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Definitions - s
Sanitary Landfill
A solid waste disposal area that protects the environment from leachate.
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Saprotroph
Any organism, esp a fungus or bacterium, that lives and feeds on dead organic matter.
Search the Web for Saprotroph
A land which is without trees but with much grass either tall or short (such as the African savannah).
Search the Web for Savannah
Savonius Rotor
A type of vertical axis wind turbine that uses half-drum shaped blades to catch the wind and turn a shaft. These generally produce high torque but at low speed, so good for water pumping but they are occasionally used for producing electricity.
Search the Web for Savonius Rotor
The principles and empirical processes of discovery and demonstration considered characteristic of or necessary for scientific investigation, generally involving the observation of phenomena, the formulation of a hypothesis concerning the phenomena, experimentation to demonstrate the truth or falseness of the hypothesis, and a conclusion that validates or modifies the hypothesis.
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An air pollution device that uses a spray of water or reactant or a dry process to trap pollutants in emissions.
Search the Web for Scrubber
Local coastal wind that blows from the ocean to land. Sea breezes usually occur during the day because the heating differences of land and sea cause pressure differences. Cooler heavier air from the sea moves in to replace rising warm air on the coastline. See land breeze.
Search the Web for Sea Breeze
Second Order Consumer
A Second Order Consumer is a consumer in a food chain that consumes the First Order Consumers. They in turn can be consumed by a Third Order Consumer and so on.
In our ecology a second order consumer would be birds, small mammals, and small or medium sized fish.
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Sedimentation Tanks
Wastewater tanks in which floating wastes are skimmed off and settled solids are removed for disposal.
Search the Web for Sedimentation Tanks
Underground tank for treatment of wastewater from a home in rural and suburban areas. Bacteria in the tank decompose organic wastes and the sludge settles to the bottom of the tank. The effluent flows out of the tank into the ground through a field of drainpipes.
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The proportion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts to electrical energy.
Search the Web for Sequestration
Settled Science
Settled Science is a phrase often encountered in newspapers and press reports, usually associated with climate change reporting. Basically it is used to indicate that the science of climate change is 'settled' and therefore further discussion on the point is pointless as the underlying science is so strong as to not require any more discussion.
The real problem is that proper science is never 'settled' rather it moves and advances as new findings are made, even when what was effected was considered solid fact (like the Earth being flat and the center of the universe). Therefore to say any science is settled is a gross misrepresentation of the process, rather the results of current science can be said to at best to be in 'general agreement' for a theory or law that has been around for many years (i.e. it has survived many competing theories or ideas). In this regard, given the relative infancy of climate science compared to the other science fields, it is hard to say anything is in long term general agreement; rather there are several competing theories or mind sets in play that come and go as more research is done.
Search the Web for Settled Science
Carbon Pollution refers to the human produce Co2 that is meant to be harming the environment.
Search the Web for Shale Gas
Shale Oil
Oil obtained from bituminous shale, most often by a technique called fracking.
Search the Web for Shale Oil
Sick Building Syndrome
Building whose occupants experience acute health and/or comfort effects that appear to be linked to time spent therein, but where no specific illness or cause can be identified. Complaints may be localized in a particular room or zone, or may spread throughout the building.
Search the Web for Sick Building Syndrome
Slow Food describes a movement created "to counteract fast food and fast life, the disappearance of local food traditions and people's dwindling interest in the food they eat, where it comes from, how it tastes and how our food choices affect the rest of the world," as defined on the movement's website. More broadly, it places an emphasis on local and seasonal produce and an adherence to regional cultures. Its goals also include lobbying against the use of pesticides and genetic engineering of food.
Search the Web for Slow Food
Sea Level Pressure.
Search the Web for SLP
Smart grid is an umbrella term to describe new energy grid technologies that provide utilities, grid operators, and energy consumers with real time information on energy use and the ability to automatically manage energy supply and demand.
For example, advanced smart grids allow energy firms to reduce demand on the grid by automatically turning off non-essential appliances, such as washing machines or electric car rechargers, during periods of peak demand.
The technology also provides energy users with real time information on how much power being used at a given time, and enables grid operators to more easily draw on energy from micro-generation technologies, such as solar panels or small wind turbines.
Also known as the "energy internet", smart grids are regarded as essential to improving energy efficiency and supporting the roll out of electric cars and micro-generation technologies.
Search the Web for Smart Grid
A smart meter is a form of electricity consumption meter that is able to measure your electricity usage in multiple time bands and is computer based. Also they will usually support 'feed in' measurement of locally generated electricity back into the electrical supply grid; i.e. any spare electricity generated by solar panels.
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Air pollution typically associated with oxidants.
Search the Web for Smog
Sodium Lauryl Sulphate
Used widely as a major ingredient in cosmetics, skin care products, toothpaste, shampoos and other foaming products. Industrial uses of SLS include garage floor cleaners, engine degreasers and car wash soaps. SLS is also used in testing-labs as the standard skin irritant to compare the healing properties of other ingredients.
According to the American College of Toxicology, both SLS and SLES can cause malformation in children's eyes. Other research has indicated SLS may be damaging to the immune system and may cause potentially carcinogenic nitrates and dioxins to form in the bottles of shampoos and cleansers by reacting with commonly used ingredients found in many products. Also, large amounts of these nitrates may enter the blood system from just one shampooing. Studies have indicated that SLS easily penetrates through the skin and enters and maintains residual levels in the heart, the liver, the lungs and the brain.
Search the Web for Sodium Lauryl Sulphate
Sodium Perborate
Sodium perborate is a white odorless crystalline compound soluble in water. Its chemical formula is NaBO3.
It is an important ingredient of many laundry detergent powders, laundry bleach additive products and automatic machine dishwash powders. Sodium perborate is also used as a tooth whitener in toothpastes, as an antiseptic, as a deodorant, and as a reactive agent (reagent) in industral processes.
Search the Web for Sodium Perborate
An indicator of a soil's susceptibility to raindrop impact, runoff, and other erosive processes.
Search the Web for Soil Erodibility
Solar Chimney
A solar chimney — often referred to as a thermal chimney — is a way of improving the natural ventilation of buildings by using convection of air heated by passive solar energy. A simple description of a solar chimney is that of a vertical shaft utilizing solar energy to enhance the natural stack ventilation through a building.
In its simplest form, the solar chimney consists of a black-painted chimney. During the day solar energy heats the chimney and the air within it, creating an updraft of air in the chimney. The suction created at the chimney's base can be used to ventilate and cool the building below.
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Solar Constant
The average amount of solar radiation that reaches the earth's upper atmosphere on a surface perpendicular to the sun's rays; equal to 1353 Watts per square meter or 492 Btu per square foot.
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Solar Conversion
A Solar Conversation is basically the act of fitting Solar system to a property to utilize the Sun directly, such as fittings Solar Panels and Solar water heating. In addition this could cover fitting indirect solar systems, such as roof space heat recovery systems.
Search the Web for Solar Conversion
Solar Cooling
The use of solar thermal energy or solar electricity to power a cooling appliance. Photovoltaic systems can power evaporative coolers ("swamp" coolers), heat-pumps, and air conditioners.
Search the Web for Solar Cooling
Electromagnetic energy transmitted from the sun (solar radiation). The amount that reaches the earth is equal to one billionth of total solar energy generated, or the equivalent of about 420 trillion kilowatt-hours.
Solar energy is the major driver of Earth's environment. About one 1kw per hour per meter square makes it way to the ground. Changes in solar energy over extended periods contributes to environmental shifts (Ice Ages).
Search the Web for Solar Energy
Solar Gain
Solar gain (known also as solar heat gain or passive solar gain) refers to the temperature increase in a space, object, or structure caused by solar radiation. The amount of solar gain increases with the strength of the Sun, and with the ability of any intervening material to transmit or resist the radiation.
Objects struck by Sunlight absorb the short-wave radiation from the light and re-radiate the heat at longer infrared wavelengths. Where there is a material or substance between the Sun and the objects struck that is more transparent to the shorter wavelengths than the longer, then when the Sun is shining the net result is an increase in temperature - hence solar gain.
Solar gain is also a problem for Solar Panels, as when they increase in temperature they progressively lose their ability to convert solar light into electrical power. So Solar Panels need to be kept cool to operate at peak performance.
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Solar Grove
A solar grove is basically a set of solar panel arrays so installed as to allow the ground under them to be used as shade. For instance with an open car park this allows electricity to be generated whilst keeping the cars below cool, so saving on air conditioning costs for each car.
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Solar Home
A solar home refers to a house that has been designed specially to benefit from passive solar design principals; i.e. using the Sun to provide heat in winter, whilst avoiding it heating up the house excessively in Summer.
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This refers to the act of using solar energy to heat water. Usually by means of putting a solar panel on a roof through which runs the water to be heated, which is then fed in a circuit to some form of insulated water storage for later use.
Search the Web for Solar Hot Water
Solar Hot Water System
A solar hot water system consists of a collector, heat transfer circuit and hot water storage system. These can either be combined into one system or into 3 separate components depending on your exact needs. There are many different commercial suppliers.
See Solar Water heating, how it works and the options available article for more information.
Search the Web for Solar Hot Water System
Solar Orientation
Solar Orientation refers to the solar alignment of a structure. Usually this used as one measure to determine the structures ability to harness solar energy. Most often used with respect to solar panels or buildings.
Search the Web for Solar Orientation
Electrical device consisting of a large array of connected solar cells.
Search the Web for Solar Panel
Solar Panel Efficiency
Solar Panel Efficiency is a percentage measure of how Solar Energy from the Sun hitting a solar panel is ideally converted into useful electrical power. This is often given assuming perfect conditions; i.e. no shade, maximum sun and cool. In practice the actual rate of conversion can be somewhat different due to:
Shading - even partial shading can have a dramatic effect on the energy produced.
Heat - the hotter a solar panel becomes the less efficient it is at converting solar energy into electrical energy.
Sun Strength - akin to shading, but if the Sun is behind clouds or low in the sky you will get dramatically less power.
Search the Web for Solar Panel Efficiency
Solar Power refers to the act of using the Sun's energy to produce a power source, usually in the form of electricity. This is usually done using solar panels, although it can also be done using a solar mirror/concentrator to heat water to steam to power a turbine.
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Solar Power Generation
Solar Power Generation is the act of using a system that is powered by the Sun to produce typically electrical power.
Most often this is achieved using Solar Panels to generate the electrical energy required directly.
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Solar Power System
A solar power system is one which is primarily powered by solar energy.
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Describes an object which is either solely or completely powered from the Sun. It may require direct Sun light to work or stores the solar energy in a battery to use later, such as solar powered garden lights.
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Solar Resource
The amount of solar insolation a site receives, usually measured in kWh/m2/day, which is equivalent to the number of peak sun hours.
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Solar Roof Tiles
A Solar Roof Tile is a roof tile engineered to function as a roof tile and also as a solar panel at the same time. This way the 'look' of the roof is not adversely impacted by a separate set of solar panels and existing roofing structures can be used to support the new tiles.
The downside with such an approach is that you have no ability to adjust the solar alignment of the tiles to better harness the Sun.
Search the Web for Solar Roof Tiles
Solar Shades are movable semi-transparent coverings to windows that block out most of the Sun without obstructing the view. They have several benefits:
Reduced solar gain within a room, making it easier to keep at a comfortable temperature;
Reduction in light glare
Privacy - as often those outside cannot see in through the shade.
Shades can either be movable (like a roller blind) or fixed.
Search the Web for Solar Shades
Solar Thermal Collector
A device designed to receive solar radiation and convert it into thermal energy. Normally, a solar thermal collector includes a frame, glazing, and an absorber, together with the appropriate insulation. The heat collected by the solar thermal collector may be used immediately or stored for later use.
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Solar Water Pump
A Solar Water Pump is a water pump which is solely powered by Solar Panels, so as a result only runs during the day. This typically used for raising water into a holding tank to then allow water to distributed by gravity as needed, such as water from a well or river.
Search the Web for Solar Water Pump
Solvent Extraction
A method of separation used to purify vegetable oils.
Search the Web for Solvent Extraction
Refers to products that result in a net reduction in the generation of waste compared to their previous or alternate version and includes durable, reusable and re-manufactured products; products with no, or reduced, toxic constituents; and products marketed with no, or reduced packaging.
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Items such as household hazardous waste, bulky wastes (refrigerators, pieces of furniture, etc.) tires, and used oil.
Search the Web for Special Waste
Dirt or rock removed from its original location, destroying the composition of the soil in the process; as in strip-mining, dredging, or construction.
Search the Web for Spoil
Search the Web for SST
Stack Effect
Flow of air resulting from warm air rising, creating a positive pressure area at the top of a building and negative pressure area at the bottom. This effect can overpower the mechanical system and disrupt building ventilation and air circulation.
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Stand-alone System
Energy generated by a stand-alone system is stored in batteries and then subsequently used. Also known as "off-grid," these systems are not connected to the utility grid.
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The removal or destruction of all microorganisms, including pathogenic and other bacteria, vegetative forms, and spores.
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Storage Density
The capacity of a battery, in amp-hours, compared to its weight or volume. Measured in watt-hours per kilogram or watt-hours per litre.
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Second layer of the atmosphere, extending from about 19 to 48 kilometers (12 to 30 miles) above the earth's surface. It contains small amounts of gaseous ozone (O3), which filters out about 99 percent of the incoming harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Most commercial airline flights operate at a cruising
altitude in the lower stratosphere.
Search the Web for Stratosphere
Streamflow
The volume of water that moves over a designated point over a fixed period of time.
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Cutting deep trenches to remove minerals such as coal and phosphate found near the earth's surface in flat or rolling terrain.
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Minimum food and shelter necessary to support life.
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Area on the surface of the earth between tropic and temperate regions, approximately between 40 degrees N. and S.
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Sugar Addiction
Sugar addiction begins when you crave anything that contains this sweet ingredient. Eating sugar triggers production of natural opioids in your brain; such hormones aid in relieving the pain and are triggered in the same way one would consume illegal drugs, leading to a form of 'high'.
According to researchers, the tongue has two sweet receptors, which evolved during early times, when our ancestors ate a low-sugar diet (sugar was hard to obtain, so when it was found as a concentrated energy source you were 'rewarded'). Today, we still have the same tonues, we have not adapted to the presence of many sweet treats. This is why when the receptors in your tongue are highly stimulated, it results in your brain sending out excessive reward signals whenever you eat something with sugar in it, which end up overriding your self-control mechanisms. This leads to addiction
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Sulfate Aerosols
Particulate matter that consists of compounds of sulfur formed by the interaction of sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide with other compounds in the atmosphere. Sulfate aerosols are injected into the atmosphere from the combustion of fossil fuels and the eruption of volcanoes like Mt. Pinatubo. Recent theory suggests that sulfate aerosols may lower the Earth's temperature by reflecting away solar radiation (negative radiative forcing). General Circulation Models which incorporate the effects of sulfate aerosols more accurately predict global temperature variations.
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Sulfur Cycle
Cyclic movement of sulfur in different chemical forms from the environment, to organisms, and then back to the environment.
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Sulfur Dioxide
A compound composed of one sulfur and two oxygen molecules. Sulfur dioxide emitted into the atmosphere through natural and anthropogenic processes is changed in a complex series of chemical reactions in the atmosphere to sulfate aerosols. These aerosols are believed to result in negative radiative forcing (i.e., tending to cool the Earth's surface) and do result in acid deposition (e.g., acid rain).
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Sun Orientation
Sun Orientation refers to the alignment of a building or structure with respect to the transit of the Sun across the sky. The orientation determines which walls or windows receive light during the day. This is an important factor in passive solar building design.
You can read more about passive solar and Sun orientation in this article .
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Super Grid
Super Grid is a term referring to continent-wide energy grids that link far flung renewable energy sources with population centers.
Proposals for a European Super Grid, for example, would see solar farms in North Africa, wind farms in the North Sea and Russia, hydro electric facilities in Scandinavia, and geothermal power plants in Iceland all transmit energy to Europe.
Supporters of the proposals argue that spreading the energy grid across such a wide area and sourcing energy from a variety of different renewable sources would overcome concerns over reliability that can undermine efforts to increase renewable energy capacity.
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Superinsulation
Insulating a building to minimize the amount of heat that can escape from (or, in a hot climate, enter) a building.
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Superwindow
One of the new generation of glazing technologies, superwindows are double or triple-glazed window sandwiches which contain a center sheet of coated mylar "low-emissivity' film and are filled with argon or krypton gas. This construction and the coatings on the film allows short-wave radiation (visible light) to pass through, but reflects long-wavelength radiation (infrared or heat) so heat can- not pass through. R-values of 4.5 or more are achieved.
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A general term that describes environmentally-conscious design techniques in the field of architecture. Sustainable architecture is framed by the larger discussion of sustainability and the pressing economic and political issues of our world. In the broad context, sustainable architecture seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by enhancing efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space. Most simply, the idea of sustainability, or ecological design, is to ensure that our actions and decisions today do not inhibit the opportunities of future generations.
This term can be used to describe an energy and ecologically conscious approach to the design of the built environment.
Search the Web for Sustainable Architecture
Sustainable development is the act of development (as in industrial development, be it farming, manufacturing, commerce, etc) performed in such a way it is:
Sustainable, and,
What this means is that man is seen as an integral part of the environment and ecology of the world, and therefore has just as much right as anything else to interaction with and utilization of the environment. Although, through our intelligence and science we can choose to interact in a way which creates net gains for all parties - including the environment.
Core to this is recognition of the whole chain of cause and effect, it is not good enough to clean up one sector of the environment by ignoring another; for instance buying none renewable solar panels made in China (one of the most polluted countries globally) to make yourself more locally 'Green' is not globally a net gain to the environment.
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Sustainable energy refers to energy sources which are in themselves sustainable; e.g. they are not considered finite.
Typically these consist of: Hydro, solar, wind, biomass, geothermal and tidal.
Note: it is important when considering the technologies that utilize sustainable energy sources that the total lifetime cost is fully considered (e.g. from manufacturer, deployment, ongoing maintenance, to final disposal). Although the energy source many not be finite, the lifetime of operation of the technology to access them is finite and this should be considered. Basically there is no point in picking a sustainable energy source using a technology which requires constant maintenance or replacement, there is no net benefit to the environment or the consumer of the energy (higher costs and less reliable).
Search the Web for Sustainable Energy
Sustainable tourism is where the operator and resort or service provider have made steps to ensure the act of tourism has minimal impact on the local environment and society.
This is often a bit of mixed blessing as sustainable tourism and 'eco tourism' has often been applied to businesses which are not really all that eco at the end of day. So therefore do make the effort to double check all claims and validate any recommendations.
Search the Web for Sustainable Tourism
Sustainable Yield
The amount of a naturally self-reproducing community, such as trees or fish, that can be harvested without diminishing the ability of the community to sustain itself.
Search the Web for Sustainable Yield
Swale
A swale is a low tract of land, especially one that is moist or marshy. The term can refer to a natural landscape feature or a human-created one. Artificial swales are often designed to manage water runoff, filter pollutants, and increase rainwater infiltration.
See Wikipedia entry
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Syncrude
Synthetic crude oil made from coal of from oil shale.
Search the Web for Syncrude
Synfuel
Synthetic gas or synthetic oil. Fuel that is artificially made as contrasted to that which is found in nature. Synthetic gas made from coal is considered to be more economical and easier to produce than synthetic oil. When natural gas supplies in the earth are being depleted, it is expected that synthetic gas will be able to be used widely as a substitute fuel.
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Syngas
Synthetic gas make from coal.
Search the Web for Syngas
Systemic Pesticide
A chemical absorbed by an organism that interacts with the organism and makes the organism toxic to pests.
Search the Web for Systemic Pesticide


