text:
#include "../JuceLibraryCode/JuceHeader.h"
#include "MainComponent.h"

//==============================================================================
/**
    This is the top-level window that we'll pop up. Inside it, we'll create and
    show a component from the MainComponent.cpp file (you can open this file using
    the Jucer to edit it).
*/
class HelloWorldWindow  : public DocumentWindow
{
public:
    //==============================================================================
    HelloWorldWindow()
        : DocumentWindow ("JUCE Hello World!",
                          Colours::lightgrey,
                          DocumentWindow::allButtons,
                          true)
    {
        // Create an instance of our main content component, and add it to our window..
        setContentOwned (new MainComponent(), true);

        // Centre the window on the screen
        centreWithSize (getWidth(), getHeight());

        // And show it!
        setVisible (true);
    }

    ~HelloWorldWindow()
    {
        // (the content component will be deleted automatically, so no need to do it here)
    }

    //==============================================================================
    void closeButtonPressed() override
    {
        // When the user presses the close button, we'll tell the app to quit. This
        // HelloWorldWindow object will be deleted by the JUCEHelloWorldApplication class.
        JUCEApplication::quit();
    }
};

//==============================================================================
/** This is the application object that is started up when Juce starts. It handles
    the initialisation and shutdown of the whole application.
*/
class JUCEHelloWorldApplication : public JUCEApplication
{
public:
    //==============================================================================
    JUCEHelloWorldApplication() {}

    //==============================================================================
    void initialise (const String& commandLine) override
    {
        // For this demo, we'll just create the main window...
        helloWorldWindow = new HelloWorldWindow();

        /*  ..and now return, which will fall into to the main event
            dispatch loop, and this will run until something calls
            JUCEAppliction::quit().

            In this case, JUCEAppliction::quit() will be called by the
            hello world window being clicked.
        */
    }

    void shutdown() override
    {
        // This method is where you should clear-up your app's resources..

        // The helloWorldWindow variable is a ScopedPointer, so setting it to a null
        // pointer will delete the window.
        helloWorldWindow = nullptr;
    }

    //==============================================================================
    const String getApplicationName() override
    {
        return "Hello World for JUCE";
    }

    const String getApplicationVersion() override
    {
        // The ProjectInfo::versionString value is automatically updated by the Jucer, and
        // can be found in the JuceHeader.h file that it generates for our project.
        return ProjectInfo::versionString;
    }

    bool moreThanOneInstanceAllowed() override
    {
        return true;
    }

    void anotherInstanceStarted (const String& commandLine) override
    {
    }

private:
    ScopedPointer<HelloWorldWindow> helloWorldWindow;
};

//==============================================================================
// This macro creates the application's main() function..
START_JUCE_APPLICATION (JUCEHelloWorldApplication)


text:
Q: urban fantasy short with imps set in London I remember reading this in an anthology around 2000. Setting was London, and the main character was an older gentleman with a sword cane who was a magician. He could see imps darting around electrical devices, and there was a young woman with a captive imp she used to scare off men.  there was a plot involving gangsters and an old rock and roller who had been purged of his demons to lay a trap for the investigator.  in the end there was something in the river, a revnant, that nearly killed the girl by eating her imp, the older gentleman cut its bond with his sword cane.

A: Child of the Stones by Paul J. McAuley. I read it in The Mammoth Book of Best New Horror 15, which was published in 2004 so it fits with the time you remember reading it.
It starts with the protagonist following an apparent cutpurse through the London fog an night, but the cutpurse turns out to be the young woman with the imp. The imp is eaten by a revenant that then attacks the woman but is driven off by the protagonist (with his sword cane).

I stepped up and with a short stroke severed the umbilicus that linked the cutpurse to the revenant. It slurped up the cut end like a length of spaghetti and turned towards me. Whatever human qualities it might once have possessed had worn away long ago, leaving little more than a blind, bottomless appetite. For a moment, as I menaced it with my blade and tried and failed to dismiss it, it stood within my head, and I was jolted by a sudden, freezing headache. It reared back and stared at me; then its tiny, wide-mouthed head, like that of some species of deep-sea fish all maw and stomach, whipped sideways and snapped at the cutpurse.
"Your familiar," I said, countering the revenant's quick, sinuous moves with my blade. "It wants what's left of your familiar."
The revenant lunged at the cutpurse with jaws that were now as wide as a shark's. I caught her wrist, broke off the knotted remnant of the imp's tail, and threw it at the monster, which snapped up the trifle and withdrew as swiftly as thought. I ran to the crown of the bridge, looked over the parapet and saw something faintly luminous and very long pour into the canal's black water

The girl is Miranda and the protagonist describes himself as:

"I am Mr Carlyle. I have the honour of being a consultant in the matter of the dead."

The old rock star is Rainer Sue.
The gangster, Donny Halliwell, is after an eldritch tome owned by Carlyle:

"In a way. The Stenographia is the masterwork of a monk and magician who called himself Trithemius, and contains codes and conjurations and various prayers which its author claimed could cause angels to act on behalf of those deploying them. My copy is not of the much corrupted edition that was published long after Trithemius's death, in 1676, but one of only five volumes printed in 1504, the year before he was summoned before Maximillian I and interrogated on matters of faith.

The mastermind behind the gangsters is Cagliostro. He wants the book to bind the revenant from the river into his service (the same revenant that attached Miranda at in the open paragraphs), and he plans to sacrifice Miranda to the revenant as part of the procedure.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Below you may find the Cosmo & Wanda are unusual fairy godparents on this show that started its tenth season in 2016 which is part of the Jeopardy Archive. In case the question or answer is wrong or something is missing do not hesitate to contact us and we will be glad to help you out. If you are looking for our Jeopardy Finder you can access it here.


text:
The Recent History of Cleaning
by Christopher Foster June 1, 2021
Cleaning has advanced to a £50+ billion industry, with thousands of products for all sorts of weird and wonderful jobs now available. Sometimes, simple is still best, with products like our very own Sph2onge Microfibre Cloth still one of the most vital weapons in your fight against dirt. But, cleaning hasn't always been this advanced, obviously. Many people know just how dirty and horrible middle aged England was for example, but what about jumps and progress made within the last 100 years?
Well, the earliest cleaning product was plain water, as you might have imagined. Modern soap products and the start of competing companies developing products that fought dirt (or may not have) was a much more recent development however, beginning in the mid 1900s.
From the very beginnings of washing off dirt and mud after a days work to the start of the Middle Ages, most cleaning compounds were made from mixes of ashes, animal or plant fats, and excess oils. The fall of the incredibly advanced, and hygienic for the time, Roman Empire prior to the Middle Ages led to reduced cleanliness and catastrophic diseases across the UK and Europe. By the 17th Century, bathing and cleanliness experienced a renewal, almost out of force due to the horrific spread of disease and death that had swept the land.
Over the past fifty years, soaps and detergents expanded to include household essentials such as automatic dishwasher products, liquid soaps, laundry fabric softener, cold water detergents, and most recently super-concentrated detergents and all sorts of weird and wonderful gels and refills and powders.
Soap was also considered to be a luxury item, often exclusive to the upper classes, and was even taxed. When it became affordable, the general public began to benefit again from the use of soaps. Disease and death numbers from spreadable disease lowered and the importance of cleanliness was now seen as a necessity by the working and middle classes, who it was previously unavailable to. During the early to middle 1800's, soap chemistry was studied and improved, making more results based products. Costs were also reduced, soaps were even more affordable to all, and usage spread further and further.
The availability of washing machines in the early 1900's also helped increase the use and popularity of soaps, and led to modern developments in products that complemented the washing machine.
Following World War II, detergents gained in popularity over soaps, and are now used liberally by people of all classes. The importance of soaps, hand soap and cleanliness for disease prevention is another reason for educating the public about using soap products, even more so over the last year as the pandemic became vital. Today's cleaning products not only are safer for public use, but also hold a focus for the natural environment and environmentally concerned customers.
There is an abundance of new cleaning products for every purpose at home or in commercial use and modern homes often feature a plethora of soaps and cleaners that are used across bathrooms, kitchens, and public businesses. All of this helps assure safety and disease control. People are aware of the dangers of germs every time a major disease occurs, or an epidemic is threatening a population, such as the coronavirus pandemic of the last year.
Medical advisers recommend frequent hand washing as the first step in preventing flu, colds, and other commonly found diseases, which I'm sure you know all too well from recent experience! Hand washing is the number one step taken in the medical community to avoid spreading germs around hospitals, clinics, and industrial locations.
Safer chemical products are available that have less impact on the environment and that are eco-friendly. Low suds, cold water, and fragrance-free products help the green movement, and address some allergenic problems people may have.
Today is the best time in history to be able to use and enjoy safer, healthier cleaning products. Research continues to bring improvements to the marketplace, and new uses for cleaning products are found every day, everywhere along with our ever growing list of essential cleaning products here at Sph2onge.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Home » Blog » Blog » Schools » Pupil Premium – where are you digging your hole?
Pupil Premium – where are you digging your hole?
Posted May 24th, 2013 .
Pupil Premium – are you experiencing mixed messages about this at the moment?
Over the past few weeks I've been attending conferences up and down the country where eminent folk have been delivering messages about what Pupil Premium can or cannot be spent on.
Some say it should only buy more teaching time; that teachers are the best (and only?) solution to narrowing the gap.
That's like saying to someone with a shovel - 'Keep digging your hole there' - even though it is getting you nowhere and not producing the 'treasure' you hope to find. The 'treasure' in this case being a child who is a happy successful learner.
Others take a more holistic view and say schools should be looking for thoughtful, creative solutions; looking at a range of resources and strategies that will remove the barriers to learning and help individual children achieve.
This approach would advocate digging your hole(s) somewhere else as it is more likely to produce the results you are looking for.
I would certainly endorse the more creative 'digging'. If children are not achieving their potential, (more likely to be FSM but not always) then is it a good idea to keep doing 'more of the same'?
A thoughtful approach is not to keep asking a child to 'try harder' at the things they are currently failing at – that way they can only fail again and again - and probably more spectacularly than the first time: very demoralising.
Some schools are currently 'digging a hole' with our Literacy and Numeracy Boxes (using PP funding in many cases). The activity cards are designed to be fun and motivational whilst underpinned by literacy/numeracy learning objectives.
They offer a fresh and flexible approach to involving parents in children's learning which is proven to make a difference to children's achievement, attitudes and motivation.
So, if you have a shovel in your hand at the moment and are wondering whether to keep excavating the same hole or to look for another place to start digging, why not have a look at the sample activities from The Literacy Box before you decide?


