text:
Czym jest życie? Fizyczne aspekty żywej komórki. Umysł i materia. Szkice autobiograficzne – książka popularnonaukowa Erwina Schrödingera, współtwórcy mechaniki kwantowej (zob. równanie Schrödingera), która była inspiracją dla wielu naukowców – przyszłych twórców biologii molekularnej i teorii dziedziczenia. Książka, napisana "z tęsknoty za spójną wiedzą o świecie", zawiera:
 esej Czym jest życie? z analizą stanu wiedzy na ten temat w połowie XX wieku, zgromadzonej w różnych dziedzinach nauki
 rozprawę Umysł i materia na temat świadomości (umysł w świetle fizyki i biologii)
 wspomnienia autora o jego życiu i pracy

Informacje bibliograficzne
Erwin Schrödinger, laureat Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki w roku 1933, wygłosił w lutym 1943 roku serię wykładów w Trinity College w Dublinie. Ich tekst ukazał się nakładem Cambridge University Press w roku 1944 () jako esej pod tytułem What is life? (Czym jest życie?), zadedykowany: Pamięci moich rodziców. W roku 1967 praca została wydana ponownie – wraz z drugą rozprawą Schrödingera – jako: What is life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell with Mind and Mater, a do wydania z roku 1992 dołączono Autobiographical Sketches oraz Przedmowę, którą w sierpniu 1991 roku napisał Roger Penrose (wydawnictwo jw.).

Książka ukazała się w języku polskim w serii wydawniczej Klasycy Nauki w roku 1998 nakładem wydawnictwa Prószyński i S-ka, Warszawa (), w przekładzie Stefana Amsterdamskiego (zamieszczono rysunki Krzysztofa Białkowskiego, wykonane na podstawie wydania angielskiego).

Treść książki

Spis rzeczy

 Czym jest życie? Fizyczne aspekty żywej komórki
 Przedmowa
 Wstęp
 Ujęcie zagadnienia na gruncie fizyki klasycznej
 Mechanizm dziedziczenia
 Mutacje
 Świadectwa mechaniki kwantowej
 Omówienie i sprawdzenie modelu Delbrücka
 Porządek, bezład i entropia
 Czy podstawą życia są prawa fizyki?
 Epilog: O determinizmie i wolnej woli
 Umysł i materia
 Fizyczne podstawy świadomości
 Przyszłość poznania
 Zasada obiektywizacji
 Paradoks arytmetyczny: jedyność umysłu
 Nauka a religia
 Tajemnica jakości doznań zmysłowych
 Szkice autobiograficzne

Czym jest życie?
 Przedmowa • Wstęp • Ujęcie zagadnienia na gruncie fizyki klasycznej • Mechanizm dziedziczenia • Mutacje
We wstępie do pierwszego wydania What is life? Erwin Schrödinger napisał m.in.:
 … dopiero teraz zaczynamy zdobywać niezbędne dane, pozwalające połączyć wszystko, co wiemy, w jedną całość. Jednocześnie jednak niemożliwością stało się niemal, by umysł jednostki ogarnął więcej niż niewielki jej, wyspecjalizowany fragment. […] …niektórzy z nas próbować będą syntezy faktów i teorii na podstawie wiedzy z drugiej ręki, nawet gdyby związane z tym było ryzyko ośmieszenia się (Dublin 1944).
Schrödinger podjął to ryzyko w czasie wykładu, wygłoszonego w Trinity College w Dublinie dla grona 400 biologów i fizyków, a następnie pisząc tekst adresowany do czytelników spoza środowiska naukowego (językiem zrozumiałym bez przygotowania np. w zakresie fizyki, chemii fizycznej, biochemii, biologii). Mimo tak dużych uproszczeń książka spotkała się z wielkim zainteresowaniem również wśród naukowców.

Tekst rozpoczyna fragment wprowadzający biologów w obszar pojęć, stosowanych przez fizyków i fizykochemików, zwłaszcza w dziedzinie mechaniki statystycznej. Zdaniem Schrödingera ten statystyczny punkt widzenia pozwala wyjaśnić procesy przebiegające w świecie nieożywionym, jednak nie jest właściwy dla organizmów żywych. Ilustrując rolę statystyki, autor przedstawia przykład paramagnetyzmu – namagnesowanie ciała makroskopowego jako udział dipoli ułożonych zgodnie z kierunkiem linii pola w różnych temperaturach. Drugim z przykładów jest dyfuzja i ruchy Browna, np. ukierunkowane przemieszczanie się czoła strefy mgły, mimo chaotycznych ruchów wszystkich kropelek. Wspominając m.in. prawo Curie oraz prace P. Langevina i F. Donnana, wyjaśnia zależność ścisłości, z jaką spełniane są prawa fizyki, od wielkości układu – liczby obserwowanych cząstek. Dowodzi, że zachowania układów wieloatomowych mogą być stosunkowo poprawnie przewidywane tylko wówczas, gdy zawierają bardzo dużą liczbę atomów (reguła √n, zob. reguła pierwiastka kwadratowego). W organizmach żywych ta liczba wydaje się zbyt mała (wstępne oszacowania, dotyczące wielkości i niezmienności genu, wykonali m.in. C.D. Darlington i John B.S. Haldane, na podstawie badań chromosomów muszki owocowej).

W kolejnych fragmentach tekstu Schrödinger definiuje podstawowe pojęcia z dziedziny genetyki – w latach 40. XX w. jeszcze mało znane, zwłaszcza w środowisku fizyków – m.in. mitoza, mejoza, haploid i diploid, dziedziczenie recesywne i dominujące, crossing-over, fenotyp, mutacja.

Najwięcej uwagi autor poświęcił problemowi mutacji. Stwierdził, m.in. że teoria Darwina zachowuje aktualność, gdy słowem "mutacje", zastąpi się określenie "drobne, przypadkowe zmiany", przypomniał spostrzeżenia Mendla z roku 1866 (na długo zapomniane), odkrycie jego publikacji w roku 1900 przez H. de Vriesa, C. Corrensa i Tschermaka oraz badania N.W. Timofiejewa, M. Delbrücka i , dotyczące mutacji zachodzących pod wpływem promieniowania rentgenowskiego.

 Świadectwa mechaniki kwantowej • Omówienie i sprawdzenie modelu Delbrücka • Porządek, bezład i entropia • Czy podstawą życia są prawa fizyki?

Mała liczba atomów, z których zbudowany jest gen, odbierała ówczesnemu "naiwnemu fizykowi"
, próbującemu wyjaśnić trwałość informacji genetycznej, argumenty z dziedziny probabilistyki. Musiał on przyznać, że za trwałość są odpowiedzialne wiązania chemiczne, czyli że odpowiedź należy do chemików. Rozwój mechaniki kwantowej, utworzonej m.in. przez Planca (1900), Schrödingera, Heisenberga, pozwolił wykazać, że rola probabilistyki jest podstawowa również w tej skali. Dystans między stanowiskami "naiwnych fizyków" i "naiwnych chemików" zmniejszył się dzięki rozwojowi badań fizykochemicznych, np. wyjaśniania charakteru wiązań kowalencyjnych. Pionierami w tym zakresie byli Walter Heitler i Fritz London, którzy w roku 1927 opisali wiązanie między atomami wodoru w dwuatomowej cząsteczce (zob. The chemists' electron).

Konsekwencją uznania zasady kwantowania energii, która obowiązuje w mikroświecie, było przyjęcie założenia, że cząsteczki (wśród nich te, które przenoszą informację genetyczną) charakteryzuje zbiór "dyskretnych poziomów energii". Polanyi i Wigner (zob. funkcja Wignera, "przyjaciel Wignera") wykazali, że "czas oczekiwania" na przeskok na poziom wyższy (wyrażający prawdopodobieństwo tego przeskoku) zależy od wartości stosunku W/kT, gdzie W jest różnicą energii między poziomami, a kT – miarą energii ruchu cieplnego. Zależność czasu oczekiwania (t) od W/kT jest bardzo silna – ma charakter funkcji wykładniczej. Czynnik przedwykładniczy () ma wartość rzędu 10−13 – 10−14 s (rząd okresu drgań, zachodzących w układzie):

Max Delbrück zwrócił uwagę na wynikający stąd ważny wniosek, dotyczący m.in. trwałości informacji genetycznej. Gdy W/kT = 30, 50 i 60, czas oczekiwania wynosi odpowiednio ok. 1/10 sekundy, 16 miesięcy i 30 000 lat. Schrödinger sugerował, że w przypadkach dużych cząsteczek niosących informację genetyczną "przeskok kwantowy" mógłby polegać np. na zachodzącej sporadycznie reakcji izomeryzacji (rodzaj mutacji spontanicznej), przy czym między oboma izomerami powinna istnieć bariera potencjału (duża energia aktywacji reakcji biegnących w obu kierunkach).

W dwóch kolejnych podrozdziałach, zatytułowanych Porządek, bezład i entropia i Czy prawa fizyki są podstawą życia, Erwin Schrödinger przedstawia własne wnioski, wynikające z analizy stanu badań życia przez fizyków, chemików i biologów. Mottem pierwszego z tych podrozdziałów jest myśl Spinozy:

Schrödinger przyznaje, że potwierdzenie modelu Delbrücka nie oznacza wyjaśnienia mechanizmu dziedziczenia cech, a tylko możliwość długotrwałego przechowywania wielu informacji genetycznych w dużej cząsteczce związku organicznego, której struktura ulega zmianom tylko sporadycznie (najczęściej nieodwracalnie). Wyraża przekonanie, że tego mechanizmu nie wyjaśnią fizycy, lecz biochemicy, wspólnie z fizjologami i genetykami. Zadaniem fizyków pozostaje wyjaśnienie problemów termodynamicznych, m.in. interpretacja procesów życiowych w świetle drugiej zasady termodynamiki (cytat: tylko dlatego zdecydowałem się napisać tę książeczkę). Rozwijając opis II zasady termodynamiki, autor definiuje pojęcie entropii i stanu równowagi termodynamicznej, który – zgodnie z koncepcjami Boltzmanna i Gibbsa (statystyczna interpretacja entropii) – jest stanem o najmniejszym uporządkowaniu. Wprowadza też pojęcie "ujemnej entropii" (organizmy "sycą się ujemną entropią", pobieraną z bardziej "uporządkowanego" otoczenia, zob. negentropia). To pojęcie wzbudziło kontrowersje, które skłoniły Schrödingera do dołączenia uwagi. Wyjaśnił w niej, że pojęcie wprowadził jako bardziej zrozumiałe od określeń specjalistycznych (uważał, że operowanie terminem energia swobodna mogłoby prowadzić do nieporozumień – entropia nie jest rodzajem energii).

