In the first part of this series, published to mark the 90th anniversary of the proletarian revolutionary attempt in Germany, we examined the world historic context within which the revolution unfolded. This context was the catastrophe of World War I, and the failure of the working class and its political leadership to prevent its outbreak. Although the early years of the 20th century were marked by the first manifestations of a general tendency towards the development of mass strikes, apart from Russia, these movements were not yet powerful enough to undermine the weight of reformist illusions. As for the organised, internationalist workers movement, it turned out to be theoretically, organisationally and morally unprepared for a world war which it had long predicted would take place. Prisoner of its own schemas of the past, according to which the proletarian revolution would be the more or less inevitable product of capitalist economic development, it had adopted as a kind of implicit assumption the idea that the primordial task of socialists was to avoid premature confrontations, passively allowing the objective conditions to ripen. With the exception of its revolutionary left opposition, the Socialist International failed - or refused - to take into account the possibility that the first act of the period of decline of capitalism would be world war rather than world economic crisis. Above all, by ignoring the signals of history, the urgency of the approaching alternative of socialism or barbarism, the International completely underestimated the subjective factor in history, in particular its own role and responsibility. The result was the bankruptcy of the International in the fact of the outbreak of war, and the chauvinistic frenzy of part of its leadership, in particular the trade unions. The conditions for the first attempt at a world wide proletarian revolution were thus determined by the relatively sudden and cataclysmic descent of capitalism into its phase of decadence, into world imperialist war, but also by an unprecedented catastrophic crisis of the workers movement.
It soon became clear that there could be no revolutionary response to war without the restoration of the conviction that proletarian internationalism is not a tactical issue, but the most "sacred" principle of socialism, the one and only "fatherland" of the working class (as Rosa Luxemburg put it). We thus saw, in the previous article, how Karl Liebknecht's public declaration against the war on May Day 1916 in Berlin, no less than the internationalist socialist conferences held during the same period, such as those at Zimmerwald and Kienthal, and the widespread feelings of solidarity which they inspired, were indispensable turning points towards revolution. In the face of the horrors of the war in the trenches, and the pauperisation and intensified exploitation of the working masses on the "home front", wiping out all the acquisitions of decades of labour struggle at one go, we saw the development of the mass strike and the maturation of politicised layers and centres of the working class capable of leading a revolutionary assault.
Understanding the causes of the failure of the socialist movement in face of war was thus the main concern of the previous article, just as it was a leading preoccupation of revolutionaries during the first phase of the war. This is clearly expressed in Rosa Luxemburg's Crisis of Social Democracy, also known as the "Junius Pamphlet". At the heart of the events dealt with in this second article, we find a second decisive question, a consequence of the first: Which social force will bring the war to an end, and in which manner?
Richard Müller, one of the leaders of the "revolutionary delegates", the Obleute in Berlin, and later one of the main historians of the revolution in Germany, formulated the responsibility of the revolution as being to prevent: "The foundering of culture, the liquidation of the proletariat and of the socialist movement as such".
As was so often the case, it was Rosa Luxemburg who posed the world historic question of the day in the clearest manner. "What will be after the war, which conditions and which role await the working class, depends entirely on how peace comes about. Should it result merely from the mutual exhaustion of the military powers, or even - which would be worse - through the military victory of one of the warring sides, should it in other words come without the participation of the proletariat, with social calm within the different states, then such a peace would only seal the world historic defeat of socialism in war. (...) After the bankruptcy of the 4th August 1914, the second decisive test for the historic mission of the working class is as follows: Will it be able to end this war which it was unable to prevent, not to receive peace from the hands of the imperialist bourgeoisie as the work of cabinet diplomacy, but to conquer it, to impose it on the bourgeoisie?"
Here, Rosa Luxemburg describes three possible scenarios of how the war might come to an end. The first is the ruin and exhaustion of the warring imperialist parties on both sides. Here, she recognises from the outset the potential for the deadlock of capitalist competition in the epoch of its historic decline to lead to a process of rotting and disintegration - if the proletariat is unable to impose its own solution. This tendency towards the decomposition of capitalist society was to become fully manifest only decades later, with the "implosion" of the Russian led imperialist block and the Stalinist regimes in 1989, and the ensuing decline of the leadership of the remaining US American super-power. She already realised that such a dynamic is, in itself, not favourable to the development of a revolutionary alternative.
The second is that the war would be fought out to the bitter end, resulting in the total defeat of one of the two opposing blocks. In this case, the main result would be the inevitable cleavage within the victorious camp, producing a new line up for a second, even more destructive world war, which the working class would be even less able to oppose.
In both cases, the result would be not a momentary, but a world historic defeat of socialism for at least one generation, which might, in the long term, undermine the very possibility of a proletarian alternative to capitalist barbarism. Revolutionaries at that time already understood that the "Great War" had opened a process with the potential to undermine the confidence of the working class in its own historic mission. As such, the "crisis of social democracy" constituted a crisis of the human species as such, since only the proletariat is the bearer, within capitalism, of an alternative society.
How to end the imperialist war by revolutionary means? The eyes of the true socialists of the whole world were turned towards Germany for answers to this question. Germany was the main economic power of continental Europe, the leader - in fact the only major power - of one of the two contesting imperialist blocks. And it was the country with the largest number of educated, socialist trained, class conscious workers, who in the course of the war increasingly rallied to the cause of internationalist solidarity.
But the proletarian movement is international by nature. The first answer to the above question was given, not in Germany, but in Russia. The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a turning point in world history. It helped to transform the situation in Germany as well. Until February 1917, with the beginning of the upheaval in Russia, the goal of the class conscious German workers was to develop the struggle to an extent obliging governments to sue for peace. Even within the Spartakusbund, at the moment of its foundation on New Years Day 1916, nobody had believed in the possibility of an imminent revolution. In the light of the Russian experience, by April 1917 the clandestine revolutionary circles in Germany had come to the conclusion that the goal was not only to end the war, but in so doing to topple the whole regime. Soon, the victory of the revolution in Petrograd and Moscow in October 1917 clarified, for these circles in Berlin or Hamburg, not so much the goal as the means to that end: armed insurrection organised and led by the workers' councils.
Paradoxically, the immediate effect of Red October on the broad masses in Germany was something like the opposite. A kind of innocent euphoria about approaching peace broke out, based on the assumption that the German government could not but accept the hand of "peace without annexations" being reached out from the east. This reaction shows to what extent the propaganda of what had become the "socialist" war mongering party, the SPD - that the war had been foisted on an unwilling Germany - still held sway. As far as the popular masses were concerned, the turning point in the attitude towards the war induced by the Russian Revolution only came three months later, with the peace negotiations between Germany and Russia at Brest-Litovsk. These negotiations were followed intensely by workers throughout Germany and the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. Their result - the imperialist Diktat of Germany and its occupation of large parts of the western regions of what had become the Soviet Republic, savagely suppressing the revolutionary movements there in the process - convinced millions of the correctness of the slogan of Spartakus: the main enemy is "at home", it is the capitalist system itself. Brest gave rise to a gigantic mass strike, which began in Austria-Hungary, centred on Vienna. It immediately spread to Germany, paralysing economic life in over twenty major cities, with half a million workers on strike in Berlin. The demands were those of the soviet delegation at Brest: immediate ending of war, without annexations. The workers organised themselves through a system of elected delegations, by and large following the very concrete proposals of a leaflet of the Spartakusbund drawing the lessons from Russia. The eye-witness report of the SPD daily Vorwärts, writing for the January 28th 1918 issue, described how the streets of Berlin had been deserted and shrouded in fog that morning, so that the outline of the buildings, indeed of the world seemed vague and distorted. When the masses took to the streets in silent determination, the sun came out and drove away the fog, the reporter wrote.
This strike gave rise to a debate within the revolutionary leadership about the immediate goals of the movement, but which increasingly touched the very heart of the question of how the proletariat could end the war. The main centre of gravity of this leadership lay at the time within the left wing of the social-democracy which, after being excluded from the SPD because of its opposition to the war, formed a new party, the USPD (the "Independent" SPD). This party, which brought together most of the well known opponents to the betrayal of internationalism by the SPD - including many hesitant and wavering, more petty bourgeois than proletarian elements - also included a radical revolutionary opposition of its own, the Spartakusbund: a fraction with its own structure and platform. Already in the summer and autumn of 1917 the Spartakusbund and other currents within the USPD began to call for protest demonstrations in response to mass discontent and growing enthusiasm for the revolution in Russia. This orientation was opposed by the Obleute, the "revolutionary delegates" in the factories, whose influence was particularly strong in the armaments industry in Berlin. Pointing to the masses' illusions about the "will for peace" of the German government, these circles wanted to wait until discontent became more intense and generalised, and then give it expression in a single, unified mass action. When, during the first days of 1918, calls for a mass strike from factories all over Germany were reaching Berlin, the Obleute decided not to invite the Spartakusbund to the meetings where this central mass action was prepared and decided on. They feared that what they called the "activism" and "precipitation" of Spartakus - which in their eyes had become dominant in this group since its main theoretical mind, Rosa Luxemburg, had been sent to prison - could constitute a danger to the launching of a unified action throughout Germany. When the Spartakists found out about this, they launched a summons to struggle of their own, without waiting for the decision of the Obleute.
