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Matt Maltese Shares "As The World Caves In"
Today, Matt Maltese shares his first single of 2017 entitled "As The World Caves In." Produced by The Maccabees' Hugo White, the track follows Maltese's acclaimed 2016 single "Vacant In The 21st Century." "As The World Caves In" will come out as the A-side of a Café Bleu Recordings / Atlantic Records release alongside yet to be unveiled B-side track "No One Won The War."
In "As The World Caves In," Maltese tells a tongue-in-cheek story featuring Theresa May and Donald Trump, who decide to spend one last night of romance together before triggering atomic warfare. "Hopefully it comes across romantic, sexy, but also sinister and stupid," explains Matt. "It goes without saying but everything's a bit sinister and stupid in 2017."
At the age of 20 years old, Matt Maltese is already fully embedded in South London's thriving music circle. Last year alone, he hosted his own residency in Brixton whilst playing alongside hotly-tipped local acts such as HMLTD, Goat Girl, Fish and Shame. The latter add to an already eclectic collection of artists who have influenced Matt Maltese in some way – the heavy tones of Leonard Cohen, the dirty wit of Jarvis Cocker, and the social commentary of fellow Londoners King Krule and Loyle Carner. These influences place further emphasis on the sense of political unrest that underpins Matt's rich and undeniably accessible songwriting.
With two sold out shows at London's Servant Jazz Quarters on the record, and performances for exponentially growing crowds both at home and abroad, Maltese is ready to kick off a UK/EU tour, supporting The Walkmen frontman Hamilton Leithauser. Matt will cap that run with his biggest headline show to date at Bethnal Green Working Men's Club, on March 29th, before opening for The Maccabees in Birmingham, Glasgow and Newcastle as they prepare for their huge farewell shows.
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I realized today that I haven't been eating much fruit lately. I forced down some oranges earlier in the week but have otherwise had no appetite for fruit… or really, any food. I wanted to be good today, so I snagged an apple from my sister's kitchen and sliced it up into wedges.
To make things more fun and interesting (and inspired after rummaging through my nieces' Halloween candy), I took a heaping tablespoon of peanut butter and softened it by heating it in the microwave for 10 seconds, stirring it, and then heating it for another 10 seconds. I took the melty peanut butter and drizzled it on the apple slices.
Voila! One of the easiest snacks ever!
Brent and I like to play video games together. Nothing says "gamer" like junk food so that's where this is headed. All you really need is tortilla chips and Daiya but crumbled seasoned tofu, olives, chopped jalapeño, diced tomato or onions, salsa, Tofutti sour cream and a lot of other things can help bring your nachos up a notch.
We baked ours in the oven to melt the Daiya after adding seasoned crumbled tofu, salsa, jalapeño, onion and salsa. A little fresh cilantro would have made this unstoppable but its absence didn't stop us from devouring it.
I le recommend, especially if you've got a football game or a video game in your future.
I've got a thing for kale. It's among my favorite green leafy vegetables and I love a lot of them so that's saying something. This is a little known fact among carnists but I know most vegans out there are nodding their heads when I say that kale makes great chips. Today I'm telling you about 3 different brands that Brent and I have tried.
Kaia Foods makes 3 different flavors of kale chips: barbecue, cheese and sea salt and vinegar. I found the taste to be bitter and the chips were crushed in their bags. They're gluten-free, nut-free and soy-free. They're fairly inexpensive so far as kale chips go at $5.89 per bag.
New York Naturals is one of my favorites. It comes in Bombay ranch, cheese, spicy miso and sea salt and vinegar flavors. Bombay ranch was my favorite with a creamy, tangy flavor with a hint of curry to it. The sea salt and vinegar was very salty which is saying something because I dig salt. The kale chips were huge [mostly] intact leaves covered in delicious flavorful cashews. Just watch out for the stems… they're like twigs. They're fairly high in calories but are a great alternative to junk food that's made from junk. These contain soy and nuts but are safe for people with nut or gluten allergies. They cost $7.99 ber box but I think they're at least worth giving a try if you've got some spare cash for a new mouth experience.
Pacific Northwest Kale chips come in cheezy, cilantro lime jalapeño and Stumptown original. Stumptown contains hazelnuts and the other 2 contain cashews so be aware for those with nut allergies. The flavors are kind of awesome and I particularly liked the Stumptown original; it was subtly spicy and cheesy. Unfortunately they did get stale quickly in the Florida humidity but I think that's unavoidable here. They also got crushed in the bag so it was difficult to get both the flavoring and the kale into my mouth (not as bad as Kaia Foods). They cost $8.99 per bag. If you're in the market for kale chips, I'd recommend the New York Naturals.
What New York Naturals did that the others didn't was to put their chips into a box. This keeps the flavoring on the kale and the kale intact so you get chips instead of crumbles. So now you know Brent's and my favorite is NYN but if you've got a dehydrator you'll end up with the best product if you make it yourself. Kale with a touch of olive oil and sea salt is my favorite of favorites.
I was browsing at 'rhymes with Schmole Broods' today and came across SaviSeeds by Vega. There were small packages, perfect for tasting, so I grabbed the Oh Natural and Cocoa Kissed pouches. I ended up staying late at work and was highly caffeinated, very much needing a snack as I waited to meet up with my sister for dinner. So I grabbed the Oh Natural bag and decided there was no better time than right then to try them out.
I have never heard of sacha inchi seeds before. They mostly remind me of peanuts, but the more I ate, the more I found them to be a giant, hearty seed — which is exactly what they are. The Oh Natural version is seasoned only with sea salt. These seeds were delicious and easily tied me over.
These guys are gluten-free and have 6 grams of Omega-3 (according to the package, they are the richest plant-based source of Omega-3) and 9 grams of protein per serving. AMAZING!
I was craving bean dip but didn't want something too thick or chunky, so I made some slightly runny bean dip.
I topped it with some diced onion, cilantro, and salsa verde and noshed on it with some tortilla chips.
Did you hear about our giveaway? Read this post for all the details and thanks for visiting Turning Veganese. You are awesome!
I was talking to a friend who's a vegetarian (Hi, Yamini!) when she asked if I had heard of PB2. I had not. So she gave me some to try. How awesome is that?
PB2 is a powdered peanut butter product. Say what? Yep. Powdered peanut butter.
AMAZING, right?! Making the peanut butter is easy. Simply mix 2 tbsp of the powder with 1 tbsp of PB2. Adjust as needed if you want something more runny or more thick.
I'll admit that I wasn't completely blown away by PB2, but if I hadn't known that it started out as a powder, I would have been fooled. My six-year-old niece tried some, and she loved it! I do wonder why sugar was added; not a huge deal, though.
I prefer traditional peanut butter, but the nutrition facts speak for themselves. I sometimes go several days in a row when I eat peanut butter and toast for breakfast. The lower fat and calorie content, along with 5g of protein per serving, makes PB2 a GREAT option. In addition, having peanut butter in powder form makes it easy to mix into smoothies or when baking and cooking. I definitely intend to use PB2 next time I make kare kare.
The Good Bean is based in Berkeley, CA, so it's funny that I discovered them in another country. (There is only one store near me that sells their products and it's a store that I have never been to.) The packaging tells you everything you need to know about their snacks: lots of protein, high in fiber, gluten free, and non-GMO.
I tried the sweet cinnamon flavor. It has a very subtle cinnamon flavor that is well balanced with vanilla as well as a nice hint of salt. The beans themselves are as hearty as you would think, which means that you're not likely to eat the whole bag in one sitting. Yum!
Rose is one of my favorite flavors. I'm not big on the flowers themselves but as a food ingredient I think rose is the bees knees. I'm known to add a little rose syrup to a glass of sparkling white wine every now and again (I especially love Spanish cava!) so I've got rose syrup just lying around. I have long wanted to make rose pistachio rice pudding but have been too lazy to cook rice… that's kind of sad. Anyways, I was recently introduced to the joys of chia seed pudding and it's quickly become a house favorite.
I shelled and crushed the pistachios and mixed them into the pudding and garnished with a little pinch of petals and nuts. I LOVED how the nutty, salty vanilla roasted flavors in the pistachios picked up the delicate rose and made it warm and earthy in addition to being deeply floral.
I love how the pink rose petals offset the green of the pistachios against the calico pudding. The petals aren't necessary for good pudding, I'm just secretly artsy. If you use your own petals, be careful that they weren't treated with any chemical herbicide, pesticide or fungicide that might make you or your family sick. This is common with roses you might buy at your local florist.
It happens in the afternoon, on the long commute home from work. Or, it happens after a busy morning running errands or shopping. I get hungry, so very hungry that I might pass out! It's at these times that I always think of Christie's apple chips. I am usually ill-prepared for snack attacks, though. Luckily, my sister introduced me to a healthy (well, healthier than a candy bar or chips) snack: True North Peanut Crunch.
This stuff is vegan, delicious, filling, portable and keeps well.


