text:
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text:
Biden's pick for ambassador to Canada says U.S. waiting for Trudeau's updated China policy
Senate hearing reveals envoy's thinking on Canada-U.S. priorities.
David L. Cohen speaks onstage at the Joint Town Hall on Diversity in 2015 in New York City. | Larry Busacca/Getty Images for WICT
By Andy Blatchford
OTTAWA — Joe Biden's choice for the next ambassador to Ottawa says the U.S. is waiting for Justin Trudeau's long-promised update to Canada's China policy.
David Cohen's remarks Wednesday to a Senate hearing came amid fresh questions about the depth of the Trudeau government's engagement with the U.S. president on China-related issues.
"We are all waiting for Canada to release its framework for its overall China policy," Cohen told a meeting on his nomination before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. "As ambassador, if I'm confirmed, it's an appropriate role to be engaged in discussions and make sure that Canada's policies reflect its words in terms of the treatment of China."
Cohen added that it's key for the U.S. and Canada to improve their collaboration and coordination in taking on the "existential threat that is China."
During the hearing, the former telecom executive and Democratic fundraiser also offered a glimpse at his thinking on a number of other key U.S.-Canada issues. They included Ottawa's defense spending, bilateral coordination on international sanctions and damage to the relationship inflicted by the Trump administration.
State of play for the neighbors: Trudeau, who was reelected this week as prime minister, has faced renewed pressure in recent days as to whether Canada is on Biden's radar when it comes to geopolitical matters like standing up to China.
For example, the prime minister was forced to explain at a campaign stop last week why Canada was not part of AUKUS, the new defense alliance comprising the U.S., the U.K. and Australia. The group is widely seen as an effort to counter Beijing.
Amid accusations Canada had been snubbed by allies, Trudeau said AUKUS is about nuclear submarines and that Ottawa, unlike Canberra, had no immediate plans to acquire them. He stressed that Canada remained a strong member of the Five Eyes intelligence alliance, which includes AUKUS partners as well as New Zealand.
Biden raised Canadian eyebrows Wednesday when, before a meeting with Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison, he said: "The United States has no closer or more reliable ally than Australia — our nations have been together for a long time."
During Canada's election campaign, Conservative leader Erin O'Toole presented a more-hawkish tone towards China. He pledged to seek Canada's membership in AUKUS and another Indo-Pacific partnership — the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue.
Biden will convene the first meeting Friday of the "The Quad," which includes Australia, India, Japan and the U.S.
Canada's updated China policy: Diplomatic relations between Ottawa and Beijing rapidly deteriorated in December 2018 following the arrest of senior Huawei executive Meng Wanzhou on a U.S. extradition warrant. In the days that followed, Chinese authorities arrested two Canadians — Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig — in what has been widely condemned by Western democracies as retaliation.
In October 2020, Canada marked the 50th anniversary of its diplomatic ties with China with a statement that committed to reevaluate the relationship.
"The use of coercive diplomacy causes Canada to re-examine its approach, with a focus on multilateral cooperation," said then-Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister François-Philippe Champagne. "As we build a new framework for relations with China, Canada will work with partners to hold the Chinese government accountable to its international obligations."
Canada's updated China policy was expected by the end of 2020, but it has yet to be released.
Foreign Affairs Minister Marc Garneau and Global Affairs Canada did not immediately respond Thursday to questions about the status of the new China framework.
Marta Morgan, Canada's deputy minister of foreign affairs, told a parliamentary hearing in June that the country's approach to China was "evolving to address the threats to our national security and our core democratic values."
"We are continuing to challenge the actions of the Chinese government that are inimical to Canada's interests and values," Morgan told the committee on Canada-China relations when asked about the status of the new framework. "We're managing specific challenges such as the arbitrary detention of Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig."
During Wednesday's hearing, Cohen told senators that Canada prefers to work with others on the global stage.
"Canada almost seems to prefer working in multilateral ways in its foreign affairs, which sometimes may make it appear that they are less outspoken than you might otherwise think," Cohen said. "In the case of the two Michaels and arbitrary detention, they've been very outspoken and the United States has been very supportive."
Here are five other highlights from the Cohen's appearance:
'Damage' to the relationship: Committee member Sen. Ben Cardin (D-Md.) asked Cohen how he intended to repair any damage done to the U.S.-Canada friendship while Donald Trump was in office.
"I agree with the premise of your question, quite strongly, and I think that it plays to one of my strengths over the course of my career," Cohen replied. "I'm going to start with the simplest thing — I'm going to show up, I'm going to be there."
He said he would establish a line of communication with the Canadian government, including with incoming cabinet ministers following Monday's election.
"I'm also there to listen to Canadian concerns and to bring them back and make sure that I create a reality that the United States cares about Canada as a strong ally, cares about what they think and wants to be a true partner in trade and diplomacy, in defense, in energy and climate change," he said.
Defense cash: Cohen also took a question from Sen. Chris Coons (D-Del.) on how he would advance shared security goals through NATO and NORAD.
The nominee said the countries have a long history of working together on defense arrangements — but then added: "There's always room for improvement, let me put it that way."
For instance, Cohen said Canada has yet to appropriate the funds necessary to pay for the all the improvements to NORAD that the two sides have agreed to conceptually.
"Although the percentage of the Canadian defense budget is creeping upwards, it is only at about 1.5 percent [of its gross domestic product]," he said before arguing the figure is projected to drop to as low as 1 percent over the next decade.
Reshoring supply chains: Cohen was asked how he would work to mitigate supply-chain disruptions caused by the pandemic and whether he saw any value in diverting them out of China and closer to U.S. soil.
He said he would encourage these types of discussions.
"Obviously, anytime we can divert supply chains to our hemisphere, as opposed to China, is an economic benefit to the hemisphere and to the United States," he said. "To the extent that we can accomplish that, I think that is good policy for the United States and for Canada."
Sanctions: Sen. Chris Murphy (D-Conn.) questioned Cohen on how important U.S.-Canada coordination of international sanctions would be if he were to get the ambassador's post. Murphy noted how the countries recently worked together on sanctions in Belarus.
Cohen highlighted legislation allowing for the creation of a sanctions coordinator position in the U.S. State Department.
"It is my understanding that work is being done to identify a candidate to be nominated for that position," he said. "That is an important tool to improve the coordination of sanctions, which will improve the effectiveness of sanctions, and will be another example of Canada and the United States being able to work together to advance our mutual goals."
Biographical sketch: Cohen hosted a fundraiser for Biden on his first official day as a presidential candidate in April 2019 and was a campaign bundler for Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton. He's also raised money for Pennsylvania Republicans.
Cohen was a senior executive at Comcast, a major American cable, internet and phone service provider headquartered in Philadelphia. He also served as Ed Rendell's chief of staff when the Democrat served as the city's mayor in the 1990s.
Sen. Pat Toomey (R-Pa.), a Pennsylvania Republican, gave Cohen a glowing endorsement Wednesday before the committee.
He credited Cohen for playing a central role in pulling Philadelphia out of "really dire fiscal circumstances and placing it on a stable footing." Toomey also said Cohen helped make Comcast a "powerhouse."
"All the members of this committee understand full well how important Canada is as one of America's allies and neighbors — we rely on Canada as a major trade energy and security partner," he said. "President Biden made an outstanding choice in choosing David for this post. David Cohen's very strong business background, his deep understanding of government at all levels, and his passion for service prepare him well for this role."
Joe Biden,
Joe Biden 2020,
Ambassadors,


text:
Roger Brooke Taney was the fifth Chief Justice of the United States
Chief Justice of the United States
The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices; the other eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States...
