The water to a kitchen or bathroom sink is supplied through small copper or flexible neoprene tubes from a small control valve, called a stop or shut-off valve, under the sink. There are two basic types, straight stops and angle stops, and these valves normally remain on and are seldom closed, functioning maintenance-free for years. Aging stop valves can begin to leak as tap water mineral deposits build up or the internal seals degenerate. Replacement of these inexpensive valves is a simple repair.
Turn the water supply off to the stop valve by closing the main gate valve. This main valve is typically located on the exterior of the house.
Open the sink's faucets to drain water from the fixture and release siphon pressure in the water line.
Position a bucket or container beneath the stop valve being replaced to capture the small amount of water in the lines when the water line from the faucet is disconnected.
Use an adjustable wrench to loosen the small hex nut that connects the water line to the sink faucet.
Loosen the larger hex nut at the base of the stop valve, turning it clockwise until it is free of the valve's threads.
Remove the stop valve from the copper water line by pulling it forward. Remove the brass compression ring around the copper water line to free the large hex-head nut.
Clean any corrosion or mineral buildup from the exposed copper water line with a piece of emery cloth.
Push the new stop valve's large hex nut onto the copper waterline, with the opening toward you, then slide the new brass compression ring over the copper waterline.
Wrap two or three full layers of Teflon thread tape clockwise around the threaded sections of both the large and small hex nut connections.
Slip the new stop valve onto the copper waterline and tighten the large hex nut to finger-tight, making certain the water line connection is positioned straight up. Use the adjustable wrench to tighten the hex nut.
Connect the waterline from the sink faucet to the smaller connection hole and tighten the hex nut.
Turn the control knob on the new stop valve counterclockwise to the fully open position. Open the sink's faucet.
Open the main gate valve to turn the house water supply back on.
Check the new stop valve's connections for leaking, and tighten the hex nut connections as necessary. Do not over-tighten.


text:
Q: How do I use DDPClient with promises? I am trying to use when.js with ddpclient. The code I have written is at the bottom of the post.   When I attempt to use this, I get the following error below.  Any ideas on how to get around this error?  I am aware of another DDPclient that uses promises, but I am not keen to add an additional promise library.
Potentially unhandled rejection TypeError: Object #<Object> has no method '_nextId'
    at DDPClient.call (/Source/proj/node_modules/ddp/lib/ddp-client.js:329:17)
    at /Source/tellme/updater/node_modules/when/node.js:89:7
    at tryCatchReject (/Source/proj/node_modules/when/lib/makePromise.js:790:14)
    at FulfilledHandler.when (/Source/tellme/updater/node_modules/when/lib/makePromise.js:621:9)
    at ContinuationTask.run (/Source/tellme/updater/node_modules/when/lib/makePromise.js:741:24)
    at Scheduler._drain (/Source/proj/node_modules/when/lib/scheduler.js:56:14)
    at Scheduler.drain (/Source/proj/node_modules/when/lib/scheduler.js:21:9)
    at process._tickCallback (node.js:419:13)
    at Function.Module.runMain (module.js:499:11)
    at startup (node.js:119:16)

Code below:
"use strict";
var when           = require('when'),
    node           = require('when/node'),
    DDPClient      = require('ddp');

var ddpclient = new DDPClient({
    host: "localhost",
    port: 3000
});

var ddpconnect = node.lift(ddpclient.connect);
var ddpcall = node.lift(ddpclient.call);

//var ddpConnectPromise = node.lift(ddpclient.connect);

var obj = {"name": "john","age":25};

when(ddpconnect).then
(ddpcall("processObj", obj)).
    catch(function (error) {
        console.log(error);
    }).
    done();

EDIT: The following appears to get me closer, but I encounter a [TypeError: Object processObj has no method 'addListener'] error.
"use strict";
var when           = require('when'),
    node           = require('when/node'),
    DDPClient      = require('ddp');

var ddpConnectPromise = node.liftAll(DDPClient);

var ddpclient = new ddpConnectPromise({
    host: "localhost",
    port: 3000
});

var obj = {"name": "john","age":25};
when(ddpclient.connect).then(function (ddpclient) {
    ddpclient.call("processObj", sampleJSON);
}).
    catch(function (error) {
        console.log(error);
    }).
    done();

A: If you don't mind using bluebird, it has a promisifyAll you could use:
var Promise = require("bluebird");
Promise.promisifyAll(require("ddp").prototype);
var DDPClient = require("ddp");

var ddpclient = new DDPClient({
  host: "localhost",
  port: 3000,
  /* optional: */
  auto_reconnect: true,
  auto_reconnect_timer: 500,
  use_ejson: true,           // Use Meteor's EJSON to preserve certain data types.
  use_ssl: false,
  maintain_collections: true // Set to false to maintain your own collections.
});

var obj = {"name": "john","age":25};

ddpclient.connectAsync().then(function(ddpclient) {
    return ddpclient.callAsync("process", {}); // params is a required argument
}).then(function(callResult) {

}); // Logging errors is useless when using bluebird, so leave the .catch out

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A few months ago we hosted Sean McCown for a talk about indexing tips and backup performance.
On this show, we have Sean again.
Sean reveals tons of backup tips and tricks while talking about his new free product, Minion Backup.
And as always with our guests, we play Scattergories, and Sean tells a VERY interesting story about cluster configuration.


SIMPSON ALH3425 Aluminum 3400 PSI @ 2.5 GPM, Gas Pressure Washer HONDA GX200 ENGINE. Designed to meet the rigourous demands of the cleaning pro, the SIMPSON® Aluminum Series frame is crafted of high strength aluminum alloy, making it lighter in weight than most steel frame designs.
SIMPSON PS60843 4,400-Psi 4.0-Gpm Gas Pressure Washer By SIMPSON – 60843. Sold by FactoryAuthorizedOutlet. add to compare compare now. $994.80 $829.00. SIMPSON PS3425 3,400-Psi 2.5 Gpm Gas Pressure Washer By Honda – 60696. Sold by FactoryAuthorizedOutlet. add to compare compare now.
Description. Especially created for the home and shop, the Simpson MegaShot 3100 PSI 2.5 GPM Gas Pressure Washer is perfect for the "Do-it-Yourselfer" looking for maximum performance with minimal investment.
SIMPSON pressure washer quick connect spray tips replace worn, or lost spray tips for hot and cold water pressure washers rated up to 3600 psi.

For a strong and powerful clean, look no further than the Simpson 3,400 PSI 2.5 GPM Gas Pressure Power Washer.

This pressure washer will become your go-to for your house, deck, sidewalk, or even work equipment.
Pressure Washers. Shop for over 100 pressure washers at CPO. We carry electric and gas powered pressure washers. Some of the brands we carry are Generac, Greenworks, Briggs & Stratton, DeWalt, Campbell Hausfeld, Karcher, Powerboss, AR Blue Clean, and many more.We carry top quality pressure washers from some of the best brands in the industry.
Designed to meet the rigorous demands of the cleaning pro, the SIMPSON PowerShot 3300 PSI 2.5 GPM Gas Pressure Washer Powered by Honda is powerful, yet extremely compact, easy to transport, set-up and load.
The average discount we found across all deals is 35.00%, the largest discount is 66.67% for the product Simpson Cleaning 80159 Universal Replacement Pressure Washer Spray Gun for Cold Water Pressure Washers, 3400 PSI from amazon. New products prices vary between $6.60 and $4,450.68. Free shipping is offered across 2 stores – amazon, Lowe's.
The Simpson 3400 PSI M22 Spray Gun 80159 has been discontinued.
The Simpson PS3228-S pressure washer has an output of 2.8 gallons per minute. So, that was quite an expensive lesson that I learnt at the time. The electric washer I'd been talked into just wasn't man enough for the job.
Jan 02, 2017 · SOURCE: pressure washer, john deere 3000 psi, honda engine It sounds like your intake is plugged with debris. What usually happens is a water hose that has been laying around will get various stuff in it — dirt, grass clippings, small insects (and whatever they take into it nest building).


text:
Witch Sword
Witch Sword is a story driven, indie RPG. The game takes place in a dark, medieval style fantasy world. The player will play as a swordsman and begin an adventure to unveil a conspiracy to overthrow an empire, and to take part in a deadly contest for a powerful ancient artifact.
Fortune And Gloria-DARKSiDERS
Released on July 25, 2018 . Added in Scene Games
Fortune & Gloria is an action platformer where you and a friend (optional) save the day in procedurally generated missions! Grab your trusty assault rifle, a handful of grenades, and join Nate "Fortune" Cobb and Gloria Guerrero on a mission to rescue hostages, take out the bad guys and blow stuff up!
Mad Frost
Welcome to the world sketched on squared paper. The world full of adventures and unexpected meetings. Holidays are just around the corner! And our hero is waiting for them so much. But everything is not as simple as it seems…
Jack B Nimble-DARKSiDERS
Jump in the shoes of Jack B. Nimble and master the whip in this cute, retro infinite runner.
Aces of the Luftwaffe Squadron-SKIDROW
The Aces of the Luftwaffe have returned! Dodge a hail of bullets and face their fearsome war machines in bombastic air battles and boss fights!
Mega Man X Legacy Collection 2-3DM
Complete the exciting Mega Man X saga with four action-packed titles! This collection showcases the evolution of the series with Mega Man X5, Mega Man X6, Mega Man X7, and Mega Man X8. Test your skills in the new X Challenge mode, which pits players against two deadly bosses at once.
Mega Man X Legacy Collection-3DM
Mega Man X Legacy Collection includes the legendary 16-bit titles and the series' exciting foray into the 32-bit era: Mega Man X, Mega Man X2, Mega Man X3, and Mega Man X4. Test your skills in the new X Challenge mode, which pits players against two deadly bosses at once.
No Mans Sky NEXT-CODEX
No Man's Sky is a game about exploration and survival in an infinite procedurally generated universe.
Semblance-PLAZA
Semblance is an innovative platformer with deformable terrain, set in a beautiful minimalist world. It's a game that asks, what if you could deform and reshape the world itself? Semblance takes the idea of a 'platform' in a platformer and turns it on its head.
Dragons Lair Trilogy-DINOByTES
Haven't heard of Dragon's Lair?! Well, you play the heroic Dirk the Daring, a valiant knight on a quest to rescue the fair princess from the clutches of an evil dragon! Originally released in the summer of 1983, Dragon's Lair has solidified itself as a cultural icon in gaming.
First«18241825182618271828182918301831»Last

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Desert Driven é um filme dos Estados Unidos de 1923, do gênero faroeste, dirigido por Val Paul e estrelado por Harry Carey.