W podrozdziale pt. Czy podstawą życia są prawa fizyki? Erwin Schrödinger zamieścił uwagi o niektórych filozoficznych konsekwencjach mechaniki kwantowej, odnoszonej do problemu istnienia życia. Stwierdził, że probabilistyczny charakter wielu praw fizyki wyklucza ich zastosowanie do udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie o istotę życia, jednak równocześnie napisał:

Przytoczył przykład uporządkowanego ruchu planet. Szerzej opisał mechanizm zegara, który: "ze statystyką nie ma też nic wspólnego". Wspomniał opinię Plancka, że prawa statystyczne mogą mieć deterministyczne podłoże.

 Epilog; O determinizmie i wolnej woli
Epilog zawiera subiektywną opinię autora na temat samoświadomości człowieka i innych złożonych organizmów. Schrödinger pisze, że ludziom sprawia trudność zaakceptowanie myśli, że struktura i funkcjonowanie ich organizmów podlega prawom deterministycznym lub statystyczno-deterministycznym. Wszyscy chcą zachować przekonanie o istnieniu wolnej woli (zob. dylemat determinizmu). Autor podejmuje problem definicji pojęcia "Ja" i skłania czytelnika do zastanowienia się nad możliwością pogodzenia wiedzy naukowej o prawach natury, w znacznym stopniu determinujących funkcjonowanie naszego ciała, z własną wiedzą (doświadczalną), że sami kierujemy jego ruchami – kontrolujemy ruch atomów. Przytacza myśl mistyków Deus factus sum (stałem się Bogiem) i koncepcję istnienia zintegrowanej świadomości (myśl obca ideologii Zachodu). Podobne koncepcje znalazły odbicie np. w staroindyjskich Upaniszadach, pochodzących z VIII–III w. p.n.e., w których Atman i Brahman – jaźń indywidualna i jaźń wszechogarniająca (wieczna) – są tożsame (koncepcja była propagowana przez Schopenhauera). Schrödinger stawia pytania: czy nasze przekonanie o wielości dusz nie jest naiwne? Może świadomość jest jedna, a wrażenie "mnogości dusz" jest tylko złudzeniem? Przyznaje, że jest skłonny odpowiedzieć twierdząco, czego jednak nie uważa za rezygnację z samoświadomości. Swoją odpowiedź na pytanie o istotę "Ja", wyraża słowami:
 Jeśli je dokładniej zbadamy, stwierdzimy, jak sądzę, że składa się na nie niewiele więcej niż pojedyncze dane (doświadczenia i wspomnienia), a mianowicie jakaś osnowa, na której się one odkładają. (…) Możemy wyjechać do dalekiego kraju, zerwać ze wszystkimi przyjaciółmi, zapomnieć o nich, znaleźć nowych i dzielić z nimi życie, jak z byłymi. (…) A jednak nie nastąpiło żadne zerwanie, "tamten" nie umarł. (…) Poprzednia egzystencja nie została unicestwiona do tego stopnia, by trzeba ją było opłakiwać. I nie nastąpi to nigdy.

Umysł i materia
Rozprawa Umysł i materia – poświęcona miejscu świadomości w świecie fizycznym oraz biologicznym uwarunkowaniom działania umysłu – powstała jako zapis wykładów Erwina Schrödingera, wygłoszonych w Trinity College w Cambridge w październiku 1956 roku. Schrödinger zadedykował ją: Mojemu sławnemu i ukochanemu przyjacielowi, Hansonowi Hoffowi, z głębokim uznaniem.

 Fizyczne podstawy świadomości
Autor wyjaśnia we wstępie, że nie zamierza rozstrzygać uniwersalnych problemów, poruszanych np. przez filozofów jońskich (holozoizm) lub Spinozę, który twierdził, że każda rzecz i byt jest "myślą Boga" – nieskończonej substancji. Przypomina, że później podobne koncepcje propagował "genialny Gustav Theodor Fechner" (twórca psychofizyki), który przypisywał duszę roślinom, Ziemi, Układowi Słonecznemu itp.

Schrödinger przyjął umownie, że świat istnieje obiektywnie i samoistnie, jako konstrukcja naszych wrażeń, percepcji i wspomnień ("nie mnie (…) orzekać komu bliżej do prawdy – Fechnerowi, czy współczesnym bankrutom racjonalizmu?"). Decydując się na unikanie niesprawdzalnych spekulacji, rozpatrywał problem świadomości zdefiniowanej w oparciu o wiedzę o układzie nerwowym, jednak zwracał uwagę, że jest to problem uproszczony – pomija np. rolę zdarzeń, które doprowadziły do powstania pierwszych komórek nerwowych i układu nerwowego organizmów zwierząt (zob. ewolucja układu nerwowego).

Omawianie problemu świadomości zwierząt Schrödinger rozpoczął od przypomnienia czytelnikom, że tylko niektóre rodzaje aktywności układu nerwowego są uświadomione. Część z nich mogła nie być świadoma nigdy (jest efektem filogenezy, zob. odruch bezwarunkowy), inne – pojawiające się w sytuacjach często powtarzanych (zob. warunkowanie) – "wypadły z pola świadomości" (na stałe lub przejściowo) – właściwe reakcje organizmu następują wtedy bez udziału świadomości lub z ograniczonym jej udziałem (zob. Richard Semon, engram, odruch warunkowy). Takie zdarzenia następują w toku ontogenezy, już od okresu płodowego, gdy kształtujące się narządy zmysłów zaczynają odbierać bodźce z otoczenia. Schrödinger sformułował ogólną hipotezę:

W kolejnej części tekstu podjął próbę uzasadnienia tezy, że takie rozumienie świadomości może być podstawą naukowego wyjaśnienia etyki. Przypomniał, że każdy kodeks etyczny jest zbiorem zasad, skłaniających do samoprzezwyciężania się (naturalne "chcę" przeciwstawiane nakazom "nie będziesz", "bądź bezinteresowny"), do stawiania dobra innego człowieka lub dobra wspólnego ponad dobrem własnym. Pisząc o "ewolucji altruizmu" (zob. np. altruizm krewniaczy, owady społeczne), miał świadomość, że jego hipotezy są kontrowersyjne – mogą być uznane za "wstydliwą odmianę lamarkizmu" (zob. też epigenetyka). Swoje hipotezy starał się wesprzeć autorytetem Juliana Huxleya, twórcy koncepcji "syntetycznej teorii ewolucji"

 Przyszłość poznania
W podrozdziale Schrödinger przytacza przykłady, wskazujące na to, że nabyte cechy rodziców (niedziedziczne), mogą ulegać kumulacji drogą "doboru organicznego" (określenie Huxleya), co toruje drogę "prawdziwym mutacjom". Organizm dysponujący nową cechą może zmieniać (świadomie lub nieświadomie) swoje zachowania lub swoje środowisko w sposób uwydatniający przydatność tej cechy, co sprzyja jej selektywnemu doskonaleniu ("pozorny lamarkizm"). W części Przyszłość poznania autor ostrzega też przed zagrożeniami dla dalszej ewolucji człowieka. Wynikają one m.in. z hamowania wzrostu liczebności populacji (m.in. z powodu ograniczonych zasobów) lub sprawności instytucji społecznych i prawnych, chroniących "źle przystosowanych" (przeciwdziałających ich naturalnej eliminacji). Zagrożeniem dla ewolucji intelektu staje się "ogłupiający charakter większości procesów wytwórczych" (inteligencja, sprawne oko i zręczne ręce rzemieślnika przestają być potrzebne) i zastąpienie konkurencji między myślącymi ludźmi przez konkurencję między wielkimi firmami i koncernami (biologicznie bezwartościową).

 Zasada obiektywizacji
Tę część Schrödinger rozpoczyna od wyjaśnienia, że za jedyną bezwzględnie obowiązującą zasadę nauki uważa kierowanie się prawdą i uczciwością. Pozostałe zasady, często przywoływane, wciąż wymagają przemyślenia. Są to przede wszystkim:
 zasada poznawalności przyrody, wprowadzona przez szkołę milezyjską
 zasada obiektywizacji – hipoteza istnienia rzeczywistego świata, w którym można wyróżnić przedmioty poznania i podmiot/podmioty poznające ("teoria postrzegania" Demokryta z Abdery)
Pierwszą z nich podważa np. zasada nieoznaczoności Heisenberga. Przeciwko drugiej protestują m.in. psycholodzy i psychiatrzy. Carl Gustav Jung (1875–1961, zob. nieświadomość zbiorowa, nieświadomość indywidualna) pisał m.in.: "Zalew zewnętrznych przedmiotów poznania spowodował wycofanie się podmiotu poznającego, często aż do jego pozornego unicestwienia". Schrödinger przypomina też opinię wyrażaną na temat podmiotu i przedmiotu przez Kanta ("starszego pana z Królewca", reprezentującego agnostycyzm poznawczy), który dowodził, że nie jesteśmy w stanie dotrzeć do "rzeczy samej w sobie" (wszystkie nasze obserwacje mają zabarwienie subiektywne). Pisze z podziwem o rozważaniach neurofizjologa Charlesa Sherringtona i książce Arthura Eddingtona The Nature of the Physical World (1928), z której pochodzi cytat:

Fizyk Schrödinger wyraża zrozumienie dla myśli Junga, Kanta, Sherringtona. Równocześnie pisze o niepokojącej możliwości zburzenia gmachu stosunkowo spójnej wiedzy o świecie, zbudowanego przez pokolenia filozofów przyrody i współczesnych fizyków, często – "ze względów praktycznych" – akceptujących brak wyraźnej granicy między przedmiotem i podmiotem, podczas gdy:

 Paradoks arytmetyczny; Jedyność umysłu
Kontynuując powyższe rozważania, Schrödinger nazywa paradoksem arytmetycznym istnienie jednego świata, mimo że istnieje wiele umysłów, w których ukształtowało się to pojęcie (wiele ego, które nie odzwierciedlają "świata samego w sobie"). Wyraża opinię, że jest to paradoks pozorny. Odrzuca koncepcję Leibniza dotyczącą monad. Ze zrozumieniem przyjmuje drugie z proponowanych rozwiązań problemu – uznanie wschodniej doktryny unifikacji umysłów (zob. Czym jest życie? Epilog: O determinizmie i wolnej woli).