(WJBK) - After a soggy, stormy weekend, rain is back in the forecast Monday.
Heavy rains are coming through the area Monday morning, but some northern spots may stay dry as the heaviest rains stick to the south.
Once we get past the a.m. hours, things will dry out through much of the afternoon. Chances of showers kick back up late afternoon, but many may not see rain until late Monday night.
Showers and storms are likely overnight, and the timeframe to watch is from 10 p.m. - 4 a.m. when severe weather is possible. The severe weather to be most concerned about is strong winds, but we could also possibly see some hail.
There's a marginal risk for severe weather in the Detroit metro area, with a higher, slight risk for severe weather more towards the south around Jackson. Severe weather isn't as likely in northern communities around Port Huron and Flint.
A Flood Watch is in effect for all of southeast Michigan until Tuesday at 8 a.m.
You can keep an eye on the weather radar throughout the day with your FOX 2 Weather App, and get updates about any weather alerts.


text:
Q: Why we do we use DS to call procedures? While reversing we see some intermodular call like call dword ds:[004000238h] or call dword  ptr ds:_imp_atoi.
Why it using the data segment instead of using the code segment (CS)?

A: call dword ds:[004000238h] is an indirect near call, it read the value of the DWORD at 004000238h and uses it to make the call.
Note that the square brackets and the dword ptr are a spot on for determining the type of the instruction.
Since the operand of the instruction is a memory operand, DS is implicitly being used to read it (with the disassembler being pedantic in showing it with the segment override syntax).
The call is near (far calls in protected mode are rare and carry a special semantic) so the current value of CS is not changed.
We can say that CS is implicitly used as the call is relative to the current value of CS.
Intel manual 3 describes the calling mechanisms in protected mode.
As a side note, even for 32-bit systems the segmentation is effectively disabled (all descriptors have base zero), so you can forget about selector registers but for TLS and SEH (that usually make use of the fs/gs registers).


text:
18. You Should Have Heard This By Now: Amanda Blank- "I Love You"
June 11, 2014 April 4, 2020 kevinisabastardamanda blank, diplo, female rappers, hip hop, i love you, iggy azalea, kevinisabastard, kevinisabastard.com, you should have heard this by now
Iggy Azalea is the 2014 equivalent of Ja Rule. I like "Fancy" and I'm sure she has some other decent songs but I think she's a pretty crappy rapper. She spells her own name. Multiple times. I hate to say it, but I think female rappers are kinda in fashion. Or maybe just aggressive women in hip hop.
Anyway, I think somebody who is worth checking out, and was around before this popularity surge and hasn't really blown up, is Amanda Blank. I dunno what she's doing right now but in 2009 she released one of my favourite albums, "I Love You".
It's fun and guilty sexy. Not the kind of sexy you want to admit to finding sexy but still sexy. It's produced by Diplo and features all kinda people like Santigold and Lykke Li. When I was studying for my Leaving Cert, I had some sort of a mental episode and my brother and I danced to the entire album straight through. That's probably an awful advertisement for anything… Still, it's got that Diplo, dance-y vibe to it which I love. The highlight for me is probably either the opening track, "Make It Take It" or track ten, "Big Heavy". The first is a super high energy/electro belter, while "Big Heavy" almost has a kind of disco element.
It's one of my favourite albums and I've been drawn to it again recently because I've been listening to the radio a lot and hearing the big Iggy Azalea, Nicki Minaj tracks and then I was thinking back to the Azalea Banks album from like last year. I think Amanda Blank was ahead of the curve. I think that if this album had dropped right now it would be huge and that seems kinda sad to me. So give it a listen. All five of you.
← 17. I've been listening to…
19. Cover Versions – "Pony" →


Even though traveling with a 5 month old is not ideal, we still all had a lot of fun in Maggie Valley to celebrate our 8th Anniversary. Tassie included - she loved splashing around in the creek behind the cabin. We made it into Asheville a couple of times and enjoyed some delicious beer. Unfortunately, we forgot the delicious beer in the fridge when we left, including a growler of Oktoberfest from the Lexington Avenue Brewery which was oh so good. I hope the cleaning crew appreciated it.
You are not allowed to crawl yet!
I'm eating ice cream and Logan is belly-to-the-bar. Ummmmm.
Saturday morning I woke up at 4am to drive to New Bern so I could race in a triathlon that is part of the TrySports series. The Twin Rivers YMCA Triathlon went well - although it was weird not to know any of the other racers. I went solo while Marty and Logan held down the fort at home.
Saturday afternoon was spent dying hair and practicing our makeup for Doughman! Like I mentioned in previous posts, we are all about redemption from last years disaster of a race so we are 'angry' and we're 'going goth.' Gone are our pink costumes with bows and here comes lots of black. In keeping with the theme, we dyed our hair black and will be spraying in a pink streak for the race. My hair is already quite dark so the black isn't terribly noticeable, but on Alysia and Kari it is! We'll be taking a lot of pictures so stay tuned to see the whole ensemble.
We are so, so close to getting the 5 minute head start. So far, 3 other teams have gotten that time bonus. We need to raise $1,000 and we are at $820 so if you wanna help us out........click this link!
Tomorrow evening is the first Aquathon if any locals want to have fun doing a low-key cheap event.


Several high-quality meta-analyses have investigated pharmaceutical interventions for smoking cessation, and guidelines have been published by several organisations. First-line pharmacological drugs for smoking cessation are nicotine replacement products (patch, gum, inhaler, nasal spray, lozenge/tablets, and oral spray), varenicline and bupropion, with scientifically well-documented efficacy when used for 2–3 months, mostly mild side-effects and at least a doubling of the 1-year quit rate compared with placebo (table 2). However, a 100% cure rate is not achievable and a typical finding in most studies of smoking cessation is a 1-year quit rate of about 25–35%, similar to the quit rates in other dependencies such as alchohol and opiates. To stop smoking is to break a complex habit and addiction and, to achieve reasonable quit rates, it is necessary to provide psychological support combined with pharmacological drugs.


text:
A startup marketplace aims to digitize metals procurement
Jim Daly | Jun 22, 2022
Metals marketplace Felux, founded in 2019, surpassed $450 million in gross sales volume last year and expects to double that amount this year.
Steel usually isn't associated with sexiness, but "Make Steel Sexy" is the slogan for Felux Inc. The online business-to-business marketplace aims to banish paper from procurements for steel and other metals.
We'll be north of a billion dollars this year.
Dallas Hogensen, CEO
Felux
Dallas Hogensen, CEO, Felux Inc.
Founded in 2019, Cleveland-based Felux announced this month it had raised $19.5 million in a Series A funding round. Felux says it has raised a total of $24.5 million in less than a year.
For Felux, metals represent a wide-open opportunity for B2B ecommerce. The company claims the U.S. steel and aluminum market is worth $385 billion annually, but 95% of transactions are offline and paper-based. Many producers and metal-buying manufacturers still cling to outdated quoting and negotiation processes.
Chipping away at paper processes
CEO Dallas Hogensen says Felux is chipping away at these encrusted practices. The company handled $64.9 million on its platform in 2020, with volume booming to $454 million last year. Growth in 2022 is projected at about 120%.
"We'll be north of a billion dollars this year," he says.
Some 4,000 to 7,000 products are listed on the Felux platform on any given day, according to Hogensen.
"We expect that to grow significantly," he says. Depending on the product line, the average order is about $70,000, but values range widely. They're typically $40,000 to $80,000.
EnvisionB2B Marketplace Summit
Our events and action-packed agendas are powered by a team of knowledgeable researchers and seasoned journalists, focused on delivering critical expertise and best practices on a multitude of timely ecommerce topics.
More than 1,000 customers use the Felux platform. Some 40% of users are steel companies. Hogensen wouldn't name them but says "we work with some of the largest mills." Buyers on the platform include Fortune 500 companies, and steel companies themselves use Felux for both selling and buying.
"The majority of our buyers are also steel suppliers," he says.
Felux has competition in online metals procurement, but Hogensen says industry brokers who take a cut of the seller's proceeds run most such operations. In contrast, Felux generates revenues primarily through subscriptions.
"We're kind of like the system for both sides," says Hogensen, who declined to disclose his company's revenue.
Negotiate prices and track shipments
Buyers on Felux can source inventory, contact sellers, negotiate prices, bid, and track shipments from order to delivery. The platform offers various payment options, including credit lines through a third party. Sellers can opt-in for next-day invoice payment for a fee. He says a new payment-related initiative could be announced soon.
Building the digital marketplace, and challenging entrenched paper-based procurement systems, was a heavy lift in part because of the steel industry's lack of standardized terms, Hogensen says. Terms and descriptions for essentially the same product can vary depending on country or region.
"No one's built a global taxonomy of systems," he says.
Some 95% of Felux's transactions involve steel, but the firm plans to branch out into other metals, including copper, Hogensen says. Also in the works is international expansion. The company's primary markets are the United States, Canada and Mexico, but Hogensen expects to set up shop in Europe in about 18 months.
Funding for product development
Proceeds from the new funding round will mostly go toward product development, Hogensen says, without revealing details.
"We will strategically hire in spaces where we see acceleration," he adds. The funding was led by EquipmentShare, a supplier to the construction industry, and joined by investment firm Signia Venture Partners, Suffolk Technologies, Expa, Lightbank, 8VC, and JumpStart Ventures, among others.
Felux has 38 employees, with a mix of steel and technology backgrounds. Hogensen hails from the tech side with a résumé that includes stints at Signal HQ, a sales-tracking and data firm where he was co-founder and president. He was also at ride-share firm Lyft, where he was vice president of commercial and corporate sales.
The top executive at Felux with a steel background is chief operating officer Chris Day. While an executive vice president at Majestic Steel USA in Cleveland, he oversaw various digital initiatives, including Majestic's first customer portal and development of software for customers to replenish inventory. Majestic's president and CEO, Todd Leebow, is a member of Felux's board of directors.
"For us, it was the perfect match of technology and steel from the beginning," says Hogensen.
Jim Daly is a Mount Prospect, Illinois-based freelance journalist covering business and technology.
Sign up for a complimentary subscription to Digital Commerce 360 B2B News, published 4x/week. It covers technology and business trends in the growing B2B ecommerce industry. Contact editor Paul Demery at [email protected] and follow him on Twitter @pdemery.
Follow us on LinkedIn and be the first to know when new Digital Commerce 360 B2B News content is published.
Medical products marketplace bttn raises $20 million
Paul Demery | Jun 20, 2022
Sales surge at Xometry's B2B marketplace in Q1
Mark Brohan, Jason Smith | May 17, 2022
Marketplaces are taking over B2B commerce. Here's a game plan for operators and sellers.
Oliver Siodmak, Angela Troccoli | May 16, 2022
From Russia with love—for online buyers of steel