Elenco
Harry Carey - Bob
Marguerite Clayton - Mary
George Waggner - Craydon
Charles Le Moyne - Leary (como Charles J. Le Moyne)
Alfred Allen - Yorke
Camille Johnson - Ge-Ge
Dan Crimmins - Brown
Catherine Kay - Wife
Thomas G. Lingham - Xerife (como Tom Lingham)
Jack Carlyle - Warden
James Wang - Cook (como Jim Wang)
Edward Cooper - Kendall

Ligações externas

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1923
Filmes de faroeste dos Estados Unidos
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes mudos
Filmes em preto e branco
Filmes dirigidos por Val Paul

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: If you cross 2 unit vector, do you also get another unit vector at the other axis? Let's say I have 2 unit vector of X and Y. I have to find another vector of Z. So if I were to cross X and Y to get Z, will Z also be a unit vector?

A: We know that the magnitude of the cross product of $\vec x $ and $\vec y $ is given by: $$|\vec x \times \vec y| = |\vec x||\vec y| \sin \theta $$ where $\theta $ is the angle between the two vectors.
Now consider what will happen if $\vec x = \vec y $. Even if $\vec x \neq \vec y $, we do have, $|\vec x|=|\vec y| = 1$. Thus, $$ |\vec x \times \vec y| = \sin \theta $$
Hope you can take it from here.


Answer a few questions and view jobs at Blue Shield of California that match your preferences.
Blue Shield of California provides health insurance, 401k plan, wellness programs, great work-life balance, career oppurtunities, paid holidays, employee discounts, etc.
Do You Work At Blue Shield of California?
How Would You Rate Working At Blue Shield of California?
Are you working at Blue Shield of California? Help us rate Blue Shield of California as an employer.
How Would You Rate The Company Culture Of Blue Shield of California?
Have you worked at Blue Shield of California? Help other job seekers by rating Blue Shield of California.
You can find out what it is like to work at Blue Shield of California, also known as Blue Shield of California, CALIFORNIA PHYSICIANS SERVICE INC, California Physicians' Service Inc and California Physicians' Service, Inc..
Zippia gives an in-depth look into the details of Blue Shield of California, including salaries, political affiliations, employee data, and more, in order to inform job seekers about Blue Shield of California. The employee data is based on information from people who have self-reported their past or current employments at Blue Shield of California. While we have made attempts to ensure that the information displayed are correct, Zippia is not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for the results obtained from the use of this information. The data presented on this page does not represent the view of Blue Shield of California and its employees or that of Zippia.