We have read many books about successful businesses, books about successful people, we've worked in some of these businesses ourselves and one thing stands true of them all, consistency.
Consistency doesn't mean resting on your laurels or standing still. A business, a person, a group of people can be creative, innovative, fast paced and be consistent. Growth can happen, the speed in which things happen can change but consistency can be achieved throughout all of this.
Does your business, your product and your service do what it says it will do, consistently, every time?
How many people have you met in your lifetime who said this about a local business?
Inevitably some things change with growth but a level of consistency has to remain. This comes from the owners of the business and is passed down carefully – we call this, organizing your company!
There is an old saying in retail 'the customer is always right', we are throwing this in the bin. We are a customer and we are certainly not always right.
Don't misinterpret me, without customers a brand is nothing – give them something new to get excited about.
Build something you believe in (do your research of course), and present it in a way that people are intrigued by.
Our brand, packaging, social media and any marketing associated with Blendsmiths had to relate to the taste we had created.
It's easy to get carried away with your adrenaline-fuelled imagination as an entrepreneur. Moving is a good thing, actually, it's a great thing but move at a steady and manageable pace.
The most difficult thing to figure out first and foremost when starting a business is 'yourself'. Who are you, what are your strengths, more importantly, what are your weaknesses?
My third piece of advice is to read a book I've read a number of times called 'The E Myth' Why most small businesses don't work and what to do about it by Michael E. Gerber.
Michael suggests that everybody who goes into business is actually three people.
Entrepreneurnuer – Turns the most trivial condition into an opportunity. The entrepenuer is the visionary in us. The Dreamer. The energy behind every human activity. The imagine that sparks the fire of the future. The catalyst for change.
The Manager – The managerial personality is pragmatic. Without the manager, there would be no planning, no order, no predictability.
The Technician – The Technician is the doer. "If you want it done right, do it yourself" is the technicians credo. The technician loves to tinker. Things are to be taken apart and put back together again.
As Gerber describes quite brilliantly, we all have an entrepreneur, manager and technician inside of us. And if they were equally balanced, we'd be describing an incredibly balanced individual.
Unfortunately, experience shows us that few people who go into business are blessed with such balance. Instead, the typical small business owner is 10% entrepreneur, 20% manager and 70% technician.
While the smaller two are battling it out, The Technician seizes the opportunity and goes into business for himself.
This was a really important lesson for us before we started out, as we evolve and how we grow the business in the future.
Revel in mistakes. It's hard, there is no doubt about it.
If you are starting small, you are the worker, the ideas person, the finance person, the design person, the sales manager, the director – starting a business and getting it off the ground can be overwhelming, scary, exhausting (unless you're the NACHieve trait).
Or, you can approach things at your pace – dictate how you want your business to be, how you want it to run and go to work 'on your business' not just 'in your business'.
Inevitably, at first you will have to do both but the idea is to create a business model that works so efficiently that one day when you begin to hire the workers, the ideas person, the finance person, the design person, the sales manager – it isn't an arduous task.
Why? Because you have worked on the business to be a super well-oiled machine and not allowed your business to consume you with working all hours god sends because to be quite frank, this only leads to you losing your hair and feeling stressed!
We don't have all the answers, we've made some wrong turns and some right ones – this is the beauty of stepping into the unknown, trying your hand, daring to break the mould, exploring the very nature of pushing yourself to the limits of uncertainty.
Entering a crowded market place can be daunting, it's easy to get lost, make sure you give yourself the best opportunity to be noticed so you have an opportunity to go again for another 12 months.
But mostly, we will make sure we are happy and doing what we love.
Good luck with wearing your yellow sweater.


Republic First Expeditionary Fleet stationed at Carrick Station.
Carrick Station, formerly known as Outpost 22, was a massive space station built in orbit of a planet in the Core Worlds of the Galactic Republic during the Cold War. It was named after Zayne Carrick, a one-time Jedi Padawan and hero of the Mandalorian Wars era.
Carrick Station was the main staging area for the Republic Fleet, and was the main hub of transport shuttles bearing Republic soldiers and Jedi to and from the Republic capital of Coruscant, the Jedi sanctum of Tython, or the war-torn world of Ord Mantell.
Carrick Station was guarded at all times by a Republic fleet of a minimum of three Valor-class cruisers, four Thranta-class corvettes and a few Wanderer-class transports and another unnamed ship class.


Indigenous groups from 11 countries met in Manaus, Brazil, last week to develop a plan by which developing countries would be compensated for preserving designated forested areas. The plan, officially known as REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation), could be an important step in distributing both the costs and benefits of tropical forest preservation. It could be a significant boon to indigenous peoples, especially in the Amazon, where native groups have permanent rights to 21 percent of the territory—some 49 million acres. An international carbon-trading plan has been on the table since last year's climate conference in Bali, and this recent meeting demonstrates indigenous peoples' commitment to keeping their collective knowledge, voice, and needs on the table.
Indigenous groups have already seen the effects of climate change. The frequency of forest fires has increased in Borneo, the Congo basin, and vast tracts of the Southern Amazon basin, while indigenous communities in the Arctic have been affected by changes in the "migration patterns, health, and range of animals" on which they depend for their livelihoods. The IUCN report cautions that while plans like REDD are steps in the right direction, they may benefit corporations and large landowners as much as or more than indigenous peoples.
• Raising awareness of traditional adaptation and mitigation strategies.
More than half of the 100-plus uncontacted tribes worldwide live along the Brazil-Peru border, says this Reuters article from July 23. Illegal logging in this area has disastrous effects for these groups, exposing them to illnesses previously unknown and devastating the land they inhabit. Balancing economic development with protection for indigenous groups is a challenge for governments struggling to simultaneously preserve their natural resources, maintain the integrity of indigenous cultures, and provide for the economic development of their country. See the article here.


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Winning Ugly
A Visual History of the Most Bizarre Baseball Uniforms Ever Worn
By Todd Radom
Published by Sports Publishing
Paper Over Board
Baseball, our national pastime. All fans have great memories of their teams. We also remember those things that we wish we could forget: the errors, the mental mistakes . . . and the ugly uniforms.
In an ode to those eyesores, Todd Radom has collected and chronicled some of the swing-and-misses we've seen on the baseball diamond. Remember when the Chicago White Sox thought wearing shorts in 1977 was a good idea? How about when the Baltimore Orioles wore their all-orange jerseys in 1971? Do you remember the 1999 "Turn Ahead the Clock" campaign? Or the most recent all-camo jerseys of the San Diego Padres?
Yes, there is much to talk about when it comes to the odd uniform decisions teams have made over the years. But just like there's love out there for French bulldogs or Christmas sweaters, ugly uniforms hold a warm place in the heart of all baseball fans, and Winning Ugly is just that: an ode to our favorites from today and yesterday that bring smiles and sighs to all baseball fans.
Sure they didn't affect wins and losses (unless you mention Chris Sale), but a fan's love and ire goes well beyond the current standings. So whether your team appears in Winning Ugly or not, fans of the sport will enjoy reliving the moments most teams would like to forget.
Todd Radom
Publisher: Sports Publishing (May 15, 2018)
Humor > Topic > Sports
Sports & Recreation > Baseball > General
Sports & Recreation > Baseball > History
"This book is a fun look at baseball uniforms, showing how the evolution of the game compelled teams to try new styles with vibrant colors and nontraditional designs. It is enjoyable to relive some of the epically bad uniforms, like the all-brown once worn by the San Diego Padres, and wonder what they were thinking."
—Ed Sherman, Chicago Tribune
"Winning Ugly is a visual delight of the more untraditional looks to appear on a Major League ballfield over the years, with original illustrations sketched by Radom himself, as well as a wealth of historical photos and newspaper clippings to help tell the story. . . . In between the stunning visuals you have the stories of each of these garish getups, how they came to be, their reception by players and media of the day. Bottom line, if baseball uniforms are your thing, you're going to want this book."
—Chris Creamer, SportsLogos.net
"Still, it seems that if anyone is more qualified than Radom to go through the MLB's closet and expose it on this subject, speak now or forever hold your Sansabelt slacks up with a safety pin. . . . We're not sure whether to thank him or remind him that some people actually embraced these as being so bad they want them back on those 'Turn Back The Clock' promotions. . . .How it goes down in the scorebook: Uniformly superior to anything we've seen like this before."
—Tom Hoffarth's The Drill: More Farther Off the Wall
"Throughout Winning Ugly, Radom discusses historical changes, the materials and fashions of the day dictating the on-field designs, and even how formative designs were in shaping the future of uniforms. He discusses color, marketing, trends, and the 1970s revolution of flamboyancy."
—Tim Newcomb, HOW Design
"Despite its title, Winning Ugly is a beautiful book . . . it should be on display in a fan's home."
—Dennis Anderson, Journal Star
"Radom's book provides enjoyable, fascinating, and a detailed account of baseball uniforms."
—Thomas Biblewski, The Inside Game, SABR Deadball Era Committee
Book Cover Image (jpg): Winning Ugly
Paper Over Board 9781683582281
More books from this author: Todd Radom

