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Figure. The first fluorescein angiogram, taken in November 1959, of the right eye of David Alvis. He writes that "there was a lot of trouble with unwanted light in all of the pictures. We broke up wooden Q-tip sticks to act as markers so that we could be certain of the proper sequence of the pictures. Two pre-injection pictures are noted with just the one bit of Q-tip. We shot the pictures as rapidly as we could" (e-mail communication, July 2010; photograph courtesy of David Alvis).
Alvis DL. Twenty-fifth anniversary of fluorescein angiography. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103:12694038108PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
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Schatz H, ed, Burton TC, ed, Yannuzi LA, ed, Rabb MF, ed. History of fluorescein angiography. In Interpretation of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1978:3-9
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Sorsby A. Vital staining of the retina: preliminary clinical note. Br J Ophthalmol. 1939;23(1):20-2418169587PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
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Hickam JB, Sieker HO, Frayser R. Studies of retinal circulation and A-V oxygen difference in man. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 1959;71:34-4414401681PubMedGoogle Scholar
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Keeler CR. 150 years since Babbage's ophthalmoscope. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115(11):1456-14579366679PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
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Ophthalmic Imaging Ophthalmology Radiology
Citations 31
Marmor MF, Ravin JG. Fluorescein Angiography: Insight and Serendipity a Half Century Ago. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129(7):943–948. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.160
Fluorescein Angiography: Insight and Serendipity a Half Century Ago
Michael F. Marmor, MD; James G. Ravin, MD
Author Affiliations: Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine and the Byers Eye Institute at Stanford, Palo Alto, California (Dr Marmor); and Division of Ophthalmology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Ohio (Dr Ravin).
Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129(7):943-948. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.160
It has been 50 years since fluorescein angiography was developed as a clinical procedure by 2 medical students at Indiana University. The story of its discovery and the recognition of its value to ophthalmology involve a combination of insight and serendipity. Fluorescein had been in use clinically for more than half a century, but it took a pulmonary medicine laboratory to provide the stimulus for the development of flash and barrier filters that would make vascular photography practical. The first article was rejected by the ophthalmology literature, but several clinics heard about it and soon documented the enormous diagnostic value of the procedure.
Many articles1-6 have been written about the history of fluorescein angiography and its discovery by 2 medical students at Indiana University in 1960. Of the 2 protagonists, David Alvis has written several articles1,4,5 about the events that took place, whereas the junior student (but first author) Harold Novotny has rarely made a public comment.3 The story is an interesting one in terms of the circumstances that allowed for the discovery and in terms of the interaction between the 2 individuals. We have had the opportunity to speak with both Alvis and Novotny and to revisit the story. The history of what happened is well known; we will recount why and how the test became practical for the field of ophthalmology. This is not a review of how angiography evolved over 50 years but a commemorative story of the challenges that were faced to discover and disseminate new medical information.
Fluorescein dye was introduced into the field of ophthalmology in 1882 by Paul Ehrlich, who injected it intravenously in rabbits to observe the dynamics of aqueous humor.7 Many others, including Seidel,8 Franceschetti,9 and Goldmann,10 used the dye in various ways to observe different aspects of anterior segment and retinal tissue, but the concept of following the retinal circulation clinically was not realized.
The first insights (although unknown to the eventual developers of the technique) came from one of the great scholars of retinal vascular disease, Edward Maumenee, while head of the Division of Ophthalmology at Stanford University School of Medicine (1948-1955), which at that time was still located in San Francisco, California. In that era, it was difficult to distinguish choroidal hemangiomas from melanomas, and Maumenee was looking for ways to highlight the differences. According to Howard Schatz,3 Maumenee said, "I recalled an article of Dr. Sorsby that I ran across when I was a resident at the Wilmer Institute. He used various dye substances to attempt to outline holes in the retina in patients with retinal detachments.11 I also recalled the work of Goldmann10 and others who had used fluorescein to study the circulation time in the anterior segment of the eye. Since the Goldmann slit lamp had a cobalt blue filter on it, I thought that I could inject fluorescein intravenously, and by using a contact lens and cobalt blue filter with the slit lamp I would be able to determine whether the patient had a vascular lesion or a solid melanoma." This work (not published until several years later with Dr Maclean)12 showed the value of the dye in recognizing hemangiomas and evaluating treatment, and included a notation about "the arteries filling first and then the veins." But Maumenee did not develop the tools for monitoring the circulation photographically.
One of Maumenee's staff, Milton Flocks (working with a visiting fellow from China, Peter Chao, and a doctor filling time before the starting date of his ophthalmology residency, John Miller) took the next step, in using the dye to study circulation time in the cat. Initially, in 1958, they watched the passage of trypan blue with an ophthalmoscope and a stopwatch, measuring a transit time of roughly 2 seconds.13 They noted that more innocuous dyes such as fluorescein might allow for the clinical application of the technique. In the next report in 1959,14 they attached a motion picture camera to a Zeiss fundus camera in which the carbon arc light was passed through a cobalt blue filter. They injected fluorescein intravenously into cats and succeeded in getting images (although the lighting was tricky) that confirmed a circulation time near 2 seconds. However, they failed in 2 attempts to do the procedure on humans because of "insufficient light." Miller recalled that they did get some successful human images, including one that appeared to show extensive dye leakage in age-related macular degeneration. But they could not get serial images that would measure circulation time, which was their goal. Had they succeeded, or continued the work, the birth of clinical angiography might have been at Stanford. Maumenee, and later Flocks, had clearly recognized the potential clinical value of fluorescein, but Flocks struggled with the technical problems of cinematography in an era of slower films. He did not attempt still photography, which probably seemed a poor solution for following the rapid process of blood flow. He used a blue filter for the flash and put a UV filter (Wratten 2B) in the camera path. But the UV filter did not block visible blue light, and he apparently did not look for barrier filters that would enhance the separation between flash and fluorescence in the retina.
At the same time, Swan and Bailey in the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Oregon were developing a system for fundus cinematography.15,16 They modified the optics from a fundus camera to use through a dissecting microscope and took color motion pictures of the fundus. The device was practical for clinical use but was not a simple modification of commercially available equipment. And they did not use dyes to follow the circulation. It is not clear whether the light would have been sufficient after interposing a blue filter. Nor do we know whether Flocks and Chao were aware of this work, which was not published until 1959.
Thus, the groundwork for fluorescein angiography was laid (ie, the recognition that fluorescein could be imaged entering and leaving vessels through a fundus camera, and that fundus cinematography was possible). What was needed to make a clinical test? A practical test would need equipment that was readily available, a means of recording the data in a manner that would allow clinical display and storage and, of course, a demonstration of the value in practice. As obvious as these steps may seem to us half a century later, they were not so obvious at the time when the technology was new and clinical applications were hypothetical. One may guess that these laboratories might have hit on a workable combination of techniques eventually; serendipitously, however, the right conditions appeared first in Indiana and outside the field of ophthalmology.
Harold Novotny was a junior medical student at Indiana University who had trained in college at Purdue to be a pharmacist and practiced briefly before entering the military. His knowledge of drugs and chemistry would later prove useful. Novotny decided to switch to medicine after his military service, and he met Professor John Hickam, the chair of medicine and an eminent pulmonologist, in his medical school classes on physical diagnosis. Hickam became a father figure to Novotny. Novotny needed money to get through school, and although he already had 2 jobs, he asked Hickam about working in the laboratory as a third job. Hickam said "no," but Novotny was persistent and was finally hired in his junior year to help with experiments on oxygen saturation of the blood. This topic was not of special interest to him, and he basically hired to do "scut work." But once he started the project, it tweaked his imagination.
Hickam had acquired a new Zeiss fundus camera because he recognized that retinal circulation could be a means of visualizing the vasculature for his oxygenation saturation studies.17 Novotny had a set of responsibilities in the laboratory that included learning how to use the new camera. He told Howard Schatz many years ago, "I had learned a great deal about the camera and equipment and so I started to think about passing some kind of dye through the system to examine the retina in order to determine saturation levels . . . I was trying to decide how I was going to measure its concentration. I thought that if I could look at something in a highly specific way by observing fluorescence from it, it might be easier. I knew something about fluorescein and as I became involved in this project, I learned a great deal about it."3
As Novotny was becoming familiar with Hickam's camera, another medical student, David Alvis, joined the laboratory during the "quarter off" of his senior year. Together, by chance or by serendipity, they experienced a revelatory moment in October of 1959 that led to the investigation of fluorescein angiography. Alvis related the story to us: "One day Harold was looking through the camera, and he discovered the different colors in the crystalline lens. He asked me what I thought it was. Since my father was an ophthalmologist, and knew about my interest in eyes, he talked a lot about his various medications used in his general practice. He saw lots of industrial patients for injuries and used topical fluorescein frequently. For reasons unknown to me in 1959 and still unknown to be 51 years later, I told him that perhaps that was fluorescent light he saw. Harold was right on the ball, and he wondered aloud if we could photograph fluorescein as it circulated in the retinal vessels that we were studying for Dr. Hickam . . . If Harold had not been so observant and I with the quick answer, there would not have been any [work on fluorescein angiography]" (e-mail communication, July 2010).