This mutual distrust then intensified in relation to the attitude to be adopted towards the SPD. When the trade unions discovered that a secret strike leadership committee had been constituted, which did not contain a single member of the SPD, the latter immediately began to clamour for representation. On the eve of the January 28 strike action, the majority at a clandestine meeting of factory delegates in Berlin voted against this. Nevertheless, the Obleute, who dominated the strike committee, decided to admit delegates of the SPD, arguing that the social-democrats were no longer in a position to prevent the strike, but that their exclusion would create a note of discord and thus undermine the unity of the coming action. Spartakus strongly condemned this decision.
The debate then came to a head in the course of the strike itself. In face of the elementary might of this action, the Spartakusbund began to plead for the intensification of the movement in the direction of civil war. The group believed that the moment might already have come to end the war by revolutionary means. The Obleute strongly opposed this, preferring to take responsibility themselves for an organised ending of the movement, once it had reached what they considered to be its culmination point. Their main arguments were that an insurrectional movement, even were it to succeed, would remain restricted to Berlin, and that the soldiers had not yet been won over to the side of the revolution.
Behind this dispute about tactics lay two much more general and profound questions. One of them concerned the criteria for judging the ripeness of conditions for revolutionary insurrection. We will return to this question in the course of this series.
The other related to the role of the Russian proletariat in the world revolution. Could the toppling of bourgeois rule in Russia immediately inspire a revolutionary uprising in central and western Europe, or at least oblige the main imperialist protagonists to end the war?
The very same discussion took place in the Bolshevik Party in Russia, both on the eve of the October insurrection and on the occasion of the peace negotiations with the German imperial government at Brest-Litovsk. Within the Bolshevik Party, the opponents of signing any treaty with Germany, led by Bukharin, argued that the main motivation for the proletariat to take power in October 1917 in Russia was to trigger off the revolution in Germany and the west, and that to sign a treaty with Germany now would be tantamount to abandoning this orientation. Trotsky adopted an intermediary position of stalling for time which did not really resolve the problem. The proponents of the need to sign a treaty, such as Lenin, in no way contested the internationalist motivation of the October insurrection. What they contested was that the decision to seize power was based on the assumption that the revolution would immediately spread to Germany. On the contrary: the advocates of insurrection had pointed out at the time that the immediate extension of the revolution was not certain, and that the Russian proletariat was thus risking isolation and unheard of suffering by taking the initiative to begin the world revolution. Such a risk, Lenin in particular had argued, was justified, because what was at stake was the future, not only of the Russian but of the world proletariat; the future, not only of the proletariat, but of the whole of humanity. This decision should therefore be taken in full consciousness and in the most responsible manner. Lenin repeated these arguments in relation to Brest: the Russian proletariat was morally justified to sign even the most unfavourable treaty with the German bourgeoisie in order to gain time, since it was not certain that the German revolution would begin immediately.
Isolated from the world in her prison cell, Rosa Luxemburg intervened in this debate with three articles - "The Historical Responsibility", "Towards Catastrophe", and "The Russian Tragedy". Written in January, June and September 1918 respectively - which constitute three of the most important of the famous underground "Spartakus Letters". Here, she makes clear that neither the Bolsheviks nor the Russian proletariat could be blamed for the fact that they had been forced to sign a treaty with German imperialism. This situation was the result of the absence of the revolution elsewhere, above all in Germany. On this basis, she was able to identify the following tragic paradox: although the Russian Revolution was the highest peak conquered by humanity to date, and as such a turning point in history, its first immediate effect was not to shorten, but to prolong the horrors of world war. And this for the simple reason that it freed German imperialism from the obligation to wage war on two fronts.
If Trotsky believes in the possibility of an immediate peace under the pressure of the masses in the west, she writes in January 1918, "then we have to pour a lot of water into Trotsky's foaming wine". And she continues: "The first result of the cease-fire will only be that German troops will be transferred from the east to the west. In reality this is already taking place". In June she drew a second conclusion from this dynamic: Germany had become the gendarme of the counter-revolution in eastern Europe, massacring the revolutionary forces from Finland to the Ukraine. Paralysed by this development, the proletariat was "acting dead". In September 1918 she then explains that the world war is threatening to engulf revolutionary Russia itself. "The iron circle of the world war, which seemed to have been broken in the east, is once again relentlessly encompassing the whole world: the Entente is advancing with Czech and Japanese troops from the north and east as a natural, inevitable consequence of Germany's offensive from the west and south. The flames of the world war are leaping across Russian soil and at any moment may engulf the Russian Revolution. To withdraw from the world war - even at the price of the greatest sacrifices - is something which, in the final analysis, it is simply impossible for Russia to do"
Rosa Luxemburg clearly recognised that the immediate military advantage which Germany gained through the Russian Revolution would also, for some months, contribute to tipping the balance of class forces in Germany in favour of the bourgeoisie. Although the revolution in Russia inspired the German workers, although the "robbers peace" imposed by German imperialism after Brest robbed these workers of many of their illusions, it would take almost a year for this to mature into an open rebellion against imperialism.
The reason for this is connected to the specific nature of a revolution in the context of world war. The "Great War" of 1914 was not only slaughter on a scale never before witnessed; it was also the most gigantic organised economic, material and human operation in history hitherto seen. Literally millions of human beings, as well as all the resources of society, became cogs in an infernal machine, the very size of which defied human imagination. All of this gave rise to two intense feelings within the proletariat; hatred of war on the one hand, and a feeling of powerlessness on the other. Under such circumstances, it takes immeasurable sufferings and sacrifices before the working class can recognise that it alone is the force able to end war. Moreover, this process takes times and unfolds in an uneven, heterogeneous manner. Two of the most important aspects of this process are the recognition of the real, robber like motivations of the imperialist war effort, and of the fact that the bourgeoisie itself does not control the war machine, which as a product of capitalism has become independent of human will. In Russia 1917, as in Germany and Austria-Hungary 1918, the recognition that the bourgeoisie was not able to end the war even when it was heading for defeat, turned out to be decisive.
What Brest-Litovsk and the limits of the mass strikes in Germany and Austria-Hungary in January 1918 revealed was above all this: that the world revolution could be initiated in Russia, but that only a decisive proletarian action in one of the main belligerent countries - Germany, Britain or France - could put a stop to the war.
Although the German proletariat was "playing dead" as Rosa Luxemburg put it, it's class consciousness continued to mature during the first half of 1918. Moreover, from the summer of that year on, the soldiers began for the first time to become seriously infected by the bacillus of revolution. Two factors in particular contributed to this. In Russia, the German rank and file prisoners of war were freed and given the choice of remaining in Russia to participate in the revolution, or returning to Germany. Those who chose the latter were of course immediately sent back to the front as cannon fodder by the German army. But they carried the news of the Russian Revolution with them. In Germany itself, thousands of leaders of the January mass strike were punished by being sent to the front, where they carried the news of the growing working class revolt against the war. But it was the growing recognition of the futility of the war and the inevitability of the defeat of Germany that was decisive in changing the mood in the army.
With the autumn of that year there thus began something which only a few months beforehand would have seen unthinkable: A race against time between the class conscious workers on the one hand, and the leaders of the German bourgeoisie on the other, to determine which of the two great classes of modern society would put an end to this war.
On the side of the German ruling class, two major problems within its own ranks had initially to be resolved. One of them was the complete inability of many of its main representatives to even conceive of the possibility of the defeat that was staring them in the face. The other was how to sue for peace without irreparably discrediting the very heart of its own state apparatus. Concerning this latter question, we have to keep in mind that in Germany the bourgeoisie was brought to power, and the country unified, not by a revolution from below, but through the military, first and foremost the royal Prussian army. How to admit defeat without putting in question this pillar and symbol of national strength and unity?
September 15: the western allies broke through the Austrian-Hungarian front in the Balkans.
September 27: Bulgaria, an important ally of Berlin, capitulated.
September 29: The commander in chief of the German army, Erich Ludendorff, informed the high command that the war was lost, that it was only a matter of days or even hours before the whole military front collapsed.
In fact, the description Ludendorff gave of the immediate situation on the front was somewhat exaggerated. We do not know if he himself fell into panic, or if he deliberately painted a picture blacker than reality in order to have the German leadership accept his proposals. At all events, his proposals were accepted: capitulation and the instalment of a parliamentary government.
With this course of action, Ludendorff wanted to forestall a total German defeat, and to take the wind out of the sails of revolution. But he had an additional aim. He wanted the capitulation to be declared by a civilian government, so that the military could continue to deny its defeat in public. He was preparing the terrain for the Dolchstosslegende, the myth of the "stab in the back", according to which a victorious German army was vanquished by a treacherous enemy behind the lines. But this enemy, the proletariat, could not of course be mentioned by name. This would only cement the growing abyss separating bourgeois and proletariat. For this reason, a scapegoat had to be found, to be blamed for "misleading" the workers. Given the specific history of western civilisation in the past two thousand years, the most suitable victim of such a scape-goating was close at hand: the Jews. It was thus that anti-Semitism, already on the rise, above all in the Russian Empire, in the years before the great war, returned to the centre stage of European politics. The road to Auschwitz begins here.
October 1st 1918: Ludendorff and Hindenburg demanded an immediate peace offer to the Entente. At the same moment, a national conference of the most intransigent revolutionary groups, the Spartakusbund and the Bremen Left, called for reinforced agitation among the soldiers, and for the formation of workers' councils. By this time, hundreds of thousands of army deserters were on the run behind the front. And, as the revolutionary Paul Frölich was later to write (in his biography of Rosa Luxemburg), there was a new attitude of the masses which could be seen in their eyes.