text:
If you have read the page about the 1908 Manchester Electrical Exhibition you will have come across the following paragraph:
'It certainly does seem to have been a popular exhibition, there were over 300,000 visitors. This success must have prompted the promoters to find a new site in Rusholme, (between St James School & Old Hall Lane, now Manchester Grammar School playing fields) to build the Rusholme Exhibition Hall'.
One of the difficulties in researching this piece of Rusholme history is that the 'Rusholme Exhibition Hall' had a comparatively short life of only 3 years. At no time between the opening of the Hall in 1910 and its destruction in 1913 were any maps or documents created from which I could clearly identify the site. One or two references in press articles gave me some indication of the site but a recently discovered photograph has confirmed the location.
The photograph below is a view along Old Hall Lane, looking in an eastward direction and does show the exhibition building on the left of the frame.
I have edited the same photograph below and this does show a clearer illustration of the Hall with what I presume is the main part of the exhibition area on the left of the frame.
To give another view of the location I have shown an aerial view below with the site outlined in red. (The green line is Wilmslow Road.) This land is on the easterly side of the footpath between 'The Toastrack' and Manchester Grammar School playing fields.
The following report was in the Manchester Guardian, March 22nd 1910.
Exhibition of Industries. An elaborate Manchester scheme.
'The building of wood and iron that is being put up in Old Hall Lane, Rusholme, for the Manchester Industrial Exhibition in May, promises to be the largest of its kind in the country. The main floor space, apart from the space for subsidiary offices is 100,000 square feet, an area greater than that of the Agricultural Hall in London. The promoters of the venture are the International Trade Exhibitions, who organised the successful electrical exhibition held in the same neighbourhood last year. The scope of this year's exhibition is, of course, considerably larger. The term "industrial" is widely comprehensive, but it may be taken here, we understand, to have a more domestic significance, the exhibits, without being restricted in any way, will be amplest on the side of things for the home and for the making of homes. Thus, special sections will be given over to the building, furnishing, and similar trades.
But the exhibition will not be without its lighter side. Of this the bandstand in the centre of the hall with seats for 1,000 people round it is good evidence. Some of the best bands have been engaged. In addition, there are to be many independent shows of one kind and another, among them a model of Old Manchester, which will occupy quite a large space. A good deal of trouble has been taken to make it as exact as possible. Another of the Exhibition's features that is likely to prove interesting is a series of, "Demonstrations of schemes for model houses, sanatoria, crèche's," and the like. It should be added that 5 per cent of the money received at the turnstiles is to go to such Manchester charities as the honorary committee shall decide. This arrangement is not dependent upon whether the Exhibition makes a profit or not. The Exhibition will be opened on May 12 by the Duke of Argyll, and will remain open till June 30th, possibly longer. Seeing that 300,000 people visited the Electrical Exhibition in Manchester last year, it is hoped this year's exhibition, with its wider appeal, will prove an even greater success.'
The opening advertisements for the Exhibition listed a wide range of events and displays with headings such as; 'The Ladies Dress Section should be most attractive', a number of 'Crack' bands would be playing, below I have copied the Guardian advert in three sections.
The vibrantly coloured poster below is from the collection at the National Archives, Kew; They have generously given rusholmearchive.org permission to display the image.
The National Archives, ref. COPY1/290 (532)
On May 10th 1910, two days before the opening of the Exhibition, King Edward died of a heart attack, a popular monarch his death cast a shadow over the entire nation.
The Manchester Guardian published the following account on May 16th.
INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION OPENING IN MANCHESTER.
"The Manchester Industrial Exhibition was opened to the public on Saturday. In consequence of the national mourning there was no formal ceremony, but it is understood that the Lord Mayor (Mr Charles Behrens) will attend and declare it open at a date to be fixed after the funeral of the late King. The exhibition buildings at Rusholme cover a large area of ground, and as they are intended to be used for similar enterprises after the close of the present exhibition on June 25 they are of a fairly substantial character. The promoters of the undertaking have decided to hand over 5 per cent of their gross receipts at the gates to Lancashire charitable Institutions. An its name implies, the exhibition is, in the main, devoted to the industrial arts, but there is a collection of paintings and engravings, and music is provided by well-known bands. There is also a loan exhibition of considerable interest. Included in this will be found the first all British aeroplane to fly, made and used by Mr A. V. Roe. There are also models lent by the Lancashire and Yorkshire and Midland Railway Companies and others of engines, ships, yachts, motors, and other mechanical inventions.
One section of the exhibition is called " Olde Manchester," and is built to give an impression of what the business part of the city was like some hundreds of years ago. One of the links of the past which will attract attention is a portion of Old Garrett Hall. There are nearly fifty shops in this department of the exhibition, and the effect of the whole is exceedingly quaint. There is plenty of variety in the way of entertainment. For each Saturday the exhibition is open physical drill competition and gymnastic displays have been arranged under the direction of the Manchester and Salford Practical and Recreative Evening Classes Committee. The competitors will be drawn from various boys' and girls' institutes, clubs, and schools. Specimens' of some of the best work produced in nearly every trade, and handicraft is exhibited, and many processes of manufacture may be seen.
Henshaw's Blind Asylum, Old Trafford, in a section of the exhibition building, give practical demonstrations of Swedish weaving and tapestry, basket-making, machine knitting, coir mat making, and even shorthand and typewriting by blind persons. The Ancoats Hospital have arranged a model ward, with nurses and attendants, and demonstrations are given of X-ray investigation. At the stand of the Manchester and Salford Boys' and Girls' Refuges and Homes, Strangeways, printing, carpentry, shoemaking, and tailoring are seen in operation, and similar work carried on by the boys of SL Joseph's Industrial Schools is also illustrated.
Altogether the exhibition contains a great deal which is both interesting and instructive."
I have some very modest items of memorabilia, advertising postcards that have survived 100 years. Perhaps the first postcard is the best, the illustration for 'Thom's Castile Soap, Best in the World.'
I have found the following information about Thom's on the website Graces Guide.
Thom, David, & Company, Limited, Whit Lane Works, Pendleton, Manchester. Telephone: Pendleton 2838. Telegrams: Thom, Manchester. Passenger station: Pendleton, 1 mile. Goods station: Brindle Heath, 1 mile. — Hard, soft and dry soaps for household and manufacturing use; carbolic and laundry soaps, soap flakes, toilet soap, Thom's castile and glycerine.
In the close-up illustration underneath you can see the circular emblem for the 1910 Exhibition.
The postcard illustration above is by Louis Wain, his illustrations of cats were very popular. You can read a biographical note at 'Bethlem – Museum of the Mind'
Another of the items that I have come across relating to the Exhibition is an advertising postcard for a Manchester business, The Gramophone and Phonograph Supply Company.
The image on the postcard below is a rather shocking picture of an elephants foot, (presumably an example of taxidermy), that has been adapted for use as a gramophone. What seems to me to be the most disagreeable is the heading on the card,
"In freedom I walked, in captivity I talk."
Altogether it does seem a rather disagreeable piece of advertising and I cannot imagine that anyone would find it acceptable today, clearly, however this was not the view of Mr. Jones the proprietor. Located at 13 Cross Street, Manchester, the company were enthusiastic promoters of the *Auxetophone. I can only imagine that judging by the message on the back of the postcard the company must have been displaying the Auxetophone at the Exhibition.
*The Auxetophone was the most successful and powerful mechanical device to amplify recorded sound. It was the product of combined efforts by Horace Short (of Short Brothers' aviation fame) and Sir Charles Algernon Parsons, inventor of the modern steam turbine engine. When playing gramophone records, this reproducer could be used in the open air, in a large hall, or even compete with an orchestra. The Auxetophone represented a radical shift in the function and reception of recorded sound and amplified music, making it possible for the first time in history to successfully play at significantly loud volume in public spaces. Despite endorsements by famous musicians, the Auxeto met with hostility and one critic suggested that the noise was so bad you would need a steam turbine engine to get away from the cacophony.
Another rather small illustrative item that I have found is an adhesive postage stamp sized 'flyer' that might have been on postcards and certainly was stuck to various exhibits. As you can see the illustration is like the poster above.
I gave this little 'flyer' to Manchester Library Archives and it is numbered; GB127.m80779
One report that I found when searching the internet does give a further idea of the size of the interior of the Exhibition Hall. The report below came from Flight Magazine, all issues back to 1905 have been digitalized and you can read the article below.
Manchester Aero Club (Model Section), October 1st 1910.
"The last flying meeting of the season was held in the Exhibition Hall, Rusholme, on Saturday last, and proved a great success. Altogether there were 30 competitors, and all the machines were of the monoplane type, proceedings being watched by a fair number of interested spectators.
The first event was the final flights for the season's aggregate competition, and the winner proved to be D. Wood with his Fleming-Williams machine, with A. R. Whitworth as the runner-up. The second item on the programme was a contest for models under 30 ins. span, and it was won by V. Wood, whose model flew 145 ft., while J. Whittaker was second with 138 ft. The large models completed in the third event, where the honours fell to K. Kinna, his model flying 200 ft., W. S. Williamson being second with 181 ft., and J. Whittaker third with 139 ft.
Two prizes were offered by Mr T. W. K. Clarke for the longest time in the air by a Clarke model, and they were won by K Kinna (17 secs.) and A. R. Whitworth (10 secs).
In the circular flight event the prize fell to A. W. Whittaker, while in a youths' competition for home-constructed models, the prizes were secured by A. B. Willcocks (183 ft.) and A. K. Whitworth (163 ft.).
The closing item was a point-to-point race round the hall, and three competitors tied, each doing the course in six stages. In the run ofl the models were flown simultaneously, and the winner turned up in A. Whittaker.
A good deal of interest was taken in a large petrol-driven model exhibited by Mr Brent".
One well known Manchester company that had a stand at the exhibition was Thomas Armstrong and Brother.
They were notably manufacturers of optical and other scientific instruments, the postcard below is of their stand and presumably used as a publicity 'flyer'.
You can read more about he history of this company by visiting the website of the Manchester Museum of Science and Industry
Later in the year the Anglo Japanese Exhibition was staged at the Rusholme Exhibition Hall.
(This followed the immensely successful Japan-British Exhibition which had taken place at White City, London from 14 May 1910 to 29 October 1910. That was the largest international exposition that the Empire of Japan had ever participated in and was driven by a desire of Japan to develop a more favourable public image in Great Britain following the renewal of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. It was also hoped that the display of manufactured products would lead to increased Japanese trade with Britain. By the time the event closed on 29 October, over 8 million visitors had attended.)
The Manchester exhibition was clearly a modest fair by comparison and the opening was duly reported in the Manchester Guardian;
Opening of Japanese Exhibition by the Lord Mayor, Nov 28th 1910.
"The rattle of the hammers had not ceased in the great Exhibition Hall at Rusholme on Saturday when the Lord Mayor of Manchester opened the Anglo-Japanese Exhibition. Workmen were still busy in various parts of the building, and there were many signs of incompleteness about the Exhibition. There was enough, however, to absorb the interest of visitors for many hours, and what was lacking will be forthcoming in a day or two.
The Lord Mayor, in declaring the Exhibition open, said it was only right that he should elate the reason that led him to associate himself with what was avowedly a commercial undertaking. It was that the promoters had shown themselves commendably interested in the poor of Manchester, and so far solicitous on their behalf as to promise 5 per cent of the gate money, with, a minimum of £160, towards the funds of St. Mary's Hospital, which to-day unfortunately and, in his opinion, to the shame of Manchester, although built and fully equipped, was not yet accessible to the many needy patients awaiting its opening. He had been looking forward to this exhibition. Things Japanese appealed to him very strongly and took his mind back to one of the pleasantest holidays he had ever had, the few months of 1907 which he and his family spent in Japan. He could not forget the charm and wonder of that visit, the charm of the old, the wonder of the new. The very charm of the life and character of the Japanese made one wonder at the virile strength which lay behind their gentle, truly poetical and artistic natures, and had enabled them in the short space of 40 years to learn all that our so-called Western, civilisation had to teach in the arts of peace and war. They had absorbed all that the West had to say on industrial science, commercial enterprise, and powerful armaments. He had been to Osaka, the Manchester of the East, with its teeming population larger, he believed, than that of Manchester, and he realized that there we had keen competitors, especially in the Lancashire trade. When the Japanese sent goods to China, as they certainly would do in a short time, it would take us all our time to compete successfully with them in that market. Anybody who visited the Anglo-Japanese Exhibition in London must have realised that we had much to learn from the Japanese.
At the close of his speech the Lord Mayor made another reference to St. Mary's Hospital. He should not, he said, be satisfied to pass on the chain he wore to his successor until the hospital had been opened. He did not mean that he should like to be Lord Mayor for a third year. But he had made up his mind that, come what might, we must have that Hospital open within the next few months, (Applause.)
Councillor Thewlis also spoke a few words. He believed that in promoting this Exhibition and in making it succeed, Manchester would have done something to promote an understanding between England and Japan which would have far reaching effects.
Mr J Ando, the president of the Japanese Section, made a short speech in his own language which was interpreted by Mr. A. F. Misluku, the manager of the section.
Before the opening the Lord Mayor and a number of other guests were entertained to lunch in the Exhibition dining hall. There were present, besides those taking part in the opening ceremony, Miss Behrens, Sir William Bailley, Mr Ford Smith (Japanese Consul), the Dean of Manchester, Mr Alderman Carter, Mr J K Bythell, the Chief Constable (Mr.Peacock), Mr. A. M. Samuel, Mr. S. W. Royse, and Mr Walter Stenning (organising manager)."
Although the Rusholme Exhibition Hall had a short life of just three years there was one event staged annually that always proved a success, the Northern Motor Show.
It was first held in February 1911; the Manchester Courier ran an article just before the opening of the Show on the 17th Feb. with the following words;
"A visit paid to the Show Exhibition Buildings in Old Hall Lane, Rusholme, and a good look round on Monday morning last, was sufficient to convince the most sceptical as to the huge proportions and importance of the North of England Motor Show which is to be opened at Rusholme at 11 30 a.m. on Friday next by the Earl of Derby, and which will run for eight days, closing on Saturday, the 25th inst. More than one exhibitor or local motor trader who had attended every show of the kind held in the provinces for many years has expressed the opinion, "It's going to be the best and biggest motor show ever held out of London!"
The postcard below is French and I can only imagine that the small flyer stuck in the corner was perhaps from one of the French Motor Car Exhibitors……??
Lord Derby gave a speech at the opening of the Exhibition and said;
"The success of the show was already assured. It had been the practice of the Society in past years to hold exhibitions only in London, and he thought that, generally speaking, they were quite right in concentrating their efforts on one central show. It was essential that exhibitors should not be put to too much expense, or they would be deterred from exhibiting, and as a consequence the high standard of the show would suffer. Still, it might be an advantage sometimes to go out of the narrow domain of London, and as the Society had decided to do that he was glad that they had come to Lancashire and to Manchester, (Hear, hear.) The Society evidently recognised that Lancashire was the finest county in England, (laughter), and that it was the centre which would bring most grist to the mill. In Manchester they were not only in the largest commercial centre of the kingdom, but they were within easy reach of the big manufacturing towns of the West Riding."
Concerning the future of the motor industry, Lord Derby said; "He believed that the commercial vehicle of the future would be the motor, and the increase in the number of commercial motors on the road, compared with five years ago, was extraordinary. Here they had an exhibition which brought before them the motor for pleasure and the motor for business, and he thought it would not suffer by comparison with any exhibition either in London or abroad", (Cheers.)
I have set the final part of the speech in italics - Lord Derby was quite right in his anticipation of the growth of commercial motor vehicles!
The Manchester Guardian reported on the 20th Feb that the Motor Show was proving popular;
"The North of England Motor Show at the Exhibition Buildings, Rusholme, Manchester, is proving a popular attraction. Thera was a large number of visitors on Saturday. The show is evidently appreciated as a means of learning the newest and best features of motors both for pleasure and commercial purposes. It gives an opportunity that has previously been limited to London of comparing different makes and types, and it offers a wide range of choice to the intending purchaser".
During the 30+ months of the Exhibition Halls remaining life there were a variety of exhibitions, I have not endeavoured to trace all of them, but some have particularly caught my attention.
It may be an exercise for the future to digitally research local newspapers and create a chronological list of all the different exhibitions. The one characteristic that I have noted about all the exhibitions is the absence of 'canned music' technology, live bands were always featured as an attraction.
One exhibition that I noted was the Greek Currants and British Fisheries – a curious mix but they clearly were instructive and certainly played a role in cookery education.
The following is a report from the Manchester Guardian Oct 26th 1911;
"The Greek Minister (M. Gennadius) visited Manchester again yesterday accompanied by Madame Gennadius, who, in the evening, presented the prizes gained by girl pupils associated with the Exhibition. Besides the Minister and Madame Gennadius, there were present the Greek Consul in Manchester (Mr. S. Hazzopulo), the Vice Consul (Mr. Petros A. Kestorides), Major and Mrs. Wood, Captain and Mrs. Harrison, Sir John Wrench Towse, of the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers, and Mr. Edward Bowron.
Madame Gennadius handed the prizes and certificates to the successful pupils, and afterwards the Greek Minister expressed the pleasure which it had given him and his wife to come from London to Manchester. They were especially gratified to see that a large number of young people had merited the award of prizes.
Details in connection with the cookery competitions had been distributed in the Manchester schools by permission of the Education Committee, and the children prepared their exhibits at home, and sent them to the Exhibition where they were judged and shown. There were some 2,000 competitors who prepared exhibits in fish cookery and currant cookery and were ranked in three classes from girls under 12 to girls over 14. Miss Crass, chief instructor in cookery under the Manchester Education Committee judged the exhibits."
In December 1912 the British Columbian Government sponsored an exhibition entitled 'Apples', see below notice.
In March 1912 the Manchester Guardian printed a report about the Building Trades Exhibition, this was not exactly an 'Ideal Homes Exhibition' but does offer a brief insight into how new homes were thought about.
HOUSE AND HOME: THE NEW EXHIBITION AT RUSHOLME
"The Building Trades Exhibition at Rusholme, which opens to-day, is here by invitation. It is practically the same exhibition, on a very slightly reduced scale, as the London Building Trades Exhibition, held first, at the Royal Agricultural Hall from, the year 1895 to 1905, and after that at Olympia. The promoters have been constantly approached, during the last ten years in the hope of getting them to hold an exhibition of this sort on a large scale outside of London. Other cities were proposed, but Manchester offered the best accommodation for such a large undertaking in the Exhibition Hall at Rusholme.
POINTS FOR THE BUILDER.
One recognises many of the stands which were at Olympia last year, and no doubt the list of exhibitors is very much the same. Although this exhibition will be a popular one, it is intended also to give points to the architect and the builder. Everybody who lives in a house will be interested in this collection of the latest domestic things. The constructional exhibits are more recondite, and things like cement mixers, tar sprinklers, and portable railways will appeal to those who build for a living. The exhibits at an exhibition of this sort require an elaborate setting. If someone has a good paint he has to build a room to show it off. There is indeed a charming "Adams" room built for the sole purpose of exhibiting a well-known distemper on the walls. Brickmakers build houses as though they really meant them. One firm has built unto itself a house that rears its chimney well out of sight amongst the rafters. It is built of delightful hand-made bricks, and it is a very attractive thing to look upon. One of the most attractive stands is that of a firm of paint manufacturers. The stand is the foredeck of a battleship. There is the funnel and the navigating bridge and two big guns all painted an unfamiliar white instead of the usual battleship-grey.
One of the eights of the exhibition is an old English garden, delightfully laid out and occupying a very considerable proportion of the available floor space. Passing under a pergola one enters extensive grounds of green felt grass with cocoanut matting paths. They contain an old English shingle-roofed summerhouse and also a Japanese summerhouse, but the English one, in stout oak with elm weather boarding and windows of glass, would seem to be the best for England. The wooden seats and tables in this old English garden are models of simplicity and elegance and their white paint goes well with, the green fen.
THE USE OF TERRA-COTTA.
The garden contains a good many vases and well-heads of marble and terra-cotta and one or two fine copies of old Italian marble seats. For the most part these ornaments come from Italy and are copies of old work. Although our terra-cotta has improved enormously in recent years, the English clay will not give a finished surface like the clay which comes from Italy. Many firms exhibit terra-cotta in all colours, shades, and shapes. One firm shows an ingenious device for building up terra-cotta facing tiles with a reinforced concrete wall. The whole fabric is built up together, as the difficulty with terra-cotta is that it warps and twists. This method seems to be superior to the old hollow block method. In a smoky city like Manchester Teracotta has immense advantages, for it can be easily washed. There are many exhibitions of various methods of reinforcing concrete, but they do not vary a great deal. But it is clear that ferro-concrete is being used more and more. Whereas at one time it was only used for very large work, it is now used for practically all kinds of buildings, large and small. The usual method of building up walls in ferro concrete is, of course, to build wood sides to the wall and pour in cement, the tension bars and wires being previously in position. One exhibitor here has a different method. He built a detached villa some time ago by moulding the walls, including a classic cornice, flat on the ground with their lower edges in position. They were then hoisted and bolted at the angles and finished off with a coat of cement. In this way a house can be built much more quickly than by most other methods of ferro- concreting and, of course, ten times more quickly than in brick.
MORE LIGHT.
An excellent display of light increasing windows ought to interest Manchester people. At one stand there are shown windows capable of collecting the light from odd angles and distributing it over the room. They show also an excellent little arrangement for ventilating a cellar right in such a way that a passer-by cannot possibly throw a match into it, a contrivance which is said to be needed. But a Building Trades Exhibition like this suggests all sorts of new needs, and then shows how they can be supplied. It is full of hints for the man who is going to build his own house."
In July 1913 there was a 'Feast of Roses' when the Royal Botanical and Horticultural Society of Manchester held their first show in Rusholme instead of the Botanical Gardens at Trafford, (now known as the 'White City').
The Manchester Courier reported from the Rose show that;
"Not only does the quality of the exhibits and the general display surpass many of the previous exhibitions but yesterday there was every indication that the promoters will be adequately compensated for their experiment in transferring the exhibition from the Botanical Gardens to the Rusholme Exhibition buildings and for arranging their first two-day exhibition." After praising other aspects of the exhibition The Courier continued by referring to the ever present military band;
"In addition to the other attractions, concerts are given at frequent intervals by the Queens Own Yorkshire Dragoons under the direction of Lieutenant Suckley".
Later in 1913 towards Christmas, (when plans were well in hand for the 4th Northern Motor Show during January 1914), Asquith, the Prime Minister, (married some 36 years earlier in Rusholme) was planning a visit to Manchester. However, just before his visit, suffragettes set fire to the Hall on the night of Saturday 6th December. Being built largely of wood it was completely burnt to the ground. National newspapers reported the arson attack and more locally the Manchester Courier drew attention to the fierce conflagration putting at risk the church of St James, Birch-in-Rusholme which was barely two hundred yards away.
I am very grateful to the Museum of the City of London who have given rusholmearchive.org permission to use the photograph below – I have also reproduced the text that accompanies the image – succinct, it refers to the circumstances in which a significant, but brief part of Rusholme history was so rapidly destroyed.
"The photograph shows The Rusholme Exhibition Hall in Manchester after it was destroyed by fire on December 7th, 1913.
The building was unoccupied at the time of the fire, which is believed to have been set by suffragettes.
This attack was one of several arson incidents in the area carried out by Suffragettes and timed to coincide with Prime Minister Asquith's visit to Manchester and Oldham. The campaign was in protest against the arrest of Emmeline Pankhurst and although the suffragettes did not admit responsibility, nearby was found an imprint of a woman's boot; suffrage literature and a note addressed to Asquith saying, 'This is your welcome to Manchester & Oldham'.
The building was burned to the ground as it was built largely from timber, and damage was estimated at £12,000."
'Photograph courtesy of Museum of London, Image Number 001303, © Museum of London'