, holding that office from 1836 until his death in 1864. He was the first Roman Catholic
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church, with over a billion members. Led by the Pope, it defines its mission as spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ, administering the sacraments and exercising charity...
to hold that office or sit on the Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all state and federal courts, and original jurisdiction over a small range of cases...
. He was also the eleventh United States Attorney General
United States Attorney General
The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government. The attorney general is considered to be the chief lawyer of the U.S. government...
. He is most remembered for delivering the majority opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Dred Scott v. Sandford, , also known as the Dred Scott Decision, was a ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court that people of African descent brought into the United States and held as slaves were not protected by the Constitution and could never be U.S...
(1857), that ruled, among other things, that African Americans, having been considered inferior at the time the Constitution
The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It is the framework for the organization of the United States government and for the relationship of the federal government with the states, citizens, and all people within the United States.The first three...
was drafted, were not part of the original community of citizens and could not be considered citizens of the United States.
Taney was a Jacksonian
Andrew Jackson was the seventh President of the United States . Based in frontier Tennessee, Jackson was a politician and army general who defeated the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend , and the British at the Battle of New Orleans...
Democratic Party (United States)
The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...
when he became Chief Justice. Described by his and President Andrew Jackson
's critics as "[a] supple, cringing tool of Jacksonian power," Taney was a believer in states' rights
States' rights
States' rights in U.S. politics refers to political powers reserved for the U.S. state governments rather than the federal government. It is often considered a loaded term because of its use in opposition to federally mandated racial desegregation...
but also the Union; a slaveholder who regretted the institution and manumitted
Manumission is the act of a slave owner freeing his or her slaves. In the United States before the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which abolished most slavery, this often happened upon the death of the owner, under conditions in his will.-Motivations:The...
his slaves. From Prince Frederick, Maryland, he had practiced law and politics simultaneously and succeeded in both. After abandoning Federalism as a losing cause, he rose to the top of the state's Jacksonian machine. As U.S. Attorney General
In most common law jurisdictions, the attorney general, or attorney-general, is the main legal advisor to the government, and in some jurisdictions he or she may also have executive responsibility for law enforcement or responsibility for public prosecutions.The term is used to refer to any person...
(1831–1833) and then Secretary of the Treasury (1833–1834), Taney became one of Andrew Jackson's closest advisers.
". . . He brought to the Chief Justiceship a high intelligence and legal acumen, kindness and humility, patriotism, and a determination to be a great Chief Justice that enabled him to mold the modest raw material of the Court into an effective and prestigious institution."
Taney died during the final months of the American Civil War
The American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ; the other 25...
on the same day that his home state of Maryland
Maryland is a U.S. state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east...
abolished slavery.
Early life and career
Taney was born March 17, 1777. He was the third child and the second son of seven (four sons and three daughters) born to a slaveholding family of tobacco
Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. It can be consumed, used as a pesticide and, in the form of nicotine tartrate, used in some medicines...
Planters is an American snack food company, a division of Kraft Foods, best known for its processed nuts and for the Mr. Peanut icon that symbolizes them. Mr. Peanut was created by grade schooler Antonio Gentile for a 1916 contest to design the company's brand icon...
in Calvert County, Maryland
Calvert County, Maryland
Calvert County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maryland. It occupies the Calvert Peninsula which is bordered on the east by the Chesapeake Bay and on the west by the Patuxent River. Calvert County is part of the Southern Maryland region. Calvert County's residents are among the highest...
. He received a rudimentary education from a series of private tutors. After instructing him for a year, his last tutor David English recommended that Taney was ready for college. At the age of 15 he entered Dickinson College
Dickinson College is a private, residential liberal arts college in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Originally established as a Grammar School in 1773, Dickinson was chartered September 9, 1783, five days after the signing of the Treaty of Paris, making it the first college to be founded in the newly...
, graduating with honors in 1795. As a younger son with no prospect of inheriting the family plantation, Taney chose the profession of law. He read law and in 1799 was admitted to the bar. He quickly distinguished himself as one of Maryland's most promising young lawyers.
In 1799, the same year he began practicing as an attorney, Taney was elected to the Maryland state legislature, where he served one term as a Federalist. Returning to private practice, he served as a director of the State Bank Branch in Frederick, Maryland from 1810 to 1815.
He was elected a state Senator
Maryland State Senate
The Maryland Senate, sometimes referred to as the Maryland State Senate, is the upper house of the General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Maryland...
in 1816, serving until 1821 - this time as a Democrat, since the Federalist party had dissolved. He was also a director of the Frederick County Bank from 1818 to 1823, when he returned to private practice. When the 1824 presidential election
United States presidential election, 1824
In the United States presidential election of 1824, John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825, after the election was decided by the House of Representatives. The previous years had seen a one-party government in the United States, as the Federalist Party had dissolved, leaving...
divided the Democratic Party between supporters and opponents of Andrew Jackson
, Taney became a staunch Jacksonian Democrat. He was elected Attorney General of Maryland
Attorney General of Maryland
The Attorney General of Maryland is the chief legal officer of the State of Maryland in the United States and is elected by the people every four years with no term limits...
in 1827, but resigned in 1831, first to serve as acting United States Secretary of War
United States Secretary of War
The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington's administration. A similar position, called either "Secretary at War" or "Secretary of War," was appointed to serve the Congress of the Confederation under the Articles of Confederation...
, and then to accept President Jackson's nomination as Attorney General of the United States.
Jackson Administration
Among Taney's opinions as attorney general, two revealed his stand on slavery: one supported South Carolina's law prohibiting free Blacks from entering the state, and one argued that Blacks could not be citizens. In 1833, as secretary of the Treasury, Taney ordered an end to the deposit of Federal money in the Second Bank of the United States
Second Bank of the United States
The Second Bank of the United States was chartered in 1816, five years after the First Bank of the United States lost its own charter. The Second Bank of the United States was initially headquartered in Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, the same as the First Bank, and had branches throughout the...
, an act which killed the institution.
Treasury nomination
Taney was the first nominee to the United States Executive Cabinet
United States Cabinet
The Cabinet of the United States is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States, which are generally the heads of the federal executive departments...
to be rejected by the United States Senate
The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the United States, and together with the United States House of Representatives comprises the United States Congress. The composition and powers of the Senate are established in Article One of the U.S. Constitution. Each...
when his recess appointment
Recess appointment
A recess appointment is the appointment, by the President of the United States, of a senior federal official while the U.S. Senate is in recess. The U.S. Constitution requires that the most senior federal officers must be confirmed by the Senate before assuming office, but while the Senate is in...
as Secretary of the Treasury failed in a vote of 28-18. Rather than return to the position of Attorney General, however, Taney returned to Maryland and resumed private practice.
In January 1835 Jackson, in defiance of the Senate's rejection of Taney as Treasury Secretary, nominated Taney as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court to replace the retiring Gabriel Duvall
Gabriel Duvall
Gabriel Duvall was an American politician and jurist.-Career:Born in Prince George's County, Maryland, Duvall read law to enter the Bar in 1778. He married Florence Adams Washburne , the daughter of General Henry Gilman Washburne and Florence Adams Washburne, on 1778...
. The Senate was scheduled to vote on Taney's confirmation on the closing day of the session that month, but the anti-Jackson Whigs who dominated the Senate blocked the vote and introduced a motion to abolish the open seat on the Court. The latter was unsuccessful, but the Whigs succeeded in preventing Taney's confirmation to the Court. (The seat was then left open for over a year until Philip Pendleton Barbour
Philip Pendleton Barbour
Philip Pendleton Barbour was a U.S. Congressman from Virginia and an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He was also the brother of Virginia governor and U.S. Secretary of War James Barbour as well as the first cousin of John S. Barbour and first cousin, once removed of John S...
was confirmed to it in 1836.)