Within the camp of the bourgeoisie, the efforts to end the war were held up by two new factors. For one thing, none of the ruthless leaders of the German state, who never hesitated to send millions of their own "subjects" to certain and senseless death, had the courage to inform the Emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm II, that he would have to renounce his throne. For another, the opposing side in the imperialist war, kept thinking of new excuses to postpone a ceasefire, since they were not yet convinced of the immediate likelihood of revolution and of the danger this posed to their own rule. The bourgeoisie was losing time.
But none of this prevented it from preparing the bloody repression of the revolutionary forces. In particular, it had already chosen those parts of the army which, returning from the front, could be used to occupy the main cities.
Within the camp of the proletariat, revolutionaries more and more intensely prepared an armed rising to end the war. The Obleute in Berlin initially fixed November 4, and then November 11 as the day of insurrection.
But in the meantime, events took a turn, which neither the bourgeoisie nor the proletariat had expected, and which had a profound influence on the course of the revolution.
Mutiny in the navy, dissolution of the army.
In order to fulfil the conditions for a ceasefire stipulated by its war opponents, the government in Berlin stopped all navy military operations, in particular submarine warfare, on the 20th of October. A week later it declared its willingness to agree a cease-fire without conditions.
In the face of this beginning of the end, officers of the war fleet on the north German coast went mad. Or rather, the madness of their age old caste - defence of honour, the tradition of the duel, of demanding or granting "satisfaction," was brought to the surface by the madness of modern imperialist war. Behind the backs of their own government, they decided to embark with the war fleet for the great sea battle against the British Navy which they had been awaiting in vain throughout the war. They preferred to die in honour rather than surrender without a battle. They assumed that the sailors and crew - 80,000 lives in all - under their command would be ready to follow them.
This however was not the case. The crew mutinied against the mutiny of their commanders. At least some of them did. During one dramatic moment, ships which had been taken over by their crews, and ships where this was not (yet) the case, had their guns targeted against each other. Then the mutinous crews surrendered, probably to avoid shooting at their own colleagues.
But this was not yet what triggered off the revolution in Germany. What was decisive was that part of the arrested crew were brought as prisoners to Kiel, where they were likely to be condemned to death as traitors. The other sailors, who had not had the courage to join in the original rebellion at high sea, now fearlessly expressed their solidarity with their colleagues. But above all, the whole working class of Kiel came out in solidarity, fraternising with the sailors. The Social Democrat Gustav Noske, sent to mercilessly crush the uprising, arrived in Kiel on November 4 to find the city in the hands of armed workers, sailors and soldiers. Moreover, mass delegations had already left Kiel in all directions to summons the population to revolution, knowing full well that they had crossed a threshold after which there was no way back: Victory or certain death. Noske was completely taken aback, both by the speed of events, and by the fact that the rebels of Kiel greeted him as a hero.
Under the hammer blows of these events, the mighty German military machine finally disintegrated. The divisions flooding back from Belgium, which the government planned to use to "restore order" in Cologne, deserted.
On the evening of the 8th of November, all eyes were turned towards Berlin, the seat of government, and the point where the main armed forces of the counter-revolution were concentrated. It was rumoured that the decisive battle would be fought in the capital the following day.
Richard Müller, leader of the Obleute in Berlin, later recalled. "On November 8th I stood at Hallisches Tor. Heavily armed infantry and machine gun columns and light field artillery were being moved in endless rows towards the city centre. The human material seemed to consist of cut-throats. It had been used with "success" already to crush the Russian workers and peasants, and in Finland. There was no doubting that it was intended to use them in Berlin to drown the revolution in blood." Müller goes on to describe how the SPD was sending out messages to all of its functionaries, instructing them to oppose the outbreak of the revolution by all means. He continues. "Since the outbreak of the war I had been at the head of the revolutionary movement.
Never, even in face of the worst setbacks, had I ever doubted the victory of the proletariat. But now, as the decisive hour approached, I was gripped by a feeling of apprehension, a great worry about my class comrades, the proletariat. I myself, in face of the greatness of the hour, felt myself to me shamefully small and weak."
It has often been claimed that the German proletariat, on account of the culture of obedience and submission which, for historic reasons, dominated the culture in particular of the ruling classes of that country for several centuries, is incapable of revolution. The 9th of November 1918 disproves this. On the morning of that day, hundreds of thousands of demonstrators from the great working class districts which encircle the government and business quarters on three sides, moved towards the city centre. They planned their routes to pass the main military barracks on their way to try and win over the soldiers, and the main prisons, where they intended to liberate their comrades. They were armed with guns, rifles and hand grenades. And they were prepared to die for the cause of the revolution. Everything was planned on the spot and spontaneously.
That day, only 15 people were killed. The November Revolution in Germany was as bloodless as the October Revolution in Russia. But nobody knew or even expected this in advance. The proletariat of Berlin showed great courage and unswerving determination that day.
Midday. The SPD leaders Ebert and Scheidemann were sitting in the Reichstag, the seat of the German parliament, eating their soup. Friedrich Ebert was proud of himself, having just been summoned by the rich and the nobles to form a government to save capitalism. When they heard noises outside, Ebert, refusing to allow a mob to interrupt him, silently continued his meal. Scheidemann, accompanied by functionaries who were afraid the building was going to be stormed, stepped out on the balcony to see what was going on. What he saw was something like a million demonstrators on the lawns between the Reichstag and the Brandenburg Gate. A crowd which fell silent when it saw Scheidemann on the balcony, thinking he had come to make a speech. Obliged to improvise, he declared the "free German republic". When he got back to tell Ebert what he had done, the latter was furious, since he had been intending to save not only capitalism, but even the monarchy.
Around the same moment the real socialist Karl Liebknecht was standing on the balcony of the palace of that very monarchy, declaring the socialist republic, and summoning the proletariat of all countries to world revolution. And a few hours later, the revolutionary Obleute occupied one of the main meeting rooms in the Reichstag. There, they formulated the appeals for delegates to be elected in mass assemblies the next day, to constitute revolutionary workers and soldiers councils.
The war had been brought to an end, the monarchy toppled. But the rule of the bourgeoisie was still far from being over.
At the beginning of this article, we recalled the stakes of history as formulated by Rosa Luxemburg, concentrated in the question: which class would end the war? We recalled the three possible scenarios for the war to be ended: by the proletariat, by the bourgeoisie, or by mutual exhaustion of the warring parties. The events show clearly that in the end, it was the proletariat which played the leading role in ending the "Great War". This fact alone illustrates the potential might of the revolutionary proletariat. It explains why the bourgeoisie to this very day shrouds in silence the November Revolution of 1918.
But this is not the whole story. To a certain extent, the events of November combined the three scenarios depicted by Rosa Luxemburg. To a certain extent, these events were also the product of the military defeat of Germany. By the beginning of November 1918 it really was on the verge of total military defeat. Ironically, only the proletarian uprising spared the German bourgeoisie the fate of military occupation, obliging the Allies to call a halt to the war to prevent the spreading of the revolution.
November 1918 also revealed elements of "mutual ruin" and exhaustion, above all in Germany, but also in Britain and France. In fact it was only the intervention of the United States on the side of the Western allies from 1917 onwards which tipped the scales in their favour, and opened a way out of the lethal deadlock in which the great European powers were trapped.
If we mention the role of these other factors, it is not in order to minimise the role of the proletariat. They are important to take into consideration because they help to explain the character of events. The November Revolution gained victory as an irresistible force. But this was also because German imperialism had already lost the war, because its army was in full decomposition, and because not only the working class, but broad sectors of the petty bourgeoisie and even the bourgeoisie now wanted peace.
On the day after its great triumph, the population of Berlin elected workers' and soldiers' councils. These in turn appointed, alongside their own organisation, what was considered to be a kind of provisional socialist government formed by the SPD and the USPD under the leadership of Friedrich Ebert. That same day, Ebert sealed a secret agreement with the new military leadership to crush the revolution.
In the next article, we will examine the forces of the revolutionary vanguard in the context of the beginning of the civil war and on the eve of the decisive events of the world revolution.
. Richard Müller: Vom Kaiserreich Zur Republik ("From Empire To Republic"), Part I of his trilogy on the German Revolution.
. Rosa Luxemburg: "Liebknecht". Spartakusbriefe N°1. September 1916. In German: Luxemburg Werke Vol. 4, p. 216, 217.
. The Spartakusbund began as a tiny illegal grouping founded amongst others by Luxemburg, Liebknecht, Clara Zetkin and Franz Mehring. It published the illegal Spartakusbriefe (Spartacus letters) and was to provide the nucleus of the KPD founded at the end of the war.
. The Brest-Litovsk treaty was signed on 3rd March 1918 between Germany and its allies, and the new Soviet Republic. The negotiations lasted three months. See also our article "The communist left in Russia, 1918-1930" in International Review n°8.
. The German Socialist Party which had supported participation in the war.
. "Die geschichtliche Verantwortung" ("The historic responsibility") in Luxemburg Werke Vol. 4, p. 375.
. "The Russian Tragedy" in Rosa Luxemburg, Selected political writings (Jonathan Cape, 1972).
. The Franco-British alliance, so-called from the "Entente cordiale" which was a series of agreements signed on 8th April 1904 between the United Kingdom and France.
. The Kamikaze actions of the Japanese air force in World War I, and the suicide bombing of Islamic fundamentalists thus have their European predecessors.
. See the analysis of these events by the German historian Sebastian Haffner in: 1918/19, Eine deutsche Revolution (1918/19, a German Revolution).
. Overhead and underground station of the Berlin public transport system, to the south of the city centre.
. Richard Müller "Vom Kaiserreich Zur Republik" p. 143.
. Anecdotes of this kind, from inside the camp of the counter-revolution, can be found in the memoirs of leading Social Democrats of the hour. Philipp Scheidemann: Memoiren eines Sozialdemokraten. ("Memoirs of a Social Democrat"). 1928. Gustav Noske: Von Kiel bis Kapp - Zur Geschichte der deutschen Revolution. ("From Kiel to Kapp - On the History of the German Revolution"). 1920.