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Fixed income market: the week ahead
Althea Spinozzi
Senior Fixed Income Strategist
Summary: This week it's all about a surge of Covid-19 cases and inflation. The debt ceiling issue will keep long-term yields in check in the United States while spurring volatility in money markets. Lack of collateral and new lockdown measures are also compressing spreads in the Euro area. Yet, policymakers' engagement to the idea of less accommodative monetary policies on both sides of the Atlantic indicates that yields will not remain rangebound for long. Once the lid is lifted, inflationary pressures will push yields higher. Therefore, it's safe to assume a continuous bear flattening of yield curves.
US Treasuries: volatility in money markets will keep long-term yields in check. Yet, inflation concerns continue to grow, pointing to higher rates once the debt ceiling issue is resolved.
This week, investors will need to focus on the Fed Minutes released on Wednesday, inflation numbers, and the White House's announcement concerning the Federal Reserve Chair nomination.
The Fed's minutes might unveil details regarding the decision that led to tapering this month and whether FOMC members begin to fret about inflationary pressures. Last week, several Fed's speakers opened up about accelerating tapering and hiking interest rates in 2022. Among them, Fed Vice Chair Richard Clarida called for a discussion to expedite tapering to enable the central bank to hike interest rates sooner.
At the same time, if Biden nominates Leal Brainard as Fed Chair, it could advance inflation worries. Brainard is known to be more dovish than Powell. In the case of her nomination, the market could anticipate interest rates to remain low for longer, implying stickier inflation, provoking a selloff in bonds.
The Personal Consumption Expenditure Index, one of the inflation data most looked at after the Federal Reserve, will be released on Wednesday. The PCE core deflator index YoY is expected to rise to 4.1%, the highest in more than 31 years. As we mentioned in earlier editions of "Fixed income market: the week ahead", we expect inflationary pressures to continue to rise and higher rents, housing and wages to make inflation stickier, putting at odds policymakers' transitory narrative.
Therefore, although the US yield curve has already flattened substantially, we cannot expect anything else than more flattening. The only difference is that once the debt ceiling issue is resolved, long term yields will need to rise together with short term yields, putting at risk weaker credits.
The debt ceiling will be a crucial topic for December. Janet Yellen has said that the US Treasury will run out of cash soon after the 3rd of December if an agreement over the debt ceiling is not found. However, money markets have started to price a default during the second half of December. Indeed, last week's 4-week T-Bills auction was priced with a yield of 0.11%, more than double the Reverse Repurchase facility rate. We expect volatility in money markets to continue to remain elevated until the debt ceiling is lifted or suspended. Until then, the long part of the yield curve will serve as a safe haven causing yields to remain compressed. Yet, once the debt ceiling hurdle has cleared, long-term rates will resume their rise.
European sovereigns: lack of collateral and a surge in Covid-19 cases will keep yields compressed. Yet, something is changing among policymakers.
In Europe, governments are imposing new lockdown measures due to increasing Covid-19 cases, causing yields to drop significantly. Yet, inflationary forces have already been set into motion. Another lockdown might exacerbate inflation further as consumption will switch from services to goods, putting more pressure on prices. Meanwhile, policymakers have started to open to the possibility that upside inflation risk might remain throughout winter. Therefore, near-term hikes expectations are unlikely to reverse despite new lockdown measures.
Yet, lack of collateral in the euro area contributes to keeping short-term yields compressed across the euro area, including the periphery. At the same time, swaps with the same maturity have widened as the market prices earlier interest rate hikes. Demand for collateral will remain strong until the end of the year. However, 2022 opens up to widening risk, as demand for bonds will start to wane, and the front part of the yield curve will shift higher according to interest rate hikes expectations.
Source: Bloomberg and Saxo Group.
However, it looks too early to call for higher yields in the Euro area, as a lot still depends on yields in the US and December's ECB meeting. Suppose more governments across the euro area impose lockdown measures. In that case, the central bank might look to extend the PEPP bond-buying program after March, compressing yields further. The next few weeks preceding Christmas are going to be critical to set direction in European sovereigns.
Economic calendar:
Monday, the 22nd of November
Spain: Balance of Trade
United States: Chicago Fed National Activity Index, Existing Home Sales (Oct), 2-year Note Auction, 5-year Note Auction
Eurozone: Consumer Confidence Flash (Nov)
Tuesday, the 23rd of November
Germany: Markit Composite, Manufacturing and Services PMI Flash (Nov)
Eurozone: Markit Composite and manufacturing PMI Flash (Nov)
United Kingdom: market/CIPS Composite, Manufacturing and Services PMI Flash (Nov)
United States: Markit Manufacturing PMI flash (Nov), NY Fed Treasury Purchases TIPS 7.5 to 30 years, 2-year FRN Auction, 7-year Note Auction
Wednesday, the 24th of November
New Zealand: Interest Rate Decision, RBNZ Press Confidence
France: Business Confidence
Germany: Ifo Business Climate (Nov), 15-year Bund Auction
United States: Durable Goods Orders (Oct), GDP Growth Rate QoQ 2nd Est (Q3), Continuing Jobless Claims, Corporate Profits QoQ Prel (Q3), Durable Goods Orders (Oct), Goods Trade Balance (Oct), Initial Jobless Claims, Jobless Claims 4-week Average, retail Inventories Ex Autos (Oct), Core PCE Price Index (Oct), Michigan Consumer Sentiment Final (Nov), PCE Price Index (Oct), Personal Income (Oct), Personal Spending (Oct), FOMC Minutes, 4-week and 8- week bill auction
Thursday, the 25th of November
New Zealand: Balance of Trade
Japan: Foreign bond Investment, Coincident Index Final, Leading Economic Index Final (Sep)
Germany: GDP Growth Rate YoY Final (Q3), GfK Consumer Confidence (Dec)
Sweden: Monetary Policy Report, Riskbank Rate Decision
France: Unemployment Benefit Claims
Canada Average weekly earnings YoY
Friday, the 26th of November
Australia: Retail Sales MoM Prel (Oct)
South Korea: Interest Rate Decision
France: Consumer Confidence
Switzerland: GDP Growth Rate YoY (Q3)
Italy: Business Confidence (Nov)
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
// Copyright (c) 2012 The Native Client Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