Two factors intervened to help Taney onto the Court, however: after the 1834 elections, Jacksonian Democrats controlled the Senate and, during the 1835 recess, Chief Justice John Marshall
John Marshall was the Chief Justice of the United States whose court opinions helped lay the basis for American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches...
died following a stage coach accident. On December 28, 1835, Jackson sent the nomination of Taney as Chief Justice to the Senate, which had convened that month; after a long and bitter battle with considerable opposition from Whig leaders Henry Clay
Henry Clay
Henry Clay, Sr. , was a lawyer, politician and skilled orator who represented Kentucky separately in both the Senate and in the House of Representatives...
, Daniel Webster
Daniel Webster
Daniel Webster was a leading American statesman and senator from Massachusetts during the period leading up to the Civil War. He first rose to regional prominence through his defense of New England shipping interests...
, and Jackson's former Vice President
The Vice President of the United States is the holder of a public office created by the United States Constitution. The Vice President, together with the President of the United States, is indirectly elected by the people, through the Electoral College, to a four-year term...
John C. Calhoun
John Caldwell Calhoun was a leading politician and political theorist from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. Calhoun eloquently spoke out on every issue of his day, but often changed positions. Calhoun began his political career as a nationalist, modernizer, and proponent...
, Taney was confirmed on March 15, 1836 and received his commission the same day.
The Taney Court, 1836–1864
Unlike Marshall
, who had supported a broad role for the federal government in the area of economic regulation, Taney and the other justices appointed by Jackson more often favored the power of the states. In a series of Commerce Clause
The Commerce Clause is an enumerated power listed in the United States Constitution . The clause states that the United States Congress shall have power "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes." Courts and commentators have tended to...
cases exemplified by Mayor of the City of New York v. Miln (1837), wherein the challenged New York statute required masters of incoming ships to report information on all passengers they brought into the country, i.e. age, health, last legal residence, etc. The question before the Taney court was whether or not the state statute undercut Congress's authority to regulate commerce; or was it a police measure, as New York claimed, fully within the authority of the state. Taney and his colleagues sought to devise a more nuanced means of accommodating competing federal and state claims of regulatory power. The Court ruled in favor of New York.
The Taney Court also presided over the case of slaves who had taken over the Spanish schooner Amistad
La Amistad was a ship notable as the scene of a revolt by African captives being transported from Havana to Puerto Principe, Cuba. It was a 19th-century two-masted schooner built in Spain and owned by a Spaniard living in Cuba...
. Fellow Justice Joseph Story
Joseph Story
Joseph Story was an American lawyer and jurist who served on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1811 to 1845. He is most remembered today for his opinions in Martin v. Hunter's Lessee and The Amistad, along with his magisterial Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, first...
wrote the Court's decision and opinion. Taney sided with Story's opinion but left no written record of his own in regard to the Amistad case
Amistad (1841)
The Amistad, also known as United States v. Libellants and Claimants of the Schooner Amistad, 40 U.S. 518 , was a United States Supreme Court case resulting from the rebellion of slaves on board the Spanish schooner Amistad in 1839...
In Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 36 U.S. 420 , was a case regarding the Charles River Bridge and the Warren Bridge of Boston, Massachusetts, heard by the United States Supreme Court under the leadership of Chief Justice Roger B. Taney...
, the operators of the Charles River Bridge in Boston sued the operators of a new competing bridge, claiming that the state had granted them a monopoly to collect tolls. Taney argued that, although the Massachusetts legislature had granted the Charles River Bridge a charter to build a bridge, the object of the government was to promote general happiness, which took precedence over the rights of monopolies. Taney also held that the Massachusetts legislature never explicitly granted the Charles River Bridge a monopoly and that all monopolies must be explicitly granted to exist, following one of Marshall's precedents. In addition to this Taney declared that one session of a state legislature is not bound by previous decisions of the legislature.
In Prigg v. Pennsylvania
Prigg v. Pennsylvania
Prigg v. Pennsylvania, , was a United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that the Federal Fugitive Slave Act precluded a Pennsylvania state law that gave procedural protections to suspected escaped slaves, and overturned the conviction of Edward Prigg as a result.-Federal Law:In June...
(1842), the Taney Court agreed to hear a case regarding slavery, slaves, slave owners, and States' Rights. It held that the Constitutional prohibition against state laws that would emancipate any "person held to service or labor in [another] state" barred Pennsylvania from punishing a Maryland man who had seized a former slave and her child, and had taken them back to Maryland without seeking an order from the Pennsylvania courts permitting the abduction. In his opinion for the Court, Justice Joseph Story
held not only that states were barred from interfering with enforcement of federal fugitive slave laws, but that they also were barred from assisting in enforcing those laws.
Taney was instrumental in the case of John Merryman
John Merryman
John Merryman was the petitioner in one of the best known habeas corpus cases of the American Civil War, a militia officer during the Civil War, and a Maryland politician.-Early life:...
, a citizen of the state of Maryland who, in the early years of the American Civil War
, was accused of burning bridges and destroying telegraph poles. He was seized in his home at 2:00 am by military authorities and taken to Fort McHenry. His was the first arrest under President Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led his country through a great constitutional, military and moral crisis – the American Civil War – preserving the Union, while ending slavery, and...
's suspension of the Writ of Habeas Corpus.
Dred Scott decision
In 1857 the Court heard Dred Scott v. Sandford
; its decision is considered to have indirectly been a cause of the Civil War. Despite the willingness of five members of the Court to dismiss the lawsuit by Dred Scott, on grounds situated in Missouri law's governing who could sue and be sued, Taney wrote what became regarded as the opinion for the Court. His decision presented his version of the origins of the United States and the Constitution as the basis for his holding that Congress had no authority to restrict the spread of slavery into federal territories, and that such previous attempts to restrict slavery's spread as the 1820 Missouri Compromise
Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30'...
were unconstitutional.
One of the two dissenters, Justice Benjamin Curtis
Benjamin Robbins Curtis
Benjamin Robbins Curtis was an American attorney and United States Supreme Court Justice.Curtis was the first and only Whig justice of the Supreme Court. He was also the first Supreme Court justice to have a formal legal degree and is the only justice to have resigned from the court over a matter...
, was so upset by the decision that he resigned from the court.
The Dred Scott v. Sandford
decision was widely condemned at the time by opponents of slavery as an illegitimate use of judicial power. Abraham Lincoln
and the Republican Party
Republican Party (United States)
The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S...
accused the Taney Court of carrying out the orders of the "slave power
Slave power
The Slave Power was a term used in the Northern United States to characterize the political power of the slaveholding class of the South....
" and of conspiring with President James Buchanan
James Buchanan, Jr. was the 15th President of the United States . He is the only president from Pennsylvania, the only president who remained a lifelong bachelor and the last to be born in the 18th century....
to undo the Kansas-Nebraska Act
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opening new lands for settlement, and had the effect of repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by allowing settlers in those territories to determine through Popular Sovereignty if they would allow slavery within...
. Current scholarship supports that second charge, as it appears that Buchanan put significant political pressure behind the scenes on Justice Robert Grier
Robert Cooper Grier
Robert Cooper Grier , was an American jurist who served on the Supreme Court of the United States.-Early life, education, and career:...
to obtain at least one vote from a justice from outside the South to support the Court's sweeping decision.
