text:
Not to be confused with melanin. For the album, see Melatonin (album).
Melatonin is a hormone that regulates the sleep–wake cycle.[4] It is primarily released by the pineal gland.[4][5] As a supplement, it is often used for the short-term treatment of trouble sleeping such as from jet lag or shift work.[6][7] Evidence of benefit, however, is unclear.[8] One review found onset of sleep occurred 6 minutes faster with use but found no change in total time asleep.[6] It may work as well as the medication ramelteon.[6] It is typically taken by mouth.[7]
/ˌmɛləˈtoʊnɪn/ ( listen)
Many[1]
N-acetyl-5-methoxy tryptamine[2]
Consumer Drug Information
EU EMA: by INN
Routes of
By mouth, sublingual, transdermal
N05CH01 (WHO)
AU: S4 (Prescription only)
CA: OTC
UK: POM (Prescription only)
US: Dietary supplement[3]
Liver via CYP1A2 mediated 6-hydroxylation
6-hydroxymelatonin, N-acetyl-5lhydroxytryptamine, 5-methoxytryptamine
30–50 minutes[4]
N-[2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide
73-31-4 Y
IUPHAR/BPS
JL5DK93RCL
D08170 Y
CHEBI:16796 Y
ChEMBL45 Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID1022421
ECHA InfoCard
Chemical and physical data
232.283 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
117 °C (243 °F)
COC1=CC2=C(NC=C2CCNC(C)=O)C=C1
InChI=1S/C13H16N2O2/c1-9(16)14-6-5-10-8-15-13-4-3-11(17-2)7-12(10)13/h3-4,7-8,15H,5-6H2,1-2H3,(H,14,16) Y
Key:DRLFMBDRBRZALE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
(verify)
Side effects from supplements are minimal at low doses for short durations.[4][9] Side effects may include sleepiness, headaches, nausea, diarrhea, and abnormal dreams.[9][10][11] Use is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding.[7][11] Use is also not recommended in those with liver problems.[7]
In animals (including humans), melatonin is involved in synchronizing the circadian rhythm including sleep–wake timing, blood pressure regulation, and seasonal reproduction.[12] Many of its effects are through activation of the melatonin receptor, while others are due to its role as an antioxidant.[13][14][15] In plants it functions to defend against oxidative stress.[16] Melatonin is also present in various foods.[9]
Melatonin was discovered in 1958.[4] It is sold over the counter in Canada and the United States.[9][10] In the United Kingdom it is a prescription-only medication.[7] A month's supply costs about US $1 to 4 in the United States.[6][9] In the United Kingdom a month's supply costs the NHS about 15 pounds.[7] It is not FDA-approved for any use.[9] In Australia and Europe, it is approved for trouble sleeping in people over the age of 54.[17]
Medical useEdit
Sleep disordersEdit
Positions on the benefits of melatonin for insomnia are mixed.[8] An Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) review from 2015 stated that evidence of benefit in the general population was unclear.[8] A review from 2017 found a modest effect on time until onset of sleep.[4] Another review from 2017 put this decrease at 6 minutes to sleep onset but found no difference in total sleep time.[6] Melatonin may also be useful in delayed sleep phase syndrome.[4] Melatonin appears to work as well as ramelteon but costs less.[6]
Melatonin is a safer alternative than clonazepam in the treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder – a condition associated with the synucleinopathies like Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies.[18][19][20] In Europe it is used for short-term treatment of insomnia in people who are 55 years old or older.[21] It is deemed to be a first line agent in this group.[6]
Melatonin reduces the time until onset of sleep and increases sleep duration in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.[22]
A 2016 review found no evidence that melatonin helped sleep problems in people with moderate to severe dementia due to Alzheimer's disease.[23]
Jet lag and shift workEdit
Melatonin is known to reduce jet lag, especially in eastward travel. If the time it is taken is not correct, however, it can instead delay adaption.[24]
Melatonin appears to have limited use against the sleep problems of people who work shift work.[25] Tentative evidence suggests that it increases the length of time people are able to sleep.[25]
Adverse effectsEdit
Melatonin appears to cause very few side effects as tested in the short term, up to three months, at low doses. Two systematic reviews found no adverse effects of exogenous melatonin in several clinical trials and comparative trials found the adverse effects headaches, dizziness, nausea, and drowsiness were reported about equally for both melatonin and placebo.[26][27] Prolonged-release melatonin is safe with long-term use of up to 12 months.[28] Although not recommended for long term use beyond this, low-dose melatonin is generally safer, and a better alternative, than many prescription and over the counter sleep aids if a sleeping medication must be used for an extended period of time. Low-doses of melatonin are usually sufficient to produce a hypnotic effect in most people. Higher doses do not appear to result in a stronger effect, but instead appear to cause drowsiness for a longer period of time.[29]
Melatonin can cause nausea, next-day grogginess, and irritability.[30] In the elderly, it can cause reduced blood flow and hypothermia.[31][needs update] In autoimmune disorders, evidence is conflicting whether melatonin supplementation may ameliorate or exacerbate symptoms due to immunomodulation.[32][33][needs update]
Melatonin can lower follicle-stimulating hormone levels.[34] Melatonin's effects on human reproduction remain unclear.[35]
In those taking warfarin, some evidence suggests there may exist a potentiating drug interaction, increasing the anticoagulant effect of warfarin and the risk of bleeding.[36]
FunctionsEdit
When eyes receive light from the sun, the pineal gland's production of melatonin is inhibited and the hormones produced keep the human awake. When the eyes do not receive light, melatonin is produced in the pineal gland and the human becomes tired.