/*
 * These are the syscalls being tested:
 *   #define NACL_sys_gettimeofday           40
 *   #define NACL_sys_clock                  41
 *   #define NACL_sys_nanosleep              42
*/

#include <errno.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/time.h>   // For gettimeofday.
#include <sys/times.h>  // For clock which uses times
#include <time.h>       // For nanosleep.
#include <unistd.h>

#include "native_client/src/trusted/service_runtime/include/machine/_types.h"
#include "native_client/src/trusted/service_runtime/include/sys/nacl_syscalls.h"

// #include "native_client/tests/syscalls/test.h"
#ifdef USE_RAW_SYSCALLS
#include "native_client/src/untrusted/nacl/syscall_bindings_trampoline.h"
#endif
#include "native_client/tests/syscalls/test.h"

/*
 * These four definitions are copied from nanosleep_test.c
 */
#define NANOS_PER_MICRO   (1000)
#define MICROS_PER_MILLI  (1000)
#define NANOS_PER_MILLI   (NANOS_PER_MICRO * MICROS_PER_MILLI)
#define MICROS_PER_UNIT   (1000 * 1000)

#ifdef USE_RAW_SYSCALLS
#define CLOCK NACL_SYSCALL(clock)
#define NANOSLEEP(REQ, REM)  NACL_SYSCALL(nanosleep)(REQ, REM)
#define GETTIMEOFDAY(TV, TZ) NACL_SYSCALL(gettimeofday)(TV, TZ)
#else
#define CLOCK clock
#define NANOSLEEP(REQ, REM)  nanosleep(REQ, REM)
#define GETTIMEOFDAY(TV, TZ) gettimeofday(TV, TZ)
#endif

#define MAX_COUNTER 100000

int TestClockFunction() {
  START_TEST("test clock function");

  clock_t clock_time = 0;
  int counter = 0;

  // clock returns how much cpu time has been used so far. If the test is fast
  // and/or granularity not very fine, then clock() can return 0 sometimes.
  // It should (eventually) return a non-zero value.
  // This loop will keep calling clock() until it returns non-zero or until the
  // counter is larger than |MAX_COUNTER| (so that we don't hang if clock()
  //  is broken).
  while (counter < MAX_COUNTER && clock_time == 0) {
    clock_time = CLOCK();
    ++counter;
  }
  printf("Called clock.  clock_time=%ld, CLOCKS_PER_SEC=%d\n", clock_time,
         (int) CLOCKS_PER_SEC);
  EXPECT(clock_time > 0);

  END_TEST();
}

int TestTimeFuncs() {
  START_TEST("test gettimeofday,nanosleep function");
  struct timeval tv1;   // Used by gettimeofday

  /* Passing NULL as the first argument causes a warning with glibc. */
#ifndef __GLIBC__
  EXPECT(0 != GETTIMEOFDAY(NULL, NULL));
#endif

  /*
   * gettimeofday takes two args: timeval and timezone pointers.
   * The use of the timezone structure is obsolete; the tz argument should
   * normally be specified as  NULL.
   */
  EXPECT(0 == GETTIMEOFDAY(&tv1, NULL));

  struct timespec ts;  // Used by nanosleep.

