text:
A novel laser-collider used to produce monoenergetic 13.3 MeV 7Li (d, n) neutrons
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J. R. Zhao1,
X. P. Zhang2,
D. W. Yuan3,
Y. T. Li1,
D. Z. Li4,
Y. J. Rhee5,6,
Z. Zhang1,
F. Li1,
B. J. Zhu1,
Yan F. Li1,
B. Han3,
C. Liu7,
Y. Ma1,
Yi F. Li1,
M. Z. Tao1,
M. H. Li1,
X. Guo1,
X. G. Huang8,
S. Z. Fu8,
J. Q. Zhu9,
G. Zhao3,
L. M. Chen1,2,10,
C. B. Fu2 &
J. Zhang2,10
Scientific Reports volume 6, Article number: 27363 (2016) Cite this article
Laser-produced plasmas
Nuclear astrophysics
Particle astrophysics
Neutron energy is directly correlated with the energy of the incident ions in experiments involving laser-driven nuclear reactions. Using high-energy incident ions reduces the energy concentration of the generated neutrons. A novel "laser-collider" method was used at the Shenguang II laser facility to produce monoenergetic neutrons via 7Li (d, n) nuclear reactions. The specially designed K-shaped target significantly increased the numbers of incident d and Li ions at the keV level. Ultimately, 13.3 MeV neutrons were obtained. Considering the time resolution of the neutron detector, we demonstrated that the produced neutrons were monoenergetic. Interferometry and a Multi hydro-dynamics simulation confirmed the monoenergetic nature of these neutrons.
Fast neutrons, because of their unique characteristics of electrical neutrality and strong penetration capability in high-Z materials compared with charged particles and X-rays, possess tremendous appliciation value in the fields of materials testing for fusion power plant1, neutron radiography2, neutron therapy3, and others4,5. Intense neutron pulses can be obtained from spallation sources, nuclear reactors, and high-energy particle accelerators. Unfortunately, the enormous size and cost of these devices are preventing their widespread use. The rapid development of high-intensity laser technology offers an alternative approach at relatively low cost, and the ultra-fast nature of laser-driven neutron sources could allow this technology to find further applications in the ultrafast sciences. Because of their cross-sections and Q-values, three nuclear reactions are primarily used for neutron production:
Because tritium is radioactive and not readily available, the (d, t) reaction, which is typically applied in inertial confinement fusion experiments, was excluded in the current study. Based on the remaining reactions, there are two main paths for ultra-fast laser-driven-neutron production. One possibility is to use the Coulomb explosion mechanism with a deuterium cluster target6,7. In this regime, the atoms of the clusters are entirely ionized by the laser-cluster interaction, which results in prompt explosion due to Coulomb repulsion and the production of the multi-keV ions required to initiate the fusion reactions. Extensive studies have indicated that 2.45 MeV quasi-monoenergetic neutrons can be produced using deuterium cluster targets through reaction (1)8,9,10,11,12. The measured energy spread, determined primarily based on the thermal velocity of the colliding ions, may be 10% or less13. However, when a cluster medium is used, the kinds of nuclear reactions available are restricted because it is impossible to transform all of the reaction materials (such as lithium or beryllium) into the cluster phase. Therefore, an alternative known as the "pitcher-catcher" approach has emerged14,15. In this method, the laser drives an ion beam (typically of deuterium ions) from a primary pitcher target, usually through target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA)16,17. Then, the ions collide with a secondary catcher target, where the nuclear reactions occur. In this way, high-energy neutrons can be obtained through the 7Li (d, n) and 9Be (d, n) nuclear reactions, as in (2)18,19. The laboratory energy E3 of a neutron produced in this way can be expressed as a function of the incident ion energy E1 and the angle θ of the emitted neutron relative to the incident ion,
where m1, m2, m3, and m4 are the masses of the incident ion, the target particle, the neutron, and any other associated particles, respectively20,21. Equation (4) indicates that the energy E3 of neutrons produced in the pitcher-catcher regime strongly depends on the incident ion energy E1 and the Q-value of the nuclear reaction. Because the E1 values that can be achieved through the TNSA mechanism (usually tens of MeV) are on the same order as the Q-value, the neutron beams thus produced are not monoenergetic and therefore are not suitable for detector calibration, neutron-induced cross-section studies, or various other specialized applications22,23,24.
A novel method termed the "plasma-collider" technique was first applied by our group to enhance the neutron yields via the collision of high density deuterated plasma generated directly from the laser-plasma interaction25,26. This method has ability to produce numerous multi-keV ions participating in the nuclear reactions, although at a very low cross-section. Therefore, this method has enormous potential to be used to precisely calculate the cross-sections of 7Li (d, n) nuclear reactions because the incident ions are at the multi-keV level. It also has great potential to increase the probabilities of nuclear reactions induced in head-to-head collisions of plasma streams. In addition to these advantages, because E1 is several keV and this is negligible compared with the Q-value (on the order of MeV), equation (4) can be simplied as follows:
In this regime, the energy of the neutrons is determined simply by the Q-value of the nuclear reaction, and 13.3 MeV monoenergetic neutrons can be generated via 7Li (d, n) nuclear reactions. These 13.3 MeV neutrons can serve as a new type of laser-driven monoenergetic neutron source, in addition to 2.45 MeV and 14.1 MeV neutrons that can be produced through d (d, n) and d (t, n) nuclear reactions, respectively.
In this letter, we present new studies of the production of monoenergetic neutrons from laser-driven K-shaped D-Li target. The "plasma-collider" method was used to significantly increase the numbers of incident d and Li ions at the keV level. Experimental and theoretical methods were used to verify the production of 13.3 MeV monoenergetic neutrons via 7Li (d, n) nuclear reactions.
The experimental setup is shown in Fig. 1. Eight arms of main laser pulses delivered a total energy of nearly 2 kJ to the K-shaped D-Li or D-D target. The laser beams were divided into two groups of four laser beams each, which were simultaneously focused onto the facing surfaces of the target with a focal spot diameter of 150 μm. Another laser pulse with a wavelength of 526 nm and a 70 ps duration was used as a probe beam. By changing the delay time between the main laser pulses and the probe beam, the process of plasma expansion and interaction was recorded at different delay times using a Nomarski interferometer and shadowgraph instruments. Four neutron detectors were employed to measure the neutron spectrum via the time-of-flight (TOF) method. The detectors were numbered from 1 to 4 and located at 5.1 m, 4.4 m, 5.5 m, 5.8 m, respectively, from the fusion plasma. All of the TOF signals were recorded by oscilloscopes with a bandwidth of 1 GHz.
Figure 1: Experimental setup.
Eight laser beams of laser were divided into two groups of four beams each, which were simultaneously focused onto the facing surfaces of the targets. Two types of K-shaped targets (D-Li and D-D) were employed. Two plastic and two EJ-301 liquid scintillator detectors were employed to measure the neutron yields via the TOF method. The process of plasma expansion and interaction was recorded by shadowgraph instruments and a Nomarski interferometer.