Circadian rhythmEdit
In animals, melatonin plays an important role in the regulation of sleep–wake cycles.[37] Human infants' melatonin levels become regular in about the third month after birth, with the highest levels measured between midnight and 8:00 am.[38] Human melatonin production decreases as a person ages.[39] Also, as children become teenagers, the nightly schedule of melatonin release is delayed, leading to later sleeping and waking times.[40]
AntioxidantEdit
Melatonin was first reported as a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger in 1993.[41] In vitro, melatonin acts as a direct scavenger of oxygen radicals and reactive nitrogen species including OH•, O2−•, and NO•.[42][43] In plants, melatonin works with other antioxidants to improve the overall effectiveness of each antioxidant.[43] Melatonin has been proven to be twice as active as vitamin E, believed to be the most effective lipophilic antioxidant.[44] Via signal transduction through melatonin receptors, melatonin promotes the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase.[45][46]
Melatonin occurs at high concentrations within mitochondrial fluid which greatly exceed the plasma concentration of melatonin.[47][48][49] Due to its capacity for free radical scavenging, indirect effects on the expression of antioxidant enzymes, and its significant concentrations within mitochondria, a number of authors have indicated that melatonin has an important physiological function as a mitochondrial antioxidant.[45][47][48][49][50]
The melatonin metabolites produced via the reaction of melatonin with reactive oxygen species or reactive nitrogen species also react with and reduce free radicals.[46][50] Melatonin metabolites generated from redox reactions include cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin, N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK), and N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK).[46][50]
Immune systemEdit
While it is known that melatonin interacts with the immune system,[51][52] the details of those interactions are unclear. An antiinflammatory effect seems to be the most relevant. There have been few trials designed to judge the effectiveness of melatonin in disease treatment. Most existing data are based on small, incomplete trials. Any positive immunological effect is thought to be the result of melatonin acting on high-affinity receptors (MT1 and MT2) expressed in immunocompetent cells. In preclinical studies, melatonin may enhance cytokine production,[53] and by doing this, counteract acquired immunodeficiences. Some studies also suggest that melatonin might be useful fighting infectious disease[54] including viral, such as HIV, and bacterial infections, and potentially in the treatment of cancer.
BiosynthesisEdit
Overview of melatonin biosynthesis
In animals, biosynthesis of melatonin occurs through hydroxylation, decarboxylation, acetylation and a methylation starting with L-tryptophan.[55] L-tryptophan is produced in the shikimate pathway from chorismate or is acquired from protein catabolism. First L-tryptophan is hydroxylated on the indole ring by tryptophan hydroxylase to produce 5-hydroxytryptophan. This intermediate (5-HTP) is decarboxylated by pyridoxal phosphate and 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase to produce serotonin. Serotonin is itself an important neurotransmitter, but is also converted into N-acetylserotonin by serotonin N-acetyltransferase with acetyl-CoA.[56] Hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase and S-adenosyl methionine convert N-acetylserotonin into melatonin through methylation of the hydroxyl group.[56]
In bacteria, protists, fungi, and plants, melatonin is synthesized indirectly with tryptophan as an intermediate product of the shikimate pathway. In these cells, synthesis starts with D-erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate, and in photosynthetic cells with carbon dioxide. The rest of the synthesising reactions are similar, but with slight variations in the last two enzymes.[57][58]
It has been hypothesized that melatonin is made in the mitochondria and chloroplasts.[59]
Mechanism of melatonin biosynthesis
In order to hydroxylate L-tryptophan, the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (THB) must first react with oxygen and the active site iron of tryptophan hydroxylase. This mechanism is not well understood, but two mechanisms have been proposed:
1. A slow transfer of one electron from the THB to O2 could produce a superoxide which could recombine with the THB radical to give 4a-peroxypterin. 4a-peroxypterin could then react with the active site iron (II) to form an iron-peroxypterin intermediate or directly transfer an oxygen atom to the iron.
2. O2 could react with the active site iron (II) first, producing iron (III) superoxide which could then react with the THB to form an iron-peroxypterin intermediate.
Iron (IV) oxide from the iron-peroxypterin intermediate is selectively attacked by a double bond to give a carbocation at the C5 position of the indole ring. A 1,2-shift of the hydrogen and then a loss of one of the two hydrogen atoms on C5 reestablishes aromaticity to furnish 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan.[60]
A decarboxylase with cofactor pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) removes CO2 from 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan to produce 5-hydroxytryptamine.[61] PLP forms an imine with the amino acid derivative. The amine on the pyridine is protonated and acts as an electron sink, enabling the breaking of the C-C bond and releasing CO2. Protonation of the amine from tryptophan restores the aromaticity of the pyridine ring and then imine is hydrolyzed to produce 5-hydroxytryptamine and PLP.[62]
It has been proposed that histidine residue His122 of serotonin N-acetyl transferase is the catalytic residue that deprotonates the primary amine of 5-hydroxytryptamine, which allows the lone pair on the amine to attack acetyl-CoA, forming a tetrahedral intermediate. The thiol from coenzyme A serves as a good leaving group when attacked by a general base to give N-acetylserotonin.[63]
N-acetylserotonin is methylated at the hydroxyl position by S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) to produce S-adenosyl homocysteine (SAH) and melatonin.[62][64]
RegulationEdit
In vertebrates, melatonin secretion is regulated by activation of the beta-1 adrenergic receptor by norepinephrine.[65] Norepinephrine elevates the intracellular cAMP concentration via beta-adrenergic receptors and activates the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA). PKA phosphorylates the penultimate enzyme, the arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT). On exposure to (day)light, noradrenergic stimulation stops and the protein is immediately destroyed by proteasomal proteolysis.[66] Production of melatonin is again started in the evening at the point called the dim-light melatonin onset.
Blue light, principally around 460–480 nm, suppresses melatonin biosynthesis,[67] proportional to the light intensity and length of exposure. Until recent history, humans in temperate climates were exposed to few hours of (blue) daylight in the winter; their fires gave predominantly yellow light.[citation needed] The incandescent light bulb widely used in the 20th century produced relatively little blue light.[68] Light containing only wavelengths greater than 530 nm does not suppress melatonin in bright-light conditions.[69] Wearing glasses that block blue light in the hours before bedtime may decrease melatonin loss. Use of blue-blocking goggles the last hours before bedtime has also been advised for people who need to adjust to an earlier bedtime, as melatonin promotes sleepiness.[70]
PharmacologyEdit
PharmacodynamicsEdit
In humans, melatonin is a full agonist of melatonin receptor 1 (picomolar binding affinity) and melatonin receptor 2 (nanomolar binding affinity), both of which belong to the class of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs).[46][71] Melatonin receptors 1 and 2 are both Gi/o-coupled GPCRs, although melatonin receptor 1 is also Gq-coupled.[46] Melatonin also acts as a high-capacity free radical scavenger within mitochondria which also promotes the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase via signal transduction through melatonin receptors.[45][46][47][48][49][50]
PharmacokineticsEdit
This section needs expansion with: metabolites from enzymatic metabolism of melatonin. You can help by adding to it. (July 2018)
When used several hours before sleep according to the phase response curve for melatonin in humans, small amounts (0.3 mg[72]) of melatonin shift the circadian clock earlier, thus promoting earlier sleep onset and morning awakening.[73] Melatonin is rapidly absorbed and distributed, reaching peak plasma concentrations after 60 minutes of administration, and is then eliminated.[56] Melatonin has a half life of 35–50 minutes.[74] In humans, 90% of orally administered exogenous melatonin is cleared in a single passage through the liver, a small amount is excreted in urine, and a small amount is found in saliva.[75] The bioavalibility of melatonin is between 10 and 50%.[56]
Melatonin is metabolised in the liver by cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP1A2 to 6-hydroxymelatonin. Metabolites are conjugated with sulfuric acid or glucuronic acid for excretion in the urine. 5% of melatonin is excreted in the urine as the unchanged drug.[56]
Some of the metabolites formed via the reaction of melatonin with a free radical include cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin, N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK), and N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK).[50][46]
The membrane transport proteins that move melatonin across a membrane include, but are not limited to, glucose transporters, including GLUT1, and the proton-driven oligopeptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2.[46][50]
Melatonin was first discovered in connection to the mechanism by which some amphibians and reptiles change the color of their skin.[76][77] As early as 1917, Carey Pratt McCord and Floyd P. Allen discovered that feeding extract of the pineal glands of cows lightened tadpole skin by contracting the dark epidermal melanophores.[78][79]
In 1958, dermatology professor Aaron B. Lerner and colleagues at Yale University, in the hope that a substance from the pineal might be useful in treating skin diseases, isolated the hormone from bovine pineal gland extracts and named it melatonin.[80] In the mid-70s Lynch et al. demonstrated[81] that the production of melatonin exhibits a circadian rhythm in human pineal glands.