  ts.tv_sec = 1;
  ts.tv_nsec = 5000000;
  EXPECT(0 == NANOSLEEP(&ts, NULL));   // Sleep 1 second

  struct timeval tv2;
  EXPECT(0 == GETTIMEOFDAY(&tv2, NULL));   // Get time of day again

  /*
   * Because of our nanosleep call, tv2 should have a later time than tv1
   */
  EXPECT(tv2.tv_sec > tv1.tv_sec);

  struct timeval tv3;
  struct timezone tz;
  tz.tz_minuteswest = 0;
  tz.tz_dsttime = 0;

  /*
   * Test gettimeofday using obselete timezone struct pointer
   */
  EXPECT(0 == GETTIMEOFDAY(&tv3, &tz));  // Get time of day again

  /*
   * The time of day (tv3) should not be earlier than time of day (tv2)
   */
  EXPECT(tv3.tv_sec >= tv2.tv_sec);

  /*
   * Test nanosleep error conditions
   */
  EXPECT(0 != NANOSLEEP(NULL, NULL));
  END_TEST();
}

/*
 * Returns failure count.  t_suspend should not be shorter than 1us,
 * since elapsed time measurement cannot possibly be any finer in
 * granularity.  In practice, 1ms is probably the best we can hope for
 * in timer resolution, so even if nanosleep suspends for 1us, the
 * gettimeofday resolution may cause a false failure report.
 */
int TestNanoSleep(struct timespec *t_suspend) {
  START_TEST("Test nanosleep");
  struct timespec t_remain;
  struct timeval  t_start;
  int             rv;
  struct timeval  t_end;
  struct timeval  t_elapsed;

  printf("%40s: %"NACL_PRIdNACL_TIME".%09ld seconds\n",
         "Requesting nanosleep duration",
         t_suspend->tv_sec,
         t_suspend->tv_nsec);
  t_remain = *t_suspend;
  /*
   * BUG: ntp or other time adjustments can mess up timing.
   * BUG: time-of-day clock resolution may be not be fine enough to
   * measure nanosleep duration.
   */
  EXPECT(-1 != GETTIMEOFDAY(&t_start, NULL));

  while (-1 == (rv = NANOSLEEP(&t_remain, &t_remain)) &&
         EINTR == errno) {
  }
  EXPECT(-1 != rv);

  EXPECT(-1 != GETTIMEOFDAY(&t_end, NULL));

  t_elapsed.tv_sec = t_end.tv_sec - t_start.tv_sec;
  t_elapsed.tv_usec = t_end.tv_usec - t_start.tv_usec;
  if (t_elapsed.tv_usec < 0) {
    t_elapsed.tv_usec += MICROS_PER_UNIT;
    t_elapsed.tv_sec -= 1;
  }
  if (t_elapsed.tv_usec >= MICROS_PER_UNIT) {
    printf("Microsecond field too large: %ld\n", t_elapsed.tv_usec);
  }

  printf("%40s: %"NACL_PRIdNACL_TIME".%06ld seconds\n",
         "Actual nanosleep duration",
         t_elapsed.tv_sec,
         t_elapsed.tv_usec);

  /*
   * This is the original check and error message (from nanosleep_test.c),
   * which provides feedback and is more readable.
   */
  if (t_elapsed.tv_sec < t_suspend->tv_sec ||
      (t_elapsed.tv_sec == t_suspend->tv_sec &&
       (NANOS_PER_MICRO * t_elapsed.tv_usec < t_suspend->tv_nsec))) {
    printf("Error: Elapsed time too short!"
           " t_elapsed.tv_sec=%"NACL_PRIdNACL_TIME" "
           " t_suspend->tv_sec=%"NACL_PRIdNACL_TIME" "
           " t_elapsed.tv_usec=%"PRId64" "
           " t_suspend->tv_nsec=%"PRId64" \n",
           t_elapsed.tv_sec, t_suspend->tv_sec,
           (int64_t) t_elapsed.tv_usec, (int64_t) t_suspend->tv_nsec);
  }

  /*
   * This check works with BEGIN_TEST/END_TEST and restates the check above
   */
  EXPECT(!(t_elapsed.tv_sec < t_suspend->tv_sec ||
          (t_elapsed.tv_sec == t_suspend->tv_sec &&
          (NANOS_PER_MICRO * t_elapsed.tv_usec < t_suspend->tv_nsec))));
  END_TEST();
}

/*
 * function testSuite()
 *
 *   Run through a complete sequence of file tests.
 *
 * returns true if all tests succeed.  false if one or more fail.
 */
bool TestSuite() {
  int fail_count = 0;

  fail_count += TestTimeFuncs();

  /*
   * Copied from tests/nanosleep.c
   */
  static struct timespec  t_suspend[] = {
    { 0,   1 * NANOS_PER_MILLI, },
    { 0,   2 * NANOS_PER_MILLI, },
    { 0,   5 * NANOS_PER_MILLI, },
    { 0,  10 * NANOS_PER_MILLI, },
    { 0,  25 * NANOS_PER_MILLI, },
    { 0,  50 * NANOS_PER_MILLI, },
    { 0, 100 * NANOS_PER_MILLI, },
    { 0, 250 * NANOS_PER_MILLI, },
    { 0, 500 * NANOS_PER_MILLI, },
    { 1,   0 * NANOS_PER_MILLI, },
    { 1, 500 * NANOS_PER_MILLI, },
  };

  for (unsigned int ix = 0; ix < sizeof t_suspend/sizeof t_suspend[0]; ++ix) {
    fail_count += TestNanoSleep(&t_suspend[ix]);
  }

  // run clock() tests last, so that the test has been running as long as
  // possible -- to get a non-zero return for clock()
  fail_count += TestClockFunction();
  return fail_count;
}

/*
 * main entry point.
 *
 * run all tests and call system exit with appropriate value
 *   0 - success, all tests passed.
 *  -1 - one or more tests failed.
 */

int main(const int argc, const char *argv[]) {
  int fail_count = TestSuite();

  if (fail_count == 0)
    printf("All tests PASSED\n");
  else
    printf("There were %d failures\n", fail_count);

  exit(fail_count);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: How to determine the Type of an object at runtime in Java for gson Take a look at the following code, which works fine:
        MyData myData = new MyData(1, "one");
    MyData myData2 = new MyData(2, "two");
    MyData [] data = {myData, myData2};

    String toJson = gson.toJson(data, MyData[].class);

    MyData [] newData = gson.fromJson(toJson, MyData[].class);

MyData is just a simple class with int and String fields. This works perfectly fine. But what if the class is not known until runtime? e.g. It might not be "MyData", but could be a completely different class. The only thing we know is the name of the class (represented as a string), which was previously determined by the sender using Class.forName.
It works fine if the object is not an array, like so:
    final Class<?> componentType = Class.forName(componentClassName);
context.deserialize(someElement, componentType);

The above technique doesn't work for arrays though.
Any suggestions?

A: In java you can get the class of an object by calling
object.getClass();

From java docs:
class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] ia = new int[3];
        System.out.println(ia.getClass());
        System.out.println(ia.getClass().getSuperclass());
    }
}

which prints:
class [I
class java.lang.Object

A: Do you mean that MyData would become a generic type T? If so you won't be able to do this due to Javas type erasure. The type T is only available at compile time.
You could create a method like:
public T decodeJSON(String json, Class<T> type) {
    GSON gson = new GSON();
    return gson.fromJson(json, type);
}

A: String toJson = gson.toJson(Class.forName(obj, runtimeClassName + "[]"));

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Okay, where was I? Oh yeah, I'm getting old-r and as a "Generation Jones" I'm starting to question if I'm living the dream or just growing old (dis)-gracefully.
When I think about this age gig and demographics I'm sort of hip and fit into the internet generation. I do "The Google", I blog a bit, I'm on Facebook, I Flickr and Picasa photo's, I connect with groups on CollectiveX, I've planned parties on MyPunchBowl, I'm hip to Wikipedia, I manage calendars online with Eventful, I Digg lots of articles on the web, I jog with an iPod, I ride a Harley. But, then I get reminded just how "un-cool" I am when I can't find music on the mainstream radio that I like and I tire quickly of the "10/2-minute" (10 minutes of ads for 2 minutes of content) rule of commercialization.
Speaking of music, how about that hip-hop Jibb's song 'Chains'. I was flipping radio channels in the cage and thought…Jibbs who?! I don't get it. I understand the lyrics and get the thump, thump, thump, but I could hardly change the channel fast enough! If it's hip-hop then I'm into the Kid Rock 'Cowboy' style. Nobody I know is wearing a chain with their 'NAME' spelled out in diamonds. They don't have 26's (rims) on a Range Rover. Heck most of us are driving a Pontiac Sunfire or Toyota Corolla's… on 12's… and with squeaky brakes…, so why is everyone bounc'n to Chains?
What's next? Harley is not "cool" and I'll need to mortgage the house for a six-figure V-Twin custom that's overloaded with billet and explosions of flame colors?!
Yep, I'm getting old-r because I don't care if people want to debate what is or is not cool. I personally, couldn't care less. I'm going ridin'. Ya comin'?
Bicentennial poster photo courtesy of H-D Museum.
I went online to check on CLUB H.O.G. 25 tickets. They were suppose to go on sale today, however, they will now be free to H.O.G. members and one guest each. There was one part of the celebration that was previously announced was a paid concert featuring Aerosmith and Kid Rock. Aerosmith canceled their performance at the H.O.G. concert due to medical reasons and does not have any other dates scheduled through the rest of the year. Due to this HOG will not be selling tickets for a separate concert inside Miller Park. Instead, Kid Rock will join the entertainment for CLUB H.O.G. 25 on the exterior grounds of Miller Park – a free event. Free is a very good price!


text:
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Consultants, designers, and contractors know that Geopier Rammed Aggregate Pier® ground improvement systems are a great way to save the owner money and time for a wide variety of projects. Design and construction professionals also know that Geopier systems often require testing to verify subgrade conditions at the site and to validate the Geopier site-specific design parameters. What many design and construction professionals don't know is that there are best practice methods for performing aggregate pier load tests, and that improper selection of maximum applied loads can lead to unconservative test results.
A Geopier load test, or modulus test, is performed on single test pier typically constructed in the "worst" area of the site (i.e. area containing the softest soil conditions). Furthermore, modulus tests are conducted to a pressure equal to at least 150% of the maximum design top of pier stress to assure a reasonable level of safety that supports long term settlement control and demonstrates that the Geopier element has adequate strength. Performing modulus testing beyond the limit state top of pier stress meets the intent of the International Building Code (IBC) and local building codes with respect to shallow foundation support.
Geopier Technical Bulletin No. 12 provides a best practice method to make sure that field modulus testing properly represents the loading conditions that aggregate pier systems will experience during actual structural loading.