Dalszą część tekstu autor nazwał "próbą utorowania drogi przyszłej asymilacji przez nasz światopogląd naukowy – bez rezygnacji z jego trzeźwości i logicznej precyzji" – doktryny tożsamości wszystkich umysłów z umysłem najwyższym. Rozważania oparł w dużym stopniu na publikacjach Sherringtona, m.in. na wynikach jego doświadczeń dotyczących wrażeń wzrokowych, odbieranych odrębnie przez lewe i prawe oko. Mimo że przekazują one sygnały nerwowe do dwóch niezależnych sub-mózgów (zob. np. widzenie stereoskopowe), wrażenie odbierane przez człowieka jest jedno. Tego rodzaju obserwacje skłoniły Sherringtona do rozważań na temat organizmu jako "rzeczypospolitej żywych komórek" i do sformułowania takich pytań, jak:

 Nauka a religia;
Podejmując temat związku wiary z religią, Schrödinger postawił ograniczyć się do problemu stosunkowo "banalnego", do próby odpowiedzi na pytanie: w jakim stopniu nauka może ułatwić takie rozważania? Już na wstępie zwrócił uwagę, że współcześnie żaden Kościół nie żąda dosłownego rozumienia dogmatów. Częściowo przyczyniła się do tego nauka (np. wnętrze Ziemi przestało być wskazywane jako miejsce Piekła). Starając się "uspokoić umysły" ludzi, których niepokoją pytania o istotę bytu i przemijania, zwraca uwagę na fundamentalne znaczenie pojęcia "czas", analizowanego przez filozofów od starożytności.

Szczególnie duże znaczenie przypisuje Platonowi (korzystającemu z myśli Parmenidesa), który – prawdopodobnie jako pierwszy – rozważał istnienie pozaczasowe i twierdził, że nasze doświadczenia są tylko "cieniami tamtego świata [idei]" (zob. jaskinia platońska), którego tajemnice z zachwytem odkrywamy (np. wieczna prawdziwość wzajemnych zależności w świecie figur geometrycznych).

Schrödinger był sceptyczny wobec koncepcji czasu, sformułowanej przez Kanta – uznania pojęć "wcześniej" i "później" za narzucone przez umysł obserwatora (obraz świata w umyśle nie jest obiektywny), jednak nazwał "imponującym wyzwoleniem się z zakorzenionych przesądów" myśl o istnieniu innych porządków niż czasoprzestrzenny. Napisał: "Wyzwolenie to toruje drogę wierze religijnej, nie narażając jej na nieustanne popadanie w sprzeczność ze znanymi, jasnymi wynikami doświadczania świata…".

Krótki opis rozumienia czasoprzestrzeni zgodnego z ogólną teorią względności Schrödinger zakończył stwierdzeniem, że czas – "nieustępliwy tyran" – został "zdetronizowany", czyli:

Poza wspominaną teorią względności Schrödinger opisuje nie mniej przełomowe odkrycia J.W. Gibbsa i L. Boltzmanna w dziedzinie termodynamiki, w tym termodynamiki chemicznej i termodynamiki statystycznej. Nowe spojrzenie na termodynamikę pozwoliło wprowadzić kluczowe pojęcie strzałki czasu, w tym termodynamicznej strzałki czasu (zob. historia pojęcia).

 Tajemnica jakości doznań zmysłowych
W ostatnim rozdziale rozprawy Umysł i materia Schrödinger wraca do wspomnianego wcześniej stwierdzenia, że obraz świata, obserwowanego za pomocą zmysłów, nie jest obrazem obiektywnym (obrazem świata "samego w sobie"). Było to wiadome już Demokrytowi (zob. problem percepcji, teoria postrzegania), który napisał następujący dialog między zmysłami i intelektem:
  Intelekt powiada: "Pozornie istnieją barwy, słodycz, gorycz, a naprawdę tylko atomy i próżnia".
 Na co zmysły: "Biedny intelekcie, czy masz nadzieję pokonać nas, skoro wszystkie twoje świadectwa od nas właśnie pochodzą? Twoje zwycięstwo byłoby twoją porażką".
W tekście poprzedzającym powyższy dialog Schrödinger przytacza liczne przykłady, co oznacza, że nie wszyscy słuchacze jego wykładów w latach 50. XX w. mieli świadomość różnicy między bodźcem wywołującym wrażenie zmysłowe a jakością tego wrażenia (zob. też synestezja). Powstawanie np. wrażenia barwy żółtej nie oznacza, że jest to kolor promieniowania elektromagnetycznego o długości fali odpowiadającej np. linii D sodu (albo mieszaniny promieniowania o różnych długościach fali, tak samo pobudzającej czopki siatkówki oka). Zapis wyników spektroskopowej analizy wiązki promieniowania nie może być zapisem barw, a tylko fizycznych właściwości wiązki promieniowania (doskonałe spektrometry mogą rejestrować cechy widma, lecz nie widzą barw). Wrażenia barw istnieją wyłącznie w mózgu. Analogicznie cukier nie jest "słodki sam w sobie". Słodki smak jest tylko wrażeniem, które rejestruje umysł, tworząc własny, subiektywny obraz świata, m.in. za pomocą zmysłu smaku.

Szkice autobiograficzne
Nikt nie wywarł na mnie takiego wpływu, jak Fritz Hasenöhrl, być może z wyjątkiem mego ojca, Rudolfa, który przez wszystkie lata, kiedy mieszkaliśmy razem, wyciągał mnie na rozmowy o interesujących go sprawach.Erwin Schrödinger,Szkice autobiograficzne
Szkice rozpoczynają wspomnienia przyjaciela z lat młodości, Fränzela, z którym Erwin m.in. prowadził wielogodzinne dyskusje filozoficzne i wspólnie czytał książkę Richarda Simona (później podobno był flirciarzem, co miało mu zastąpić brak prawdziwej przyjaźni).

Inne zanotowane wspomnienia dotyczą pięciu okresów życia.
 1887–1920 – okres wiedeński
 Miał dzieciństwo szczęśliwe, spędzone w codziennym bliskim kontakcie z ojcem – pasjonatem botaniki, filogenetyki, malarstwa, właścicielem pięknej biblioteki. Dzięki ojcu wcześnie czytał O powstawaniu gatunków. Pisał: "niewiele skorzystałbym ze szkoły, gdyby nie ojciec". Trwałe wspomnienia pozostawiły letnie wycieczki z rodzicami, w tym podróże po Europie, m.in. do rodziny matki w Anglii (płynnie mówił po angielsku, mając 5 lat.
 Od roku 1906 (rok tragicznej śmierci Boltzmanna) studiował na Uniwersytecie Wiedeńskim. Następca Boltzmanna, Fritz Hasenöhrl, przekazał Schrödingerowi fascynację jego przełomowymi koncepcjami. Z okresu 4 lat studiów wspominał m.in. Hansa Thirringa (przyjaciela, który poległ w roku 1916), wykłady F. Hasenöhrla (fizyka, 5 godzin tygodniowo), G. Kohna (m.in. geometria rzutowa, teoria grup Feliksa Kleina) lub Jerusalema o filozofii Spinozy (wykłady z chemii nie były tak dobre). Obowiązkową służbę wojskową odbył "w starym, pięknym Krakowie" (1910/1911). Po jej zakończeniu został asystentem F. Exnera i przyjacielem K.W.F. Kohlrauscha. Wykonywał interesujące doświadczenia optyczne (m.in. interferometria).
 Gdy w roku 1914 wybuchła I wojna światowa (zob. przyczyna), Schrödinger został powołany do wojska, ale służył w spokojnych punktach obserwacyjnych, m.in. w Predilsattel. Miał dużo czasu na lektury – w roku 1916 zetknął się z teorią Einsteina (z tego okresu pochodzą notatki na marginesach, które później uznał za rozsądne).
 W Wiedniu panował głód. Ojciec Erwina w roku 1917 musiał zamknąć swój sklep z ceratą i linoleum. W roku 1919 wyraźnie zaczął tracić siły (rozwijała się miażdżyca tętnic). Syn nie był w pełni świadomy tej sytuacji. Od roku 1918 wykładał fizykę w Czerniowcach (zarabiał niewiele), a równocześnie studiował dzieła Schopenhauera i Jednolitą Teorię Upaniszad. W roku 1919 z zapałem wrócił do wiedeńskiego instytutu. W tymże roku zakochał się w Annemarie (była jego żoną przez kolejne 40 lat). W Wigilię zmarł ojciec. Sytuacja finansowa zmusiła syna do sprzedaży dywanów, mikroskopów i mikrotonów, książek (był to powód późniejszych sennych koszmarów).
 1920–1927 – okres wędrowny
 W roku 1920 przeniósł się, wraz z żoną, do Jeny, gdzie otrzymał lepiej wynagradzane stanowisko wykładowcy i asystenta Maxa Wiena (wkrótce zaprzyjaźnionego). Nie pomyślał o potrzebach matki, która zmarła w Wiedniu jesienią 1921 roku ("Jakże wszyscy byliśmy nieczuli! …nie zatroszczyłem się o rodziców").
 Wśród nowych przyjaciół z Jeny Schrödinger wspomina Felixa Auerbacha z żoną – małżeństwo, które w dniach Machtergreifung odebrało sobie życie, aby uniknąć upokorzeń.
 Z Jeny przenosił się kolejno do Stuttgartu, Wrocławia i Zurychu (od 1921). W lakonicznym opisie tego okresu zamieścił zdanie: "Podczas pobytu w Arosa w 1925 roku stworzyłem mechanikę kwantową". Po ukazaniu się artykułu (1926) został zaproszony na dwumiesięczny cykl wykładów w Ameryce Północnej ("…gdzie szczęśliwie skończyła się prohibicja").
 1927–1933 – Berlin
 W roku 1927 został powołany na następcę Maxa Plancka w Uniwersytecie Fryderyka Wilhelma w Berlin. Lata tam spędzone nazywa "miłym okresem uczenia się i nauczania" (1927–1933), który skończył się wraz z przejęciem władzy przez Hitlera. W końcu lipca 1933 Schrödinger wyjechał na wakacje do Tyrolu, skąd wysłał na uniwersytet swoją rezygnację. Odpowiedź otrzymał dopiero po ogłoszeniu decyzji Szwedzkiej Akademii Nauk (rezygnacji nie przyjęto).
 1933–1939 – drugi okres wędrówki
 Schrödinger był zmuszony wybierać spośród zaproszeń do kilku uczelni. Stanowisko na Uniwersytecie Oksfordzkim proponował F.A. Lindemann, który już wiosną 1933 roku poznał opinię Schrödingera o sytuacji w Niemczech. Rodzina wyruszyła w podróż małym BMW (nazwanym "Grauling"), z Malcesine przez Zurych, Paryż, Brukselę – w której odbywał się właśnie VI. Kongres Solvaya – do Oksfordu. W roku 1936 pojawiły się propozycje objęcia katedr w Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz i w Uniwersytecie Edynburskim. Schrödinger wybrał Graz, a katedrę w Edynburgu objął wkrótce inny fizyk uciekający z III Rzeszy, Max Born. Ze względu na sytuacją polityczną pobyt w Austrii stał się niebezpieczny i w roku 1938 Schrödinger był zmuszony ponownie wyjechać z kraju. Skorzystał z zaproszenia do Dublina, do którego wędrował przez Rzym, Genewę, Zurych, Oksford, Gandawę.
 1939–1956 – długie wygnanie
 Podróż przez Wielką Brytanię do Irlandii, gdzie Éamon de Valera zakładał w Dublinie Institute for Advanced Studies, zakończyła się we wrześniu 1939 roku (niemieckie paszporty nie przeszkodziły, dzięki referencjom de Valery). Schrödinger był zachwycony Irlandią, którą poznał "dzięki naszemu Fürerowi". Napisał m.in. "Przeżywaliśmy wojnę tak bardzo z dala od jej problemów, że aż wstyd". Po wojnie odwlekał termin powrotu do Austrii, czekając na unormowanie się sytuacji politycznej. W latach 1948 i 1949 przeszedł operacje zaćmy obu oczu. W roku 1956 został ponownie zatrudniony w Uniwersytecie Wiedeńskim jako profesor emeritus.