Lion of Judah Laurie Mandell reads to her granddaughters at PJ Library and the Mandell JCC's Great Children's Read.
Lions of Judah are women who make a commitment of at least $5,000 in their own name each year to Federation's Annual Campaign. The Lion of Judah program was founded in 1972 by Norma Kipnis-Wilson and Toby Friedland z"l to celebrate women's independence and philanthropic power.
Some of our local Lions of Judah choose to make an additional gift specifically to support the PJ Library program in Greater Hartford, which reaches more than 900 children and their families each year with books, music and Jewish enrichment programs.
To learn more about the Lions of Judah, contact Meredith Chandler at 860-727-6125.


text:
Name : John Cavanagh
John Cavanagh
John Cavanagh (The Hockey Writers)
Which Islanders Goalie Can Be Trusted?
Through 13 games, the New York Islanders are 7-5-1, coming off a brutal loss in the last few minutes to the Washington Capitals. That 4-3 loss was highlighted by the poor play of goaltender Jaroslav Halak, who made only 15 saves on 19 shots in a game the Islanders dominated. It was the third game […]
Doug Weight Jaroslav Halak Thomas Greiss New York Islanders National Hockey League
Will Pulock Get a Shot with the Islanders?
Defenseman Ryan Pulock was drafted 15th overall by the New York Islanders in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft and has been in the Islanders' system for a few years now. He should be close to becoming an NHL regular however, he's failed to stick with the big club and has played just 16 games in his short NHL […]
Ryan Pulock New York Islanders National Hockey League
Anthony Beauvillier's Time to Shine
Anthony Beauvillier was drafted by the New York Islanders with the 28th overall pick in the 2015 NHL Entry Draft. Just two years later, Beauvillier is already in his second year with the team after joining the Islanders as a rookie last season. Clearly, the Islanders believe in his ability. Just how big an impact will Beauvillier […]
Doug Weight Anthony Beauvillier Mathew Barzal New York Islanders National Hockey League


Ewald Kia in Oconomowoc Wisconsin is all you need when looking for a superb selection of new Kia vehicles here in Milwaukee, offering drivers like you an awesome assortment of new Kia vehicles for sale and many incredible prices to enjoy. Ewald Kia of Oconomowoc Wisconsin has a huge selection of incredible new Kia cars for sale, from new Kia SUVs, to new Kia trucks for sale and even more, giving drivers like you an excellent selection of new Kia vehicles for sale to choose from. With this excellent selection of vehicles, it will be an easy and short task to find the vehicle that is just right for your needs, and for a price that will work for you. So come on in to Ewald Kia of Oconomowoc Wisconsin today and take a look at our fantastic assortment of new Kia vehicles for sale today, such as this awesome new Kia SUV for sale, the 2017 Kia Sorento LX for lease and sale.
With this awesome new Kia Sorento for lease and sale you can experience a smooth and very enjoyable time driving this vehicle around, and you will quickly fall in love with its various features and and available options. With this awesome used Kia Sorento for lease and sale, drivers can travel with up to 290 horsepower, which provides you with plenty of speed for all of your needs and making your driving experience even more enjoyable. This impressive brand new 2017 Kia Sorento for lease and sale is also capable of achieving an awesome and highly useful maximum towing capacity of up to 3500 pounds, giving you plenty of power to go with that speed. With even more to offer, this new Kia Sorento for lease and sale is sure to capture your heart, so stop by Ewald Kia in Oconomowoc Wisconsin today and take this new Kia SUV out for a test drive today, located here at 36883 E Wisconsin Ave Oconomowoc, WI 53066.