A high density plasma with numerous energetic deuterium ions and lithium ions was generated by the laser beams focused on the two-sided target. The plasma streams from both sides expanded toward the opposite target face and collided with each other. During this process, the deuterium ions completely blended together with the lithium ions and collision events occurred, resulting in great potential for the occurrence of 7Li (d, n) nuclear reactions. Figure 2 shows sample TOF signals obtained from detector No. 4. The neutron detection threshold was calculated to be 3 × 104 by considering the detection length, active detection area, and detection efficiency of the detector. Figure 2(a) shows the typical neutron results from the D-Li target. The initial X-ray peak shows a falling edge at 98.8 ns. Considering the distance between detector No. 4 and the fusion plasma as well as the speed of X-rays in the atmosphere, the initial instant of laser-plasma interaction was accurately calculated to be 79.7 ns. The narrow neutron peak not far behind the large X-ray peak has a falling edge at 194.4 ns which corresponds to the energy of 13.32 MeV. There is a tiny deviation between the measured energy and the intrinsic energy (13.36 MeV), which may originate from the measurement error in the neutron flight distance. When the resulting 8Be nuclei were in their first or second excited states, a small amount of 10.7 MeV or 3.27 MeV neutrons could have been generated in the experiment. However, no such neutrons were detected in this shot because of the low yield. The pulse duration of the neutron peak in Fig.2(a) is 9.6 ns (full width half maximum, or FWHM). Figure 2(b) presents the TOF signal from D-D target as a reference. The falling edge that neutron peak starts at a time point which is corrosponding to the energy of 2.44 MeV. This is a direct proof that d (d, n) nuclear reactions happened. There is also a tiny energy deviation read from the intrinsic energy (2.45 MeV) which is coming from the measurement error as mentioned above. By calculating the area of the neutron signals and considering the same detector parameters used in ref. 25, we estimated the neutron yields from the d (d, n) nuclear reactions to be ~106. Again considering the neutron signal from the 7Li (d, n) nuclear reactions, the calculated area of the D-Li neutron signal is nearly 6 times lower than in the D-D case. Thus, the neutron yields from the 7Li (d, n) nuclear reactions were greater than 105. Figure 2(c) shows a typical cosmic ray signal recorded by liquid scintillator detector No. 4 under natural conditions. An individual cosmic ray particle was collected and left a sharp peak on the oscilloscope. The acquired pulse duration of the cosmic ray particle was 9.4 ns (FWHM), which indicates the inherent time resolution of the detector. In other words, the neutrons produced in the 7Li (d, n) nuclear reactions and the cosmic ray particle elicited detector responses of nearly the same time duration. This is strong evidence that the neutrons we obtained were quasi-monoenergetic.
Figure 2: Experimental results.
TOF results for 13.36 MeV and 2.45 MeV neutrons from liquid scintillator detector No. 4. (a) K-shaped D-Li target irradiated with eight laser beams. (b) K-shaped D-D target irradiated with eight laser beams. (c) Typical signal induced by a cosmic ray particle under natural conditions.
To further illustrate the neutron energy acquired in the experiments, the neutron signals from several laser shots and different detectors were analyzed. The black curve in Fig. 3 gives a plot of calculated flight time versus flight distance in relation to the 13.36 MeV monoenergetic neutrons corresponding to Fig. 2(a). Similarly, the red curve shows the case of 2.45 MeV neutrons. From the absolute zero time, the 13.36 MeV neutrons started from the plasma interaction region with speed of 5.06 cm/ns (2.17 cm/ns for 2.45 MeV neutrons). At a special time, the neutrons arrived at the detector positions. The circles in Fig. 3 represent the mean value of flight time acquired from the detectors in several laser shots, and the error bar gives the variation range of these TOF data. The results implied that the experimental flight time points were highly matched with the calculated flight time curves and the measured neutron energy was confirmed by the nearly consistent flight times of different neutron detectors. The No. 1 and No. 2 detectors were not available during the D-Li experiments.
Flight time versus flight distance in relation to the 13.36 MeV and 2.45 MeV neutrons.
The Nomarski interferometer and shadowgraph instruments were used to obtain a visual representation of the plasma expansion and interaction at a specific point in time after the laser-plasma interaction. Figure 4(a) shows the interferogram for the original D-Li target, which provides a reference for density analysis. The black area without fringes corresponds to the target body. The deuterium target is on the left side, and the LiF target is on the right side. Figure 4(b) shows a shadowgraph of the D-Li target at 3 ns after irradiation. The extension of the black area is caused by the expansion of the high-density target plasma. When the plasma density is higher than a critical density of ~4 × 1021 cm−3, the probe beam cannot penetrate the plasma. Therefore, the color depth represents the plasma density. There is a distinct opaque area at the center of Fig. 4(b), where the plasma density is higher than the density of the surrounding area. In this region, the plasmas were strongly fused and 7Li (d, n) nuclear reactions occurred. Figure 4(c) shows an interferogram of the D-Li target at 3 ns. The displacement of the interferometric fringes in Fig. 4(c) indicates density fluctuations in that area. The intense displacement of the fringes was analyzed via Abel inversion to determine the plasma density. Figure 4(d) shows the spatial distribution of the plasma density at 3 ns, corresponding to Fig. 4(c). The crimson area corresponds to the no-fringe area in Fig. 4(c), where the plasma density is higher than the critical density. This area was manually cropped, and was not considered in the Abel inversion. The figure shows two plasma streams with a plasma density higher than 1020 meeting at the center. In this region, the deuterium ions completely blended together with the lithium ions and collision events occurred, resulting in a great potential for the occurrence of 7Li (d, n) nuclear reactions.
Figure 4: Optical imaging results.
Optical imaging of the K-shaped D-Li target. (a) Interferogram of the original D-Li target. (b) Shadowgraph of the D-Li target at 3 ns after laser irradiation. (c) Interferogram of the D-Li target at 3 ns. (d) Spatial distribution of the plasma density at 3 ns, corresponding to (c).
The velocity and density results calculated from a simulation were used to verify the production of monoenergetic neutrons using the laser-collider method. Figure 5 shows the results of a MULTI 2D hydro-dynamics simulation of the K-shaped LiF target. The two-dimensional process of plasma expansion after laser irradiation was simulated. The K-shaped target appears on the right-hand side of the plots, as marked by a black dashed line. Two laser beams were focused on the K-shaped target, one on the upper part and one on the lower part. The plasma streams thus were produced and moved in the negative direction on the X axis. In Fig. 5, the X and Y axes represent the two spatial dimensions. The coordinates (X,Y) represent the position of the plasma. Figure 5(a) shows the spatial distribution of the plasma velocity at 3 ns. The color scale represents the velocity of the plasma stream. The highest velocity is 6 × 107 cm/s, which corresponds to the lithium ion kinetic energy of 13 keV. According equation (5), the calculated energy spread is less than 0.1%. The head-to-head collision significantly enhanced the cross section for 7Li (d, n) nuclear reactions. This provided sufficient conditions for monoenergetic neutron production. Figure 5(b) shows the spatial distribution of the plasma mass density at 3 ns. The color scale in this figure represents the plasma density. High-density plasmas containing energetic lithium ions were produced in the simulation. The two figures together show that the K-shaped target generated an overdense region along the X axis in the middle of the figure because of the overlap of the two plasma streams from the upper and lower parts of the K-shaped target, which had an opening angle of 120°. With this mechanism, a K-shaped target is distinctly advantageous for promoting a high plasma density compared with other alternatives25. This enhancement of the plasma density significantly increases the collision strength of the plasma streams, thereby also providing increased opportunities for the collision of deuterium and lithium ions and giving rise to essential conditions for monoenergetic neutron production.
Figure 5: MULTI 2D simulation results.
Spatial distributions of plasma velocity (a) and plasma mass density (b) at 3 ns after laser irradiation obtained from a MULTI 2D hydro-dynamics simulation.
In conclusion, we have presented experimental results of the irradiation of a K-shaped D-Li target with 2 kJ laser pulses. Laser-driven 13.3 MeV monoenergetic neutrons were produced for the first time. The interferogram shows plasma expansion and a head-to-head collision state after laser irradiation, with a plasma density of up to 1020 cm−3 in the fusion region, guaranteeing a significant increase in the neutron yield. Theoretical simulation results strongly support the abundant production of monoenergetic neutrons. This study has demonstrated that the "laser-collider" method can be widely applied for monoenergetic neutron production. In the near future, this novel method will also be used to fill the gap of a 7Li (d, n) nuclear reaction cross section at the keV level, which is of great interest in the field of nuclear physics.
Laser system
The experiments were conducted at the Shenguang II laser facility in the National Laboratory on High Power Lasers and Physics. Eight arms of main laser pulses with energies ranging from 200 to 260 J and a 1 ns pulse duration delivered a total energy of nearly 2 kJ to the target27. The laser beams, with a wavelength of 351 nm (3ω), passed through the focusing lens on the chamber wall to form a focal spot of 150 μm in diameter (FWHM) at the target point, resulting in an average laser intensity of 1015 W/cm2. Another laser pulse with a wavelength of 526 nm and a 70 ps duration was used as a probe beam. Vacuum was established inside the experimental chamber was at ~10−4 Torr. The main laser pulses were separated into two groups, each composed of four laser beams; the two groups were focused to the surfaces on opposite sides of the target, as shown in the inset. This shooting pattern is depicted with only two laser beams on each side in Fig. 1 (Interaction region-2D), because the other two laser beams are concealed from the perspective of the image. The insert labeled "Interaction region-3D" in Fig. 1 provides clearer visual display. The probe beam was split into probe 1 and probe 2 while passing through the beam splitter prism, and probe 2 had a greater optical path difference than probe 1 by 2 ns. By changing the delay time between the main laser pulses and the probe beams, the process of plasma expansion and interaction was recorded at different delay times using the Nomarski interferometer and shadowgraph instruments.