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The white and warm white light colors in the V2 version are available in direct current.
The RGB model is compatible with the LumiPlus Eco, LumiPlus RGB TOP, LumiPlus LED APP (wifi) and LumiPlus Modbus (Fluidra Connect) controls.
The RGB-DMX model is compatible with the LumiPlus RGB-DMX control.
The V2 version is ideal for public pools and hotels.


text:
\section{Introduction}
Topological excitations in one dimension (1D) are zero-dimensional defects behaving like particles. They are known as solitons and domain walls, which occasionally cause unconventional electrical and magnetic properties \cite{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}. Notably, the solitons expected to emerge in the neutral-ionic (NI) transition material, tetrathiafulvalene-$\textit{p}$-chloranil (TTF-CA), are of profound interest in that they can be elementary excitations responsible for electrical and magnetic properties instead of electrons in a Mott-Peierls system, in which charge, spin, and lattice are strongly entangled \cite{13, 14, 15}. Furthermore, the solitons emergent at 1D ferroelectric boundary have been predicted to possess fractional charge \cite{16, 17, 18}.

In TTF-CA, an electron donor (D) molecule, TTF, and an acceptor (A) molecule, CA, alternately stack one-dimensionally [Fig. 1] \cite{19}. With applying pressure or lowering temperature, the neutral TTF-CA crystal progressively gains D-A electrostatic energy and then transitions or crosses over to an ionic Mott state by a charge transfer from TTF to CA  \cite{20, 21}. Ionicity is measured by the degree of charge transfer, $\rho$, which is represented by $\rho_{\mathrm{N}}$$\sim$0.25 in the neutral state and $\rho_{\mathrm{I}}$$\sim$0.75 in the ionic Mott state \cite{22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28}. Additionally, strong electron-lattice interactions cause static (dynamical) lattice dimerization along the 1D chain in a ferroelectric (paraelectric) ionic phase, denoted as $\mathrm{I_{ferro}}$ ($\mathrm{I_{para}}$) phase hereafter, by Peierls or spin-Peierls mechanism [Fig. 1] \cite{21, 29, 30, 31}. In the $\mathrm{I_{ferro}}$ phase, the dimerization of TTF and CA is 3D ferroelectric long-range ordered, whereas, in the $\mathrm{I_{para}}$ phase, thermal fluctuation of the dimerization breaks the long-range order, forming a "dimer liquid" state \cite{11, 31}.

In general, the resistivity of organic semiconductors substantially decreases and often becomes metallic with pressure increased to several kbar \cite{32}. However, in the $\mathrm{I_{para}}$ phase of TTF-CA, the resistivity at room temperature is insensitive to pressure in a vast pressure region from 20 kbar at least up to 80 kbar \cite{33}. Significantly, the $\mathrm{I_{para}}$ phase is suggested to host two types of solitons, charge and spin solitons, that emerge on the boundaries of the oppositely polarized domains [Fig. 1], both of which are predicted to contribute to electrical conduction \cite{12, 13, 14, 15}. The pressure-insensitive electrical conductivity possibly stems from the peculiar nature of the solitons; however, the experimental verification of the existence of the charge soliton has not yet been done. In the present work, to obtain experimental indications of the charge soliton excitations contributing to electrical conduction in TTF-CA under pressure, we have investigated the temperature and pressure dependence of electrical resistivity of TTF-CA. To illustrate the peculiar electrical transport nature of TTF-CA under pressure, we have also investigated, as a reference system, the similar ionic material, tetrathiafulvalene-$\textit{p}$-bromanil (TTF-BA), a nearly fully charge-transferred Mott insulator with $\rho_{\mathrm{I}}$ of $\sim$0.95 \cite{34, 35, 36}, in which the charge degrees of freedom is strongly suppressed. The comparison of the two systems brings to light the existence of thermally excited solitons and their contribution to electrical conduction.

\begin{figure*}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=17.5cm,clip]{Fig1.eps}
\caption{Phase diagram of TTF-CA and schematic illustrations of the N, $\mathrm{I_{para}}$, and $\mathrm{I_{ferro}}$ phases with the charge transfer indicated by $\rho$ and the polarization of dimers pointed by bold green arrows. Mobile charge and spin solitons appear in the $\mathrm{I_{para}}$ phase. In the crossover between the N and $\mathrm{I_{para}}$ phases, NI domain walls are excited.
}
\label{Fig1}
\end{figure*}

We performed the electrical resistivity measurements for TTF-CA and TTF-BA under pressure with the four-terminal method. The electrical current was injected along the 1D chains, namely, the $\textit{a}$-axis for TTF-CA and the $\textit{b}$-axis for TTF-BA. The samples were mounted in a clamp-type piston-cylinder pressure cell, and Daphne 7373 and 7474 oils were used as the pressure-transmitting media up to 20 kbar and 35 kbar, respectively, where pressure is hydrostatic \cite{37}. The pressure values quoted in this paper indicate internal pressures that were reduced from external pressures by the pressure-efficiency factor of 0.9 determined separately with a Manganin wire used as an indicator of the internal pressure.

Figure 2 (a) compares the pressure dependences of the resistivities of TTF-CA and TTF-BA at room temperature. With increasing pressure, the resistivity of TTF-CA takes a minimum at 8-9 kbar and levels off to a value of $\sim$2.5 $\mathrm{\Omega}$cm above 20 kbar. Our previous study demonstrated that the resistivity minimum results from the NI domain wall (NIDW) excitations arising around NI crossover pressure [Fig. 1] \cite{12}. The present experiment with the piston-cylinder pressure cell confirmed the pressure-insensitive resistivity previously suggested by the experiment using the cubic anvil apparatus \cite{33}. Contrastingly, the resistivity of TTF-BA is as high as $\sim$1 $\mathrm{\Omega}$cm, which shows a little sensitivity to pressure in the entire pressure range studied. Remarkably, the resistivity values are 5-6 orders of magnitude different between the two systems at high pressures despite that both are commonly in the $\mathrm{I_{para}}$ phase.

\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=17.5cm]{Fig2.eps}
\caption{(a) Comparison between the pressure dependence of the resistivities of TTF-CA along the $\textit{a}$-axis and TTF-BA along the $\textit{b}$-axis at room temperature. (b) Arrhenius plot of the resistivity of TTF-BA along the $\textit{b}$-axis at several pressures. The conductivity totally decreases with increasing pressure up to 10-15 kbar but increases with further pressure increase. The inset shows the pressure dependence of activation energy of TTF-BA estimated from the Arrhenius plot. (c) Arrhenius plot of the resistivity of TTF-CA along the $\textit{a}$-axis at several pressures. The arrows indicate the phase transition points, $\textit{T}_c$, between the $\mathrm{I_{para}}$ and $\mathrm{I_{ferro}}$ phases. The inset shows the Arrhenius plot of the normalized conductivity $\sigma$/$\sigma_c$ against 1000(1/$\textit{T}$-1/$\textit{T}_c$), where $\sigma_c$ is the  conductivity at $\textit{T}_c$. The red and green regions in the inset correspond to the $\mathrm{I_{para}}$ and $\mathrm{I_{ferro}}$ phases, respectively.
}
\label{Fig2}
\end{figure*}

We show the Arrhenius plots of the resistivities of TTF-BA and TTF-CA in Figs. 2 (b) and 2 (c), respectively. The resistivity of TTF-BA is characterized by the activation energies of 0.38-0.42 eV at every pressure up to 35 kbar [the inset of Fig. 2 (b)]. The charge soliton excitation expected in the NI transition materials is akin to a neutral single-molecule defect [Fig. 1], whose excitation energy is predicted to be an order of magnitude smaller than the charge-transfer (CT) energy gap \cite{13, 14, 15}. In TTF-BA, however, the charge gap, which is twice the activation energy, is nearly equal to the CT energy of $\sim$0.8 eV determined by the IR measurements \cite{34}, which is consistent with quasiparticle excitations over the Mott gap and rules out the solitonic excitations in TTF-BA. The small decrease in the charge gap above 25 kbar is ascribable to an increase of the transfer integral. On the other hand, the small increase up to 25 kbar may be due to the stabilization of the ionic state owing to a Madelung energy gain by lattice contraction.

The 5-6 orders of magnitude smaller resistivity in TTF-CA than in TTF-BA [Fig. 2 (a)] suggests that the $\mathrm{I_{para}}$ phase of TTF-CA should have much lower charge excitation energy than the CT energy or the excitation energy of band quasiparticles. As seen in Fig. 2 (c), the slope of the Arrhenius curve in the $\mathrm{I_{para}}$ phase gradually changes with pressure increased up to 20 kbar and is nearly unchanged above 20 kbar, which is more visible when the conductivity is normalized to the value at $\textit{T}_c$ as shown in the inset of Fig. 2 (c). Figure 3 (a) displays the activation energies estimated from the slope in the $\mathrm{I_{para}}$ phase, which is $\sim$0.26 eV at 10 kbar and drops to $\sim$0.10 eV at 20 kbar, then saturating to the range of 0.06-0.07 eV above 25 kbar.