3901 Alamo Street, Simi Valley (map).
The Saturday class session is held at the Ventura County Fire Regional Training Center, Camarillo (VCFD map). To request additional information, please call the City of Simi Valley CERT Office at: (805) 583-6116 or E-mail: CERT@simivalley.org.
Citizens can obtain an application by picking one up in person, at the Police Department Front Desk, downloading one by clicking here: CERT Application or registering online. Once the application is completed, it can be delivered in person, mailed to the Police Department, or faxed to (805) 583-6201. Please send all applications to the attention of the CERT Program.


text:
A Nation Must Think Before it Acts Andrew Garfield
Home / FPRI Authors and Panelists / Andrew Garfield
Combating Terrorism, counterinsurgency, psychological warfare, information operations, strategic communications
Andrew Garfield was formerly a Senior Fellow in FPRI's Program on National Security. A U.S citizen since 2010, served as a British military then senior civilian intelligence officer, finishing his U.K. government service as a policy advisor in the UK Ministry of Defense (MOD). As a policy advisor his three briefs included Information Operations (IO) and Asymmetric Warfare. His professional specializations include Combating Terrorism (CT), Counter Insurgency (COIN), Psychological Warfare (PSYOP), Information Operations (IO) and Strategic Communications (SC). In 1995, he became the first Information Warfare (IW) staff officer within the UK Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS) and was part of the British interdepartmental team that oversaw the introduction of Command and Control Warfare (C2W) and then IW doctrine and capabilities in the UK. In 2006, he led a DIS study that recommended and implemented new capabilities and organizational structures within the DIS to understand, protect and exploit emerging threats and operations related to Information Warfare, later renamed Information Operations (IO) by the UK, in line with developments in the United States, which Mr Garfield personally studied and was granted access to. During this period until 2001, he was also a regular lecturer at the UK's 15 PSYOP group, teaching emerging IW/IO concepts.
Since emigrating to the U.S. in 2004, he has worked exclusively for US clients including the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), U.S. Army, and more recently the Department of State (DoS). He lectures extensively for the U.S. Army, through the Naval Post Graduate School sponsored Leadership Development and Education for sustained Peace (LDESP) pre-deployment cultural education program. This is a three-day graduate level program provided to deploying Brigade, Division and Corps Commanders and their Staffs. In this capacity, from 2005 to 2012, he has taught two modules on "Winning the War of Ideas" and "Exploitation of the Human Terrain" to the commanders and staffs of almost every Army and National Guard brigade, division and corps that has deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan since 2005, as well as multiple supporting formations and specialist units. From 2003 until 2010 he also taught a module on Information Operations and Counter Terrorism as part of the PSYOP Officers course held at Fort Bragg NC.
Between 2005 and 2006, he was head of operations for a U.S. Strategic Communications company providing direct IO and public relations support to Multi National Corp Iraq (MNC-I). This included the development, testing, production and dissemination of broadcast and print media products and the management of a nation wide near real time Electronic News Gathering (ENG) capability. In 2006, he developed and implemented an advanced ENG capability that was adopted by MNC-I.
In late 2006, Mr Garfield founded Glevum Associates LLC a company that specializes in conducting Face-to-Face Research and Analysis (F2RA) in conflict and post conflict societies. Since its inception, Glevum has supported numerous U.S. Government and military clients providing actionable and vital political, security and quality of life information on local populations including in Iraq (550,000 interviews to date) and Afghanistan (250,000 interviews to date). Clients for the F2RA service have included MNC-I in Iraq and ISAF in Afghanistan and the US Embassies in both countries. Mr Garfield's company continues to be a leading provider of Measurement of Effectiveness and Evaluation and Monitoring services for the Department of State in both Iraq and Afghanistan.
For FPRI Mr. Garfield produced two significant and widely read and downloaded studies. One of US Army performance in Iraq (Succeeding in Phase IV) and the other on the Afghan National Police (Reforming the Afghan National Police). He is a resident of Rockport, Massachusetts and is married with two children.
The Afghan Elections: Is Abdullah Right That He Was Wronged (Twice)? - E-Notes - June, 2014
Glevum Associates Afghanistan Presidential Election Second Ballot Poll Results - Glevum Associates - June, 2014
Afghanistan Presidential Election Second Ballot Poll Results - Glevum Associates - June, 2014
The Afghan Presidential Election: a Prediction and a Warning - E-Notes - April, 2014
Understanding Afghan Insurgents: Motivations, Goals, and the Reconciliation and Reintegration Process - E-Notes - April, 2013
What Afghans Want - E-Notes - November, 2009
Succeeding in Phase IV: British Perspectives on the U.S. Effort To Stabilize and Reconstruct Iraq - E-Notes - September, 2006
The Iraq War: 10 Years Later A Panel Discussion - March, 2013
Geopolitics with Granieri February 2013 - February, 2013
Yemen - April, 2011
Afghanistan On The Brink – The Last Chance For A "Correction" - Geopoliticus - June 10, 2014
Iraq: Our Share of the Blame and What To Do Now - FPRI News - June 20, 2014


Now that the holidays are over, it's time to set some goals for 2010. I can't believe it's here already! I know quite a few people who are ready to put this past year behind them and start anew as soon as the ball drops. I, however, will be sad to see 2009 go. I had a good year.
Change is something we can't fight. As much as I struggle and resist, it always comes. I have to convince myself to change my ways of thinking, creatively, especially when creativity has run from me. Though I had a good year, the last few weeks of this year have been creatively dry [hence the fact that I haven't updated anything or even really made anything that wasn't a Christmas gift].
Ten Ways to Keep Going When Inspiration is Going, Going.... Gone.
2. Surf Society 6. Who just got a mention in ReadyMade mag, because now you can buy prints of the works you see there!
3. Go hunting with your camera, and look for the interesting in the everyday. I usually hunt in the apartment, and though I see it all a million times a day, that little viewfinder's always like a new set of eyes.
4. Read fantastical fiction. Even if it's just a few pages. Some things are so visually written... an immediate picture is in your head. Alice in Wonderland, Nausea, and Hills Like White Elephants are a few stories that come to mind.
5. New music-- hello, Pandora!
6. Doodle on graph paper. It's much more fun than that daunting blank white paper.
7. "Ruin" an old artwork. I have so many pieces floundering around the studio, and most will never become a masterpiece (in any sense of the word!), so I will re-paint, destroy, tear up and reassemble, or draw right over whatever is already there. You'd be surprised at the results.
8. Listen to podcasts of Fresh Air, RadioLab, or Science Friday. Gotta love that public radio.
10. Work AROUND your medium. Make something, but in a totally new way. I like to print and draw... so when I'm stuck, I will cook or build. Sometimes I'll fail horribly (being so thankful to be able to go back to drawing) and sometimes I'll succeed (and end up with some bangin' scones or something) but no matter what, I'm thinking in a new way, getting the juices flowing.
My New Year's wishes are to keep creating, to change and grow, and to be energized by the things around me. I hope you have a magical New Year.


If you can't leave office to walk or cycle across the new pedestrian walkway suspended underneath Pont Adolphe, fear not as Wort takes you on a ride from one side to the other in a short video.
If you're unable to get out the office and walk or cycle across the new pedestrian walkway suspended underneath Pont Adolphe, fear not as Wort takes you on a ride from one side to the other in a short video.
Access to the rather unique way of crossing over the Pétrusse valley, filmed in the direction taken by our cycling journalist, is via Avenue Marie-Thérèse.
While the crossing still remains a novelty, people appear to be ignoring the lanes, or park their bikes in the middle to admire the views. As the video shows, it seems impossible to ride in a straight line. As pedestrians get used to the walkway, no doubt more order will ensue.
At the other side of the valley, the walkway emerges at Place de Metz and cyclists can continue on the following routes towards the Gare district.