Taney's intemperate language only added to the fury of those who opposed the decision. As he explained the Court's ruling, he noted that African Americans, free or slave, had not been considered part of the original community of people covered by the Constitution, but people of "an inferior order". Because they were originally excluded, he contended that neither the Court nor Congress could now extend rights of citizens to them.
The full text of Taney's statement from the Dred Scott ruling:
Author Tom Burnam, in Dictionary of Misinformation (1975), commented (pp. 257–58) that "it seems unfair to quote the remark above out of a context which includes the phrase 'that unfortunate race,' etc."
Taney's own attitudes toward slavery were more complex. He emancipated his own slaves and gave pensions to those who were too old to work. In 1819, he defended a Methodist minister who had been indicted for inciting slave insurrections by denouncing slavery in a camp meeting. In his opening argument in that case, Taney condemned slavery as "a blot on our national character."
Taney's attitudes toward slavery appeared to harden in support. By the time he wrote his opinion in Dred Scott, he labeled the opposition to slavery as "northern aggression," a popular phrase among Southerners. He hoped that a Supreme Court decision declaring federal restrictions on slavery in the territories unconstitutional would put the issue beyond the realm of political debate. His decision galvanized Northern opposition to slavery while splitting the Democratic Party on sectional lines.
Many abolitionists — and some supporters of slavery — believed that Taney was prepared to rule that the states had no power to bar slaveholders from bringing their property into free states, and that laws of free states providing for the emancipation of slaves brought into their territory were unconstitutional. A case, Lemmon v. New York
Lemmon v. New York
Lemmon v. New York , a decision by the Superior Court of the City of New York, granted freedom to slaves who were brought into New York by their Virginia slave owners, while in transit to Texas.-Background:...
, that presented that issue was slowly making its way to the Supreme Court in the years after the Dred Scott decision. The outbreak of the American Civil War
denied Taney the chance to rule on the issue, as the Commonwealth of Virginia
The Commonwealth of Virginia , is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there...
seceded and no longer recognized the Court's authority.
Lincoln Presidency
Taney personally administered the oath of office to Lincoln, his most prominent critic, on March 4, 1861. He continued to trouble Lincoln during the three years he remained Chief Justice after the beginning of the war. After Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus
is a writ, or legal action, through which a prisoner can be released from unlawful detention. The remedy can be sought by the prisoner or by another person coming to his aid. Habeas corpus originated in the English legal system, but it is now available in many nations...
in parts of Maryland, Taney ruled as Circuit Judge in Ex parte Merryman
Ex parte Merryman
Ex parte Merryman, 17 F. Cas. 144 , is a well-known U.S. federal court case which arose out of the American Civil War. It was a test of the authority of the President to suspend "the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus"...
(1861) that only Congress had the power to take this action. Some scholars argue that Lincoln made an aborted attempt to arrest Taney
Taney Arrest Warrant
The Taney Arrest Warrant is a conjectural controversy in Abraham Lincoln scholarship. The argument is that in late May or early June 1861 President Lincoln secretly ordered an arrest warrant for Roger B. Taney, the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, but abandoned the proposal...
in response to his habeas corpus decision, though the evidence is sparse. Lincoln ignored the court's order and continued to have arrests made without the privilege of the writ. Merryman was eventually released without charges. Some Radical Republicans in Congress considered initiating impeachment charges against Taney.
Taney, whose health had never been good, spent his final years in worsening health, near poverty, and despised by both North and South. Since the Merryman ruling, he was all but ignored by Lincoln and his cabinet. Taney lost his Maryland estates to the Civil War and suffered from his poverty:
"All my life I have felt the obligation to pay my debts . . . and my inability to do so at this time is mortifying." He explained that his rent had been raised from $4,000 to $8,000 but that he had been prevented from moving to cheaper quarters due to the failing health of his daughter Ellen, who lived with him. The miserable financial situation was maddening to him. . . . A few months later Taney wrote ". . . about peaceful, bygone days . . . walks in the fresh country air. But my walking days are over."
On October 13, 1864 the clerk of the Supreme Court announced that "the great and good Chief Justice is no more." He had died at the age of eighty-seven the previous evening, having served for more than twenty-eight years as the fifth Chief Justice of the United States.
President Lincoln made no public statement. Of his cabinet, Lincoln and three members —Secretary of State William H. Seward
William H. Seward
William Henry Seward, Sr. was the 12th Governor of New York, United States Senator and the United States Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson...
, Attorney General Edward Bates
Edward Bates
Edward Bates was a U.S. lawyer and statesman. He served as United States Attorney General under Abraham Lincoln from 1861 to 1864...
, and Postmaster General William Dennison— attended Taney's memorial service in Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....
Only Bates joined the cortège to Frederick, Maryland for Taney's funeral and burial. Taney, whose wife had pre-deceased him by nearly twenty years, was survived by two daughters: the sickly Ellen, and a second, widowed daughter with a small child; he left a small life insurance policy and a bundle of worthless Virginia bonds.
Taney was punished by abolitionists in the Senate after his death. In early 1865, the House of Representatives passed a bill to appropriate funds for a bust of Taney to be displayed in the Supreme Court. "Now an emancipated country should make a bust to the author of the Dred Scott decision?" exclaimed the indignant Senator Charles Sumner
Charles Sumner
Charles Sumner was an American politician and senator from Massachusetts. An academic lawyer and a powerful orator, Sumner was the leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the United States Senate during the American Civil War and Reconstruction,...
. "If a man has done evil in his life, he must not be complimented in marble." Sumner proposed that a vacant spot, not a bust of Taney, be left in the courtroom "to speak in warning to all who would betray liberty!"
Taney was buried at St. John the Evangelist Cemetery in Frederick, Maryland.
His home, Taney Place
Taney Place
Taney Place is a historic home located at Adelina, Calvert County, Maryland, United States. It is a simple, two-story, hip-roofed, Georgian-style country house, dating from about 1750...
, located at Adelina, Calvert County, Maryland
was listed on the National Register of Historic Places
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation...
Another Taney home is located in Frederick, MD where Taney lived and practiced law with partner Francis Scott Key
Francis Scott Key was an American lawyer, author, and amateur poet, from Georgetown, who wrote the lyrics to the United States' national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner".-Life:...
, the author of "The Star Spangled Banner". The [Roger Brooke Taney House] "including the house, detached kitchen, root cellar, smokehouse and slaves quarters, interprets the life of Taney and his wife Anne Key (sister of Francis Scott Key), as well as various aspects of life in early nineteenth century Frederick County
Frederick County, Maryland
Frederick County is a county located in the western part of the U.S. state of Maryland, bordering the southern border of Pennsylvania and the northeastern border of Virginia. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 233,385....
Taney remained a controversial figure. In 1865, Congress rejected the proposal to commission a bust of Taney to be displayed with those of the four Chief Justices who preceded him. As Senator Charles Sumner
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2010...
said:
I speak what cannot be denied when I declare that the opinion of the Chief Justice in the case of Dred Scott was more thoroughly abominable than anything of the kind in the history of courts. Judicial baseness reached its lowest point on that occasion. You have not forgotten that terrible decision where a most unrighteous judgment was sustained by a falsification of history. Of course, the Constitution of the United States and every principle of Liberty was falsified, but historical truth was falsified also. . . .
Sumner had long exhibited a bitter dislike of the late Chief Justice. Upon hearing the news of Taney's passing the previous year, he wrote President Abraham Lincoln
in celebration declaring that "Providence has given us a victory" in Taney's death.
Notwithstanding, after Taney's successor, Chief Justice Salmon Chase, died, in 1873 Congress approved funds for busts of both Taney and Chase to be displayed in the Capitol alongside the other chief justices.