This analysis, however, requires the following caution. The low resistivity of TTF-CA around 10 kbar [the red area in Fig. 3 (b)] is caused by the excitations of the NIDWs \cite{12}. As discussed in Ref. 12, the NI crossover region is inclined in the pressure-temperature ($\textit{P}$-$\textit{T}$) plane and the resistivity should be analyzed parallel to the tilted crossover line in the NIDW-active $\textit{P}$-$\textit{T}$ region. The activation energies determined in this way \cite{12}, which are reproduced in Fig. 3 (a), show large discrepancies with the above estimated activation energies below 20 kbar, thus, which should be taken as spurious values. On the other hand, the activation energy decreases to 0.06-0.08 eV in the pressure range above 20 kbar, being the same order with those around 10 kbar. These values are far smaller than a half of the CT excitation energy \cite{20} or the recently reported band gap, $\sim$0.35 eV \cite{38}, indicating the non-quasiparticle transport. The free NIDW excitations should be suppressed above 20 kbar far from the NI crossover pressure; thus, these results demonstrate the existence of another low-energy excitation carrier, that is, the soliton whose activation energy is theoretically predicted to be less than 0.1 eV \cite{13}. Overall, the activation energy of the NIDWs is considered to cross over to that of the solitons in a way depicted by the broad curve in Fig. 3 (a); the NIDW excitation energy taking a minimum value, 0.055 eV, at 9 kbar \cite{12} increases with pressure but gradually turns back to the similar value at high pressures though the soliton excitation energy should be over twice the NIDW excitation energy \cite{13, 15}. We speculate that local lattice deformation associated with the soliton formation may lower its creation energy; this is an issue of further investigation.

In what follows, we make quantitative discussion on the observed activation energy of 0.06-0.08 eV. The NI transition system has been modeled to the form of the Hubbard-type Hamiltonian that includes the on-site repulsive energy, $\textit{U}$, the inter-site attractive energy, -$\textit{V}$, and the site-alternating potential, $\mathit{\Delta}_0$, reflecting the energy difference between the HOMO of D molecule and the LUMO of A molecule \cite{39}. This Hamiltonian is reduced to the extended Hubbard model with $\textit{U}$, the repulsive $\textit{V}$, and the reduced $\mathit{\Delta}$ (=$\mathit{\Delta}_0$-4$\textit{V}$), and is further transformed to a phase Hamiltonian through the bosonization \cite{40}. The analytical solution of the energy of charge soliton, $\textit{E}_{\mathrm{CS}}$, was obtained by Fukuyama and Ogata \cite{14} as,
\begin{equation}
\textit{E}_{\mathrm{CS}}=\frac{2\textit{v}_{\rho}\sqrt{\gamma_c}}{\pi}(\cos \theta-\sin \theta (\frac{\pi}{2}-\theta))
\end{equation}
where $\textit{v}_{\rho}=2\textit{ta}+(\textit{U}+6\textit{V})\textit{a}/2\pi$, $\gamma_{\mathrm{c}}=(\textit{U}-2\textit{V})/\pi\textit{a}\textit{v}_{\rho}$, $\textit{a}$ is the lattice constant, and $\textit{t}$ is the transfer integral between the D and A molecules. $\theta$ is a phase variable for charge; for example, $\theta$ ($0\textless\theta\textless\pi/2$) is 0 and $\pi$/2 in the ionic and neutral limits, respectively.

The topological charge of the charge soliton is experimentally estimated by $\textit{q}_{\mathrm{CS}}/\textit{e}=\pm\rho_\mathrm{I}$, which is related to $\theta$ through $\textit{q}_{\mathrm{CS}}/\textit{e}=1-2\theta/\pi$ \cite{15}, where $\textit{e}$ is the elementary charge. The $\textit{q}_{\mathrm{CS}}$ value of 0.75$\textit{e}$ in the $\mathrm{I_ {para}}$ phase yields $\theta$=0.39 and thus $\cos \theta-\sin \theta (\frac{\pi}{2}-\theta)$ =0.47. The $\textit{v}_{\rho}$ and $\gamma_c$ are the functions of $\textit{t}$ and $\textit{V}$ that vary with pressure. Using the reported parameter sets of ($\textit{U}$, $\textit{V}$, $\textit{t}$) = (1.5, 0.7, 0.2) \cite{13} and (1.528, 0.604, 0.179) \cite{41} in eV at ambient pressure and taking account of the pressure effect \cite{11, 42}, we obtained $\textit{v}_{\rho}\gamma_{\mathrm{c}}^{1/2}$ at 20 kbar as 0.13 and 0.34, which yield $\textit{E}_{\mathrm{CS}}$ of 0.04 and 0.1 eV, respectively. The range of these values explains the experimental values of 0.06-0.08 eV, lending support to the view that the charge soliton dominates the electric conduction in the $\mathrm{I_ {para}}$ phase.

The solitonic electrical conduction is featured by little pressure dependence of activation energy as shown in Fig. 3 (a). $\rho_\mathrm{I}$ is known to be nearly pressure-independent in the $\mathrm{I_ {para}}$ phase \cite{23, 25, 27, 28, 31}, meaning that $\theta$ is so as well. The prefactor, $\textit{v}_{\rho}\gamma_{\mathrm{c}}^{1/2}$, in Eq. (1) is estimated to only vary by 1.6$\%$/kbar and 0.1$\%$/kbar for the two sets of ($\textit{U}$, $\textit{V}$, $\textit{t}$) values used in the above estimation \cite{13, 41} according to the pressure effect \cite{11, 42}. This explains the pressure-insensitive activation energy at high pressures. More rigorously, the electron-phonon coupling, the many-body effects of solitons, and the quantum fluctuations beyond the present consideration may influence the $\textit{E}_{\mathrm{CS}}$ value.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{Fig3.eps}
\caption{(a) Pressure dependence of the activation energy of TTF-CA in the high temperature region above the feroelectric transition temperature, $\textit{T}_c$. The results of four samples measured are distinguished by the different symbols. The activation energies are obtained from the plots in Fig. 2 (c). The activation energies estimated along parallel to the inclined NI crossover line in the previous measurements \cite{12} are also displayed. The  pressure dependence of activation energy that apears to make sense is indicated by the guided curve. (b) Phase diagram of TTF-CA with the contour plot of electrical conductivity, $\sigma$, along the $\textit{a}$-axis extracted from Ref. 12. (c) Pressure dependence of activation energy of TTF-CA in the $\mathrm{I_{ferro}}$ phase.
}
\label{Fig3}
\end{figure}

Next, we discuss the diffusion dynamics of charge solitons. It is a consensus that the steady current of charge solitons requires the presence of spin solitons \cite{13, 14, 15}; thus, we take the effective charge of the carrier as $\pm\textit{e}$ that is the sum of the topological charges of the charge and spin solitons, $\textit{q}_{\mathrm{CS}}=\pm\rho_\mathrm{I}\textit{e}$ and $\textit{q}_{\mathrm{SS}}=\pm(1-\rho_\mathrm{I})\textit{e}$ \cite{15}. Theoretically, the excitation energy of the charge soliton is suggested to be higher than that of the spin soliton \cite{13, 14, 15}, and thus the number of thermally excited charge solitons should be less than that of spin solitons. Although both the charge and spin solitons are responsible for electrical conduction, it is governed by the number of minority carrier, that is, the charge soliton. Therefore, the electrical conductivity is expressed as $\sigma=\textit{e}\textit{n}_{\mathrm{CS}}\mu_{\mathrm{CS}}$, where $\textit{n}_{\mathrm{CS}}$  and $\mu_{\mathrm{CS}}$ are the density and mobility of charge soliton, respectively. Using the experimental value of $\sigma$=0.4 S/cm at 20 kbar, we obtain $\textit{n}_{\mathrm{CS}}\mu_{\mathrm{CS}}$ =2.5$\times10^{18}$ 1/Vscm. As the charge soliton is equivalent to a pair of combined NIDWs sandwiching a neutral molecule [Fig. 1], $\mu_{\mathrm{CS}}$ would be smaller than the mobility of the NIDW, which is estimated at $\mu_{\mathrm{NIDW}}$ =0.14 cm$^{2}$/Vs through $\sigma_\mathrm{{NIDW}}=(\textit{e}/2)\textit{n}_{\mathrm{NIDW}}\mu_{\mathrm{NIDW}}$ with $\sigma_\mathrm{{NIDW}}$=7 S/cm and $\textit{n}_{\mathrm{NIDW}}$$\sim$6.1$\times10^{20}$ 1/cm$^{3}$ (one soliton per $\sim$5 DA pairs) at 9 kbar \cite{12}. Assuming, $\textit{e.g.}$, $\mu_{\mathrm{CS}}=\mu_{\mathrm{NIDW}}/2\sim$0.072, we have the estimate of $\textit{n}_{\mathrm{CS}}\sim$3.5$\times10^{19}$ 1/cm$^{3}$ (one soliton per $\sim$88 DA pairs) at 20 kbar after a lattice contraction by 7$\%$ is considered \cite{42}. Then, the charge-soliton diffusion coefficient, $\textit{D}_{\mathrm{CS}}$, which is given by the Einstein's relationship, $\mu_{\mathrm{CS}}=\textit{e}\textit{D}_{\mathrm{CS}}/\textit{k}_{\mathrm{B}}\textit{T}$, is $\sim$1.9$\times10^{-3}$ cm$^{2}$/s at 300 K, where $\textit{k}_{\mathrm{B}}$ is the Boltzmann constant. On the other hand, the diffusion coefficient of spin soliton, $\textit{D}_{\mathrm{SS}}$, was previously evaluated by $^{1}$H-NMR as 2.4$\times10^{-3}$ cm$^{2}$/s at 14 kbar at 300 K \cite{11}. It is surprising that the $\textit{D}_{\mathrm{CS}}$ and $\textit{D}_{\mathrm{SS}}$ values determined by completely different experimental methods nearly coincide with each other. This result indicates that the charge and spin solitons move together, strongly supporting the theoretical prediction that the spin solitons are required as well as the charge solitons to carry steady current \cite{13, 14, 15}.