ACP: Effective Clinical Practice - Should This Patient Be Screened for Cancer?
Context. Advances in imaging technology have provided numerous opportunities for cancer screening but have also raised numerous questions.
General Question. Who should be screened and how exactly should screening be performed?
Specific Research Challenge. If spiral computed tomography (spiral CT) were being considered for lung cancer screening, for example, important questions would need to be answered: Should nonsmokers be screened? How often should screening take place? What should the diagnostic work-up be after abnormal findings were seen on spiral CT?
Standard Approach. Randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) are the most valid method for determining which medical interventions are most effective. These trials are particularly useful in the evaluation of screening because they eliminate the early detection biases that may result in grossly misleading survival statistics.
Potential Difficulties. Randomized, controlled trials of screening are subject to other biases, and their results may be difficult to generalize. In addition, because they require an enormous number of participants and many years of follow-up, RCTs can be applied only to a small proportion of the questions about cancer screening.
Alternate Approach. Quantitative decision analysis can be applied to the remaining questions and help inform decision making about cancer screening.
During the past two decades, dramatic technological advances have been made in our ability to screen for cancer and many other forms of disease. (1, 2) However, these advances have left many unanswered questions about screening: What diseases and populations should be targeted? How often should testing occur? What findings should be worked up? How these questions are answered will ultimately affect the answer to the larger question that clinicians care most about: Will screening help or harm this patient?
In this paper, I begin by explaining the biases that affect the most common approach to answering these questions and where this approach will take us. Next, I describe the ideal approach—the randomized controlled trial (RCT)—but explain why this method can be applied to only a small fraction of the questions about screening. Finally, I describe the basic elements of decision modeling and how it can be used to help answer many questions about cancer screening.
Table 1 shows how easily one can be misled. For example, in a recent study of screening with spiral CT, (7) 16 of 19 patients with screening-detected lung cancer had stage I disease (mean tumor size, 17 mm). Given a 5-year survival rate of 70% for stage I lung cancer detected by chest radiography, (9) the expected 5-year survival rate for the 19 spiral CT-detected cases is at least 59%. In contrast, only 15% of cases of lung cancer diagnosed in routine practice are stage I, and the overall 5-year survival rate is only 14%. (10) A casual look at these survival statistics could lead to the belief that screening with spiral CT is highly effective when, in fact, nothing about its effectiveness can be deduced from this comparison. Three distinct biases affect this common, although inappropriate, comparison of survival in screening.
Lead-time bias pertains to comparisons that are not adjusted for the timing of diagnosis. (1) If screening-detected cases are diagnosed earlier, then the patient should survive longer from the time of diagnosis, even if death is not delayed. Length bias pertains to comparisons that are not adjusted for the rate of disease progression. The probability that a case will be detected by screening is directly proportional to the length of the interval during which it is detectable but asymptomatic (the detectable preclinical phase). Therefore, cases detected by screening are more likely to be slowly progressive than are those not detected by screening and ultimately present clinically. Overdiagnosis bias pertains to comparisons that are not adjusted for the detection of pseudodisease, (11) which is preclinical disease that would not have produced any signs or symptoms before the patient would have died of other causes. Pseudodisease dilutes the screening-detected cases with patients who are effectively disease-free, and it can markedly affect survival and cure rates.
Comparisons of stage distribution in patients who were and those who were not screened are also commonly used to evaluate screening. Early detection is a necessary but insufficient condition for screening effectiveness. Therefore, if screening does not improve the stage distribution, it can be deduced that screening is not effective. However, an improvement in stage distribution does not necessarily imply that screening is effective. If, for example, treatment is ineffective, then earlier detection will not decrease mortality from disease.
The problems with comparisons of survival and stage distribution are well illustrated by the Mayo Lung Project, (12) the RCT most relevant to screening with chest radiography. In this study, approximately 9000 high-risk men were randomly assigned to radiography (and sputum cytology) every 4 months or to usual care. As shown in Table 2, after 6 years, 206 cases of lung cancer were diagnosed in the screened group compared with 160 cases in the control group. In addition, the screened group had much higher rates of resectability (46% compared with 32%) and 5-year survival (33% versus 15%) than the control group. However, after 11 years of follow-up, the number of deaths from lung cancer was not reduced (122 compared with 115), suggesting that most, if not all, of the reported improvement in survival was due to some combination of lead-time, length, and overdiagnosis biases.
Inappropriate comparisons of survival and stage distribution lead to the acceptance of screening practices that detect disease earlier but are not necessarily more effective. This approach can trap clinicians and their patients in a cycle of increasing intensity, (13) as shown in Figure 1, so that even screening practices that initially produce a net benefit (at an acceptable cost) may evolve into practices that produce net harm (or net benefit at an unacceptable cost).
It is not difficult to imagine how this cycle might function in the example of lung cancer screening. Suppose screening with spiral CT were adopted in the United States on the basis of the previously reported results. (7) Radiologists and referring clinicians would immediately observe a marked increase in lung cancer incidence (7) and shift in stage distribution at diagnosis. Within a few years, a nearly 10-fold increase in lung cancer incidence (7) and a marked increase in survival would be reported. In addition, the most dramatic results would be observed in the settings where screening was most intense with regard to selection criteria, radiologic interpretation criteria, or perhaps refinements in scanning technique (as was observed in the detection of prostate cancer). (14, 15) These observations on lung cancer would lead to the adoption of the most intense spiral CT screening practices. Over time, screening would further intensify with each incremental change that resulted in earlier diagnosis (some being pseudodisease). As will be shown later, it is plausible that screening would evolve to cause more deaths from unnecessary thoracotomies than it would save lives from lung cancer, despite the appearance of dramatic benefit.
If the comparisons of survival and stage distribution are so misleading, what is the appropriate measure of effectiveness for screening? The purpose of screening is to prevent or delay the development of advanced disease and its adverse effects. Therefore, disease-specific mortality is the most appropriate outcome measure in the evaluation of screening effectiveness. (11) Disease-specific mortality can be expressed as a rate (the ratio of number of deaths from the target disease in a population to the number of person-years of observation) or as a probability of death over a specified period (the ratio of total number of deaths from the target disease to number of persons at the start of the period—referred to as cumulative disease-specific mortality). Because these measures are based on populations tracked from the time of the decision to screen (or not to screen) rather than diagnosis, they are not subject to lead-time, length, or overdiagnosis biases. Screening effectiveness is usually expressed in terms of the relative risk reduction, which is usually based on the disease-specific cumulative mortality in the screened and control groups.
Randomized, controlled trials are considered the best method of determining the effectiveness of any intervention because they best distribute the known and unknown confounding variables equally among the different groups, thereby ensuring that differences in outcome are attributed to differences in intervention. (16) In addition, the basic study design in an RCT is straightforward: Participants are randomly assigned to two or more groups at time zero, and the number of deaths (or adverse events) from the target disease is counted during the interval between randomization and a predetermined end-of-study date. Randomized, controlled trials are particularly appropriate for screening because they eliminate the early detection biases discussed above, as well as the potential for confounding by variables associated with access to screening, such as income, education, and lifestyle.
Although RCTs are considered the gold standard for assessing all medical interventions, there is growing recognition of their limitations in the evaluation of screening.
This problem is particularly relevant to previous RCTs of lung cancer screening. In the Mayo Lung Project, the screened group received only about 75% of their scheduled radiographs, whereas more than half of the controls had at least one chest x-ray during the 6-year intervention. (6) Lack of compliance is likely to remain a problem in future RCTs for two reasons. First, some persons in the screening group may not comply because of declining interest, the inconvenience of reporting to the screening site, or conflicts with other activities. Second, some participants in the control group may decide to be screened if the test becomes available.
The major controversy surrounding the Mayo Lung Project is the 43 excess cases of lung cancer that were diagnosed in the screened group. (6) Some have attributed all of the excess cases to pseudodisease—that is, overdiagnosis of lung cancer in the screened group. However, others have attributed the excess to an underdiagnosis of lung cancer in the control group. To the extent that this latter type of misclassification occurs in an RCT, the effectiveness of screening is underestimated. Given the results of one large autopsy study, (17) it is probable that the Mayo Lung Project and other lung cancer screening trials were affected by both overdiagnosis in the screened group and underdiagnosis in the control group. According to one calculation (6) that assumes equal rates of misclassification, a slight relative risk reduction (12%) may have occurred in the Mayo Lung Project instead of the slight increase (6%) that was reported.
Another potential problem with RCTs is lack of generalizability. Better results might be expected in RCTs than in the community at large because of the higher concentration of resources and expertise in the former. The Mayo Lung Project, for example, involved dedicated chest radiologists and thoracic surgeons who would not be available in most communities. On the other hand, worse results might be expected if the screening tests or treatments available to the community improve during the course of the trial. It may be particularly difficult to generalize the results of an RCT to an individual patient who may have characteristics not well represented in the RCT.
Finally, a major limitation to the use of RCTs in the evaluation of screening is that they usually require a large number of participants and many years of follow-up to produce a statistically significant result. This problem is due to the low mortality rate from the target disease in the patients who are asymptomatic and eligible for screening. For example, assume that screening with spiral CT can reduce lung cancer mortality by 50% and that complete compliance can be obtained in an RCT. As shown in Table 3, even under these optimistic assumptions, a 5-year study restricted to smokers 60 to 69 years of age would require about 2000 participants. The same study restricted to nonsmokers 40 to 49 years of age would require nearly 400,000 participants.
The demands of sample size can be greatly exacerbated by lack of compliance among study group participants, who may not tolerate the inconvenience or discomfort of the screening process, and those in the control group, who may not want to forgo screening. For example, with 80% compliance in both groups, the sample size requirements displayed in Table 3 nearly triple. Finally, sometimes the question is not simply whether to screen but how to screen. If, for example, six potential screening strategies need to be compared, then millions of participants would be required to determine whether any one strategy is 5% more effective than the rest. The sample size requirements of an RCT alone provide a strong motivation to find alternate ways to evaluate screening.
Although RCTs of screening are considered the gold standard for determining the effectiveness of a screening intervention, quantitative decision analysis is being increasingly used to fill in the large gaps of knowledge about how the effectiveness is affected by various factors, such as the screenee selection process, the starting or stopping age, and the accuracy of the screening test. Decision analysis is being used to predict the frequency of harmful outcomes of screening, such as false-positive test results, overdiagnosis, and costs. Decision models can be considered "virtual trials" that can be programmed to predict the benefits, harms, and costs of alternate screening strategies and to analyze how these outcomes may be affected by controllable and uncontrollable factors. Because the participants in decision models are simulated, not real, ethical constraints are eliminated and dollar costs are minimal. Finally, decision analysis can be used to weigh all of the outcomes of screening to support decision making, which requires input on the values as well as the probabilities of the outcomes.
Decision analysis usually begins with the construction of a decision tree depicting the consequences of a decision. (18) A typical decision tree appears in Figure 2. At the root of the decision tree is the decision node, from which the alternative strategies emanate. In the analysis of screening, each alternative represents some unique combination of screening options. For example, the options relevant to lung cancer screening might include certain selection criteria for the population to be screened, such as age and smoking history. Table 4 lists six categories of options that should be specified for lung cancer screening. Note that even this limited set of options generates a total of 486 unique screening alternatives. Although it would be impossible to evaluate even a tiny fraction of these alternatives by using RCTs, they could all be analyzed in a few hours of computer time once a suitable decision model is constructed.
Each of the screening alternatives can be linked to a subtree that represents the development and progression of the target disease, which is commonly modeled as a Markov cycle tree. (19) A Markov model consists of a simulated cohort that passes through a finite number of discrete health states over discrete intervals of time. Figure 3 shows a simple model for the analysis of lung cancer screening that includes four health states: WELL, ASYMptomatic lung cancer, SYMPtomatic lung cancer, and DEAD. At time zero, the entire cohort would be distributed between the WELL and ASYM states (by definition, patients with symptomatic disease are not eligible for screening). During each cycle, usually lasting 1 year, some of the WELL persons would die of other causes or develop ASYM, some of the ASYM persons would die of other causes or progress to SYMP, and some of the SYMP persons would die of other causes or of lung cancer. If each living health state is assigned a value of 1 (and the dead state is assigned a value of zero), then the expected value of the Markov cycle tree is simply the life expectancy of the simulation cohort.