The discovery that melatonin is an antioxidant was made in 1993.[82] The first patent for its use as a low-dose sleep aid was granted to Richard Wurtman at MIT in 1995.[83] Around the same time, the hormone got a lot of press as a possible treatment for many illnesses.[84] The New England Journal of Medicine editorialized in 2000: "With these recent careful and precise observations in blind persons, the true potential of melatonin is becoming evident, and the importance of the timing of treatment is becoming clear."[85]
Other animalsEdit
In vertebrates, melatonin is produced in darkness, thus usually at night, by the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland[86] located in the center of the brain but outside the blood–brain barrier. Light/dark information reaches the suprachiasmatic nuclei from retinal photosensitive ganglion cells of the eyes[87][88] rather than the melatonin signal (as was once postulated). Known as "the hormone of darkness", the onset of melatonin at dusk promotes activity in nocturnal (night-active) animals and sleep in diurnal ones including humans.
Many animals use the variation in duration of melatonin production each day as a seasonal clock.[89] In animals including humans,[90] the profile of melatonin synthesis and secretion is affected by the variable duration of night in summer as compared to winter. The change in duration of secretion thus serves as a biological signal for the organization of daylength-dependent (photoperiodic) seasonal functions such as reproduction, behavior, coat growth, and camouflage coloring in seasonal animals.[90] In seasonal breeders that do not have long gestation periods and that mate during longer daylight hours, the melatonin signal controls the seasonal variation in their sexual physiology, and similar physiological effects can be induced by exogenous melatonin in animals including mynah birds[91] and hamsters.[92] Melatonin can suppress libido by inhibiting secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary gland, especially in mammals that have a breeding season when daylight hours are long. The reproduction of long-day breeders is repressed by melatonin and the reproduction of short-day breeders is stimulated by melatonin.
During the night, melatonin regulates leptin, lowering its levels.
PlantsEdit
Until its identification in plants in 1987, melatonin was for decades thought to be primarily an animal neurohormone. When melatonin was identified in coffee extracts in the 1970s, it was believed to be a byproduct of the extraction process. Subsequently, however, melatonin has been found in all plants that have been investigated. It is present in all the different parts of plants, including leaves, stems, roots, fruits, and seeds, in varying proportions.[93][94] Melatonin concentrations differ not only among plant species, but also between varieties of the same species depending on the agronomic growing conditions, varying from picograms to several micrograms per gram.[58][95] Notably high melatonin concentrations have been measured in popular beverages such as coffee, tea, wine, and beer, and crops including corn, rice, wheat, barley, and oats.[94] In some common foods and beverages, including coffee[94] and walnuts,[96] the concentration of melatonin has been estimated or measured to be sufficiently high to raise the blood level of melatonin above daytime baseline values.
Although a role for melatonin as a plant hormone has not been clearly established, its involvement in processes such as growth and photosynthesis is well established. Only limited evidence of endogenous circadian rhythms in melatonin levels has been demonstrated in some plant species and no membrane-bound receptors analogous to those known in animals have been described. Rather, melatonin performs important roles in plants as a growth regulator, as well as environmental stress protector. It is synthesized in plants when they are exposed to both biological stresses, for example, fungal infection, and nonbiological stresses such as extremes of temperature, toxins, increased soil salinity, drought, etc.[58][97][98]
OccurrenceEdit
Dietary supplementEdit
Melatonin is categorized by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a dietary supplement, and is sold over-the-counter in both the US and Canada.[3] The FDA regulations applying to medications are not applicable to melatonin.[12] As melatonin may cause harm in combination with certain medications or in the case of certain disorders, a doctor or pharmacist should be consulted before making a decision to take melatonin.[24] In many countries, melatonin is recognized as a neurohormone and it cannot be sold over-the-counter.[99]
Food productsEdit
Naturally-occurring melatonin has been reported in foods including tart cherries to about 0.17–13.46 ng/g,[100] bananas and grapes, rice and cereals, herbs, plums,[101] olive oil, wine[102] and beer. When birds ingest melatonin-rich plant feed, such as rice, the melatonin binds to melatonin receptors in their brains.[103] When humans consume foods rich in melatonin, such as banana, pineapple, and orange, the blood levels of melatonin increase significantly.[104]
As reported in the New York Times in May 2011,[105] beverages and snacks containing melatonin were being sold in grocery stores, convenience stores, and clubs. The FDA considered whether these food products could continue to be sold with the label "dietary supplements". On 13 January 2010, it issued a Warning Letter to Innovative Beverage, creators of several beverages marketed as drinks, stating that melatonin, while legal as a dietary supplement, was not approved as a food additive.[106] A different company selling a melatonin-containing beverage received a warning letter in 2015.[107]
Commercial availabilityEdit
Immediate-release melatonin is not tightly regulated in countries where it is available as an over-the-counter medication. It is available in doses from less than half a milligram to 5 mg or more. Immediate-release formulations cause blood levels of melatonin to reach their peak in about an hour. The hormone may be administered orally, as capsules, tablets, or liquids. It is also available for use sublingually, or as transdermal patches.
Formerly, melatonin was derived from animal pineal tissue, such as bovine. It is now synthetic and does not carry a risk of contamination or the means of transmitting infectious material.[12][108]
Melatonin is the most popular over-the-counter sleep remedy in the US, resulting in sales in excess of US $400 million during 2017.[109]
ResearchEdit
A bottle of melatonin tablets. Melatonin is available in timed-release and in liquid forms.