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A Review of Physics Collisions
We cannot solve for four unknowns with three equations, and have to specify an extra variable. This equation represents one of two principal principles to be utilized in the analysis of collisions in this unit. Any shape having holes, cuts, twists, or hollows (for instance, a torus) fall into the priciest category. essay writing Graph the size of the acceleration vs. time.
That's called theconservation of momentum. You should understand how to project cash flow. It, like energy, is important because it is conserved. It is an important quantity because it is conserved. The expression momentum is a physics idea.
An elastic collision is an encounter between two bodies where the entire kinetic energy of both bodies stays the same. The last result is at the period of evaluation, there's a whole lot of confusion. Impulse is going to be produced because of force applied to an object above a time period. Of course the Earth has such a sizable mass that we don't observe the (extra) acceleration http://cs.gmu.edu/~zduric/day/beowulf-essay-help.html of the Earth because of the force exerted by the vehicle. Inside this undertaking, you'll experiment with colliding masses, see the method by which they collide, and possibly learn to use physics to plan the ideal pool shot! To stop this kind of object, it's crucial to apply a force against its motion for any given amount of time.
What You Need to Do About Physics Collisions
Quarks have another attribute called colour. It may be a Known Issue. This is based on the properties of the objects and the purpose of impact. The Physics behavior is comparatively intricate.
What Physics Collisions Is - and What it Is Not
Otherwise it's inelastic. That needs to be easily seen. You are able to try this at house by dropping a bouncing ball on the ground. Production Budget includes the majority of the accounts.
How to Choose Physics Collisions
The force that's involved during such collisions acts for an extremely brief time. For instance, you can calculate how two objects colliding will bring about an increase in complete mass but a decline in velocity. Due to the conservation of power and momentum we can predict a fantastic deal about those collisions, and to calculate relevant quantities after the collision occurs. There are two kinds of collisions to be acquainted with. However, as a result of all the variables involved with calculating inelastic collisions, it is much simpler to estimate collisions like they were completely elastic. All collisions conserve momentum, that is the principal tool for specifying the motion caused by a collision. In general, they are characterized by a large velocity change, a large momentum change, a large impulse, and a large force.
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Elastic collisions occur only when there isn't any net conversion of kinetic energy into various forms. Mesh Colliders are a particular kind of collider which utilizes a genuine mesh for collision detection. You wind up with the last velocities pointing at right angles away from one another.
This problem is known as collision detection. Otherwise, allow me to explain why it happened. The only force that acts on the vehicle is the sudden deceleration from v to 0 velocity in a concise time period, as a result of collision with a different object. This course of action is virtually completely reversible, or so the collision is nearly completely elastic. This is particularly helpful since object's collision polygons is made from straight lines, therefore a smooth circle can't be created like that. In the event of elastic collision kinetic energy becomes conserved.
We also have gathered several helpful resources for more research and a couple of suggestions to bring into your classroom or laboratory. The concepts in the aforementioned paragraph should not look like abstract info to you. Here are a few practice questions that you are able to try. Subtract both of the other answers. Scroll to the Physics Definitionsection.
An image point can likewise be specified to connect to a particular portion of the object. But this second option will not have any effect on sculpts. Pick the root prim (the easy shape) and ensure it is transparent. Don't forget, it is an appreciable interface for users to examine the data also.
Physics Collisions Options
The graphics utilized for the game within this series can be seen on GraphicRiver. Because of this, you ought to avoid using Mesh colliders if at all possible. You will be able to handle videos in your Watchlist, keep an eye on your favourite shows, watch PBS in high definition, and a lot more! Pool is a superb instance of physics in action.
What to Expect From Physics Collisions?
This comes into play as soon as the competitor is judging the quantity of speed necessary to finish a shot. By means of example, if he knows his performance is going to be judged dependent on achievement of a target, he'll operate to attain it. Specifically, the speeds remain exactly the same inside this frame. If workers believe they were a portion of producing the goal, they are more prone to try their level best to discover the objective.
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text:
Financial, "Riley for Governor Contributions List"
File — Box: 45
South Carolina Political Collections
Democratic Party of South Carolina Records
Elections, 1944-2008
From the Collection: The Democratic Party of South Carolina (DPSC) Records consist of 85 linear feet of material, 1924 to 2016, with the bulk of the collection dating from 1966 to 2008. The party's activities during the 1970s are particularly well documented. The collection is arranged into 16 series – General, Administration, Auxiliaries, Committees, Conventions, Elections, Issues, Patronage, Programs, Publications, Maps, Clippings, Electronic Data, Audiovisual, Vertical File Materials, and Scrapbooks.
A small number of records that did not belong in any of the major series are located in a General file.
The Administration series, 1924 to 2007, is comprised of records that document the organizational and administrative activities of the DPSC and its personnel, as well as some of the activities of county parties and elected officials at the state and national levels. The most notable subseries within this series are Financial, Office, and Party Leadership.
The Financial subseries, 1924 to 2007, consists of two smaller subseries, Party Finances and Fundraising. Party Finances contains records of those activities not directly related to fundraising or elections, and includes records of the accounting and banking practices and operational expenses of the DPSC. Fundraising subseries consists of records of the state party's efforts to acquire revenue to sustain the party. This subseries deals only with fundraising for the DPSC as an entity. Records documenting fundraising efforts for specific elections or candidates are located in the Elections series.
The Office subseries, 1968 to 2004, includes records documenting the activities of the party's office staff, notably Executive Directors and Associate Executive Directors. The Party Leadership subseries, 1934 to 2004, includes files on Democrats elected to public office, elected party officials (e.g., state chairmen), and other political leaders.
The Auxiliaries series, 1966 to 2003, consists of materials related to various auxiliary organizations of the Democratic Party. Groups represented include the Democratic Women's Council, Teen Democrats, and Young Democrats. Auxiliary conventions and activities undertaken during the 1970s are particularly well documented.
The Committees series, 1960s to 2008, contains records that document the activities of the Democratic National Committee, State Executive Committee, Executive Council, Finance Committee, other committees created by the DPSC, and county party executive committees. Committees on the party platform and rules are housed with the Conventions series.
The Conventions series, 1960 to 2008, consists of records related to conventions in which the DPSC or its members were involved. The major types of convention represented in this series are the county convention (including the preceding precinct organizational meetings, records for which are filed under the appropriate county), state convention, and the Democratic National Convention. Delegate and alternate selection, convention planning, and platform and rules development are among the activities documented in this series.
Records related to other conferences and mid-term conventions – most notably the 1974 mid-term conference in Kansas City – are also located in this series. Included in the documentation of this convention are a substantial number of materials related to the 1974 Democratic Charter and the Charter Commission, of which then-State Party Chairman Don Fowler was a member.
The Elections series, 1944 to 2008, consists of records documenting the work of the party in Democratic campaigns for public office at the local, state, and national levels. Primary, general, and special elections are all represented in this series, which is arranged by year. Records in this series include filing forms, correspondence, informational materials about candidates, documents on campaign strategy and activities, campaign fundraising materials, voter registration materials, and election protest transcripts. 6 boxes of material in this series are restricted. Inquire with SCPC staff for more information.
The Issues series, 1969 to 1994, documents the party's role and interest in a variety of social, political, economic and legal issues.
The Patronage series, 1969 to 1998, bulk 1969 to 1975, includes records of the party's use of its influence to assist supporters. These records are arranged into topical groupings such as education, employment, and political patronage. Although this subseries includes resumes and rosters of commission members and potential appointees, its primary focus is on patronage requests.
The Programs series, 1971 to 1974, consists of material related to programs that the DPSC conducted to attract the support of particular groups of people, such as businessmen and young voters. The activities documented in this series were undertaken to recruit general support and potential leaders to the party, rather than simply to gain votes.
The Publications series, 1950 to 2004, bulk 1996 to 1998, consists of newsletters and other regular publications of national, state, and local Democratic Party organizations for select years.
The Maps series, c. 2000, consists of printouts of computer-generated maps of most of South Carolina's precincts. The reason for which the South Carolina Democratic Party printed and saved these maps is not clear.
The Clippings series, 1962 to 2006, is primarily concerned with elections, legislation, contemporary issues affecting the state and the nation, and people of interest to the DPSC.
The Electronic Data series currently consists of 5 floppy disks. These disks have been separated from the collection. For more information, contact SCPC staff.
The Audiovisual series, 1967 to c. 2008, consists of materials in a variety of media, including photographs, photographic negatives, a compact disc, U-Matic and VHS tapes, audiocassette tapes, audio reels, and film.
The collection also includes two Scrapbooks of photographs, one from 1992 and one from 1997. These items are housed separately from the rest of the collection and are available upon request.
From the Collection: 85 Linear Feet
From the Collection: Democratic Party (S.C.) (Organization)
Physical Storage Information
Box: 45 (Mixed Materials)
Part of the South Carolina Political Collections Repository
https://sc.edu/about/offices_and_divisions/university_libraries/browse/sc_political_collections/
Ernest F. Hollings Special Collections Library
1322 Greene St.
scpc@mailbox.sc.edu
Financial, "Riley for Governor Contributions List", Box: 45. Democratic Party of South Carolina Records, SCU-SCPC-DPSC. South Carolina Political Collections. http://archives.library.sc.edu:8081//repositories/6/archival_objects/199712 Accessed January 21, 2020.


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This is pretty much just a naked attempt to garner market share by gaming Reg NMS. A delay for liquidity providers but not takers is pretty much just last-look by another name.
The last look functionality gives the liquidity providers an implicit option. Therefore a quote with last-look is not be equivalent to a quote at a normal exchange. Market makers will tend to keep quotes alive at EDGA, after NBBO crumbles at other exchanges, because they get 4 ms to wait out price discovery. Since EDGA is <2% of ADV, the relative market share gain could be pretty substantial.
Hopefully the SEC is smart enough to see through this ruse. I'm all for venues experimenting with new market structure. But only traditional limit orders, without speed bumps or other provider privileges, should be regulatorily eligible for NBBO.
Edit: Apparently EDGA is not trying to make its speed-bumped quotes NMS protected. So, this does seem like an honest attempt to experiment, rather than game NBBO.
> But only traditional limit orders, without speed bumps or other provider privileges, should be regulatorily eligible for NBBO.
Indeed: "Cboe wouldn't seek protected-quote status for orders displayed on EDGA, the people said. Such a stance could help Cboe's plan win SEC approval."
Could you elaborate on the equivalence of the delay and last look for a liquidity provider? It feels counter-intuitive to me; e.g. a liquidity provider is a 100 offered at EDGA and next thing you know the best offer moves to 100.01. If the MM is prevented from pulling the order by the delay, don't they explicitly give the takers more opportunity to pick them off? Am I missing something?
I am thinking the same. So lets say I am showing an offer of 100.00 at some place X and at the same time the stuff is being bought in another venues for more than 100.00. Now, I think I would like to change my offer from 100.00 to some higher price. Since I am on the passive side I need to wait some Y amount of time before its being processed by the exchange. Meanwhile, some other dude might pick my order which is waiting.
"The delay wouldn't apply to all orders equally: Instead, it would affect only orders seeking to hit unexecuted buy or sell orders already posted on EDGA, the people said. Traders posting new orders to be displayed on EDGA wouldn't be affected."
> "Cboe wouldn't seek protected-quote status for orders displayed on EDGA, the people said. Such a stance could help Cboe's plan win SEC approval."
Mea Culpa: Did not see that at the end of the article. It seems like CBOE is behaving honestly here.
> Could you elaborate on the equivalence of the delay and last look for a liquidity provider?
Yeah, echoing bullero, my understanding is that the delay only applies to liquidity taking orders. Basically, MMs get to see 4ms into the future. It's like a free option, which is basically the same thing that last-look provides.
E.g. if the index futures tick down, liquidity providers at other exchanges will try to pull their bids right away. But with a taker-only delay, the providers can keep their bids alive for 3.9ms. If the futures tick back, then keep the order alive and retain priority. If they don't, then cancel. You'll still get out faster than the market sells get through the speed bump.
> Yeah, echoing bullero, my understanding is that the delay only applies to liquidity taking orders.
Indeed. I misinterpreted your statement "delay for liquidity providers but not takers is pretty much just last-look by another name" as "orders for makers will be delayed but not for takers".


text:
Q: show that $f$ is continuous Suppose $X$ is a metric space with metric $d(x,y)$ and $A,B$ are nonempty subspace of $X$. Define the function $f:A \times B \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ where $f(x,y)=d(x,y)$. Show that $f$ is continuous when $A \times B$ is given the product space topology and $\mathbb{R}$ has standard topology.
Can anyone help me on this?
Remark: There is one extra condition, i.e. $A \cap B= \emptyset$.