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Chokehold is a Canadian vegan straight edge hardcore punk band from Hamilton, Ontario. They were active from 1990 to 1996, and came together again for a reunion tour in 2015, and five dates in Japan in September 2016. They released their third album in 2019.

History
Chokehold was formed in 1990 in Hamilton.  Their first release More Than Ever was in 1991.  This was followed in 1992 by a split EP with Crisis of Faith and the Life Goes On EP. Their rise in popularity paralleled that of other vegan straight edge bands such as Earth Crisis, and hardline bands like Vegan Reich and Raid.

In 1993 Chokehold released the Prison of Hope LP through American label Conquer the World Records and sounded their own record label Structure Records to release music by Florida band Bloodlet. They released their next EP, 1994's Instilled, on Philadelphia's Bloodlink Records.  This EP featured some of their most political material to date, notably the anti-religious song "Anchor", the anti-homophobia song "Mindset", and their manifesto on Human/Earth/Animal Liberation "Burning Bridges".

They followed this in 1995 with their second LP, Content With Dying.  This album contained "Not a Solution", a vehemently pro-choice hardcore song.

They signed in 1996 to Germany's Mad Mob Records and recorded four new songs, which were to be released as a split CD with Feeding the Fire. But, after a European tour in 1996, the band decided to break up.  They played their last show in March at the New Bedford Festival in Massachusetts.  These four songs were released as a self-titled EP on Jawk Records the following year. Rhythm of Sickness Records posthumously released a split 12" vinyl with Left For Dead; Redstar Records later released one of their unreleased covers on the compilation The Sound and the Fury. Members went on to play in such bands as Brutal Knights, Left for Dead, Haymaker, Our War, Seventy-Eight Days and Funerary.

In 2015, remixed versions of the band's albums Prison of Hope and Content with Dying were re-released.  The band reunited and began touring in support of the new releases.  Comments by a band member and a subsequent violent confrontation at their first performance in Toronto led to allegations of racism and transphobia, which were denied by the band members and their label.

Members
 Current members
Chris Logan – vocals
Josh Fletcher – guitar (later), bass
Matt Beckman – drums

 Former members
Jeff Beckman – guitar
Jon Sharron – bass
Sandy Robertson – guitar, bass

Discography
 Studio albums
 Prison of Hope (1993, Conquer the World)
 Content with Dying (1995, Bloodlink/The Great American Steak Religion)
 With This Thread I Hold On (2019, Good Fight)

 EPs, singles and demos
 The Whole World Is an Addiction (1991, self-released)
 Life Goes On (1992, Arm's Reach)
 More Than Ever (1991, self-released)
 Instilled (1994, Bloodlink)
 Tooth and Nail (1997, Jawk)
 We're Not Gonna Take It (2015, A389)

 Compilation albums
 Prison Of Hope (1994, Conquer The World)
 Chokehold (2015, A389)
 Sell It For What It's Worth Box Set (2016, A389)
 Discography (2016, Cosmic Note)

 Splits
 Chokehold / Crisis of Faith (1992, Grinding Edge)
 Chokehold / Left for Dead (1996, Rhythm of Sickness)

 Compilation appearances
 Reproach (1998, Ugly Pop) – Nothing Negative Approach cover
 The Sound and the Fury (1999, Redstar) – Kickback Breakdown cover

See also
Animal rights and punk subculture

References

Musical groups established in 1990
Musical groups from Hamilton, Ontario
Canadian hardcore punk groups
Straight edge groups
Animal rights movement
1990 establishments in Ontario
Conquer the World Records artists
Cosmic Note artists

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


With roasted walnuts and coffee-spiked whipped cream, this Swiss roll recipe from the hit BBC series, Britain's Best Home Cook, is a sophisticated dinner party dessert.
A delicious combination of coffee and walnuts in this grown-up version of a Swiss roll, which is best enjoyed on the day of baking.
You will need: a 34 × 22cm (13 × 8½in) Swiss roll tin, an electric whisk or stand mixer with whisk attachment.
1. Preheat the oven to 200˚C/180˚C fan/gas 6. Butter a 34 × 22cm (13 × 8½in) Swiss roll tin and line with baking parchment.
2. Roast the walnuts in the oven for 5 minutes, until a shade darker and aromatic. Let cool, then finely chop half the walnuts.
3. Using an electric whisk or stand mixer with whisk attachment, whisk the sugar and eggs together until pale, thick and creamy and at least doubled in volume. This will take 8–10 minutes.
4. Sift a few tablespoons of flour at a time into the bowl, and very gently fold into the mixture. When all the flour has been incorporated, gently fold in most of the chopped walnuts and the butter. Be patient and do not knock out too much air.
5. Transfer the mixture to the prepared tin and smooth out using the back of a spoon. Bake for 10–12 minutes until golden brown and slightly springy to the touch. Do not leave to cool.
6. While the sponge is still warm, place a large sheet of baking parchment on your work surface and dust liberally with caster sugar. Supporting it with your hand, carefully invert the sponge onto the parchment. Gently peel off the top layer of parchment. Trim the very outer edge of the sponge with a sharp knife. Score a line 2cm (¾in) in from the short end of the sponge closest to you, but do not cut all the way through. Using the parchment, tightly roll up the sponge and leave to cool, seam side down.
7. For the filling, mix the coffee and boiling water to form a paste. In a large bowl, whisk together the cream, icing sugar and coffee paste until soft peaks form. Cover and refrigerate until needed.
8. Gently unroll the cooled sponge. Spread the cream over the surface, leaving a 1–2cm (½–¾in) border all round. Scatter over the remaining chopped walnuts. Roll up the sponge again and place on a serving plate, seam side down. Arrange the whole walnuts on top and dust with icing sugar before serving.