Two types of 2-sided K-shaped targets with an opening angle of 120° and a separation distance of 2.5 mm were employed. One consisted of a 20 μm thick layer of deuterated hydrocarbon (CDn, the ratio of carbon to deuterium in the CDn molecules was 1:1.3) and a 100 μm thick layer of lithium fluoride (LiF), and coated onto each facing surface of the K-shaped copper base (D-Li). The other was a 20 μm thick D-D target, which was used as a reference to gauge the TOF spectrum of the neutrons.
Neutron radiation diagnostics
Four neutron detectors including two plastic and two EJ-301 liquid scintillator detectors were employed to measure the neutron spectrum using the time-of-flight (TOF) method. The operational parameters of these detectors were similar to those used in ref. 25. The two plastic scintillators were designed to have a larger neutron receiving area (π × 16 × 16 cm2) than the two liquid scintillators. The plastic detectors, No. 1 and No. 2, were located at 5.1 m and 4.4 m, respectively, from the fusion plasma. The two liquid scintillator detectors, with dimensions of π × 6.3 × 6.3 cm2, were more sensitive to neutrons because of the application of a high-voltage of up to 2 kV to the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The liquid detectors, No. 3 and No. 4, were located at 5.5 m and 5.8 m, respectively, from the fusion plasma. A Faraday cup was placed 44 cm away from the fusion region inside the chamber to collect energetic deuterium and lithium ions. All of the TOF signals were recorded by oscilloscopes with a bandwidth of 1 GHz.
Hydrodynamics simulation
A two-dimensional hydrodynamics simulation was performed using the MULTI code28,29. The equation of states (EOS) data for the target materials (Li and Cu) were generated using MPQeos (a sub-program contained in the MULTI 2D code, developed by the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics) and the opacity data were obtained using the Steady-state Non-local thermal equilibrium OPacities (SNOP) code that is part of the MULTI code. The simulation geometry was a cone instead of the actual ">" shape because cylindrical symmetry is assumed in the 2D MULTI code. The simulation was performed only for the upper half of the cone and the remaining lower part was constructed through symmetry.
The beam profile was flat in time and Gaussian in space centered at 200 μm away the center of the K-shape. The simulation target was a concave copper cone coated with a Li layer of 100 um in thickness. The cone angle was 120° in total.
The horizontal resolution of the Li layer in the simulation was 5.8 μm (100 μm/20 cells/sin(π/3)), and the vertical resolution was 3.3 μm (400 μm/120 cells), whereas the resolution of the substrate Cu layer was 80 cells in the horizontal direction.
How to cite this article: Zhao, J. R. et al. A novel laser-collider used to produce monoenergetic 13.3 MeV 7Li (d, n) neutrons. Sci. Rep. 6, 27363; doi: 10.1038/srep27363 (2016).
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We gratefully acknowledge the staff of the SG-II laser facility. This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2013CBA01500), the National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Project (2012YQ120047), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11135012, 11334013, 11421064, 11374210, 11503041, 11305185, and NSAF U1530150), and the CAS key program (KGZD-EW-T05). This project was also funded by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2015M571124).
Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, 100190, Beijing, China
J. R. Zhao, Y. T. Li, Z. Zhang, F. Li, B. J. Zhu, Yan F. Li, Y. Ma, Yi F. Li, M. Z. Tao, M. H. Li, X. Guo & L. M. Chen
Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (MOE) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
X. P. Zhang, L. M. Chen, C. B. Fu & J. Zhang
Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, CAS, 100012, Beijing, China
D. W. Yuan, B. Han & G. Zhao
Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS, 100049, Beijing, China
D. Z. Li
CoReLS, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
Y. J. Rhee
NDC, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 34057, Korea
Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
C. Liu
Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, Shanghai, 201800, China
X. G. Huang & S. Z. Fu
National Laboratory on High Power Lasers and Physics, Shanghai, 201800, China
J. Q. Zhu
Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
L. M. Chen & J. Zhang
J. R. Zhao
X. P. Zhang
D. W. Yuan
Y. T. Li
Z. Zhang
F. Li
B. J. Zhu
Yan F. Li
B. Han
Y. Ma
Yi F. Li
M. Z. Tao
M. H. Li
X. Guo
X. G. Huang
S. Z. Fu
G. Zhao
L. M. Chen
C. B. Fu
L.M.C. and C.B.F. designed the study. J.R.Z., X.P.Z., D.W.Y., Y.T.L., Z.Z., F.L., B.J.Z., Yan.F.Li, B.H., C.L. and C.B.F. conceived and realized the experiment. J.R.Z. and X.P.Z. analyzed the data. Y.J.R. performed the simulation. J. R. Z. wrote the paper. D.Z.L., Y.M., Yi.F.Li, M.Z.T., M.H.L., X.G., X.G.H., S.Z.F., J.Q.Z., G.Z. and Y.T.L. participated in the discussions. Z.Z. provided support for the experimental technique. J.Z. supported the entire project.
Correspondence to L. M. Chen or C. B. Fu.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Zhao, J., Zhang, X., Yuan, D. et al. A novel laser-collider used to produce monoenergetic 13.3 MeV 7Li (d, n) neutrons. Sci Rep 6, 27363 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27363
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27363
Summary of laser plasma physics sessions at the first AAPPS-DPP conference
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The next 12 days are jam packed with excitement because we have TWO adventures happening ON TWO DIFFERENT CONTINENTS at the same time! From the trails of the Andes Mountains to the snows of Kilimanjaro, make sure you follow our team along as one makes their way to Machu Picchu along the Salcantay Trail, and the other heads towards the Roof of Africa on Mt. Kilimanjaro!
A little over a week ago, our team of 15 adventurers climbed for 12 hours in winds up to 45 mph to the top of Europe on our inaugural WHOAx Expedition to Mount Elbrus. We reached the summit at 10:35 am on Tuesday, July 18th, and could not have done it without each other's positive energy. We all agree, it was one of the best experiences of our lives, but also one of the hardest!
One of the highlights for all of us was meeting Polina (pictured above, playing the ukulele), who wouldn't let the fact that she has a prosthetic leg stop her from achieving her dream of summiting Mount Elbrus. Thanks to you, our generous WHOA family, we were able to surpass our $2,500 fundraising goal to help make Polina's wish come true! Last Wednesday, after several training hikes and acclimatization climbs, Polina reached the saddle of Mount Elbrus at 5300m safely! Her accomplisment, showed a tremendous amount of courage and strength, and we are honored to have shared and supported Polina on this journey.
Polina said of the experience, "One thing is for sure, I will be back on this mountain." How cool is that? Polina's story is big news in Russia. Check her out, featured on the news below.


Mary Binker is an associate in the Corporate & Commercial and Energy & Natural Resources groups of Babst Calland. Ms. Binker's practice focuses primarily on mergers and acquisitions, negotiation and drafting of contracts, and advising on real estate matters.
Ms. Binker received her undergraduate degree from the University of Pittsburgh in 2007, earning a B.A. in Economics and Political Science. She received her J.D. from the University of Pittsburgh School of Law and her M.B.A. from the University of Pittsburgh's Joseph M. Katz Graduate School of Business in 2010.
While completing her graduate degrees, Ms. Binker worked for the Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General in the Consumer Protection Division and the Insurance Fraud Section.
Prior to joining Babst Calland, Ms. Binker worked in the corporate and real estate business group of a mid-sized regional law firm.
Ms. Binker was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar in 2011. She is a member of the Allegheny County and Pennsylvania Bar associations. Ms. Binker is a member of the Associate Board of HEARTH and Board of Directors for the Business Alumni Association of the University of Pittsburgh. She also is active with the Junior League of Pittsburgh.


