text:
\section{Introduction}

Traveling waves are basic patterns emerging in excitable media and are observed
in many physical, chemical, and biological systems. In chemical systems,
propagating excitation waves can be found in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ)
reaction \citep{KEE86,KAP95a}. Many important examples of excitation waves are
found in biological systems, in particular, neuronal systems, such as the
action potential, a wave of electrical depolarization that propagates along the
membrane of a nerve cell axon with constant shape and velocity \citep{HOD52},
or spreading depression (SD), a wave of sustained cell and tissue
depolarization caused by a massive release of Gibbs free energy that propagates
through gray matter tissue \cite{LEA44,DRE11}.  Besides, intracellular waves of
calcium have been observed \citep{CAM93, FAL99}.  In physical systems, a large
variety of spatiotemporal patterns has been shown to occur during the oxidation
of CO on a Pt(110) surface \citep{JAK90,BET04a,BAE94}.

As a model for these traveling waves, we consider excitable media of
activator-inhibitor type.  This macroscopic description is used to study the
generic behavior of traveling waves in reaction-diffusion-advection systems.
The spatial coupling within the medium is primarily  given by diffusion, while
advection is introduced in either of two ways.  First, external forcing can
lead to advection which changes the excitation properties of the unforced
reaction-diffusion system.  In this case, the advection term models the mean
flow, for instance, of ions driven by an externally applied constant electrical
field \citep{ISI:A1986D719600004,GomezGesteira1997389}. This case has been studied in the chemical BZ reaction
\citep{STE92,Chomaz_1992_PRL} and in
some preliminary studies in cortical SD \cite{GRA56}. Second, in
two-dimensional reaction-diffusion media, a small curvature of a wave front can
also formally lead to an advection term under some approximations resulting in a
reduced reaction-diffusion-advection description in one dimension \citep{ZYK84,GomezGesteira1997389,TYS88}.  Front curvature effects have been observed in
the BZ reaction \cite{foerster1988curvature,STE93a}. Furthermore, drifting pulses that
form via an advection instability in a reaction-diffusion medium with
differential advection have been analyzed \citep{yochelis2010dri} and critical
properties of traveling waves affected by advection have been discussed
\citep{ZYK84,DAV02,GomezGesteira1997389}.

It has been shown, that advection can have destructive and constructive effects
on traveling waves, namely, slowing them down and even abolish them at a
critical speed, and accelerating them and even facilitate propagation of
traveling waves in the parameter regime in which the system without advection
is non-excitable, respectively.   Here we
investigate in particular the latter non-excitable regime, which without advection does not support traveling waves.
In this regime, the current analytical
approximation fails. We provide an extended analytical approximation and
compare our results also with numerically simulations.

\section{FitzHugh-Nagumo in co-moving frame and with advection}
\label{sec:FHN}

\subsection{FitzHugh-Nagumo dynamics}

Let us firstly consider excitable media of activator-inhibitor type
 in one spatial dimension with diffusion,
\begin{eqnarray}
  \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} &=& f(u,v) +D_u \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2},\label{eq:FHNohneAu}\\
  \frac{\partial v}{\partial t} &=& \varepsilon g(u,v) + D_v \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2}.\label{eq:FHNohneAv}
\end{eqnarray}

This system has two variables $u(x,t)$ and $v(x,t)$ called activator and
inhibitor, respectively, that depend on time $t$ and space $x$. The parameters
$D_u$ and $D_v$ are the diffusion coefficients of activator $u$ and inhibitor
$v$, respectively. The parameter $\varepsilon$ is the time scale ratio between
$u$ and $v$.

Next, we specify the activator rate function $f(u,v)$ and inhibitor rate
function $g(u,v)$ as FitzHugh-Nagumo dynamics \citep{BON48,FIT61,NAG62}, that
is, $f(u,v)=3u-u^3-v$ and  $g(u,v)=(u+ \beta + \gamma v)$. Note, that in the
most general case of FitzHugh-Nagumo systems---defined as
$f(u,v)$ having a cubic nonlinearity in the first argument $u$ and being linear
otherwise, in particular, $g(u,v)$ is linear---there are only three free parameters:
$\varepsilon$, $\beta$, and $\gamma$. With diffusion, only one more free parameter is introduced, because
one of the two diffusion coefficients $D_u$
and $D_v$ can be set to unity by scaling space.

FitzHugh-Nagumo dynamics is chosen, as it provides a mathematically tractable excitable
medium of activator-inhibitor type and we further simplify this system to
obtain only two free parameter as follows. Inhibitor diffusion is assumed to be
slow and hence negligible, i.e., $D_v=0$. In the remainder, we refer to $D_u$
as $D$ and note that formally, it is not a free parameter anymore as it can be
set to unity by scaling $x$ accordingly. Moreover, we chose to set $\gamma =0
$. These simplifications are further discussed in Sec.~\ref{sec:conclusion}.

With only the two parameters $\varepsilon$ and $\beta$ left, the influence of
an additional advection term is more easy to illustrate and also the suitable
regime of $\beta$ can readily be seen. The parameter $\varepsilon$ has
to be chosen, in any case, much smaller than unity, because only slow
inhibitor kinetics render dynamics excitable.  In the local FitzHugh-Nagumo system
($D_u\!=\!D_v\!=\!0$) and at any arbitrary position $x_0$, the parameter
$\beta$ determines whether the dynamics at $x_0$ is in the excitable regime
($\beta\!>\!1$) or exhibits self-sustained periodic oscillations
($\beta\!<\!1)$. In the following, we only consider the excitable regime, which
is in parameter space near the oscillatory regime.

\subsection{Traveling waves and co-moving coordinate frame}

Next, we consider traveling waves, i.e., solutions of
Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNohneAu})-(\ref{eq:FHNohneAv}) with a constant propagation
velocity $c$ and unaltered wave profile $u(x,t)=u(\xi)$, $v(x,t)=v(\xi)$, that
is, a stationary profile in the co-moving coordinate $\xi=x+ct$.  Without loss
of generality, we only consider waves propagating in negative $x$-direction,
see Fig.\ \ref{fig:pulseCurve}a.\\

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{pulseCurve}
\caption{Illustration of (a) activator and inhibitor profiles propagating in an external electrical field and (b) two-dimensional V-shaped pattern (top view, red indicates the area with $u>0$).}
  \label{fig:pulseCurve}
\end{figure}

Traveling waves are stationary profiles in co-moving coordinate
frames. To find these, Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNohneAu})-(\ref{eq:FHNohneAv}) then can be
transformed to   \begin{eqnarray} c\frac{\partial u}{\partial\xi} &=&
3u-u^3-v+D\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial\xi^2},\label{eq:FHNcomovingohneAu}\\
c\frac{\partial v}{\partial\xi} &=& \varepsilon(u+\beta).
\label{eq:FHNcomovingohneAv} \end{eqnarray} An advection term, added to
Eq.~(\ref{eq:FHNohneAu}) or
Eq.~(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingohneAu}), may arise
through different mechanisms.

\subsection{Advection}

Let us only briefly mention the quantities and how they relate formally to an
advection term in an 1D approximation of curved RD fronts in spatially
two-dimensional media\citep{ZYK84}. Propagating slightly curved wave fronts $(R\ll L)$,
where $L$ is the width of the rising front, can be approximated by
\begin{eqnarray}
 c(A)\frac{\partial u}{\partial\xi} &=& 3u-u^3-v+D\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial\xi^2}+A\frac{\partial u}{\partial\xi},\label{eq:FHNcomovingRu}\\
c(A)\frac{\partial v}{\partial\xi} &=& \varepsilon(u+\beta),
\label{eq:FHNcomovingRv}
\end{eqnarray}
with $A=\frac{D}{R}$, where $R$ is the curvature radius of the front. For a
detailed derivation, see Ref.~\citep{ZYK84}. The term $A\frac{\partial
u}{\partial\xi}$ is called advection term.

As it is not readily obvious, we will also briefly derive that basically the
same set of equations, i.e.,
Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingRu})-(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingRv}), can be obtained, if one
considers advection due to a constant external driving force.  Both, activator
$u$ and inhibitor $v$ can be associated with particles of different mobilities
$m_u$ and $m_v$. It seems that we can also neglect $m_v$, because we already
assumed inhibitor diffusion to be negligible and the diffusion coefficient is
related to the mobility through the Einstein relation $D=mkT$, where $k$ is
Boltzmann's constant, and $T$ the absolute temperature.  Note, however, that we
have to consider the electrical mobility $\mu$, which is the mobility $m$ times
the charge $q$ of the particle. For ions or charged macromolecules, the charge
$q$ is the valence number $z$ times the elementary charge $e$ of the electron,
thus, $\mu=mze$. Therefore, the absolute value of the quotient of the
electrical mobilities $|\mu_v/\mu_u|$ is not necessarily much smaller than
unity, even if $m_v/m_u\ll1$. Since a large valence number $z$ is only found in
large charged macromolecules, which indeed have a much smaller mobility $m$, an
advection term in the inhibitor equation despite the fact that we set the
diffusion to zero is a reasonable assumption.

Particle motion
could then be affected by a homogeneous external field (e.g. an electrical
field of strength $E$), which is applied parallel to the propagation direction,
and Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingohneAu})-(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingohneAv}) read
\begin{eqnarray}
 c\frac{\partial u}{\partial\xi} &=& 3u-u^3-v+D\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial\xi^2}+\mu_uF \frac{\partial u}{\partial\xi},\label{eq:FHNcomovingmobilityu}\\
c\frac{\partial v}{\partial\xi} &=& \varepsilon(u+\beta)+\mu_vF\frac{\partial v}{\partial\xi},
\label{eq:FHNcomovingmobilityv}
\end{eqnarray}
where $F$ is the strength of the field and $zE=-F$ with the valence $z$ of the ion.\\
Changing the velocity of the co-moving frame to $\tilde c$,
\begin{eqnarray}
 \tilde c&=&c-\mu_vF.
\end{eqnarray}
One can interpret this system in the co-moving frame with $\tilde c$ as a system with advection only in the activator with advection strength $A$, see Fig.\ \ref{fig:pulseCurve}a. For $\tilde c=c(A)$, this yields
\begin{eqnarray}
 c(A)\frac{\partial u}{\partial\xi} &=& 3u-u^3-v+D\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial\xi^2}+A\frac{\partial u}{\partial\xi}\label{eq:FHNcomovingu},\\
c(A)\frac{\partial v}{\partial\xi} &=& \varepsilon(u+\beta)\label{eq:FHNcomovingv},
\end{eqnarray}
where $\xi=x-(c-\mu_vF)t$ and $A=F(\mu_u-\mu_v)$. The first and the second mechanism now are described by the same equation, as Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingu})-(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingv}) and Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingRu})-(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingRv}) are the same.
In stationary coordinates, this reads
\begin{eqnarray}
 \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} &=& 3u-u^3-v+D\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2}+A\frac{\partial u}{\partial x},\label{eq:FHNu}\\
\frac{\partial v}{\partial t} &=& \varepsilon(u+\beta).
\label{eq:FHNv}
\end{eqnarray}
For $c(A)>0$ (propagation in negative $x$-direction), $A>0$ can be interpreted as an approximation to small positive curvature of a wave front propagationg in a spatial 2D medium, that e.g.\ exhibit so-called V-shaped pattern \citep{Brazhnik199540}, see Fig.~\ref{fig:pulseCurve}b. Interpreting the activator variable $u$ and the inhibitor variable $v$ as the concentration of different charged ions, $A>0$ corresponds to a constant electrical field externally applied parallel to the propagation direction. For example, activator $u$ being positive charged ions and inhibitot $v$ being noncharged, $A>0$ corresponds to an electrical field that has the same direction as the propagation direction, see Fig.~\ref{fig:pulseCurve}a.