This past weekend I went to White Rock Lake to see the new visitors that were being reported. I had never seen the Little Gull and the only Merganser I was yet to see in North America was Common Merganser.
I was going through the ebird report to see if there was interesting sightings at one of my favorite birding spots in Dallas and I saw these birds were getting reported for last few weeks. So planned to try my luck.
First went early to the Spillway area on the lake to look for the Little Gull. There were "Bonaparte", "Franlin", "Herring" and "Ring Billed Gulls" everywhere. It was tough to find a long Little Gull among them. I had never looked at the legs of the birds so closely. I had to use the distinct reddish legs of Little Gull to identify the bird. At last I found one whose legs looked a little Dark/Reddish. I still have to get it confirmed. After watching the Gulls did a quick walk around the Hatchery area to see the other birds.
After this I went to the Winfrey Point on the WRL to see if I can find the Merganser that we being reported. When I reached at around 10AM there were some "American Coots", "Mallards", "Northern Shovellers", "Blue Winged Teals", "American White Pelicans" and "Cormorants". I did see some "Rudy Ducks" and "Pied-billed Grebes" too and lone Wood Duck flew in to swim among the other ducks. After sometime I did see a lone "Cinnamon Teal" flew in to join the other Blue Winged Teals and Shovellers. At around 11:30AM the merganser showed up. It was amazing to see the bird. It was a lone bird swimming by itself away from the boardwalk. I felt lucky to have seen both the birds which I came to see.
Birds seen during the day.
After year long hiatus from birding I got back to my favorite past time last week. I have been wanting to start again but kept pushing for multiple reasons. With onset of spring I wanted to start spending some time behind my Camera/Binoculars. I started with Hagerman NWR to see if I can see some of our wintering Geese but as luck would have it most have already left apart from a lone "Snow Goose". They are in hundreds and sometime in thousands at this refuge but usually they don't stay this late. I got to see atleast one for the year which is not a bad start.
The water also had lot of "Egrets", "Great Blue Herons" and few "American white Pelicans" on the far side. I did get to see some of the waders the "Yellow legs", "Spotted and Least Sandpipers" along with some "Killdeers".
There is a bridge while driving towards the Deavers pond trails and this has been the best place to see the "Belted Kingfisher". I have been able to spot this kingfisher in almost all my visits to this refuge. Even this visit the kingfisher did not disappoint. He was there waiting to catch its morning meal.
Apart from this I wanted to see our wintering sparrows. I wanted to see the "Fox sparrow" and the best place is at one of the trails(Deaver's pond) at this park. Every winter I walked this trail I have this seen this sparrow. It's a large sized wintering sparrow for us here in Texas. I also saw the "Harris, Lincoln, Song and Savannah sparrows". Missed out on rest of the wintering sparrow species for the year. Along the trails I saw rest of the usual suspects("Hermit Thrush", "Carolina Wren", "Eastern Bluebird", "Chickadee's", "Tufted Titmouse", "Eastern Phoebe", "Downy and Red Bellied Woodpecker" and "Brown Thrasher"). "Carolina Wrens" were singing throughout the trail walk.
I also used to see a Northern Harrier at the refuge all the time. But this visit I did not see him but did get to see the Red-shouldered and Red-tailed Hawks. Both Turkey and Black Vultures could be seen all around the refuge. On my way back I got to see the "Loggerhead shrike".


My border lease agreements is about to expire on the apartment and Lisa and I are Buying Programs a house nearby. the hot grandpa are waiting for innocent gril and her beauty legs. Reviews The house we selected was a nice duplex with a decent yard and at the end of a dead end street so There Is not much traffic. Me flying all over of The Globe for work and the move HAS set us back in terms of seeking the ideal partner for her.


The people present for this years hunt were my Dad (Doug) a long time family friend Chris, our cousin Jim, my brother Doug and myself. On opening morning Jim my brother Doug and myself decided to hunt an area where my brother, during the summer had found a buck that would push the elusive 30″ mark with double drop tines, my dream buck. We split up and went in three different directions hoping one of us would find the big boy. I had been walking for about 10 minutes when I saw something that looked out of place standing in some mahogany, while I was trying to get a better view it decided it didn't want to hang around any longer and took off. I never saw what it was, but the sound of it taking off I knew it was big and I couldn't help but feel like I may have just missed my opportunity at the buck of my dreams, I guess I will never know since I never found that deer again. Later in the morning while sneaking across the top of the mountain I saw 4 bucks bedded down there were 3 3×3's about 18-20 inches wide and one 4×4 around 24-26 inches wide, heavy with nice height. I debated long and hard as to whether I was going to shoot him but that double drop tine buck stuck hard in my mind. I finally put my gun in my lap and watched through my binoculars as they looked nervously at me about 40 yards away, they finally got up and took off down the hill.
Later in the day we all decided to make a drive through a small area that always, without fail produces a buck, Jim connected on a nice 3×3 and I passed on another 3×3. That evening I passed on another 3 pt and saw the antler tips of a buck that appeared to be very large, unfortunately he was going at about mach 3 and I never got a clear look.
The next day my brother went to a different area not far from where we were opening morning, while Jim and I went back to the area I saw the 4 bucks. It was very uneventful for me but my brother had jumped a 4×4 that he said would go 30 inches but he couldn't get off a shot.
Jim had to leave that night so the next morning Doug asked me if I wanted to go with him back to the area he had jumped the big buck, I said sure so away we went. I was feeling some serious anxiety for passing on that buck opening morning, but I kept saying I will know the buck I want when I see it and I won't hesitate. We walked down into some fingers and Doug pointed out where he was and where the buck went, he said he would go to the right in the direction the buck ran when it was jumped and I would go in the direction he had jumped it so if the same thing occurred he would be there. I had been walking for about 20 min when I came to a small knob as I walked to edge I saw a deer sneaking along with it's head down. It was only about 20 yards in front of me and it had no idea I was there, it's head was behind some brush so I didn't know what it was, I calmly brought my gun to my shoulder and waited for it to step out, when it did I saw how tall he was and knew he was good enough. At the shot he stumbled and went down the hill a bit (I still didn't know how wide he was) I waited for a minute then went down to where I saw him go, as I came around some buck brush I saw him laying there looking at me and that's when I saw how wide he was and I was calm no longer. I put a finish shot in him and then just looked up and thanked God. He measured 31 1/2 inches wide and 19 1/2 inches high.
The next day in almost the same spot while Dad, Chris and myself were pushing for Doug he saw what he thought to be the double drop tine. It was just a little far out for a shot, while he was figuring out a way to get closer another buck which was bigger than mine came running up saw him and took off, he got a shot off but unfortunately missed.
To make a long story short (too late, I know) Doug ended up getting a nice 3×3, Dad got a nice 3×3 and Chris got a 3 x fork with amazing height. We all tagged out and had an incredible time, what a hunt, can't wait till we draw tags again! I would like to thank my brother for taking me to his spot and my Dad for taking my brother and me hunting since we were able to walk. Hunting is a huge part of our families lives and next year I get to take my daughter on her first mule deer hunt, hopefully you will get to read about it next year.


theSceneinTO's Jermaine Bailey poses with the beautiful Kaci Fennell, Miss Universe Jamaica.
Jamaica is sending a strong team of athletes to represent the country for Toronto's Pan Am Games, and theSceneinTO was at the the official launch of Team Jamaica House in oronto, at the sunshine-filled lakeside event space, Atlantis Pavillion.
The launch was a kick-off for a special three-day event, sure to be a unique Jamaican experience filled with the island's tasty cuisine and performances by well known Jamaican musical artists. Miss Jamaica, Kaci Fennell made a guest appearance at the event, as did several of the participating athletes.
Jamaica House, presented by the Jamaica Tourism Board, invites visitors from around the world to experience a taste of the island's culture, while mingling with some of their athletes and celebrities and learning more about the popular Caribbean country.
The following headlining artists are confirmed to perform at Jamaica House beginning at 6pm each evening.
Jamaica House Toronto is being organized by Toronto-based events company JACANA Group with the Jamaica Tourist Board as the title sponsor. Tickets are on sale now through Ticketmaster. All events are for adults 19 and older with tickets starting from $42.15 per day (all-inclusive VIP packages also available). Please visit www.teamjamaica.ca for more details on Jamaica House Toronto.
Is your family looking to join the pirate life?
Jermaine Bailey is a Caribbean writer with a passion for entertainment and an endless love for international cuisine. He spends his time exploring his new home, through a new philosophy on life and a renewed desire for adventure in the city. With the Caribbean as his canvas, he explores Toronto for cultural music, memorable entertainment, unique events and mouth watering food spots that are tucked away in the big city. Enjoy the journey with him. Favourite place in Toronto: Toronto Island, a wonderful surprise, its sand and beaches offers memories of the Caribbean and a breath taking view of the city.
Dracula awaits you, in the Great Hall.