Various uses and effects of melatonin have been studied. A 2015 review of studies of melatonin in tinnitus found the quality of evidence low, but not entirely without promise.[110]
HeadachesEdit
Tentative evidence shows melatonin may help reduce some types of headaches including cluster and hypnic headaches.[111][112]
CancerEdit
A 2013 review by the National Cancer Institutes found evidence for use to be inconclusive.[113] A 2005 review of unblinded clinical trials found a reduced rate of death, but that blinded and independently conducted randomized controlled trials are needed.[114]
Protection from radiationEdit
Both animal[115] and human[116][117][118] studies have shown melatonin to protect against radiation-induced cellular damage. Melatonin and its metabolites protect organisms from oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species which are generated during exposure.[119] Nearly 70% of biological damage caused by ionizing radiation is estimated to be attributable to the creation of free radicals, especially the hydroxyl radical that attacks DNA, proteins, and cellular membranes. Melatonin has been described as a broadly protective, readily available, and orally self-administered antioxidant that is without major known side effects.[120]
EpilepsyEdit
A 2016 review found no beneficial role of melatonin in reducing seizure frequency or improving quality of life in people with epilepsy.[121]
Secondary dysmenorrhoeaEdit
A 2016 review suggested no strong evidence of melatonin compared to placebo for dysmenorrhoea secondary to endometriosis.[122]
DeliriumEdit
A 2016 review suggested no clear evidence of melatonin to reduce the incidence of delirium.[123]
Gastroesophageal reflux diseaseEdit
A 2011 review said melatonin is effective in relieving epigastric pain and heartburn.[124]
PsychiatryEdit
Melatonin might improve sleep in people with autism.[125] Children with autism have abnormal melatonin pathways and below-average physiological levels of melatonin.[126][127] Melatonin supplementation has been shown to improve sleep duration, sleep onset latency, and night-time awakenings.[126][128][129] However, many studies on melatonin and autism rely on self-reported levels of improvement and more rigorous research is needed.
While the packaging of melatonin often warns against use in people under 18 years of age, available studies suggest that melatonin is an efficacious and safe treatment for insomnia in people with ADHD. However, larger and longer studies are needed to establish long-term safety and optimal dosing.[130]
Melatonin in comparison to placebo is effective for reducing preoperative anxiety in adults when given as premedication. It may be just as effective as standard treatment with midazolam in reducing preoperative anxiety. Melatonin may also reduce postoperative anxiety (measured 6 hours after surgery) when compared to placebo.[131]
Some supplemental melatonin users report an increase in vivid dreaming. Extremely high doses of melatonin increased REM sleep time and dream activity in people both with and without narcolepsy.[132] Some evidence supports an antidepressant effect.[133]
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^ Lewis, Alan (1999). Melatonin and the Biological Clock. McGraw-Hill. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-87983-734-1.
^ Valdés-Tovar, M; Estrada-Reyes, R; Solís-Chagoyán, H; Argueta, J; Dorantes-Barrón, AM; Quero-Chávez, D; Cruz-Garduño, R; Cercós, MG; Trueta, C; Oikawa-Sala, J; Dubocovich, ML; Benítez-King, G (7 March 2018). "Circadian modulation of neuroplasticity by melatonin: a target in the treatment of depression". British Journal of Pharmacology. 175 (16): 3200–3208. doi:10.1111/bph.14197. PMC 6057892. PMID 29512136.
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Jane is passionate about helping the church rediscover the centrality of prayer in its life and mission. Her job enables her to teach, write, mobilise and network in prayer across the British Isles & Ireland. She currently serves on the HOPE National Leadership Team, is part of the Prayer Forum of British Isles and Ireland core team and is on the Evangelical Alliance Council of Reference. She is a member of the Prayer Alert team which produces a weekly strategic prayer resource email; on the editorial board of the Prayer For Today and acts as a consultant to churches and organisations as required.
Where do I start in prayer and evangelism?


All information gathered by Paper and Ink Arts is kept strictly confidential and will not be distributed to any company or individual EVER. The information will be used only to make sure that your order gets delivered to you in the timeliest manner possible and that we get paid for our products. By providing an email address, you will be opted into receiving occasional emails from us about special promotions. If you need to change anything about your order- e.g ship to address, phone number, etc. please call or email us. Any general questions will be answered as quickly as possible!


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The DAA Elbow pads are specifically designed to meet the needs of IPSC/IDPA shooters on the range. What is needed is a lightweight yet durable pad which offers the required protection when going prone, without adding bulk and without compromising the shooting position or making it less comfortable. The DAA Elbow pads deliver just that!


Digital technologies are increasingly being used to involve a wider audience to promote or support a cause or social movement. This project intends to study the use of these digital technologies, specifically social media, by certain indigenous groups that have been successful in spreading a campaign wider than historical country borders have allowed, whereby the movement becomes trans-nationalised. Recent social movements led by indigenous groups have been concerned with cultural identity restoration and natural resource preservation; for many of these groups, issues of culture and environment are interwoven. The project intends to focus on how localised indigenous movements have turned into transnational, collaborative movements through the use of digital technologies, the internet and social media.
A recent example is the 'Idle No More' campaign originating in Canada. This campaign started out as a local movement to protect indigenous environment and culture, which spread as far as Hawai'i and New Zealand where other indigenous communities across these other countries adopted the #idlenomore concept to address cultural and environmental issues. "What began as a resistance against an impending bill in Saskatchewan spilled across the border to the United States, ultimately spreading as far as Ukraine and New Zealand as a movement empowering Indigenous communities to stand up for their lands, rights, cultures, and sovereignty." Caven, F. (2013, March). Being idle no more: the women behind the movement. Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine.
This project intends to web-scrab and analyse social media data to understand network connections, bring together indigenous PhD researchers to explore themes of how activists organise effectively using social media, the trans-nationalisation of social movements and indigenous movements that have gained momentum utilising social media and to then develop and publish in-depth case study material of such campaigns and movements.
Through this project, it is expected the research findings will inform the wider indigenous community and groups of the benefits of utilising digital technology and provide an evidence base for how to use digital technologies more effectively to collaborate. Another outcome of the research will be to encourage governments to explore new ways of engaging and listening to their communities.