If you wish to have a more productive backyard, expand your rising season into the autumn through the use of row covers. Row covers preserve heat in, frost out, and also protect in opposition to deer intrusion. The crops underneath the row covers should still be considerably resistant to cold nonetheless, so it's best to choose greens and root greens. To keep your vegetation from suffering irreparable injury, be sure to examine them for bugs and varied diseases a minimum of once every week. All these issues are a lot simpler to deal with if caught rapidly, and monitoring them carefully can preserve them from spreading to other vegetation. Analysis methods to treat common issues so that you'll be prepared for whatever you encounter.
Plant slightly greater than you have to. Pests and poor climate can diminish yields from your garden, especially in case you are new to organic gardening. To account for this chance, plant a little bit more than what you will want. Nonetheless, do not go overboard, if it is successful, you can have extra greens than you can possibly use. Like so many things in life an excellent organic garden advantages vastly from superior planning. The savvy gardener develops an all-encompassing plan for his or her backyard earlier than the first seed is planted. Good garden planning takes into consideration not only the initial plantings, however the subsequent modifications that must be made as the rising season wears on.
Create a convenient cleansing station next to your exterior faucet or garden hose. Accumulate all your old soap slivers from around the home (or simply use a whole bar) and place in a plastic mesh bag. You'll be able to often find these bags within the produce division of your favourite retailer for storing greens in the fridge, or within the laundry department for delicates. Cling the bag near your hose, and the mesh works as a scrubber as well as containing the soap for an easy hand washing station.
Along with enhancing the looks of your private home with flowers and saving money by growing your own fruits, greens and herbs, you now have another excuse to take up gardening. Studies have shown that stress and blood strain levels are significantly diminished when individuals view nature and plants. Gardening is a good source of enjoyment for many people and the end result's one that may assist them dwell a longer, healthier life.
Earlier than beginning a garden, it is crucial that you have a plan.
If you are gardening in containers, be sure every container has a drainage system to forestall water from pooling. Lining the bottom of a container with small rocks or pebbles may help with water drainage for container gardening. Allowing water to sit for prolonged periods can rot the foundation system of your plants. Retailer your seeds properly. If you do not store your seeds correctly, they will not final long. A terrific place to store your seeds in a darkish spot that is cool and has low humidity. You would even use a refridgerator. You need to use zip baggage to hold the seeds themselves.
When you plan on beginning an organic backyard, you must always properly cover your seeds. If your seeds usually are not correctly lined, then they will not grow. You should aim to cover most of your seeds about thrice as deep because the thickness of your seeds so as to ensure optimum progress. Nevertheless, certain seeds, resembling alyssum and snapdragons, shouldn't be lined because they want lots of light to germinate.
Hold your soil wholesome. Among the best ways to deter pests from eating up your hard work in your organic backyard is to make sure your soil is sweet. In case your rising medium turns into imbalanced, it is going to change into a gorgeous place for all types of unwanted visitors. Check pH and moisture levels often. As you'll be able to see from the above list of ideas, organic gardening can be very helpful in getting one of the best and freshest produce potential from your vegetation. After following the following pointers, you'll no longer be new to the world of organic gardening, but you will grow to be an organic gardening expert.
As you'll be able to see, rising your individual backyard, free from the chemicals that other meals include, is not solely easy to do, however you will have a beautiful, healthy crop of food you can eat your self, or share with family and pals. Be sure to tell them what they are eating. If you need a patch of inexperienced in your garden, take into account planting a floor cowl as a substitute of a lawn. Lawns require a whole lot of water and maintenance. Then again, a ground cover often uses much less water, and sure varieties discourage weeds from rising. Many sorts of ground cowl have the inexperienced coloration akin to a garden. It can save you time and money with a floor cowl.
If your favorite flower pot or garden container has a gap or crack the place grime is leaking by means of, try lining that area contained in the pot with a espresso filter.


In this talk, we share our experience in researching and practicing Business Analytics with a strong emphasis on descriptive and predictive analytics. We discuss the usefulness of these open-source analytics platforms by means of a real-life case study in Finance and Marketing: Analyzing the interaction between tweets and the success of an initial public offering (IPO), and the post-IPO price evolution. Moreover, we build a predictive model to determine whether a tweet will be retweeted. We present our findings using a series of platforms ranging from (1) dedicated Apache Spark clusters using Python Zeppelin Notebooks to (2) Databricks' cloud platform.


text:
Windsor Middle School Home of the Spartans
Windsor Middle School
School Bio
Teacher's Websites
5Star Student
Paolo Student Survey
Girls Self Defense
Schedule a Meeting with the Principal
Buy a WMS Yearbook
School Food and Nutrition
Donate to WMS' Project Hero
Bus Pass Information
Schedule a Principal's Meeting
Vineyard Academy Harvest
Sites header_arrow
Windsor Unified School District
Mattie Washburn Elementary
Windsor Creek Elementary
Brooks Elementary
Windsor High School
North Bay Met Academy
Cali Calmécac Language Academy
Windsor Oaks Academy
North County Consortium
EDIT LEFT
Windsor Middle School (Grades 6-8)
Windsor Middle School is proud to be one of the finest middle school facilities in the North Bay region. The campus, built in 1997, features a full size gymnasium, large multi-purpose room, library media center, soccer and softball fields, and a new music room. Centrally located, the school is adjacent to the Boys and Girls Club, Hiram Lewis Park, and Pat Elsbree Skate Park, and is a short walk from Foothill Regional Park where you might find the cross country team out for a morning run. Approximately 1,000 sixth through eighth graders attend WMS. The school is well known for its exemplary music program, popular and successful sports teams, and many other innovative programs. Some of the school's accomplishments include the California Distinguished School Award in 2001 and 2009, in addition to the California Golden Bell Award in 2004.
All students at WMS are provided with an enriched learning program that goes beyond the core curriculum in language arts, social studies, mathematics, and science. Electives are offered in the areas of art, AVID, foreign language, journalism, leadership, piano keyboarding, band, chorus, and strings.
9500 Brooks Rd. S
Windsor, CA 95492
Copyright © Windsor Unified School District 2019. All rights reserved.


A skier's dream location! Nestled on the banks of the Truckee River, the River Run Condominiums are approximately 3 miles from both Alpine Meadows and Squaw Valley Ski Areas and 3 miles from Tahoe City. You may also enjoy River Run in warm weather months sitting on the deck listening to the Truckee River. Easy access to the bike path that runs along the Truckee River from Squaw into Tahoe City and down the West Shore, many hiking areas or you just might like floating down the river from Tahoe City to River Ranch Lodge and Restaurant.
Quick walk to River Ranch and Crest Café.
Scroll down to view all of the River Run Condos we have to offer.
**PETS PROHIBITED** 1 Bedroom unit plus loft. The bedroom is on the living room level with kitchen. It has a double & single bed. The lofted bedroom has a queen bed. There is a full bathroom on each level. Wood tiled kitchen, 2 counter stools and dining table for 6. HDTV/VHS and CD/Cassette player.
**PETS PROHIBITED** PRICES REDUCED! Perfect getaway for a couple or small family, on the banks of the rushing Truckee River, tucked behind beloved River Ranch Restaurant and Lodge. This 1 bedroom 1 full bath unit offers a dual-control Select Sleep Number Queen bed and Queen sofabed, 2 TVs both with DVD players (one with VCR also), expanded basic cable.
Average 3 bedroom unit plus loft, minor updates spring 2014. Two entrances, one on the lower level where the 2 master bedrooms are located each with 1 Queen bed. Mid-level is the living area with wood fireplace, large flat screen TV/DVD/VHS, deck with charcoal BBQ, kitchen with 2 counter stools and tile floor, dining table for 6, full bath, and a bedroom.
**PETS PROHIBITED** Very cute 1 bedroom unit plus loft. Partial remodel. Improvements include all new granite counter tops in kitchen and bathrooms; new doors, new windows for better insulation and less road noise; new flatscreen TV and various living room improvements as well as overall decor. Tasteful and cheery!


Eileen's Stamping Corner: Cling Stamps coming soon!
Great news! Beginning with the 2019 occasions catalog and Sale-A-Bration brochure, Stampin' Up! will be introducing Cling Stamps.
Stamps in the 2018-2019 annual catalog (the current catalog) will continue to be available in clear-mount, wood-mount, or photopolymer.