Novotny and Alvis were unaware of the work by Flocks and others on angiography, and they wanted to explore the idea. They ran it by Fred Wilson, the chair of ophthalmology, but he told them that he doubted the technique could work because lens fluorescence would interfere with recognition of the dye in the retinal circulation.
Fortunately, Novotny and Alvis were not easily discouraged, and they decided to see just what properties the dye would have in the blood. Hickam was interested in the project that the 2 students proposed (to explore dyes as a means of photographing the circulation) but saw it as a sideline of his studies on oxygen saturation. He would offer occasional advice, but Novotny and Alvis had to do the work after hours when Novotny's primary laboratory assignments had been finished and the equipment was free. Novotny knew enough about the pharmacology to realize that they must find out the spectral properties of the dye, and he had the idea that one might be able to enhance the recognition of fluorescence in vessels by pairing 2 filters. They took a sample of Alvis's blood that had been injected with fluorescein to Eli Lilly and Co, which had spectrophotometers, to determine the absorption and emission curves. They learned that the dye absorbed maximally at about 490 nm and emitted with a peak at 520 nm, and they looked for filters that would enhance photographic separation. Perhaps fortuitously, the standard Kodak Wratten filters 47 and 58 had peaks in the blue and green, with relatively little overlap at 500 nm.
The next step was to insert these filters into the fundus camera, which almost killed the project. While Hickam was on a trip, Novotny removed the side panel of the camera to explore where to place the filters. When Hickam returned, he was furious that his expensive instrument had been violated. Novotny hastened to show him what the filtered camera could do and reassured him that it would not be hard to put it all back together. Fortunately, Hickam recognized the potential power of angiography, and he decided to let the experiments continue (and to continue paying the expenses). Novotny estimates that the whole project cost about $2000, which was not insignificant in those days. Hickam told him to get whatever he needed, as long as it did not cost more than $500. In fact, his policy was that, if you need 10 vials of fluorescein, buy 100, because you did not want to run out in the middle of the experiment. Hickam continued to use fluorescein angiography years after Novotny and Alvis had left, for studies on retinal circulation and oxygenation.18
With the filters in place and with the flash system of the early Zeiss cameras, the brightness of vascular fluorescence was dim. Novotny and Alvis sought the fastest 35-mm film they could find and learned that Ansco Super Hypan film could be force developed to reach the equivalent of a 2400 ASA rating. It was decided to try the procedure on Alvis first because Novotny was most familiar with the camera. Flashes could only be produced every 12 seconds, which they hoped would be fast enough to recognize an arterial filling phase and venous return. Perhaps fortuitously, or because they had prepared well, they were successful on the first attempt (Figure), and fluorescein angiography was born.
One can only speculate on how long this work might have taken in our present era of institutional review board oversight, but in 1959, that was not an issue. Novotny and Alvis took pictures of their own eyes and recruited girlfriends and associates to be subjects. They accumulated normative data, and both Hickam and Wilson seemed very pleased with the results. Because Hickam was interested in vascular disease and was familiar with the complications of diabetes and hypertension, he encouraged them to see what the new technique might show in these disorders. They walked up and down the wards, found out who had these diseases, and asked, "Would you like your eyes tested?" (H. Novotny, oral communication, June 2010).
Discoveries in medicine cannot be translated into practice until they are communicated. The Czech physiologist Purkinje described ophthalmoscopic observation of the fundus in 1823, but his monograph was published in Latin by Breslau University and never communicated to Europe at large.19,20 The English inventor Charles Babbage designed an ophthalmoscope around 1847, and he showed it to an eminent ophthalmologist, Thomas Wharton Jones. However, Jones could not get a good view through the instrument (possibly because he was myopic),21,22 and so it was put aside. We recognize Hermann von Helmholtz as the inventor of the ophthalmoscope not only because he built a working model in 1850 but because he demonstrated it and publicized it in 1851.23 Within a few years, physicians were describing retinal disorders and other inventors were improving the device.
Both Hickam and Wilson recognized the potential value of fluorescein angiography and urged Novotny and Alvis to write a paper on the new technique; Hickam declined to be a coauthor because he felt that he did not really contribute to the development of the technique. Wilson read a first draft, and Hickam read multiple drafts of the manuscript. He gave one especially important piece of advice: "Make it so anyone can do it." He wanted the paper to describe every detail of the filters, camera, film, time sequence, etc, so that it would be a cookbook for doing the test, and any reader could duplicate the findings. Novotny remembers that the paper kept coming back to him because one or another detail was still unclear to Hickam. When the manuscript was finally finished, it was sent to the American Journal of Ophthalmology. It was a remarkable first paper: it described the technique, virtually as we do it today; it showed arterial and venous phases separated by laminar flow; and it showed many of the key findings in macular disease such as capillary neovascularization, leakage, and diffuse edema.
Here begins another saga of serendipity. In terms of dating the discovery, Novotny made the first public presentation of the material at the Midwest meeting of the Association for Research in Ophthalmology on April 23, 1960, from which an abstract appeared in the July issue of American Journal of Ophthalmology.24 As far as we know, there was little notice paid. It was also published as a technical report by the US Air Force School of Aviation Medicine, in September 1960.25 This reflected the fact that much of Hickam's research was funded by grants from the School of Aviation Medicine. But technical publications like this were not widely read. When the authors received a rejection letter from the American Journal of Ophthalmology, fluorescein angiography might have died.
The reviewers commented that the idea was not new because Chao et al14 had already demonstrated circulation in the cat with fluorescein, and Swan and Bailey15 had demonstrated retinal cinematography. Furthermore, the photographic method of observation seemed too slow to be objective clinically. Of course, Novotny and Alvis had not been aware of the prior publications, and this was long before the era of PubMed and quick searches of the literature. Alvis relates that, in 1968, he met the editor of the journal American Journal of Ophthalmology, Derrick Vail, and Vail apologized graciously for his failure to publish the technique.1 He had missed the opportunity to introduce one of the major advances in ophthalmology. Indeed, he commented in 1981 during a discussion at the American Ophthalmological Society about who should receive the Howe medal: " . . . give it to Novotny and Alvis—I should have accepted their paper on fluorescein for the American Journal of Ophthalmology."26(p28)
Fortunately, Hickam believed the technique had clinical value, and he was a good friend of the editor of the journal Circulation. With the added references, the paper was promptly accepted for publication in that journal and appeared in the July 1961 issue.27 Of course, ophthalmologists do not normally read Circulation, which leads to the final part of our story.
The ophthalmology department at Indiana University had the initial opportunity to demonstrate the value of angiography because the technology was "in house." But the opportunity seems to have been missed. Wilson was involved peripherally with the work and was himself a retina specialist who studied the biochemistry of subretinal fluid in the laboratory.28 However, he was busy clinically with surgery and administrative responsibilities. Wilson is said to have asked for the equipment to be duplicated in the ophthalmology department, but he only had an old carbon-arc camera, and there is no record as to whether he added the filters. Novotny had one more year of work with Hickam before his internship, and so he began to explore with the Zeiss fundus camera whether the flash cycle could be shortened and whether an intense continuous light source could be developed that would allow cineangiography. But these were side projects to his assigned work, and nothing more was published. Alvis soon left for his internship training, and there are no further papers from Indiana University in that era, on either the investigation or clinical applications of angiography. So how did the word get out? Alvis was accepted into the ophthalmology residency at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, but was soon drafted into military service. He had asked his chair, A. D. Ruedemann Sr, for support to continue the study of angiography, but Ruedemann's initial reaction was reportedly one of disinterest.5 After Alvis returned to residency and was finishing up in 1966, papers on angiography were appearing from other institutions. A. D. Ruedemann Jr asked Alvis why he had not pursued the topic.
The word did begin to spread. Dollery et al,29 from Hammersmith Hospital in London, England, published the first ophthalmologic paper on fluorescein angiography in 1962 showing the characteristics of retinal circulation and the findings in a variety of diseases from the study of 60 patients. They adopted Novotny and Alvis's technique, and Novotny remembers getting a reprint request from Dollery. But we do not know how they first heard of the work. Within another year, they had published several additional reports in which they accelerated the frequency of photographs to 2.5 seconds and illustrated a variety of clinical applications. These papers documented the great power of this new procedure and helped initiate a long series of technologic improvements in camera brightness, flash frequency, digitization, etc, that brought angiography to its present state of sophistication.