Last week was filled with designing and natural hand dyeing of linens and also deciding 'how to' make it work.... The butterfly design is coming together and today I will be playing about to see how I am going to make them. I have some scrap fabrics to play with so that when I make them for real there will hopefully be no mistakes at all.
I am also playing around with other ideas, some for publication and some to sell on my long awaited for on line shop. I hope to get it launched early next year.
I also have some other ideas that I want to sketch out and with fabric ideas and designs as well. My head is full of ideas and with that comes working out how to do it and what embroidery stitches may look good.
I have a seaside sampler to to and I am looking forward to stitching all the seashells with my wonderful variegated embroidery thread, that has all the light seaside colours in it. I have high hopes for the thread and hope it will look as a seashell looks when caught in sunlight.
The Autumnal sampler is nearly finished just a few little touches left before framing and going for publication..... But I do have to write the instructions as well.
The details are not the details, they make the design!


text:
Difference between revisions of "Labyrinth"
Revision as of 17:58, February 25, 2015 (view source)
B-zweig (talk | contribs)
(→History)
Although labyrinth was the term of choice for professional writers such as [[Thomas Sheridan]] (1789), who described it as "a place formed with inextricable windings" ([[#Sheridan|view text]]), the term was virtually synonymous with that of "maze" in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century gardening literature, as well as in general usage.<ref>For a general discussion of labyrinths in gardens, with illustrated examples, see Adrian Fisher and George Gester, ''Labyrinth, Solving the Riddle of Maze'' (New York: Harmony Books, 1990).</ref> [[Samuel Johnson]], for example, in 1755 defined labyrinth as "a maze" ([[#Johnson|view text]]). The winding walks referred to by [[Samuel Johnson|Johnson]] and other garden writers (such as [[Philip Miller]] and [[Bernard M'Mahon]]) were the distinguishing feature of labyrinths. This characteristic was also clear in illustrations from English garden treatises that were available in North America [Figs. 1–2]. These sharply turning walkways were frequently framed by dense, high [[hedge]]s, and often backed by [[shrubs]] and [[woods]] that occluded the perambulator's view (see [[Walk]]). A visitor's perception was affected by the combination of dense vegetation and intricately patterned [[walk]]s, which produced an intentional state of disorientation and surprise. If the visitor succeeded in penetrating to the center of the labyrinth, he or she was typically rewarded by arriving at an ornamented space, often highlighted with a garden structure, such as an [[obelisk]], a [[temple]], or a [[seat]]. [[Thomas Jefferson]] (1804) suggested such a design in his reference to a [[thicket]] labyrinth ([[#Jefferson_1804|view text]]).
[[File:1371.jpg|thumb|200px|Fig. 2, [[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of a pleasure-ground with labyrinth, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1021, fig. 719.]]
[[File:1382.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 3, [[Batty Langley]], "An Improvement of a beautiful Garden at Twickenham,", in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. IX.]]
[[File:1381.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 4, [[Batty Langley]], "An Improvement of the Labyrinth at Versailles," in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. VIII.]]
Gardeners and garden writers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries mentioned a broad range of vegetation that could be used to construct this garden feature. [[Hannah Callender]] (1762) referred to cedar and spruce that were maintained as a [[hedge]]; [[George Washington]] mentioned pine; Jefferson specified broom; and [[John Pendleton Kennedy]] reminisced about boxwood. [[Bernard M'Mahon|M'Mahon]] recommended hedges of hornbeam (a nut-bearing tree), beech, elm, "or any other kind that can be kept neat by clipping," or, in the case of smaller labyrinths, box edged with plants. All of these materials could produce the desired density and could also, because of either thickness or prickly texture, prevent visitors from wandering off the carefully laid out paths. Because these plants also tolerated trimming well, the edges of [[walk]]s could be cleanly demarcated. At times, nonliving material was substituted for living [[hedge]]s and [[border]]s. At New Harmony, for example, four-foot-high wooden [[fences]] covered with various climbing vines were used to define the [[walk]]s.
Revision as of 18:01, February 25, 2015
See also: Walk, Wilderness
2 Texts
2.2 Citations
3.1 Inscribed
3.2 Associated
3.3 Attributed
Fig. 1, Anonymous, "The forme of a Labyrinth," in Charles Estienne, Jean Liébault, and Richard Surflet, comps., Maison rustique (1600), p. 347.
Although labyrinth was the term of choice for professional writers such as Thomas Sheridan (1789), who described it as "a place formed with inextricable windings" (), the term was virtually synonymous with that of "maze" in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century gardening literature, as well as in general usage.[1] Samuel Johnson, for example, in 1755 defined labyrinth as "a maze" (view text). The winding walks referred to by Johnson and other garden writers (such as Philip Miller and Bernard M'Mahon) were the distinguishing feature of labyrinths. This characteristic was also clear in illustrations from English garden treatises that were available in North America [Figs. 1–2]. These sharply turning walkways were frequently framed by dense, high hedges, and often backed by shrubs and woods that occluded the perambulator's view (see Walk). A visitor's perception was affected by the combination of dense vegetation and intricately patterned walks, which produced an intentional state of disorientation and surprise. If the visitor succeeded in penetrating to the center of the labyrinth, he or she was typically rewarded by arriving at an ornamented space, often highlighted with a garden structure, such as an obelisk, a temple, or a seat. Thomas Jefferson (1804) suggested such a design in his reference to a thicket labyrinth (view text).
Fig. 2, J. C. Loudon, Plan of a pleasure-ground with labyrinth, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), p. 1021, fig. 719.
Fig. 3, Batty Langley, "An Improvement of a beautiful Garden at Twickenham,", in New Principles of Gardening (1728), pl. IX.
Fig. 4, Batty Langley, "An Improvement of the Labyrinth at Versailles," in New Principles of Gardening (1728), pl. VIII.
Gardeners and garden writers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries mentioned a broad range of vegetation that could be used to construct this garden feature. Hannah Callender (1762) referred to cedar and spruce that were maintained as a hedge; George Washington mentioned pine; Jefferson specified broom; and John Pendleton Kennedy reminisced about boxwood. M'Mahon recommended hedges of hornbeam (a nut-bearing tree), beech, elm, "or any other kind that can be kept neat by clipping," or, in the case of smaller labyrinths, box edged with plants. All of these materials could produce the desired density and could also, because of either thickness or prickly texture, prevent visitors from wandering off the carefully laid out paths. Because these plants also tolerated trimming well, the edges of walks could be cleanly demarcated. At times, nonliving material was substituted for living hedges and borders. At New Harmony, for example, four-foot-high wooden fences covered with various climbing vines were used to define the walks.
Many of the plants utilized in labyrinths were also employed in wildernesses, as was the technique of planting low hedges or borders backed by trees and shrubs (see Wilderness). Hence, many garden writers conflated labyrinth and wilderness, as in the case of John Parkinson (1629). The labyrinth at times was referred to as a specialized form of wilderness, for example M'Mahon (1806). Although Batty Langley, in New Principles of Gardening (1728), referred to wildernesses and labyrinths as separate features, he treated them similarly, placing them in remote regions of gardens and even balancing one against another, as in the plan for an improved garden at Twickenham. His description of this garden specified the location of the labyrinth, among the grove and wilderness, seen above the statue in the plan [Fig. 3]. He described the "Improvement of the Labyrinth at Versailles" [Fig. 4] as "the finest design of any" that he had ever seen.
While the meaning of the term "labyrinth" was relatively clear throughout the period of this study, the history of its presence in American gardens is less well understood. According to Philip Miller (1759), labyrinths were a rarity in English gardens and successful only in large-scale gardens, such as those at Hampton Court (view text). Given these conditions, one might expect few labyrinths in the American context, especially since the funds and royal imperative associated with Hampton Court were largely absent in the New World.[2]
Nevertheless, a number of labyrinths in public and private American grounds have been documented. Labyrinths were sources of amusement and therefore were included in the popular public gardens, such as Gray's Tavern in Philadelphia, and Berkeley Springs in Virginia (later West Virginia) []. In 1762 Hannah Callender described a labyrinth at Judge William Peters's Belmont Mansion, near Philadelphia. In this garden, the labyrinth was part of a larger arrangement of features, including parterres, topiary, and clipped hedges, which were associated with the geometric or ancient style as opposed to modern fashion (see Ancient style, Geometric style, and Modern style).[3] Labyrinths were built at Mount Vernon and Monticello. Jefferson made a labyrinth in the thicket, a garden feature closely related to shrubbery and often associated with the modern or natural style of landscape gardening (see Modern style and Thicket).
Most descriptions of labyrinths in the American context unfortunately do not specify labyrinth design, which could take on a variety of configurations. The condemnation of "stars and other ridiculous figures" issued by the Encyclopaedia (1798) suggests some range of taste or preference in the areas of design (view text). Jefferson's plan of Monticello is exceptional because it documents a spiral, pinwheel-like arrangement of shrubs, with six-foot-wide walks evenly dispersed. The plan of the labyrinth at Harmony, Pa., is an elaborate version of a spiral configuration [] and was repeated at the settlement in New Harmony, Ind., which was modeled after the Pennsylvania community [].