Oddźwięk
Na stronie polskiego wydawcy polskiej wersji książki napisano:

Podobną wymowę ma przedmowa Rogera Penrose, który napisał m.in.:

Penrose wskazuje na wyjątkowe wówczas interdyscyplinarne podejście, rozbrajającą skromność relacji, przystępny dla laików język. Przytacza opinie uczonych, którzy dokonali przełomowych odkryć w dziedzinie biologii (np. John B.S. Haldane, Francis Crick). Przyznawali oni, że nie zawsze zgadzali się z autorem, ale oryginalność jego myśli wywarła na nich ogromny wpływ.
Podobną ocenę wpływu książki na dalszy rozwój nauki zawiera praca N. Symondsa pt. What is Life?: Schrodinger's Influence on Biology oraz inne opracowania i recenzje.

Uwagi

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Linki zewnętrzne

 Erwin Schrödinger, What is Life?: With Mind and Matter and Autobiographical Sketches, Cambridge University Press 1992 (Cambridge, New York, Malbourn, Madrid, Cape Town, Sindapore, São Paulo), isbn 0521427088, 9780521427081 (books.google.pl)
 Erwin Schrödinger, Quotes: What Is Life? (1944)
 Erwin Schrödinger, What is Life?: The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell, University Press, 1944 (books.google.pl)
 Erwin Schrödinger, What is Life?: And Other Scientific Essays, Doubleday, Uniwersytet Michigan 1956 (books.google.pl)

Literatura popularnofizyczna
Literatura popularyzująca biologię


text:
Мост «Питон» (; официальное название — «Высокий мост», ) — мост в восточной части Амстердама, в районе , соединяющий Споренбург (Sporenburg) и Борнео-айланд (Borneo Island). Был построен в 2001 году и завоевал International Footbridge Award в 2002 году. Ярко-красный мост имеет длину 90 м. Мост был разработан Адрианом Гейзе для архитектурной фирмы .

Ссылки

Мосты Амстердама
Достопримечательности Амстердама
Арочные мосты Нидерландов
Пешеходные мосты Нидерландов

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text:
ATG: If Rumors were Horses
by Katina Strauch | Feb 23, 2019 | 0 comments
| NewsChannel Originals
By Katina Strauch, Editor, Against the Grain
Happy New Year, everyone! We spent the vacation in Winston-Salem at the Graylyn Estate figuring that it would be best to stay out of my daughter and her husband's hair since they now have three children and one was only just born on November 3, 2018. Graylyn Estate is a very inexpensive and friendly historic hotel owned and operated by Wake Forest University. Highly recommended!
Two enterprising librarians, Christian Lauersen and Marie Engberg Eiriksson launched Library Planet, "a crowdsourced Lonely Planet for libraries," in early December. The two librarians from Denmark both love to visit libraries when they travel and had talked about how they could share their experience with other people. They also shared a frustration: travel books often only include libraries if they are flagship or historical libraries, Engberg Eiriksson wrote in an email. See A "Lonely Planet" for Libraries by Kara Yorio and thanks to Ramune Kubilius for the suggestion!
Another experience at Graylyn — I was heartened to see that the library was central to the hotel. There was a library at the entrance, a small room with information and historical information about the venue and of course several books. Tour guides pointed it out to visitors and guests. Interesting that they are devoting crucial space to a library! Corey Seeman's Squirreling business columnin this issue (p.70) talks about Sears and his desire that libraries are not on the same path that Sears took. I share the same concern. What about libraries is important? Is it library as place? As a resource? A service? We can get resources and services anywhere, but not the pensive solitary environment that is the library's trademark.
During vacation, also had a chance to spend some time reading a riveting book by Jason Fagone. The Woman Who Smashed Codes chronicles the life of a truly extraordinary woman, who played an integral role in our nation's history for forty years. Elizebeth Smith (her first name was spelled differently to make it stand out since Smith was such a common name) was one of the first if not the first code-breaker in American history. "Fagone unveils America's code-breaking history through the prism of her life, bringing into focus the unforgettable events and colorful personalities that would help shape modern intelligence." What a book!
What a woman! Erin Gallagher has accepted a new position as Head of E-Resources at University of Florida libraries. Her final day at Reed College was December 7th. Erin has an email account set up at UF, please use this address to contact her: <gallaghere@ufl.edu>
Do you all read ATG Quirkies? They are selected by John Riley and posted by Tom Gilson. The Quirky on November 28 was from the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner — An intoxicated book lover broke the glass in one of the Noel Wien Library's front doors to gain access after hours Tuesday night. According to library director Melissa Harter, the man "really wanted to read and didn't realize the library was closed." People do love libraries! What a man!
Connected with Rick Anderson before the holiday! He is back from the UAE. Rick and his family drove to Wyoming for a Christmas visit with the in-laws. With them were two of their kids: Rick's son is currently at the Air Force Academy and their daughter Maggie and her husband were with them. Rick's other son is currently serving in Oklahoma as a missionary. Since Rick wasn't at the Charleston Conference, I shared a couple of potential debate topics that came up in November: a) Who owns usage data? and b) Do we still need collection development? Send us your ideas and let us know if you have another topic to suggest! Debate coming up!
Was on a conference call today and learned that the incredibly helpful Melanie Dolechek has horses just like the incredible Leah Hinds. The tidbits you don't pick up over the telephone!
The alert Nancy Herther sends news of this interesting collaboration: "Google's computer brains are helping The New York Times turn a historic archive of more than 5 million photos into digital data that'll appear in the newspaper's features about history. The newspaper's 'morgue' has 5 million to 7 million photos dating back to the 1870s, including prints and contact sheets showing all the shots on photographers' rolls of film. The Times is using Google's technology to convert it into something more useful than its current analog state occupying banks of filing cabinets." More is available at: Google AI helps NYT get a handle on 5 million photo archive
Like wow! Corey Seaman says he has started up a number of series of blog posts on the Golden Age of Radio — or old time radio. He has focused on Christmas, Thanksgiving, diet, baseball, African-Americans, world travel and lighthouses. He is starting a new series that he has been planning for some time. As a librarian (13+ years at the University of Michigan), he has long wanted to match his love of old time radio with his profession. So he is starting up the new series — Librarians on Old Time Radio. Corey is going to feature programs that have librarians and related information professionals in key roles in the story. These might be fairly straight forward — or only tangentially related to librarianship. Maybe there is a minor part of a librarian in the story. Anyway, Corey should have a good number of episodes to feature over the upcoming months. (He hopes to feature one entry a week.) Let's enjoy them!
Some great news from Jill Heinze who you will remember wrote the Charleston Briefing — Library Marketing: From Passion to Practice. Jill was invited to conduct a workshop on marketing for the Lamar Soutter Library. One of the attendees at Jill's Charleston Briefings presentation found the session so helpful that she invited Jill to her institution! Like awesome! I'm sure Jill will share some reflections about this workshop in an upcoming ATG article since she is a new column editor!
Speaking of the Briefings (see p.71 this issue), did you attend the session during the Conference on "Short Books: Why They are Published, the Obstacles they Face, and their Prospects for Success" by Matthew Ismail (Central Michigan University and Steven Weiland (Michigan State University). Short books have languished but we now have several examples from Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Press, MIT Press, the Charleston Conference Briefings, Morgan & Claypool, etc. The audio from the Short books session should be coming up soon on our YouTube channel. And watch for a Briefing on this topic!
Hot off the press! John Dove's mother used to work for Encyclopedia Britannica. Last Sunday night, John's sister called him from Chicago and told him to turn on the television since their mother was on the CBS Sunday Morning Show. The episode was about the history of the Encyclopedia Britannica and its 250th anniversary. The link to the tape is below. This is definitely worth looking at. John's mom is fourth from the right at 03:02 – 03:08. His mom was an "answer girl." Just for the record, John says he never heard his mother refer to the team she was on as "The Answer Girls." "My mother was a feminist, even refusing to accept an engagement ring or wedding ring; she said to my father that she was not going to wear any symbol of a 'kept woman.' She was disappointed when I dropped out of college and joined a start-up on Wall Street back in 1968. She did live long enough to see me working with libraries beginning with Silverplatter and then Credo. I think she'd feel I did okay in the end." What a story! Be sure and go to this link of the history of Britannica. Britannica's executive editor Ted Pappas says "Britannica did something unique; it combined long, scholarly essays with short definitional entries and practical information." Founded in 1768 in Edinburgh, Scotland, Britannica was the brainchild of Colin Macfarquhar, a printer, and Andrew Bell, an engraver.
Another anniversary! Founded in 1869, Nature was launched with a mission to "place before the general public the grand results of Scientific Work and Scientific Discovery" and to aid scientists by "giving early information of all advances made in any branch of Natural knowledge throughout the world." Today, the journal continues to provide its readers with original research along with news and commentary on science and society, in print and online at nature.com. November 2019 will mark 150 years since the official launch of the weekly issue. Activities are planned throughout 2019 to celebrate the history and legacy of research published in Nature, as well as looking ahead to the future of research.
Did I tell you that I ran into William and Janice Welburn in downtown Charleston after the Conference was over? Both work with university administrations tirelessly to help the education at all levels! What a power couple! Janice is Dean of Libraries at Marquette and a frequent conference attendee. William is Executive Director of the Office of Institutional Diversity and Inclusion in the Milwaukee area! See you next year! Maybe on the program?
Speaking of power — Originally founded in 1985 Information Power is now expanding to best serve its funder, information vendor, library, publisher, society, and university clients. From January 2019 two new leaders step forward to drive the consultancy business forward: Lorraine Estelle and Alicia Wise. Together the Information Power team has a strategic overview of the rapidly changing information landscape, and the important trends and opportunities this change brings, coupled with decades of combined management experience. It's hard to keep up with the energetic and spry Helen Henderson, Founder, and the even more energetic Hazel Woodward. "Lorraine and Alicia are well-known in the content and information services space. They are both accomplished and collaborative professionals, and great communicators able to work effectively across the full spectrum of stakeholders. Their leadership of Information Power will position them to offer thoughtful strategic advice on some of the thorniest challenges of our times, for example the transition to Open Access." (You can email them at: info@informationpower.co.uk)
Do you know about substack.com? This platform makes it simple for a writer to start an email newsletter. Kent Anderson has started a newsletter on this platform. I am a subscriber and it's certainly inexpensive and easy to use not to mention full of hot topics to discuss. Highly recommended!
Speaking of the Conference, we want your input please. Do you think there are enough places to sit and talk in the Gaillard during the Conference? People are big fans of the Francis Marion lobby for example. We are hoping to have more opportunities for discussion at the Gaillard. Thoughts?
There will be a "sudden deluge of available works" now that copyright extension protection has run out. Until now, the publishing house that still bears Knopf's name has held the North American copyright, but that will change on Jan. 1, when "The Prophet" enters the public domain, along with works by thousands of other artists and writers, including Marcel Proust, Willa Cather, D. H. Lawrence, Agatha Christie, Joseph Conrad, Edith Wharton, P. G. Wodehouse, Rudyard Kipling, Katherine Mansfield, Robert Frost and Wallace Stevens. This coming year marks the first time in two decades that a large body of copyrighted works will lose their protected status — a shift that will have profound consequences for publishers and literary estates, which stand to lose both money and creative control.
And this from a Guest Post by Arnetta Girardeau, Duke University Libraries, Copyright & Information Policy Consultant; And in 2020, works first published in 1924 will enter the public domain, and so on and so on! It's exciting stuff. What does that mean to us as creators, makers, teachers, or writers? It means that we suddenly have access to more materials to rework, reuse, and remix! Works such as Charlie Chaplain's The Pilgrim, Agatha Christie's Murder on the Links, and "The Charleston." Throughout the year and across the country, festivities are planned — including a live streamed panel at the U.S. Copyright Office on January 16, and a incredible lineup of speakers and talks at a live event, "A Grand Re-Opening of the Public Domain," co-hosted by Creative Commons and the Internet Archive in San Francisco on January 25.
Hope you enjoy this issue, which highlights sessions from the 2018 Charleston Conference. If you'd like to suggest a conference theme for 2019 send it to the ATG editors or any of the Conference Directors! www.charlestonlibraryconference.com
ATG Quirkies: It's impossible to not laugh along with this story
ATG Conferences, Meetings & Webinars 2/25/19
ATG Interviews Henry Owino, Manager Collection Acquisition Services Qatar National Library (QNL)
Guarding Against a Flood of OER: An ATG Hot Topic