In the 2019-2020 annual catalog, clear-mount and wood-mount stamps* will no longer be available. The only exception is background stamps in North America only, which will still be available in wood-mount.
When you purchase the new Cling Stamps there will be a flyer inside each kit showing you how to mount your sets. One thing I will make sure to let all of my customers know is that you need to be extra careful when placing your label onto your stamp. Since they cling so well, once the label is on it would be very hard to reposition without possibly tearing your stamp.
Another little bit of information I learned from other demonstrators is you can use the extra pieces of the cling sheet that will be left over after mounting your stamps and place it onto your current clear stamps. This will help them adhere better as well.
You will also need to be careful when taking the stamp off of the block. All of this will be a learning curve, but I know in the end I will be very happy to have a stamp that sticks so well and will be great with the Stamparatus as well.
You can see this short video made by Stampin' Up! that shows you a little bit more. Click here to watch.
When the Occasion and Sale-a-bration catalogs come out, you will see more about these new stamps and I will be happy to answer any questions you might have. Just leave a comment below if you have any concerns or questions.


We made it happen! madd style website makeover!
Therefore we made the decision to provide someone to our website!
All bragging aside, it's a feast for that eyes! And it is also full of helpful stuff.
Like our all-new Lewis Straight Cuffed jeans from Jag, our assortment of vintage-chic Embrazio crossbody bags, and our oh-so-stacking bracelets and cuffs by Lenny & Avoi. Shop our What's New page for a taste of what we should have awaiting you within the shop, so when you are available in we'll assist you in finding your preferred new products.
Within our new-and-improved e-newsletter you'll find styling tips, special deals, periodic sales, and stuff to simply cause you to feel good. Because at Madd Style, that's what we're about: making you feel and look your individual best. You could find the tips while offering here on the new Blog!
Return soon for an additional style break at madd-style.com.
P.S. Here's a sneak peak at our new Kut in the Kloth floral blouses, super femme Coobie one-size-fits-most lace-backed brazier, along with other great products available now!


EVENT MANAGER An exciting opportunity has arisen to join our dynamic and fast paced Events Agency based in Swindon. We are looking for an experienced Event Manager with energy ... , ambition and a willingness to 'go the extra mile' for our clients. Corporate Events are a well-established Live Communications agency with an enviable client list and a real ambition ...JOBSWORTH: £31,895 P.A.?
Employment Partners are recruiting for Event Bar Staff for our client based in Netherhampton, Salisbury. We are looking for candidates that can work key dates between April ...JOBSWORTH: £13,120 P.A.?
Summary Happy Days Nurseries are holding a recruitment event for their Bristol nurseries Are you looking to get back into the early years sector? Are you looking for the next step ...JOBSWORTH: £15,409 P.A.?
Meetings and Events Executive – The Westbury Hotel, Dublin An opportunity to join the onsite Events sales team at The Westbury is now available for an organised, creative events ... professional who wants to progress their career by joining our team. The team is responsible for all event enquiries for The Westbury and the ideal candidate will be working in a similar ...JOBSWORTH: £17,414 P.A.?
Event Manager for Leading Event Agency near Oxford up to £30,000 My client is a vibrant creative agent who deliver a variety of tailored events across the corporate and private ... market. They are looking for an experienced Event Manager to plan and execute events to the highest level. Energy/Creativity/Positive Attitude is essential for this role You will have ...£30K PER YEAR + ..
We are looking for enthusiastic members of staff to join our first aid team team. You with either be a fully trained event medic or NHS ECA. If you have no experience please apply ... for our NO EXPERIENCE Event First Aider. You will work on a variety of events assisting our Paramedic team. You will choose events you wish to work from our resourcing system ...JOBSWORTH: £29,247 P.A.?
The Adzuna recency index score for this search is 0.98, suggesting that demand for vacancies for Events roles in Wiltshire is decreasing.
There are 688 vacancies for Events roles in Wiltshire available immediately, compared to 347 in Swindon.
The standard deviation of salaries for the results of this search is 20,958.


text:
Why That Huge Criminal Minds Exit Happened
Published: Mar. 23. 2016 8:09 PM
Mega-spoilers for Criminal Minds' latest episode are below.
Holy hell, Criminal Minds, fans. Maybe you saw it coming and maybe you didn't – and you might have seen in coming in a completely different way from how it happened – but there's no denying that you were affected by what happened on tonight's episode, "A Beautiful Disaster." For tonight, the show bid a most fond farewell to the tackle-ready Special Agent Derek Morgan, who is exiting the show after 11 seasons and just over 250 episodes. Thankfully, we didn't have to wait long to find out why the character is leaving, as well as why the exit went the way that it did.
The first part is easy to explain, although that doesn't make it any easier to accept. It turns out actor Shemar Moore just really wanted to move on with his career. Here's how he put it.
I don't want to be ordinary. I don't want to follow. I want to be bold and I want to see what I'm capable of. So yes, it was my decision. . . . I'm not leaving to go be a big star. I'm not leaving to go make a bunch of money. . . . I'm leaving because I just creatively want to be fueled and [am] excited to try new things and see what else I'm capable of. But I'm always going to look back and salute.
If Morgan had used those words in some kind of a speech on the show, people would have stood up and clapped. Is that why I just stood up and clapped? The two are probably related.
Thankfully, Morgan was one of the seemingly few TV characters in recent history allowed to vacate a show in a manner other than horrifying death. In fact, Criminal Minds managed to turn last week's horrifying cliffhanger shooting completely around, spinning an actual happy ending out of the whole affair. Though Morgan was taken off the case to find his pregnant wife Savannah's shooter, he tracked the guy down anyway, and after a scene that legitimately made it appear as if Morgan was heading to those rolling credits in the sky, we watched him find true bliss with the birth of son Hank Spencer. And it was pretty obvious right there that Morgan now had a very good reason to do something other than constantly putting his ass on the line. No more cuts on your head, Morgan!
The plan was apparently never to give the character any kind of a permanent exit, either. Here's what else Shemar Moore told TV Guide about why Morgan got a pleasant last day.
[Showrunner] Erica Messer refused to kill Derek Morgan. Those elevator doors closed. Am I going to sign a long-term contract? Probably not. But if they ask me to come back and dance, yes, I would be willing to do that. [But] not right away.
Criminal Minds, despite its violent tendencies, knows that killing off main characters isn't always the best idea – well, except for certain cases – and it's allowed the chance for actors who left to eventually return, either temporarily or for the long haul. Maybe Morgan comes back in Season 13 in a guest star role holding a cute toddler? Just maybe?
Shemar Moore hasn't starred on any other TV series in over a decade, though he has lent his voice to direct-to-video DC Comics animations like Justice League: War and others as Cyborg. Could there be live-action comic book movies in his future?
television 50m NCIS Finally Revealed Why Gibbs Shot McGee, But What's Next? Mick Joest
television 2h FBI Returns To CBS With Maggie Questioning Her Relationship And More In 2021 Laura Hurley
television 5d How Hawaii Five-0's Daniel Dae Kim Responded After Finally Landing TV Lead After 31 Years Jessica Rawden
Oct 9, 2020 The War With Grandpa 5
Oct 8, 2021 Morbius Rating TBD
Dec 25, 2020 Promising Young Woman 10
Extraction 2: There's An Exciting Update About Chris Hemsworth's Netflix Sequel news
After Armie Hammer's Exit Following Sexual Cannibal Texts, Jennifer Lopez's New Movie May Have Found A Replacement news
Avatar 2's Kate Winslet Admits She 'Lost Track' Of Which Sequels She Was Filming news
Spider-Man 3 Set Photos Seem To Confirm The Film's Setting, And It's Perfect news
television Shemar Moore Shares Message About Being COVID-Free And Getting Back To Work On S.W.A.T.
television Big Brother's Julie Chen And Producers Pushed For Celebrity Edition To Return In 2021
television Looks Like NCIS: Los Angeles' Deeks Won't Have An Easy Time Becoming A Full Agent
television Shemar Moore Reveals Tough Year, Shares Updates With Fans While Quarantining With Covid-19


Four months, already swims and retrieves confidently to hand.
Puppy dog - 13 in class.