Fig. 5, Charles Varlé, "Project for the improvement of the Square and the Town of Bath," 1809. "K. two labirinths contrived so as to be different in their issues & windings" at the square's boundary near the footbridge. Back up to history
The evidence of labyrinths in early American gardens suggests that the number of labyrinths declined as the feature was increasingly associated with old-fashioned garden practices. In his dictionary (1828), Noah Webster stated that the garden oriented definition of labyrinth was no longer used (view text). A. J. Downing, in his 1849 edition of A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, firmly categorized labyrinths under the rubric of the geometric (or ancient) garden style of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (view text). Yet, labyrinths never completely disappeared from the American landscape, as demonstrated by a view from the Mount Croton Garden in New York [], and its elaborate hedged labyrinth, exactly in the rectangular form that Downing declared was used by ancient gardeners. The popularity of this labyrinth for public amusement assured its continuity.
Fig. 6, Anonymous, "Plan of the Labyrinth" at Harmony, Pa., c. 1826. Back up to history
-- Anne L. Helmreich
Callender, Hannah, 1762, describing Belmont Mansion, estate of Judge William Peters, near Philadelphia, Pa. (quoted in Vaux 1888: 455) [4]
"On the right you enter a labyrinth of hedge of low cedar and spruce. In the middle stands a statue of Apollo."
Cutler, Rev. Manasseh, July 14, 1787, describing Gray's Tavern, Philadelphia, Pa. (1888: 1:277) [5]
"Here is a curious labyrinth with numerous windings begun, and extends along the declivity of the hill toward the gardens, but has hardly yet received its form."
Fig. 7, W. Weingartner, Town Plan of Harmonie, Indiana [detail], 1833. Back up to history
Constantia [pseud.], June 24, 1790, "Description of Gray's Gardens, Pennsylvania" (Massachusetts Magazine 3: 414–15)
"this, as well as all the smaller avenues, alike produces us in the wilderness, into which we enter, passing over a neat chinese bridge, preparing with much pleasure to penetrate a recess so charming. It is indeed a wilderness of sweets, and the views instantly become romantically enchanting, the scene is every moment changing. Now, side long bends the path; then, pursues its winding way; now, in a straight line; then, in a pleasing labyrinth is lost, until, in every possible direction, it breaketh upon us, amid thick groves of pines, walnuts, chestnuts, mulberries, &c. &c. we seem to ramble, while at the same time, we are surprized [sic] by borders of the richest, and most highly cultivated flowers, in the greatest variety, which even from a royal parterre we might be led to expect."
Washington, George, October 14, 1792, describing Mount Vernon, plantation of George Washington, Fairfax County, Va. (quoted in Martin 1991: 216 fn. 20) [6]
"gravel the Walks in the Pine labyrinths, on both sides of the Lawn West of the House"
Jefferson, Thomas, 1804, describing Monticello, plantation of Thomas Jefferson, Charlottesville, Va. (quoted in Nichols and Griswold 1978: 109) [7] back up to history
"The best way of forming thicket will be to plant it in labyrinth spirally, putting the tallest plants in the center & lowering gradation to the external termination. a temple or seat may be in the center, thus leaving space enough between the rows to walk & to trim up, replant [a three-pronged diagram] the shrubs." [Fig. 9]
Jefferson, Thomas, 1808, describing Monticello, plantation of Thomas Jefferson, Charlottesville, Va. (1944: 384) [8]
"To describe on the ground the Labyrinth of broom.
"go to the 5th. beginning in the avenue of broom for the apple-tree-rows, viz. a.
"measure off at right angles with that 165. f. to b.
"describe round a circle of 55. f radius
"where it crosses the line a. b. viz. at c. stick a pin.
"divide the circle into 8. parts, sticking pins, viz at 43.2 f distance measured on the periphery.
"lay off a tangent from each point (with the theodolite)
"take the radius (55 f.) on that tangent & describe a quadrant from the pin in the periphery
"take for a new center the pin in the periphery which is a quadrant distant from the pin last mentd. & with the semicircle (110 f.) for a radius describe from the end of the last quadrant a portion of a circle till it intersects the tangent.
"on each side of this spiral, parallel to it, & at 9 f. distance from it describe lines.
"plant broom every 6 f. along these lines, and allowing the plants to put out branches 6. f. each way it will leave walks of 6. f. wide, without ever rendg. necessy to trim.
"between walk & walk the whole interval must be filled with broom at 6. f. distance. to bound which properly, a circle of 165 f. rad. must be circumscribd round the whole.
"(note these walks will go off from the circle where the plats of broom were erroneously placed in the figure.)"
Fig. 8, Benjamin Franklin Smith, Jr. (artist), William Wellstood (engraver), "From the Latting Observatory," 1855. Back up to history
Fig. 9, Thomas Jefferson, Letter describing plans fora "Garden Olitory" at Monticello [detail], c. 1804.
Kellogg, Miner K., c. 1825–27, describing a settlement in New Harmony, Ind. (quoted in Pitzer and Elliott 1979: 288) [9]
"The first Labyrinth I ever saw was at New Harmony. It was grown in an open field near the town and a source of constant amusement to children. Its lines were formed of vines grown upon light fences and about four feet high, converging as they reached the centre. Here the visitor came upon a circular hut made of the ends of rough logs cut to a point externally leaving one window—& a blind door which had to be sought out—& only found by pushing at the walls." [Fig. 10]
Fig. 10, Anonymous, Plan of Labyrinth at New Harmony, Indiana, n.d.
Kennedy, John Pendleton, 1833, in an address to the Horticultural Society of Maryland, describing the flower hall of the First Annual Exhibition (p. 25) [10]
"A garden is a theme of pleasant recollections to us in every stage of life. We remember, with a peculiar fondness, those days of infancy which were spent in playing through the labyrinths of the trimmed hedges of box, and where the althea, the lilac and the hawthorn, bounded the parterre."
Lawson, William, 1618, A New Orchard and Garden ([1618] 1982: 11) [11]
"If within one large square the Gardiner shall make one round Labyrinth or Maze with some kind of beries, it will grace your forme, so there be sufficient roomth left for walks, so will foure or moe round knots doe."
Parkinson, John, 1629, Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris ([1629] 1975: 5) [12]
"For there may be therein [the garden] walkes eyther open or close, eyther publike or private, a maze or wildernesse."
Fig. 11, Michael van derGucht, "The Design of a Labyrinth with Cabinets and Fountains", in [A.-J. Dézallier d'Argenville], The Theory and Practice of Gardening (1712), pl. 10.
[Dézallier d'Argenville, A.-J.], 1712, The Theory and Practice of Gardening ([1712] 1969: 60) [13]
"Lastly, The tenth Plate of Groves contains the Design of a Labyrinth, of a Contrivance entirely new: 'Tis a large Volute or Spiral Walk, in the Center of which is a Bason, accompanied with a Hall pierced by weight Walks, which carry you to four Cross-Ways, from whence you pass insensibly into the Windings of the Maze, set off with Cabinets, Latticed-Arbors, Green-plots, Fountains, Figures, &c. which very agreeably surprize and amuse those that have lost their Way in it. The great number of Alleys, and the various Turnings in the Composition of this Labyrinth, render it extremely intricate and puzzling, without taking any thing from the Beauty and Regularity of the Design. There is but one Entrance into it, which is also the Outlet, where there is placed a Cabinet of Lattice-work, on purpose to render it still more difficult." [Fig. 11]
Langley, Batty, 1728, New Principles of Gardening ([1728] 1982: 195–96) [14]
"General DIRECTIONS, &c. . . .
"X. That all those Parts which are out of View from the House, be form'd into Wildernesses, Labyrinths, &c."
Chambers, Ephraim, 1741–43, Cyclopaedia (2:n.p.) [15]
"LABYRINTH . . . among the ancients, was a large intricate edifice cut out into various isles, and meanders, running into each other, so as to render it difficult to get out of it."
Johnson, Samuel, 1755, A Dictionary of the English Language (2:n.p.) [16] back up to history
"LA'BYRINTH. n.s. [labyrinthus, Latin.] A maze; a place formed with inextricable windings."
Miller, Philip, 1759, The Gardeners Dictionary (n.p.) [17] back up to discussion
"Labyrinth, a winding, mazy, and intricate turning to and fro, through a Wilderness or Wood. The Design of a labyrinth is to cause an intricate and difficult Labour to find the center, and the Aim is, to make Walks so intricate, that a Person may lose himself in them. . . . As to the Contrivance of them, it will not be possible to give Directions in Words, there are several plans and designs in Books on Gardening; they are rarely met with success but in great & noble gardens, as Hampton, Court."
Sheridan, Thomas, 1789, A Complete Dictionary of the English Language (n.p.) [18] back up to history
"LABYRINTH, lab'-ber-inth. s. . . . a place formed with inextricable windings."
Anonymous, 1798, Encyclopaedia (7:542) [19] back up to history
"When wildernesses are intended, they should not be cut into stars and other ridiculous figures, nor formed into mazes or labyrinths, which in a great design appear trifling."
M'Mahon, Bernard, 1806, The American Gardener's Calendar (pp. 67–68) [20]
"A Labyrinth, is a maze or sort of intricate wilderness-plantation, abounding with hedges and walks, formed into many windings and turnings, leading to one common centre, extremely difficult to find out; designed in large pleasure-grounds by way of amusement.
"It is generally formed with hedges, commonly in double rows, leading in various intricate turnings, backward and forward, with intervening plantations, and gravel-walks alternately between hedge and hedge; the great aim is to have the walk contrived in so many mazy, intricate windings, to and fro, that a person may have much difficulty in finding out the centre, by meeting with as many stops and disappointments as possible; for he must not cross, or break through the hedges; so that in a well contrived labyrinth, a stranger will often entirely loose himself, so as not to find his way to the centre, nor out again.