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Intimate Partner Violence: Raising Awareness, Taking Action
By Dr. Samia Noursi
Imagine a crowded sidewalk. More than 1 in 4 of the women there—walking, talking, and going about their business—have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) at some point in their lives.1 They may have experienced physical violence (e.g., slapping, hitting, and choking), sexual contact without consent, or stalking (repeated unwanted attention and contact that causes safety concerns) by current or former intimate partners.2
More than 43 million women have experienced the most common form of IPV, psychological aggression (e.g., humiliation, coercion, and a partner's control of reproductive health).3 The prevalence of reported IPV is breathtaking, but we know that it is highly underreported—with a little more than half of victims reporting it to police and a majority not receiving assistance from domestic violence service agencies.4
The annual October observance of Domestic Violence Awareness Month is a stark reminder of this pervasive problem and its detrimental effects on the health of girls and women across the life course. It is also an opportunity to mention the important role that health care professionals can play in identifying girls and women affected by IPV and referring them to services that can help them attain safety and support.
A crucial fact about IPV is that it often begins alarmingly early in life, just when girls and young women should be finding their voices and setting goals for the future. Among IPV victims, about 7 in 10 women experienced their first incident before age 25—with a quarter having this experience before age 18.5 Among female high school students, nearly 1 in 11 report having experienced physical dating violence, and about 1 in 9 report having experienced sexual dating violence during the past year.6 Dating violence disrupts the healthy development of girls, and those who have experienced it are more likely than peers to report depression and anxiety, use substances, perform poorly at or skip school, be overly dependent on others, and become pregnant.7, 8 These short-term effects have lifelong negative consequences on health and well-being. Notably, experiencing dating violence as an adolescent is a risk factor for IPV in adulthood.9
Research indicates that women who experience IPV bear its consequences on their physical and mental health in the aftermath of the violence and in the long term.10, 11 IPV is linked with poor functional health, chronic health conditions, and chronic pain.12 Gynecological problems and sexual and reproductive health—including risk for sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancies—are also associated with experiencing IPV,13, 14 particularly sexual violence.15, 16 Women who experience IPV are less likely than others to seek preventive care, which may worsen these conditions.17 IPV also increases the risk for mental health problems, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep disorders, and substance use.18, 19, 20 For some, domestic violence is deadly. Experiencing IPV is associated with subsequent suicide.21 Violent death at the hands of an intimate partner is common; IPV was a "known circumstance" for 45.4% of homicides involving female victims in 2015, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).22 CDC data also indicate that about 7% of adolescent homicides involved an intimate partner—with women and girls as the majority of victims (90%).23
IPV has significant harmful effects on women who are mothers and on their children. IPV during pregnancy—reported by 3.2% of women, according to CDC data24—negatively affects maternal health and is linked with complications such as high blood pressure, placental problems, diabetes, and premature membrane rupture.25 Infant outcomes are also negatively affected, with IPV increasing the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight.26 Children exposed to IPV are at risk for multiple problems across all developmental stages—such as difficulties forming relationships, impaired cognitive abilities and school performance, and disruptions in emotional regulation.27 Although IPV is complex and many factors interact to influence it, research suggests there is intergenerational transmission of IPV, as exposure to IPV as a child increases the risk for later perpetrating or, particularly for girls, experiencing partner violence.28
The physical and mental vulnerability of women who experience IPV is obvious, but it is also important to consider the economic harm that partner violence has on them and their children. IPV occurs across all income groups,29 although low income and economic stress increase the risk of perpetration of IPV.30 Research on IPV and associated socioeconomic factors involves more than simply identifying those at risk for IPV and includes analysis of the relationship between resources, partner violence, and its effects. One longitudinal study found that IPV increases the probability that a woman will experience material hardship—difficulty buying necessary goods and services—by 10–25%, after accounting for such factors as education and ethnicity.31 Research also suggests that the long-term health effects of severe physical violence are mitigated by women's personal, social, and economic resources.32
Because of the impact of IPV on the health of girls and women, IPV screening by health care providers is crucial. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that clinicians screen for IPV among women of reproductive age and provide women who screen positive with ongoing support services or refer them for such services. These services are covered by most insurance plans.33 The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that physicians screen all women for IPV at periodic intervals, offer ongoing support, and review available prevention and referral options.34 Federally Qualified Health Centers supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration provide primary care services in underserved areas across the country and are advised to follow specific steps to address IPV, including screening and counseling. For those working in public health, CDC released a package of strategies to help communities and states prevent IPV across the life course in 2017.
The ORWH-sponsored "Intimate Partner Violence, Consequences on Women's Health, and Promising Interventions," a special issue of the Journal of Women's Health, highlighted state-of-the-art research and practice on IPV screening. ORWH Associate Director for Science Policy, Planning, and Analysis Samia Noursi, Ph.D., co-guest edited the special issue. Dr. Noursi, Terri L. Weaver, Ph.D., Louisa Gilbert, Ph.D., Nabila El-Bassel, Ph.D., and Heidi S. Resnick, Ph.D., contributed an article titled "Identifying and Intervening with Substance-Using Women Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence: Phenomenology, Comorbidities, and Integrated Approaches Within Primary Care and Other Agency Settings." In the article, the authors discuss the relationship between IPV and substance use, along with common co-occurring conditions (e.g., mental health problems) that may present barriers to intervention. They offer recommendations for bringing targeted interventions to scale in a variety of health care settings.
During Domestic Violence Awareness Month, we mourn those who have died because of domestic violence, celebrate survivors, and strengthen the networks of individuals and organizations that are working to end this appalling and often undiscussed public health problem.35 Awareness is essential but not enough. We must encourage women who experience IPV or know of another who is in a violent situation to seek help. We must also ensure that women who have experienced IPV have access to necessary services and resources. All professionals who work to improve the health of girls and women need to understand the significant effects of IPV and their role in identifying it and linking women to services.
Special thanks to Lori Whitten, Ph.D., for her research and writing support in the development of this article.
1 Breiding MJ, Smith SG, Basile KC, Walters ML, Chen J, Merrick MT. Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence victimization—national intimate partner and sexual violence survey, United States, 2011. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Surveill Summ Wash DC 2002 2014;63:1–18.
2 Breiding MJ, Basile KC, Smith SG, Black MC, Mahendra R. Intimate partner violence surveillance uniform definitions and recommended data elements. CDC 2015.
3 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing Intimate Partner Violence. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/fastfact.html. Accessed on August 30, 2019.
4 Truman JL, Morgan RE. Criminal Victimization, 2015. Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice NCJ 250180; 2016.
5 Smith S, Zhang X, Basile KC, Merrick MT, Wang J, Kresnow M, et al. 2015 NISVS Data Brief. CDC 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/datasources/nisvs/2015NISVSdatabrief.html. Accessed on August 12, 2019.
6 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing Teen Dating Violence. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/teendatingviolence/fastfact.html. Accessed on August 29, 2019.
8 Youth.gov. Consequences [Dating Violence]. Available at https://youth.gov/youth-topics/teen-dating-violence/consequences. Accessed on August 29, 2019.