\section{Theory}

In this section, we derive an approximation for the critical velocity and the
corresponding critical advection strength Sec.~\ref{sec:crvelandcradv}.
To this end, we first define the propagation boundary Sec.~\ref{sec:pb} and then derive the
advection-velocity relation for unstable waves in Sec.~\ref{sec:advelslowwave}.

\subsection{Propagation boundary}
\label{sec:pb}

FitzHugh-Nagumo system without advection (Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNohneAu})-(\ref{eq:FHNohneAv})) ($1<\beta<\sqrt{3}$ and $\varepsilon$ sufficiently small) has a stable fast wave solution and an unstable slow wave solution which correspond to homoclinic orbits of the related ODE problem (Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingohneAu})-(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingohneAv})), see Ref.\citep{Krupa199749}. There exists a critical line $\partial P$ in the $(\varepsilon,\beta)$ space, at which the fast wave branch collides with the slow wave branch.  For values of $\beta$ and $\varepsilon$ above this critical line, propagation of traveling waves cannot be obtained. These properties carry over to the case of finite advection strength $A$. Thus it is reasonable to take into account the slow wave solution when calculating the critical properties, i.e. the critical surface in the $(\varepsilon,\beta,A)$ space, which separates the excitable and the non-excitable parameter regime and a critical velocity $c_{cr}$ depending on advection $A$.

The nonlinear Eikonal equation \citep{ZYK84} provides a good approximation for the advection-velocity relation of the fast wave solution, if the wave speed is decelerated ($A<0$). The nonlinear Eikonal equation has also been used to calculate a critical velocity and a critical advection strength \citep{ZYK84}.
The critical advection strength $A_{cr}$ derived from the nonlinear Eikonal equation provides a good approximation for the critical advection strength $A_{cr}$ (see Appendix) needed for loss of excitability in the parameter regime $\beta<\partial P_{A=0}$ (see Fig.\ref{fig:Acreik}). Under the influence of advection $A<0$, the propagation boundary is shifted to smaller threshold values $\beta$.

Numerical calculations (see Sec.~\ref{sec:results}) show that positive advection $A>0$ induces stable wave propagation in the parameter regime $\beta>\partial P_{A=0}$, the propagation boundary is shifted to larger threshold values $\beta$.
In this parameter range, theory strongly deviates from numerical calculations, thus this behaviour is not explained by the nonlinear Eikonal equation.\\

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{A_cr_eikonal.pdf}
 \caption{Critical advection strength $A_{cr}$ as a function of threshold size $\beta$. The grey dashed line shows the results from Eq.(\ref{eq:acreikonal}), which was derived from the nonlinear Eikonal equation. The blue solid line shows the results from Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNu})-(\ref{eq:FHNv}) computed with $AUTO$ by continuating homoclinic solutions; the propagation boundary $\partial P_{A=0}$ is computed from Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNohneAu})-(\ref{eq:FHNohneAv}). ($\varepsilon=0.022$ in all cases.)  The blue solid line separates the excitable from the non-excitable parameter regime.}
  \label{fig:Acreik}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Advection-velocity relation for the fast and slow wave solution}
\label{sec:advelslowwave}

In this section, the advection-velocity relation of the slow wave is derived in the same way as the known advection-velocity relation for the fast wave.
Rewriting Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingu})-(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingv}) (see Ref.\citep{ ZYK84}),
\begin{eqnarray}
 (c(A)-A)\frac{\partial u}{\partial\xi} &=& 3u-u^3-v+D\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial\xi^2},\label{eq:FHNansatzEiku}\\
c(A)\frac{\partial v}{\partial\xi} &=& \varepsilon(u+\beta).
\label{eq:FHNansatzEikv}
\end{eqnarray}
and introducing $c^*$ and $\varepsilon^*$
\begin{eqnarray}
 c^*&=&c(A)-A,\label{eq:cstar}\\
 \varepsilon^*&=&\varepsilon\frac{c^*}{c(A)},
 \label{eq:epsstar}
\end{eqnarray}
yields
\begin{eqnarray}
 c^*\frac{\partial u}{\partial\xi} &=& 3u-u^3-v+D\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial\xi^2},\label{eq:FHNstaru}\\
c^*\frac{\partial v}{\partial\xi} &=& \varepsilon^*(u+\beta),
\label{eq:FHNstarv}
\end{eqnarray}
which has the same form as the FitzHugh-Nagumo model without advection (Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingohneAu})-(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingohneAv})). Thus $c^*$ has the same dependency on $\varepsilon^*$ and $\beta$ as the propagation velocity $c|_{A=0}$  (see Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingohneAu})-(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingohneAv})) on $\varepsilon$ and $\beta$. The velocity $c|_{A=0}$ for the fast and the slow wave can then approximately be calculated using a singular perturbation theory \citep{Casten123456}.
The propagation velocity of the fast, $c^f|_{A=0}$, and the slow, $c^s|_{A=0}$, wave is then obtained of
\begin{eqnarray}
 c^f|_{A=0}&=&c_0+\varepsilon c_1^f,\label{eq:cfcsf}\\
 c^s|_{A=0}&=&\sqrt{\varepsilon} c_1^s.
 \label{eq:cfcss}
\end{eqnarray}
The expressions for $c_0$, $c_1^f$ and $c_1^s$ are provided in the Appendix.\\
For $c^*$ Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNstaru})-(\ref{eq:FHNstarv}) we, therefore, obtain the expressions
\begin{eqnarray}
 c^{f*}&=&c_0+\varepsilon^* c_1^f,\label{eq:cfs}\\
 c^{s*}&=&\sqrt{\varepsilon^*} c_1^s.\label{eq:css}.
\end{eqnarray}
Inserting $c^*=c(A)-A$ and $\varepsilon^*=\varepsilon\frac{c^*}{c(A)}=\varepsilon\frac{c(A)-A}{c(A)}$ (see Eqs.~(\ref{eq:cstar})-(\ref{eq:epsstar})), we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
 c^f(A)-A&=&c_0+\varepsilon\frac{c^f(A)-A}{c^f(A)}c_1^f,\\
 c^s(A)-A&=&\sqrt{\varepsilon\frac{c^s(A)-A}{c^s(A)}}c_1^s.
 \label{eq:cfacsa}
\end{eqnarray}
Solving for $c^f(A)$, we obtain the so-called nonlinear Eikonal equation
\begin{eqnarray}
 c^f_{\pm }(A)&=&\frac{1}{2}((A+c_0+\varepsilon c_1)\pm\sqrt{(A+c_0+\varepsilon c_1)^2-4\varepsilon A c_1}),\nonumber\\
 \label{eq:cf12}
\end{eqnarray}
where $c^f_+(A)$ is the valid advection-velocity relation, because $c_+^f|_{A=0}=c_++\varepsilon c_1^f$, see \citep{ ZYK84}.\\
Solving Eq.(\ref{eq:cfacsa}) for $c^s(A)$, we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
 c^s_{\pm }(A)&=&\frac{1}{2}(A\pm\sqrt{A^2+4\varepsilon c_1^{s2}}),\nonumber\\
 c^s_3(A)&=&A.
 \label{eq:cs12}
\end{eqnarray}
The valid advection-velocity relation for the slow wave (with $c^s(A)>0$)  is $c^s_+(A)$, because $c^s|_{A=0}\equiv\sqrt{\varepsilon}c_1^s$.

\subsection{Critical velocity and critical advection strength}
\label{sec:crvelandcradv}

Here, the critical velocity $c_{cr}(A_{cr})$, which exhibits a traveling wave at the connection of the fast wave and the slow wave branch affected by a critical advection of strength $A_{cr}$, is calculated. Also an expression for $A_{cr}$ is captured by this calculations.\\
In a FitzHugh-Nagumo model without advection (Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNohneAu})-(\ref{eq:FHNohneAv})), there exists a critical line in the $(\varepsilon,\beta)$ parameter space, above which wave propagation is impossible. At the critical time scale ratio $\varepsilon_{cr}$, the single homoclinic solution of Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingohneAu})-(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingohneAv}) corresponds to the connection between the fast wave branch and the slow wave branch, and the propagation velocity of the fast wave is minimal ($c_{cr}|_{A=0}$).\\
The critical time scale ratio $\varepsilon_{cr}$ as a function of $\beta$ can be approximated by solving $c^s|_{A=0}=c^f|_{A=0}$ for $\varepsilon_{cr}$, where $c^f|_{A=0}$ and $c^s|_{A=0}$ are calculated using singular perturbation theory (Eqs.~(\ref{eq:cfcsf})-(\ref{eq:cfcss})). This yields
\begin{eqnarray}
\varepsilon_{cr}^{\pm }(\beta)&=&\frac{-2c_0c_1^f+c_1^{s2}\pm\sqrt{-4c_0c_1^fc_1^{s2}+c_1^{s4}}}{2c_1^{f2}},
\label{eq:evonb}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\varepsilon_{cr}^-<\varepsilon_{cr}^+$ and thus $\varepsilon_{cr}=\varepsilon_{cr}^-$, compare Sec.(\ref{sec:results}). For the critical velocity $c_{cr}|_{A=0}$ as a function of $\beta$ we then obtain of Eqs.~(\ref{eq:cfcsf})-(\ref{eq:cfcss})
\begin{eqnarray}
 c_{cr}|_{A=0}&=&c_0+\varepsilon_{cr}c_1^f=\sqrt{\varepsilon_{cr}}c_1^s.
 \label{eq:ccr}
\end{eqnarray}