A: HINT: Suppose that $f(a,b)=r\in\Bbb R$, and let $\epsilon>0$; you need to show that there is an open set $U\subseteq A\times B$ such that $f(x,y)\in(r-\epsilon,r+\epsilon)$ whenever $\langle x,y\rangle\in U$. Let $$V=A\cap N\left(a,\frac{\epsilon}2\right)\qquad\text{ and }\qquad W=B\cap N\left(b,\frac{\epsilon}2\right)\;,$$ where $N(z,s)$ is the open ball in $X$ with centre $z$ and radius $s$. Now let $U=V\times W$, and show that $f(x,y)\in(r-\epsilon,r+\epsilon)$ whenever $\langle x,y\rangle\in U$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


He shoots... and it's wide.
In which Global Farce Wrestling is also really good (!).
Punk's Rise, Benoit's fall and THE DONALD...2007 was an interesting year for WWE.
Five classic matches to take your mind off last Friday's Presidential Inauguration.
Music for people who burn crosses.
Time to get some muscle into the White House.


text:
Wednesday, December 14, 2022 Staff
Youngstown Comic Con to Return with New Owner, Location
CANFIELD, Ohio – After a three-year hiatus forced by the pandemic, the Youngstown Comic Con will return in 2023 and in a new location. It will take place July 8-9 at the new event center at the Canfield Fairgrounds.
Previously, the comic convention took place at Covelli Centre, and before that, Packard Music Hall in Warren. The most recent one was in 2019.
The comic con also has a new owner. Corey Ward purchased the event from Greg Bartholomew earlier this year. Ward is the promoter of the Ribs 'n Rock festival at Southern Park Mall, the toy show at the fairgrounds and other regional events.
Bartholomew, owner of All American Cards and Comics of Warren, originated the event in 2008.
The comic con features dozens of vendors selling rare and unusual comic books, toys and other items. It also has speakers, contests and special guests from the comics industry.
Vendors who want to purchase a booth at the 2023 convention can do so beginning Friday, Dec. 16, by calling 330 477 8506 or emailing [email protected].
The Youngstown Comic Con will make an announcement Monday about the upcoming event.


Did you know that soaked almonds are much better for you? They have numerous minerals and vitamins, like E, calcium, zinc, magnesium and even omega 3 acids.
WHY SOAK THEM BEFORE EATING?
There is an inhibitor for enzymes in the skin of dry almonds and this can safeguard the seed for germination moisture. This inhibitor is released when you soak the almonds.
Eating soaked almonds will make them helpful for food digestion and provide you more nutrients. Likewise they are healthier in this manner.
For the heart– the potassium, protein and monounsaturated fats are keeping the heart healthy. The vitamin E reduces heart concerns and magnesium avoids attacks. Also they remove swelling in arteries.
More energy– the very best way for more energy is handful almonds daily. This makes better metabolic rate due to copper, manganese and riboflavin.
Less cholesterol– due to the vitamin E and calcium, they lower cholesterol.
For the brain– almonds make the brain healthier. They have riboflavin and L-carnitine for much better brain work of the neural courses and this reduces threat of Alzheimer's.
Healthy bones– due to the minerals, vitamins and phosphorus bones improve. The phosphorus avoids osteoporosis and makes teeth and bones much better.
Regulating pressure– the potassium levels the pressure and the low sodium manages it.
Prevention of cancer– if you improve food relocating the colon, you lower threat of colon cancer. Eat such almonds!


NASA's Juno mission, the first solar-powered mission to Jupiter, has become the farthest solar-powered spacecraft ever! Juno, and its eight science instruments designed to study the interior of Jupiter, has passed the mark previously held by the European Space Agency's Rosetta mission and reached a distance of 5.3 astronomical units from the sun (an astronomical unit is equal to the average distance between Earth and the sun – about 149.6 million kilometers). Using only power from the sun, Juno will complete the five-year trip to Jupiter in July 2016 and begin studying the solar system's most massive world in an attempt to better understand the origins of the planet, and in turn, our solar system.
Just as a bright source of light dims as you move away from it, sunlight becomes less intense the farther a spacecraft travels from the sun, limiting the amount of power that can be generated using solar cells. Previous missions that visited Jupiter, like Galileo, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, couldn't use solar power and instead used radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) to supply power.
Advances in solar panel efficiency along with improvements in the way spacecraft and their instruments use power have recently made solar power a viable option for spacecraft heading as far as Jupiter – though going beyond will require further technological advances.
Engineers designed Juno with three massive solar panels, each nearly 30 feet long. Combined, they provide Juno with 49.7 m2 of active solar cells. Once it reaches Jupiter, Juno will generate more than 400 watts of power, which may not sound like a lot, but it's an impressive feat at so great a distance. For comparison, Juno's solar panels can generate about 14 kilowatts near Earth.
Juno's record-setting achievement translates into a powerful lesson in exponents.
> Get the problem set!
Grade 6: Expressions and Equations A.1 - "Write and evaluate numerical expressions involving whole-number exponents."
Grade 6: Expressions and Equations A.2 - "Write, read, and evaluate expressions in which letters stand for numbers."
Grade 6: Expressions and Equations A.2.C - "Evaluate expressions at specific values of their variables. Include expressions that arise from formulas used in real-world problems. Perform arithmetic operations, including those involving whole-number exponents, in the conventional order when there are no parentheses to specify a particular order (Order of Operations)."
Grade 8: Expressions and Equations A.1 - "Know and apply the properties of integer exponents to generate equivalent numerical expressions. For example, 32 × 3-5 = 3-3 = 1/33 = 1/27."
Juno mission website - News, resources and updates on NASA's mission to Jupiter.
Eyes on the Solar System - Take a virtual journey to Jupiter with Juno (scroll to "Solar System Tours" and click on Juno).
To Jupiter with JunoCam! - Find out how classrooms can participate in the Juno mission to Jupiter using the spacecraft's on-board educational camera.
Infographic: Solar Power Explorers - This graphic shows how NASA's Juno mission to Jupiter became the most distant solar-powered explorer and influenced the future of space exploration powered by the sun.


A pleasant roundness in the nose and mouth, coming from the fruit aromas such as cherry and strawberry. Very balanced wine with a refreshing finish of pink grapefruit.
Try with pastas, salads, and fingerfood.


INSPIRED by the success of its Stinger fastback sedan, Kia has introduced two sporty firebrand variants.
Kia is brandishing a "get mean" mantra led by the turbocharged Cerato GT in both hatch and sedan guises with a price-tag of $31,990 drive-away.
Packed with kit, while adopting firmer suspension and sharper steering that has been honed by Australian engineers, it's aimed to deliver a "warm hatch" experience.
Also adding to the South Korean carmakers repertoire is a manual only Picanto GT motivated by a 1.0-litre three-cylinder turbo for $17,990 drive-away.
Kia last launched a go-fast hatch in 2014 with the three-door manual-only Proceed, but slow sales saw it hooked from showrooms.
Since then the marque has growth to become the seventh most popular manufacturer in Australia with sales nearly doubling over four years. Which is why Kia Australia boss Damien Meredith believes the timing is right for a GT assault.
"We are in a far more robust position with the brand and with acceptance of the public," he said.
"I think Stinger has been incredibly vital. Stinger has been successful in Australia because when you look at private sales we sell more cars some months than Holden's Commodore."
From the outside the Cerato GT variants can be spotted via a body kit with black skirts, mesh grille with red ascents, 18-inch alloys and dual exhausts (sedans also have a lip spoiler), while inside it has alloy sports pedals as well as flat-bottom leather sports steering wheel with paddle shifters.
Standard gear incorporates eight-way electric driver seat adjustment with two memory positions, eight-inch touchscreen infotainment display, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto with voice recognition, wireless phone charger, eight-speaker JBL Premium sound system with Bluetooth connectivity and a sub-woofer in the boot, climate control air-conditioning and ventilated/heated front sport seats.
The only colour which doesn't attract a $520 premium is white from the 10-hue palette. It's also available in white pearl, silver, grey, graphite, two shades of blue, black, red and a GT-exclusive orange.
Ceratos have a split crash rating due to varying levels of autonomous emergency braking - functionality which can apply the brakes if the driver doesn't act quick enough to a frontal collision. The GT gains five stars due to having AEB which uses a camera and radars which can detect both cyclists and pedestrians (some base models only use a camera).
Other inclusions are radar cruise control, forward collision warning, lane keep assist, rear view camera with dynamic guidelines, driver attention alert warning, along with front and rear parking sensors.
Picanto GT mirrors GT-Line specification, and comes with a four-speaker audio system with smartphone mirroring, body kit and twin exhaust. Colours include white, and premium options silver, black and red.
Punchy with strong sprinting abilities, the Cerato GT's straight line ability is rewarding without being neck-snapping.
The 1.6-litre four-cylinder turbo partnered to a seven-speed dual clutch automatic transmission is the same unit employed by sister company Hyundai and used in its i30 N Line derivative (although that version costs $34,990 plus on roads).
Kia has purposefully developed a more sporting derivative of its Cerato - and the ride is particularly firm to offer adept cornering.
"From an engineers point of view I would love the car to have adaptive damping (suspension) but the market pricing doesn't allow that," said Graeme Gambold, who leads Kia's Australian engineering team.
"We have to make a make a decision on whether we make a comfort car or a sports car, so we went the sports direction."
It has ample ability to carve up the corners, sitting 5mm lower than your standard Cerato and armed with Michelin Pilot Sport 4 rubber, bigger front brakes, as well as a more sophisticated independent rear suspension rather than a more conventional torsion beam set-up.
Certainly capable, the Cerato will push to performance realms that buyers rarely, if ever, venture.
Under power there's a strange exhaust note with Kia using an artificial accentuator for an improved soundtrack under power. It doesn't work well...offering a gravelly note which lacks athleticism.
Behind the wheel of the Picanto, the micro machine is designed to amp-up the fun factor.
Rather than slicing through rural roads it makes mince meat of the urban jungle.
The 1.0-litre three-cylinder engine is happy work, and the manual transmission enables the driver to explore the rev range.
Kia has entered hallow territory, using the VW Golf GTI and Peugeot 308 GTI as primary benchmarks. The Cerato GT offers a lot of kit and performance for the coin, but the compromise is a firm ride. For those looking for a motorbike with four wheels the Picanto GT is a fine choice - as long as you are prepared to swap cogs yourself.
The MY19 Kia Cerato hatch.
WARRANTY/SERVICING Seven-year unlimited kilometre warranty, services annual or every 10,000km with capped price services over five years $1838.


text:
\section{Introduction}
Contemporary machine learning methods frequently rely on neural networks, and shape recognition relies more specifically on convolutional neural networks. The big advantage of the latter is its ability to take the underlying structure of the data into account by treating neighboring pixels together. If these methods are very often impressive by their performance, they are also known for their drawbacks such as a weak robustness and a difficult explainability. On the other side, though not always being as accurate as neural networks, kernel methods are praised for their easy explainability and robustness. Another advantage of kernel methods is their versatility as they easily be used in supervised and unsupervised methods, as well as for generation~\cite{GenRKM}. We emphasize here the interest of choosing a particular kernel based on Wasserstein distance for classifying small datasets consisting of shapes.