In the United States, Hickham helped to spread the word. He had formerly been on the faculty at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, and returned there in 1960 to give a talk on the new technique of fluorescein angiography. He gave detailed instructions for the procedure to a senior neurologist, Albert Heyman, and to a younger protégé who was chief of neurology at a Veterans Administration hospital, Noble David. David was searching for academic identity at the time and latched onto the new procedure.30 He outfitted a Bausch & Lomb fundus camera with the proper filters and was soon taking angiograms with the help of the hospital photographer, Leonard Hart, and an eager young assistant named Johnny Justice.6 Working with Hart, David developed technology for taking photographs every 4 seconds, and he published the second set of fluorescein angiographic images in 1961.31 This was in a neurology article devoted mostly to angioscopy for the recognition of carotid insufficiency, and it referred to the published abstract24 of Novotny and Alvis's work for methodology. But no one else at Duke University seemed very interested in the technique. Two years later, J. Lawton Smith and Edward Norton convinced David to move to the new Bascom Palmer Eye Institute in Miami, Florida, and to bring his technology for fluorescein angiography. Not long after, Johnny Justice also moved to Miami to become the chief photographer. His high-quality images (and continued technological improvements) convinced Norton and his younger retina specialist J. Donald Gass (who was to become the leading scholar of macular disease in the latter part of the 20th century) of the enormous potential of the procedure. In 1964, the Miami group began a series of seminal papers32,33 that showed the broad and indisputable value of fluorescein angiography in the practical diagnosis of macular and retinovascular disease. It is not irrelevant to note that ophthalmic lasers were also developed in the 1960s, and the argon laser was being applied effectively to macular lesions by 1970.34,35 Fluorescein angiography provided a map for the photocoagulation of vascular lesions, and conversely the therapeutic benefits of the laser treatment inspired improvements and dissemination of angiographic equipment.
In looking back on these events, both Novotny and Alvis are a bit wistful: proud of what they initiated but cognizant of what more they might have done if they had continued the investigations themselves. Novotny was already thinking of how to speed up the flashes, but he was busy with 3 jobs and trying to sort out his interests for a career. He did a rotating internship and finally chose psychiatry. He built a practice in child and adolescent psychiatry in Palo Alto, California, and served for many years on the clinical faculty of the Stanford University School of Medicine. His career at Stanford was highly successful, and on balance he followed his interests and has no regrets. Alvis practiced general ophthalmology in Indianapolis, Indiana, and had a frayed print of the original angiogram taken of his own eye on the wall of his office. Sometimes a patient would ask Alvis about the significance of the print, and he would tell the story. He had an angiogram done many years later just for comparison,4 but he never performed one clinically in all his years of practice.
Fluorescein angiography in its early years was not a simple test: it required modification of a fundus camera, injection of a dye, and photographic processing that might delay the review of data for a day or more. Why did it succeed? Two persistent students solved the problem of highlighting the vasculature with barrier filters. An insightful mentor pushed them to write clear methodology and knew how to get a rejected paper published. Clinicians in England and at Duke University learned of the technique and began to improve it, and the retina service of the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute showed that it could be practical in a busy clinic. Skill, insight, luck, serendipity? Perhaps all these things, of which we have been the beneficiaries for 50 years. The use of fluorescein angiography is diminishing nowadays, as newer imaging modalities provide more direct evaluation of macular thickness and cellular damage. But angiography remains critical for the assessment of vascular integrity and leakage, and only time will tell if it fades from practice or becomes rejuvenated with new dyes and photographic techniques.
Correspondence: Michael F. Marmor, MD, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford, 2452 Watson Ct, Palo Alto, CA 94303-5353 (marmor@stanford.edu).
Submitted for Publication: August 16, 2010; final revision received October 2, 2010; accepted October 4, 2010.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Additional Contributions: We thank Harold Novotny, MD, David Alvis, MD, and John Miller, MD, for speaking and corresponding with us during the summer of 2010 and for sharing information that has amplified and clarified the history of fluorescein angiography.


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How Long Can Hard-Boiled Eggs Be Out of the Fridge?
Norah Crowley | updated on August 31, 2017
Norah Crowley
Norah Crowley has been a reporter, feature writer, arts reviewer and editor for daily, weekly, alternative and academic newspapers as well as websites.
Hard-cooked eggs are a staple of picnics, brown-bag lunches and spring holidays, and because of their handy natural packaging they appear to keep for long periods of time. In truth, however, they are susceptible to bacteria and need to be handled with care.
Susceptibility to Bacteria
When hens lay eggs, they manufacture a protective coating, called the bloom, to protect the chick from infection; commercially processed eggs replace this with a coating of mineral oil. Hard-cooking eggs removes the coating, making it easier for bacteria to enter the egg. Therefore, hard-cooked eggs spoil more readily than their raw counterparts.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recommends refrigerating hard-cooked eggs no more than two hours after they have been cooked, and eating them within a week.
Cracked Eggs
Cracked raw eggs may be contaminated with bacteria; don't buy them. If you crack an egg accidentally, remove it from the shell and refrigerate it in a sealed container. If an egg cracks while being hard-cooked, however, the USDA says it is safe and can be stored just like any other hard-cooked egg.
According to the USDA, safety trumps tradition, and dyed Easter eggs should not be left out overnight in baskets or left on the ground for more than two hours during an Easter egg hunt. Breads decorated with colored eggs should also not be left unrefrigerated for more than two hours, and they should be eaten within three or four days.
If you are going to leave hard-cooked eggs unrefrigerated for longer than a couple of hours, such as for a holiday decoration, mark them in an inconspicuous way so that you will know these are eggs that are not safe to eat.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture: Shell Eggs from Farm to Table
Benton Frankline Health District: Egg-ucation
How to Store Hard-Boiled Easter Eggs
How to Store Boiled Eggs in a Refrigerator
How Long Can Hard-Boiled Eggs Be Left Unrefrigerated?
How to Store Boiled Eggs
How to make HARD BOILED EGGS so the shell won't stick
How to Boil Eggs for Coloring

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Heinasoo is a settlement in Võru Parish, Võru County in southeastern Estonia speaking the language Võro.

References

Villages in Võru County

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Shock, horror, corruption in high places! Italian businessmen and politicians investigated over the new AS Roma stadium project. The Italian government is made up almost entirely of new faces, but some things never change.


Damn Justin! Back at it again with the white Vans.
With a small campfire behind him and guitarist James Bay beside him, the Biebs kicked things off with an emotional performance of his break-up anthem "Love Yourself." But that wasn't all.
Watch JB bring the fire.


Real Madrid are confident of signing Eden Hazard from Chelsea after the Belgian recently claimed to have 'made a decision' about his future on French radio.
Following Hazard's most recent quotes, which suggested that he has already made a decision about his future, The Mirror now report that Real Madrid are 'confident' of acquiring his signature this summer.
Chelsea are prepared to make the 28-year-old the highest paid player in the club's history, but they have made no progress when it comes to negotiations.
The report also notes that Hazard's bombshell interview with RMC was done some weeks ago, while the Belgian forward would have known it was not due for immediate release and has since kept fans and the media guessing as to his intentions.
Chelsea boss Maurizio Sarri recently claimed that Hazard will be free to leave the club if he wants to, saying last week: "Eden is 28. If he wants to go, I think he has to go.


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the value specified by num_entries or the number of OpenCL platforms available.
This function is enabled by the cl_khr_icd(3clc) extension.
·   CL_PLATFORM_NOT_FOUND_KHR if zero platforms are available.
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Brooklyn Jury Verdict of $600,000 for 12 Yr Old Girl Upheld On Appeal
On August 11, 2021, an appeals court covering Kings County upheld the decision of Justice Silber which denied a post-trial motion by the NYC Transit Authority to set aside a jury verdict in favor of a then 12 year old girl who slipped and fell on a puddle of water at the Grand Army Plaza subway station in 2011. At trial in 2019, the jury awarded the young lady $200,000 for past pain and suffering and $400,000 for future pain and suffering. (The injuries were not described in the decision or publicly available online). Interestingly, the NYCTA raised two issues on appeal: whether the amounts awarded were excessive; and, whether the verdict was inconsistent because the jury found that the young lady was also negligent but that her negligence was NOT a proximate cause of the accident.
The appeals court found that the sums awarded did not deviate materially from what would be considered reasonable compensation and that "the jury's determination is entitled to great deference." It was also held as to the second argument that "the issues of negligence and proximate cause were not inextricably interwoven, and the jury's determination that the plaintiff was negligent but that her negligence was not a proximate cause of the accident was supported by a fair interpretation of the evidence." Olive v New York City Transit Authority, 2021 NY Slip Op 04666


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Trends of the future
in Innovations, strip, Sustainable consumption, Trends, worldview, essential
What tomorrow will look like
Helmut Melzer 29. October 2019, 13: 14 27.5 k views 2 Comments
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#1 Mixed reality: Future mixes virtual and augmented reality
The cell phone is dead - at least in the future. Most technology experts agree on that. The reason: The user behavior of the future provides for a light, practical equipment that does not have to be held in your hands, which offers a multitude of advantages. One solution is the smartwatch. A far more logical smart glasses. Because, as currently Microsoft with its already available for software developers HoloLens shows, it will soon come to the merger of two concepts: The "augmented reality" (augmented reality), which is also already heavily used on the phone, complements images, Videos or maps with additional digitally overlaid information. Virtual reality lets you immerse yourself in a completely digital world via VR glasses.