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Over the last year, Jediluke's record in Nysa is 72-1. Bahamut is the one.
Played a total of 59 levels.
"gg man too bad you're retiring"
"not until the new season"
"was very fun; looking forward to the next one"
"get it while u can"
"gg man i lost my patience!"
"holy F did i come from way behind!"
"GG thanks for the game :)"
"great match, i feel like i learned more about this map"
"I felt like I played OK except for the first 4 kills or so"
"Got to love that spread, GG!"
"amazing game, you had me..."
"Great piloting my friend, i'll get you next time!"
"Great game bro... ]:O moo!"
"Great approach with the vulcan/plasma, overall great match. GG LAN"
"You controlled the match so well, so much confidence. GG"
"Great game man, i'm glad i got toplay on lan!"
"GG, LAN is great! Well played."
"you too bro, great piloting"
"Yes this was very fun!! LAN"
"hell yes LAN! Respawning concussions make this level BRUTAL!"
"Wow your vulcan is 10x more deadly now! LAN!"
"Great game bro cant wait"
"over the net, it's just not the same... ;-( - Great game nonetheless!"
"(nonLAN) great game! Excellent fighting."
"yeah, he had 39 deaths"
"i had 17 and then he got real lucky"
"This was a long time coming"
"YES AMAZING GAME, i'll have to camp next time"
"Amazing game, rage retire imminent (kjkjkjk)"
"GG you're good in here"
"Amazing flying my man, i'll have to be more patient next time :)"
"You're on to me, thats for sure! Keep it up bro!"
"double kill for the win! pretty sure you're making fusion shake up ;)"
"agh, he had 2 shields! Also, nice comeback from 18-13. prettay good!"
"Can't get a bead on ya! ;p GG BRO"
"Could have gone either way... Great game!"
"I'm looking forward to our next match, Thanks and GG"
"Like trying to unwrap a tangled blanket from your feet when you're sleeping!"
"Like a cat playing with a mouse."
"Hehe, i like to stick to the classics; GG"
"Alls I'm saying is that DKH's levels have spoiled me for tempo. Lucky we just dogged it."
"i need practice in here; GG BRO"
"Drakona, you have a bug in your ladder code! This guy can`t be silver.. Get back here bro!"
"hahaha i've been busy; GG!"
"How did you get knocked down to silver, anyway? o_O"
"I am the greatest............ Smart catcher - GG!"
"Helped by a heaping helping of breaks."
"ughhh i'll never improve "
"GG brother! Oh you will, just done give up!"
"GG, you started the game with a better strategy!"
"Great match, no it was closer than it looked"
"Are you telling me that didn't hit you?"
"proxy splash damage for the winning kill. So embarrassing"
"haha! i'll have to work on 2x missiles"
"Great game buddy, i'll get better from here on out"
"And thus order was restored to the universe. SOB got like 4 spawn kills in a row, iwassad"
"Dude was clearly not at his best. Don't give up so early!"
"I got it I got it I got it!"
"too easy for him. GG!"
"Yeah i know, my gameplay is like a seesaw!!1"
"Playing consistently for a change would be nice, but hey, GG!"
"GG man, GJ with this level - i like it :P"
"Great fun, fortunate change of events for me :)"
"BOOM, why am i not silver yet? :("
"uop d20-13 and then suicide gg"
"down 19-13 and had the lead 19-17 LOL"
"GG bud, you had the lead the whole game couldn't catch up"
"GG man, you almost caught up, had me very on edge!"
"I did too, wow - GG brother"
"Nice job bro, I thought I had that! :)"
"Awesome game, I love that level! "
"gg bro, you're crazy in here ;p"
"Great game, your movements are so trixy! Great spread!"
"GG buddy, this is good practice for mindgame"
"Awesome intense one bro! Could have gone either way!"
"Oh thanks buddy!!!!!! your spread is awesome;p"
"GG! Fusion run was the difference."
"GG man, that was crazy, nicely done!"
"Nice game bro, good flying!"
"gg, that vulcan is 'merciless' ;p"
"GG man, you are tough with that plasma. fooglenheimer"
"Better this time, spawn ownage was the difference. Was mean, wouldn't let me get 10."
"This was a GG melv!"
"Whipped like a rented mule. Could have been 20-2 but he got bored."
"This was amazing, GG jediluke."
"too much of a deficit to overcome"
"Edges were crushed in this battle"
"This was awesome man, i like your level"
"So how did you like it? :P"
"kid 3x's backwards upside down through tiny opening while dodging smarts and hitting me."
"i wish we could lan bro GG"
"GG man, can't beat that vulcan!"
"GG, i can't believe i lost iT!!!"
"you shouldn't have. you had a lead the whole game"
"Great game bro! Nice moves!"
"gg man, your spread is aawesome"
"Great game brother! Fusion has me scared!!"
"Thanks, your spread is off the chain!!"
"That was great lothar! i'm looking forward to our next match :-)"
"well that was thoroughly embarassing."
"Great game bro, you're fast!"
"The beatings will contue until morale (or skill?) improves!"
"what a game! I had him 19 15, but he made the comeback! Awesome moves bro!"
"Glad you connected those two rooms, it totally changed the entire layout!"
"Crazy! you had me 10 to 3... still shaking..."
"im not playing here for a while gg brother :)"
"gg bro, you are flying amazing in here"
"GG, i'll use ur tactics next time"
"good, i know how to counter myself :)"
"I don't know whats wrong with me :( can't get my old styl back"
"i think we need more vamped nypd :) gg"
"LOL @ 15 kills with spread!!!!!!"
"GG bro, i'm not as good as loni in here hehe"
"gg bro, i catch a lot of vulcan!"
"I agree, great dogfights, smart player -- gg."
"This definitely doesn't get any easier! Liked the dogfighting in this match, was fun."
"Great game jedi, i'll get you next time :P"
"Great match bro! Nicely done!"
"I will be making that dogfight map soon"
"GG, brother! total game time: 1:11"
"Great match man! You played that very well, unexecpted!"


text:
Home Health Mental health consultant: Marital quarrels positively affect women's hormones
Mental health consultant: Marital quarrels positively affect women's hormones
Subscribe to receive the most important news
Dr. Walid Hindi, a mental health consultant, said that the assignment between the spouses is one of the necessary things as they are one entity, so the waiver is considered one of the things that must be available, whether moral or material concession or in personal convictions that do not affect the constants, this type is called the benign concession that takes away Marital quarrels and positively affect the woman's hormones and the continuation of the relationship of love and affection between the two parties.
"Hindi" added, during his meeting with the media man Manal Salama, on the "Sweet Speech" program, broadcast on the "Echo of the Country" channel, today, Tuesday, that the wife must give the husband and endure the difficulties that the husband faces at the beginning of the marriage. This benign concession is "tender" Indicates parenting, origin, mature personality and the establishment of a successful family relationship.
The mental health consultant clarified that the wife must stand with her husband and support him, but there are some things that should not be waived, such as securing the wife's life through the backside and the marriage or housing value. Failure to give up these things enhances the wife's value in the husband's view, in addition to In addition to several other advantages such as preserving the continuation of the marital relationship and not betraying the wife, which limits the cases of separation and divorce.
He added that the wife's failure to waive her rights at the beginning of the relationship protects her from the vicissitudes of the future and the manipulation of her feelings, so you can give up morale and some simple things, but without affecting your legitimate rights.
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I have spent many years as a research biologist but am making the transition to Science Communication.
Please contact me directly if you would like to discuss opportunities with me; I am interested.
On this website is a variety of examples of my writing scientifically, writing for a general audience, video projects, graphic design and science related artwork.
As a freelance science communicator I am interested in a number of projects. Please do not hesitate to contact me.
Explaining topics to the level of the audience is VERY important. In some cases that is using the cultivated scientific terms that pedantically mean a precise connotation. However, many times stories and analogies are better ways to express the ideas. It is not dumbing it down but instead speaking to the audience.
I have several video and written examples on this website where I use nonscientific language to explain my research.
A recent video submitted for a "Women in Adventure" film competition with the British Mountaineering Council combines adventure and science.
"She Rock Ice" explores how memories from past experiences combine with new daily adventures to create long-term memories. In this #SheRockScience snow and ice exploration, the viewer follows an ice climbing journey, thereby creating their own memory connections to ice climbing from watching the expedition.