1)"Clark's Trewater Aramis. I loved this youngster. Just right for age. Lovely quality head and expression, good dark eye and pigment, balanced foreface with strength, clean neck and correct shoulder construction, straight front with tight well padded feet, level topline and nicely coupled with good spring of rib, excellent firm rear quarters. In lovely coat and condition. Presented and handled well. Moved correctly. BPD."
"2nd Puppy - 10 month old pale dog shown in good coat and condition, this puppy for me excels on the move, he has effortless flowing movement. He is well angled throughout, with a good reach and flow of neck. The deciding factor between first and second for me was I preferred the shorter couplings of number 1 he also has a tendency to mess his owner about whilst standing and as a result can lose his topline. Once fully mature I am sure he will be an exciting prospect."
Results: BEST PUPPY IN SHOW and also 1st in Maiden dog.
The quality amongst these youngsters bodes very well for the future.
1st � Clarke�s � Trewater Aramis. What a stunning youngster - so full of promise, his outline was superb, elegant with enough substance, loved his head and eye, very good reach of neck into well placed shoulders, level topline, good bend of stifle, straight front with good bone and tight feet, ribbing of good shape and length, short coupled, moved with reach and drive, expertly handled to win an excellent class.


text:
Theology: Explained and Defended, in a Series of Sermons, Том 2
Авторы: Timothy Dwight
A strong additional proof of the truth, now under consideration, is furnished by the circumstances in which Christ was born, and lided. He was born, and educated, as has been observed before, in the humblest circumstances, and continued in them throughout his life. With plain and ignorant men only did he spend almost the whole of his days; men, whom he instructed, but from whom he could never receive instruction. At the same time, the learned men of his age and country had wandered, in their doctrines, far from truth and righteousness. Their opinions, grounded partly on a perverted revelation, and partly on a wretched and debasing collection of traditions, were, to a great extent, false, foolish, and stupid, beyond all easy conception. Their worship was a vain and miserable round of external rites. Their morals, also, were licentious, and polluted by all the dictates of lust, pride, and avarice; and their whole character was a gross and dreadful mixture of bigotry, hypocrisy, oppression, violence, and impurity.
In such an age, in such circumstances, among such men, and in the midst of such errors and sins, Christ was born and educated, lived and died. Let every honest, every sober, man now say, whence it arose, that he was an exception to the character of all his countrymen, and to that of mankind; that his wisdom transcended that of all other men, and that his life left that of every child of Adam out of comparison, and out of sight: a Sun of righteousness, at whose presence every star disappears from the firma
2dly. These Observations strongly evince the Inspiration of the Apostles.
This perfect character of Christ they have left on record. It is perfectly delineated; not by general description, or loose, unmeaning panegyric; but by filling up a plain, simple, natural history with characteristical actions and discourses; and tracing features, distinct in themselves, and yet harmonious; blending into one complete whole, totally distinguished from every other character, hitherto drawn by man: as unlike, nay much more unlike, any other person, ever seen or heard of, in this world, than that of Hamlet, Lear, Achilles, or Hector.
Attempts to form such a character, as should be acknowledged to be perfect, have been often made; but they have invariably failed of success. The efforts of the heathen philosophers, and poets, to paint their wise and perfect men, are well known to be miserably imperfect. The Æneas of Virgil is a picture of this kind; but, notwithstanding the genius of the writer, is so far from perfection, as not to be even amiable; but gross, vicious, and hateful. The Wise Man of Philosophy is little better: for he is impious, proud, impure, false, and unfeeling. Infidels have succeeded no better; and even Christians have been compelled to derive all, that is good and commendable, in the characters drawn VOL. II.
by them, from the very record left by the Apostles; the life, precepts, and doctrines, of Christ.
Whence, then, were these men able to perform a task, too hard for all the rest of their fellow-men? Plainly not from learning; for they had none: not from genius; for in this most of them were evidently excelled by many others: not from the examples, furnished to them in their own Scriptures. Abraham, the most perfect example of this nature, exhibited at length, is wonderfully inferior to the character of Christ; although wonderfully superior to the best men of heathen antiquity. All the saints of the Old Testament could not, were their excellencies united, supply the most ingenious mind with materials, out of which the life of Christ could be formed, even by such a mind. Nor could all the doctrines, contained in that invaluable book, enable such a mind to originate, hy its own powers, the instructions of Christ. The character is not only superior, but singular. The wisdom is not only greater, more various, and more satisfactory; but is wrought into forms, communicated in discourses, and started by incidents, all of which are too particular, too natural, and too appropriate, to admit, not the belief merely, but the possibility, of their having been compiled. The character is perfectly new and original; like nothing which preceded, and nothing which has succeeded, it. At the same time it is all of a piece; every part being suited exactly to every other part, and all the parts to the whole. As this character could not have been formed by the Apostles, without an actual example; it was equally impossible, that it should have been formed, at the time when they wrote, with the aid of such an example. The Gospel of St. Matthew was, according to the earliest computation, written, as I formerly observed, eight years after the death of Christ. How plainly impossible was it, that he should have remembered Christ's Sermon on the Mount; his Parabolical Sermon; or his discourses concerning the destruction of Jerusalem and the final judgment ! How evidently impossible is it, that he should have made them! Who could make them now? Compare them with the noblest efforts of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero. Who, now, what peasant, what beggar, what child of twelve years of age, would take their discourses as his creed; as the directory of his conscience; as the law of his life? But the discourses of Christ were the creed, the wisdom, the boast, the glory, of Bacon, Locke, Newton, Butler, Boyle, Berkley, Addison, and Johnson. Can it be imagined, that this Jewish publican possessed a mind sufficiently sublime and capacious, sufficiently discerning and pure, to command the admiration, belief, and obedience, of these great men? Can it be believed, that, with all the wisdom of the world before them, and their own superior understanding to direct their choice, they, and ten thousand other enlightened men, should bow, with a single heart and voice, to precepts and instructions, devised by the mere native abilities of this uneducated inhabitant of Judea ?
But if Matthew could not have devised, nor remembered, the life and discourses of Christ; what shall be said of John ? His Gospel was written about fifty years after the death of the Saviour; and contains more, and more wonderful, discourses of this glorious Person. All these, also, are exhibited, as springing out of appropriate occasions, minutely specified; and are exactly fitted to each occasion. The writer, it is to be remembered, was a fisherman on the lake of Gennesaret; and followed this business, some time after he arrived at manhood. A mere fisherman, therefore, wrote the Gospel of St. John. Suppose the experiment were now to be made. Suppose an American fisherman, who had read the Bible from his childhood, were to be employed to form a new Gospel, and to delineate anew, as particularly as John has done, the life and discourses of such a person as Christ; both of them to be drawn wholly from the stores of his own mind.
What must we, what must all men, be obliged to believe, would be the result of his efforts ? Undoubtedly, the same narrow-minded, gross, and contemptible compound, which we now and then behold in a pamphlet, written by an ignorant man; which scarcely any person reads through, unless for the sake of seeing what such a man can write: a production, devoid of understanding, wisdom, incident, character, entertainment, and thought: a trial of patience; a provocative of contempt and pity. Such, all analogy compels us to believe, must have been the Gospel of St. John, had it been devised by the mere force of his own mind.
That he could have remembered the incidents and discourses contained in it, after the lapse of fifty years, I need not attempt to disprove: since it was never believed, and will never be believed, by any man.
But the Gospel of John was written by a fisherman. The writer himself declares it; and the declaration is confirmed by the testimony of all antiquity. Read this book; consider the sublime and glorious wisdom which it contains, and the wonderful life which it records; and then tell me, whether the supposition, that it was revealed, or that it was written without Revelation, involves the greater miracle.
SERMON LIII.
THE PRIESTHOOD OF CHRIST.-HOLINESS OF HIS CHARACTER.
IMPORTANCE OF THIS ATTRIBUTE TO THE DISTINCTION OF HIS CHARACTER, &c.
HEBREWS vii. 26.-For such an high priest became us, who is holy, harmless, un
defiled, separate from sinners, and made higher than the heavens.
IN the two preceding discourses, I have considered the personal holiness of Christ in its three great divisions of piety, benevolence, and self-government. I shall now proceed to a discussion of the 2d. head of discourse, originally proposed concerning this subject, and endeavour to
Explain the importance of this attribute to Christ, as the High Priest of mankind.