If both concepts are used together - as "mixed reality" - unforeseen possibilities arise. The real environment in the view through corresponding glasses mingles with virtual elements and extended information. Voice control or a virtual interface can be used to call up all desired applications and information. Examples: An architect no longer needs a model, not even "real" plans. The planned building appears in the middle of the room, can be moved, changed. Or: a large number of devices, such as televisions and telephones, are no longer needed. At the touch of a button, you sit from one second to the next in a huge cinema room and watch the current blockbuster streaming. And the phone call of the future could soon look like this: Both interlocutors sit comfortably in an environment they generate and chat - as if they were actually in the same room.
HoloLens is the first device on the market. However, the "mixed reality" will only be suitable if further progress has been made in terms of miniaturization. Above all, a tiny, powerful battery is needed.
Helmut Melzer 29. October 2019, 13: 15
#2 When robots care and love is found by VR
A lot of fundamental changes are coming to our society. The most important are technologically conditioned. And: The fear of the new technologies is not so big, wants to know about a representative survey from Porsche Consulting regarding robots in the health sector: Three out of four citizens in Germany have no objection, when a surgery in the hospital "colleague robot" instead of a Surgeons would lead the scalpel. 56 percent would be maintained by a machine. Only 23 percent generally reject medical robots, 44 percent care robots.
Even more encouragement will find the Dating by virtual reality. Online dating sites have changed the search for the joy of life decades ago. MySugardaddy VR is set to launch the world's first virtual reality dating community in the fall. As soon as users immerse themselves in virtual reality with their VR glasses, they experience their flirting partner in the shape of an individually designed avatar. And even though the avatar's design might not quite match 100's percentage of reality, at least the potential new lover can be checked out with a real conversation.
#3 Students want self-realization
Elbow tactics and careers no longer have the highest priority among young people. About two-thirds (67 percent) of German students choose their field of study, according to the univativ survey, because it corresponds to their individual talents and the course contents harmonize with their personal interests. In addition, every fifth student (20 percent) chooses his or her field of study because he wants to move something in the world after graduation.
#4 The cloud is everywhere: one third of all apps in cloud
It's everywhere and nowhere: the cloud that can provide data in seconds worldwide. With her, many of her photos are taken, professionally larger amounts of data are transmitted in this way. What less is known: Many applications or apps use clouds. 15 percent of all new applications today are cloud-native; This share is expected to more than double to 32 percent in the next three years.
#5 "Smart factories" save 500 billion globally
An "intelligent factory" uses digital technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data analytics, artificial intelligence and robotics to increase productivity, quality and flexibility. Investment, according to a study by Capgemini, can lead to an increase in efficiency in the production of 27 percent over the next five years - corresponding to a global annual economic value added of around 500 billion US dollars.
#6 Implants: "Connected Life" soon controls countless devices
Around 40 percent of all electronic devices could be controlled in just a few years by the contact with the body. "Connected Life" means, so to speak, the increasing integration and control of electronics - up to electronic implants in the body. Especially in the field of health, this is imminent: An intelligent contact lens that not only improves eyesight, but also measures vital signs such as blood sugar levels and sends the result directly to the smartphone or displays via micro-LED in the lens? What still sounds like material from a sci-fi movie is already being developed by companies like Google and Novartis. According to the current Oliver Wyman analysis "Connected Life 2025", 2025 already controls 10 percent of today's consumer goods via implants.
A distinction is made between five development steps of the "Connected Life":1. Devices are connected to the Internet, eg the TV2. Devices communicate with each other, eg washing machine with the dryer.3. The human communicates contactlessly with devices, eg via language, facial expressions or Gestik.4. Devices communicate with sensors on the skin or in clothing (patches) .5. Devices communicate with sensors in the skin (implants).
Steps 1, 2 and 3 have long been there: Many TV sets are now web-enabled, and all other devices - for example acoustic assistant "Alexa" & Co - communicate like crazy. The next steps - "intelligent textiles and implants - follow soon: Clothing equipped with sensors, for example, which reports the owner's heart rate to the smartphone, is largely ready for the market. The number of patents in the field of "smart clothing" in Europe has more than doubled in the last ten years, to just under 8.000. Samsung, for example, is currently working on the "S-Patch 3" prototype, which is attached to the body and continuously sends vital signs.
#7 Sympathy for unconditional basic income is increasing
Every second German - exactly: 52 percent - is now for the introduction of an unconditional basic income. Only one in five (22 percent) opposes it. This was the result of a recent transnational study by the market and opinion research institute Ipsos, which unfortunately did not respond to the opinion of the Austrians.
In international comparison, Germany is behind Serbia and Poland, where 67 and 60 percent of respondents favor a universal basic income. The lowest intercession receives the basic income in Spain (31 percent) and France (29 percent). There it is rejected by almost every second respondent (45 percent or 46 percent). In the US (per 38 percent) and in the UK (33 percent approval, 38 percent rejection), approval and rejection are nearly equal. Six out of ten (59 percent) of respondents in Germany believe that a basic income could reduce poverty in their country, only one in eight Germans (13 percent) contradicts.
The referendum in Switzerland 2016 spoke a different language: 78 percent were against a BGE of 2.500 francs. However, the reasons for the negative attitude were, among other things, doubts about the financing. In addition, the government was also negative to the BGE.
#8 Street lamp with WLAN, sensors & Co
Panasonic is developing a street lamp that charges e-vehicles, has a Wi-Fi hotspot or can report overcrowded garbage cans to the city cleaners. Why street lamps? They have the right height, an even distance and are available in a large variety. Implementation is possible thanks to the new HD-PLC technology, which can transmit digital information via power lines.
#9 The pizza delivery comes soon without a driver
A cooperation in the USA between the largest pizza delivery service Domino's Pizza and Ford Motors is already testing the future model in Ann Arbor / Michigan: The experts of the two companies want to gain insights into how customers interact with self-driving vehicles - with a view to the future this is an important aspect in researching food supplies with autonomously driving cars.
#10 New sensor technology makes robots feel
A problem of robot technology - the safe cooperation of man and machine - could soon be solved: Blue Danube Robotics, a spin-off company of the Vienna University of Technology, has developed a sensor system called "Airskin", which recognizes touches immediately and reacts accordingly , Upon contact, the air pressure inside changes. Pressure sensors detect the pressure changes and trigger a safety signal.
#11 Electromobility is developing: Batteries and charging via neutrinos
Recently, the Japanese technology group Toshiba attracted attention in terms of e-mobility: The newly developed Super Charge Ion Battery (SCIB) can be charged in just six minutes for a driving range of 320 kilometers. Using a titanium-niobium oxide anode not only results in twice the capacity but also a lower risk of overcharging. Even after 5.000 recharging, the battery should still have 90 percent of its original capacity. This would have reached another milestone. The range is crucial for acceptance and thus for the breakthrough of e-mobility.
In this context, the German Neutrino Energy Group has taken up a completely different concept: The new German car brand Pi is based on a revolutionary new technology, which at least theoretically without a battery and without charging cable would get - without the need to recharge at charging stations. The small batteries that are used serve only as a buffer to intercept high load peaks - for example during overtaking - or to temporarily store excess converted energy. The vehicles of the brand with the Greek sign for Pi - the number stands for infinity - have an energy converter whose energy comes from light (photovoltaic) or other rays (neutrinos) of the sun and their radiation energies are almost infinite. When and if the new technology is coming is not certain yet. Currently working on first design studies.
The concept in detail: estimates per second and square centimeter arrive at least ten billion neutrinos (smallest high-energy particles) on our planet 24 continuously every day. This means, regardless of location (even in complete darkness), this energy is available everywhere; we have to decentrally develop and use only new techniques to convert this energy into electricity (analogous to photovoltaics, where visible solar radiation is converted into energy).
Strong focus on solar energy is also the new German car brand Sono Motors, The dynamic integration of solar cells into the body of the Sion (pictured) will set new standards. The real peculiarity of the body are the solar cells, which are located on both sides, the roof, the rear and the hood. So far, pre-orders have been received via 6.300 (as of June 2018), the Sion can currently also be tested.
#12 eSports: Computer games are profitable work
4,9 millions of Austrians play video games, according to the latest study by GfK on behalf of the Austrian Association for Entertainment Software (ÖVUS). Most gamers (3,5 millions) play on the smartphone. PCs with 2,3 millions and consoles with 2,2 million gamers follow in second and third place, but are used by their fans all the more.