For the no-screening strategy, the transition probabilities between health states during each cycle can be estimated by using population-based mortality rates and autopsy data. (20) The Markov cycle tree cannot be directly validated because disease development and progression are not usually observed without intervention. However, this subtree can be indirectly validated by comparing the predicted age-specific incidence and mortality rates with those that are observed. Figure 4 shows the results of such a validation using a Markov cycle tree with a structure similar to the one described above. The age-specific lung cancer mortality rates in the United States can be closely simulated by the Markov model.
The screening alternatives are linked to subtrees that also include the effects of screening and earlier treatment. A typical subtree is shown in Figure 5. Although not shown in the figure, the first node in a screening subtree beyond each Markov state is frequently designed to model whether the person is screened during a particular cycle. The probability of being screened may, in turn, be modeled as a function of current age and smoking history and criteria encoded in the particular screening alternative.
The screening subtree in Figure 5 also incorporates the accuracy of the screening test. The probability of a positive test result is equal to 1 minus the specificity when the screening subtree follows the WELL state and is equal to the sensitivity when it follows the ASYM state. Because radiologic interpretation varies widely, a screening model should accommodate different estimates for sensitivity and specificity of the screening test. Furthermore, sensitivity and specificity estimates must be based on asymptomatic disease. These estimates will necessarily be lower than those based on symptomatic disease.
The screening subtrees must also incorporate the effectiveness of early detection, which can be modeled in several ways. Figure 5 shows one approach: to explicitly assign a probability of cure to screening-detected asymptomatic disease. Another approach is to model effectiveness implicitly by applying observed stage-specific survival to screening-detected cases in the Markov model (which at least partially eliminates the early detection biases that affect unadjusted comparisons of survival). Modeling effectiveness is one of the most important but difficult tasks of building decision models for screening. Regardless of how this task is performed, some external validation is required, preferably from RCTs.
Other relevant input to the screening model includes the frequency of complications from the screening test, work-up, and treatment; quality-of-life adjustments; costs related to the screening process; and work-up for and treatment of the target disease. The subtree in Figure 5 includes one particularly relevant input for lung cancer screening—surgical mortality from thoracotomy.
Decision models can be used to predict many outcomes related to screening. A commonly reported outcome is the expected gain (or loss) in life expectancy with screening. To provide a concrete example, I constructed a lung cancer screening model (as depicted in Figures 2, 3, and 5) with the following input: sensitivity of spiral CT, 0.77; specificity of spiral CT, 0.99; probability of cure resulting from early detection, 0.30; and mortality from surgical resection varying 0.01 to 0.08 with age. (21) (A full description of this model can be obtained from the author.) As shown in Table 5, with this input, the model predicts that annual screening between 40 and 75 years of age would be beneficial to smokers, harmful to nonsmokers, and a toss-up for the general population, in which the prevalence of smoking is about 30%.
In medical decision analysis, life expectancy is usually adjusted for quality. In Markov models, this is accomplished by assigning values between 0 and 1 of the living health states, such as symptomatic lung cancer, and subtracting values during certain transitions, such as one involving thoracotomy. The expected value of an alternative is expressed in terms of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) instead of simply life-years.
With most decision analyses, uncertainty surrounds the value for at least one input variable, or the value may vary under different conditions. For this reason, it is helpful to repeat the analysis over a reasonable range of values. Figure 6 demonstrates that the expected value of lung cancer screening in the general population is sensitive to several variables, some controllable and some not. Over the expected ranges for the input variables, the expected value is most sensitive to the specificity of spiral CT. Sensitivity analyses can also be performed on two or more variables simultaneously.
Although decision analysis has been used primarily for making screening decisions at the population level, it can be applied to a single person. Individualizing medical decisions is most appropriate when the expected value of the alternatives is highly sensitive to factors that vary widely among individuals, such as their utilities for different health states. For example, it has been shown that the best management for benign prostatic hypertrophy, watchful waiting versus transurethral resection, is highly sensitive to the individual's disutility for prostatism. (29) With regard to cancer screening, the recently convened National Institutes of Health consensus panel did not recommend mammography for all women 40 to 49 years of age because the panel believed that the decision was a close call and best made at the individual level. (30) Decision models may play a large role in helping to inform individual decisions about cancer screening in the future.
The other major role for decision analysis is to identify the uncertainties in our decision making and help set priorities for future research. For example, the sensitivity analysis in the lung cancer screening model suggests that methods for achieving and maintaining extremely high levels of specificity (>=0.98) will be critical for the success of a lung cancer screening program. As I have tried to emphasize, the results of any particular decision analysis should be considered tentative and subject to change when new relevant information becomes available. Decision analysis should not be thought of as a replacement for RCTs and other empirical studies but rather as part of an iterative process that makes the most efficient use these studies.
Technological advances in cancer screening have left us with many unanswered questions about who should be screened for what, when screening should take place, and how it should be performed. Although RCTs are considered the most valid approach to estimating effectiveness, sample size requirements and other problems greatly limit the scope of RCTs. Decision modeling can help to answer clinically relevant screening questions in a timely manner and become part of an iterative process of scientific investigation.
The acceptance of all new screening tests or procedures that detect cancer earlier would most likely cause more harm than good.
Earlier diagnosis is a necessary but insufficient condition for screening effectiveness.
For cancer screening to be beneficial, numerous questions need to be answered about who should be screened and how screening should be performed.
Although randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) are the most valid method for determining the effectiveness of screening, they require an enormous number of participants and many years of follow-up.
Quantitative decision analysis can address many of the important questions about cancer screening that are not answered by RCTs.
1. Black WC, Welch HG. Screening for disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;168:3-11.
2. Gohagan JK, Black WC, Srivastava S, Proprok PC, Rossi SC. New screening technologies. In: Kramer BS, Gohagan JK, Prorok PC, eds. Cancer Screening: Theory and Practice. New York: Marcel Dekker; [In press].
3. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Lung Cancer. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services. 2d ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996:135-9.
4. Parker SL, Tong T, Bolden S, Wingo WA. Cancer statistics, 1996. CA Cancer J Clin. 1996;46:5-27.
5. Czaja R, McFall SL, Warnecke RB, Ford L, Kaluzny AD. Preferences of community physicians for cancer screening guidelines. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120:602-8.
6. Black WC. Lung cancer. In: Kramer BS, Gohagan JK, Prorok PC, eds. Cancer Screening: Theory and Practice. New York: Marcel Decker; [In press].
7. Sone S, Takashima S, Li F, et al. Mass screening for lung cancer with mobile spiral computed tomography scanner. Lancet. 1998;351:1242-5.
8. Prorok PC, Hankey BF, Bundy BM. Concepts and problems in the evaluation of screening programs. J Chronic Dis. 1981;34:159-71.
9. Flehinger BJ, Melamed MR. Current status of screening for lung cancer. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 1994;4:1-15.
10. Ries LA, Kosary CL, Hankey BF, Miller BA, Harras A, Edwards BK, eds. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1994. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 1997. NIH pub. no. 97-2789.
11. Morrison AS. The natural history of disease in relation to measures of disease frequency. In: Screening in Chronic Disease. 2d ed. New York: Oxford UnivPr; 1992:25-42.
12. Fontana RS, Sanderson DR, Woolner LB, et al. Screening for lung cancer. Cancer 1991;67(4 Suppl):1155-64.
13. Black WC, Welch HG. Advances in diagnostic imaging and overestimations of disease prevalence and the benefits of therapy. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1237-43.
14. Heglesen F, Holmberg L, Johansson J, Bergstrom R, Adami H. Trends in prostate cancer survival in Sweden, 1960 through 1988: evidence of increasing diagnosis of nonlethal tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88:1216-21.
15. Albertsen PC. Defining clinically significant prostate cancer: pathologic criteria versus outcomes data [Editorial]. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88:1177-8.
16. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Mayrent SL. Epidemiology in Medicine. Boston: Little, Brown; 1987:178-212.
17. Chan CK, Wells CK, McFarlane MJ, Feinstein AR. More lung cancer but better survival. Implications of secular trends in "necropsy surprise" rates. Chest. 1989;96:291-6.
18. Sox HC. Expected value decision making. In: Sox HC Jr, ed. Medical Decision Making. Boston: Butterworth; 1988:147-66.
19. Sonnenberg FA, Beck JR. Markov models in medical decision making: a practical guide. Med Decis Making. 1993;13: 322-38.
20. Black WC, Nease RF Jr, Welch HG. Determining transition probabilities from mortality rates and autopsy findings. Med Decis Making. 1997;17:87-93.
21. Ginsberg RJ, Vokes EE, Raben A. Non-small lung cancer. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997:858-911.
22. Russell LB, Gold MR, Siegel JE, Daniels N, Weinstein MC. The role of cost-effectiveness analysis in health and medicine. Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. JAMA. 1996;276:1172-7.
23. Eisenberg JM. Clinical economics. A guide to the economic analysis of clinical practices. JAMA. 1989;262:2879-86.
24. de Haes JC, de Koning HJ, van Oortmarssen GJ, van Agt HM, de Bruyn AE, van der Maas PJ. The impact of a breast cancer screening programme on quality-adjusted life-years. Int J Cancer. 1991;49:538-44.
25. Boer R, de Koning HJ, van Oortmarssen GJ, van der Maas PJ. In search of the best upper age limit for breast cancer screening. Eur J Cancer. 1995;31A:2040-3.
26. Warmerdam PG, de Koning HJ, Boer R, et al. Quantitative estimates of the impact of sensitivity and specificity in mammographic screening in Germany. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1997;51:180-6.
27. Salzmann P, Kerlikowske K, Phillips K. Cost-effectiveness of extending screening mammography guidelines to include women 40 to 49 years of age. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127:955-65.
28. Krahn MD, Mahoney JE, Eckman MH, Trachtenberg J, Pauker SG, Detsky AS. Screening for prostate cancer. A decision analytic view. JAMA. 1994;272:773-80.
29. Barry MJ, Mulley AG Jr, Fowler FJ, Wennberg JW. Watchful waiting vs immediate transurethral resection for symptomatic prostatism. The importance of patients' preferences. JAMA. 1988;259:3010-7.
30. NIH Consensus Statement. Breast cancer screening for women ages 40-49. NIH Consens Statement, 1997;15:1-35.
Supported in part by a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
William C. Black, MD, Department of Radiology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756; e-mail: William.Black@Hitchcock.org.
Ascertainment bias Underestimation of screening effectiveness resulting from an underdiagnosis of disease-specific deaths in the control group or overdiagnosis of disease-specific deaths in the screened group. Overestimation is also possible.
Decision analysis Systematic approach to decision making under conditions of uncertainty.
Decision tree Diagram depicting the alternative strategies and the consequences of choosing each one.
Disease-specific cumulative mortality Number of persons who die of disease over a specified period of observation divided by the number of persons at the start of observation (may or may not be adjusted for deaths from other causes).
Early detection biases Three biases (lead-time bias, length bias, and overdiagnosis bias) that affect comparisons of survival in screening- detected vs. clinically detected cases.
Expected gain Difference in the expected values of two alternate strategies.
Expected value Sum of products of the probability and value of each outcome in a strategy, usually expressed in terms of life-years or quality-adjusted life-years.
Five-year survival Number of persons alive 5 years after diagnosis divided by the number of persons alive at diagnosis (may or may not be adjusted for deaths from other causes).
Generalizability The degree to which a study's results apply to other settings (also known as external validity).
Lead-time bias Overestimation of survival duration among screening-detected cases (relative to those detected by signs and symptoms) when survival is measured from diagnosis. This is simply a reflection of earlier diagnosis.
Length bias Overestimation of survival duration among screening-detected cases due to the relative excess of slowly progressing cases.
Markov model Model consisting of a simulated cohort that passes through a finite number of states over discrete intervals of time (cycles).
Overdiagnosis bias Overestimation of survival duration among screening-detected cases due to the inclusion of cases of pseudodiease.
Pseudodisease Subclinical disease that would not become overt before the patient dies of other causes.
Quality-adjusted life-years Life-years adjusted by quality factors, usually ranging from 0 to 1, that pertain to the time intervals making up a person's life.
Relative risk reduction One minus the ratio of the disease-specific cumulative mortality in the screened group to the mortality in the control group.
Screening Systematic examination of those who are apparently well (or apparently free of the target disease) with the goal of identifying and treating subclinical disease (or even predicting future disease).
Sensitivity analysis Process of examining the stability of a model's output over the range of possible estimates for one or more of the model's input variables.
Transition probability Probability of moving from one state to another state during a single cycle. Often cycle-dependent in medical applications.