As seen in Fig. 2 (c), the Arrhenius plot of resistivity in the $\mathrm{I_{ferro}}$ phase of TTF-CA appears approximately parallel for every pressure above 10 kbar and is characterized by the activation energies of 0.18-0.21 eV, which are about three times as large as the $\textit{E}_{\mathrm{CS}}$ values [Fig. 3 (c)]. Nevertheless, the activation energies are smaller than a half of the CT energy, 0.35 eV, suggesting that the charge carriers in the $\mathrm{I_{ferro}}$ phase are not the band quasiparticles either. In fact, the previous conductivity, NMR, and NQR studies of the $\mathrm{I_{ferro}}$ phase at 14 kbar suggested that the charge (and spin) carrier should be a polaron \cite{43}. The polaron is the combined excitation of a charge and a spin soliton, which does not break the three-dimensional ferroelectric order. The activation energy larger than that of the charge soliton is reasonable by considering the composite character of the polaron. According to the previous analysis, the mobility gap in the $\mathrm{I_{ferro}}$ phase, which also contributes to the activation energy in the polaron transport, was estimated at 0.02 eV \cite{43}. Thus, the observed activation energy of 0.18-0.21 eV in charge transport is nearly determined by the polaron creation energy. Its pressure-insensitivity reasonably accords with the pressure-insensitivity of the charge soliton activation energy.

We have investigated the charge transport in the ionic phases of the donor-acceptor mixed-stack systems, TTF-CA and TTF-BA, under pressure. TTF-BA shows high resistivity of the order of $\sim$1 M$\Omega$cm (at room temperature) with activation energies of $\sim$0.4 eV, which are explained by the quasiparticle excitations over the Mott gap. In contrast, TTF-CA shows far lower resistivities of the order of $\sim$1 $\Omega$cm (at room temperature) and small activation energies of 0.06-0.08 eV in the $\mathrm{I_{para}}$ phase above 20 kbar, which are proved to be consistent with the charge soliton excitation energy evaluated with the theoretical model using the phase Hamiltonian. The excitation energy of NIDWs emerging at the lower pressures smoothly approaches the charge soliton excitation energy with increasing pressure, where the neutral domains progressively shrink to single neutral molecules, namely, the charge solitons. We have also estimated the diffusion coefficient of charge soliton and found it to roughly accord with that of spin soliton, suggesting that they move together. The present results provide foundations on the thermal excitations of topological defects in a quasi-1D ionic Mott-Peierls ferroelectric.

\acknowledgments
We thank M. Tsuchiizu, H. Seo, and H. Fukuyama for fruitful discussions. This work was supported by the JSPS Grant-in-Aids for Scientific Research (Grant Nos. JP18H05225, 19H01846, 20K20894, 20KK0060 and 21K18144), by CREST (Grant No. JPMJCR1661), Japan Science and Technology Agency. We also thank the Cryogenic Research Center at the University of Tokyo for supporting low-temperature experiments.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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DFNZ is focused on action-oriented activities to champion change for dyslexic individuals, and on providing information, tools and resources to inspire others to do the same.
DFNZ has a twin focus on education and youth justice, based on getting it right for dyslexic individuals in the classroom and the courts. In the classroom, this is about improving the dyslexic student's experience and achievements by ensuring that legal rights to inclusive learning and accommodations are delivered on. In the courts, this is about ensuring dyslexic youth are not entrapped in a system that treats them unfairly as adults. For a young person with learning differences that render them ill-equipped to understand and deal with the justice system, DFNZ contends the default should be a family inclusive, restorative approach.
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The question of how much is a new roof does not come with an easy answer. Roofers must consider a whole range of variables when quoting a price for a new roof.
Roofers charge for a new roof in squares. A square is 100 square feet.
When you ask how much is a new roof, a square does not just mean the price for the roofing material, but everything that goes into installing a new roof and running a professional company.
An important but often overlooked factor in the price of a new roof is where you live. A roofer has to consider the local cost of living and the economic conditions of where they live. They must also consider the geographic location of your home, and the ease of purchasing and delivering the necessary materials.
It is important to hire a professional contractor to install your new roof. Some companies will try to save money by hiring illegal workers, and skimping on insurance costs. This can mean injury on the workplace with no compensation, and a poorly installed roof. A poorly installed roof will be much more costly than the initial savings you receive.
So when you are asking the question of how much is a new roof, be sure to consider all factors that affect price.


Learn how to create an annotation with Skycatch by watching this quick video. You can annotate your job site using the circle, square, or polygon tool. You can also add a geotag and labels and get 2D measurements!
Annotations allow you label objects, take measurements, and share them with other users.
1. To create a new annotation, click New. Then, select Annotation.
Create rectangles, circles, polygons, and lines by clicking on the map to create your desired shape.
2. Change your annotation color, and enable area or distance measurements, after creating the annotation.
Please note: area and line measurements work best on a flat surface as these 2D measurements do not take slope or gradation into account.
3. Edit your shape by clicking and moving the polygon points.
Add markers and text boxes to your annotation.
Uploaded overlays can be added to your annotation as well.
4. When you are finished with your annotation, name it, and click Save to save it to your annotation list.
5. Make changes to a saved annotation by selecting the annotation and clicking the edit button.


Ideal for tropical and desert habitats; the bulb provides focused heat while the photons emitted by the filament never escape the dark tint. The spot bulb provides a focused beam of energy to heat the air inside the enclosure to create the warmth needed for a healthy reptile environment. The bulb is made from glass containing rare earth black phosphors, which simulates the moon's natural glow for nocturnal viewing without disturbing the reptile's day/night cycle.
Night Black Heat Incandescent Spot Bulbs 3.3" x 3.3" x 5.5"


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Video: Denis O'Hare 'Elling' Commercials
'Elling' on Broadway until March 20, 2011
Denis O'Hare, known to True Blood fans as the Vampire King of Mississippi, is currently staring in the Broadway play 'Elling' along with Brendan Fraser and Jennifer Coolidge. Set in the current day, 'Elling' is a comedy about a wildly mismatched pair of roommates who have both spent time in a mental institution and are now trying to embrace life, love, friendship, pizza, poetry and women. O'Hare plays obsessive/compulsive Elling. Fraser plays the wildly enthusiastic gentle giant Kjell. Coolidge plays Reidun, the object of Kjell's considerable affection, and Richard Easton plays Alfons, Elling's unlikely poet mentor. Tickets are on sale now for performances until March 20, 2011. Click here to order yours today.
All About Elling
In this video clip the cast and director talk about the play and give you an idea of what to expect.
Here are a few commercials the cast have filmed promoting the play. We get a glimpse into the chemistry between the three of them.
Let us know if you have seen the play or if you plan to check it out!
Source: Youtube.com– Ellingbroadway
Ellingonbroadway.com
(Photo Credit: Broadway.com)
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Video: Denis O'Hare Talks True Blood vs. Broadway
True Blood's Denis O'Hare Set to Hit Broadway in November
Denis O'Hare, True Blood's king of Mississipi Russell Edgington, recently opened up to TheaterMania about working on Broadway versus True Blood.
TheaterMania caught up with O'Hare at a press event he was at for his new Broadway show Elling. The play, which follows a pair of mismatched friends as they take their first steps in the world after living in an institution, will begin previews in November at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre.
O'Hare told the interviewer going from True Blood back to theater was a big journey. He said most people do not realize how incredibly difficult theater work is, because you rehearse all day and perform live eight times a week.
He did admit television is incredibly difficult in its own way, because you work long hours, but you do get downtime to rejuvenate.
You can catch Denis O'Hare on Broadway beginning November 2nd in Elling, directed by Doug Hughes.
Watch video of O'Hare comparing True Blood and Broadway below:
Source: Theatermania.com — Exclusive Video Flash: Denis O'Hare Compares True Blood and Broadway
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Home Nutrition News Cardiovascular Heart Attacks Rise Following Daylight Saving Time
Heart Attacks Rise Following Daylight Saving Time
Daylight-saving time this year begins March 11, and while we all might look forward to another hour of sunshine a University of Alabama at Birmingham expert says the time change is not necessarily good for your health. "The Monday and Tuesday after moving the clocks ahead one hour in March is associated with a 10 percent increase in the risk of having a heart attack," says UAB Associate Professor Martin Young, Ph.D., in the Division of Cardiovascular Disease. "The opposite is true when falling back in October. This risk decreases by about 10 percent."
The Sunday morning of the time change doesn't require an abrupt schedule change, but, Young says, heart-attack risk peaks on Monday when most people rise earlier to go to work.
"Exactly why this happens is not known but there are several theories," Young says. "Sleep deprivation, the body's circadian clock and immune responses all can come into play when considering reasons that changing the time by an hour can be detrimental to someone's health."
Why is daylight-saving time tied to these? Young says:
"Individuals who are sleep-deprived weigh more and are at an increased risk of developing diabetes or heart disease. Sleep deprivation also can alter other body processes, including inflammatory response, which can contribute to a heart attack. And, your reaction to sleep deprivation and the time change also depends on whether you are a morning person or night owl. Night owls have a much more difficult time with springing forward."
"Every cell in the body has its own clock that allows it to anticipate when something is going to happen and prepare for it. When there is a shift in one's environment, such as springing forward, it takes a while for the cells to readjust. It's comparable to knowing that you have a meeting at 2 p.m. and having time to prepare your presentation instead of being told at the last minute and not being able to prepare. The internal clocks in each cell can prepare it for stress or a stimulus. When time moves forward, cell clocks are anticipating another hour to sleep that they won't get, and the negative impact of the stress worsens; it has a much more detrimental effect on the body."
Immune function
"Immune cells have a clock, and the immune response depends greatly on the time of day. In animal studies, when a mouse is given a sub-lethal dose of LPS, an endotoxin that elicits strong immune responses in animals, the mouse's survival depends upon the time of day they were given this endotoxin. Mice that were put through a phased advance much like Daylight Savings Time, and then had a challenge to their immune system, died, whereas the control animals that were not subjected to a phased advance survive when given the same dose of LPS, showing how an acute time change can be detrimental to the immune system response."
Luckily, the body's clock eventually synchs with the environment, Young says. While some researchers are examining strategies to help the body resynch to time changes more rapidly, including pharmaceuticals to cure states like jet lag, he advocates a natural approach that eases your body into the adjustment.
Young suggests:
Wake up 30 minutes earlier on Saturday and Sunday than you need to in preparation for the early start on Monday Eat a decent-sized breakfast Go outside in the sunlight in the early morning Exercise in the mornings over the weekend (as long as you do not have pre-existing heart disease)
"Doing all of this will help reset both the central, or master, clock in the brain that reacts to changes in light/dark cycles, and the peripheral clocks — the ones everywhere else including the one in the heart — that react to food intake and physical activity. This will enable your body to naturally synch with the change in the environment, which may lessen your chance of adverse health issues on Monday."
He added that while melatonin can certainly influence sleep/wake cycles, and some people respond well to it and use it for jet lag, it does not necessarily work for everyone.
"For this one-hour time shift, I prefer the natural solution when possible."
The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Alabama at Birmingham, via Newswise. The original article was written by Jennifer Lollar.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
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One of Zendesk's security features is an email notice when new login patterns are noticed.
After implementing our Zendesk integration, our servers act on your behalf. This activity may trigger an alert, such as the one pictured below.
Our servers are hosted in Amazon's US-West (Oregon) data center and may have any random IP address from that location.
If Zendesk sends a login notice, and the reverse lookup corresponds to us-west-2.compute.amazonaws.com, it is reasonable to assume that all is well.
9.163.218.54.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer ec2-54-218-163-9.us-west-2.compute.amazonaws.com.