"As to plans of them, it is impossible to describe such, by words, any further than the above hints, and their contrivance must principally depend, on the ingenuity of the designer.
"But as to the hedges, walks, and trees; the hedges are usually made of hornbeam, beech, elm, or any other kind that can be kept neat by clipping. The walks should be five feet wide at least, laid with gravel, neatly rolled, and kept clean; and the trees and shrubs to form a thicket of wood between the hedges, may be of any hardy kinds of the deciduous tribe, interspersed with some evergreens; and in the middle of the labyrinth should be a spacious open, ornamented with some rural seats and shady bowers, &c.
"Sometimes small labyrinths are formed with box-edgings, and borders for plants, with handsome narrow walks between, in imitation of the larger ones; which have a very pleasing and amusing effect in small gardens."
Gregory, G., 1816, A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (2:n.p.) [21]
"LABYRINTH, in gardening, a winding mazy walk between hedges, through a wood or wilderness. The chief aim is to make the walks so perplexed and intricate, that a person may lose himself in them, and meet with as great a number of disappointments as possible. They are rarely to be meet with, except in great gardens; as Versailles, Hampton-court, &c."
Webster, Noah, 1828, An American Dictionary of the English Language (2:n.p.) [22] back up to history
"LAB'YRINTH, n. [L. labyrinthus. . . .]
"1. Among the ancients, an edifice or place full of intricacies, or formed with winding passages, which rendered it difficult to find the way from the interior to the entrance. The most remarkable of these edifices mentioned, are the Egyptian and the Cretan labyrinths. Encyc. Lempriere.
"2. A maze; an inexplicable difficulty.
"3. Formerly, an ornamental maze or wilderness in gardens. Spenser."
Fig. 12, Anonymous, "A Labyrinth," in A. J. Downing, A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening (1849), p. 91, fig. 17.
Johnson, George William, 1847, A Dictionary of Modern Gardening (p. 336) [23]
"LABYRINTH is an arrangement of walks, inclosed by hedges or shrubberies, so intricate as to be very difficult to escape from. From the twelfth century to the end of the seventeenth, they were a very favourite portion of English pleasure grounds, but they are now more judiciously banished."
Downing, A. J., 1849, A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening (p. 91) [24] back up to history
"One of the favorite fancies of the geometric gardener was the Labyrinth . . . of which a few celebrated examples are still in existence in England, and which consisted of a multitude of trees thickly planted in impervious hedges, covering sometimes several acres of ground. These labyrinths were the source of much amusement to the family and guests, the trial of skill being to find the centre, and from that point to return again without assistance; and we are told by a historian of the garden of that period, that 'the stranger having once entered, was sorely puzzled to get out.'" [Fig. 12]
Inscribed
Anonymous, "The forme of a Labyrinth," in Charles Estienne, Jean Liébault, and Richard Surflet, comps., Maison rustique (1600), p. 347.
Michael van derGucht, "The Design of a Labyrinth with Cabinets and Fountains", in [A.-J. Dézallier d'Argenville], The Theory and Practice of Gardening (1712), pl. 10.
Batty Langley, "Several Designs for Wildernesses and Labyrinths," in New Principles of Gardening (1728), pl. VII.
Batty Langley, "An Improvement of the Labyrinth at Versailles," in New Principles of Gardening (1728), pl. VIII.
Thomas Jefferson, Letter describing plans fora "Garden Olitory" at Monticello [detail], c. 1804.
J. C. Loudon, Plan of a pleasure-ground with labyrinth, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), p. 1021, fig. 719.
Charles Varlé, "Project for the improvement of the Square and the Town of Bath," 1809.
Hugh Bridport, The Pagoda and Labyrinth Garden, c. 1828.
Anonymous, "A Labyrinth," in A. J. Downing, A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening (1849), p. 91, fig. 17.
Anonymous, Plan of Labyrinth at New Harmony, Indiana, n.d.
Batty Langley, "An Improvement of a beautiful Garden at Twickenham,", in New Principles of Gardening (1728), pl. IX.
Anonymous, "Plan of the Labyrinth," c.1826.
W. Weingartner, Town Plan of Harmonie, Indiana, 1833.
Benjamin Franklin Smith, Jr. (artist), William Wellstood (engraver), "From the Latting Observatory," 1855.
↑ For a general discussion of labyrinths in gardens, with illustrated examples, see Adrian Fisher and George Gester, Labyrinth, Solving the Riddle of Maze (New York: Harmony Books, 1990).
↑ It should be noted that the maze currently located in the grounds of the Governor's Palace, Williamsburg, Va., is a twentieth-century construction for which no documentation during the colonial period of habitation exists. See Charles B. Hosmer, "The Colonial Revival in the Public Eye: Williamsburg and Early Garden Restoration," in The Colonial Revival in America, ed. Alan Axelrod (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985) for a discussion of the Williamsburg gardens and their role in defining colonial revival garden styles.
↑ Therese O'Malley, "Landscape Gardening in the Early National Period," in Views and Visions, American Landscape before 1830, ed. Edward J. Nygren with Bruce Robertson(Washington, D.C.: Corcoran Gallery of Art, 1986), 144.
↑ George Vaux, "Extracts from the Diary of Hannah Callender," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 12 no. 1 (1888): 432–56. view on Zotero
↑ Manasseh Cutler, Life, Journals, and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler, edited by William Parker Cutler and Julia Perkin Cutler, vol. 1 (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1888) view on Zotero
↑ Peter Martin, The Pleasure Gardens of Virginia: From Jamestown to Jefferson (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991) view on Zotero
↑ Frederick Doveton Nichols and Ralph E. Griswold, Thomas Jefferson, Landscape Architect (Charlottesville, Va.: University Press of Virginia, 1978) view on Zotero
↑ Thomas Jefferson, The Garden Book, edited by Edwin M. Betts (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1944) view on Zotero
↑ Donald E. Pitzer and Josephine Elliott, "New Harmony's First Utopias, 1814-1824," Indiana Magazine of History 75 (September 1979): 225–300 view on Zotero
↑ John Pendleton Kennedy, Address Delivered before the Horticultural Society of Maryland at Its First Annual Exhibition, June 12, 1833 (Baltimore, Md.: John D. Toy, 1833) view on Zotero
↑ William Lawson, A New Orchard and Garden... with the Country Housewifes Garden (Reprint, New York: Garland, [1618] 1982]) view on Zotero
↑ John Parkinson, Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris (Originally published London: Humfrey Lownes and Robert Young, 1629. Reprint Norwood, N.J.: W. J. Johnson, 1975) view on Zotero
↑ [A.-J. (Antoine Joseph) Dézallier d'Argenville], The Theory and Practice of Gardening; wherein is fully handled all that relates to fine gardens, . . . containing divers plans, and general dispositions of gardens; . . . (English-language edition prepared by John James from the 1709 French original and printed in London by Geo. James. Reprint, Farnborough, England: Gregg, 1969) view on Zotero
↑ Batty Langley, 'New Principles of Gardening, or The Laying out and Planting Parterres, Groves, Wildernesses, Labyrinths, Avenues, Parks, &c. (Originally published London: A. Bettesworth and J. Batley, etc., 1728. Reprint, London: Garland, 1982) view on Zotero
↑ Ephraim Chambers, Cyclopaedia, or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. . . . 2 vols. (London: D. Midwinter et al., 1741-43) view on Zotero
↑ Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language: In Which the Words Are Deduced from the Originals and Illustrated in the Different Significations by Examples from the Best Writers, 2 vols. (London: W. Strahan for J. and P. Knapton, 1755) view on Zotero
↑ Philip Miller, The Gardeners Dictionary: Containing the Methods of Cultivation and Improving the Kitchen, Fruit, and Flower Garden. As Also, the Physick Garden, Wilderness, Conservatory, and Vineyard... Interspers'd with the History of the Plants, the Characters of Each Genus and the Names of All the Particular Species, in Latin and English; and an Explanation of All the Terms Used in Botany and Gardening, Etc, 7th ed. (London: Philip Miller, 1759) view on Zotero
↑ Thomas A. Sheridan, A Complete Dictionary of the English Language, Carefully Revised and Corrected by John Andrews...., 5th ed. (Philadelphia: William Young, 1789) view on Zotero
↑ 1798. Encyclopaedia, or A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature. 18 vols. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson. view on Zotero
↑ Bernard M'Mahon, The American Gardener's Calendar: Adapted to the Climates and Seasons of the United States. Containing a Complete Account of All the Work Necessary to Be Done... for Every Month of the Year... (Philadelphia: Printed by B. Graves for the author, 1806) view on Zotero
↑ G. Gregory, A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, 3 vols. (Philadelphia: Isaac Peirce, 1816) view on Zotero
↑ Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language, vol. 2 (New York: S. Converse, 1828) view on Zotero
↑ George William Johnson, A Dictionary of Modern Gardening, edited by David Landreth (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1847) view on Zotero
↑ A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America; with a View to the Improvement of Country Residences. Comprising Historical Notices and General Principles of the Art, Directions for Laying out Grounds and Arranging Plantations, the Description and Cultivation of Hardy Trees, Decorative Accompaniments to the House and Grounds, the Formation of Pieces of Artificial Water, Flower Gardens, Etc.: With Remarks on Rural Architecture 4th ed. (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1849) view on Zotero
Retrieved from "https://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Labyrinth&oldid=6754"
History of Early American Landscape Design contributors, "Labyrinth," History of Early American Landscape Design, , https://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Labyrinth&oldid=6754 (accessed February 2, 2023).
This page was last edited on February 25, 2015, at 18:01.