10 Black MC. Intimate Partner Violence and Adverse Health Consequences: Implications for Clinicians. Am J Lifestyle Med 2011;5:428–39. doi:10.1177/1559827611410265.
11 Understanding and addressing violence against women: Health Consequences. World Health Organization and Pan American Health Organization; 2012.
12 Dillon G, Hussain R, Loxton D, Rahman S. Mental and physical health and intimate partner violence against women: a review of the literature. Int J Fam Med 2013;2013. doi:10.1155/2013/313909.
15 Campbell J, Jones AS, Dienemann J, Kub J, Schollenberger J, O'Campo P, et al. Intimate partner violence and physical health consequences. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1157–63.
16 Bonomi AE, Anderson ML, Rivara FP, Thompson RS. Health outcomes in women with physical and sexual intimate partner violence exposure. J Womens Health 2007;16:987–97. doi:10.1089/jwh.2006.0239.
17 Understanding and addressing violence against women. World Health Organization and Pan American Health Organization; 2012.
20 Afifi TO, Henriksen CA, Asmundson GJG, Sareen J. Victimization and perpetration of intimate partner violence and substance use disorders in a nationally representative sample. J Nerv Ment Dis 2012;200:684–91. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182613f64.
21 Jack SPD. Surveillance for Violent Deaths — National Violent Death Reporting System, 27 States, 2015. MMWR Surveill Summ 2018;67. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6711a1.
23 Adhia A, Kernic MA, Hemenway D, Vavilala MS, Rivara FP. Intimate Partner Homicide of Adolescents. JAMA Pediatr. 2019 Jun 1;173(6):571-577. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0621.
24 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Intimate Partner Violence and Pregnancy. Child Health USA 2013.n.d. https://mchb.hrsa.gov/chusa13/perinatal-risk-factors-behaviors/p/intimate-partner-violence-pregnancy.html. Accessed on August 12, 2019.
25 Silverman JG, Decker MR, Reed E, Raj A. Intimate partner violence victimization prior to and during pregnancy among women residing in 26 U.S. states: associations with maternal and neonatal health. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;195:140–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.12.052.
26 Donovan BM, Spracklen CN, Schweizer ML, Ryckman KK, Saftlas AF. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy and the risk for adverse infant outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2016 Jul;123(8):1289–99. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.13928.
27 Howell KH, Barnes SE, Miller LE, Graham-Bermann SA. Developmental variations
in the impact of intimate partner violence exposure during childhood. J Inj
Violence Res. 2016 Jan;8(1):43–57. doi: 10.5249/jivr.v8i1.663.
28 Capaldi DM, Knoble NB, Shortt JW, Kim HK. A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence. Partn Abuse 2012;3:231–80.
29 Office for Victims of Crime. 2017 National Crime Victims' Rights Week Resource Guide Fact Sheets https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/ncvrw/2017/fact_sheet.html. Accessed on August 13, 2019.
30 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Risk and Protective Factors for Perpetration. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/riskprotectivefactors.html. Accessed on September 6, 2019.
31 O'Connor J, Nepomnyaschy L. Intimate Partner Violence and Material Hardship Among Urban Mothers. Violence Against Women. 2019 Jul 15:1077801219854539. doi: 10.1177/1077801219854539. [Epub ahead of print]
32 Ford-Gilboe M, Wuest J, Varcoe C, Davies L, Merritt-Gray M, Campbell J, et al. Modelling the effects of intimate partner violence and access to resources on women's health in the early years after leaving an abusive partner. Soc Sci Med 2009;68:1021–9. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.01.003.
33 US Preventive Services Task Force, Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Caughey AB, et al. Screening for intimate partner violence, elder abuse, and abuse of vulnerable adults: US preventive services task force final recommendation statement. JAMA 2018;320:1678–87. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.14741.
34 ACOG committee opinion no. 518: intimate partner violence. Obstet Gynecol 2012;119:412–7. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e318249ff74.
35 Domestic Violence Awareness Project. DVAM History. Available at https://nrcdv.org/dvam/DVAM-history. Accessed on August 28, 2019.
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The mission of the Drug Free and Safe Schools Department is to provide a safe and secure educational climate for our students, staff, and community while onsite in the school district. The department provides security and safety support to all Pontiac School District schools and district buildings. Our team is made up of dedicated, skilled and trained individuals who are committed to the success of our students and district. Staff members in the department include our Chief of Security and 19 Police Authority Officers. The program operates under a Public Act 330 license.
Annual reports of building Fire and Tornado drills are located under the emergency drills button below.
We meet with the school principals on a regular basis to ensure we are providing the best services for the culture of the school. We work to ensure everyone who walks through the doors feels protected and that their well-being and safety is top of mind. In addition, each school has Crisis Management and Pandemic Plans in place.


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Police arrest 15-year-old SSS2 pupil with gun
Student Village Academy › Forums › HIGH SCHOOL AND UNIVERSITY ASPIRANTS › Police arrest 15-year-old SSS2 pupil with gun
Tagged: Crime
This topic has 8 replies, 6 voices, and was last updated 4 years, 10 months ago by oluwatosin Priceless.
March 21, 2018 at 8:26 AM #6250
A 15-year-old pupil at the Community Secondary School, Akenfa-Epie, in the Yenagoa Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, identified only as Emmanuel, has been arrested with a gun.
Emmanuel was allegedly arrested on Monday with a locally-made pistol during lecture hours.
It was learnt that the teenager was apprehended while in school uniform by some indigenes of Akenfa community, led by a vigilance group, and handed over to the police.
The pupil was reportedly searched by the vigilante youths after he was accused of involvement in some criminal activities, including robbery.
The school authorities, however, denied that the suspect was a pupil at the school.
A member of the school management team, who spoke on condition of anonymity, added that Emmanuel was not arrested in the school.
He said, "The boy was not arrested in the classroom. The uniform he wore is common among pupils in the state and so, it is not correct to say that he is a pupil at the school."
The arrested teenager was handed over to the Akenfa Police Station for onward transfer to the command headquaters.
The spokesman for the Bayelsa State Police Command, Asinim Butswat, confirmed the arrest of the teenager.
He said, "The suspected cult member was arrested with a locally-made pistol on Monday around 9.30am.
"The suspect is 15 years old and a resident of Agudama area of Yenagoa. Investigation is ongoing."
It will be recalled that four teenage gunmen, suspected to be members of an unknown cult, recently attacked a secondary school in the state capital.
The gunmen, who brandished guns, caused pandemonium in the school as confused pupils and staff ran in different directions for safety.
The invasion of the school came a few hours after the Bayelsa State Government, through the Ministry of Education, expelled seven pupils over their alleged membership of a cult.