Justice Benjamin Robbins Curtis
, author of one of the dissents on Dred Scott, held his former colleague in high esteem despite their differences in that case. Writing in his own memoirs, Curtis described Taney:
He was indeed a great magistrate, and a man of singular purity of life and character. That there should have been one mistake in a judicial career so long, so exalted, and so useful is only proof of the imperfection of our nature. The reputation of Chief Justice Taney can afford to have anything known that he ever did and still leave a great fund of honor and praise to illustrate his name. If he had never done anything else that was high, heroic, and important, his noble vindication of the writ of habeas corpus, and of the dignity and authority of his office, against a rash minister of state, who, in the pride of a fancied executive power, came near to the commission of a great crime, will command the admiration and gratitude of every lover of constitutional liberty, so long as our institutions shall endure.
Modern legal scholars have tended to concur with Justice Curtis that, despite the Dred Scott decision, Taney was both an outstanding jurist and a competent judicial administrator. His mixed legacy was noted by Justice Antonin Scalia
Antonin Gregory Scalia is an American jurist who serves as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. As the longest-serving justice on the Court, Scalia is the Senior Associate Justice...
in his dissenting opinion
Dissenting opinion
A dissenting opinion is an opinion in a legal case written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion of the court which gives rise to its judgment....
in Planned Parenthood v. Casey
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the constitutionality of several Pennsylvania state regulations regarding abortion were challenged...
There comes vividly to mind a portrait by Emanuel Leutze that hangs in the Harvard Law School: Roger Brooke Taney, painted in 1859, the 82d year of his life, the 24th of his Chief Justiceship, the second after his opinion in Dred Scott. He is all in black, sitting in a shadowed red armchair, left hand resting upon a pad of paper in his lap, right hand hanging limply, almost lifelessly, beside the inner arm of the chair. He sits facing the viewer, and staring straight out. There seems to be on his face, and in his deep set eyes, an expression of profound sadness and disillusionment. Perhaps he always looked that way, even when dwelling upon the happiest of thoughts. But those of us who know how the lustre of his great Chief Justiceship came to be eclipsed by Dred Scott cannot help believing that he had that case--its already apparent consequences for the Court, and its soon to be played out consequences for the Nation--burning on his mind.
Taney County, Missouri
Taney County is a county located in Southwest Missouri in the United States. As of the 2000 U.S. Census, the county's population was 39,703. In the 2010 census the counties population was 51,675 Its county seat is Forsyth....
, is named in his honor, though it is usually pronounced ˈteɪni, not ˈtɔːni.
A statue of Justice Taney is displayed on the grounds of the Maryland State House
The Maryland State House is located in Annapolis and is the oldest state capitol in continuous legislative use, dating to 1772. It houses the Maryland General Assembly and offices of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor. The capitol has the distinction of being topped by the largest wooden dome in...
A street in Baltimore City was named for him.
Chief Justice Taney was the first of the thirteen Catholic justices out of 112 total who have served on the Supreme Court.
The Treasury-class US Coast Guard Cutter Taney was named for him. The ship is now part of the Baltimore Maritime Museum
Baltimore Maritime Museum
Historic Ships in Baltimore, created as a result of the merger of the USS Constellation Museum and the Baltimore Maritime Museum, is a maritime museum located in the Inner Harbor of Baltimore, Maryland in the United States....
Liberty ships were cargo ships built in the United States during World War II. Though British in conception, they were adapted by the U.S. as they were cheap and quick to build, and came to symbolize U.S. wartime industrial output. Based on vessels ordered by Britain to replace ships torpedoed by...
Roger B. Taney also bore his name. After being commissioned on February 9, 1942, on July 2, 1943 she was torpedoed in the South Atlantic. Three crew members died. Many of the crew were involved in an epic 22 day 2,600 mile journey, including surviving a hurricane, and successfully landing in the Bahamas.
Roger B. Taney Middle School in Temple Hills, Maryland bore his name. When the population of the county changed to majority black, the school was renamed after Justice Thurgood Marshall.
Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States
The demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States encompass the gender, ethnic, religious, geographic, and economic backgrounds of the 112 justices appointed to the Supreme Court. Certain of these characteristics have been raised as an issue since the Court was established in 1789. For its...
Dual federalism
Dual federalism, a legal theory which has prevailed in the United States since 1787, is the belief that the United States consists of two separate and co-sovereign branches of government. This form of government works on the principle that the national and state governments are split into their own...
List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
List of United States Chief Justices by time in office
List of U.S. Supreme Court Justices by time in office
Origins of the American Civil War
The main explanation for the origins of the American Civil War is slavery, especially Southern anger at the attempts by Northern antislavery political forces to block the expansion of slavery into the western territories...
United States Supreme Court cases during the Taney Court
Biographical data from infoplease.
Biography from FindLaw.
Biographical sketch from ushistory.com
Biographical sketch from Encyclopædia Britannica 1911.
Fox, John, Capitalism and Conflict, Biographies of the Robes, Roger Taney. Public Broadcasting Service
Public Broadcasting Service
The Public Broadcasting Service is an American non-profit public broadcasting television network with 354 member TV stations in the United States which hold collective ownership. Its headquarters is in Arlington, Virginia....
Oyez.org Supreme Court media on Roger B. Taney.
Roger Brooke Taney Home/Museum in Frederick, MD.
Taney statue at the Maryland State House in Annapolis.
Taney bust at the Frederick, Maryland City Hall.
The Taney Court 1836-1864, History of the Court, Supreme Court Historical Society
Supreme Court Historical Society
The Supreme Court Historical Society is a private, non-profit organization dedicated to preserving and communicating the history of the U.S. Supreme Court.-History:...


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My Gym Children's Fitness Center - LIVE Review
My Gym Children's Fitness Center Presents My Gym LIVE!
Posted: Apr 22nd, 2020
My Gym Children's Fitness Center Presents My Gym LIVE!
Local franchise owners throughout the country are adapting to COVID-19 to keep kids moving and having fun online
Los Angeles, CA (April 15) – Like so many small businesses affected by the current COVID-19 crisis, My Gym franchise locations have been challenged in countless ways. During this time of social distancing and stay-at-home orders issued by the federal and state governments, finding creative ways to stay "open," keep staff employed, pay the bills and, most importantly, keep kids active has proven to be no small task. However, My Gym has found a way to continue serving the families they value so much, and it's called My Gym LIVE!
"Unfortunately, all of our franchise locations are temporarily closed," said Cory Bertisch, CEO of My Gym Children's Fitness Centers, "But we are NOT ready to stop helping kids stay active! Instead of in-gym classes, we have created My Gym LIVE to bring our amazing, interactive fitness and fun curriculum to living rooms or backyards. These are NOT prerecorded videos; this is LIVE interactive instruction from our fantastic My Gym teachers."
Just as so many restaurants and other small businesses have adapted their products and services to remain viable during this pandemic, My Gym has done the same. The company has been proactive in preparing for the future of their business and creating new avenues to maintain the health and well-being of children throughout the country. "This has not been easy, but, like everyone else going through this challenging time, we have no choice," said Bertisch. "We are going to do everything we can for two primary reasons: to support our franchisees so they can keep their businesses alive and their staffs employed, and to stay connected to our kids. If we can provide even a small bit of exercise, entertainment, and fun to keep the kids engaged and happy during this crisis, we're going to do that!"
My Gym LIVE, streamed to smart TVs, laptops, and phones via ZOOM, is available to anyone, anywhere throughout the country, whether they have a My Gym in their community or not. My Gym LIVE features online classes for kids ages six weeks to 10 years and also includes exclusive video on-demand (VOD) content for enrolled students. In addition, many locations are offering virtual birthday parties for children who are unable to have traditional celebrations with their families and friends.