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GoE Trainer Interview - Sandra Hillawi
Feature interview with GoE Trainer Sandra Hillawi, as featured in the Summer 2014 (Vol.1 No.1) edition of The Energist. Sandra speaks about how she first got introduced to energy work, her passion for EFT & EMO, what she loves about the GoE and the EFT & Energy Conference, her current projects and plans for the future.
Read on for the interview...
Added Jul 11, 2014 | Sandra Hillawi | Modern Energy News | Modern Energy Headlines | 5,400 Reads
Interview by Stephen Kent
Since 2002 GoE Trainer Sandra Hillawi has been at the forefront of the GOE's activities, teaching over 1,000 people to use EFT and EMO in locations all around the world including; London, New York, Egypt and Istanbul. Sandra, currently based in Gosport, United Kingdom, gained a BSc (Hons) in Physics at the University of Manchester before carving out a career in computing. In the 1990's that Sandra found that she had a passion for health and helping others, she became a successful Master Herbalist and Colonic Therapist, running detox programmes.
It was only by chance in conversation with a friend that Sandra found her true calling in life, energy therapies. "One day a herbal medicine colleague of mine phoned me up and started talking about this miraculous tapping technique (EFT) that he was using on everyone," said Sandra. "The results he said he had obtained were miraculous, the likes only seen by the famous healers and gurus of the time. He even mentioned it working on people that don't speak English. I kept thinking to myself that being a boy genius himself if he was that interested in EFT, it must be good!"
With her interest piqued, Sandra looked around for a training to learn more about EFT and the first she came across was one hosted by the then newly-formed GoE in 1998. "Originally I was quite sceptical about EFT and the whole energy therapies scene, I didn't know anything about it so I made myself quite scarce during the exercises. From the very beginning of the training I could definitely see that things were happening with the people there. Energy was moving."
Christine Conroy with Sandra at the first GoE Conference in 2002
"Straight after I started to try it on my clients towards the end of their consultations and detox sessions and they found it worked really well on stress and other issues. As time went on, I found that I was getting the same changes in my clients within one session of EFT that would usually take weeks of dieting and herbs. After all that I decided that this was the route I wanted to go down, so I got my qualifications with the GoE and the rest is history!"
Sandra spent a wonderful couple of years working with her clients using EFT, before once again by chance discovering another revolutionary modality, EMO (formerly EMO). "I saw the advert for the first training in Kensington on the GoE mailing list in 2002 and my interested was immediately piqued. Me and my friend were definitely intrigued by all the benefits that EMO had to offer so we decided to take a leap of faith and go to the launch. By that point I had decided to be a trainer of EFT, and I thought that I could be a trainer of EMO as well."
"I then did my trainers training with Silvia Hartmann at the first GoE Conference in Oxford a few months later. Until then I hadn't really understood what energy was and what it meant. At that event I had so many differentexperiences with energy that my world was turned upside-down. I felt very disorientated, I had to tap to get my energy levels back up! Looking back on it now, it was EMO that first got me to understand and really embrace energy and energy work. EMO is simple, natural, elegant, fast and most importantly it makes logical sense. It definitely helps you to experience the most profound transformations possible."
In the years following Kensington and Oxford, Sandra continued to go through quite a lot of personal growth and transformation after learning how to use EMO. "When I became a trainer I did quite a bit of work on myself with the techniques. That following week I had the flow and inspiration to up my game business wise so I decided that I wanted to teach everyone up and down the country EFT and EMO. I then set up my company 'Passion For Health' and taught my team how to speak to therapists and reflexologists and sell the techniques. It was a really exciting time for me."
Sandra now offers sessions & workshops by Skype
In recent years Sandra closed down her team activities and focused once again on working for herself. "I seem to be doing quite a lot more Skype and online workshops and trainings as well as my live events recently. I've been back and forwards doing a lot of trainings in Turkey. I've also run quite a few detox and energy healing retreats in some fantastic locations around Egypt and the UK."
"I also get invited regularly to do trainings all around the world, in recent years I've done several events in the USA and I've even had an invite to Casablanca in Morocco, a doctor wanted to learn EMO so he flew me over there. I'm happy to go anywhere in the world if I get invited, who knows one day I could even go to the other side of the planet and teach in Asia or Australia!"
Sandra has also been a prominent figure at the GOE's annual EFT & Energy Conference, regularly taking up the role of host and master of ceremonies and running pre and post conference trainings. "I feel it's a privilege and a honour to be the host of the conference. I love introducing the speakers as I know lots of them personally from working with them over the years. What myself and others feel the strongest about the GOE, is that it is like a big family. We are a community connected and constantly supporting each other, so I really enjoy catching up with all the other energists at each conference. It's definitely one of the highlights of my year."
Sandra with Silvia Hartmann at the 2008 launch of her first book, The Love Clinic
Sandra was also quick to praise the work that Hartmann does for the GoE and the direction that the association is taking in recent years. "It's partly down to the vision and creativity of Silvia, she is helping the GoE to constantly evolve and be dynamic. It's quite easy to get stagnated doing the same trainings over and over again. The recent courses Silvia has come up with are fantastic, especially the Energy EFT Master Practitioner course. Having taught Classic EFT for the years prior to that, I feel that this course is an order of magnitude better. It's a great thing to see people get empowered and confident with it. I also love that the GoE encourages and supports its members to promote themselves and put on events and trainings, rather than just taking a back-seat role and expecting them to get on with it."
Although Sandra is one of the GOE's busiest trainers and has a full schedule, she is always thinking about the future and what direction to take next. "I have been recently looking more openly for collaborations where I can organise and do a joint venture with other people. I also know that I need to get a stronger grip on internet marketing and understanding how people are using it effectively so I can implement those strategies for myself. What does the future hold for me? Who knows, but whatever happens it will be amazing!"
To find out all of Sandra's upcoming events and trainings and to contact Sandra, click here.
To contact Sandra, find out further information about her events and healing retreats, read client case studies and more, head to her sites: sandrahillawi.com healingretreats.net
This interview was first published exclusively in the Summer 2014 (Vol.1 No.1) edition of The Energist.
The Energist is The GoE's new quarterly journal-style magazine that is distributed to over 1,000 of our members and associates worldwide. Find out more about The Energist and how to obtain your copy by clicking here.
Sandra Hillawi
Information about Sandra Hillawi
Trainer Trainer for the Guild of Energists.
Training courses and events with Sandra Hillawi:
Modern Energy Trainer Training - Online with Sandra Hillawi
15 June 2022 - Online
SuperMind Master Online 2022 with Sandra Hillawi
8 April - 24 June 2022 - Zoom Online
Modern Enerji Eğitmenleri Kursu with Sandra Hillawi
12 March 2022 - Online - Zoom (Turkey)
Modern Energy Tapping Professional with Sandra Hillawi
5-7 March 2022 - Online - International (Zoom)
Modern Energy Dating Coach - Energy Trainer with Sandra Hillawi
1 March 2022 - Germany
Modern Energy Healer with Sandra Hillawi
29-30 January 2022 - Zoom Online
Sandra Hillawi has the following products in the store:
The Love Clinic
In the "Love Clinic", Energy Expert and international GoE Trainer Sandra Hillawi reveals the real reasons for the problems with love and relationships, and explains in accessible, every day...
Sandra Hillawi has kindly contributed the following titles to the 🏫 GoE Library:
GoE2016 - P14 - Energy Poetry and Song with Sandra Hillawi
Art is important for our soul. It's our soul and energy expressing itself in the real world. Being in an energy flow state, and writing from that flow state is much easier than we think, and...
GoE2021 - P05 - SuperMind Healing in Sanctuary with Sandra Hillawi
Nobody knows us better than our own dear Energy Mind! Discover the wonderful effects of SuperMind healing and find your perfect Healing Habitat in time and space.
Contact details and membership information for Sandra Hillawi:
Passion for Health
Chilcompton Radstock, Somerset, England
Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
Email Sandra Hillawi
Visit Sandra Hillawi Website
20 (0)101 684 7379
Skype Sandra Hillawi (sandrahillawi)
Qualified 23rd September 2002
Member #46