Advection changes the critical velocity. To obtain an analytical expression for $c_{cr}(A_{cr})$, we again start from Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNstaru})-(\ref{eq:FHNstarv}), which has the same form as FitzHugh-Nagumo model without advection Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingohneAu})-(\ref{eq:FHNcomovingohneAv}). Substituting $c^*$ for $c_{cr}|_{A=0}$ and $\varepsilon^*$ for $\varepsilon_{cr}$, the homoclinic solution of Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNstaru})-(\ref{eq:FHNstarv}) ceases to exist at the connection between the fast wave branch and the slow wave branch. Thus, the critical velocity $c_{cr}(A_{cr})$ in systems affected by advection can be derived from Eqs.~(\ref{eq:cstar})-(\ref{eq:epsstar}) by setting $c^*=c_{cr}|_{A=0}$ and $\varepsilon^*=\varepsilon_{cr}$. With $c^*=c(A)-A$  and $\varepsilon^*=\varepsilon\frac{c^*}{c(A)}$ it follows, that
\begin{eqnarray}
 c_{cr}|_{A=0}&=&c_{cr}(A_{cr})-A_{cr},\label{eq:ccracr} \\
 \varepsilon_{cr}&=&\varepsilon\frac{c_{cr}|_{A=0}}{c_{cr}(A_{cr})},
 \label{eq:ccrepscr}
\end{eqnarray}
where $c_{cr}|_{A=0}$ is the minimal propagation velocity of the fast wave for $A=0$ (Eq.(\ref{eq:ccr})) and $c_{cr}(A_{cr})$ is the minimal propagation velocity of the fast wave, that can be achieved by influencing the system with critical advection $A_{cr}$.\\
Solving Eq.(\ref{eq:ccrepscr}) for $c_{cr}(A_{cr})$ and Eq.(\ref{eq:ccracr}) for $A_{cr}$, we finally obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
 c_{cr}(A_{cr})&=&\frac{\varepsilon}{\varepsilon_{cr}}c_{cr}|_{A=0},
 \label{eq:cmin}\\
 A_{cr}=c_{cr}(A_{cr})-c_{cr}|_{A=0}&=&c_{cr}|_{A=0}(\frac{\varepsilon}{\varepsilon_{cr}}-1).
 \label{eq:Acr}
\end{eqnarray}
Be aware that $c_{cr}|_{A=0}$ Eq.(\ref{eq:ccr}) as well as $\varepsilon_{cr}$ Eq.(\ref{eq:evonb}) are fully determined by $\beta$. Thus Eq.(\ref{eq:Acr}) is an approximation for the critical surface in the $(\varepsilon,\beta,A)$ space, above which propagating waves are not supported. As a function of $A$ and $\beta$ it reads
\begin{eqnarray}
 \varepsilon&=&\frac{(A+c_{cr}|_{A=0})\varepsilon_{cr}}{c_{cr}|_{A=0}}.
 \label{eq:criticalsurface}
\end{eqnarray}
For values of $\varepsilon$ above this critical surface, wave propagation is impossible.

\section{Numerical validation}
\label{sec:results}
Fig.(\ref{fig:cfcs}) shows the propagation velocity of the fast, $c^f(A)$, and the slow, $c^s(A)$, waves as a function of advection strength $A$ for different values of $\beta$ (Fig.(\ref{fig:cfcs})(a)) and $\varepsilon$ (Fig.(\ref{fig:cfcs})(b)). The analytical advection-velocity relation for the slow wave Eq.(\ref{eq:cs12}) as well as the nonlinear Eikonal equation Eq.(\ref{eq:cf12}), which provides the advection-velocity relation for the fast wave, are compared with numerical results directly obtained from Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNu})-(\ref{eq:FHNv}). We find, that the results from the nonlinear Eikonal equation lie below the numerical results in each case. This is in accordance with the propagation velocity of the fast wave solution $c^f|_{A=0}$ calculated with the singular perturbation theory, which lies below the exact results in the whole parameter regime (except for some parameter values close to the saddle-node bifurcation point, where perturbation theory is less accurate). The larger $\varepsilon$ is, the
larger is the
deviation, as the calculations depend on small values of $\varepsilon$.\\
In addition, we find that the advection-velocity relation for the slow wave is more accurate compared to the nonlinear Eikonal equation.
This again is in accordance with the singular perturbation theory, which in the shown parameter regime provides more accurate results for the slow wave velocity $c^s|_{A=0}$ than for the fast wave velocity $c^f|_{A=0}$. Close to the point where the fast wave branch and the slow wave branch meet, the advection-velocity relation for the slow wave deviates more strongly from numerical results, because perturbation theory does not capture the bifurcation behaviour.\\
Furthermore, the analytical results become less accurate for large negative adevction $A<0$, because the results are obtained using a singular perturbation theory depending on small changes in $\varepsilon^*$, see Sec.\ref{sec:advelslowwave}, and $\varepsilon^*=\varepsilon(1-\frac{A}{c(A)})$ Eqs.~(\ref{eq:cstar})-(\ref{eq:epsstar}) increases for increasing absolute value of advection strength $A<0$.\\

\begin{figure}[!]
\includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{cfcs}
  \caption{Propagation velocity $c$ as a function of advection strength $A$. The grey dashed-dotted lines show the velocity of the fast wave calculated from the nonlinear Eikonal equation ($c_+^f(A)$ of Eq.(\ref{eq:cf12})). The grey dashed lines show the slow wave velocity derived from Eq.(\ref{eq:cs12}) ($c_+^s(A)$). The blue solid lines show the results numerically computed from Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNu})-(\ref{eq:FHNv}). a) $\varepsilon=0.022$, b) $\beta=1.59$.}
 \label{fig:cfcs}
\end{figure}

Fig.\ref{fig:evonbmy} shows the critical time scale ratio $\varepsilon_{cr}$, a property of FitzHugh-Nagumo system without advection Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNohneAu})-(\ref{eq:FHNohneAv}), see Sec.\ref{sec:crvelandcradv}, as a function of threshold $\beta$. For $\varepsilon>\varepsilon_{cr}$, the system is non-excitable. The analytical results from Eq.(\ref{eq:evonb}) are compared to numerical results directly obtained from Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNohneAu})-(\ref{eq:FHNohneAv}). We find, that for $\varepsilon<0.1$, Eq.(\ref{eq:evonb}) provides a good approximation for the critical time scale ratio $\varepsilon_{cr}$, the absolute error is less than $0.01$. For larger values of $\varepsilon$, the deviation increases, because Eq.(\ref{eq:evonb}) is based on a singular perturbation theory depending on small values of $\varepsilon$.\\

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{evonbpapermy2new}
 \caption{Critical time scale ratio $\varepsilon_{cr}$ as a function of threshold $\beta$. The grey dashed line shows the results derived from Eq.(\ref{eq:evonb}); the blue solid line shows the results numerically computed results from Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNohneAu})-(\ref{eq:FHNohneAv}). $A=0$ in each case.}
  \label{fig:evonbmy}
\end{figure}

Fig.\ref{fig:ccr} shows the propagation velocity $c|_{A=0}$ as a function of threshold $\beta$. Numerical results obtained from Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNohneAu})-(\ref{eq:FHNohneAv}) show the branches of the fast wave and the slow wave for varying time scale ratio $\varepsilon$. The fast wave branch and the slow wave branch meet at a critical velocity $c_{cr}|_{A=0}$. The analytical expression for the critical velocity $c_{cr}|_{A=0}$ Eq.(\ref{eq:ccr}) is compared to the numerical results. The larger the threshold $\beta$ is, the better is the analytical approximation: For large threshold $\beta$ the saddle-node bifurcation, where the fast wave branch meets the slow wave branch, occurs for smaller time scale ratio $\varepsilon$, which in turn improves the results from the singular perturbation theory. The analytical results systematically lie below the numerical results, which is a consequence of the analytical result for the propagation velocity of the fast wave $c^f|_{A=0}$ being to small over a large range of
parameters, see above.\\

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{ccr_A_0.pdf}
\caption{Critical propagation velocity $c_{cr}|_{A=0}$ as a function of threshold $\beta$ (grey dashed line) derived from Eq.(\ref{eq:ccr}). The marked position (dots) on this line correspond to $\varepsilon=0.002, 0.004, 0.01, 0.022, 0.04, 0.07, 0.1, 0.15$.  The solid lines show the propagation velocity $c|_{A=0}$ of the fast and the slow wave as a function of threshold $\beta$ numerically computed from Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNohneAu})-(\ref{eq:FHNohneAv}) with. The color code indicates the same $\varepsilon$, $A=0$ in each case. Note that $\varepsilon=0.2$ is not in the co-domain of Eq.~(\ref{eq:evonb}),  see Fig.~\ref{fig:evonbmy}.}
  \label{fig:ccr}
\end{figure}

Fig.\ref{fig:cmin} shows the propagation velocity of the fast, $c^f(A)$, and the slow, $c^s(A)$, wave affected by advection of varying strength $A$ as a function of threshold $\beta$. The branches of the fast and the slow wave velocity are numerically obtained from Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNu})-(\ref{eq:FHNv}). Also here, the fast and the slow wave branch meet at a critical velocity $c_{cr}(A)$. In addition, the analytical result for the critical velocity in the presence of advevction Eq.(\ref{eq:cmin}) is shown. It provides the same characteristic trend as the numerical results.  Referring to systems without advection, the propagation velocity $c(A)$ is decelerated for negative advection strength $A<0$. The propagation boundary $\partial P$ (connection between fast and slow wave branch) is shifted to smaller threshold $\beta$. Traveling waves affected by positive advection $A>0$ are accelerated, the propagation boundary $\partial P$ is shifted to larger threshold $\beta$.\\
A theoretical explanation of the stabilizing effect of postive advection has been found: every parameter point in the ($\varepsilon,\beta$) space can be allocated a critical velocity (Eq.(\ref{eq:cmin})). Media without advection are excitable, if the propagation velocity of the fast wave is larger than this critical velocity (parameter regime above the critical line in Fig.(\ref{fig:evonbmy})) and non-excitable, if the propagation velocity of the fast wave is smaller than this critical velocity (parameter regime below the critical line in Fig.(\ref{fig:evonbmy})). Negative advection $A<0$ causes a deceleration of traveling waves, which in turn can induce a destabilization of an originally stable wave, if the fast wave is decelerated below the critical velocity $c_{cr}(A_{cr})$ \citep{ ZYK84}. On the contrary, positive advection $A>0$ causes an acceleration of traveling waves, which in fact can induce stable wave propagation in the former non-excitable parameter regime, if the fast wave is accelerated above
the
critical velocity $c_{cr}(A_{cr})$.\\

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{ccr_e_022.pdf}
 \caption{Critical propagation velocity $c_{cr}(A_{cr})$ as a function of threshold $\beta$ (grey dashed line) derived from Eq.(\ref{eq:cmin}) with $\varepsilon_{cr}$ from Eq.(\ref{eq:evonb}) and $c_{cr}|_{A=0}$ from Eq.(\ref{eq:ccr}). The coloured solid lines show the propagation velocity $c(A)$ of the fast and the slow wave numerically computed from Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNu})-(\ref{eq:FHNv}) with varying advection strength $A$ ($A=-0.5, -0.4, -0.3, -0.2, -0.1, 0.0, 0.1, 0.2$). $\varepsilon=0.022$ in each case.}
  \label{fig:cmin}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{curvaturecrpaper2new}
 \caption{Critical advection strength $A_{cr}$ as a function of threshold $\beta$ for two different values of time scale ratio $\varepsilon$ (a) $\varepsilon=0.022$; b) $\varepsilon=0.1$). The grey dashed line shows the results derived from Eq.(\ref{eq:Acr}) with $\varepsilon_{cr}$ from Eq.(\ref{eq:evonb}) and $c_{cr}(A_{cr})$ from Eq.(\ref{eq:ccr}); the blue solid lines show the results numerically computed from Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNu})-(\ref{eq:FHNv}). The propagation boundary $\partial P_{A=0}$ is numerically computed from Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNohneAu})-(\ref{eq:FHNohneAv}).}
  \label{fig:Acr}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{2dtestnewpaper}
 \caption{The critical surface in the $(\varepsilon,\beta,A)$ parameter space derived from Eq.(\ref{eq:criticalsurface}) separates the excitable (below) and the non-excitable (above) parameter regime.}
  \label{fig:crsurface}
\end{figure}