For more information, to find a participating My Gym closest to you (even if it's hundreds of miles away), and to sign up for a FREE trial class, please visit mygym.com
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More Reviews of My Gym Children's Fitness Center - LIVE
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Apr 22nd, 2020
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CARES Act FAQ
COVID-19 /
Sub Menu COVID-19 About COVID-19 Clinical resources Creating healthier tomorrows A message from our CEO CARES Act FAQ Health coverage impacted by COVID-19? Latest updates Our heroes Media resources HCA Today blog
Creating healthier tomorrows
Health coverage impacted by COVID-19?
Why do health systems like HCA Healthcare need CARES Act funds?
There has been a lot of discussion lately around health systems receiving government support through the CARES Act. Many recent articles have not included a full portrayal of the significant challenges health care providers faced during the COVID-19 pandemic, and will likely continue to experience in the coming months. Many providers and health industry groups like the American Hospital Association and the Federation of American Hospitals conveyed these challenges to elected officials and policy makers, and we saw the government act quickly to provide critical support to health care providers across the country.
In short, the CARES Act has provided funding to help make up a portion of the lost revenue and additional expenses healthcare providers have experienced during the COVID-19 outbreak. This funding has played an essential role in allowing health care providers to continue to provide high quality care to patients and communities across the country.
How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect hospitals and their ability to care for communities?
The impact of this pandemic is unlike anything the health industry has experienced in generations. Health systems across the country were materially impacted, even if they actually saw only limited COVID-19 activity:
There were significant investments made in preparations for the COVID-19 outbreak. Most every system started preparing in January by developing new ICU and surge capacity, securing PPE through the supply chain, and ensuring ventilator capacity as well as other items essential to caring for COVID-19 patients.
With orders issued by various government agencies to cease elective activity, many services and areas of facilities were essentially shut down for some period of time. In addition to steep revenue drops associated with canceled scheduled services, hospitals had to maintain their plant operations and support other fixed costs during this time.
Emergency Room activity, which is the primary access point for many patients, was significantly disrupted and remains so today.
And, many systems continued to support their healthcare workers during this time through pay extensions or other avenues.
What has been the impact of the pandemic on HCA Healthcare?
HCA Healthcare began preparing months before we saw our first COVID-19 patient. The impact of the pandemic began in early March in our facilities and is continuing today. We saw the peak of the pandemic in the middle of April when inpatient admissions dropped by 30%, inpatient surgical cases dropped close to 50%, and outpatient surgical procedures in our hospitals dropped by 70%, while ASD surgical cases dropped by roughly 90%. We saw similar drops in our emergency rooms where hospital-based ER visits were down more than 50% and our FSER volume was all but eliminated. The ER volume remains depressed today.
Why did HCA Healthcare receive such a large portion of the CARES Act funds?
The CARES Act funding for HCA Healthcare has been significant, but it only represents a portion of our lost revenue and incremental expenses that we have experienced thus far. It is important to note that HCA Healthcare's 180 U.S. hospitals provide about 5 percent of all inpatient hospital services in the country, yet we have received less than 2 percent of the CARES Act funds distributed. To date, HCA Healthcare has received approximately $1.4 billion in grants from the provider relief fund. The CARES Act also expands the existing Medicare accelerated payment program. We have received $4.4 billion in accelerated payments for services we will provide to Medicare patients. These amounts will be repaid as we care for Medicare patients and is money our hospitals would receive normally, just expedited due to the health crisis. While we are beginning to see some volume recover as communities across the country open back up, the impact of this pandemic continues, and what the future impact will be is still unknown.
How has HCA Healthcare used the CARES Act funds it has received?
We needed to make important and difficult decisions as we navigated through this unprecedented event and we did so with the two guiding principles Sam Hazen often mentions: protect our employees and protect our ability to serve our communities in the future. These difficult decisions included implementing a number of expense management measures, including: reducing our planned capital expenditures; suspending our share re-purchase program; suspending our dividend; and implementing pay cuts for our management teams ranging from 10 to 30%, including all corporate employees, executive leadership and division and facility leadership. Additionally, once the pandemic escalated with the future of its trajectory being unknown, we made the most difficult decision to forgo annual wage increases for our colleagues.
Each decision was made with a determination and focus to have no HCA Healthcare employee lose their job during this pandemic. I am thankful to say that, to date, we have not laid off or furloughed any colleagues, in contrast to many other healthcare organizations and hospital systems. Other decisions were made to support our colleagues including, implementing a pandemic pay program to continue paying our employees 70 percent of their base pay when work hours were unavailable because of volume declines. We also continued to pay employees who were required to be quarantined. To date more than 147,000 colleagues have participated in these programs at a cost of over $175 million. We provided hotels for colleagues who had concern about returning to their homes and families after caring for COVID-19 patients. We expanded our employee health resources, including health screeners and contact tracers, as well as expanding our emotional and mental health support through a 24/7 resource line designed specifically to support our 98,000 nurse colleagues.
The CARES Act money helped us do all the above while also reacting to the economic strains the pandemic placed on the organization. The funds that have been distributed have been vital for HCA Healthcare to fulfill our commitments to our patients, employees and communities. It is predicted that the effects of this pandemic will likely continue for some time. The ultimate impact is unknown. As healthcare leaders we must continue to plan for uncertainty, which may bring the need for more difficult decisions as we build financial resilience during this uncertain time.


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Q: AngularJS ng-model not bound to Kendo UI dropdown when datasource data not in range I'm developing a complex application using angularjs vs Kendo UI.

Here is the simple view:

DropDown

        <select kendo-drop-down-list="" options="options" ng-model="selectedProduct"></select>

Here is simple js:

Now you can see that $scope.selectedProduct = 51; and pageSize: 50 and that means that the dropdown is never get initialized with a predefined value. Feel free to update $scope.selectedProduct with the value 1 to 50 and see the dropdown actually initialized. This is the simplest code to highlight the problem. In real world this is pretty much the same scenario so I'd like to figure out how to make this binding work in an elegant way.
Here is a dojo: http://dojo.telerik.com/OpeqO

A: You can watch the selectedProduct and if the new value is null you can change the default.
$scope.$watch('selectedProduct',function(newVal,oldVal,$scope){
    if(newVal==null){
        $scope.selectedProduct = 1;
    }
});

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Children's healthcare nurses should receive education in discussing intimate partner violence with new mothers
Nursing issues
Kathleen Baird
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Meadowbrook, Queensland, Australia
Correspondence to Dr Kathleen Baird, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Meadowbrook QLD 4212, Australia; k.baird{at}griffith.edu.au
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/eb-2018-102944
Commentary on: Anderzen-Carlsson, A. Gillå, C. Lind, M, et al. Child healthcare nurses' experiences of asking new mother about intimate partner violence. J Clin Nurs 2018;27:2752–62.
Timely identification of women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) can lead to early intervention and support to reduce the adverse impact of exposure on maternal and infant health.
For healthcare professionals to feel confident and prepared for routine enquiry for IPV, they must have access to robust training, including referral pathways that are specific to the community they serve.
Further research is required to assess the long-term outcomes of routine enquiry for domestic violence and abuse.
IPV is any behaviour within an intimate relationship that causes physical, psychological or sexual harm. Globally, one in three women experience physical and/or sexual violence from a partner.1 We now also know about the harmful short-term and long-term effects to …
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent Not required.