And, as with many, which enjoys a wide popularity, also here the competition idea becomes more important. In Europe alone, around 22 million players are now assigned to the eSport. Top players in South Korea, the mother of all eSport countries, earn up to 230.000 dollars a year. Spanish e-sportsman Carlos "ocelote" Rodríguez said in an interview that he has already earned 2013 through pay, merchandising, prize money, advertising contracts and streaming between 600.000 and 700.000 Euro.
This is made possible by the huge number of people who watch while playing. Because: Meanwhile, about "Lets Play" videos on Youtube are just as popular as the actual games. The German Erik Range aka "Gronkh" has been playing for many years and can point to 4,6 millions of Youtube subscribers. He is already earning 40.000 Euro a month, rumored annual salary 2017: Proud 700.000 Euro.
But it is also clear: eSports and video production is demanding, professional work, requires training, know-how and, above all, long-term stamina.
#13 E-vehicle provides packages completely single-handedly
Since July, experts at Graz University of Technology have been testing the autonomous delivery of parcels. The prototype of the "Jetflyer" of the western Styrian company i-Tec Styria navigates at walking pace independently and without a driver to different, programmed destinations in the center of Graz. The addressees are informed by SMS upon arrival of the Jetflyer and can take their package from the boxes themselves.
#14 WLAN was yesterday - Li-Fi by light is the new way
Data transmission via light is becoming a key technology in "intelligent factories": The Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS) has developed the Li-Fi GigaDock, a novel light-based communication module that is already in use. The "Li-Fi GigaDock" enables wireless data exchange of individual components over small distances of 1-10 cm with a bandwidth of currently 10 GBit per second.
#15 Network data avoid waiting times
Everyone spends up to seven hours in the waiting rooms of doctors' surgeries. Still: Connected technology can prevent unnecessary waiting times and unnecessary visits. In the networked devices, the direct transfer of the data from measuring devices in patients to the doctor is made possible. He can treat his patients so much easier - even when they are at home. Corresponding solution already exists.
#16 5G and AX - The new standards for mobile phone network, WLAN & Co are coming
It should once again be a veritable revolution. In any case, the new speeds in mobile networks will allow for emerging technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and the Internet of Things (IoT). This has one main reason: the enormous amount of data that has to be sent through the network.
5G is to become the consistent advancement of the existing mobile radio technology - with much larger bandwidths and latencies in the low, single-digit millisecond range. Up to ten gigabits per second should be achieved. That would be about ten times faster than the current LTE standard. In Austria, the starting signal will be fired in autumn when the licenses are auctioned off. Around 500 million euros are expected for the state treasury. A big issue is the number of radio cells that are needed. 5G needs in the long term up to ten times as many, but much smaller antennas than the current standard.
The new future standard for wireless WLAN connections goes in the same direction. The data volumes in the WLAN networks have long since recorded enormous data throughput to enable movie and music streaming and much more. Up to 50 devices should be normal in the home network. Current benefits are already reaching their limits. This should be different with the WLAN ax standard (IEEE 802.11ax), the successor of WLAN ac: The aim of WLAN ax is to improve the efficiency of the WLAN protocol with high subscriber density - and thus at least four times faster. In lab conditions routers and smartphones already communicated with more than 10 Gbit / s, at this speed 1,4 Gigabyte data per second could be sent, reports Asus. In addition, with WLAN ax, which uses 2,4 GHz as well as the 5 Ghz band, neighboring networks will no longer interfere with each other. New wireless routers are already expected with spring 2018.
Both standards are expected by the media industry, as the future of TV and radio will be seen after the end of terrestrial television (and possibly soon radio) in the mobile network. A free network access to domestic streaming offers is already being discussed.
#17 Bio-cyclic-vegan cultivation - ecological and without animal suffering
Bio-cyclic-vegan agriculture - This is the latest development in agriculture. The concept is not completely new: pioneers have already laid the foundations for this in the 20 and 30 years. The "natural farming", which represented a form of management in the interwar years, is in its ideals very similar to the bio-cyclic-vegan concept.
What's it all about? Unlike "bio vegan", which indicates biological process quality and vegan product quality, bio-vegan farming is starting to grow to produce organic and vegan crops. Resources that are associated with animal suffering and exploitation (eg manure, manure, slaughterhouse waste) are consistently dispensed with. In organic farming, these substances, some of which originate from conventional factory farming, are commonly used. By the way, with the bio-cyclic-vegan cultivation also the climate thinking is taken into account.
The cultivation method has been globally valid as an organic standard since the end of 2017 and is thus equivalent to EU organic certification. However, biocyclic-vegan cultivation is only just beginning; in Germany only two companies are allowed to mark their products with the "biocyclic-vegan cultivation" label.
The first products to be labeled with the term "bio-cyclic-vegan" in the supermarkets will be oranges, clementines, lemons, pomegranates, kiwis, cherry tomatoes and olive oil.
#18 Recycled material among key resources
The Bureau of International Recycling (BIR) recently drew attention to the wasteful use of finite natural resources and stressed the future key role of recycling. The key message: a seventh resource is added to the six most important raw materials - water, air, oil, natural gas, coal and ores: recycled material. Innovation in products and packaging is required.
#19 First e-voting system started with Blockchain
Recently, at the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences, an e-voting process involving blockchain technology was used for the first time during an official election. This e-voting process guarantees the voters secrecy of voice and, in addition, makes it possible to check during the election phase using blockchain technology that their votes have been taken into account unchanged. The process was developed by the US Startup Voting Corp.
#20 47 percent use the "Share Economy"
With car sharing, streaming services and flat rate offers, the sharing economy is a booming area, a survey by PwC shows: 47 percent of Austrian respondents used at least one sharing economy service in the past year. The media & entertainment sectors were the most popular (28 percent), followed by hotels & accommodation, mobility and retail & consumer goods (20 percent each).
#21 Robots and AI: Do Machines Get Ethical Conscience?
Every second full-time worker is experiencing changes in working life due to Artificial Intelligence, according to the study "Artificial Intelligence in the Workplace 2018" by the IMWF Institute for Management and Economic Research and the Toluna Market Research Institute: With 63 percent, most people concerned said they lacked a "human component" Reason for their fears. 55 percent see AI applications as "cheap competition" that will lead to declining wages for human labor. Each 46 percent complain that it remains unclear how Artificial Intelligence makes decisions, or that programming errors have serious consequences. 41 percent fear losing their own jobs, 39 percent think AI makes individual, creative or extraordinary solutions to tasks impossible. 36 percent of all employees explicitly do not share these fears. Four percent even expect no change in working life through artificial intelligence. The remainder has no clear opinion on this topic.
Limits for the machines So it's no wonder that the call for an ethical framework for AI is getting louder and louder. This process is already underway, assures Thomas Kremer, Board Member for Data Protection, Legal Affairs and Compliance at Deutsche Telekom: "Recently, Google boss Sundar Pichai published seven guidelines on the ethical use of AI. The EU Commission wants to set up an "on-demand" platform and an observatory for AI in order to facilitate "access to the latest algorithms". An ethics charter is also due to come in 2019. "In the meantime, development is progressing rapidly, as a McKinsey study reveals: 85 percent of those responsible from the automotive, mechanical engineering and aerospace and defense industries assume that technological breakthroughs such as artificial intelligence , the Internet of Things and data-based business models will completely change your company. Three out of four people responsible named the speed of change as a key factor. Almost every second person believes the extent of the change has never been seen before. One factor testifies to the fact that the process cannot be stopped: According to market researcher PwC, the German economy alone should grow by more than 2030 percent by 430. That corresponds to a sum of around XNUMX billion euros. "Artificial intelligence has the potential to become a 'game changer'", says Christian Kirschniak, Head of Data & Analytics Advisory PwC Europe. "Thanks to AI technologies, there will be many things in the near future that we cannot imagine today and that go far beyond simple automation or acceleration." According to sectors, the healthcare sector and the automotive industry are particularly affected, followed by the financial sector and the transport and logistics sector.
#22 Air taxi systems should become reality in ten years time
The traffic of the future could soon conquer the airspace, at least Volocopter, pioneer in the development of air taxis, is sure and is already working on concepts how this will work. The concept integrates air taxis into existing transport structures and offers additional mobility for up to 10.000 passengers per day from the very first point-to-point connection. With dozens of Volo-Hubs and Volo-Ports in one city, they bring up to 100.000 passengers per hour to their destination.
Volocopter are emission-free, electrically powered aircraft that take off and land vertically. They are to offer particularly high security, as all critical flight and control elements are redundantly installed. Volocopters are based on drone technology, but powerful enough to accommodate two people in each Volocopter and fly up to 27 kilometers. The Karlsruhe-based company has already shown that the Volocopter flies safely - most recently in Dubai and Las Vegas. Florian Reuter, from Volocopter GmbH. "We work on the whole ecosystem because we want to establish urban air taxi services around the world. That includes the physical as well as the digital infrastructure. "
#23 Neutrinos: Will the energy of the future come?