The government had admitted to the existence of cult activities in both primary and secondary schools in the state, saying it was making efforts to address the problem
Cait 😝
BAD gang! God have mercy.
TheOtherSide
All the fine boys have joined gang *singing*
He deserves serious strokes on the butt
I know the economy is bad and all. But what could drive a 15 year old into armed robbery ??
One would say money, but at 15 the only thing that will make me do something that stupid is if my parents had little or no grip on me and I was convinced to show how manly I am at 15.
Well, there are many things that can force a 15years old to steal or commit terrible crimes….
1. Improper Upbringing
2. Influence of Bad Friends
3. Suffering / Hardship etc..
In some ways, i believe celebrities too are part of the reason why young people want to get rich fast. You see musicians singing and praising internet fraudsters, promoting nonsense. All these things doesn't justify the fact that a 15years old or even anybody to steal someone's things at all. Stealing is wrong, nevertheless the points i mentioned above, i don't care what you might have been exposed to. You want a good life, you work for it and earn it, no shortcuts. And if you're opportuned to get rich at a young age, don't intimidate others with your wealth, or success. At the end of the day, "na six feets go end all of us"
I love the last part of your comment. "You want a good life, you work for it" no shortcuts
I'll call this "Peer Group Influence"
He was influenced. The community he lives had gotten into him. I'm quite sure it's not a better community. All the good boys aff join gang. Lol
oluwatosin Priceless
First, its d upbringing…
Lack of parental care


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Pakistan's auto industry fears almost 30% dip in car sales due to increased taxes and rupee devaluation
Pakistan's auto industry is experiencing a significant decline in car sales as a result of the nation's looming economic catastrophe. During this fiscal year, car sales in Pakistan may decline by 30%, according to reports. This is thought to be a direct result of the new government's policies and higher taxes on new cars, which are struggling with a financial shortage.
Pakistani automakers predict that the new tax rule, along with rising gasoline prices and Pakistan State Bank's limitations on imported auto parts, will cause a spiraling increase in the cost of automobiles.
Car sales surged 114 percent in July driven by auto-friendly policy boost
The capital value tax (CVT), which is one percent and is applied to automobiles with engines larger than 1.3 liters, has been increased by the Pakistani government for both filers and non-filers.
Car sales are also projected to decline as a result of regulations governing auto finance and higher auto loan interest rates. According to a report by Pakistan's Dawn newspaper, automakers may raise the price of their automobiles in response to the weakening Pakistani Rupee and rising costs of foreign auto parts. According to the survey, rising freight costs and a weakened currency could cause vehicle prices to rise after Eid.
As part of its efforts to revitalize the economy, Pakistan has imposed a restriction on imported automobiles. The prohibition, which Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif declared shortly after taking the oath of office, is intended to help Pakistan conserve "valuable foreign cash."
Toyota closes production, Kia and Honda to reduce car assembly amid economic crises
According to the report, Pakistan Suzuki is the most recent automaker to cease accepting reservations for their vehicles as of July 1. Prior to this, in May, Lucky Motor Corporation Limited and Indus Motor Company had carried out the same action. The State Bank of Pakistan prohibited the issue of letters of credit for imported car parts and accessories starting on May 20, therefore choices were made in response.
One of Pakistan's leading automakers, Indus Motor Company, receives about 26% of its revenue through auto loans. 35% of Pakistan Suzuki's revenue comes from consumer loans. Suzuki, however, decided against raising Kia car prices out of concern for a 30% decline in sales.
Three Sportage models are now between PKR 53,000 and PKR 64,990, and three Sorento models are now between PKR 68,360 and PKR 74,990 as a result of the government's decision to raise taxes on new cars.
Swift remains hot favourite of Pakistanis as Suzuki broke record by selling 16,027 cars in June
According to Honda Atlas Cars Limited, the CVT on the two modes of the Honda BR-V hovers between PKR 42,490 and PKR 42,740 while the 1% VT on the City 1.5 varies between PKR 35,890 and PKR 38,990. Six Honda Civic variants with 1% CVTs range in price from PKR 55,490 to PKR 66,740. Additionally, dealers have been told to charge income tax filers PKR 10,000 for Alto, Bolan, and Ravi.


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Microsoft to Cut 10,000 Jobs As Tech Layoffs Intensify
Microsoft said on Wednesday it would cut 10,000 jobs by the end of the third quarter of fiscal 2023, the latest sign that layoffs were accelerating in the U.S. technology sector as companies brace for an economic downturn.
The layoffs and costs related to hardware-portfolio and other changes will result in a charge of $1.2 billion in the second quarter of fiscal 2023, representing a negative impact of 12 cents on per share profit, Microsoft said.
In a note to staff, shared with Reuters, Microsoft Chief Executive Satya Nadella said customers wanted to "optimize their digital spend to do more with less" and "exercise caution as some parts of the world are in a recession and other parts are anticipating one."
The news of layoffs, reported by media publications on Tuesday, follows some reductions last year.
Microsoft said in July last year that a small number of roles had been eliminated, while news site Axios in October reported that the company had laid off under 1,000 employees across several divisions.
The Satya Nadella-led firm is also grappling with a slump in the personal computer market after a pandemic boom fizzled out, leaving little demand for its Windows and accompanying software.


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The Press Lounge
Door & Dress
Adam Block
John O'Mahoney
The Press Lounge is the perfect space for all types of private events – from weddings and engagements, to birthdays and graduations, to bar and bat mitzvahs and more. The dramatic 360-degree panorama views of Press take in Manhattan's glowing skyline, the cool breezes off the Hudson River, and the stunning sunsets year-round. There are no high rise obstructions nearby – just gorgeous vistas. With 6,400 square feet of glass-enclosed interior and a spacious outdoor terrace, the options for events are nearly endless.
The culinary team from PRINT Restaurant handles the catering options at The Press Lounge. The seasonal farm-to-table catering menu provided by Executive Chef Gary King and Pastry Chef Sofia Schlieben is filled with locally-sourced ingredients by Forager Meghan Boledovich. Clients can choose from our standard menu options for seated dinners and cocktail receptions, but the team can always work on customization for a unique event. The high-end dining experience of PRINT carries over to events at Press.
Each event at Press is one-of-a-kind. We work with the host's vision for the space when it comes to setup and decor. Whether it's a simple, elegant affair or an exuberant celebration, the setting is always breathtaking. We work closely with our clients from start to finish to create a memorable event, a relaxing atmosphere, and an enjoyable experience behind the scenes. Our polished staff is attentive, courteous, and thrilled to work with you!
Reach out to us today to see what we can do for your special event.
