as required by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(a)(4). Thus, this matter is considered as waived. See Volyrakis v. M/V Isabelle, 668 F.2d 863, 865 n.1 (5th Cir. 1982); Larkin v. United Ass'n of Journeymen, 338 F.2d 335, (1st Cir. 1964), cert. denied, 380 U.S. 975, 85 S.Ct. 1337, 14 L.Ed.2d 270 (1965)
Citing our Solomon decision, our colleagues of the Seventh Circuit observed in Lupia v. Stella D'Oro Biscuit Co., Inc., 586 F.2d 1163, 1167 (7th Cir. 1978), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 982, 99 S.Ct. 1791, 60 L.Ed.2d 242 (1979), that:
the very nature of antitrust litigation would encourage summary disposition of such cases when permissible. Not only do antitrust trials often encompass a great deal of expensive and time consuming discovery and trial work, but also, ... the statutory private antitrust remedy of treble damages affords a special temptation for the institution of vexatious litigation .... If a trial would serve no useful purpose, summary judgment is proper. Solomon v. Houston Corrugated Box Co., Inc., 526 F.2d 389, 393-94 (5th Cir. 1976).
Relying on the Supreme Court's du Pont opinion, we phrased cross-elasticity of demand as "the responsiveness of the consumer to price changes among products which are reasonably interchangeable." Spectrofuge Corp. v. Beckman Instruments, Inc., 575 F.2d at 277 n.75. "Supply also has its elasticity and cross-elasticity among interchangeable products." L. Sullivan, Handbook of the Law of Antitrust § 16, at 58 (1977). "Cross-elasticity of supply (sometimes called supply substitutability) looks at competition from the production end instead of the consumer end ...." Spectrofuge, 575 F.2d at 280 n.79
This perception is borne out by evidence which suggests that one of the reasons that The Blue List did not proceed immediately with a computerized operation, when it became possible from a technological standpoint, was skepticism concerning the demand for any type of a computer service, even one without the added cost of the continuous data update feature
Munitrad's allegations that it was driven from business because of The Blue List Retrieval System 's predatory pricing, indicative of monopoly power, are without evidentiary support. The harsh reality is that Munitrad's pricing scheme was instituted before The Blue List Retrieval System began and Munitrad's cost to its consumers was less than its' rival. That The Blue List Retrieval System was backed by the corporate weight of Standard & Poor's, which provided the extensive data base attractive to customers and allowed it to sustain start-up losses, does not constitute an antitrust violation
"The distinction between the fact of damage and the amount of damage is especially important in a case such as the one sub judice in which the injury to plaintiff may have been attributable to several factors, not all of which can be the basis for liability on the part of the defendant." Terrell v. Household Goods Carriers' Bureau, 494 F.2d at 20. Only when the crucial causal link between the actions of the defendant and the plaintiff's damage has been demonstrated may the plaintiff "enter the more uncertain realm of evaluating the portion of the injury that may be attributable to the defendant's wrongful conduct." Id