"The use of neutrino radiation is the beginning of a new era," says Holger Thorsten Schubart, CEO of Neutrino Energy Group. "The radiation reaching us daily provides more energy than all the remaining fossil resources together." The particles are invisible and constantly flow through every matter. Since the neutrinos have mass property, it is possible to convert the buoyancy of the particles into usable energy.
#24 New registration: more demand for gas cars
In the first quarter of 2018, a total of 234 gas-powered passenger cars were newly registered. That is an increase of over 200 percent compared to the same period of the previous year. If you use renewable green gas for the operation of the vehicles, they are practically CO2-neutral. The Association of Gas and Heat Utilities is now calling for equality with e-mobility as part of the climate and energy strategy.
#25 Or hydrogen: cheaper energy
Renewable hydrogen can already be cheaper than fossil natural gas in the 2030 years. This is stated in a brief study by the analysis institute Energy Brainpool on behalf of Greenpeace. While natural gas prices are rising to 2040 - from the current level of around two cents to 4,2 cents per kWh - production costs for green electricity generated from green electricity - or wind gas - are falling from around 18 to 3,2 to 2,1 ct / kWh.
#26 Futurologist identifies the current values in education
When it comes to values and educational goals, the moral principle of "honesty" is at the top of three out of four people (74 percent). Respect (62 percent), Reliability (61 percent), and Helpfulness (60 percent) are also values that are considered very important. This emerges from a recent representative survey of the Ipsos Institute in collaboration with futurologist Horst Opaschowski, in which 1.000 persons were interviewed from 14 years - with the neighbor Germany, mind you.
Futurist Opaschowski: "The understanding of values stands for appreciation and value preservation and ensures a new sustainability in the values and education debate. It can be conservative and conservative, hesitant and doubtful, but also open to innovation and change. After all, value change is a process that is never completed and that constantly changes the value hierarchy. "
What the parent generation considers "especially important" in education does not agree in every respect with the ideas of the younger generation. The 14- to 24-year-olds would, if they had to raise a child today, very special emphasis on self-employment (64 percent - remaining population: 59 percent) lay. Assertiveness (61 percent - remaining: 49 percent) and teamwork (55 percent - remaining: 45 percent) play a much greater role as educational goal in teens and twens.
#27 Effect of emojis on recipient analyzed
A study by Leanplum shows the potential of emojis in push messages and e-mails: The use of emojis is becoming increasingly popular. The average number of emoji per message and the percentage of messages that contained at least one emoji has doubled in the last year. The use of emojis in emails increases their opening rate by 66 percent and increases the likelihood that recipients will open messages by 254 percent.
#28 Alexa & Co: Majority fears surveillance
One in five uses voice assistants, and the same number are planning to do so. However, 62 percent have concerns about using voice assistants. Around a third of them fear that their private communication is permanently monitored and eavesdropped on and stored by unauthorized third parties. 56 percent of respondents do without Alexa & Co .. The top applications: listening to music (52%), news, weather and traffic reports (40%), web search (29%).
#29 87 percent are for democracy, but tendency to autocracy
For 87 percent of Austrians interviewed by the social research institute SORA, democracy is the best form of government - even "if it brings problems". But, according to Günther Ogris (SORA): "Internationally, the number of democracies up to 2005 has risen to 123. Since then, we have been stagnating and partly regretting democratic rights. "
Four percent of respondents said they reject democracy as a form of government and support the idea of a "strong leader" who "does not have to worry about parliament and elections." Five percent of respondents said they wanted to restrict the independence of the courts, seven percent said they should regulate freedom of expression and assembly, and eight percent pleaded for restrictions on media and opposition rights. In about one third of the interviewees, the social researchers in their analysis located a "readiness for authoritarian measures": 34 percent stated that while they generally agreed with democracy, they were in favor of wanting to restrict at least one of the fundamental and freedoms , the media, the freedom of expression and assembly, the independence of the courts or opposition rights. The other side: According to the survey, 63 percent of respondents wanted more rights for workers, 61 percent more participation, and 49 percent said independence of courts and the media was important. 46 percent said they were in favor of expanding the welfare state.
#30 Smartphone neck and sms thumb
On average, young people use their smartphone or tablet for over two hours a day. Children often use game consoles. The special posture - the head is tilted forward - leads to neck tension, neck pain and ultimately also head and back pain. The reason: In this posture, "the cervical spine hangs in its ligaments," overloading and overloading it to chronic irritation.
#31 Study: packaging please environmentally friendly
95 percent of consumers expect shipping packaging to be stable and to protect goods on their way to the front door. But: Proud 93 percent expect a good recyclability, 89 percent want that the packaging is easy to dispose of, so the pollster Kantar Emnid. And: The eco-properties are also important for the dealers: 78 percent think recycling is important. Tell me.
#32 The future belongs to the honest products
The Consumer Goods Forum and the Chartered Institute of Marketing agree that consumer interest in transparency in terms of social, health and environmental and safety aspects is greater than it was five years ago (90 percent), and that the consumer interest in transparency with regard to these aspects will increase in the future - to 95 percent.
#33 No problem with human rights? Globally, only a few believe that
Only four out of ten (42 percent) in 28 countries worldwide believe that everyone in their country enjoys the same human rights. This result of a study by the market and social research institute Ipsos gives rise to doubts about how universal human rights actually are. While one in five (20%) is not positioned on this issue, one in three (33%) bluntly states that not everyone has the same human rights in their home country. Interestingly, Germans and Chinese see their country here above average positive, each almost two-thirds (63%) believe in equal human rights. In South Africa (25%) and Italy (28%), the picture is completely different. Only one out of three (31%) believes that human rights abuses are a problem in other countries, but not really in his. Four out of ten reject this statement, confirming that they have committed violations in their home country. One in four can not decide on this question. The only country in the 28 polled countries where a majority (55%) believes that human rights are not a problem in their country is Germany. Especially in Colombia (69%), South Africa, Peru and Mexico (each 60%) large majorities are taking the opposite.
Most citizens (78%) agree that a law protecting human rights is important in their country, with only six percent disagreeing. Especially in Serbia (90%), Hungary (88%), Colombia (88%), South Africa (86%) and Germany (84%) one is of the opinion. Interestingly, in Brazil (12%), Saudi Arabia (11%) and Turkey, this view is barely represented. Even if large sections of the population consider human rights important, only one in two respondents (56%) say they know a lot about them.
The findings are from the Global Advisor study conducted by 2018 on the Ipsos Online Panel among 23.249 individuals in 28 countries.
#34 Gender Shift: Unfolding the Entire Society
The term gender shift describes a change in the meaning of the sexes. In short, according to the Zukunftsinstitut: Gender loses social responsibility. This trend has far-reaching consequences in the economy and society - and for every individual. Apart from the importance for the economy with gender-neutral products, changed work situations, but above all one thing is especially important: people of every gender want to live independently and have the same rights. The trend is towards more freedom for all and away from societal restrictions that have hindered people in their quality of life, but also in the development of their potential, both professionally and privately.
However, according to Lena Papasabbas of the Zukunftsinstitut: "Right-wing conservative populists and proletarian professionals face up to the values of the megatrend gender shift with their publicly conveyed world view." In addition, the Global Gender Gap Report 2017 of the World Economic Forum shows: Already the gender gap has been completed only to 68 percent.
www.zukunftsinstitut.de
#35 New Consumption: Instead of buying spree responsibility
Millennials love shopping, but they consume wisely. According to the Consumers 2018 consumption barometer, three-quarters of respondents try to limit their spending to what is needed. 72 percent say they prefer to buy less, but high quality. The European millennials enjoy shopping, but the buying spree seems to go out of fashion, "sums up Anja Wenk. "The generation is more concerned about the necessity and sustainability of their purchase decision." This result corresponds to the fact that even 41 percent of millennials (44 percent in Germany) call themselves responsible. This sense of responsibility of millennials is also reflected in their attitude to collaborative consumption. Sharing, swapping or hiring products is what most young generation (80 percent) respondents think is good. For comparison: 35 year olds are 72 percent. Property as such is no longer so much in the focus of millennials.