There are many ways to improve individual and organisational performance. One of the simplest and most cost effective methods is to have skilled, knowledgeable staff members train other staff.
Often internal training is the only method available as unique situations brought about by a combination of systems and processes mean that external training is not relevant.
Participants will be able to design and deliver effective training sessions that make a real difference to productivity.
Participants will embark on training activities with confidence.


Search "Bobela" or click "Bobela" near the product title to get more colors \ models \ combinations.
gifts for guys that you care about or someone who playing, working or traveling with you.
1. Package not include:Any battery, dedicated headset and charger.
2. Electromagnetic interference, bad weather, any obstacle will affect the effective call distance.
If you have any questions about this product by Bobela, contact us by completing and submitting the form below. If you are looking for a specif part number, please include it with your message.


text:
Should the Rich and Famous Be Held Accountable for Bad Behavior?
What do Donald Trump, Elon Musk, and Kanye West have in common? A lot of money, a big following, and bad behavior.
M.A. Beckley
Credit: Evan El-Amin/Kathy Hutchins/Tinseltown/Shutterstock
In recent news, we have seen the names of famous, influential people like Donald Trump, Elon Musk, and Kanye West. These men have created quite a stir when they make offensive political statements and bold business decisions. Of course, this makes for entertaining stories, but what are the consequences when these influential people make poor choices? Should they be held accountable for bad behavior?
Most people would agree that political leaders, in particular, should be held accountable for their poor choices. An attempt at this accountability can be seen through the January 6th hearings held in June regarding Trump's incitement of the attacks on the United States Capitol that day. Elected officials are responsible for representing others, and in Trump's case, an entire nation, and setting an example for the next generation of young people. So, naturally, the choices of politicians should be kept in check.
Donald Trump after announcing that he will run again for president in 2024 Credit: Shirley Preston/Shutterstock
However, should people who are famous only because of their wealth or talent be held to the same standard? Although their influence is undeniable, they are human, after all.
Elon Musk's Twitter buyout has certainly made headlines, although this man had already established himself as a cultural icon by founding SpaceX. Some of Musk's actions have received adverse responses from the public, including his choice to lay off around half of all Twitter employees.
Massive layoffs and Musk's demand that remaining employees pledge to work "hardcore" hours have left one of the world's most influential social media sites operating with a skeleton staff and experts predicting an eventual crash. https://t.co/KQRl98NXxr
— The Washington Post (@washingtonpost) November 22, 2022
Of course, this causes significant problems for the thousands of Twitter employees who must now search for new jobs. However, since Musk owns the company, doesn't he have the choice to run it the way he wants? People who don't like it are not forced to use Twitter. Musk's money gives him power, but this does not necessarily mean that he is obligated to utilize that power in ways the general populace views as morally acceptable.
Credit: Sergei Elagin/Shutterstock
In contrast, Kanye West is under public attack due to antisemitic comments he made during a podcast interview in mid-October. West's remarks were purposeful, and he even admitted to understanding the offense his words would cause. As a result, West was temporarily blocked from both Twitter and Instagram after he made further comments of a similar nature on these social media platforms.
Afterward, West gave a partial apology. But he continued to post statements that made himself seem like the victim. Although West is not a political leader (yet), he still has a massive influence on people. According to Aja Romano's article in Vox:
"Overall, Ye's behavior and statements have raised public concern and debate over his politics, the nature of his growing extremism, the state of his well-known mental health issues, and whether anyone in his position should be given a platform at all."
And this truly is the question: should these men be given a platform? The problem is that they already have one, and the fact that the public idolizes them provides this platform. Regardless of which social media company is used, they will not have nearly as much influence if they do not have followers.
So, pay attention! If you disagree with an influential person's choices, take away their support in the best way possible. These people make money somehow, so stop buying and using their products or platforms if you disagree with their statements. Stop listening to their music. These kinds of celebrities are just human, and they only possess the power and influence we allow them to have.
In this article:donald trump, Elon Musk, Instagram, kanye west, opinion, Twitter
Written By M.A. Beckley
M.A. Beckley is a reader, writer, and traveler - an expat with a lot of opinions. She is interested in anything relating to culture such as music, art, and history. She has taught English for eight years and is earning an MA in British Literature and Professional Writing.
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Some will recognize that statement as a reminder from St. Augustine of the rich blessing and importance of singing to God. Or in light of a Christ-centered incarnational theology, we might even say the blessing and importance of singing with God—being included in the prayers and praises of the risen and ascended Jesus in the heavenlies.
Yet when it comes to congregational singing, some folks are (or at least seem to be) reluctant to participate. My old friend joked recently that he doesn't have 'the gift of worship'—said he's 'worship challenged.' Well, at least he's joking. He's fully supportive of church worship, but when the music starts, he's just not the most boisterous worshipper among us. We get it.
I'm not personally a fan of worship leaders pleading with those in attendance in an attempt to coerce more participation, more volume, more smiles, more intensity, more this and more that, during a worship service. (For one thing, I kinda like what Joseph Garlington said to me one time about church goers who arrive late for the service, "I'm just happy they came at all!" But there are some theological reasons too.) Yet we do well in preparation each week to consider how we might best bless and serve God and the people of God—the particular persons he has chosen for us to be with as a worshipping community—and we consider what songs and practices might allow for greatest meaningful inclusion in that particular setting.
Thank you for referencing CRG's worship materials. This coming week, we're going to be profiling and showcasing worship materials from the Calvin Worship Conference. Please join us!


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Home / Media / Railway review must remain outward looking
Railway review must remain outward looking
In response to Keith William's speech at Accelerate Rail and the publication of three evidence papers today, Darren Shirley, Chief Executive of Campaign for Better Transport, said:
"We welcome the comments made by Keith William's today and the recognition that passengers should be at the heart of any reforms of the railways. This is a step change from the previous 30 reviews, and the rail industry itself, which have historically been inward looking.
"There needs to be a focus on the outcomes that drive improvements for passengers, as well as outcomes for the economy, society, and the environment. The review must remain outward looking and ensure that success is measured on the railway's broader contribution to our country, as well as what it delivers for the communities it serves and the passengers who use it."
For further information please contact the press office on 020 3746 2235 or communications@bettertransport.org.uk
Campaign for Better Transport is the UK's leading authority on sustainable transport. We champion transport solutions that improve people's lives and reduce environmental damage. Our campaigns push innovative, practical policies at local and national levels. Campaign for Better Transport Charitable Trust is a registered charity (1101929).
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These are the most viewed videos on YouTube of all time
May 13, 2019 Ritik Singh
YouTube- the world's largest video sharing platform, has gained enough popularity to be a household name for us. Undoubtedly, we spend a considerable chunk of our time watching videos on the site. That said, have you ever wondered what the most viewed videos on YouTube of all time are? Well, here are they! Before we start, let's get through a piece of information circling the video-sharing giant.
YouTube- How it all started?
It all started back in February 2005, when a group of three PayPal employees- Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim registered the domain YouTube.com. It was 23 April 2005 when Jawed uploaded the first video titled "Me at the Zoo" on the platform. Upon realizing its worth, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion and made it public in December 2005. Since then, YouTube has been a home to millions of videos.
Youtube is now the world's 2nd largest search engine. It has more than 1.9 billion monthly active users followed by over 30 million visitors a day. Every 60 seconds more than 300 hours of video is being uploaded to YouTube to contribute to the already massive collection of 1,300,000,000 videos. Now that you're aware of how significant this platform is let's start with the list of most viewed videos on YouTube of all time.
The most viewed videos on YouTube of all time
Well, what kinds of uploads do you think have topped the list of most watched videos on YouTube? Well, you guessed it right; most of them are songs that became popular enough to be viewed multiple times by the audience.
Despacito – Luis Fonsi ft. Daddy Yankee
See You Again – Wiz Khalifa ft. Charlie Puth
Masha and the Bear – Recipe for Disaster
Mark Ronson – Uptown Funk ft. Bruno Mars
PSY- Gangnam Style
Maroon 5 – Sugar
Katy Perry – Roar
Taylor Swift – Shake it Off
For those who didn't get it right, the most-viewed videos were initially viral videos, such as "Evolution of Dance" and "Charlie Bit My Finger." However, the spots were soon replaced by music videos.
1] Despacito – Luis Fonsi ft. Daddy Yankee
Views: 6.1 billion+
Despacito, being the fastest video to reach the milestone of 2B views has broken all records in terms of the most viewed YouTube videos. Released in Jan 2017, the video currently tops the list of all time with over 6.1B views.
The tremendous popularity of a song that's sung entirely in Spanish surprised everyone. That said, experts speculated that a mix of Caribbean, Latin, pop and rap gave it a broad appeal while the danceable beat and perfectly summery vibe took it to where it is at the moment.
2] Ed Sheeran – Shape of You [Official Video]
Views: 4.15 billion+
The second spot is grabbed by the famous song "Shape of You" sung by Ed Sheeran. Well, the romantic song is so favorite that exposure through clubs, restaurants, and bars made it familiar even to those who never heard of it before.
That said, it holds records as the third fastest video to reach a billion views and is the second fastest to achieve two, as well as the three billion milestones. All of this within two years of release, sounds interesting right?
3] See You Again – Wiz Khalifa ft. Charlie Puth
Released to aid the promotion of the film, Fast and Furious 7, See you Again was an oblique tribute to Paul Walker, to whom the movie itself also acted as a tribute.
That said, it was the second video ever to pass the 2 billion views milestone and ranks amongst the only three videos to cross 4 billion views. The music video of the song was momentarily the most viewed video on YouTube between July 10 and August 4, back in 2017.
4] Masha and the Bear – Recipe for Disaster
Evident by the name itself, it is the only non-music video ranking amongst the top 10 most viewed videos on YouTube. For starters, Masha and the Bear (Маша и Медведь in Russian) is a particular episode of a Russian children's cartoon, loosely based on an old Russian folk story.
Its incredible popularity in Russia can be estimated by the fact that amongst all 68 episodes uploaded to YouTube, three have managed to surpass the 1 billion mark. What's more interesting is that the previous episode to cross 3.5B mark isn't on the official Masha and the Bear channel. Undoubtedly, it's the most popular non-music video of all time on the platform.
5] Mark Ronson – Uptown Funk ft. Bruno Mars
The Uptown Funk, being Mark Ronson's biggest hit sits right next to Masha and the Bear with 3.55 billion views in the pocket. The reason behind the immense popularity of this song is its lyrics, adorned further by a simple four-chord structure and effortlessly funky beat that drives people crazy.
Packed with Bruno's street dancing and some head-nodding appearances from Mark Ronson, Uptown Funk sits as the fifth most watched video on YouTube.
6] PSY- Gangnam Style
Does it even need an introduction? Psy's Gangnam Style went so crazy among people that it crossed a billion views less than six months after its release (from July to December 2012). That being said, it has been the very first video in YouTube history to be watched more than a billion times.
The catchy tune combined with a ridiculously funny video drove people into creating their parodies of the song, granting exposure across the globe. Well, even I recall myself trying Psy's horse dance moves, back in 2013.
7] Justin Bieber – Sorry
While you might've been expecting Baby to be in the list, it's Justin Bieber's Sorry that lately made an appearance in top 10 most watched YouTube videos.
Selling 10 million copies in 2016 alone and topping the charts in 13 countries, Sorry has managed to grab over 3.1 billion hits on YouTube. Directed by Parris Goebel, Sorry uses more vibrant and playful visuals to make up for the regretful lyrics.
8] Maroon 5 – Sugar
Based on an entirely new concept, the video was shot in a variety of locations around Los Angeles, featuring Maroon 5 smashing numerous weddings. In reality, the bride and her guests had no idea about what's happening. Following the same, the video subsequently reveals the expressions of shock, surprise, fear, and even anger as the crew starts singing. Nonetheless, the video is an absolute joy to watch, a reason behind it grabbing over 2.93 million eyes on YouTube.
9] Katy Perry – Roar
Moving beyond the tenth position in February 2019, Katy Perry's Roar has now crossed 2.78 billion hits, securing the number 9 spot on YouTube. The powerful music is backed by CGI animals and a skimpy leopard print bikini. Besides social media, Roar had sold almost 10 million copies. It had topped the charts in 12 different countries, seeking immense fame across the globe.
10] Taylor Swift – Shake it Off
Last on our list is the Taylor Swift's Shake it Off. Falling a mere 20 million hits short of Katy Perry's Roar. A significant reason behind the song's popularity is Taylor's fan following. With over 100M followers on Instagram alone, Taylor managed to grab so much hype that Shake it Off turned out to be her most famous song till date.
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We demonstrate how the use of synchronization primitives and threading policies in distributed object middleware can lead to dead- locks. We identify that object middleware only has a few built-in syn- chronization and threading primitives. We suggest to express them as stereotypes in UML models to allow designers to model synchronization and threading of distributed object systems at appropriate levels of ab- straction. We define the semantics of these stereotypes by a mapping to a process algebra. This allows us to use model checking techniques that are available for process algebras to detect the presence or absence of deadlocks. We also discuss how the results of these model checks can be related back to the UML diagrams.