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The Claonadh Award 2014
Clane has in its midst some amazing people and organisations who go above and beyond in their contributions of time and energy for the good of the community.
Throughout its history Clane Community Council has attempted to acknowledge such generosity by presenting Community Awards. Last year, in 2013, this format was reorganised a little with the launch of The Claonadh Award. The Claonadh Award is our community's way of thanking an individual – or possibly a group – for making a particularly significant contribution to our community.
For her tireless efforts on behalf of those in our community with intellectual disabilities, for her championing of those living with physical challenges, and for helping to improve the quality of life for all of us in Clane, the Claonadh Award 2014 has been presented to Frida Lowry.
Over 28 years ago Maurice Shortt encouraged Frida, a new resident of Clane, to spend some time with KARE, a group that promotes inclusion for people with Intellectual Disabilities. Frida became so dedicated to this cause that she rose to board level of the organisation, and has continued to this day to tackle the needs of some of the more vulnerable in our community, through KARE, and through other complementary initiatives.
Back in 1992 Frida founded The Hang Out Club – a social club for teenagers with an intellectual disability in the greater Clane area. With the help of people like Teresa Killick and many volunteers, it now provides a wonderful social outlet for over 25 teenage members and a similar number of helpers.
With the establishment of Clane Access Group, Frida has also created a voice for those of us with physical challenges. Consulting closely with experts in the field, with local property owners and with Kildare County Council, Clane Access Group has helped make Clane a significantly more accessible village than it used to be. This has genuinely transformed the quality of life for many in our community. It has made it possible for more people in our community to enjoy access to the basic facilities that many of us take for granted.
John Kennedy, Chairman of Clane Community Council, was honoured to present The Claonadh Award to Frida at the Christmas celebration held in the Abbey Community Centre on Sunday December 7th last.
Frida Lowry being presented with The Claonadh Award 2014 by John Kennedy, the Chairman of Clane Community Council
This entry was posted in Clane Community Council and tagged Clane, Claonadh Award on December 9, 2014 by admin.
← Le Chéile December 2014 – now available online Celebrating a wonderful year for the Community →


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During the week I try to have my coffee & a breakfast that is healthy. But on the weekends I really enjoy splurging & having a sweet little goodie like this Raspberry White Chocolate Pound Cake with my coffee while the hubs & I sit & talk about what we will be doing for the day & our overall plans. It's our special time to connect before the kids get up & the business of the day happens.
So to keep things special I like to make a new recipe as often as I can – not the same old thing all the time. I had already made this breakfast cake for the kids. But the hubs was so sad that he didn't really get any- I made some more.
Just look at those plump little raspberries in there. This Raspberry White Chocolate Pound Cake is my favorite recipe to make once our raspberry bush is loaded full of those ruby red gems. The whole family gets really excited when they ripen because they know there will be a whole lot of this pound cake in their future.
Can I use frozen raspberries in this recipe?
I suppose you could, but I would closely watch the moisture when doing so. Frozen ones tend to be soggier & might change how your pound cake bakes. You may need to increase the baking time if you choose to do this.
Can I add lemon to this recipe?
Absolutely! The only reason we don't is that we have citrus allergies in our family. But you can increase the lemon juice in this pound cake batter before baking. You could also make a lemon glaze by whisking together 1 cup confectioners sugar, 2 tbsp milk & 2 tsp lemon juice pour the mixture over the top of this cake.
Perfect for these fresh raspberries. Mmmmmm!
HOW DO YOU MAKE Raspberry White Chocolate Pound Cake?
In mixer- cream together your sugar & butter. Beat until fluffy.
Add eggs – one at a time & beating in-between each addition.
Scrape bowl down. Add lemon juice & vanilla.
Add in flour, baking powder, baking soda & salt.
Top with sour cream & then beat to combine – do not over mix.
Gently fold in raspberries & white chocolate chips by hand with large spatula.
Bake 60- 80 minutes or until toothpick test is clean.
Cool on wire rack at least 10 minutes before removing from pan & then continue to cool on wire rack until room temperature before cutting.
This really is so delicious with morning coffee or as a dessert.
Raspberry White Chocolate Pound Cake is a delicious & easy pound cake recipe packed full of plump raspberries. Perfect for any holiday, celebration or event.
Pour into prepared pan. Bake 60- 80 minutes or until toothpick test is clean.
This looks so beautiful and delicious! Definitely pinning this one. Yum!
Looks amazing!! Thanks for linking up!
Such a pretty loaf cake! White chocolate infused pound cake would be a treat any time of day. Adding sweet-tart raspberries is a great combination!
This looks beyond scrumptious. YUM! : ) I am glad you can indulge on the weekends. What better way to indulge than this?
this looks so yummy, no wonder hubs was sad he didn't get any!! BTW, I love your food photography!
Saw you over at Marvelous Mondays. This cake looks and sound amazing! Going to pin and try. Thanks for sharing!
It's almost looks to pretty to eat, but looks so yummy I could devour it! Thanks for sharing it.. PInned!


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