#36 Meat consumption 2040: Only 40% animal
According to a study by international consultancy AT Kearney, up to 2040 percent of meat products in 60 will no longer come from animals. Dr. Carsten Gerhardt, partner and agricultural expert at AT Kearney, said: "Already 2040 will only produce 40 percent of the animals' consumed meat products. This also means a shrinking of factory farming with all its problems. "
While the authors claim that the global meat market continues to grow, the authors suggest that new alternatives to meat and cultivated meat are increasingly displacing ordinary meat. In the study titled "How Does Cultured Meat and Meat Alternatives Disrupt the Agricultural and Food Industry?" Cultivated meat could significantly reduce the area and fertilization problem and make obsolete the use of antibiotics and other substances for the breeding and protection of animals. The release states: "We feed most of the crops to animals to produce meat that is ultimately consumed by humans. (...) With projections of an increase in the world's population today from 7,6 billion to around 10 billion in 2050, there is no way around artificial meat and meat alternatives. "
Image: AT Kearney
#37 Carinthia: Flight taxis on the way to reality
Carinthia will be part of a research project between the province of Carinthia and the company EHang Overseas, model and test region for the testing of "passenger drones" in the areas of tourism, passenger and goods transport. Test areas could include the grounds of Klagenfurt airport, the Wörthersee area and the logistics center. Center in Villach / Fürnitz (LCAS). According to the Mobility Councilor Sebastian Schuschnig, which of these can be implemented in any form will be worked out in the next project steps together with the manufacturer and the authorities. Safety is a top priority for the company. The systems are redundant and each of the 16 rotors is equipped with its own engine and its own battery. The flight taxi can accommodate two seats and storage space for luggage and will be set up at defined and thus secured take-off and landing areas. The doors remain automatically closed until the rotors are stationary. These take-off and landing areas are waiting for passengers, but also serve as charging stations for the taxis. The electrically operated drones reach an airspeed up to 130km / h and a range between 50-70km. The maximum flight duration is 30 minutes. The volume is comparable with a maximum of 65db with a vacuum cleaner.
Picture: SURAAA, kk
#38 Cannabis market already at $ 340 billion today
"Worldwide, more than 50 countries have legalized medicinal cannabis in some form. Six countries have legalized cannabis for adult use (also known as recreational use), "said Giadha Aguirre de Carcer of New Frontier Data:" The legal cannabis industry is indeed a worldwide phenomenon today. Despite far-reaching bans, cannabis use is increasing, and the critical attitude towards typical cannabis users continues to weaken. " There are an estimated 263 million cannabis users worldwide; the current global demand for cannabis is estimated at $ 344,4 billion. Worldwide, an estimated 1,2 billion people suffer from health problems for which cannabis has proven therapeutic benefits. If medicinal cannabis treatment were to catch on even a small fraction of this population, it would create a huge market. Canada, the country with the largest legalized adult cannabis market in the world, pioneered the cannabis trade, exporting nearly 2018 tons of dried cannabis in 1,5 (three times the amount in 2017). Regions like Latin America and possibly Africa could potentially compete in the export market thanks to low production costs and optimal climatic conditions.
Helmut Melzer 23. January 2020, 13: 25
#39 Generation Z wants a career with responsibility
Young professionals are bringing new issues to the job market. For generation Z, the social attitude of their future employer is particularly important when looking for a job. This is a result of the current Randstad Employer Brand study, which determines annual trends in the job market. According to this, 24 percent of 18- to 24-year-olds would choose to apply for a company that takes responsibility for society and the environment. The classic selection criteria such as financial stability, flexibility and job security play a significantly smaller role in Generation Z than in previous generations of young professionals: In 2013, for example, companies' attitudes towards ecological and socio-political issues were only a decisive criterion for eight percent of all respondents the employer assessment. Six years later, 17 percent of those questioned consider it important - a doubling of the approval rating.
#40 Third gender has now been officially recognized
Now it's finally time for Alex Jürgen: The first birth certificate and the first passport with a third gender entry have now been received. Alex Jürgen is the first person to legally fight for the gender entry "divers" or "X" - a third gender, if you will.
In 2016 Alex Jürgen applied for a third gender entry at the registry office. The registration of the gender is regulated in the Civil Status Act 2013. So far, people have been entered in the civil status register as either "male" or "female". Since 2019, the gender entry "divers" has been possible as a third option in addition to "male" and "female" in Austria.
There is now a "third option" in numerous countries. In Australia, Bangladesh, Denmark, Germany, India, Malta, Nepal, New Zealand, Portugal and some states of the USA there is a third category such as "non-specified" in civil status or an "x" in the passport.
#41 Fair trade: a clear mandate to politics
"There is a positive trend towards fair trade across Europe. Current study results show that companies and governments are increasingly demanding responsibility. 88 percent of the respondents ask companies to take care of the environment, 84 percent see companies as duty to combat global poverty. Political decision-makers are also called for more effort. 71 percent believe that these should play a greater role in promoting sustainable consumption, "says Hartwig Kirner, head of Fairtrade Austria. The demand for Fairtrade products is also increasing. A total of 2018 tonnes of coffee were in demand in Austria in 4.147. That is an increase of eight percent. Fairtrade bananas grew by a further 2017 percent after the record year of 20 (to 27.857 tonnes). Cocoa has been a growth driver since 2014 - with an increase of 19,6 percent in 2018, the demand for Fairtrade cocoa rose to 3.217 tons. Fairtrade cane sugar was particularly successful thanks to new specialty varieties, with demand rising by 11,1 percent.
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Written by Helmut Melzer
As a long-time journalist, I asked myself what would actually make sense from a journalistic point of view. You can see my answer here: Option. Showing alternatives in an idealistic way - for positive developments in our society.
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Aš veganas. Aš nevalgau jokios mėsos, paukštienos, žuvies ar jūros gėrybių, jokių gyvulinės kilmės produktų, įskaitant visus pieno produktus, kiaušinius ir medų.
That's Lithuanian for: "I am a vegan. I do not eat any meat, poultry, fish or seafood or any animal products including all dairy products, eggs and honey."
And here's a bunch of other words and short phrases that will help you share your vegan dietary requirements while travelling in Lithuania.
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In the late 1800's New York saw the beginning of the energy system that we have all become used to – the energy supplier gives the consumer the energy they use. The consumer flicks a switch and the light is there, and at the end of a month or a quarter or a year, they get a bill. With no real understanding of how the energy was used or where it came from. Consumers are passive.
But this is not the 1800s. The world today could not be more different, and the energy landscape is on the cusp of a new era.
Three trends in particular are fundamentally re-shaping the energy world.
The first one is the growth of renewable energy. In the US alone, over 25GW of solar capacity has been installed – enough to power over 5 million homes.
Second, people's attitudes towards energy are changing. Customers increasingly want choice, they want control, and the ability to use less energy. Increasingly, they also want lower carbon emissions.
Third, technology is becoming more available. As an example, electricity storage is poised to become an established and affordable technology. Lithium-ion battery prices fell by 53% between 2012 and 2015 (GSR, 2015). But changes in digital technology and data analytics are probably even more important. The internet of things is going to have a fundamental impact on the way the energy world does business. It is estimated that the world will have 50 billion connected devices by 2020. Big data and analytics will give future utilities the ability to extract meaningful insights for their customers that lead to understanding and changes in their behaviour to, for example, reduce the amount of energy that they consume.
These three trends (renewables, attitudes towards energy, and accessibility of technology) mean that the days of the passive consumer are gone. It also means that the location of energy – where energy is generated and managed – is changing. Energy will be generated closer to the point of consumption, and we are seeing the emergence of local energy systems and micro-grids.
So what does the internet of things means for energy? It means the democratisation of energy. From a handful of players to tens of thousands of large energy users and millions of households and small companies that will play a role.
In Australia, one out of seven households now have solar panels on the roof, the highest global penetration on a per capita basis and rapidly growing.
For the world this portends a once-in-a-century upset of the geostrategic order. The technology and energy sectors will no longer simply be one another's suppliers and customers. They will be competing directly. Power will no longer be something that is exclusively produced by huge, centralised units owned by large utilities – it will no longer be something that is consumed in a dumb way. The "we have done it like this for a century" value chain in developed electricity markets will be turned upside down within the next 10-20 years, driven by solar, batteries and in general, changing customer behaviour. In the age of transparency, consumers want a highly personalised and fully automated service and they want the ability to choose how their power is generated and by whom.
What we have seen to date is clearly the tip of the iceberg, with far more to follow at a pace that will stun many observers, utility executives and regulators included.
Apple Energy – It was recently announced that Apple has obtained a license from FERC to re-sell green energy as a retail provider. While the details of what the company intends to do is yet to be determined, it is likely to turn Apple into an electricity retailer with a powerful brand. Instead of selling its excess renewable energy portfolio at wholesale prices, it can get a much better margin this way. Apple Energy would more or less act as an energy provider itself, enabling the company to leverage its investments in renewable energy like wind and solar to generate new revenue from an entirely new market.
Tesla as a one-stop transport, solar and storage shop – Tesla's CEO Elon Musk has announced his intention to acquire SolarCity, the biggest solar PV installer in America. In a blog posted at his website, Musk has outlined in no uncertain terms how he plans to disrupt the traditional utility incumbents by offering an integrated solution that combines electric mobility, solar self-generation and storage as a convenient and seamless package.
Apple's actions are driven by a few key trends that will likely impact most large enterprises – if not today, then in the relatively near future. First – the discussions around corporate commitments to combat climate change are heating up, and if your business doesn't have a proactive strategy, regulations and mandates will eventually force you to develop one. Few businesses can go as far as Apple, but all organisations can start to mitigate risk by reducing their reliance on fossil fuel-generated power and setting science-based carbon reduction goals. With Apple's aggressive head start at creating a diversified energy portfolio, the company has positioned itself to face the fallout of unexpected natural disasters, while also reducing its exposure to energy price volatility, increasingly strict regulations on carbon reductions, and the downstream effects of geopolitical upheaval that can disrupt energy markets at any given moment.