Wendy Nash, Social Sales Director
wendy@printrestaurant.com
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A premier farm-to-table dining experience in Hell's Kitchen, New York City. info@printrestaurant.com
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WISC V
SERVICES such as Learning Difficulties, ADHD, ADD, Giftedness, IQ Testing, Psychometric Assessments
Psych Support Assessment Services (PSAS) offers a complete range of services including:
Comprehensive Psychometric assessments for all ages (2 years of age to adulthood)
IQ and achievement testing for all ages (2 years of age to adulthood)
Specific cognitive and educational assessments for adults
School Readiness assessments
Individual counselling and therapy
Appointments in consulting rooms, telephone consultations, skype consultations and home (in some locations only as appropriate)
School consultations as appropriate
Workshops/Seminars on a range of topics in schools, preschools and other organisations
Andrew uses an eclectic approach to counselling. Some techniques used by Andrew include Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Narrative Therapy.
Some common reasons for assessment include:
Testing for Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Testing for Specific Learning Difficulties
Testing for Intellectual Difficulties
Testing for Giftedness
Testing for School Readiness
Testing for Gifted Learning Difficulties profiles
Testing for a specific reading difficulty (also known as dyslexia)
Testing for Special Provisions
Screening assessments for Asperger's Disorder / Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
Basic Vocational and Personality assessments
Specific Behaviour Management strategies
Testing for Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
Parenting strategies
Assessment and treatment of specific twin issues or 'twibling rivalry' concerns
Anxiety and phobia issues
Anger, frustration and stress management
Self-esteem concerns
Attention and self regulation problems
Family break down
Study skills, time management and organisational strategies
A full Educational Assessment or Psychometric Assessment usually includes:
IQ/Cognitive Test (investigating your child's cognitive potential and strengths and weaknesses). Some examples of the assessment tools used include:
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V - brand new updated IQ assessment and WISC-IV)
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III & WPPSI-IV)
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales (WAIS-III & IV); Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale (SB-IV & V)
Achievement Testing (tests of reading, phonological awareness, spelling and arithmetic). Some examples of tests used include:
Woodcock Reading Mastery Test - 3rd Edition
Neale Analysis of Reading Ability
WIAT-II & WIAT-III
South Australian Spelling Test
Wide Range Achievement test (WRAT3 & 4)
Rating Questionnaires and Behaviour rating scales - investigating issues such as concentration and inattention (ADD/ADHD); motor hyperactivity/impulsiveness; reading problems; cognitive deficits/linguistic comprehension, behaviour, anxiety, social skills, linguistic comprehension; and social skills and competence.
Interveiw with parent(s) / caregivers (discussing your child's and family's background and history, previous assessments, etc)
Follow-up consultation via phone or skype (limited to 15 minutes)
The full educational and cognitive assessments (commonly referred to as a psychometric assessment) includes an interview with parent(s)/guardians as well as a brief follow-up via a phone consultation to discuss the results. A follow-up appointment in the rooms can also be arranged at the hourly rate to discuss the results and implications arising from the report. Factors such as your child's attention, learning style, motivation, focus, impulsivity, social skills etc are observed during the assessment and add a lot of valuable information.
These rating questionnaires are often completed by parents/guardians and/or teachers.
Assessments can be administered from the age of 2 years old up to adulthood.
New Service offered - School Observations
Psych Support Assessment Services will be offering a new service from Term 4, 2017 where warranted, as part of its student assessment process.
Andrew Greenfield, our Principal Psychologist, believes that, in some cases, observing a student in a number of classes and/or lunch break would give a more complete and detailed picture of a student's attention issues, behaviour, social issues and learning needs, especially when such observations include discussions with teachers to complement formal testing.
One of our experienced staff members has now been assigned to conduct school observations as required, based on Andrew's assessment, as to the need for such observations to supplement his cognitive and psychometric assessments in specific cases.
If you would like to discuss this matter further, please call the office on (02) 8542 1524 or email andrew@child-psychologist.com.au
Psychometric / Educational Assessments
Learning Difficulites
Parenting Skills / Behaviour Management
Adult Assessments For ADHD, Learning Difficulties & IQ
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Fax: (02) 8088-1313 Mobile 0412 341 201
Address: Level 6, Suite 608 Harley Place, 251 Oxford Street, Bondi Junction, New South Wales, Australia, 2022
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Religion is born of the same curiosity that led to philosophy and science, but it's a premature birth due to an impatience for answers. Before people started figuring things out with philosophy and science, people made up a variety of answers, and these became various religions. The articles in this section are on the topic of religion, on various topics within religion, or on particular religions.
In her book Allah Is Dead: Why Islam is Not a Religion , Christian author Rebecca Bynum argues that Islam should not qualify as a religion when it comes to constitutionally-protected freedom of religion. Is she right? This post examines her position and how much freedom of religion Muslims or anyone else should be allowed.
In her book Allah Is Dead: Why Islam is Not a Religion , Christian author Rebecca Bynum tries to distance Islam from Christianity, lumping it together with atheism, which she unfairly bashes. But her atheism-bashing is misinformed, as her values and atheist values are not so far apart.
In recent years, we have heard of New Atheism, associated with atheists who have been openly critical of religion, particularly Dawkins, Hitchens, Harris, and Dennett. Some people seem shocked by this, as though they expect atheists to keep quiet about their beliefs. I recently read a book that easily fits in with New Atheism, except it was written in 1846.
Do various religions, including Christianity, have their roots in the experiences gained from eating psychedelic mushrooms or plants? Could the story of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil that Adam and Eve ate of in the Garden of Eden reflect the mind-blowing experiences of people who ate psychedelic mushrooms?
In Allah Is Dead: Why Islam is Not a Religion , Rebecca Bynum frequently claims that Christianity is superior to Islam, and to do this, she often tries to lump Islam and Atheism together, as if they are both more alike than they are like Christianity. So there is lots of backpeddling, in which she will criticize Islam, then try to show that Christianity is not the same.
How would you improve on the ten commandments? What would you change, take away, or add? Here is my own attempt at improving the ten commandments. I have modified the first ten, sometimes substantially, and I have added six more for what I'm calling a Humanist Hexadecalogue.
The Elements of Character begins with this quotation from the author's former pastor, An exclusively intellectual education leads by a very obvious process, to hard-heartedness and the contempt of all moral influences. An exclusively moral education tends to fatuity by the over-excitement of the sensibilities. An exclusively religious education ends in insanity, if it do not take a directly opposite course and lead to atheism.
When I was a Christian, I read plenty of C. S. Lewis. I read The Screwtape Letters , The Space Trilogy, and The Chronicles of Narnia . The first thing C. S. Lewis did for me was to present an expanded, more mythical understanding of Christianity.