In the context of kernel methods, squared exponential kernel functions are widely used, mainly because of their universal approximation properties and their empirical success. These Gaussians consist of the exponential of the negative Euclidean distance squared. However, the Euclidean distance might not always be appropriate to compare data points when data has some specific structure. Indeed, it measures the correspondence of each feature independently of the other features. For example, let's consider the case of two identical 2D-shapes. When the two shapes overlap, their Euclidean distance is zero. However, if they do not overlap, their relative Euclidean distance becomes large although the shapes are identical. In other words, the Euclidean distance only compares each pixel at the same place on the grid, not taking the neighbouring pixels into account. The general structure of the features is not taken into account, only their strict correspondence.
However, another distance -- the Wasserstein distance -- gained popularity in  recent years since it can incorporate the structure of the data if the dataset can be processed so that the datapoints can be considered as probability distributions.
\subsection*{Contributions}
The contributions of this paper are the following. Empirically, we demonstrate that squared exponential kernels~\eqref{eq:kW} based on a regularized Wassertein distance  are performant on small scale classification problems involving shape datasets, compared for instance to the popular Gaussian RBF kernel~\cite{rasmussen:williams:2006}. Also, an approximation technique is proposed, with the so-called Wasserstein feature map, so that a positive semi-definite (psd) kernel can be defined from the Wasserstein squared exponential kernel which is not necessarily psd.
\subsection*{Notations and conventions}
In the sequel, we denote vectors by bold lower case letters. Let $\bm{1}$ be the all ones column vector. Also, we define $\delta_y$  to be the Dirac measure at point $y$. A kernel $k:\mathbb{R}^d\times \mathbb{R}^d \to \mathbb{R}$ is called positive semi-definite if all kernel matrices  $K = [k(\bm{x_i},\bm{x_j})]_{i,j =1}^n$ are positive semi-definite.

\subsection*{Wasserstein distances}
The Wasserstein distance is a central notion in optimal transport theory. Also known as the \emph{earth mover's distance}, it corresponds to the optimal transportation cost between two measures~\cite{villani2008optimal,GabrielPeyre2019COTW}. Let $p>0$. We then define two normalized empirical measures $\bm{\alpha} = \sum_{i=1}^m a_i \delta_{\bm{y_i}}$ and $\bm{\beta} = \sum_{j=1}^n b_j \delta_{\bm{z_j}}$ such that $\bm{a}^\top \bm{1} = 1$ and $\bm{b}^\top \bm{1} = 1$, and where  $\{\bm{y_i}\in \mathbb{R}^d\}_{i=1}^n$, $\{\bm{z_j}\in \mathbb{R}^d\}_{j=1}^m$ are support points.
Also, we define an Euclidean distance matrix $d_{ij} = \|\bm{y_i}-\bm{z_j}\|_2$. Then, the $p$-Wasserstein distance is given by
\begin{equation*}
\mathcal{W}_p(\bm{\alpha},\bm{\beta}) = \left(\min_{\bm{\pi} \in \Pi\left(\bm{\alpha},\bm{\beta}\right)} \sum_{i,j} \pi_{ij}d_{ij}^p\right)^{\nicefrac{1}{p}},
\end{equation*}
 with $\Pi(\bm{\alpha},\bm{\beta}) = \left\{ \Pi \in \mathbb{R}^{m \times n} | \Pi \bm{1}= \bm{a} \; \mathrm{and} \; \Pi^\top \bm{1}=\bm{b} \right\}$, the set of joint distributions $\pi$ with specified marginals given by $\alpha$ and $\beta$. Intuitively, the optimal probability distribution $\pi^\star$ represents the optimal mass transportation scheme from $\alpha$ to $\beta$. A particular result occurs in the one-dimensional ($d=1$) case assuming the support points are ordered, \emph{i.e.}, $y_1 \leq \ldots \leq y_m$ and $z_1 \leq \ldots \leq z_n$, where the Wasserstein distance reduces to an $\ell^p$-norm: $\mathcal{W}_p^p\left(\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n\delta_{y_i}, \frac{1}{n}\sum_{j=1}^n \delta_{z_j}\right) = \tfrac{1}{n}||\bm{y}-\bm{z}||_p^p$~\cite{GabrielPeyre2019COTW}. This connection between $\ell^p$-norms and Wasserstein distances is only clear in one dimension, illustrating here again the fact that $\ell^p$-norms don't take the underlying structure into account. To take it into account, we need to consider the case $d>1$. In this way we can define a new kernel function
 \begin{equation}
 k_W(\bm{\alpha},\bm{\beta}) = \mathrm{exp}\left(-\frac{W_2^2(\bm{\alpha},\bm{\beta})}{2\sigma^2}\right).\label{eq:kW}
 \end{equation}
 However, this has some undesirable consequences concerning positive definiteness.
A kernel $k(\bm{x},\bm{y})=\exp\left( - t f(\bm{x},\bm{y})\right)$ is positive semi-definite for all $t>0$ if and only if $f(\bm{x},\bm{y})$ is Hermitian and \emph{conditionally} negative semi-definite~\cite{Berg1984}. Recall that a kernel is \emph{conditionally} negative semi-definite if any Gram matrix $F = [f(\bm{x_i},\bm{x_j})]_{i,j =1}^n$ (with $n\geq 2)$ built from a discrete sample satisfies $\bm{c}^\top F \bm{c}\leq 0$ for all $\bm{c}$ such that $\bm{1}^\top \bm{c} =0$. However, the Wasserstein distance for $d>1$ is not necessarily \emph{conditionally} negative definite~\cite{GabrielPeyre2019COTW}. The consequence is that we cannot guarantee that any resulting squared exponential kernel matrix built with the 2-Wasserstein distance is positive definite. This property is fundamental in kernel theory and more specifically for defining \emph{reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces} (RKHS; see~\cite{Scholkopf:2001:LKS:559923} for more details).

\section{Dealing with indefinite exponential kernels}
This restriction has lead authors to consider only some specific cases of Wasserstein distances which are known to be positive definite. The one-dimensional generic case is proven to be positive definite and has lead to the introduction of sliced Wasserstein distances~\cite{Carriere2017,SlicedWasserstein}. Another notable case is the Wasserstein distance between two Gaussians in more than one dimension, which can even be written in closed form~\cite{GabrielPeyre2019COTW}.

Some kernel methods are still usable with non positive definite kernels, such as LS-SVMs \cite{suykens:worldsci2002,Huang2017}. However, this leads to a slightly different interpretation of the global problem, using Kre\u{\i}n  spaces for which a weaker version of the representer theorem holds~\cite{Ong2004}. In this paper, we propose an alternative which allows us to still work with a positive definite kernel approximating the squared exponential kernel. If the Wasserstein exponential kernel can not be used, we can always find a parameter $\sigma>0$ and a finite dimensional feature map resulting in a positive definite kernel.