text:
using System;

namespace Humanizer
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Allow strings to be truncated
    /// </summary>
    public static class TruncateExtensions
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Truncate the string
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="input">The string to be truncated</param>
        /// <param name="length">The length to truncate to</param>
        /// <returns>The truncated string</returns>
        public static string Truncate(this string input, int length)
        {
            return input.Truncate(length, "…", Truncator.FixedLength);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Truncate the string
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="input">The string to be truncated</param>
        /// <param name="length">The length to truncate to</param>
        /// <param name="truncator">The truncate to use</param>
        /// <param name="from">The enum value used to determine from where to truncate the string</param>
        /// <returns>The truncated string</returns>
        public static string Truncate(this string input, int length, ITruncator truncator, TruncateFrom from = TruncateFrom.Right)
        {
            return input.Truncate(length, "…", truncator, from);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Truncate the string
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="input">The string to be truncated</param>
        /// <param name="length">The length to truncate to</param>
        /// <param name="truncationString">The string used to truncate with</param>
        /// <param name="from">The enum value used to determine from where to truncate the string</param>
        /// <returns>The truncated string</returns>
        public static string Truncate(this string input, int length, string truncationString, TruncateFrom from = TruncateFrom.Right)
        {
            return input.Truncate(length, truncationString, Truncator.FixedLength, from);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Truncate the string
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="input">The string to be truncated</param>
        /// <param name="length">The length to truncate to</param>
        /// <param name="truncationString">The string used to truncate with</param>
        /// <param name="truncator">The truncator to use</param>
        /// <param name="from">The enum value used to determine from where to truncate the string</param>
        /// <returns>The truncated string</returns>
        public static string Truncate(this string input, int length, string truncationString, ITruncator truncator, TruncateFrom from = TruncateFrom.Right)
        {
            if (truncator == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("truncator");

            if (input == null)
                return null;

            return truncator.Truncate(input, length, truncationString, from);
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Truncation location for humanizer
    /// </summary>
    public enum TruncateFrom
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Truncate letters from the left (start) of the string
        /// </summary>
        Left,
        /// <summary>
        /// Truncate letters from the right (end) of the string
        /// </summary>
        Right
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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The three-day expo saw an enthusiastic participation from over 130 national and international exhibitors from 10 exhibiting countries such as China, Korea, Hong Kong, Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, Singapore, Russia and Taiwan to name a few. The event was supported by key associations such as All India Association of Industries (AIAI), Indian Imports Chamber of Commerce and Industry (IICCI), Franchising Association of India and Licensing Industry Merchandisers' Association (LIMA). CBME India witnessed a Korean Pavilion by Korea Federation of Clothing Merchant Federation & a Hong Kong Children Babies Maternity Industries Association (HKCBMIA) Pavilion.Some of the key exhibitors include Artsana India Pvt Ltd – Chicco, Nobel Hygiene Pvt Ltd, Mitsui & Co. India Pvt. Ltd. – Merries, PUR Thailand, Tiny Twig Apparel Pty Ltd., Softsens Consumer Products Private Limited, NOVATEX GmbH, First Care India Private Limited – BuddsBuddy, AzafranInnovacion Ltd., American Hygienics Corporation, Mother and Babycare Inc. – Little Angel, Indify Ventures - OK Baby & BEABA, Maiden Distributors amongst others, who are showcase trending and innovative products catering to this niche industry."The childcare and maternity products market once considered as very niche is set for a big boom. With an increase in disposable income of parents, a change in their consumer habits, increased media exposure, awareness amongst women, online shopping and a renewed focus on child safety and well-being, this high potential industry which has a projected growth rate of over 17% (CAGR) till 2020 is now ready for a major growth spurt that will transform it into a thriving industry. We see the industry making a shift towards a more organised market from a then fragmented one. With structure come innovation and technology that has helped widen the market further," Yogesh Mudras, managing director, UBM India, said."Unique initiatives like CBME India play a very important part to provide information and education as well as the inspiration to raise the bar for the children and maternity market. While the baby care and children products are evolving, an even greater potential exists for the maternity products segment that needs to be unraveled," said Mudras.In its quest to deliver unique and innovative value propositions to exhibitors and visitors alike, this year, CBME India 2019 comprised a number of salient features including power – packed knowledge sessions, seminars, discussion of new trends and various international pavilions to surge into the rapidly expanding and diverse retail sector in India. The first day of the programme saw presentations and seminars by WGNS, the trend partner for CBME India 2019 that discussed kids fashion trends, toy trends and retail concept.