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home Uncategorized Legendary Atlanta hairstylist Carey Carter's legacy is laughter
Legendary Atlanta hairstylist Carey Carter's legacy is laughter
As a child, the co-founder of Carter-Barnes on Paces salon was jostled from one foster family to another. As an adult, he attended Oscar parties with Elton John.
Richard L. Eldredge
Carey Carter (left on bench) and the Carter-Barnes on Paces staff
Photograph courtesy of Carter-Barnes on Paces
As colleagues and customers reflected on Carey Carter's life and legacy this week at his salon in Buckhead, one consistent sound served as a fitting tribute—laughter. For more than a half century, Carter lived for two things: to make the world a more beautiful and stylish place and to make others laugh.
The Atlanta hairstylist and co-founder of the iconic 32-year-old Carter-Barnes on Paces salon passed away on January 18 from complications following a stroke. He died at age "none of your damned beeswax!" as he once told me during an early interview 25 years ago.
As one of the city's most dedicated and successful fundraisers, Carter helped raise millions of dollars for both AIDS and breast cancer research, the arts, and children's charities. Beneficiaries included Susan G. Komen, Project Open Hand, UNICEF, DIFFA, and the Lyric Theatre. For many years, he also co-chaired Jeffrey Kalinsky's annual Fashion Cares gala.
Carter was especially committed to raising funds for the Murphy Harpst Children's Center in Cedartown, Georgia, where a library now bears his name. In 2009, he received the 11 Alive Community Service Award for his work on behalf of the center, which provides residential and foster care for abused and neglected children. As a young child, Carter had been left at a Florida orphanage by a mother who was ill-equipped to care for him; so he knew first-hand how it felt to be jostled from one foster home to another. At the 11 Alive awards ceremony, a tearful Carter pleaded with an equally tearful room to hug their kids a little tighter. "We cannot neglect our children," he said. "They are the future."
A photo of Carter as a boy hangs in Carter-Barnes co-owner Perri Higbie's office.
Carter arrived in Atlanta in 1962, intent on reinventing himself. "When he left school, he became a hairdresser because he knew that was a way to make money," says Carter-Barnes co-owner Perri Higbie, Carter's business partner and longtime friend. "I knew Carey for decades before I ever heard him discuss his childhood." Higbie has a boyhood photo of Carter hanging in her office. She spotted it one night years ago at his house and asked to make a copy.
Carter quickly got a job doing hair for Rich's department store and met Mitchell Barnes, a fellow transplanted southerner seeking an art career in the big city. A 45-year friendship and business bond were born. The two worked for Rich's for more than 15 years, serving as hair and fashion artists and touring the world as stylists for global beauty brand L'Oreal.
"Like every other young stylist Carey helped along the way, I'm a part of his legacy," says Barnes. "I had the talent but I didn't know where the hell to put it. Carey showed me. He also told me if I became the 'artiste' I said I wanted to be, I'd starve to death. Creatively he drove me to areas I didn't think I was capable of."
"He was also the first to say, 'You're better at that than me,'" Barnes continued. "There was never any jealousy between us and, in this business, that's extremely rare. My strength was his weakness, and his strength was my weakness. And we used those talents and abilities and our friendship to build a business together."
In 1986, when Rich's was sold and the pair saw the quality of customer service diminishing, they and Higbie (a top Australian colorist who moved to the U.S. in 1984 for a job with L'Oreal) took the plunge and opened their own salon, Carter-Barnes Hair Artisans, at Phipps Plaza in May 1987.
Reflecting from the salon, Barnes recently recalled: "I've got ladies sitting here but I'll say this anyway—we were scared shitless! On the day we opened, we had exactly enough money for one month of payroll. Carey always told me, 'I'll go talk us in and you comb us out! I can't even remember how many times I've yelled, 'Carey Carter, what have you gotten us into this time?!' But here we are. It all worked."
As the pair built their business (Carter-Barnes on Paces opened in 1996; the two salons consolidated in that location in 2013), Barnes worked behind the scenes and Carter became the public voice and official wisecracker, providing witticisms to the AJC each Oscar night as Cher debuted fashion faux pas after fashion faux pas on the red carpet.
For me, as a young journalist taking over the AJC's Peach Buzz column in the early 90s, Carey Carter was reportorial spun gold—he was a raconteur and the king of withering one-liners. He was also a perfectionist, who would leave you laughing after delivering the perfect quote, then call back a minute later, saying, "Don't use that. Here's a better one!"
In 2006, I was assigned to cover Carter and his friends as he attended Sir Elton John's annual Oscar party in Beverly Hills. Stepping out of a black stretch limousine on Rodeo Drive, Carter and his pals were briefly swarmed by the paparazzi, who mistook them for cast members shooting a reality TV show nearby. Sniffed Carter: "Imagine Paris Hilton being more interesting to them than me buying a candle!"
An avid reader, Carter was thrilled when author James Patterson used Carter-Barnes as a plot point in his 2003 potboiler The Big Bad Wolf. The novel focused on a Buckhead socialite who was abducted in the Phipps Plaza parking garage by a Russian sex slave operation while on her way to a Carter-Barnes hair appointment. Carter once recalled: "A while back we had a real client who was mugged outside of Lord & Taylor [at Phipps]. But she told the cops she'd have to file a report later because she didn't want to miss her hair appointment. When I saw the lady in the Patterson book didn't show up, I knew I was reading fiction. Russian mob or not, if this woman were real she would have no doubt fought off her attackers and been in our chair on time!"
Carter-Barnes got its biggest national spotlight in 2007, when a pair of platinum-haired young women robbed a Bank of America branch and immediately drove to Carter-Barnes for expensive makeovers. The "Barbie Bandits," as they were dubbed, were arrested soon after a post-heist celebration dinner at the Cheesecake Factory. The Carter-Barnes surveillance cameras helped nab the duo. "We've been on every news show except Nancy Grace!" Carter exclaimed at the time. "Which is odd since Nancy is from Atlanta. But I think you can see she is not a Carter-Barnes customer."
"I called him the quiet achiever," Higbie says. "So often, he was the guy behind the scenes making sure the hair and make up were just right or giving that first job to an up-and-coming stylist. He believed in the underdog because he was one. It's where he came from. We used to joke that he was a therapist who did hair on the side."
Since Carter abhorred funerals, friends are planning a March celebration of his life, featuring a fashion show with many of the models who once strutted down the catwalk at the philanthropist's fashion benefits. This time, they'll walk the runway in his honor. A date and final details are being determined, but festive spring attire will be the requested dress, sans yellow (Carter hated the color since it was routinely used to paint the walls of orphanages and foster care facilities).
This week, as floral arrangements were delivered to his now-vacant station at Carter-Barnes, Carter's wooden hair clip box sat unused for the first time in nearly half a century. Carter and Barnes had gotten matching clip boxes before their first European tour for L'Oreal.
Carter's clip box
"It was his most prized possession," says Higbie. "The box traveled the world with him, went to every hair show, and sat on his station every day of his working life. Seeing it sit unused now really brings this home for those of us who worked next to him. We still expect to see him pop in at any moment."
On the Friday before his death, Carter-Barnes staffer Jacklyn Ghali happened to snap a photo of Carter leaving the salon. In the black-and-white image, with his feet pointed toward the door, Carter's head is briefly turned toward the photographer, ready to deliver one of his acerbic exit lines.
When legendary Buckhead stylist Stan Milton died in 2008, Carter, who was professionally obligated to view Milton as a competitor, paid tribute to his industry colleague: "Just the name says 'quality' to our entire city," Carter reflected. "Back in an era when hairdressers were typically perceived as just that, he elevated us as artists. His death is a huge loss to Atlanta."
Those same words apply to Carey Carter, a man who sought each day to leave the world a more beautiful, stylish, loving, and caring place than the one he inherited.
Carey Carter
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text:
Congregation OF Teresian Carmelites ( CTC)
Servant of God Mother Eliswa, the foundress
It is surprising to learn that until the second half of the19th century, there were no religious congregations for women and Catholic schools for girls in Kerala. The Servant of God Mother Eliswa was the precursor of women religious in Kerala and the founderess of the first indigenous Third Order Discalced Carmelite Congregation (TOCD) for women in India which later bifurcated to the Congregation of Teresian Carmelites (CTC) and the Congregation of the Mother of Carmel (CMC).