In Fig.(\ref{fig:Acr}), the critical advection strength $A_{cr}$ is shown in the $(\beta,A)$ parameter space for two different values of time scale ratio $\varepsilon$. The analytical results from Eq.(\ref{eq:Acr}) are compared to numerical results obtained from Eqs.~(\ref{eq:FHNu})-(\ref{eq:FHNv}). We find, that Eq.(\ref{eq:Acr}) provides the same characteristic trend as numerical results, but deviates strongly from numerical line for large negative adevction strength $A<0$, as in  this case $\varepsilon^*$ Eq.~(\ref{eq:epsstar}) is very large, and thus the singular perturbation theory breaks down. The critical line in the $(\beta,A)$ parameter space separates the excitable ($A>A_{cr}$) and the non-excitable ($A<A_{cr}$) parameter regime. Compared to systems without advection, the propagation boundary $\partial P$ is shifted to smaller threshold $\beta$ for negative advection $A<0$ and to larger threshold $\beta$ for positive advection $A>0$.\\

Fig.\ref{fig:crsurface} finally shows the critical surface in the $(\varepsilon,\beta,A)$ parameter space derived from Eq.(\ref{eq:criticalsurface}). It separates the excitable and the non-excitable parameter space, for values of $\varepsilon$ above the critical surface, propagating waves are not supported.\\

\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:conclusion}
In this work, we described the dependency of the propagation velocity of an unstable slow traveling wave $c^s(A)$ on advection of strength $A$ analytically (Eq.(\ref{eq:cs12})) and numerically. We have shown, that positive advection \mbox{$A>0$}, corresponding to a constant field externally applied parallel to the propagation direction respectively corresponding to a small positive curvature (V-shaped pattern), can induce stable propagation of traveling waves in the non-excitable parameter regime. This behaviour is explained analytically: Every point in the $(\varepsilon,\beta)$ space, where $\varepsilon$ is the time scale ratio and $\beta$ is a measure for the threshold of the system, is related to a critical velocity $c_{cr}(A_{cr})$ (Eq.(\ref{eq:cmin})). $c_{cr}(A_{cr})$ is the propagation velocity at a saddle-node bifurcation of an unstable slow and a stable fast traveling wave solution, thus the minimal possible velocity of the fast wave solution. Stable wave propagation in the non-excitable parameter regime
now
is induced by accelerating the fast wave velocity above the critical velocity by affecting it with advection larger than a critical advection strength $A_{cr}$ (Eq.(\ref{eq:Acr})). We derived an analytical approximation of a critical surface in the $(\varepsilon,\beta,A)$ space (Eq.(\ref{eq:criticalsurface})), above which wave propagation is impossible.
Finally, we confirmed numerically, that the calculated dependencies of the critical velocity $c_{cr}(A_{cr}$) and the critical advection strength $A_{cr}$ on $\beta$ and $\varepsilon$ are valid in the in systems without advection excitable and non-excitable parameter regimes.

\section{Acknowledgments}
This work was supported  by the Bundesministerium f\"ur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF 01GQ1109) and by DFG in the framework of SFB 910.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
New Push Against Pestilent Plastic
Posted on November 13, 2013 by Kat Long
Plastic garbage washes up on the Hawaiian island of Kaho'olawe. (Photo: NOAA)
Faithful readers of this blog will surely recognize the sentiment behind this next post. Disposable plastic crap—from drinking straws to shopping bags to flip-flops—bears hideous witness to our callous view of the environment around us. I've picked up cubic yards of junk off an otherwise pristine beach in Mexico that had the misfortune of acting as the terminus of an ocean current that carried food wrappers, plastic bottles and nylon rope from South America. That's why I feel a frisson of hope about this latest push against plastic.
The San Francisco-based Center for Biological Diversity announced November 6 that the EPA has promised to take steps to curb plastic pollution. Responding to a Center petition filed in August 2012, the EPA will work to reduce plastic pollution in oceans, improve monitoring and conduct a scientific review of the human-health effects of eating fish that have ingested plastics.
"The EPA has a duty to curb plastic pollution in order to protect the biological integrity of our nation's waters and to ensure that they support beneficial wildlife, fishing, and recreational uses, consistent with the goals of the Clean Water Act," according to the petition.
The agency also says it will develop national data on the economic costs of ocean trash to local, state and national governments, and will do more to prevent people and businesses from littering in oceans.
"We're happy to see the EPA taking plastics pollution seriously," said Emily Jeffers, an oceans attorney at the Center. "Every year bits of discarded plastic kill thousands of seabirds, sea turtles, seals and other marine mammals. Some choke on plastic, and others are poisoned by it. Still more find themselves swimming through vast patches of toxic litter. It's an international tragedy that needs to be addressed."
Adorable yet endangered wildlife like Hawaiian monk seals (above) and Pacific loggerhead sea turtles are among the nearly 300 species affected by plastic litter. (Photo: NOAA)
To wit: Plastic makes up 50 to 80 percent of all beach litter, floating marine debris, and trash on the ocean floor. According to the Center for Biological Diversity, the North Pacific Gyre corrals plastic junk of every description—billions of pounds worth of trash—in vast "garbage patches," one of which is believed to be twice the size of Texas. A gyre in the North Atlantic also accumulates floating plastic debris in a nonbiodegradable vortex. In the Los Angeles area alone, 20 tons of plastic objects are carried into the Pacific Ocean every day.
Let's put this in perspective. The amount of plastic produced between 2000 and 2010 exceeds the amount produced during the entire 20th century. And production will only increase.
According to the statement granting the Center's petition, the EPA said it will develop and provide information on reducing plastic pollution at its source — guidance covering, as the Center requested, plastic-pollution threats, monitoring and measurement, best management practices to reduce that pollution, and direction for states and cities to create regulations to prevent plastic pollution.
Posted in Commentary	| Tags: Center for Biological Diversity, EPA, Marine conservation, Pacific Ocean, Pestilent plastic	|
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Hi! I'm Kat Long, a journalist and staff editor at Mental Floss, and I specialize in stories about science, history and exploration. My articles have appeared in The New York Times, National Geographic, the Wall Street Journal, the Washington Post, Scientific American, Smithsonian, Slate, Hakai Magazine, Sierra Magazine, Atlas Obscura and other print and digital publications. My book, "The Forbidden Apple: A Century of Sex and Sin in New York City," was a New York Times Book Review Editor's Choice. Thanks for visiting my website!
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According to the latest First National Bank/Bureau for Economic Research (BER) Building Confidence Index Survey, confidence in the building sector has risen from 26 index points during the third quarter of 2012 to 32 in the fourth.
Richard Williams, chief executive of the Gordon Verhoef and Krause (GVK) Group of Companies, says: "The rise in the confidence index seems to be driven by suppliers rather than other sectors of the construction industry. I can't speak for suppliers, but it is clear that, as we anticipated, 2012 was the low point of the industry recession. Our view is that 2013 will be as tough as 2012 and that we will have a gradual upturn from there. However, attaining 'normal' – not boom – levels of activity will probably take at least two to three years.
He continues: "Recently, though, there has been an increase in tenders in the two critical areas of hospitals and schools. The schools programme is particularly evident in the Eastern Cape, along with some substantial projects imminent in Gauteng and a well-publicised school build programme in the Western Cape.
Williams adds, "In addition to work shortages is the persistence of suicide pricing from many contractors desperate to obtain work. This restricts the ability of more prudent contractors to secure work, even at very low margins. The unfortunate fallout has been the liquidation of many long-standing, reputable contracting businesses – which has resulted in job losses, cost increases and time delays on partially built projects that have to be completed by other contractors.
He reveals that despite the industry circumstances, 2012 was a successful year for the GVK group in many regards.
"We have been pursuing work in the field of green building retrofits and have continued to promote our specialist rope access, asbestos removal and structural repair services. We have also successfully gained more experience in the mining and petrochemical industries, expanded our presence in Namibia to a permanent office in Windhoek, and added two more substantial projects to our existing workload there. In addition, we have been fortunate enough to secure some large contracts around the country, with a number of projects exceeding R100 million.


Originally, Eastpak were the supplier to the US military of duffle bags and backpacks, adopting the military khakis and blues and using lightweight yet durable materials. Nowadays, Eastpak provides rucksacks, duffle bags, handbags, briefcases, bum bags, satchels and suitcases to all the fashionable people of the world.
Eastpak has become as name that's synonymous with quality and hardiness, when it comes to bags, they reign supreme as the brand that puts together attractiveness and durability in a single package. Check out what Eastpak has to offer and find the perfect bag for your travelling needs.
Alternatively, you could browse our Eastpak men's clothing sale.


If you don't know what the Rafale deal is, you haven't been reading the correct kind of newspapers. But fret not, because Palllavi Joshi has come up with a simplified version of the problem – so that everyone can understand everything about the video. It's refreshing to see filmmakers and actors take a political stand – like how Kangana Ranaut was in the news currently for taking sides in the current political scenario.
In this video, Pallavi Joshi, who is married to Vivek Agnihotri, who made the film Buddha in a Traffic Jam and wrote the book Urban Naxals, simplifies homeland security with buying security technology for a residence.


text:
Jim Piggott, Reporter
Tags: News, Jacksonville
Jacksonville agency OKs $36 million to build out Berkman II
High-rise condominium skeleton sat unfinished on riverfront for decade
JACKSONVILLE, Fla. – The plan to turn the never-completed Berkman II high-rise structure into a hotel with an adjoining waterfront amusement park is a step closer to reality, but the $36 million it is seeking needs approval from Jacksonville City Council.
The Downtown Investment Authority approved the $112 million development plan by the Barrington Development Group on Wednesday and voted to recommend the city incentives.
The plan is to take the unfinished structure, which was recently sold, and turn it into a 341-room hotel, a water park, a family entertainment center with activities like rock climbing and a Ferris wheel.
"I think it would be on awesome for the redevelopment downtown and bringing people down here," Ashley Mccallen said.
"I think it would be a lot of fun," Jonny Hernzen said. "I'm not sure if it will work, but I think it would be a cool idea."
The city's contribution would not be a direct payment, but would take the form of a tax rebate once the project was completed and successful.
"You are going to have the hotel tower. You have any water playground specific to the hotel guests only," Barrington Vice President Cono Caranna said. "Adjacent to the building as family entertainment. There will be a multitude of games, indoor attractions and we are going to add the outdoor amusement rides as well. The Ferris wheel and a myriad of other things. We just haven't chosen them as of yet."
There were questions of cost and concerns and about impact to other projects, like plans for the USS Adams to be docked on the Shipyards property nearby.
City Council will now consider a bill to enable the incentive plan before the project can proceed.
Jim Piggott
Jim Piggott is the reporter to count on when it comes to city government and how it will affect the community.