I wish it to be distinctly remembered, that I am not inquiring why personal holiness, or inherent moral excellence, was necessary to Christ. Personal holiness is indispensable to every rational being, in order to his acceptance with God: being no other than the performance of his duty in whatever situation he is placed. My inquiries respect solely the necessity of Christ's manifesting to the world, his holiness of character in a life of perfect obedience; such as he actually exhibited. Christ might have become incarnate, and died immediately; and yet have been a perfectly holy being. I ask here why it was necessary for him, as the High Priest of men, to exhibit such a life, as he actually lived.
The pre-eminent holiness of Christ was, in this character, neces
sary to him.
1. To give him that distinction, which was indispensable.
We are so accustomed to regard Christ as an extraordinary Person, as hardly to ask for any reason, why this peculiarity of character was necessary to him ; or what influence it had, or was intended to have, on his priesthood. I shall not be able to do justice to this subject; yet I will suggest a few considerations, which have occurred to me, at the present time.
It will be readily believed by all persons, who admit the priesthood of Christ, that this office was the most important, ever assumed in the present world. He who has expiated the sins of mankind, and opened the way for their reconciliation to God, their restoration to holiness, and their introduction to heaven, has, undoubtedly, sustained the most important character, and performed the most important acts, which have been ever known to the human race. That a person, of whom these things can be truly said, must be rationally supposed to be separated from the rest of mankind by many marks, both of personal and official distinction, is an assertion, which needs no proof. All men are by the very nature of the case prepared to admit, beforehand, that he, who is destined to so extraordinary an office, must also possess an extraordinary character.
The Jews, led by the several predictions, given in their Scriptures concerning the Messiah, and perhaps in some degree, also, by the nature of the case, formed concerning him apprehensions, generally of this nature. They mistook, indeed, the things, by which his personal character was to be distinguished; but were perfectly correct in their belief, that his character was to be singular, as well as his office. His life, in their view, was to find its peculiar distinction in external splendour, conquest, and dominion over all nations ; who were to be subjugated by his arm.
He was to reign with a glory, utterly obscuring that of every preceding conqueror; and was to divide among them, his favourite people, the pomp, wealth, and power, of this lower world. To them, as the People of the Saints of the Most High, was, in a literal sense, to be given the kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of the kingdom under the whole heaven. To a people, conquered as they were, impatient of their yoke, panting for liberty and independence, proud of their pre-eminence as the chosen people of God, gross in their conceptions of divine truth, and confining, with an animal relish, all real good to the gratifications of sense; it can scarcely seem strange, that this should appear a rational interpretationwt the prophecies concerning the Redeemer; particularly of some, which are couched in terms highly figurative. From such a people, in such a state, we could hardly expect just apprehensions concerning those sublimer glories of the Messiah, which lay in excellence of mind, and excellence of life ; obtained the unmingled complacency of the Father; and called forth the admiration, love, and homage, of all the virtuous among mankind. Still, even the expectations of the Jews accord with the general truth, that he, who sustains such an office, must also possess a character suited 10 that office.
The necessity of this character to give distinction to Christ as the High Priest of mankind, appears in a striking manner from several considerations. Particularly, it was indispensable to the accomplishment of the end of his priesthood; and, therefore, of his whole Mediatorial office, that he should engage, to a great extent, the attention of mankind. On this, in a great measure, depended the importance and success of his public ministry, both among his cotemporaries, and among men of all succeeding ages. Had he not been an object of public curiosity, and inquiry, in his own time; his instructions, if uttered at all, must have been uttered to the rocks and the winds; and his character, unregarded in that age, would have been forgotten in the next. Or, if we suppose a


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Dare to be Great: Top 10 Zen Stories To Awaken your Inner Wisdom
by Kavetha Sundaramoorthy
Of all the pursuits open to men, the search for wisdom is more perfect, more sublime, more profitable, and more full of joy.""Thomas Aquinas (~ 1260)
Dear reader, I have a simple question for you:
If there was one trait that would give you instant inner peace, joyful relationships, success at work, adoration of your peers and respect from your superiors, would you try to acquire it?
What if it was so rare, that it shone like diamond from your soul and people were drawn to you like bees to a flower?
What if history had shown it to be the one thing that can win wars and save entire nations? The one thing that is guaranteed to give you lasting happiness?
If you are saying to yourself "Yeah, such a thing doesn't exist", you'd be wrong.
It exists and it's called WISDOM.
Sadly, in our modern, fast paced world, we have forgotten how to study it or acquire it. It sounds like a foreign word to us, something we don't understand or recognize.
But it doesn't have to be.
If you have wanted to gain wisdom, but are lost as to what it really is and how to go about becoming wise, then this post is for you.
So, what exactly is wisdom?
It is a combination of:
The quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment.
The soundness of an action or decision with regard to the application of such experience, knowledge, and good judgment.
Said simply, Wisdom is the judicious study and application of knowledge.
Notice here that you need both; study alone will not make you wise; but neither will doing the same things over and over again without taking time to learn.
A simple path to studying wisdom is through Zen stories or Koans, because they are short, usually in the form of a question which makes you think, and apply universal principles. Plus, it's way more fun to learn through stories right?
So, here are my top 10 Zen parables that help awaken wisdom.
1. A Cup of Tea:
Nan-in, a Japanese master during the Meiji era (1868-1912), received a university professor who had come to inquire about Zen. Nan-in served tea. He poured his visitor's cup full, and then kept on pouring. The professor watched the overflow until he no longer could restrain himself. "It is overfull. No more will go in!"
"Like this cup," Nan-in said, "you are full of your own opinions and speculations. How can I show you Zen unless you first empty your cup?"
Wisdom Pearls: Wisdom comes from learning new things and challenging your own assumptions. And just like the cup, a mind that overflows with thoughts is not open to fresh ideas.
One powerful way to "empty your cup" is to practice approaching things with a "beginner's mind."
For example, let's say you are looking at an apple. In a beginners mind, there are no preconceived notions, so you don't know that it's an apple. All you can tell is that it's a round, red and shiny object with some twig like thing sticking out of one end. Maybe you would smell it or taste it gingerly. Maybe you would try using it as a ball, or a wheel.
When your mind is open, all kinds of new possibilities emerge.
And this is true of physical things like apple, or emotional things, such as a conflict with a loved one. A beginner's mind is the first step to new ways of thinking.
2. Muddy road:
Tanzan and Ekido were once traveling together down a muddy road. A heavy rain was still falling.
Coming around a bend, they met a lovely girl in a silk kimono and sash, unable to cross the intersection.
"Come on, girl" said Tanzan at once. Lifting her in his arms, he carried her over the mud.
Ekido did not speak again until that night when they reached a lodging temple. Then he no longer could restrain himself. "We monks are not allowed to go near females," he told Tanzan, "especially not young and lovely ones. It is dangerous. Why did you do that?"
"I left the girl there," said Tanzan. "Are you still carrying her?
Wisdom Pearls: Live in the moment, taking events as they come. Experience them in that moment and then let go. Holding on to thoughts and memories causes misery.
Rules that are followed in spirit are more powerful than those followed in word.
We project our own weaknesses onto others. In this story, Ekido himself was struggling with passion and attachment, which he projected onto Tanzan, convincing himself that it was Tanzan who was at fault. Whenever I get angry at someone, I recall this story and look within myself to see why I'm so disturbed by that particular thing. Often, it has more to do with me than with the other person.
3. Not the wind, not the flag:
Two monks were standing in the Temple grounds, arguing about a flag that was flapping wildly in the strong winds that were blowing that day. One said, " The flag is moving. "
The other replied, "No, it is the wind that is moving."
Just then Hui Neng happened to pass by. He told them, "Not the wind, not the flag. Mind is moving."
Wisdom Pearls: Our entire world view and life experience is a creation of the mind. Which is why, when two people are faced with the exact same event, they may react very differently. What happens to us cannot be changed, but how we choose to interpret it is within our control.
Next time something happy or sad happens to you, remind yourself that it is your mind that has chosen to see it this way. And that you have the power to change that if you wish to.
4. Going with the flow:
A Taoist story tells of an old man who accidentally fell into the river rapids which led to a high and dangerous waterfall. Onlookers feared for his life. Miraculously, he came out alive and unharmed downstream at the bottom of the falls. People asked him how he managed to survive.