And there is the impact on the incumbent energy industry. New technologies – not just in renewables, but in storage, and in software – mean the game is changing rapidly. And as the industry becomes more digitised and adapts to new business models, it is highly unlikely the providers of electricity in the new world may not be the same as those in the past. In fact, it will probably come from firms with the biggest marketing power – which is why the likes of Apple, Google, Facebook and telcos such as Telstra are looking at the sector with such interest.
For the first time in history of the electric power sector, consumers in high retail tariff regions are able to meet most if not all their service needs through self-generation at costs that are on par or lower than the grid-supplied electricity, a phenomenon that is likely to spread as the cost of distributed solar generation continues to fall while the cost of grid-supplied electricity is projected to rise.
Equally important are rapid technological advances in energy storage, electric vehicles, micro-grids, intelligent home energy management, demand aggregation, and demand response, all pointing to a different future with a different role for the incumbent stakeholders in the power sector.
Ultimately, the shift from fossil fuels to new forms of energy will take place not because new energy is better for the environment or energy security, or because of future government subsidies or as yet undeveloped technology. This revolution is already occurring through decisions made by self-interested energy users. The shift is inevitable and will be as transformative as the last century's revolutions in information and communication technologies.


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Reading: CIA Chief John Brennan says it would be the "height of folly" if Trump relinquishes the Iran Nuclear Deal
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CIA Chief John Brennan says it would be the "height of folly" if Trump relinquishes the Iran Nuclear Deal
Ankita Sharma Published November 30, 2016
The outgoing Director of Central Intelligence Agency John Brennan has recently said in an interview that it would be the epitome of folly for the US President-elect Donald Trump if he chooses to relinquish the nuclear deal with Iran. Furthermore, CIA Chief John Brennan has advised Trump to beware of Russia's intentions and move cautiously while dealing with it. Commenting on the Syrian attacks, the CIA director held Moscow responsible.
CIA Chief John Brennan warns Donald Trump regarding the relinquishment of Iran Nuclear Deal
"It could lead to a weapons programme inside of Iran that could lead other states in the region to embark on their own programmes…So I think it would be the height of folly if the next administration were to tear up that agreement.", said John Brennan while commenting on Trump's plans to scrap the Iran Nuclear deal.
He further said that "it would be disastrous" if Donald Trump ends the Iran nuclear deal as he said that it would be inappropriate and unprecedented to act against the agreements made by the previous administration.
Outlining the thrust areas in which the administration is required to act with great "prudence and discipline" as per him, he mentioned these areas that need to be dealt with utmost diligence – where the language is used regarding terrorism, relations with Russia, the Iran nuclear deal and the way in which the CIA's own covert capabilities were employed required.
"I do not have confidence that the Russians are going to relent until they are able to achieve as much tactical battlefield successes as possible…I think President Trump and the new administration need to be wary of Russian promises", he added.
He also said that Russia had tried to manipulate the US election results by hacking and updating misleading information, while he stated that the US should not "stoop to their level" and should use better and systematic ways to make Russia understand that such a devious act is unacceptable.
Brennan will be bidding adieu to CIA in January next year.
TAGGED: Central Intelligence Agency, Donald Trump, John Brennan, Russia, Syrian attacks
Ankita Sharma November 30, 2016
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Michael Dean "Mike" Luffey, 65, of Great Mills, MD passed away on January 31, 2019 at his home.
He was born on October 24, 1953 in Leonardtown, MD to Charles M. Luffey of Lexington Park, MD and the late Lois Hanlin Luffey.
Mike was employed with Blazers Construction for many years and later with Honuapo (H-1) as a dedicated and dependable construction foreman. He was a master builder and mason and took great pride in his work. Mike enjoyed working on masonry and building projects for family and friends. As a lifelong St Mary's County resident he enjoyed fishing, crabbing and baseball. If you didn't find Mike working on a project he may be found at the ballfield. Mike started playing ball at a young age and later with the Brass Rail Struggler's baseball team for many years. He later coached women's softball teams. Mike was an avid Redskins and Nationals fan and enjoyed the thrill of the game. Mike cherished every minute he spent with his grandson Ethan and especially their tractor rides together.
He is survived by his two children, Ross Lane Luffey of Great Mills, MD and Brianne Dawn Luffey of Great Mills, MD; his beloved grandson, Ethan Caleb Shaw of Great Mills, MD. He is also survived by three siblings, Linda Sanner of Lexington Park, MD, Karla Warren of Lexington Park, MD, and Deanna Youdal (Richard) of Lexington Park, MD. In addition to his mother he is also preceded in death by his son Ethan Michael Luffey and brother, Charles Christopher (Chris) Luffey.
Family will receive friends on Tuesday, February 5, 2019 from 1:00 p.m. till 3:00 p.m., with a Memorial Service at 2:00 p.m., at Brinsfield Funeral Home, P.A., 22955 Hollywood Road, Leonardtown, MD 20650. Interment will be private.
Memorial contributions may be made to American Cancer Society, 405 Williams Court, Ste. 120, Baltimore, MD 21220.


This beautifully remodeled 4 bedrooms, 2 baths Ranch home comes with 3 car garages. Excellent location near top rated schools in highly desired Pleasanton Meadows neighborhood. Backyard has persimmon, lemon, yuzu and orange trees. House is in a quiet neighborhood, has a good layout and is bright. Close to BART and convenient to freeways.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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22 27th Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414
A Home On The River
Elegant Homes in Serene Community
A Community for Art Lovers
A Host of Amenities
Two Bedroom
Urban Living, Neighborhood Charm
A Cultural Metropolis
City Living in Park Rich Setting
Connectivity to the Twin Cities
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the diversions of a great metropolis are nearby
Just a three-mile ride from the undisturbed peace of your home at 22 On The River and the green expanses along the Mississippi Gorge, beckons the vibrant energy of downtown Minneapolis and the excitement the city can offer. Orchestra Hall is home to the internationally renowned Minnesota Orchestra: its Sommerfest of daily musical events takes place each year both indoors and outdoors at Peavey Plaza, in front of Orchestra Hall. Nicollet Mall—the "spine" of Downtown Minneapolis—has a cluster of gourmet restaurants, cheery pubs, glittering nightspots, performing arts, and more. During the warmer months, the Mall bustles with energy from thousands of people enjoying its many outdoor and rooftop dining choices. In downtown St. Paul, also a short ride away, the Ordway Center for Performing Arts provides the finest in American musical theater, world music, dance and vocal artists on its Music Theater stage, which is the home of the renowned St. Paul Chamber Orchestra and the Minnesota Opera.
Minneapolis has nearly as many live theaters per person as New York City. They include the renowned Guthrie Theater, in a Jean Nouvel building on the Mississippi River, a short ride from 22 On The River; the clusters of theaters, some historically and architecturally significant, that form the Hennepin Avenue Theater District; the Cowles Center for Dance and the Performing Arts; and the First Avenue music club, which has fostered musical acts from avant-garde to mainstream since 1970, and has been a stepping stone for many prominent artists. In St. Paul, the nationally renowned Penumbra Theater has thrived since 1976 by staging compelling works that build on and illuminate the African American experience.
Minneapolis' three famous museums are easily reached from 22 On The River. The Weisman Art Museum, in an iconic Frank Gehry building overlooking the Mississippi River, and dedicated to modern art, is at walking distance from 22 On The River. The Walker Art Center, one of the nation's best modern art museums, and the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden, a crown jewel of the Minneapolis park system, are on the west side of Downtown Minneapolis. The Sculpture Garden includes the iconic Spoonbridge and Cherry sculpture and the Cowles Conservatory, which provides year-round displays of seasonal and tropical gardens. The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, just south of Downtown Minneapolis, with wings designed by Kenzo Tange and Michael Graves, has rich collections of European and American art from different periods, and one of the finest collections of Asian art in the country.
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CORPORATE HOUSING BY FINE ASSOCIATES
Fine Associates LLC, managers of One Ten Grant, Five15 On The Park, 740 River Drive, 22 On The River and Marquette Place offers, in its Corporate Housing Program, fully furnished apartment residences that can be leased for just one month or more. These furnished units also include kitchenware, bedding, bath towels, and electronics – they are urban homes ready for living the day you move in. Furnished units are available at each of the five Twin Cities properties managed by Fine Associates.
22 27th Avenue SE
leasing@22ontheriver.com
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The different flounces provide some relief and sublimate this clutch. The leather edges keep the lines smooth for a modern treatment.
Details: 100 cm brass removable shoulder strap. Alcantara lining. Pressure closure. 1 inside flat pocket.