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Root Division invites artists working in all genres to submit work for our annual juried exhibition, Introductions 2016.
Each year we present the work of 12 Bay Area artists in an exhibition and full color catalogue, juried by three prominant arts professionals.
-Artists must be living and/or working in one of 9 counties of the San Francisco Bay Area.
-Artwork submitted for review (or work very similar in nature to that submitted) must be available for listed exhibition dates.
-Artists cannot have existing gallery representation in the Bay Area.
▪	4 images (jpegs: 72dpi, 600×800 pixels max) AND/OR Link to 3-minute clip of video on Vimeo or other video platform.


The day started abruptly with the sound of a phone ringing. It was the hotel staff kindly informing us that our bill was 'ready' to be paid. We then got picked up by Cecile, who took us to our new fabulous apartment in BANANI where we are currently residing. It has everything we ever dreamed of and more; black shampoo, as much water as we can drink, a cow painted on the wall, and wireless internet! Also, we have adopted a new member of UE Bangladesh; he's from Barguna, the prime area struck by cyclone Sidr. His name is Nasreen and he comes with the apartment.
After this we proceeded to get local. As true Bengali fashionists we didn't have to look long to find nice things, even in our freakishly large sizes. The staff of the shops were refreshingly honest and blatantly told us when we looked ridiculous. Also, we are not allowed to wear our lunghis on the street because we'll get laughed at... Nasreen laughed anyway.
We also invested in some quality music. Everyone should download Shahid's music legally (rather than our illegally copied cd) from www.amadergaan.com. We blasted his tunes through our apartment. Nasreem was disappointed with our taste. He likes James (left).
It was nearing Bangla weekend (Friday to Saturday) and it seems universal that people try to escape their offices early. However, we managed call our ITC contact just as he was leaving, and he agreed to meet with us. He is a senior GIS and data administrator and has established contacts with officials in Chittagong Planning Development Agency and the University of Khulna Planning Department.
Another thing we noticed is that everyone here seems to have a card... even pharmacies! We have collected an impressive amount of them and are inspired to make our own.
So... we have an early start full of architecture tomorrow, we're joining the Urban Study Group in a 4 (!) hour walk through Dhaka starting at 8 (!) in the morning. We feel like we're off to a kick start and Bangladesh has been smiling at us. However, something we have found is that it is very hard to ignore all the beggars on the street. There are just so many, and it is very saddening... We developed a strategy to at least give the children cookies instead of money, so far the rickshaw wallahs have been more keen on the cookies than the children.


Today I will define the third letter of SEEDS— E as EXPRESSION.
Gen 1:11| And God said, "Let the earth sprout vegetation, plants yielding seed, and fruit trees bearing fruit in which is their SEED, each according to IT'S KIND, on the earth." And it was so.
As a SEED you come from "IT'S KIND". "It's kind" is another way of saying your Source. For example an apple SEED bears fruit to IT'S KIND—an apple tree.
I will share with you the most important information you will ever know. It comes from your knowledge of your Source. And it comes from this question: Who are you?
Not many people can answer this question. It is not something you can just guess. It is something that comes from your Source. So, once you have defined your Source then you will be awakened to who you are.
If your Source is God Almighty then you came from Him, you are His SEED. That means you are an expression of Him. Although He is invisible, you are not.
Just as you can "see" the parents in a child. If you are born of God He should be visible in you.
He is the only One Who can reveal your course.
It is Him that will be shown.
it's time to awaken your true identity.
He longs to be expressed through you and me.
Today, release the deep cry in you to know your Source and purpose. Father, Who am I? Reveal my true identity to me. It's You I want the world to see.
Let the world see you OH Lord through my Career … Amen nd Amen?
Father reveal my true identity to me.
It's you that I want the world to see!
Father who am i, release my true identity to me, it's you i want the world to see.
Am like my heavenly father!……he is my source!
FATHER, REVEAL MY TRUE IDENTITY TO ME. IT'S U I WANT THE WORLD TO SEE IN ME AMEN.
Father, Who am I? Reveal my true identity to me. It's You I want the world to see.
Father please reveal my true identity to me. It's you I want the world to see in me.


Today (13 November 2013), Dr. York CHOW, the Chairperson of the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC), met with the Deputy Consul General of the Philippines in Hong Kong, Ms Rosanna Villamore-Voogel, to discuss issues related to education facing the Filipino community in the city. Members of the community were also present at the meeting to share their views.
Dr. Chow emphasised that education for ethnic minorities is one of the three-year strategic priority work areas of the EOC. "We are very concerned about educational problems facing ethnic minorities, which could affect their higher education and employment prospects in the long term. The Commission has been urging the Government to provide systematic and holistic support for ethnic minority children, including language and cultural programmes starting from pre-primary level, as well as an alternative Chinese curriculum which takes into account the specific needs of second- or third-language learners," said Dr. Chow.
"The EOC is pleased to have this opportunity to engage in a direct dialogue with the Filipino community in order to better understand their experience with Hong Kong's education system. We are committed to listening to the views of different stakeholders and to working together towards our shared goal of equal opportunities for all," added Dr. Chow.
During the meeting, Dr. Chow expressed his deep sympathy for those who have been affected by Super Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines and offered his condolences to their families and loved ones. He also urged the Government of the Philippines to actively respond to the plea of Hong Kong people regarding the tragic incident which happened in Manila three years ago.
Dr. York CHOW, the Chairperson of the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) (third right), met with the Deputy Consul General of the Philippines in Hong Kong, Ms Rosanna Villamore-Voogel (fourth left) and members of the Filipino community, to discuss issues related to education facing the Filipino community in the city.


I have nore than 3 yaer experience into sales, i am looking job as a assistant manager into sales or something like that.
I am looking job in stock market,i have cleared capital market xam (ncfm).
I am searching job tac support.
For turner craft instructor in i.t.i.
I am i.t.i+c.t.i+ 4yr exp.in industry.i am looking for'turner'craft instructor post in i.t.i delhi& haryana.
I m looking for an hr opening, in west and north delhi area. i have 2 yrs experience as hr. i have done diploma in mba hr.
I want my esteem on rent with pvt/gov company.


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Every infant needs a bonnet and the Stacked Blocks Bonnet is a fun one to have! This is the 1st pattern in a set of three. This pattern is great for mommy and me sets for toddlers and is quick to work up. The bonnet is unisex and looks great in any color. It works up quickly, too. Using a thin cotton yarn helps keep it light weight and perfect for summer. Pair it with the coordinating Stacked Blocks Pants or Stacked Block Skirt for a perfect set.
This pattern has been tested by a group of experienced crocheters for accuracy.
(c) 2016 Photo Copyright as noted with photos. Photos are not to be used without permission.
Please email craftingfriends4you@yahoo.com for customer service. Be sure to include the name of the pattern and where you purchased it.