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Sales Representative Agreement
Home » Contract Agreements » Sales Representative Agreement
A sales representative agreement is a contract between a company and the people or organizations involved in selling its product or services. It defines various conditions related to the work, such as where the representatives will work, what product/service they will sell, where they will operate, and how they will be compensated. A company that wishes to engage independent sales representatives can opt for this agreement as it eliminates the need to have a formal sales team. This is especially beneficial for small businesses that have newly started out.
Purpose of a Sales Representative Agreement
Having this agreement allows a company to sell its products or services the way it wants. It can prescribe various conditions, such as what products/services will be sold and where thereby allowing the company to control the sale of the product/service. The sales representatives connect directly with people, so it is important for a company to ensure that they correctly promote the product/service. The agreement also outlines the duration of the arrangement and the compensation to be paid to the representative.
Another advantage of the agreement is that it is a cost-effective way for a small company to have an independent sales force, without spending too many resources on hiring an entire sales team. Having a written agreement minimizes the chance of a dispute due to uncertainty. The agreement serves as a blueprint for the relationship between the parties. In this case, the company and the sales representative are aware of their responsibilities under the agreement and hence can work smoothly.
Key Terms of a Sales Representative Agreement
The following are some important terms that should be incorporated in the agreement-
Names of the parties
Appointment of the sales representative
Tenure of the appointment
Nature of relationship
The territory where the sales representative will function
Customers the sales representative should seek
The selling price of the products/services
Obligations of the representative under the agreement
Compensation of the sales representative
Duties of the company
Grounds for termination
Governing law of the agreement
Signature/seal of both the parties
How to Draft the Sales Representative Agreement?
There are certain things to be kept in mind when drafting this agreement-
Both parties should carefully consider how the arrangement would benefit them. The representative will be the face of the company while the quality of the products/services will reflect on the representative's reputation. Thus, both should understand the agreement before signing it.
In the 'Appointment' clause, state clearly if the appointment of the sales representative is exclusive or non-exclusive. If it is exclusive, neither the company nor anyone else can sell the same products/services within the territory mentioned in the agreement. In addition to this, the sales representative cannot sell a similar product of a competitor during the subsistence of the agreement.
Clearly state that the representative is not an employee or partner of the company.
Define the term of the agreement and the territory within which the representative will function.
Define the responsibilities of both parties and ensure that they are understood in the same sense.
An important clause is a manner of providing compensation to the sales representative. Usually, they are paid in the form of a commission, which is a certain percentage of the sales that they make. The company should clarify if it paid for any expenses incurred by the representative for business purposes.
List the grounds on which the agreement can be terminated.
Both parties should agree on the law that will govern the agreement. In case of a dispute, this law will be applied to interpret the terms of the contract. Usually, the state's law, where the company operates its business, is chosen as the governing law.
Ensure that both parties sign the agreement, and the date is mentioned.
Types of Sales Representative Agreement
Manufacturer's sales representative agreement– This is a direct contract between the manufacturer and the representative, who may sell the product or service to wholesalers, retailers or directly to the consumer.
Wholesaler's sales representative agreement- Under this contract, the representatives represent the company to other retailers or individual consumers.
Retailer's sales representative agreement- The representatives deal directly with the consumers who come to the product's store. They need to have special knowledge of the product, its features, and prices.
Sales representative definition
A sales representative is a professional who is engaged by a company to sell its product or service. Most of them work directly for the manufacturer of the product and sell it to other organizations that further sell it to the consumers.
Sample Sales Representative Agreement
A Sample Sales Representative Agreement can be downloaded below.
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City Council Chronicles	in International, interview, podcast	 March 6, 2017 May 10, 2017 598 Words
Interview #38: Edmonton, AB Councilor Bev Esslinger (with podcast)
This podcast interview is available on iTunes, Stitcher, Player FM and right here:
http://media.blubrry.com/citycouncilchronicles/content.blubrry.com/citycouncilchronicles/CCC_Ep025.mp3
It's our first dip into the waters of Alberta and boy, what a fun time it was! I talked to Bev Esslinger, a councilor in Edmonton. We addressed accusations that the Edmonton council meetings are a "man cave," and also discussed the seemingly-unrelated subjects of prayer and city hall security.
Q: Something caught my eye on the CBC. This is a story from January:
Do you agree with this characterization of your city council meetings as an "upscale man cave?"
A: I wouldn't call it a man cave. The last time, we didn't have that many women running for council. We've been really working on that in Edmonton to improve that. We've changed some of our policies to be more family friendly–it's good for everyone if meetings end at 5:30 rather than going into the evening after a full day of debate. No one's at their best when the meeting goes past that time.
Q: Something that was big at your city council was the 2015 Supreme Court decision saying that prayer at government meetings was not allowed. You didn't seem to like this, but looking back at almost two and a half years without prayer, is it still a disappointment?
A: Absolutely. We used to start our meeting with a prayer from a different interfaith group each time. It was always a very nice part of the day. I thought it reflected the diversity we have.
Q: City council meetings are a business meeting, ceremony, and public forum rolled into one. Did it help you do your job to have someone give a prayer right before you heard about things like zoning?
A: It was a moment of pause to reflect on our community's diversity. It was a moment where people got to wish us their best. Hey, we can all use more prayer!
Q: I'll give that an amen. But one of the suggestions to replace the prayer was to have a "moment of reflection" when citizens would say what it meant to them to be an Edmontonian through a poem or a song. You were against it. Why?
A: It went from a prayer to something that could be very broad. I didn't think it was the same thing at all.
Edmonton, AB Councilor Bev Esslinger
Q: Perhaps you haven't heard a poem about Edmonton that truly blew your socks off. May I read my poem?
A: Why not!
Q: Okay:
Saskatchewan River–
Cold waters as sharp
As Gretzky's skates.
Now going to Century Park.
That's the Royal Alberta Museum.
History!…Mmm so thirsty;
Better go to the waterpark
At the West Edmonton Mall.
Into Alberta!
When I visit Edmonton, can I read that at a council meeting?
Q: …Okay, let's change the subject. On September 22, 2015, a group of cab drivers protested during a meeting when you were deciding whether to allow Uber in Edmonton. Have you ever been concerned about your safety at a council meeting?
A: Not really. It's disruptive–you can't conduct a meeting. We don't try to get into it with people. In this case, this large a group of people reacting…you can't continue your meeting.
Q: You decided to beef up your security with metal detectors and a glass wall. Wouldn't it be cheaper if the councilors carried guns?
A: That would not be Canadian.
Follow Councilor Bev Esslinger on Twitter: @bevesslinger
Bev Esslinger
cab driver
#89: Sheldon, IA 3/1/17
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I am interested in the eco-evolutionary dynamics of aquatic ecosystems. The study of eco-evolutionary dynamics focuses on bi-directional interactions occurring between ecology and evolution in nature. I examine how evolution shapes populations, communities, and ecosystems and how these ecological changes feed back to shape the trajectory of evolution. Because my research is at the interface of ecology and evolution, I utilize a diversity of techniques and approaches. In particular, I combine surveys of genetic, phenotypic, and ecological variation in nature with field and laboratory experiments to test the mechanisms underlying observed patterns. My research addresses basic questions in evolutionary ecology and applied questions in conservation biology and fisheries management.