"I accommodated myself to the water, not the water to me. Without thinking, I allowed myself to be shaped by it. Plunging into the swirl, I came out with the swirl. This is how I survived."
Wisdom Pearls: In this story, the river is a metaphor for life. The best way to go through life is with minimal expectations, letting life shape your moments as they occur. Does this mean we should have no goals or plans? No. It just means that we should try not get too attached to the outcome of those plans, and instead learn to go with the flow.
For example, let's say you helped your son prepare for a science project and you are hoping that the hard work will pay off. Be happy with his understanding of the subject and for the time spent together. But don't get attached to him winning a prize. Such desires set you up for possible disappointment and misery, which will negate the wonder of the whole experience. Do your part, and then go with the flow of life.
5. Chasing two rabbits:
A martial arts student approached his teacher with a question. "I'd like to improve my knowledge of the martial arts. In addition to learning from you, I'd like to study with another teacher in order to learn another style. What do you think of this idea?"
"The hunter who chases two rabbits," answered the master, "catches neither one."
Wisdom Pearls: Imagine yourself chasing two rabbits down the yard for a moment. You run back and forth between both as they dart in and out of shrubs and plants, one disappearing every time you chase the other, until you are hot, tired, sweaty and frustrated, with no rabbit to show for your troubles.
Not much fun right?
This is what happens when we divide our attention between multiple things, such as texting while at the movies, or watching TV while working, etc.
When you divide your attention between two important tasks""you end up not being able to accomplish either one well!
As much as possible, give all your awareness to the task at hand, whether it's playing, eating, lazing, reading or being with a loved one. This rabbit is the only one that matters.
6. The stone cutter:
There was once a stone cutter who was dissatisfied with himself and with his position in life. One day he passed a wealthy merchant's house. Through the open gateway, he saw many fine possessions and important visitors. "How powerful that merchant must be!" thought the stone cutter. He became very envious and wished that he could be like the merchant. To his great surprise, he suddenly became the merchant, enjoying more luxuries and power than he had ever imagined.
Soon a high official passed by, carried in a sedan chair, accompanied by attendants and escorted by soldiers beating gongs. Everyone, no matter how wealthy, had to bow low before the procession. "How powerful that official is!" he thought. "I wish that I could be a high official!" Then he became the high official, carried everywhere in his embroidered sedan chair, feared and hated by the people all around.
It was a hot summer day, so the official felt very uncomfortable in the sticky sedan chair. He looked up at the sun. It shone proudly in the sky, unaffected by his presence. "How powerful the sun is!" he thought. "I wish that I could be the sun!" Then he became the sun, shining fiercely down on everyone, scorching the fields, cursed by the farmers and laborers.
But a huge black cloud moved between him and the earth, so that his light could no longer shine on everything below. "How powerful that storm cloud is!" he thought. "I wish that I could be a cloud!" Then he became the cloud, flooding the fields and villages, shouted at by everyone.
But soon he found that he was being pushed away by some great force, and realized that it was the wind. "How powerful it is!" he thought. "I wish that I could be the wind!" Then he became the wind, blowing tiles off the roofs of houses, uprooting trees, feared and hated by all below him.
But after a while, he ran up against something that would not move, no matter how forcefully he blew against it "" a huge, towering rock. "How powerful that rock is!" he thought. "I wish that I could be a rock!" Then he became the rock, more powerful than anything else on earth.
But as he stood there, he heard the sound of a hammer pounding a chisel into the hard surface, and felt himself being changed. "What could be more powerful than I, the rock?" he thought. He looked down and saw far below him the figure of a stone cutter.
Wisdom Pearls: Such a beautiful illustration of the "the grass is always greener on the other side" concept!
Whatever your life circumstances are, there is someone out there who desperately wishes he/she could have YOUR life.
Happiness is relative. Recognize your blessings and practice genuine gratitude every day. For both the big things like a safe home or food or health; and for the little things, like flowers, your morning cup of coffee or a joke shared with a colleague.
Every day, there are so many things to be grateful for. Don't wait until it's gone; enjoy and appreciate it while you have the chance.
7. If you love, love openly:
Twenty monks and one nun, who was named Eshun, were practicing meditation with a certain Zen master. Eshun was very pretty even though her head was shaved and her dress plain. Several monks secretly fell in love with her. One of them wrote her a love letter, insisting upon a private meeting.
Eshun did not reply. The following day the master gave a lecture to the group, and when it was over, Eshun arose. Addressing the one who had written to her, she said: "If you really love me so much, come and embrace me now."
Wisdom Pearls: True love is open, free and unconditional.
True love is also brave and will stand up for you even when nothing or no one else does. Let your love be free and brave too. And if you have such love in your life, in whatever shape or form, protect it and cherish it deeply.
8. Cliffhanger:
A man traveling across a field encountered a tiger. He fled, the tiger chasing after him. Coming to a precipice, he caught hold of the root of a wild vine and swung himself down over the edge. The tiger sniffed at him from above. Trembling, the man looked down to where, far below, another tiger was waiting to eat him. Only the vine sustained him.
Two mice, one white and one black, little by little started to gnaw away the vine. At that moment, the man saw a luscious strawberry near him. Grasping the vine with one hand, he plucked the strawberry with the other and bit into it. How sweet it tasted!
Wisdom Pearls: One of my all time favorite stories. The two tigers chasing the man represent life and death. The vine he holds on to is this material life, and the two mice represent the passage of time (the white one is day and black is night).
Notice that:
He can only reach for the strawberry by letting go of the vine with one hand. (i.e) to experience the full wisdom of this moment, you need to partly let go of your tight hold on this material life.
Even though he is caught between the two tigers and death is inevitable, he manages to focus on the moment and enjoy the juicy strawberry.
Life and death are inevitable. But the beauty lies in fully experiencing this moment. If you can do that, you will get to taste the lusciousness of it.
9. The Blind Men and the Elephant:
Several citizens ran into a hot argument about God and different religions, and each one could not agree to a common answer. So they came to the Lord Buddha to find out what exactly God looks like.
The Buddha asked his disciples to get a large magnificent elephant and four blind men. He then brought the four blind to the elephant and told them to find out what the elephant would "look" like.
The first blind men touched the elephant leg and reported that it "looked" like a pillar. The second blind man touched the elephant tummy and said that an elephant was a wall. The third blind man touched the elephant ear and said that it was a piece of cloth. The fourth blind man hold on to the tail and described the elephant as a piece of rope. And all of them ran into a hot argument about the "appearance" of an elephant.
The Buddha asked the citizens: "Each blind man had touched the elephant but each of them gives a different description of the animal. Which answer is right?"
Wisdom Pearls: We each feel our unique world view is right and those who disagree just have it all wrong.
But the universe, like the elephant in the story, is too vast for any one person to know everything. We all are privy to our small corner of the world, and what we see is limited by the lens with which we are raised to view life.
Perspective changes everything.
Wise people recognize their own limitations and genuinely try to understand another person's point of view, even when it is opposite to their own.
10. It will Pass:
A student went to his meditation teacher and said, "My meditation is horrible! I feel so distracted, or my legs ache, or I'm constantly falling asleep. It's just horrible!"
"It will pass," the teacher said matter-of-factly.
A week later, the student came back to his teacher. "My meditation is wonderful! I feel so aware, so peaceful, so alive! It's just wonderful!'
"It will pass," the teacher replied matter-of-factly.
Wisdom Pearls: Change is the only constant. Life will always have ups and downs "" happy and sad moments; night and day; rain and sun, illness and health, laughter and tears "" Nothing bad will last forever. Nothing good will last forever either. Understanding this will help you stay calm and stable in both good times and in bad.
It's not only the philosophers and Buddha's of the world that are wise, mortal being like you and me can learn and practice wisdom too.
And when we do, we can almost touch greatness.
Do you dare to be great?
brave change flow focus greatness happiness joy knowledge mind peace perspective possibility success wisdom zen
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Kavetha Sundaramoorthy
Kavetha is a psychiatrist, passionate about combining the best of neuroscience and eastern mindfulness to help you live an amazing life. Subscribe for a free E-book on 'How to beat depression using mindfulness', or connect on Facebook.