Provenance and peer review Commissioned; internally peer reviewed.
© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2018. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.
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Syntax for parsing tuples into C arrays
Invitation to connect on LinkedIn
An unexpected visit_decref...
Yingjie Lan
15 May 2009 15 May '09
Parsing tuples into C arrays is quite painful with current C API. Below is is an example when you don't know the tuple size before hand:
.... //ref: http://docs.python.org/c-api/arg.html PyObject* pyObj; if(!PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"O",&pyObj) || !pyTuple_Check(pyObj)) return NULL;
tupleSize = PyTuple_Size(pyObj); array = (double) malloc(sizeof(double)tupleSize); for(i=0; i < tupleSize; i++ ) { tupleItem = PyTuple_GetItem(pyObj, i); if( PyFloat_Check(tupleItem) ) { array[i] = PyFloat_AsDouble(tupleItem); }else{ printf("Error: tuple contains a non-float value"); exit(1); } } ....
I'd like to propose a syntax to facilitate that kind of tasks. There is already syntax for parsing strings:
{ const char * s; int i; PyArg_ParseTyple(args, "s#", &s, &i); }
Consider the string as a sequence of char's. Then note that in python, a tuple of int's, is also a sequence of int's. This perspective provides a natural way to extend the the use of "#" symbol. First, to denote a tuple as a sequence of a given type of objects, let's use "(<type>:)". For example, to denote a tuple as a sequence of integers: "(i:)". The ":" is chosen to denote possible repetition of the whole pattern inside the parentheses. As for why choose ":", here is a bad story, but a good example:
Once upone a time there was a temple on a hill, and there lived an old and a young monk. One day the old monk told the the young a story: Once upone a time there was a temple on a hill, and there lived an old and a young monk. One day the old monk told the the young a story: ...
OK, enough...but you got the idea :)
Now consider 3 different scenarios of parsing tuples into arrays.
(1) Unkown size. Here are some examples:
{ //parsing a tuple and its size int i, *t; PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "(i:)#", &t, &i); }
{ //parsing a matrix int i,j,**t; PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "((i:):)##", &t, &i, &j); for(a=0; a<i; a++){ for(b=0; b<j; b++) printf("%d, ", t[a][b]); printf("\n"); }
Here is an informal explanation of "((i:):)##": the '#' can be seen as a peeling operator, which peels away the outer most ':'-parentheses pair "(.:)" that denote a "free sequence" (i.e. sequence of unknown size) with some pattern ".".
For types like 's' or its similar types, pretend as if there is an invisible pair of parentheses around it. For example, "(s:)##" matches a tuple of strings of some fixed length. Here the first '#' peels away the parentheses, leaving only "s#", which is equivalent to "(<char>:)#" in concept, where "<char>" denote the character type. As the second '#' is outside the tuple, it is shared by all strings inside, so they must have the same length.
If there is nothing to peel for a '#', it is considered a dangling '#', an error.
Now consider some more interesting examples: { int i, t, v; PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "(ii:)#", &t, &v, &i); //args=(1,2,3,4,5,6) //t={1,3,5} //v={2,4,6} //i=3 }
In that example, a pattern is provided inside the sequence "(ii:)", which can repeat itself multiple times. The repeated times is extracted by the '#' symbol. Below is another example:
{ int i,j, *t, **v; PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "(i(i:):)##", &t, &v, &i, &j); //args=(1,(3,),5,(7,)) //t={1,5} //v={{3},{7}} //i=2, j=1 }
And another one:
{ int i,j, t, v; PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "((i:)(i:):)##", &t, &v, &i, &j); //args=((1,),(3,),(5,),(7,)) //t={{1},{5}} //v={{3},{7}} //i=2, j=1 }
Note the second '#' is applied to both the free sequences inside the outer tuple. This indicates that all the inside tuples must be of the same length. What if they have their own common lengths? We provide a separate matching '#' for each inside tuple:
{ int i,j,k, t, v; PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "((i:)(i:):)#(##)", &t, &v, &i, &j,&k); //args=((1,),(3,4),(5,),(7,8)) //t={{1},{5}} //v={{3,4},{7,8}} //i=2, j=1, k=2 }
The syntax can also deal with more complicated situations, such as an irregular 2-dimensional array, where each row has a different row length:
{ int i, *j, **t; PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "((i:)#:)#", &t, &j, &i); for(a=0; a<i; a++){ for(b=0; b<j[i]; b++) printf("%d, ", t[a][b]); printf("\n"); } //args=((1,2), (1,2,3)) //t={{1,2},{1,2,3}} //i=2, j={2,3} }
Here is a mixed example: three dimensional array 't' has fixed length on the third dimention 'k', but has variable length on the second dimension 'j':
{ int i, j, k, **t; PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "(((i:):)#:)##", &t, &j, &i, &k); //args=(((1,2),(1,2)),((1,2),)) //t={{{1,2},{1,2}},{{1,2}}} //i=2, k=2 //j={2,1} }
This syntax can be used for parsing a tuple of strings:
{ int i, *j; const char ** s; PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "(s#:)#", &s, &j, &i); //args=("ab", "cde") //s={"ab", "cde"} //j={2, 3} //i=2 }
(2) If you know the size of a tuple before hand, use this syntax: "(<type>integer)", meaning there are exactly 'integer' number of <type> objects in the tuple.
{ int *t; // PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "(i5)", &t); //args = (1,2,3,4,5) //t = {1,2,3,4,5} }
A complicated case: { int **t; PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "((i5)2)", &t); //args=((1,2,3,4,5),(5,6,7,8,9)) //t={{1,2,3,4,5},{5,6,7,8,9}} }
Another complicated case:
{ int t, v, i; PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "(i3i2:)#", &t,&v,&i); //args=(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10) //t={{1,2,3},{6,7,8}} //v={{4,5},{9,10}} //i=2 }
One more thing: the difference between "(ii)" and "(i2)" is that the former yields two single integers, while the latter gives an array of length two.
(3) Concatenating arrays while parsing. Sometimes you would like to have a matrix parsed into a single array. Let's use a "(+" to start a tuple, such that the arrays parsed from the elements in that tuple should be concatenated into a single array.
{ int i,j, *t; PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "(+(i))##", &t, &i, &j); //args=((1,2,3),(4,5,6)) //t={1,2,3,4,5,6} //i=2, j=3 }
Another example: { int i, *t; PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "(+(i2))#", &t, &i); }
Still another example, with strings: { int i, j; const char t; //string PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "(+(+s#2))#", &t, &j, &i); //args=(("ab","c"),("d","efg")) //t="abcdefg" //i=2 ////notice the size arrays are contatenated similarly //j={2,1,1,3}
const char ** sa; PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "(+(s2))", &sa); //sa = {"ab","c","d","efg"}
PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "((+s2))", &sa); //sa = { "abc", "defg" } }
And finally, an example with multi-item pattern:
{ int t, v, i; PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "(+i1i2:)#", &t, &v, &i); //args=(1,2,3,4,5,6) //t={1,4} //v={2,3,5,6} //i=2 }
Epilogue:
This syntax can be applied to lists: just use "[.:]" instead of "(.:)". It can also be used for building tuples or lists out of arrays.
That's it. Comments?
-Yingjie
capi-sig@python.org


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Hezbollah Brings Iran Fuel To Lebanon Despite US Sanctions
Hezbollah delivered over 13,000 gallons of Iranian diesel fuel into Lebanon amidst a severe energy crisis. Iran shipped the fuel via tanker to Syria. It was then loaded onto trucks at the Syrian port of Baniyas and shipped overland to Lebanon. The two-step process was intended to evade enforcement of U.S. sanctions on Iranian energy exports and avoid government-controlled Lebanese ports. Hezbollah claimed that more shipments are on the way and will arrive within weeks.