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There's a very fine line between a good entrepreneur movie and a great entrepreneur movie. The latter group consists of tales that are so epic, intense, and heart-wrenching that they are widely viewed as some of the greatest movies of all time. Memorable movies take you on a wild ride, and there is no ride wilder than the journey of the entrepreneur.
When most people see movies about business owners, their first thought is usually something along the lines of "I could never handle that," or "You'd have to be insane to choose this path."
Others, however, see these movies and think to themselves "I want that." They want the excitement, the rewards, the power, and most importantly, the personal growth. Thanks to the silver screen, much of the world is well-aware that the brain and soul of a business owner are marvels to behold.
Perhaps this is the key characteristic of a great entrepreneur movie: inspiration. The following movies remind business owners why they chose this path and to be grateful for the crazy ups and downs they encounter every day.
Here are ten entrepreneur movies every business owner needs to see:
No movie character embodies the drive, the cunning and the creativity of entrepreneurs better than Daniel Plainview, played by the legendary Daniel Day-Lewis. Set in the early 1900s, There Will Be Blood chronicles the evolution of a silver miner into a ruthless oil tycoon.
Many entrepreneurs would likely say that getting the business off the ground is the hardest part, and Plainview would certainly agree. Without employees or quality equipment, he constantly risks his life to find and excavate oil. And as the new kid on the block, Plainview must develop a disruptive business model to steal business from Standard Oil and other industry giants. This stage of the journey highlights the number one attribute of a successful salesmen: knowing your audience.
The film also shows the importance of capitalizing on the right opportunities. Plainview's career takes off when he discovers a small, rural town with a wealth of oil under the dirt. Maintaining control of this asset, however, isn't easy.
The average person would likely peg Plainview as a cold-hearted villain. An entrepreneur, on the other hand, wouldn't be so sure. After all, the goal of every entrepreneur movie is to make the viewer think: Is this guy morally wrong, or is he just doing what he has to do to succeed?
What makes Plainview's journey so universal is that you never really learn what motivates him. You don't know why he's working so hard. He just does it simply because it's what he was born to do.
"Wall Street" (1987)
Wall Street made finance cool, thanks in no small part to cinema icon Gordon Gekko. The entire plot of Wall Street revolves around an illegal practice: insider trading. Played by Michael Douglas, Gekko makes most of his money by obtaining information that isn't exactly public. This was a lot harder to do before hackers. Just ask Bud Fox (Charlie Sheen), who is tasked with literally following people around New York City to see what kind of deals are in the works. We all have to go the extra mile to get a foot in the door, right?
But you can't blame Bud for desperately wanting to be Gekko's friend. He dresses snazzy, has all the latest technology, and enjoys quality eats like steak tartare. Gekko's energy is not only contagious, but also capable of skyrocketing from 0-100 in a matter of seconds. He's the embodiment of confidence, and he showed a lot of people how they should carry themselves if they want to be successful.
Wall Street's most significant contribution is its glamorization of the finance world. Before Wall Street, professional athletes and secret agents were the quintessential symbols of masculinity and toughness. But Gordon Gekko and Bud Fox proved that the real tough guys spend their days on the phone, getting stuff done.
"Moneyball" (2011)
In Moneyball, we are reminded that a sports team is still a business. In this true story, Oakland A's owner Billy Beane (Brad Pitt) must somehow use a very limited budget to rebuild his team after losing several key players. His first move is strikingly similar to that of a new entrepreneur: think outside the box.
Beane recruits Peter Brandt (Jonah Hill), who has come up with an innovative, data-centric approach to assessing a player's potential. Like countless entrepreneurs, Beane is repeatedly told that his plan is absolutely crazy and will never, ever work. It's Beane and Brandt versus the entire baseball school of thought.
The season gets off to a bumpy start. But the pair refuse to give up on their strategy, largely because they have data on their side. Beane also realizes that his current managerial style is hurting the team. To show his faith in his players, Beane becomes more involved in their day-to-day lives and frequently meets with them to offer helpful suggestions. This emphasizes the tremendous value of transparency in business growth.
Beane's story ultimately proves that if you're smart enough and you believe in your ideas, a limited budget cannot stop you from reaching your goals.
The Social Network is to tech startups as Wall Street is to finance. Why work for an established company when you can get paid to wear casual clothing, indulge in illicit substances, and joke around with your friends all day? Sitting around a table cluttered with laptops never looked so fun!
But as we learn in the Social Network, the first version of Facebook was not started out of joy. It was fueled by Mark Zuckerberg's anger at his recent ex-girlfriend and the female species in general. The Harvard student exposed the power of the Internet before anyone knew its capacity for spreading gossip or violating privacy. An act of revenge had created a new market. This allowed Zuckerberg (Jesse Eisenberg) to develop his vision for Facebook, down to the very last detail of a profile page.
From that moment forward, nothing stands in his way. Zuckerberg is so caught up in his vision that he neglects his friendship and business agreements with Eduardo Saverin, Facebook's first investor. As any entrepreneur will tell you, this scenario is unfortunately common. The Social Network is a stern warning to anyone thinking of getting into business with a close friend. It also shows how success can change people for the worse.
Mark Zuckerberg knows better than anyone that growing a business can be treacherous if you're not prepared.
The entrepreneurial lifestyle can be lonely and unstable. It often involves a lot of traveling, arguing, and solitude. What kind of person would choose such a lifestyle?
Meet Ryan Bingham, the main character of Up In The Air. He spends the majority of his life traveling from state to state, where he gets paid to fire people (so the person's actual employer doesn't have to). But Ryan doesn't mind sleeping in all these different places and not having many friends. He's more comfortable in an airport or a conference room than a cozy living room. Sound familiar, entrepreneurs?
Ryan also doesn't mind making strangers tear up on a daily basis. That's what you have to deal with when you personally help people for a living. Ryan shows strength in situations that would make anyone else weak.
As the film progresses, we learn that Ryan's lifestyle is largely attributed to a belief shared by many entrepreneurs: if you're not growing, you're dying. New experiences and challenges make Ryan feel alive, so why stay in one place? When work gets particularly hectic, entrepreneurs must always remember that they started their businesses because they love the process of personal growth, and that process never stops. The journey truly is the destination.
Some businesses are born out of tragedy; or the desire to help others sharing your pain. Others are born out of innovation; or the discovery of a cheaper, more effective way to meet the needs of a niche market. When you combine the two, you get the Dallas Buyers Club.
It's 1985, and Ron Woodroof (Matthew McConaughey) is diagnosed with AIDS and given 30 days to live. He quickly learns that AZT (the most prescribed AIDS medication at the time) is not going to be much help. But Ron doesn't give up; he's convinced there's a better treatment out there somewhere. He ends up meeting a rogue doctor who has developed his own, all-natural medication that appears to be significantly safer and more effective than AZT.
The treatment is not FDA-approved. But like Mark Zuckerberg, Ron does not let legalities stop him from selling the treatment to the scores of other AIDS patients who have seen no results from AZT.
The true story of Ron Woodroof's life-saving business venture is a perfect example of how entrepreneurship can turn a curse into a blessing. It also demonstrates what happens when high quality products and untapped markets collide. The quality of Ron's products is unparalleled. But since no one has heard of him, he must recruit a partner (Jared Leto) to build a public following. And when demand skyrockets, it's not as if Ron can simply hire more workers to boost production.
Anyone who has started a brick and mortar business from the ground up can relate to the story of the Dallas Buyers Club.
"Glengarry Glen Ross" (1992)
You'd be hard-pressed to find an entrepreneur who doesn't know the phrase "ABC: Always Be Closing." This immortal sales mantra comes from Glengarry Glen Ross, which is based off a Pulitzer Prize-winning play by David Mamet. At the beginning of the film, a group of real estate salesmen are told that the two lowest sellers in the office will be fired at the end of the month.
The news is broken by Alec Baldwin, who says "ABC" to remind the team that they should never let a potential client off the phone until they have done everything in their power to close the sale. Owners of sales-centric businesses have likely given their teams similar advice. They're trying to prevent their salespeople from submissively accepting responses like "Let me think about it" or "I have to talk to my wife/husband first."
If you've spoken to a cold calling salesperson, you've probably heard some of the aggressive tactics used in Glengarry Glen Ross. Sales is not for the light-hearted, as we learn throughout the team's desperate quest to save their jobs. Losing out on a potential sale is a blow to your self-worth.
Another timeless aspect of the film is the strategic emphasis on the product's emotional and psychological benefits. Top seller Ricky Roma (Al Pacino) doesn't just sell houses. He sells the lifestyle that comes with owning property in a desirable area.
This entrepreneur movie proves that if you're willing to learn, you can succeed at virtually any company. 71-year-old Ben Whittaker (Robert DeNiro) lands an internship at About the Fit, a fashion startup run by founder and CEO Jules Ostin (Anne Hathaway). Ben is so grateful for the opportunity that despite his age, he strives to help the company out in any way he can. He organizes messy workspaces, provides fatherly advice to his younger colleagues, and gradually removes more stress from Jules' work and personal life.
Jules is very much the typical entrepreneur; working so much that she has little time for her family. Her relationship with her husband is beginning to deteriorate. Jules' workload has actually become so overwhelming that the company's investors have asked her to step down as CEO, so someone with more experience can take over. Though Jules wants to spend more time with her family, it's abundantly clear that her company means more to her than anything. She remains heavily involved in day-to-day operations and is often the last person to the leave the office.
Entrepreneurs can see parts of themselves in both characters (DeNiro and Hathaway). Jules isn't sure what to do because her company is so close to her heart. Ben, on the other hand, possesses the drive and curiosity that allows future entrepreneurs to take an active role at their first opportunities. A natural-born entrepreneur will shine at any company. It doesn't matter if they have no relevant experience and cannot relate to the target customer.
"Office Space" (1999)
Few movies have captured the reality of desk jobs and corporate culture more accurately than Office Space. The employees of software engineering firm Initech feel no connection to their work. The minor inconveniences of their daily routines have become borderline unbearable. Their misery is largely attributed to the passive-aggressive managerial style of their boss.
Everyone has worked for someone like Bill Lumbergh (Gary Cole). He doesn't raise his voice but he talks to his employees like a soulless robot. Employees are carelessly assigned more and more work as if it's no big deal to the person who has to do it. Lumbergh literally does everything a good boss wouldn't do. Take a lesson, entrepreneurs: If your employees don't seem to care about their work, it might be because you conduct yourself a little like Bill Lumbergh.
One of the film's central messages is that every job involves some sort of boring, monotonous work. But you don't have to let these things ruin your life. Office Space taught us that the most annoying parts about our jobs are often quite funny, albeit in hindsight. And as unpleasant as your boss might be, at least he's not Bill Lumbergh.
Many entrepreneurs started their businesses to solve a major problem with the industry they've been working in for years. They refuse to stay complacent because they care more about their customers than making money. For sports agent Jerry Maguire (Tom Cruise), that problem is the lack of a personal relationships with his clients, which ultimately stems from juggling so many of them. Despite his financial success, Maguire feels empty because his clients can't even remember his name.
This leads Maguire to open up his own sports management agency. He has just one client; football player Ron Tidwell (Cuba Gooding Jr.). Entrepreneurs can certainly relate to Maguire's devotion to Tidwell, who is not easy to deal with. Anyone who runs a service-based business knows that your fist clients are treated like royalty. They must never suspect that they are not your number one priority. Maguire and Tidwell get into several heated arguments but they also believe in each other and push each other to succeed.
Watching this entrepreneur movie can make entrepreneurs re-assess their role in the lives of their customers and/or employees. Maguire is directly involved in Tidwell's personal growth. Tidwell's victories on the gridiron feel like a personal victory for him, as well. The point is, success is infinitely sweeter when it is the result of multiple people working together.
Entrepreneur Movies: Honorable Mentions
Aspiring entrepreneurs often tell themselves that they won't break the rules or take advantage of their customers like everyone else. The Wolf of Wall Street brilliantly reveals what motivates so many good people to take this route. For one thing, it makes work not feel like "work" anymore. Buying new cars, watches and houses is a lot harder when you play by the rules. And when it's this easy to trick someone into giving you their money, what is really to blame: your maliciousness or their foolish innocence?
"Joy" (2015)
The true story of Joy Mangano, the inventor of the Miracle Mop and one of the hardest working entrepreneurs ever shown on screen. Mangano overcomes a myriad of obstacles to give her product mass exposure, including her gender. No one has ever seen a product like this before. With no outside help, Mangano must figure out a new way to market it. The film also delves into the chaos of patent lawsuits and meeting unprecedented surges in demand. Once Mangano's on top, her personal and professional rivals try to bring her right back down. You'll be out of excuses for not starting your business after watching Joy.
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Absolute Write Water Cooler > Writing Genre > Science Fiction | Fantasy > Science Fact > The Ultimate in Real-Life Steampunk: The Difference Engine!
View Full Version : The Ultimate in Real-Life Steampunk: The Difference Engine!
No, not the SF novel of that title, but an actual difference engine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_engine) designed by Charles Babbage over 150 years ago was completed in 1991 by the London Museum of Science under the direction of Babbage expert and its then-Computer-curator Doron Swade. More recently, former Microsoft CTO Nathan Myhrvold decided he wanted one, so he spent a million dollars having a second one made. It has recently arrived (http://www.engadget.com/2008/04/21/computer-history-museum-unboxes-a-babbage-difference-engine/) at the Computer History Museum (http://www.computerhistory.org/) in Mountain View, CA, and will be on public display for the next year, then will go into Myhrvold's private collection.
Nice work. And the next step might be to build an imitation of Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, something likely much more difficult -- a mechanical stored-program computer.
I remember this announcement. I still need to go. I mean, hell, I live here.