text:
Q: POST to .jsp website with Python requests library I'm using Python 3.3 and Requests 2.2.1.
I'm trying to POST to a website ending in .jsp, which then changes to .doh ending. Using the same basic requests code outline I'm able to successfully login and scrape other websites, but the javascript part on this site is not working. This is my code:
import requests

url = 'https://prodpci.etimspayments.com/pbw/include/sanfrancisco/input.jsp'
payload = {'plateNumber':'notshown', 'statePlate':'CA'} #tried CA and California

s = requests.Session() #Tried 'session' and 'Session' following different advice
post = s.post(url, data=payload)
r = s.get('https://prodpci.etimspayments.com/pbw/include/sanfrancisco/input.jsp')
print(r.text)

Finally, when manually entering data into the webpage through firefox browser, the page changes and url becomes https://prodpci.etimspayments.com/pbw/inputAction.doh, which only has contet if you are redirected there after typing in license plate.
From the printed text, I know I'm getting content from the page as it would be without POSTing anything, but I need the content for the page once I've POSTed the payload.
For the POST payload, do I need to include something like 'submit':'submit' to simulate clicking the search button?
Am I doing the GET request from the right url, considering the url I POST to?

A: You're making POST request and after that another GET request and this is why you get the same page with the form.
response = s.post(url, data=payload)
print(response.text)

Also if you check the form markup, you'll find its action is /pbw/inputAction.doh and additionally the form sends a few parameters from hidden inputs. Therefore you should use that URL in your request and probably the values from hidden inputs.

With the next code I'm able to retrieve the same response as via regular request in browser:
import requests

url = 'https://prodpci.etimspayments.com/pbw/inputAction.doh'
payload = {
    'plateNumber': 'notshown',
    'statePlate': 'CA',
    'requestType': 'submit',
    'clientcode': 19,
    'requestCount': 1,
    'clientAccount': 5,
}

s = requests.Session()
response = s.post(url, data=payload)
print(response.text)

The same you can see in browser after same request via the form:
...

Plate is not found

...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Today the online marketing is as important as the offline marketing if not more important and there are so many ways that you can do it. YouTube videos are being watched largely by many people and this is due to the fact that YouTube dominates all the other search engines except Google and that makes it the second popular engine after Google. Pest control is not an interesting topic but the search imagines do not care about that. Take advantage of the potential customer's love for the use of the YouTube videos to market your small business for pests control using these few pointers.
People look at the rankings all the time. YouTube too, like any other search engine have its own rankings that are different from the Google's and when you know them you stand a chance. The keywords are the first thing, use a keyword that people are likely to use when they are searching for something like what you have. Remember to use the keyword in your video description because this and others like strength of the channel, the number of view, video shares and audience engagement are the ranking factors.
Post the video in other places like the social media, website and the relevant communities to post you video for more engagement. Like now a company like Go-Forth Pest Control is the best out there but when they drop the link in a community group where people are asking about plumbing then it becomes irrelevant. Add captions to the video for the sake of the ones that will watch the video without sound because it also gives you the chance to let YouTube comb. Using the YouTube to market your products will not be a walk in the park but it is possible so brace up.


What a picturesque moment during CanalFest. I felt like I was a big part of Cumberland Maryland and it's C&O Canal history.
Did you know, that the celebrated opening in Cumberland of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal occurred in October of 1850, where 5 coal boats awaited the first trip to Georgetown? Canal engineers began near the nation's capital in 1828 to construct 184.5 miles of ditch and towpath.
The new Fairfield was behind me, along with the canal boat replica. Set at night with a glowing lamp post above and wha la, atmosphere!
Nothing like friends surrounding you during an event. We sure end up at a lot of festivals together and it can be a really good time! Printer Eddie and Potter Steve surround me as we enjoyed the great music line-up!
I can't forget my wonderful friend Annie and her beautiful booth and work. She does such fun paper products and always keeps me company! Sometimes events don't go off perfectly for us and it's times like these that it becomes more than about the mighty dollar.


Do you treasure your family? Has the thought of the effects accompanying natural calamities the likes of earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions would have on you families ever crossed you mind?
I guess you have ever thought of devastating hurricanes but immediately dismissed the thoughts as just 'wild imagination'. Well, their possibility of occurrence is actually there.
What would be your feeling were you to loose loved ones such as your family on calamities? The feeling you will have is that of devastation and dejection. It is really painful for you to lose a loved one to calamities such as earthquakes, tsunamis, devastating hurricanes or volcanic eruptions.
Is it true there is nothing to can do about that? The answer is NO! You can actually be able to protect those people you treasure so much. And what might that be…?
The possibility of becoming a real patriot and protect yourself along with other people you love is within you with Extreme Family Survival.
But is Extreme Family Survival something that you really need for you protection? Is it a scam? Is it effective?
By the time you are through with this review, I am sure you will comfortably be able to answer questions such as these on this program. This will enable you to make an informed decision on whether to buy it or not.
Extreme Family Survival is comprehensive course that is brand new to the market. Its designed was aimed at aiding people in acquisition of knowledge and skills that are important on survival.
Showing you how you can be able to survive with your family through any sort of long term disaster. Be it man made of works of Mother Nature.
The creator, Jason Richards says that in the present days, more and more politicians are seemingly bullying the American public.
They bully them to go ahead and serve their personal selfish needs. As such, he is of the claim that now it is crucial that ever to have full awareness…awareness and preparation for the danger looming ahead.
Within the course, you are going to basically come across information ranging from natural calamities to food shortages, from medicines to invasion of homes, from money to power crisis, and down to Martial Law survival.
It is important you have a little background knowledge of the person that is behind a product that you intend on using. If you see the personality as one you can trust, you also can trust that the product is not a scam.
Aside from being a former U.S soldier, we get that Jason is also a survival expert. He is also the person who founded the Family Survival Course.
In particular, upon your purchasing of the system, you are going to receive access to lifetime updates for free! Yes you heard it right. At no cost whatsoever.
Generally, this is going to show to you the things that should be included inside your medical kit. You are also shown the best inexpensive and natural remedies to sickness that can possibly face you and your family at times of crisis. You do not necessarily need to have medical training.
Shared in the guide is information on storing, stocking, cooking and growing of your own food. This is to ensure you do not run out of it ever when the time comes.
Taught in the guide is how you can have purified water for drinking in plenty even at times of draught.
As you may be able to infer from its title, contained in the guide are effective yet simple steps…to make sure your home will not be burned or looted.
In the guide, you are taught about the ultimate gun that you should be having. Steps for selection and use of the correct weapon are also taught.
This guide has covered in it almost all, if not all, possible natural disasters.
This guide is of high value and is going to have you equipped with the correct plans, skills and resources. These will work well in ensuring your survival at times of disaster. A special bonus comes along with it by the name 'How to Barter for Profit'.
In the guide you are going to come across lessons on how you can make sure you together with your family are never going to be subjected to any summary execution.
Execution by curfews, law officers, forced relocations among others. Together with it, you also get a free bonus that comes in the form of 'Riot Safety for Patriots'.
Taught in this guide is how you can gain your independence from power grid. This is by building power sources of your own such as solar panels and a power source for back-up purposes.
This guide is going to basically demonstrate to you the things that can be done for your mental preparation. This will enable you to remain collected despite how scary the situation might be.
To very many people, the guide, Extreme Family Survival is an excellent choice. More so if you have an interest in gaining more knowledge about survival, it is a product you should buy.
•	Almost each and every crisis has been covered. In the program you are going to come across tips and disaster plans for all sorts of calamities.
•	Reading is really easy. The program's package has been organized nicely and writing in a language that is simple to understand.
•	The information contained is useful and relevant. Majority of the things shared by the creator can be useful even in day to day setting.
•	Affordability. When you compare the price of this course to that of other online course, you are going to realize it is significantly cheaper.
•	On the course, a lot of positive reviews and testimonials exist from people that have used it showing how efficient it is.
•	60-day money back guarantee. In the event upon purchase you find it being different from what you got in reviews, or it appears to be a scam, you can return it for a refund.
•	Only available in the digital format (eBook). A physical copy of the book is not available and you have to read from the PDF files.
•	A lot of reading content is available. This might be inconveniencing particularly who do not fancy reading that much.
Summary: Extreme Family Survival is a course that is quite comprehensive and was designed with the target of helping people in acquisition of survival skills. It presents you with knowledge and skills on how you can be able to make it through long-term disaster.
These are tips that work better than anything. And the best thing is that they work very well. There are very clear instructions and tips on every part making it easy to follow.
What i have found out from this program is so much satisfying. This is because everything is so easy to understand. At the same time the program is well organized with the best family survival tips i have ever seen. Helps me a lot.
Preparing for a disaster or a contingency is something we do every day. For example, you buy more sugar because you heard there would be a shortage or you are just saving for your old age. Even the money you put in retirement benefits schemes are all part of preparing for a future event.
This is a sure guide if you want to know more about survival and camping. I decided to use it with my family and make sure that everyone understands what it is all about. And i am happy it is working.
When it comes to self-defense, learning martial arts is one of the smartest things you can do. Knowing certain special techniques will help you be sure that you are able to fight off attackers. If you are met with an opponent who is ready and committed to taking you down, you must also be able to defend yourself and hopefully walk away unharmed. There are different forms of martial arts you can choose from. Some evolved from ancient forms of self-defense and others are considered combined or mixed martial arts. The following are some of the most popular types of martial arts for self-defense.
Extreme Family Survival is a comprehensive course that was designed with an aim of helping people acquire knowledge and skills on how to survive during long-term crisis.
More and more politicians nowadays are luring the American public into voting them, just for the sake of serving their own selfish interests. And as such, he insists that it is incredibly important for Americans to brace themselves for tough times ahead.
It helps you ensure that your house is intruder-proof. This can be useful for anyone, even if you live in a very safe neighborhood.
I have been using this system and my whole family is loving how the system works. It is a training guide that i think every family deserves to have. We have been doing some practices on the tips that we learn from the guide and it is amazing. My wife and sons are liking it. It is a perfect guide for survival techniques.
You can keep your family safe during natural disasters or other emergencies with the help of this book. And it actually provides solutions to practical real-life problems.
All of the survival guides that are part of the Extreme Family Survival pack are written using plain language and are well organized. This is definitely one of the more affordable and valuable survival courses that are currently available online. If you are not satisfied you'll be able to avail a sixty days money back guarantee which makes it a fair deal.
Family Bunker Plans Review – The Truth is Exposed!