Iran's Nuclear Chief Admits Removal Of Damaged IAEA Cameras
Mohammad Eslami, chief of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI), admitted that the AEOI had removed damaged IAEA monitoring equipment at a centrifuge manufacturing site. The site near Karaj had been damaged in an explosion in June, and the IAEA reported in September that one camera was destroyed and the other severely damaged. Eslami claimed that the cameras were unnecessary because other parties to the JCPOA were not complying with the deal.
Israel Can Tolerate New Iran Nuclear Deal, Defense Minister Benny Gantz Says
Israel's Defense Minister Benny Gantz said last week that Israel would tolerate a U.S.-negotiated nuclear deal with Iran. Previously, Israel had firmly opposed returning to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) or a similar framework. However, Gantz also urged the United States to ready a "demonstration of power" if Tehran refuses to make concessions.
-- Foreign Policy
Germany Arrests Man For Allegedly Assisting Iran′s Nuclear Program
German authorities arrested a man on suspicions of using his company to procure items for Iran's nuclear program. The suspect, identified as Alexander J., allegedly purchased several spectrometers and sent them to an EU-sanctioned Iranian individual with known connections to Iran's nuclear enrichment activities. Spectrometers can be used to analyze radioactive material.
Iran to allow new memory cards in UN's nuclear site cameras
Iran agreed to install new memory cards in International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) monitoring cameras at its nuclear facilities as a result of negotiations in Tehran between IAEA Director General Rafael Grossi and Atomic Energy Organization of Iran chief Mohammad Eslami. However, Iran will continue to withhold the cameras' recordings from the IAEA, as it has since February. Grossi said that the agreement would ensure "continuity of knowledge" that the IAEA would access if a return to the JCPOA nuclear deal is reached. Eslami said that Iran would take part in the IAEA's upcoming board meeting and continue talks with the Agency there.
U.S. Navy Launches Drone Task Force
The U.S. Navy's 5th Fleet launched a task force incorporating airborne and aquatic drones to counter Iranian attacks on vessels in its area of operations. The drones will monitor maritime activity in the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, areas where vessels have been boarded by Iranian forces or have taken damage from mines and other explosions linked to Iran and its proxies.
IAEA Says Iran Increasing Stockpile of Highly-Enriched Uranium
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) reported on September 7 that, since May, Iran has increased its stockpile of 60% highly-enriched uranium (HEU) from 2.4 kilograms to 10 kilograms and its stockpile of 20% HEU from 62.8 kilograms to 84.3 kilograms. The Agency also said that Iran continues to block IAEA inspectors from accessing and servicing monitoring equipment at Iranian nuclear sites, and that some of the monitoring equipment has been destroyed or damaged. As a result, the Agency's ability to monitor Iran's activities is declining. Finally, the Agency reported that outstanding issues related to nuclear material stored at four undeclared sites remain unresolved two years after they were raised by the IAEA.
Germany, France Urge Iran To Return To Nuclear Talks After Tehran Signals Delay
After Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian hinted at a possible two- or three-month delay before the country would resume nuclear negotiations in Vienna, the German and French Foreign Ministries released statements urging Tehran to restart dialogue sooner. Talks to return Iran and the United States to compliance with the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) stalled following the election in June of Iran's new president, Ebrahim Raisi, and have yet to resume as Raisi forms his cabinet. On a call with Amir-Abdollahian, French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian stressed the urgency of the negotiations, while a German Foreign Ministry spokesperson stated that the window to negotiate "won't be open indefinitely."
Iran Appoints Ex-Roads Minister as Head of Nuclear Agency
Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi selected Mohammad Eslami, a former Minister of Roads and Urban Development, as the new director of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI). Eslami replaces Ali Akbar Salehi, an Iranian nuclear scientist. The United Nations sanctioned Eslami in 2008 over his role in illicit acquisitions for Iran's nuclear or missile program. At the time, he headed the Defense Industries Training and Research Institute, a subunit of the Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics. In recent years, Eslami served as Deputy Defense Minister for Research and Industry and held other roles in Iran's military industries. He has no reported experience in nuclear energy.
Iran Lifts Production Capacity of Uranium Close to Weapons Grade
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) confirmed on August 15 that Iran had introduced a second cascade of centrifuges capable of enriching uranium to 60 percent purity at the Natanz nuclear facility. The expansion doubles the Natanz facility's capacity to enrich uranium to 60 percent. Iran had previously shut down the second cascade in April, at the start of now-paused negotiations to return Iran and the United States to compliance with the JCPOA. Iran claimed to have stockpiled 8.9 kilograms of uranium enriched to 60 percent in July, up from 2.4 kilograms the previous month.
-- Bloomberg


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McGraw-Hill Appoints Jonathan Mariner to Board of Directors
By Communications Team
NEW YORK – February 1, 2016 – McGraw-Hill, a learning science company, today announced the appointment of Jonathan Mariner, chief investment officer of Major League Baseball (MLB), to its board of directors. As of March 1, 2016, Mariner will also serve as chairman of the audit committee.
"Jonathan's financial acumen and operational expertise will be very valuable to us as he helps drive our business strategy and leads the audit committee," said David Levin, president and chief executive officer of McGraw-Hill. "Jonathan shares McGraw-Hill's values and sense of purpose, and I look forward to working with him as we continue to improve student outcomes through the science of learning."
"Jonathan brings extensive leadership experience and a record of achievement in the private and public sectors," said Larry Berg, a senior partner at Apollo Global Management and chairman of the board of McGraw-Hill. "Jonathan will work closely with me, David Levin, and the company's other board members to provide counsel on numerous strategic, financial and operational matters that will help position McGraw-Hill for continued success."
As chief investment officer of MLB, Mariner is responsible for managing the baseball industry's endowment fund, its pension assets and potential new strategic investments. Prior to his current role, Mariner served as MLB's chief financial officer for 12 years, during which he upgraded MLB's financial function, created a league-wide risk management program and implemented a new club financial reporting and long-range forecasting process.
Before joining MLB, Mariner served as executive vice president and chief financial officer of the Florida Marlins where he was responsible for directing all of the club's day-to-day financial and administrative operations. Prior to that, he served as executive vice president and chief operating officer of Charter Schools USA, one of the nation's leading charter school development and management companies. Mariner earned a bachelor's degree in accounting from the University of Virginia and received a M.B.A. from Harvard Business School.
"I believe there is an incredible opportunity to harness technology to enhance learning and empower greater success for students and educators around the world," said Mariner. "McGraw-Hill is focused on unlocking the full potential of each learner and I look forward to working with the other members of the board to help the company realize this vision."
The latest board appointment comes as McGraw-Hill continues its transformation as a leader in applying the science of learning to help improve outcomes for students, educators and professionals. In the last few years, McGraw-Hill has invested significantly in digital learning solutions to strengthen its offerings and improve teaching and learning. The company has opened R&D centers in Seattle and in Boston's innovation district and has complemented its internal development with select acquisitions, including ALEKS, LearnSmart and Engrade, all of which reflect the continued building of its capabilities in adaptive and personalized learning.
About McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill is a learning science company that delivers personalized learning experiences that help students, parents, educators and professionals drive results. McGraw-Hill has offices across North America, India, China, Europe, the Middle East and South America, and makes its learning solutions available in nearly 60 languages. Visit us at mheducation.com or find us on Facebook or Twitter.
Nina Chang
nina.chang@mheducation.com


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