How Did David Rubenstein—Yes, That David Rubenstein—Become a TV Star?
He's a socially awkward 68-year-old private equity titan—and his show is one of Bloomberg's fastest-growing programs.
I've barely introduced myself, and David Rubenstein is trying to interview me: Where are you from? How old are you? Where did you graduate from? Mistakenly, I give the mouse a cookie, telling him the name of my alma mater. This sends Rubenstein into a fusillade of statistics—my college's acceptance rates, attendance yield, current endowment. "No law school, though," he says.
I was warned Rubenstein might try this, an interrogative parlor trick he picked up somewhere along the way to becoming co-CEO of the Carlyle Group—by some measures, the world's largest private-equity firm—and perennial board member of galactic national institutions such as the Smithsonian and the Kennedy Center, plus about a dozen others. The cross-examination is especially fitted to his new extracurricular: talk-show personality.
At 68, David Rubenstein is now host of his own show on Bloomberg Television. The half-hour program—The David Rubenstein Show: Peer-to-Peer Conversations—plops him beside fellow CEOs of the billionaire class, with the occasional sports star and military general thrown in: Berkshire Hathaway's Warren Buffett, Oprah, Coach K, David Petraeus.
The show, at first, raised eyebrows. Given his reputation—Rubenstein is known for an unprepossessing manner and an almost enforced personal awkwardness—the prospect of loosing him onscreen seemed about as plausible as asking Clarence Thomas to host Fear Factor. Indeed, Rubenstein's not-made-for-TV persona turns up in every episode as he engages his subjects with a sorrowful deportment that appears vaguely related to sitting shiva. He scowls. He slouches. (He's been advised, he says joshingly, to "sit up more straight.") With a jaw that unlatches errantly and a gaze that wanders, he has the aspect of a man continually in deep recall for a geometry exam. But this is a setup, of sorts, for the show's atonement: his oddball humor, which earns audience laughs during every shoot.
He asked GM's Mary Barra if she pumps her gas (she does), Nike's Phil Knight if he writes $400-million checks by hand (it's complicated), and Morgan Stanley's James Gorman if he uses a money manager (he does—guess who).
One might presume that awarding a prime-time slot (Wednesdays at 9 pm) to the most famous billionaire in Washington elevates the town's gratuitousness to new heights. This summation would be correct if not for one thing: The show is doing well. Now in its third season, it's one of Bloomberg's fastest-growing programs. Viewership is up by 67 percent. A new agreement grants PBS affiliates nationwide the option to syndicate, meaning Rubenstein's face could beam into every cord-cutter's living room soon enough.
Like the other billionaire resident of Washington who rode prime-time television into national prominence, Rubenstein is capitalizing on the market's clearest trend: a new regime in which magnates can, apparently, do anything—not despite the poor fit but perhaps because of it.
How did a private-equity billionaire come to try his hand at television?
Rubenstein's upward trajectory is a well-rehearsed tale. Born in Baltimore to parents of modest means—Dad was a postal worker, Mom a homemaker—Rubenstein became obsessed with studies in high school, the teenager who thumbed through multiple newspapers a day. A childhood friend recalls Rubenstein telling him he would be remembered as the hardest-working person anyone knew. Rubenstein graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Duke in 1970. (We did not discuss acceptance rates, attendance yields, or endowment). When he entered the Carter White House as a domestic-policy aide at 27, he spent so much time in the West Wing that he procured late-night meals from vending machines.
In 1987, Rubenstein cofounded Carlyle, without business experience. By the next decade, he had transformed himself into a virtuoso of private fundraising. Rubenstein was said to deliver his performances before would-be investors entirely without notes, memorizing sweeping details of markets and companies—and peppering clients with a level of inquiry that bordered on inquest.
Photograph by Drew Angerer/New York Times.
Growing bored with earnest audience queries about things like earnings per share, Rubenstein began to ad-lib, pretending his questions came from the crowd. Once, he asked an auto executive, "What actually happens when a salesman goes back to 'talk with the manager'?" Attendance grew, and the club notched a record in March 2011 when he interviewed Bill Gates and asked him if he had a credit card. The world's richest man demurred but hastened to add, "I don't have a problem carrying money around." The crowd of mostly middle-aged men roared.
Whether in conference rooms or interviews, Rubenstein is said to have a strategic humor quota. In the show, this manifests as a journalistic invention you might call a Rubenstein Question, along the lines of that early interaction with Bill Gates. He has asked Mary Barra of GM if she pumps her own gas (she does), Phil Knight of Nike if he writes his own $400-million checks out by hand (it's complicated), and Morgan Stanley CEO James Gorman if he uses a personal money manager (he does—guess who).
Previously, Rubenstein's most visible public project was the pioneering of so-called patriotic philanthropy. He has used his $2.9-billion fortune—abetted by a generous tax allowance called the carried-interest loophole—to repair the Washington Monument, buy a 1297 copy of the Magna Carta, and restore Monticello, acts of patrimonial salvation that prompted 60 Minutes to declare him "Clark Kent in a suit and tie." This represents a marked reversal from the days when Carlyle often found itself in the public stockades for bad judgment (shadowy defense deals) and bad luck (hosting Osama bin Laden's half brother on 9/11). The Washington-sanctified bonhomie that glimmers across The David Rubenstein Show is the finishing ribbon on a multi-year project of reputation rehabilitation and, it must be said, an impressive one.
In less than a year, Rubenstein already has a waiting list of public figures—CEOs mostly, with potentially some pop stars and a few politicians—keen for this treatment. This is hardly a mystery. The show's opening credits feature B-roll of Rubenstein musing, "I don't consider myself a journalist"—words that are then plastered across the screen in bad-boy graffiti, as if to refashion this protective disclaimer into something more renegade.
In 20 episodes, Rubenstein has asked approximately 735 questions. By my count, about 110 were Rubenstein Questions, 235 personal, and 320 job-specific. Some 70 were on policy or issues of the day. To his credit, these questions were worthy ones. He asked General Petraeus to diagnose the weapons-of-mass-destruction debacle at the CIA and Morgan Stanley's James Gorman why Americans hate Wall Street. But the ensuing dodge from Rubenstein's subjects rarely elicits a probing follow-up. Rather, his questions tend to revolve around overcoming the particular obstacles mounted by the onset of wealth and success, such as when he asked Gorman if he could get tickets to Hamilton easily.
Rubenstein presents his copy of the Magna Carta to the National Archives. Rubenstein's philanthropy helped nudge his public image from connected financier to national treasure. Photograph by Getty Images.
Rubenstein with Speaker of the House Paul Ryan. Photograph by Getty Images.
Rubenstein with Oprah. Photograph courtesy of Jean-Pierre Uys Photography/Bloomberg.
The curious law governing Rubenstein's show is that the less famous its subjects, the more interesting the conversations. The third season, for instance, can range from former Presidents Bush and Clinton—an encounter in which Rubenstein doesn't pose a single difficult question—to Francis Collins, who directs the National Institutes of Health and from whom Rubenstein, a secular Jew, unspools the former atheist's fascinating journey of becoming a born-again Christian, making it unquestionably the best episode of all three seasons.
In a noteworthy sequence with Barra, Rubenstein prompted the GM chief to discuss a meeting at the White House. He asked, "What is Donald Trump like?," to which Barra, discomfited, responded in part, "I would say it was a very productive meeting where we could share our views." Rubenstein abruptly changed subject: "Why are you so successful in China? Do you manufacture the cars there?" The prospect of twinning the topic of outsourcing to the populist earthquake that had flung Barra next to Trump—thanks to a historic upset, no less, in her own back yard of Michigan—seemed to elude both interviewer and subject. Given his sagacious powers in business, viewers are often left to wonder why they don't follow Rubenstein onto the stage. Camaraderie, not curiosity, is his stronger suit there, or so it would seem.
The answers might offer some illumination into Trump's soul (though Rubenstein already asked the military-school question of Trump back in 2014). For his part, Rubenstein prefers to think of his show as among the vanguard—a world in which one's billionaire status grants certain indulgences that a workaday journalist, chasing the story of the day, might not pull off.
He's right. On the other hand, future historians might squint at the powerful billionaire who avoided pressing the leader of the free world on the big issues. Alternatively, perhaps—assuming we make it through this era alive—they'll simply wonder why we couldn't all be as sanguine as Rubenstein, who, after all, seems to be enjoying himself.


text:
name: Andrew Van Benschoten, Ph.D.
startdate: [2012-06-01]
enddate: [2015-05-26]
image: /static/img/members/vb.jpg
altimage: /static/img/members/vb_pb.jpg
position: Graduate Student, [Biophysics](https://biophysics.ucsf.edu)
subsequent: Senior Data Scientist - Oracle; now Senior Manager, Data Science - Ovative Group
pronouns: he/him/his
email: andrew.vanbenschoten (at) ucsf.edu
scholar: 6YlS0rQAAAAJ
website:
UCSF:
twitter: vanben11
linkedin: andrewhvbs
github: vanbenschoten
orcid: 0000-0002-7944-6237
description: "Andrew completed his undergraduate studies in biology at MIT. While there, he worked with Cathy Drennan on determining the structure of metalloenzymes via X-ray crystallography. Andrew started at UCSF in the fall of 2011 and is investigating the features of diffuse X-ray scatter in several model protein systems and molecular machines."
---

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


DE Services, LLC has partnered with Green Sky to offer our customers renovation loans. Contact us for more information about available programs.
DE Services, LLC is located in Boonton, NJ. We are led by David Errichiello who has over 25 years of "Hands on Experience".
We have always alleged, we were One of the Best. Well, the people have voted; and once again we are proud to announce we are One of the Best Home Improvement Contractors in Morris County. Thank you so much for your support!!!


Renowned for its clean, natural style, it's no surprise that the Scandinavian design aesthetic has crept slowly into homes across the globe in recent years. Along with the buzzing creative scenes of Copenhagen and Stockholm, Oslo's is increasingly coming to the fore, producing elegant but simple, timeless interiors and homeware pieces that add a sense of calm and coll to a home without overpowering it.
At the forefront of trend-setting Scandinavian home furnishings since its foundation in 1925 is Danish brand Illums Bolighus, whose Norwegian base is at House of Oslo. Initially, the concept of the store was as revolutionary as the innovative items sold inside: a store where furniture and textiles interacted with art in a home environment. With everything from Eames chairs to Marimekko bedding and kitchen utensils, the store philosophy is about providing innovative pieces to suit the modern lifestyle and inject a dash of originality and verve into everyday life.
According to House of Oslo's spokeswoman, the Illums Bolighus store is the centre's biggest attraction. 'It has a broad spectrum of home décor and interior design,' she explains. 'At Illums Bolighus you will find all the big designers, both local and international: brands such as Vipp, Stelton, Georg Jensen, Wedgwood, Louis Poulsen, Kartell, Ralph Lauren, Lexington, Ilse Jacobsen and many more.' Local names on the ascent at House of Oslo include Catherine Kullberg Lighting, Ygg & Lyng and Wik & Walsøe, whose interiors and homewares are all inspired by the wild and beautiful Norwegian outdoors.
Ragnhild Wik of Wik & Walsøe agrees that respecting and capturing nature is key for Norwegian desginers. The brand has just added new tablewares to its Lys ('Light') series, which Wik says have been inspired by 'the sun and the moon reflecting its light in the pure white snow, and the irregular yet perfect patterns created by nature'.
Another Norwegian name informed by its surroundings is Slettvoll. Its popular collections of upholstered furniture, produced on Norway's west coast, are known for their 'simplicity and timelessness, expressed in a modern setting', explains Torill Sletvoll, the company's creative director of the founder. Mostly conceived by one of Norway's top interiors designers, Helene Forbes Hennie (who recently won the Andrew Martin International Designer of the Year Award), the collections also look to local surroundings such as deep fjords and majestic mountains as their starting points. While pops of colour tend to appear in seasonal spring and autumn collections, the company's timeless pieces have only hints of colour mixed with a base of grey, 'burnt' and natural.
While Norwegian décor style is starting to move towards a more international-inspired future, the country's core interiors ethos of function, comfort and timeless appeal above all are what make Oslo's interiors and homewares so coveted, reminding us that there is truly no place like home.


Bringing down cow flatulence can reduce the presence of greenhouse gases. So believe a group of scientists from New Zealand and Australia, currently working on a multi-million dollar research project. Their project is based on studies that have established that methane, a major greenhouse gas, from cows is responsible for global warming. A US study, too, estimates that 9 to 12 per cent of energy consumed by cows is converted to methane that is released through flatulence or burping. The project, funded by the Australia-New Zealand Biotechnology Partnership Fund, aims to "breed more efficient cows that convert their food into more milk and less methane".
Earlier, in 2003, the New Zealand government tried to impose a methane tax on farmers because their livestock was responsible for more than half the country's greenhouse gas emissions. But the so-called "fart tax" was dropped after protests from farmers.


Boohoo fashions are aimed at 16 to 24-year-olds.
Councillors and officials in Sheffield are celebrating a deal set to bring 1,200 jobs to the city after working on it for a year.
Clipper Logistics has signed a 10-year lease on Sheffield 615, a giant warehouse on Shepcote Lane in Tinsley owned by Logicor, and will run it for PrettyLittleThing, part of online fashion firm Boohoo.
The Star understands £1m of taxpayers' money from the Business Investment Fund was used to sweeten the deal. It compares to £12m of BIF funding for McLaren and £5.5m for Boeing, both firms are building factories on the Sheffield-Rotherham border.
Sheffield City Council is also set to help train warehouse staff.
John Mothersole, council chief executive, said: "This is a brilliant addition to the city's jobs market. Our logistics offer is strong and that is why Clipper Logistics have decided to base its Boohoo and Pretty Little Thing operation here.
"It is especially pleasing after the sadness around Polestar UK, which previously occupied the site. We have worked closely with those affected to help them through this difficult period.
"Clipper Logistics has signified a long-term commitment to the region with this deal which brings yet another multi-national company with a global reach and reputation into our city.
The authority also helped with finding the site and planning matters, he added.


Please tell us about your transplant(s).
List the organ(s), eye(s), and/or tissue(s) you received.
Choose a moment when you were sickest. What was your life like then? Did you experience any physical/activity restrictions?
How did you feel while you were waiting for a transplant? How long did you wait? What was the impact on your family?
Think about when you received the call for your transplant. What did you do after the call? How did you feel?
Describe what it means to you that someone made the choice to be an organ/tissue donor.
Have you been in contact with the donor's family? If so, what did you say to them? If not, what would you say to them?
How has your transplant changed your life? What are you able to do now that you weren't able to do before?
Do you celebrate the anniversary of your transplant in any special way?
What is the last thing you want people to remember about your story? Think of a simple message you want people to walk away with.


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Proposta de Correspondente no País – Bradesco Expresso

Prezados Senhores,

Temos  a  satisfação  de  apresentar-lhes  nossa  proposta  para  a  prestação  de serviços de Correspondente no País por essa empresa, de acordo com a resolução n.º
3.954/2011 do Conselho Monetário Nacional.