But, if there's more to me than my thoughts, feelings and behavior, I can do something about them. If I define myself as a member of a family, organization or country, then I can (for better or worse) transcend many of my personal experiences to fit in with those of my family, organization or country.
And if I am a child of God, then my job is to listen for God's strength and rely on God's guidance to move me.
If there is both a "lower self" that is a victim of thoughts, feelings and actions, and a "higher self" that can transcend them, then I need to develop a stronger tie to my high self.
If values such as lover, honor and respect really exist in the universe as forces of their own, I can connect to those that ring true and let them propel my rise above my personal limitations.
If there really is no 'self' at all, nor even much of the reality I've been telling myself about my whole live, then my job is to be open to each present moment, where I can the freedom to think, act and feel mindfully.
Whichever path (or paths) I chose, luckily aware that I am capable of choice, I want to think through the quality of the anchor I'm attaching myself too.
Whether you are just beginning a running routine or you have been at it for years, it is important to take in to consideration some safety precautions.
Prepare: Unless you are running on a treadmill, you should leave your headphones at home. Wearing headphones while running seriously decreases your ability to hear the warnings of oncoming traffic, cyclists, or even other runners approaching you. Wear bright colors, even in the day so that others can see you approaching. Reflective gear and a headlight should be worn if running at night. Insure you carry some sort of I.D. or write your information inside the sole of your shoes.
Hydrate: Our bodies lose between 6-12 ounces of water every 20 minutes of running. It is important to drink 10-15 ounces of water before your run and about every 20-30 minutes along the way. Stop running at the first signs of dehydration.
Run with a partner: Not only is a partner great for motivation, but running in pairs or groups is much safer than alone. Potential for abduction, animal attack, health failure, or serious injury can be frightening thoughts, but having another person with you would be a great asset in any of those situations.
Road Running: Run on sidewalks when available, but when running on the street, it is important to run against traffic in order to see cars or cyclists approaching you. Look both ways before crossing any street and use clear communication with drivers waiting at stop signs.
Routine: It is important to alter your routine and route for safety reasons, but it is also beneficial in challenging your body's muscle memory. To help prevent injury, include a warm-up and cool down period with your run. An example would be five minutes of easy jogging and two sets of ten walking lunges each side. Follow this up with your run 20-30 minutes and a 10-15 minute stretching session. Some examples of helpful post run stretches include: Calf stretches (on hands and knees, stretch one leg back straight with ball of the foot on the ground); Quadriceps stretches (standing, catch your foot with your hand and draw the heel toward your buttocks); Hamstring stretch (standing or sitting reach for your toes while keeping your kneecaps lifted and quadriceps engaged); Groin stretch (while sitting on the ground, press the soles of the feet together and resist the knees toward the earth); Shoulder stretch (while standing, interlace the fingers behind your back. Bend knees and fold forward lifting hands away from back).
Prevent Post Run Pain: After your final stretch, remember to hydrate. If you experience soreness you might try icing or applying a topical pain reliever to specific areas. Insure that your post workout meal is well rounded with protein, carbohydrates, fruits and vegetables. You may choose to alter every other day in workout styles with varying intensity, i.e.: running, yoga, running or even running, walking, running.
Running is an excellent workout. Employ these safety tips and any others that you can come up with to enjoy your run safely.
It's funny how hard it is to see things clearly from inside them. It's hard to see your house from the bathroom and it's just as hard to see how you, yourself, perceive things and what influence that has on your life.
I was raised in a politically active household where we liked to think and debate issues. For me, things that happened in life were meant to be examined critically, picked apart, and then a reaction chosen from the resulting assessment.
Sounds smart, doesn't it? That's what I thought, and I couldn't imagine another way of living that was remotely intelligent.
But, when I was in graduate school, I was hugely disappointed to find out that I wasn't going to learn any truths; only theories. And theories are based on hypotheses that are then tested, and, if some unimpressive number results deeming them significant, they could be thought of as "true." Why certain hypotheses are tested at all, why we believe objectivity is possible by those doing these tests, and why we think this is a meaningful way to make sense of life, is only lightly brushed upon.
I learned in graduate school that I wasn't going to know anything, not for sure.
So, I focused on what was wrong. That was easy. I assessed people's problems, thought about how everything was messing up, spent lots of time on internet protesting various wrongs, and argued my causes with vehemence.
Then, my father became ill and my life started to change, but no one, nor anything, was changing the way I thought they should. I started to think about health and approaching old age. I wondered what would matter at the end of it all. I read about alternative ways of being, started yoga, paid attention to nature, and explored churches. Eventually, it seemed that though intelligence had its place, it was often in the way of having the life I love.
I found that my brain is addicted to problem solving, but when I'm problem solving, I'm lost in the past and possible futures. I noticed that the only time I'm actually living the life I have is when I'm experiencing what's happening around me at that particular moment. I was sad to see that my life was zipping by without me really living it. Life happens in the present just as it is; not in my plans for how it should be. I noticed that when I pay attention to life at it is, that I like life a lot more than I ever did before and I have peace.
Funny, how I never saw that before. Strange, how long it took to shift perspective. And amazing, how different life looks now.


text:
Virat Kohli speaks out gloriously of Mumbai Test stars Mayank, Siraj and Axar
India vs New Zealand, 2nd Test, Mumbai, Dec 3 – 7 2021, New Zealand tour of India
Match Result: India won by 372 runs
Player of the Match: Mayank Agarwal
Match Report: Three Indian players, who are irregularly considered for Test Cricket, performed fabulously in a winning cause for the country. Mayank Agarwal was fantastic throughout the test. If his 150 in the first innings was not enough, he backed it up by a fifty in the second innings. This innings had set up the platform for India. Even if Ajaz managed all 10 wickets in the first innings, the happiness of Kiwi fans was short-lived.
Siraj came up with a fiery spell in the first innings of NZ batting. He bowled accurately and with an aggression that had a direction. Directed efforts to take wickets. His three early wickets made it way easier for Ashwin and other bowlers to bowl out New Zealand.
Axar, who was impressive in the first test as well, with five-wicket haul, performed brilliantly with the bat. His quickfire 41 off just 26 balls, that included 4 clean sixes, made sure that India got a huge lead with many overs in kitty to bowl out New Zealand.
Virat Kohli, in the post-match presentation, spoke about these 3 stars.
On Mayank Agarwal: "Great application from Mayank. To play at this level for a long period of time, you need resilience, and you need character. And he has certainly shown that. We have all gone through these processes where we have had to make that impact performance at a very crucial stage, and he has done that. More than just feeling easy about himself as a batsman or as an individual, I think what this will do is build his character and help him be consistent for India moving forward."
On Mohammed Siraj: "He is certainly someone who has a lot of skill and talent. You can see the way he bowls and puts in effort every spell that he bowls. It feels like he can pick you a couple of wickets every spell. That is a great boost for the team. Especially in difficult or challenging situations where there is a partnership there and wickets are not falling. You can rely on a guy like that to bowl three-four rapid overs and make something happen from the pitch.
He has skill in his hand. He doesn't really bank on conditions, which can prove to be the difference in winning a Test and drawing it. If you look at the Lord's Test, even when the ball stopped swinging later on, he was able to get purchase form the wicket because of the skill he has in his hand and give us those breakthroughs which were very crucial because of the number of overs we had."
On Axar Patel: "Axar is an all-round cricketer. His skillsets provide good balance to any team he plays for. Precisely why he has been performing so well in T20 format for so long and in Test cricket as well whenever he is given an opportunity. The good thing to see is he is adapting his game according to the needs of the format, which is a great sign. If he can keep his fitness levels up and if he can keep working on his game, he has potential to play for a long time. That's basically the need of the hour in today's cricket when we play so much cricket. If you can't keep your fitness levels up, it gets more and more difficult."
Axar Patel
indian cricket team
INDvNZ
Mohammad Siraj
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