\subsection{Positive definite squared exponential kernels and bandwidth choice}
In this section, we show that for a given dataset, the corresponding Gram matrix of $k_W$ is positive definite if the bandwidth parameter $\sigma>0$ is small enough.
\begin{definition}\label{def1}
Let $d: \mathcal{D} \times \mathcal{D} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0}$ be a symmetric function such that $d(\bm{x},\bm{x}) =0$ and let $\left\{\bm{x}_i \in \mathcal{D} \right\}_{i=1}^N$ be a dataset. A squared exponential kernel matrix is defined as
\begin{equation*}
    \bm{K}_{d,\sigma} = \left[\exp\left( \dfrac{-d^2(\bm{x}_i,\bm{x}_j)}{2\sigma^2} \right) \right]_{i,j=1}^N.
\end{equation*}
\end{definition}
By construction, this exponential kernel matrix will be symmetric and have a diagonal consisting only of ones. Its eigenvalues are real. To investigate its (semi)-definiteness, we have to investigate the sign of the minimum eigenvalue.
The minimum eigenvalue $\lambda_{\mathrm{min}}\left( \sigma \right)$ of $\bm{K}_{d,\sigma}$ is the function $\lambda_{\mathrm{min}} : \mathbb{R}_{>0} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}, \sigma \mapsto \min \left\{ \lambda_1, \ldots , \lambda_N \right\}$ where $\lambda_1, \ldots , \lambda_N$ are the eigenvalues of $\bm{K}_{d,\sigma}$.
We can now prove the following result:
\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma1}
The eigenvalues of the exponential kernel matrix $\bm{K}_{d,\sigma}$ are continuous functions of $\sigma$. In particular, $\lambda_{\mathrm{min}}\left( \sigma \right)$ is continuous.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
This is a direct consequence of the continuity of the roots of a polynomial under continuously varying coefficients. Therefore, we have to prove that the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial of the exponential kernel matrix $\bm{K}_{d,\sigma}$ is continuous in function of $\sigma$. The characteristic polynomial is given by $\mathrm{det}\left(\bm{K}_{d,\sigma}-\lambda \bm{I} \right)$ and by the formula of Leibniz, we ultimately have that the characteristic polynomial is a sum of products of elements of $\bm{K}_{d,\sigma}-\lambda \bm{I}$, which are continuous in function of $\sigma$. Hence, the coefficients are continuous and so are the eigenvalues.
\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma2}
$\lim_{\sigma \to 0} \bm{K}_{d,\sigma} = \mathrm{id}$ and thus $\lambda_{\mathrm{min}}\left(0\right) = 1$.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
From Definition~\ref{def1}, we know that $\left[ \bm{K}_{d,\sigma} \right]_{i,j} = \exp\left( \tfrac{-d^2(\bm{x}_i,\bm{x}_j)}{2\sigma^2} \right)$ with $d^2(\bm{x}_i,\bm{x}_i)=0$ and $d^2(\bm{x}_i,\bm{x}_j)>0$ for $i\neq j$.  Denote $C_{i,j} = d^2(\bm{x}_i,\bm{x}_j)$ for simplicity. We have thus $\lim_{\sigma \to 0} \exp\left( \tfrac{0}{2\sigma^2} \right) = 1$ and $\lim_{\sigma \to 0} \exp\left(- \tfrac{C_{i,j}}{2\sigma^2} \right) = 0$ with $C_{i,j}>0$ for $i\neq j$, hence the identity matrix. By consequence, all the eigenvalues are equal to 1.
\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma3}
We have
$\lim_{\sigma \to \infty} \bm{K}_{d,\sigma} = \bm{1}\bm{1}^T$ and thus $\lim_{\sigma \to \infty}\lambda_{\mathrm{min}}\left(\sigma\right) = 0$.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
Similarly as before, we have $\lim_{\sigma \to +\infty} \left[ \bm{K}_{d,\sigma} \right]_{i,j} = 1$ everywhere. By consequence, we have $\lambda_{\mathrm{max}}=N$ and all others equal to zero, hence $\lambda_{\mathrm{min}}=0$.
\end{proof}

\begin{theorem}
\label{existence-sigma}
There exists a $\sigma_{\mathrm{PSD}}\in \mathbb{R}_{+}$ such that $\bm{K}_{d,\sigma}$ is positive semi-definite for all $\sigma \leq \sigma_{\mathrm{PSD}}$.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
Let's proceed \emph{ad absurdum} and suppose this is not the case. We consider the sequence $\left( \sigma_n \right)_n$ converging to 0 with $\sigma_0 = \sigma_{\mathrm{PSD}}$. There must exist some subsequence $\left( \sigma_{n_j} \right)_j$ such that $\left( \lambda_{\mathrm{min}}\left(\sigma_{n_j}\right) \right)_j < 0$. If this sequence if finite, then is suffices to consider a new sequence with $\sigma_{\mathrm{PSD}} = \sigma_{n_{j_{\mathrm{max}}}+1}$. If this subsequence is infinite, then $\left( \lambda_{\mathrm{min}}\left(\sigma_{n}\right) \right)_n$ cannot converge to 1. This is impossible because of the continuity of $\lambda_{\mathrm{min}}\left( \sigma \right)$ (lemma~\ref{lemma1}) and its convergence to 1 (lemma~\ref{lemma2}). Hence, there exist
some $\sigma_{\mathrm{PSD}}>0$ such that $\lambda_{\mathrm{min}}\left( \sigma \right)\geq 0$ for all $\sigma \leq \sigma_{\mathrm{PSD}}$. This proves our proposition.
\end{proof}
We can empirically see the result of Proposition~\ref{existence-sigma} in Fig.~\ref{kernels}, where all eigenvalues are positive. To give some intuition, decreasing the $\sigma$ tends to make the smallest distances more predominant, pushing the smallest eigenvalue progressively to the positive side. In this sense, an indefinite kernel matrix with $\sigma$ close to $\sigma_{\mathrm{PSD}}$ will lead to very proportionally very small negative eigenvalues in magnitude. In this case, a finite positive definite approximation can be justified.
\begin{figure}[]
    \centering
    \subfloat[$\ell^2$]{\includegraphics[width=0.35\textwidth]{img/kernels/l2.eps}}
    \subfloat[$\mathcal{W}_2^2$]{\includegraphics[width=0.35\textwidth]{img/kernels/wass.eps}}
    \caption{Comparison of the classical squared exponential kernel matrix (based on a $\ell^2$-distance) and the introduced Wasserstein exponential kernel matrix on 250 normalized digits of the MNIST dataset~\cite{lecun-mnisthandwrittendigit-2010}. The digits are ordered by class in ascending order.}
    \label{kernels}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Wasserstein features}
We can consider a finite dimensional feature map $\bm{\phi}(\bm{x})$ such that the positive semi-definite kernel $\bm{\phi}(\bm{x})^\top \bm{\phi}(\bm{y})$ approximates $k_W(\bm{x},\bm{y})$ given in~\eqref{eq:kW}. This finite approximation is based on a training dataset $\left\{ \bm{x}_i\right\}_{i=1}^N$ for constructing an original kernel matrix $\bm{K} = \left[k_W(\bm{x}_i,\bm{x}_j)\right]_{i,j=1}^N \in \mathbb{R}^{N \times N}$. It suffices to truncate the spectral decomposition of the kernel matrix $\bm{K} = \sum_{l=1}^N \lambda_l \bm{v}_l \bm{v}_l^\top$ to the $\ell$ largest strictly positive eigenvalues. This will result in a new positive definite kernel matrix $\bm{K}^{(\ell)} \defeq \sum_{l=1}^\ell \lambda_l \bm{v}_l \bm{v}_l^\top \succ 0$ with $\lambda_1\geq \dots\geq \lambda_N$. We can now reconstruct the different components of an approximate feature map
\begin{equation}
    \phi_l\left(\bm{x} \right) \defeq \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{\lambda_l}} \bm{k}_{\bm{x}}^\top \bm{v}_l, \qquad \mathrm{for}\; i=1,\ldots,\ell,\label{eq:ApproxFeatureMap}
\end{equation}
with $\bm{k}_{\bm{x}} \defeq \left[ k_W(\bm{x},\bm{x}_1) \; \cdots \; k_W(\bm{x},\bm{x}_N) \right]^\top$. We refer to these different components as the \emph{Wasserstein features} as they compose the approximate feature map $\bm{\phi}\left(\bm{x}\right) \defeq \left[ \phi_1(\bm{x}) \; \cdots \; \phi_\ell(\bm{x}) \right]^\top$ of the Wasserstein exponential kernel. This approximate feature map is constructed by using a training dataset, but can afterwards be evaluated at any out-of-sample point. By construction, we can verify that the Wassertein features evaluated on the training dataset result in the truncated kernel matrix:
\begin{theorem}We have
$    \left[ \bm{\phi}(\bm{x}_i)^\top \bm{\phi}(\bm{x}_j)\right]_{i,j=1}^N = \bm{K}^{(\ell)}.
$\label{prop:Kk}
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
It suffices to observe that $\bm{k}_{\bm{x}_i} = \sum_{l=1}^N \lambda_l \bm{v}_l \left[\bm{v}_l\right]_i$. By consequence, we have $\phi_l(\bm{x}_i) = \sqrt{\lambda_l}\left[\bm{v}_l \right]_i$.
\end{proof}
Proposition~\ref{existence-sigma} suggests that even if no suitable $\sigma$ can be found such that the kernel matrix is positive, the negative eigenvalues will remain very small in magnitude. By consequence, we can suppress them without loosing much information. A truncated kernel is thus very close to the original one in spectral norm. This justifies the Wasserstein features in this sense that they are very close to the Wasserstein exponential kernel as well as being positive definite by construction. This fact can be visualized on Fig.~\ref{wass-features}.

\begin{figure*}[]
    \centering
    \subfloat[$\ell =5$]{\includegraphics[width=0.23\textwidth]{img/wass-feat/feat-5.png}}\hfill
    \subfloat[$\ell=15$]{\includegraphics[width=0.23\textwidth]{img/wass-feat/feat-15.png}}\hfill
    \subfloat[$\ell=250$]{\includegraphics[width=0.23\textwidth]{img/wass-feat/feat-250.png}}\hfill
    \subfloat[Exact]{\includegraphics[width=0.23\textwidth]{img/wass-feat/feat-exact.png}}
    \caption{Kernel matrices constructed as the inner products of a different number Wasserstein features of a test set. These matrices are compared with the exact Wasserstein squared exponential kernel matrix of the test set. Both the training set and the test are of size $N=500$.}
    \label{wass-features}
\end{figure*}

Clearly, the \emph{Wasserstein features} yield a positive semi-definite kernel. Moreover, it is also advantageous to work with finite dimensional feature maps to reduce the training time. Indeed, the computation of the Wasserstein distance (or an approximation with \emph{e.g.} Sinkhorn's algorithm~\cite{Lightspeed}) is still relatively expensive compared to $\ell^2$ distance.