Nossa proposta traz uma série de benefícios para o varejista, que devem ser levados em consideração:

•	Sinergia muito grande com o público alvo de Correspondente no País, reforçada pela capilaridade da maior Rede de Atendimento bancário do País;

•	Proporcionar um aumento considerável de público nas lojas, consequentemente, maior receita pelos serviços prestados e, principalmente, aumento nas vendas dos produtos ofertados na sua atividade principal, conforme pode ser constatado em outros Correspondentes em que já atuamos;

•	Oferecemos a maior gama de produtos e serviços disponíveis no segmento de Correspondente: abertura de contas, empréstimos, cartão de crédito, micro seguros, saques, depósitos, extratos, recebimento de contas de consumo, boletos de cobrança e tributos com código de barras, recarga de celular,pague fácil, transferência entre contas, crédito consignado INSS etc.

•	Nosso sistema opera "on line – real time", sua vantagem em relação à concorrência é permitir o recebimento de contas de consumo, tributos com código de barras e boletos de cobrança com horário estendido.

•	Dispomos de ampla estrutura de apoio e suporte à operação, formada por profissionais competentes, constituído por mais de 250 funcionários em todo o território nacional;

•	Fomos contemplados com o Prêmio E-Finance, da revista "Executivos Financeiros", como melhor projeto na categoria "Correspondente no País" no país.

Colocamo-nos à disposição para esclarecimento de qualquer dúvida.

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Crisp blueberries, plump strawberries, and tart raspberries combine with cream to create this irresistibly delicious blend.
Yummy berries!! Indeed and sweet cream love it!
Sweet, smooth vape. Tastes almost like sherbet on the inhale and definitely a present taste of creamy blueberries on exhale. The cream balances the sweet taste well and there is plenty of cloud production. I was slightly worried when I noticed that this was one of the less expensive ones in my box as I have had bad cheap(er) liquids before but I was pleasantly surprised.


text:
ULBS Partnership
You are here: Home / Press Kit
KeepCalling is a global telecommunications company registered in 2002 in USA, offering various telecom solutions: Voice Credit, Mobile Recharge, Virtual Number, Monthly Plans, Web Call and Web SMS through various ethnic websites. Presently, KeepCalling provides its services to hundreds of thousands of consumers and businesses, with a focus on customer satisfaction. Year after year, KeepCalling is listed in Inc. Magazine's ranking of the fastest growing US companies.
Our goal is to offer the best products to ethnic markets through easy to use services and fair prices.
KeepCalling's permanent purpose is to help people communicate. Our attention is continuously captured by our valuable customers, whose expectations we strive to meet and exceed. While focusing on customer satisfaction, we try to help people stay in touch regardless of their location.
Our values make us who we are! Our work, goals, and aspirations are shaped by these beliefs. We value the specificities of each ethnicity and know that our culture defines who we are, therefore, it should never be ignored.
We also know that doing good and having a positive outlook will always be the right approach to any action. It is important for us to be fair and transparent in all our endeavors, and business is no exception.
We are open and like to maintain a healthy dose of flexibility and innovation, which enables us to provide reliable solutions for our customers. At the end of the day, KeepCalling is also about giving back and inspiring others to do the same.
we connect over 40 million minutes every month
through the approximately 70 various ethnic websites, KeepCalling connects to each ethnicity separately by providing a culture-bound online space
the initial investment of the company was of only $100
Interview with Silvana Tatu, Managing Director at KeepCalling
SuperbCrew
KeepCalling Celebrates 12 Years of Successful Online Business
Oil & Gas Journal | The Network Journal | Centre Daily Times
KeepCalling Donated $4000 to Wikipedia for the Fourth Time in the Past 4 Years
Daily Herald | Boston.com
New KeepCalling App Version for iOS Users Launched by KeepCalling.com
Miami Herald | Sun Herald | Star Tribune | The News Tribune
Giving something back to the community is a corporate responsibility that we take very seriously. KeepCalling is more than happy to launch humanitarian projects or subscribe to successful existing ones. In 2009 we launched our first social responsibility project initiative by donating 5% of the value of each purchase to REACH, an organization building houses for orphan children in Haiti.
Since then, we got involved in tens of charities in all sorts of fields: education, social support, sports, environmental protection, animal care, and so on. We believe in giving back to our communities, so, besides supporting well known projects, we also really like to help local NGOs. Here are some of our favorite causes, to which we usually dedicate money and time every year:
KeepCalling is always proud to join Habitat for Humanity in its mission to provide as many people as possible with a roof above their heads. We had the pleasure to participate in 4 Habitat for Humanity projects so far:
2015: KeepCalling contributed with $2,500 and a team of 12 people who helped built houses in Jucu, a village in Romania
2014: KeepCalling contributed with $3,000 and a team of 12 people who helped built two houses in Jucu, a village in Romania
2013: KeepCalling contributed with $2,000 and a team of 12 people who helped built two houses in Chinteni, a village in Romania
2011: KeepCalling contributed with $3,000 and a team of 10 people who helped built a house in Beius, a town in Romania
We contribute to Wikipedia as we greatly appreciate the service it offers to worldwide users. Donating to the world's largest free encyclopedia is a tradition we care about, because we support its efforts to make information and knowledge available for free to people all over the world.
2015: KeepCalling made a donation of $3,000
Niños con Valor
Niños con Valor has always been one of our favorite charities because it helps so many children in need in Cochabamba, where KeepCalling has its South American office. Along the years, this Bolivian NGO has saved tens of children from poverty, abuse, and drug consumption, so it certainly fulfils its motto, 'Transforming lives, one child at a time'.
2015: A few weeks before Easter, KeepCalling made a donation of $1,000 for school supplies and uniforms
2014: KeepCalling donated $150 for the children's Christmas dinner
2013: KeepCalling made Easter and Christmas donations covering the center's food needs and daily expenses
2012: KeepCalling donated money for the children's Christmas dinner and extra food supplies
2011: KeepCalling bought clothes for all the 34 children living in the shelter
KIVA is a non-profit organization with a mission to connect people through lending to alleviate poverty. Through Kiva, anyone can lend as little as $25 to support small businesses in underprivileged countries.
By September 2015, KeepCalling employees made 333 loans, amounting to a total sum of $8,325.
'Lucian Blaga' University of Sibiu
In 2015, KeepCalling initiated a sponsorship program benefitting 'Lucian Blaga' University in Sibiu, where the company has its headquarters. Through this program, KeepCalling encourages students to choose Marketing as their university major by covering their tuition fees.
During the 2015-2016 university year, KeepCalling will cover the tuition fee for 30 students, which means over $15,000 invested in the future of Marketing.
And many, many more! Check our Charity page for detailed accounts of all our CSR activities so far.
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© Copyright - KeepCalling.net


text:
Central Texas is a region in the U.S. state of Texas surrounding Austin and roughly bordered by San Saba to Bryan and San Marcos to Hillsboro. Central Texas overlaps with and includes part of the Texas Hill Country and corresponds to a physiographic section designation within the Edwards Plateau, in a geographic context.

Central Texas includes the Austin–Round Rock, Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood, Bryan–College Station, and Waco metropolitan areas.  The Austin–Round Rock and Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood areas are among the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the state. The Greater Austin and Greater San Antonio areas are separated from each other by approximately  along Interstate 35. It is anticipated that both regions may form a new metroplex similar to Dallas and Fort Worth.  Some of the largest cities in the region are Austin, College Station, Killeen, Round Rock, and Waco. The largest U.S. Army installation in the country, Fort Hood, is located near Killeen.

Composition
The counties (in red) that are almost always included in the Central Texas region are:

Counties (in pink) that are sometimes included in the Central Texas region are:

Gallery

See also

 Edwards Plateau
 List of geographical regions in Texas
 Llano Estacado
 Texas Hill Country

References

Further reading

External links
 Fredericksburg, Texas Chamber of Commerce
 "Celebrate Diversity in Central Texas." Austin American-Statesman.

Great Plains
Physiographic sections
Regions of Texas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


deaner1971 wrote: . . . Technology would let you couple a technically perfectly exposed set of rocks with a technically perfectly exposed sky but should you?
I'll play devil's advocate here. Why not? It think your question goes to the heart of what most of us are trying to do here - which is not "reportage" photography, but making images; viz, art. So I would substitute "should" you to "do you want" to?
If "realism" is what you are seeking, then you are absolutely correct that you have to pay attention to the light and it has to be natural (either what was there, or what could be there in nature, given the conditions). Again, we have to be careful not to go the other direction (I said here the other day that because our eyes are so technically good as seeing detail in hard light conditions, we have to be careful not to let that fool us into thinking our camera will capture and display the same thing we "saw"). OTOH, we also have to be careful not to get so "technical" that we don't let our creativity allow us to create an image that either "could be" or that we saw or imagined in our mind's eye.
Really good point. I was sliding into kind of an absolutist way of thinking.
My subtext there was that I was feeding off a perceived shared predisposition to "realism" I saw in Brant's comment.
As of now, my photographer's "voice" is one more rooted in portraying slightly idealized reality, if that makes sense. And it was from that perspective that I was speaking. I can appreciate others' work that is different from this but, in what I am currently seeking to create, that is the particular edge I wish to hone.
You made a really useful point because my words did not reflect a careless use but actually did reflect a bias that I have but which I shouldn't allow to be my sole perspective.
Dean: I "got" that. I thought you were using "should" in that way. I kind of took advantage of the generalized meaning to make my own point (as any good lawyer advocate would ).
For what its worth, I agree with you. My own view seems to tend toward, as you put it so well, "idealized reality."
Good discussion. I am internalizing this stuff here and maybe some of it sinks into the subconscious and comes out through images to come.
I'm late to the party here.....but wanted to come back and answer Andy's questions re my lighthouse image.
I used Nik Viveza to open up the shadows, and I was shooting at ISO 200.