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From Fancyclopedia 3
(Redirected from 1945 Hugos)
The 1945 Retro Hugos for work published in 1944 were presented at CoNZealand in 2020. Fanac produced a sample of eligible fanzines from 1944 (IA). The trophy base was designed by James Brown.
Best Novel: Shadow Over Mars (The Nemesis from Terra) by Leigh Brackett (Startling Stories, Fall 1944)
Best Novella: Killdozer! by Theodore Sturgeon (Astounding Science Fiction , November 1944)
Best Novelette: City by Clifford D. Simak (Astounding Science Fiction , May 1944)
Best Short Story: I Rocket by Ray Bradbury (Amazing Stories , May 1944)
Best Series: The Cthulhu Mythos by H. P. Lovecraft, August Derleth, and others
Best Related Work: "The Science-Fiction Field" by Leigh Brackett (Writer's Digest, July 1944)
Best Graphic Story or Comic:Superman: "The Mysterious Mr. Mxyztplk" by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster (Detective Comics, Inc.)
Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form: (tie) The Canterville Ghost, screenplay by Edwin Harvey Blum from a story by Oscar Wilde, directed by Jules Dassin (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM)), The Curse of the Cat People, written by DeWitt Bodeen, directed by Gunther V. Fritsch and Robert Wise (RKO Radio Pictures)
Best Editor, Short Form: John W. Campbell, Jr.
Best Professional Artist: Margaret Brundage
Best Fanzine: Voice of the Imagi-Nation , edited by Forrest J Ackerman and Myrtle R. Douglas
Best Fan Writer: Fritz Leiber
1944 Retro Hugos 1946 Website(IA) Reasonator 1945
This is an award page. If you know something about it, such as who awarded it, who the winners were, what the criteria were, and when it was awarded, please add it!
Retrieved from "https://fancyclopedia.org/index.php?title=1945_Retro_Hugos&oldid=128132"
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The Armed Forces Memorial – Today, Tomorrow, Forever….
The design for the new national memorial to members of the Armed Forces (Regular and Reserve), killed on duty or as a result of terrorist action since the Second World War, was announced in April at the Imperial War Museum in London. This memorial will provide a lasting tribute to the sacrifice that has been made by almost 16,000 men and women from all three Services including members of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary and the Merchant Navy who have served alongside the Armed Forces in conflict zones around the world.
The design, created by Liam O'Connor and his firm of Architects and Planning Consultants, will be located at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire (UK). The memorial will be made from Portland stone and will be a stunning piece of architecture in its own right. Construction work will start this year and unveiling is planned for 2007. You can see below an image of how the memorial will blend into the existing landscape. The Arboretum is open to visitors all year round and is less than 10 minutes from the M6 toll road.
The Trustees need to raise £4 million for this important national memorial. Please help by supporting the appeal. For further information about the project, visit our web site at www.forcesmemorial.org.uk or contact the Project Team at: 1st Floor Zone A, St George's Court, 2-12 Bloomsbury Way, London WC1A 2SH telephone 020 7218 2020.
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When looking at the differences between a web designer and a graphic designer, there are multiple differences to point out. The biggest difference is the medium each use to publish their work. The roles and responsibilities of each occupation are also very unique.
It is common for those who are not familiar with design to assume that web designers and graphic designers do the same thing. While both use the same skills and abilities, there is a difference between the two distinct professions.
Let's take a closer look at the key differences between web design and graphic design.
When it comes to visual elements like fonts, illustrations, graphics and colors, a graphic designer has much more freedom. Graphic designers make use of CMYK color mode because these designs are made for print. The design elements are static, while the visual end-product is more intuitive. These designs are used in printed marketing materials such as brochures and posters. In graphic design, emphasis is on the artistic aspect thereof. While it still conveys a message, there is more artistic freedom in this field.
Web design involves the design of specific elements to make a website come to life. The colors, fonts and illustrations are limited to the characteristics and limitations of web development. There are a number of things graphic designers have to take into consideration, including the programming language, to ensure the design is not only visually appealing, but functions well. Web designers have to ensure that their designs work well within the websites frame. In this field, art becomes functional.
Simply put, graphic design allows creative freedom in a sense and has no limits apart from how the design appears on print. Web design is a more technical field where designers have to apply their design skills and understanding of how websites work. While some graphic designers can provide designs for websites, this is not always the case.


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Home writing a website report Sandra cisneros writing advice tumblr
Sandra cisneros writing advice tumblr
Should I plan out my story, or just jump into writing. How to overcome it. It tells us 'Welcome to Planet Earth.
This thing between my legs, this unmentionable. This is true, for example, of her volume of poetry My Wicked, Wicked Ways. If my only goal is short-term preservation of my self-esteem, I can imagine that if only things had gone a little differently I could have practiced more and ended up as talented as my brother.
Overweight people, and especially people who feel unfairly stigmatized for being overweight, tend to cluster on the biologically determined side.
The standard psychiatric evaluation includes an assessment of cognitive ability; the one I use is a quick test with three questions. With instructions for making your own seed-bombs, with a little history of the Guerrilla Gardening movement. Through a series of vignettes, Cisneros creates a portrait of a mixed-race area in Chicago.
Wedged in between the pages of the sports section, in the satin puckered side-pocket of his valise, next to a crumpled bag of pumpkin seeds, a sepia-colored photo pasted on thick cardboard crudely cut down the center.
You suddenly crave adventure and new experiences and anything that makes you feel alive again. Heartbreak is a bit like love in that respect, you think about them constantly except the thoughts are painful this time around.
Even a glow stick has to crack to shine; think of how proud you will be when one day you can smile at yourself in the mirror and mean it again. You will always be Esperanza. How do I create a dynamic antagonist.
I turn on my thinker when I edit. I have lots of photography and a lot of books on photography. Chayito, when are you getting married.
Cisneros may be a poetic fiction writer, but she approaches the two genres of poetry and fiction with distinct aims in mind. How do I know when to end a scene.
How do I write one. Tips for keeping everything organized and choosing which project deserves the most attention. I am pretty sure we can raise your IQ as much as you want and you will still feel like pond scum. Everybody has fears in common, and in this wonderous handwritten book, author Michael Bernard Loggins an adult with developmental disabilities battles his fears by listing more than of them.
As she discovered, after writing The House on Mango Street primarily in English, "the syntax, the sensibility, the diminutives, the way of looking at inanimate objects" were all characteristic of Spanish.
I know there were people who worked harder than I did in English, who poured their heart and soul into that course — and who still got Cs and Ds.
I have a number of books on Mexico, so I would look for historical photos of the time I was writing about. Monster Brokeosurus introduces curious readers to each monster as we are guided through the imaginary realm of the fictitious monster-creator Charlie Wedster.
A little while later, I noticed that my brother was now with me in my Introductory Piano class. Do not console yourself with the whole there are other fish in the sea rubbish because I know that despite how much pain they have caused, you still want them and you will continue to want them for a very long time.
So which one of us was the hard worker.
Do not shy away from this term because your heart is broken. When Cisneros addresses the subject of female sexuality, she often portrays negative scenarios in which men exert control over women through control over their sexuality, and explores the gap she perceives between the real sexual experiences of women and their idealized representation in popular culture.
For example, Nick Bostrom writes: Meanwhile, there were some students who did better than I did in Math with seemingly zero effort. Wild Child is free to do as she pleases. Spend time with them and regularly express how much you appreciate them. From her home in San Antonio, Texas, she reworks the American narrative and complicates the way its stories are told.
The first two servants invest the money and double it. Poet Juan Felipe Herrera was initiated into the Word by the fire-speakers of the early Chicano Movimiento and by heavy exposure to various poetry, jazz, and blues performance streams.
Doubt begins like a thin crack in a porcelain plate. Tragically, in the early 's, Jack lost his own son at the age of 24, and Jack penned a deeply sorrowful introduction to the translation, reflecting on a poet's grief and trying to make sense of the incomprehensible.
Tumblr is a place to express yourself, discover yourself, and bond over the stuff you love. Sandra Cisneros, from the preface of life fantasy writer author's life fantasy writing original characters spilled thoughts author's problems original character writing advice writing resources.
Sandra Cisneros has been dismantling genre, binaries, and stereotypes ever since her novel The House On Mango Street made its debut in As she wrote in its preface, publishing a book was a top priority for a young Cisneros, along with learning to dance the tango, jumping out of a cake, and.
At Ploughshares, Shereen Lee interviews Sandra Cisneros about her commitment to poetry and activism and her new life in Mexico.
Lee explains in her introduction to their conversation, "Although Sandra Cisneros is most widely known for her authorship of beloved fiction books like The House on Mango Street and Caramelo, she calls herself, first, a poet-activist.". up writing and study something useful like medicine?
How can she teach her students to take Woman Hollering Creek, Sandra Cisneros. Filed under woman hollering creek latina. We love Tumblr & Stationery by Thijs.
Poet, novelist, essayist, short story writer, and children's author Sandra Cisneros was born in Chicago, Illinois, the only daughter in a family with six sons.
During her childhood, the family moved often between Chicago and Mexico. Cisneros earned a BA at Loyola University of Chicago and an MFA at the University of Iowa.
Her writing frequently. Sandra Cisneros is a Mexican-American novelist, poet, and short story writer. Her books include The House on Mango Street, Caramelo, and Woman Hollering Creek.
She is the recipient of a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts as well as a Macarthur "Genius" Grant. Cisneros was born in Chicago inthe only girl among seven siblings.
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