\section{Experiments}

\begin{table*}[]
\begin{center}
\caption{Percentage of classification error on the test set of three datasets. The standard deviation is given in parenthesis. The number of repeated simulations is 7 for MNIST, 8 for Quickdraw and 6 for USPS.}
   \label{table:results}
    \begin{tabular}{r c c c c c c c}
      \textbf{Dataset} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{MNIST}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Quickdraw}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{USPS }}   \\
      \cmidrule(lr){2-3}\cmidrule(lr){4-5}\cmidrule(lr){6-7} \\
      \textbf{Method} &\textbf{Avg.} & \textbf{Best} & \textbf{Avg.} & \textbf{Best} & \textbf{Avg.} & \textbf{Best} \\
      Wass. LS-SVM (Core+OOS) & 3.95 ($\pm$ 0.18) & 3.74 & 11.45 ($\pm$ 0.39) & 10.97 & 6.77 ($\pm$ 0.52) & 6.20\\
      Wass. LS-SVM (Core) & 3.81 ($\pm$ 0.34) & 3.28 & 10.80 ($\pm$ 0.19) & 10.52 & 7.93 ($\pm$ 1.45) & 6.35\\
      Wass. LS-SVM (Indef.) & \textbf{3.40} ($\pm$ 0.11) & \textbf{3.23} & \textbf{10.75} ($\pm$ 0.27) & 10.35 & 6.15 ($\pm$ 0.67) & 5.45\\
      R. Wass. LS-SVM (Core+OOS) & 3.91 ($\pm$ 0.27) & 3.45 & 11.79 ($\pm$ 0.48) & 10.95 & 6.68 ($\pm$ 0.80) & 5.70\\
      R. Wass. LS-SVM (Core) & 3.71 ($\pm$ 0.15) & 3.46 & 10.99 ($\pm$ 0.44) & \textbf{10.07} & 6.35 ($\pm$ 0.11) & 6.20\\
      R. Wass. LS-SVM (Indef.) & 3.48 ($\pm$ 0.13) & 3.29 & 12.43 ($\pm$ 0.43) & 11.95 & \textbf{5.70} ($\pm$ 0.29) & \textbf{5.40}\\
      Wass. kNN & 6.31 ($\pm$ 0.33) & 5.81 & 12.26 ($\pm$ 0.33) & 11.91 & 6.60 ($\pm$ 0.44) & 6.00\\
      & & & & & & \\
      RBF LS-SVM & 4.26 ($\pm$ 0.10) & 4.07 & 11.46 ($\pm$ 0.20) & 11.23 & 6.75 ($\pm$ 0.04) & 6.70 \\
      $\ell^2$ kNN & 7.20 ($\pm$ 0.15) & 6.95 & 15.32 ($\pm$ 0.40) & 14.68 & 7.52 ($\pm$ 0.38) & 7.20 \\
      \cmidrule(lr){2-3}\cmidrule(lr){4-5}\cmidrule(lr){6-7}\\
      \textbf{Set size} &\textbf{Core + OOS} & \textbf{Others} & \textbf{Core + OOS} & \textbf{Others} & \textbf{Core + OOS} & \textbf{Others} \\
      Training & 1500 $+$ 2500 & 4000 & 500 + 750 & 1250 & 1000 + 1500 & 2500 \\
      Validation & 5000 & 5000 & 5000 & 5000 & 2000 & 2000 \\
      Test & 10 000 & 10 000 & 10 000 & 10 000 & 2000 & 2000
    \end{tabular}
  \end{center}
\end{table*}

\begin{figure*}[]
    \centering
    \subfloat[Comparison of Wasserstein exponential kernels with other similar methods.]{\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{img/expe/m1.eps}}\hfill
    \subfloat[Comparison of \emph{reweighted} Wasserstein exponential kernels with other similar methods.]{\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{img/expe/m2.eps}}
    \caption{ Mean misclassification rates for various subset sizes of the MNIST dataset, computed on 7 simulations. The standard deviation is given by the errors bars. For the specific case of ``Core + OOS", the out-of-sample subset represents 300 datapoints on 500, 750 on 1250, 1500 on 2500 and 2500 on 4000. The size of validation set is always 5000 and of the test set always 10 000.}
    \label{expe-shape}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Setup for 2D shape classification}
Let $\bm{u}$ be a greyscale image that we unfold as a vector of length $m$ and so that $u_i>0$ is the ``grey" value at the pixel $\bm{y_i}$ of a pixel grid. It is mapped to a probability $\bm{\alpha} = \sum_{i=1}^m a_i \delta_{\bm{y_i}}$ by defining $a_i = u_i/\|\bm{u}\|_1$, so that the mass of $\bm{\alpha}$ is one.
In practice, the $p=2$ Wassertein distance is calculated in this paper with the help of the well-known entropic regularization, namely
\begin{equation*}
\mathcal{W}_2^{2}(\bm{\alpha},\bm{\beta},\epsilon) = \min_{\bm{\pi} \in \Pi\left(\bm{\alpha},\bm{\beta}\right)} \sum_{i,j} \pi_{ij}d_{ij}^2 +\epsilon \pi_{ij}\log \pi_{ij},
\end{equation*}
where $\epsilon>0$ is a small regularization term and $d_{ij}$ is the Euclidean distance between pixels located at $\bm{y_i}$ and $\bm{y_j}$ in a pixel grid. The advantage of this regularized problem is that its solution can be efficiently obtained thanks to the Sinkhorn algorithm, which can be parallelized. For more details, we refer to~\cite{GabrielPeyre2019COTW}. All the simulations used $\epsilon = 0.4$ and the diagonal of the distance matrix set to zero.

\subsection{Shape recognition}
We illustrate the use of the Wasserstein based kernels in the context of shape classifications. Namely, we train a Least Squares Support Vector Machine~\cite{LSSVM} classifier on  subsets of the MNIST~\cite{lecun-mnisthandwrittendigit-2010}, Quickdraw\footnote{\texttt{https://quickdraw.withgoogle.com/data}} and USPS~\cite{USPS} datasets, which are sampled uniformly at random.
These three datasets contain handwritten digits and shapes.
The multiclass problem is solved by a one-versus-one encoding. One instance of these binary classifiers $f(\bm{x}) = \sign( \bm{w}^{\star\top}\bm{\phi}(\bm{x}) +b^\star)$ is obtained by solving
\begin{equation}
\min_{\substack{\bm{w}\in \mathbb{R}^\ell;b\in \mathbb{R}\\
e_i\in \mathbb{R}}}\bm{w}^\top\bm{w} + \frac{\gamma}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N} e_i^2 \text{ s.t. } e_i = y_i-\bm{w}^\top\bm{\phi}(\bm{x}_i) -b, \label{eq:primal}
\end{equation}
where $y_i\in \{-1,1\}$ and $\bm{\phi}(\bm{x})\in \mathbb{R}^\ell$ is a feature map obtained for instance thanks to~\eqref{eq:ApproxFeatureMap}.
The solution is obtained by solving
\begin{equation*}
\begin{bmatrix}
        \sum_{i}\bm{\phi}(\bm{x_i})\bm{\phi}(\bm{x_i})^\top + \frac{N}{\gamma}\mathbb{I} & \sum_{i}\bm{\phi}(\bm{x_i})\\
    \sum_{i}\bm{\phi}(\bm{x_i})^\top & N
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
\bm{w}\\
b
\end{bmatrix}
 = \begin{bmatrix}
\sum_{i}y_i\bm{\phi}(\bm{x_i})\\
\sum_{i}y_i
\end{bmatrix},
\end{equation*}
which is a $(\ell+1)\times (\ell+1)$ linear system.
A classifier can also be obtained by solving the dual problem of~\eqref{eq:primal}. The optimality conditions of this dual problem yield the following $(N+1)\times (N+1)$ linear system
\begin{equation}
\begin{bmatrix}
        K + \frac{N}{\gamma}\mathbb{I} & \bm{1}\\
    \bm{1}^\top & 0
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
\bm{\alpha}\\
b
\end{bmatrix}
 = \begin{bmatrix}
\bm{y}\\
0
\end{bmatrix}.\label{eq:dual}
\end{equation}
The resulting classifier has then the expression $f(\bm{x}) = \sign(\sum_{i=1}^N \alpha_i^\star k(\bm{x},\bm{x_i}) +b^\star)$.
The hyperparameters $\sigma>0$ and $\gamma>0$ are chosen by validation. The final classification is done by minimizing the hammming distance on the one-versus-one outputs~\cite{mlssvm}.
In order to account for the amount of ink  in the grey images $\bm{u}$ and $\bm{v}$, we also introduce a  reweighted kernel that is defined as
\begin{equation}
k_{RW}(\bm{u},\bm{v}) = \|\bm{u}\|_1 \|\bm{v}\|_1 k_W\left(\frac{\bm{u}}{\|\bm{u}\|_1},\frac{\bm{v}}{\|\bm{v}\|_1}\right).\label{eq:kernelRescaled}
\end{equation} Notice that a similar kernel has been defined with the Euclidean distance in~\cite{Mairal2016,Mairal}.

In our experiments, we compare several methods based on $k_W$ and $k_{RW}$, Wasserstein and Euclidean distances.
\subsubsection{Core Wasserstein kernel}
The ``Core" method consists in solving~\eqref{eq:primal} thanks to the feature map~\eqref{eq:ApproxFeatureMap} associated to $K^{(\ell)}$. The parameter $\ell$ is chosen such that all the selected eigenvalues are larger than $10^{-6}$ to avoid numerical instabilities. The optimal $\bm{w}^\star$ and $b^\star$ are then obtained by solving a linear system.

\subsubsection{Core Wasserstein kernel with out-of-sample}
Our second method named ``Core + OOS" uses almost the same methodology as ``Core". However, a subset of the training set is used to construct the truncated Wasserstein kernel of Proposition~\ref{prop:Kk}. Then the out-of-sample (OOS) formula~\eqref{eq:ApproxFeatureMap} is used to construct an approximation of the kernel matrix on the full training dataset. The advantage of this approximation is that it can avoid the full eigendecomposition of the kernel matrix which is necessary for the ``Core" method.
\subsubsection{Indefinite Wasserstein kernel}
 For this second method, we simply use for the kernel matrix the indefinite Gram matrix associated to~\eqref{eq:kernelRescaled} and solve the system~\eqref{eq:dual} associated to the dual formulation of LS-SVM. While the associated optimization problem is not necessarily bounded in that case, the linear system~\eqref{eq:dual} still has a solution in practice (almost surely if $\gamma$ selected uniformly at random.). We name this method ``Indefinite Wasserstein" in Figure~\ref{expe-shape}.
\subsubsection{Gaussian RBF}
The previous methods are compared with a classical LS-SVM classifier with kernel
\[
k(\bm{u},\bm{v}) = \exp\left( \dfrac{-\|\bm{u}-\bm{v}\|_2^2}{2\sigma^2} \right).
\]
The parameters $\sigma$ and $\gamma$ are obtained by validation in the same spirit as above.
\subsubsection{KNN}
The same task is also performed for a kNN classifiers defined both with Euclidean and Wasserstein distances~\cite{KNN_OT}. Those two methods are considered as benchmarks to assess the accuracy of the kernel methods hereabove. Notice that the number of nearest neighbours $k$ is selected by validation.
\subsection{Description of the simulations}
The simulations are repeated several times and the mean classification error rate is given as well as the standard deviation. We emphasize that the classes are balanced in each of the datasets. The coded is provided on GitHub\footnote{\texttt{https://github.com/hdeplaen/Exponential\_Wasserstein\_Kernels}}.