The effect of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on the neurosecretory action of the hypothalamo- hypophyseal system was investigated in 72 male rats. The experimental animals received CPZ in a dose of 0.4 mg, 4.0 mg and 20.0 mg/kg b.w. for 30 days. The rats were sacrificed by decapitation at 24 h and 7 days after the last dose of the drug. The neurosecretory material was stained with paraldehyde fuchsin in the supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, eminentia mediana and neurohypophysis, the tigroid was stained with toluidine blue and the acid phosphatase activity was evaluated histoenzymatically. It was found that CPZ reduced the content of the neurosecretory material after 24 h, while an increase was observed 7 days after the last drug administration.


text:
Omicron surge appears to have peaked in Illinois, but officials urge continued caution as hospitals remain stressed
Two brothers, cousin arrested in Illinois on charges stemming from US Capitol breach
'American Idol' treats Katy Perry's flirting as a joke. Some viewers aren't amused: analysis
By By Emily Yahr
The Washington Post |
Contestant Benjamin Glaze and Katy Perry on"American Idol." (Mark Levine / ABC)
On Sunday night's episode of "American Idol," an18-year-old singer named Jonny Brenns auditioned with an original song called "Blue Jeans." Judges Lionel Richie, Luke Bryan and Katy Perry were impressed. Especially Perry.
"You got a face like Chet Baker. Very good-looking," Perry said approvingly to the contestant. Then she smirked, looking away and rolling her eyes knowingly.
"Look at her!" Bryan exclaimed. Richie asked, "Will you stop flirting now?"
Perry ignored them. "It's kind of like this sweet little sexy thing that you've got going on," she told Brenns. She agreed with Bryan's assessment that teenage girls would love him. "Eighteen-year-old girls would eat this up! If a 32-year-old cougar would eat it up . . ." Perry, 32, trailed off.
The scene was presented in good fun, as Richie and Bryan thought it was hilarious and the show promoted Brenns's audition as an "'American Idol' showmance." But as this continues a pattern of Perry flirting with male contestants, how will the pop star's behavior play out in a culture that is now hyperaware of power dynamics in Hollywood?
Perry briefly caused an internet storm after last week's premiere of the costly revival of the hit Fox series that now airs on ABC, during a scene that seemed out of place in the #MeToo era. In the episode, 19-year-old contestant Benjamin Glaze told the judges he had never kissed a girl before. Perry motioned for him to give her a peck on the cheek - only to turn her face at the last second and kiss him on the lips.
Glaze toppled over in surprise as Bryan and Richie howled with laughter and gave Perry high-fives. Glaze, who took the moment in stride, later told the New York Times that he was a "tad bit uncomfortable" because he wanted to save his first kiss for his first relationship.
Though "Idol" heavily promoted that moment leading up to the premiere, some viewers weren't amused - pointing out that the same situation between a 30-something male judge and 19-year-old female contestant would not have been played for laughs. (Sample comment on Twitter: "Anyone else watching 'Idol' feel like Katy Perry pressured that poor kid into letting her kiss him on the cheek and violated him by planting one on his lips? Would not have been okay for a male celebrity to do to a young girl. #americanidol #katyperry #mencanbesexuallyharassedtoo")
An ABC spokesperson declined to comment, and Perry's publicist did not return a request for comment. However, as the situation spiraled last week, Glaze took to Instagram to clarify that "I do not think I was sexually harassed by Katy Perry and I am thankful for the judges comments and critiques." He also reiterated to "Entertainment Tonight": "I was only uncomfortable because it was just my first kiss. I'm not upset about it, I'm glad that it happened."
On the second night of "Idol's" two-part premiere last Monday, the show really leaned into Perry's flirtatious side. The episode featured an audition with 27-year-old construction worker Trevor Holmes, who admitted that Perry was his celebrity crush. The feeling became mutual when Holmes appeared in front of the judges. Bryan labeled him a "dreamboat" while Perry went with, "You're so hot."
Holmes laughed, and Perry offered, "If you're not going to Hollywood, maybe you could just come hang out with me in L.A." She also managed to make "He's in construction, so he's got lots of tools," sound like an innuendo. Richie and Bryan egged her on, especially when Holmes revealed his girlfriend was waiting outside.
Perry could barely keep it together as Holmes crooned a love song, and the camera zoomed in on her dreamy expression. When Holmes landed a ticket to Hollywood, things devolved into chaos as his girlfriend ran into the room, which sent Perry literally bolting in the opposite direction. Again, it was showcased as a highlight of the show.
"One of the best moments [of 'Idol'] so far is that so-called love triangle involving Katy Perry, a handsome contestant named Trevor and Trevor's girlfriend named Sierra," Michael Strahan gushed on "Good Morning America" Wednesday before interviewing the good-natured couple. Sierra explained, "We had so much fun, and Katy and I hugged and we laughed about it. I even told her we could share him."
"Idol" producers and the network seem excited to treat Perry's shtick as a joke. Same with the contestants - but then, do they really have a choice? That gets into the power dynamics issue that the entertainment industry has been forced to confront over the last several months. As a result, it can become more uncomfortable to watch auditions such as the one starring 26-year-old William Casanova: Although he and Perry had an entertaining rapport, he had to retrieve his ticket to Hollywood from between Perry's toes after she found out that he was a shoe salesman.
In an essay for Slate, Christina Cauterucci noted the lighthearted framing of Perry's behavior might make sense for the network, but it feels like an odd choice. "Of course, Perry's flirtation isn't truly sexual at all. It remains in the realm of PG-rated jest - this is family television, after all," she wrote. Still, she added of Glaze's audition, "The scene feels even more lewd and exploitative post-#MeToo than it would have last March. ABC's decision to treat it as a playful, feel-good moment - and use it to advertise the show - is bafflingly obtuse."
'American Idol' contestant: Katy Perry kiss not harassment
Wheaton singer eager to inspire on 'American Idol'
'American Idol's' Haley Reinhart found guilty of hitting bouncer during Palatine bar fight
Latest Television
Chicago Red Stars strike a partnership with Univision and The U to broadcast select NWSL matches, with 10-12 games expected on local TV in English and Spanish
YouTube TV restores access to Disney-owned channels — including ESPN and local ABC stations — after carriage rate dispute gets resolved


text:
Q: Given string will only print when boolean is false, not when true     public static void main(String[] args) {
    Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
    System.out.println("How many of your two bosses are smiling?");
    int smiles = in.nextInt();
    final boolean trouble;

    if(smiles == 0 || smiles == 2){
        trouble = true;
    }else if(smiles == 1){
        trouble = false;
    if(trouble == false){
            System.out.println("The coast is clear!");
        }
        else if(trouble == true){
            System.out.println("You're in trouble!");
    }in.close();
}

This whole thing is stupid.
I need to basically make a boolean-using program that tells the user, via the number of bosses smiling, wether or not they are in trouble.
Both/Neither smiling = trouble
One smiling and the other not smiling = no trouble
But it will only print the given strings if there's no trouble.
I get that I'm a fukken idiot, and this whole task I'm required to do is, personally, kinda stupid. But whatever, moron can't do simple code. Maybe someone could tell me what stupid mistake I made so I can get this done and out of the way?
It's resolved, I'm an idiot who can't read the bracket placement/formatting properly. Also yes, it shouldn't have been a final, though changing that was not the resolution at first.

A: Change
final boolean trouble;

to
boolean trouble = false;

Your boolean value is final and thus cannot be modified, its default value is "false". That means that it is never changed from "false" no matter what happens next.
By the way, if a number larger than 2 is input, the boolean value will also be "false".
A check to see if the integer being input is in the right range (between 0 and 2) would be a good idea.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This module contains functions to control the VDAC peripheral of Silicon Labs 32-bit MCUs and SoCs. The VDAC converts digital values to analog signals at up to 500 ksps with 12-bit accuracy. The VDAC is designed for low energy consumption, but can also provide very good performance.
The output stage of a VDAC channel consist of an onchip operational amplifier in the OPAMP module. This opamp is highly configurable and to exploit the VDAC functionality fully, you might need to configure the opamp using the OPAMP API. By using the OPAMP API you will also load opamp calibration values. The default (reset) settings of the opamp will be sufficient for many applications.
Calculate prescaler value used to determine VDAC clock.
Reset VDAC to same state as after a HW reset.
Default config for VDAC init structure.
Definition at line 195 of file em_vdac.h.
Default config for VDAC channel init structure.
Definition at line 231 of file em_vdac.h.
Peripheral Reflex System signal used to trig VDAC channel conversion.
Definition at line 123 of file em_vdac.h.
Internal low noise 1.25 V bandgap reference.
Internal low noise 2.5 V bandgap reference.
Internal 1.25 V bandgap reference.
Internal 2.5 V bandgap reference.
Definition at line 113 of file em_vdac.h.
Definition at line 105 of file em_vdac.h.
Definition at line 147 of file em_vdac.h.
Definition at line 267 of file em_vdac.h.
Definition at line 288 of file em_vdac.h.
[in] channel Channel number to set output of.
[in] value Value to write to the channel output register CHnDATA.
[in] ch Channel to enable/disable.
Initializes common parts for both channels. This function will also load calibration values from the Device Information (DI) page into the VDAC calibration register. To complete a VDAC setup, channel control configuration must also be done, please refer to VDAC_InitChannel().
[in] init Pointer to VDAC initialization structure.
[in] init Pointer to VDAC channel initialization structure.
[in] ch Channel number to initialize.
Definition at line 306 of file em_vdac.h.
Definition at line 322 of file em_vdac.h.
Depending on the use, a pending interrupt may already be set prior to enabling the interrupt. Consider using VDAC_IntClear() prior to enabling if such a pending interrupt should be ignored.
Definition at line 343 of file em_vdac.h.
VDAC interrupt sources pending. A bitwise logic OR combination of valid interrupt flags for the VDAC module (VDAC_IF_nnn).
Definition at line 362 of file em_vdac.h.
Definition at line 386 of file em_vdac.h.
Definition at line 405 of file em_vdac.h.
The VDAC clock is given by input clock divided by prescaler+1.
Maximum VDAC clock is 1 MHz. Input clock is HFPERCLK when VDAC synchronous mode is selected, or an internal oscillator of 10 MHz +/- 20% when asynchronous mode is selected.
If the requested VDAC frequency is low and the max prescaler value can not adjust the actual VDAC frequency lower than requested, the max prescaler value is returned, resulting in a higher VDAC frequency than requested.
[in] vdacFreq VDAC frequency target. The frequency will automatically be adjusted to be below max allowed VDAC clock.
[in] hfperFreq Frequency in Hz of HFPERCLK oscillator. Set to 0 to use currently defined HFPERCLK clock setting. This parameter is only used when syncMode is set to true.
Prescaler value to use for VDAC in order to achieve a clock value less than or equal to vdacFreq.


text:
Mirza se poate referi la următorii autori care au denumit cel puțin o specie:

 M. R. Mirza
 F. Mirza


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    package="com.devfest.roboguicedemo.app" >

    <application
        android:allowBackup="true"
        android:icon="@drawable/ic_launcher"
        android:label="@string/app_name"
        android:theme="@style/AppTheme"
        android:name="com.devfest.roboguicedemo.app.MainApplication">
        <activity
            android:name="com.devfest.roboguicedemo.app.MainActivity"
            android:label="@string/app_name" >
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />

                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>
    </application>

</manifest>


This page displays sold house prices for Adams Court in Kidderminster.
Adams Court in Kidderminster DY10 consists predominantly of terraced houses. Properties on Adams Court typically have values around £150,000 - £150,000, with larger terraced houses and townhouses valued at around £150,000.
Map showing Adams Court in Kidderminster.


Now all other set are available in the standard size mentioned at the website.
This two set are not in standard set as this two set are our first two alphabets set for the memebers.
Please take care the size of the designs may be a slight varies from alpha to alpha to suits it looks. We had provided a size range ( in mm) in the data sheet.please check the data sheet because the all alpha lies in that range only.
All the size of alphabets are standard but there may be a very small difference in the size so it is better to see the data sheet before purchase.