She established the first convent school, boarding house and orphanage for girls in Kerala and provided a value oriented and integral formation for girls and women. The members of both CMC and CTC, i.e. more than 7000 sisters, could receive the heavenly beams of prayer sacrifice and service through Servant of God Mother Eliswa Vakayil, the foundress.Mother Eliswa, the first religious sister, is the mother of all consecrated women in Kerala. Eliswa was born on 15 October 1831, to a noble Vyppissery Capithan family in Cruz Milagris Parish at Ochanthuruth, in the Vicariate of Verapoly, Kerala. She was the first of eight children born to Thomman and Thanda. Louis, her third brother, was the first to be ordained a priest for the St Pius X Province of the Discalced Carmelite Order in India. He was also the founder of the first Catholic bi-monthly, 'Sathyanadhakahalam'. Louis was a scholar, a linguist and one of the translators of the Bible into Malayalam. He has written ten books.
In 1847 when Eliswa was 16 she married Vatharu Vakayil at Koonammavu and bore a daughter, Anna. When Vatharu fell ill and died, Eliswa refused to remarry and chose a life of prayer, detachment and solitude, received the Sacraments frequently, and spent long years in silent preparation for a life inspired by the Holy Spirit. An Italian Carmelite Missionary, Fr Leopold Beccaro OCD, revealed God's plan to her. Eliswa's daughter, Anna, also decided to be consecrated. Thresia, Mother Eliswa's youngest sister also met Fr Leopold and expressed her desire to consecrate her life to God.
The then Vicar Apostolic of Verapoly, Archbishop Bernardine Baccinelli, OCD, officially signed the decree of foundation of the Third Order of the Discalced Carmelite Congregation for women (TOCD). On 13 February 1866, these three Latin-Rite women moved from their home to the newly built bamboo convent on their property. It was the first convent in Kerala and the history of the TOCD is unique in the history of the Catholic Church. Later, members of the Syro-Malabar Rite were also admitted to this Congregation by Mother Eliswa. On 27 March 1867 the sisters moved from the bamboo convent to St Teresa's Convent at Koonammavu that had just been built on the property owned by Mother Eliswa and her daughter Anna. On 24 March 1890, the Sacred Congregation of Propaganda Fide decided to change the jurisdiction over St Teresa's Convent at Koonammavu from the Archdiocese of Verapoly to the Vicariate of Thrissur. On 17 September 1890 all the Latin sisters, including the Foundress Mother Eliswa, had to leave the convent. They were sheltered in St. Teresa's Convent (CSST) Ernakulam for few days after which they were brought to Varapuzha by the Archbishop of Verapoly. Today the two branches of this TOCD Congregation form two independent religious congregations: The Congregation of Teresian Carmelites (CTC) and the Congregation of the Mother of Carmel (CMC).
Mother Eliswa received eternal reward on July 18, 1913 and was buried in the special burial place in front of the St. Joseph's and Mount Carmel Church at Varapuzha. In 1997 her mortal remains are shifted to the tomb inside the memorial building called Smruthi Mandhir in St. Joseph's Convent at Varapuzha.
CTC CHARISM
The CTC charism is, "Contemplative union with God in a life of communion through charity and ecclesial service". Our motto is "passion for God and compassion for the poor". The charism encompasses her God experience, her special inspiration for contemplative prayer and union with God, the way she designed a community, the fraternal love lived by her, the silence she practiced, the humility she imitated from Jesus, detachment and simplicity she practiced, the exemplary virtues and evangelical counsels and the special mission she did in the Church by recognizing the needs of the society.
She had received from her younger days the seed of contemplative prayer as a gift from God. Her personality had, therefore the aptitude necessary for its sprouting and growing. She was spontaneously drawn to the practice of contemplative prayer. Being introduced to the Teresian Carmelite contemplative prayer tradition through the spiritual direction under the guidance of the Missionaries of Discalced Carmelites, the seed of contemplation in her found the proper ground for its blossoming. Her life as a consecrated person and foundress of TOCD is characterized by this prayer experience which served as the source of her being and her activities. This was not merely an individualistic experience but a communitarian experience. She founded a community of praying persons
These fundamental qualities were placed totally at the disposal of the Church by Mother Eliswa. Her ecclesial consciousness is again emerging from the Teresian Carmelite spiritual tradition. Mother Eliswa wanted her congregation to participate in the edification of the Church through the various ministries. Teresian Carmelites integrate themselves into the local Church and cater to its needs wherever they are as desired by Mother Eliswa.
Presences in India and Internationally
Mother Eliswa was a trend setter and she responded whole heartedly to the challenges of her liberative mission. Her daughters in the Religious Congregation follow her mission facing the challenges of the times, pioneering new ventures according to the needs of the people. She is the pioneer religious, social reformer, foundress and educationist with a special emphasis on her contribution to Kerala Culture and to the whole nation which is continued today through her thousands of followers who serve in many states of India, Sudan, Rwanda, Italy, Germany and United States and trying to make their presences in other countries too.
The Congregation of Teresian Carmelites (CTC) is proud to remember that the first convent of ours in Europe was established in Essen on October 01, 1984. The endless toil, the incessant struggles and daring undertakings for the first developing venture, the mission in Germany, by rendering selfless dedicated service to the people, being united with our Lord in the spirit and charism of our congregation of the first team is commendable. So St Joseph Convent in Essen became the Mother house of CTC in Europe from where it expanded to many other locations. At present 35 of our sisters are rendering their service in following hospitals and homes for the aged in Germany:
St. Joseph Konvent Essen, Kupferdreh
Karmel Konvent St. Ludgerus, Essem-Werden
Karmel Konvent, Schloss Loburg, Ostbevern
Karmel Konvent, St. Ewaldi Dortmund, Aplerbeck
Karmel Konvnet, St. Anna Materborn
St. Edith Stein Karmel Konvent, Köln-Nippes
Heilig Geist Karmel Konvent Köln
Kloster der Cellitinen Köln
Another memorable and heroic direction was towards Africa and Italy in the year 1978 and 1986. There are two communities in Rwanda:
ST. Joseph's Teresian Carmel Convent in Nyamasheke.
22 sisters do their service in Italy in the field of Old Age care and parish activities. They are:
Convento di S. Giuseppe, Prato
Santa Anna Carmel Convent, Medicina, Bologna
San Giovanni Battista Carmel Convent, Cesano di Roma
In 2014, CTC started in the Diocese of Bismarck in United States and now there are two convents. They are:
Spirit of Life Carmel Convent in Mandan.
Thus the love and light of Christ is spread through the sisters of the Congregation of Teresian Carmelites (CTC) by their prayer, presence and service in India, Germany, Italy, Africa and United States living the spirit and charism inherited from the Servant of God Mother Eliswa, the Foundress of TOCD(CTC).
CTC at Present
Total Number of Convents………………..190
Total Number of Sisters…………………1400
Total Number of Provinces………………..09
Total Number of Regions…………………..02
Convents outside India…………………….18
The Congregation of Teresian Carmelites serves the society through its 176 educational institutions, 50 hospitals and dispensaries, 40 boarding houses, 21 homes for girls and 41 centers for the social work.
Though the formal education was denied for girls at that time in Kerala, she taught the girls, language, Mathematics and handicrafts along with moral teachings, prayers, cooking and house management. This value oriented formation brought an improvement in the status of women and it brought about a spiritual renewal in the families. She respected the poor and marginalized and convinced them of the dignity of human life and freedom of the children of God.
Mother Eliswa empowered women training them in handicrafts which still continues. She imparted integral education focusing on the physical, spiritual, moral, cultural and economic growth. She stood against social evils like caste system, untouchability and ignorance of women.
Relevance Today
Mother Eliswa presents a glorious model of consecrated life to this consumeristic and wounded world, which goes after pomp, luxuries and superficial pleasures. She believed that only the spirit of love, tolerance, mutual understanding and generosity of heart can heal the world. She was an embodiment of all these noble qualities. She is not only the foundress of religious congregation, but also of the first school for girls in Kerala, first boarding house and orphanages attached to the convent for girls and poor uncared children. She tried to dispel the darkness of illiteracy from the society by educating girls and empowering women.
Smruthi Mandhir, Varapuzha
Glance in to the history of the Congregation


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