\subsection{Discussion}
The results obtained by classifiers defined with Wasserstein exponential kernel $k_W$ outperform the Euclidean and Wasserstein kNN classifiers, as well as LS-SVM with a Gaussian RBF kernel (see Fig.~\ref{expe-shape} and Table~\ref{table:results}). The latter is especially outperformed when the number of training data points is limited to a few thousands. We observed empirically that the advantage of $k_W$ is indeed reduced as the size of the training set further increases. Surprisingly, the classifier obtained for the indefinite $k_W$ kernel yields the best performance when the training set is larger. For moderate size training sets, LS-SVM classifiers can be competitive with respect to other methods that do not rely on convolutional neural networks. The latter are known to be performant for relatively large training datasets.
While an advantage of Wasserstein based methods is an increased accuracy in the classification tasks of this paper, a main disadvantage is the increased training time.

\section{Conclusion}
In this paper, we proposed the use of Wasserstein squared exponential kernels for classifying shapes given relatively small training datasets. Although the computation of Wasserstein distances is expensive, it can be made possible thanks to the entropic regularization and the Sinkhorn algorithm, as it is well known. The so-called Wasserstein features are also proposed to serve as an approximation of the Wasserstein squared exponential kernel which is not necessarily positive semidefinite. In particular, this construction is possible if the bandwidth parameter is small enough as it is explained by elementary theoretical results. These theoretical results also open a door to more general exponential kernels based on any measure of similarity.

\section*{Acknowledgment}
\footnotesize{
EU: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program / ERC Advanced Grant E-DUALITY (787960). This paper reflects only the authors' views and the Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the contained information. Research Council KUL: Optimization frameworks for deep kernel machines C14/18/068. Flemish Government: FWO: projects: GOA4917N (Deep Restricted Kernel Machines: Methods and Foundations), PhD/Postdoc grant. This research received funding from the Flemish Government under the "Onderzoeksprogramma Artificiële Intelligentie (AI) Vlaanderen" programme. Ford KU Leuven Research Alliance Project KUL0076 (Stability analysis and performance improvement of deep reinforcement learning algorithms). The computational resources and services used in this work were provided by the VSC (Flemish Supercomputer Center), funded by the Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO) and the Flemish Government – department EWI.}

\begin{footnotesize}

\bibliographystyle{unsrt}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Home/Trending/Safe Schools Program
Safe Schools Program
Amy Ahearn March 3, 2016
Safe Schools Program In A Jam – Spread The Word
I mean, I don't care if you don't like strawberry jam. It's your life, after all. I can't say I really get it, though. Most people like strawberry jam. I mean, what's not to like? Strawberry jam is sweet and tasty and you can buy it smooth and jelly-like or with big chunks of fruit through it- whichever way you prefer. It comes in jars and squeeze bottles and you can buy it just about anywhere.
When it comes to the people that don't like strawberry jam, I try to be very tolerant. Between you and me, though, I find it hard to accept that sort of lifestyle. I mean, I guess it comes back to my culture or something. And I know some people who say it's against their religious beliefs to not like strawberry jam. Some people have pointed out to me that whether or not someone likes the same jam as me really doesn't impact my life at all. I guess they have a point but I'm entitled to an opinion, right? Even though I can't really articulate why people who don't like strawberry jam might bother me in any way other than them being, you know, different to me.
There's a program starting in schools that is supposed to teach kids not to bully the other kids who don't like strawberry jam. They say that not liking strawberry jam is normal and those people shouldn't be treated any differently. Apparently, a lot of kids who don't like strawberry jam are being bullied. I read somewhere that they suffer higher rates of depression, anxiety self-harm and even suicide. While I feel for those kids, here's the thing:
I'm a parent. It should be up to me to tell my kids about people who don't like strawberry jam. I decide when they are ready to know about these people, not some school teacher or politician. I don't want my kids to feel confused or somehow sexualised by learning that some people don't like the same condiments that they do. Even though the program simply aims to let kids know that preferring plum jam is perfectly normal if that's what you're into, I feel like that it's threatening my parental rights somehow. And those rights are far more important than the actual people who don't dig strawberry jam. I'd much prefer if they simply didn't disclose their spread preferences until I was ready to discuss this issue with my kids. They should just pretend to like strawberry jam for as long as it takes for the parents of their peers to feel ready to explain it.
I know I could have made this much simpler for everyone by telling my kids early on that some people are avid peanut butter fans and just cannot enjoy strawberry jam, even if they want to. I know that by doing that, I could have let my children know early on that choice of spread is simply another part of who a person is. I could have taught them from the outset that our choice of breakfast spreads doesn't determine the kind of person we are; that loving peanut butter as well as strawberry jam is fine, that loving all spreads is also normal and healthy.
Some people also know, early on, that they aren't into spreads at all. Some know what spread they like but feel like they are somehow stuck in the body of a breakfast cereal eater. They know that inside, they are a person who loves toast and vegemite but the reflection in the mirror is a cereal eater. I could have made it easier on kids going through this by letting my kids know about it, by teaching them to be empathetic and accepting.
In fact, I've known this program was coming to schools for some time. It was formally announced back in 2014, so maybe I could have taken a little bit of time to talk to my kids about it before it started rolling out… I could have jut taught my kids that love is love, whether it's peanut butter or jam or both these things that a person loves. That there is no right or wrong. You know what? If you feel like this, it's not too late.
Whether it's sandwich toppings or sexual preferences, kids are actually pretty tolerant and accepting- unless we teach them to be otherwise.
Senator Cory Bernardi has organised a petition objecting to the Safe Schools program, which aims to prevent the bullying of LGBTI youth by educating young people. He says that this program, aiming to help LGBTI youth by educating all students and teachers, might "indoctrinate children into a Marxist agenda of cultural relativism" and claims that it "sexualises children". This is obviously just a bunch of jumbled and meaningless words to disguise what he really objects to. Right-wing extremest groups like the Australian Christian Lobby are campaigning against it as well, claiming it aims to indoctrinate kids into "the gay lifestyle". At least their homophobia is pretty clear and not being hidden behind "Marxism", I guess. For reasons unknown, PM Turnbull has given in to the pressure from these extremists and announced an inquiry into the program.
What the Safe Schools Program actually aims to do is help to prevent the bullying of LGBTI youth. From their website:
Safe Schools Coalition Australia offers a suite of free resources and support to equip staff and students with skills, practical ideas and greater confidence to lead positive change and be safe and inclusive for same sex attracted, intersex and gender diverse students, staff and families.
All kids deserve to be safe at school. At the moment, LGBTI youths are not always safe. They are likely experience being bullied, harassed and assaulted. They are more likely to have poorer school attendance which can lead to poorer academic outcomes. They are more likely to suffer depression. LGBTI youth have significantly higher rates of suicide than their peers. If effecting positive change can be as simple as a school-based education program, we should be applauding and supporting it.
Please sign this petition to show your support for the program.
discrimination gay rights school sexuality
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Amy Ahearn
Amy is mum and step mum of 4 awesome kids ranging from 18 months to 12 years old. She successfully co-organising a nurse-in demonstration in response to the comments made by a prominent television personality about breastfeeding in public. This saw her appear on national tv, in newspapers and on radio to discuss her thoughts on the matter. The experience made her want to continue to have a voice. Her life is hectic as a part-time shift worker, full time parent, partner and social media addict but she still finds the time for cloth nappies, breastfeeding, baby wearing and saving the world one online petition at a time.


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text:
Stories of Yesteryear, October 14, 2017
Click on the button above to link to Green Mountain Access TV's recording of the Lanpher Memorial Library Stories of Yesteryear, and the Annual Library Awards.
INFORMATION FOR LOCAL HISTORY RESEARCH
The Lanpher Library is home to some historical documents that may help genealogists in their research. We are always willing to help in any way we can. Please stop by, or give us a call 802-888-4628. Among other resources, we have:
Lamoille County Newspapers 1860-1930 (informally indexed)
Access to Census Records, Books, PERSI Archives, Revolutionary War Records, Freedman's Bank & U.S. Serial Set through Heritage Quest online.
Abby Hemenway's Vermont Historical Gazeteers
Beer's Atlas of Lamoille County
Access to the Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps Online
Copies of Vermont Rosters
Other Local Resources:
The Hyde Park Town Clerk's Office has vital records from 1800's to current time. They also have cemetery maps.
802-888-2300 located at 344 RT 15 W, Hyde Park
hydeparkvt.com Open M-F 8:00-4:00
The Vermont State Archives and Records Administration (VSARA)
has most Vermont Newspapers on Microfilm. You can view them at their location at 1078 Route 2, Middlesex, VT. (I-89 Exit 9, Behind Police Barracks.) The Reference Room Hours are Monday-Friday 9:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. 802-828-3700 https://www.sec.state.vt.us/archives-records/about-us.aspx
Ancestry.com: FOR VERMONT RESIDENTS ONLY
Records from the Vermont State Archives on Ancestry.com are available to Vermont residents through https://secure.vermont.gov/myvermont/ The records are available through a partnership between Ancestry.com and the Vermont State Archives and Records Administration.
For help getting started, go to their FAQ page: https://www.sec.state.vt.us/media/51380/AncestryVermontFAQ.pdf
Other websites of interest:
Vermont Civil War Researchers go to Vermont Civil War website. It's a site dedicated to commemorating Vermont's participation in the War of Rebellion. You can find a soldier, search by town, learn about regiments, read letters, articles...and more!
vermontcivilwar.org
The Library of Congress Chronicling America, is a website providing access to some of America's historic newspapers from 1836-1922. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/