text:
BR Home Page > Players > Christian Yelich > 2013 Batting Game Logs
Position: Outfielder
Team: Milwaukee Brewers (majors)
Born: December 5, 1991 in Thousand Oaks, CA us
Draft: Drafted by the Florida Marlins in the 1st round (23rd) of the 2010 MLB June Amateur Draft from Westlake HS (Westlake Village, CA).
High School: Westlake HS (Westlake Village, CA)
Debut: July 23, 2013 (Age 21-230d, 18,081st in MLB history)
vs. COL 4 AB, 2 H, 0 HR, 1 RBI, 0 SB
2019 Contract Status: Signed thru 2021, 7 yrs/$49.57M (15-21) & 22 team option
Service Time (01/2019): 5.069 • Free Agent: 2022
Agents: Paragon Sports International
National Team: us USA (WBC)
Full Name: Christian Stephen Yelich
Nicknames: Yeli
Pronunciation: \YELL-itch\
Twitter: @ChristianYelich
2x All-Star
2x Silver Slugger
Batting Title
Christian Yelich Overview
More Yelich Pages
Minor & Fall Lg Stats
More Christian Yelich Pages at Baseball Reference
Christian Yelich page at the Bullpen Wiki
2019 Brewers
(50-47, 2nd place in NL Central)
Matt Albers
Orlando Arcia
Ryan Braun
Alex Claudio
Zach Davies
Yasmani Grandal
Junior Guerra
Josh Hader
Keston Hiura
Adrian Houser
Jeremy Jeffress
Mike Moustakas
Freddy Peralta
Manny Pina
Tyler Saladino
Burch Smith
Eric Thames
Brandon Woodruff
Corbin Burnes (10-day)
Gio Gonzalez (10-day)
Jimmy Nelson (10-day)
Team Record in Appearances 25-37 / in Starts: 25-36
Longest Hitting Streak 10 games
Longest On Base Streak 21 games
Most Games w/o HR 17 games
Most Games w/o RBI 14 games
Grand Slams 0 in 3 bases loaded PA and 2 AB
in 273 PAs 16
Actual Runners on Base 127 (70-42-15)
Avg. MLBer w/ 273 PAs 28
Avg. Runners on Base 163 (82-53-27)
Self 4
J Mathis 2
D Solano 2
J Fernandez 2
A Hechavarria 1
R Brantly 1
G Dobbs 1
C Coghlan 1
G Stanton 11
L Morrison 7
E Lucas 3
P Polanco 2
J Ruggiano 2
1 98 (97) Jul 23 MIA @ COL W,4-2 CG 4 4 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 .500 .500 .500 1.000 2 1.11 0.176 1.71 LF
2 99 Jul 24 MIA @ COL L,1-2 CG 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .250 .333 .250 .583 2 1.99 -0.220 -1.29 LF
3 100 Jul 25 MIA @ COL W,5-3 CG 4 4 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .250 .308 .333 .641 2 .76 -0.013 0.10 LF
4 101 Jul 26 MIA PIT W,2-0 CG 4 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .250 .294 .313 .607 2 1.17 -0.074 -0.78 LF
5 102 Jul 27 MIA PIT L,4-7 CG 5 5 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 .286 .318 .333 .652 2 .85 -0.057 -0.32 LF
6 103 Jul 28 MIA PIT W,3-2 CG 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .240 .269 .280 .549 2 .85 -0.083 -0.72 LF
7 104 Jul 29 MIA NYM L,5-6 CG 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .207 .258 .241 .499 2 1.86 -0.085 -0.70 LF
8 105 Jul 30 MIA NYM L,2-4 CG(10) 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .182 .250 .212 .462 1 .95 -0.076 -0.60 LF
9 106 Jul 31 MIA NYM W,3-2 CG 4 4 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 .216 .275 .270 .545 1 .70 0.150 2.03 LF
10 107 Aug 1 MIA NYM W,3-0 CG 4 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .220 .273 .268 .541 1 1.04 0.086 0.27 LF
11 108 Aug 2 MIA CLE W,10-0 CG 5 5 1 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .261 .306 .348 .654 1 .26 0.019 1.13 LF
12 109 Aug 3 MIA CLE L,3-4 CG 4 4 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .260 .302 .360 .662 1 1.37 0.081 0.51 LF
13 110 Aug 4 MIA CLE L,0-2 CG 4 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .259 .298 .352 .650 1 1.13 -0.036 -0.39 LF
14 111 Aug 6 MIA @ PIT L,3-4 CG 5 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 .259 .306 .345 .651 1 1.20 -0.028 -0.10 LF
15 112 Aug 7 MIA @ PIT L,2-4 CG 4 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .274 .318 .355 .673 1 .68 0.017 0.31 LF
16 113 Aug 8 MIA @ PIT L,4-5 CG(10) 5 4 2 3 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .303 .352 .424 .776 1 .90 0.154 2.39 LF
17 114 Aug 9 MIA @ ATL L,0-5 CG 4 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .300 .347 .414 .761 1 .53 0.004 -0.61 LF
18 115 Aug 10 MIA @ ATL W,1-0 CG 4 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .297 .342 .405 .747 1 .96 -0.037 -0.08 LF
19 116 Aug 11 MIA @ ATL L,4-9 CG 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 .282 .325 .385 .710 1 .64 -0.026 -0.08 LF
20 117 Aug 12 MIA @ KCR L,2-6 CG 5 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .277 .318 .373 .692 1 .64 -0.042 -0.55 LF
21 118 Aug 13 MIA @ KCR W,1-0 CG(10) 5 4 0 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 .299 .344 .391 .735 1 1.59 0.375 1.48 LF
22 119 Aug 14 MIA @ KCR W,5-2 CG 5 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 .286 .337 .374 .710 1 1.23 0.091 0.47 LF
23 120 Aug 16 MIA SFG L,10-14 CG 6 6 1 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .299 .346 .392 .738 1 .81 0.122 1.95 LF
24 121 Aug 17 MIA SFG L,4-6 CG 4 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .300 .352 .390 .742 1 .66 0.021 0.32 LF
25 122 Aug 18 MIA SFG W,6-5 CG 5 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .288 .345 .375 .720 1 1.04 -0.004 -0.41 LF
26 123 Aug 19 MIA LAD W,6-2 CG 4 4 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .287 .342 .380 .722 1 .90 0.078 0.49 LF
27 124 Aug 20 MIA LAD L,4-6 CG 5 4 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .286 .344 .384 .728 1 1.52 -0.005 0.17 LF
28 125 Aug 21 MIA LAD L,1-4 CG 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .276 .333 .371 .704 1 .68 -0.068 -0.67 LF
29 126 Aug 22 MIA LAD L,0-6 CG 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .269 .331 .361 .692 1 .52 0.006 -0.08 LF
30 127 Aug 23 MIA COL L,2-3 CG 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .260 .321 .350 .670 1 .74 -0.074 -0.66 LF
31 128 Aug 24 MIA COL W,3-0 CG 4 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 .262 .326 .349 .675 1 .56 0.000 -0.02 LF
32 129 Aug 25 MIA COL L,3-4 CG 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 .252 .315 .336 .651 1 1.96 -0.127 -0.50 LF
33 130 Aug 27 MIA @ WSN L,1-2 CG 4 4 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .259 .320 .363 .683 1 1.31 0.093 0.94 LF
34 131 Aug 28 MIA @ WSN L,3-4 CG 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .254 .322 .355 .677 3 1.57 -0.029 -0.09 LF
35 133 (1) Aug 30 MIA @ ATL L,1-2 CG 4 3 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .262 .333 .362 .695 1 1.08 0.081 0.73 LF
36 134 Aug 31 MIA @ ATL L,4-5 CG(11) 5 5 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .260 .329 .363 .692 2 1.25 -0.070 -0.63 LF
37 135 Sep 1 MIA @ ATL W,7-0 CG 5 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 .268 .343 .369 .713 2 .44 0.077 1.29 LF
38 136 Sep 2 MIA @ CHC W,4-3 CG 4 4 1 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .281 .353 .399 .752 2 .96 0.154 1.48 LF
39 137 Sep 3 MIA @ CHC W,6-2 CG 5 5 1 3 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 .291 .360 .411 .771 3 1.27 0.148 1.74 LF
40 138 Sep 4 MIA @ CHC L,7-9 CG 5 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 .288 .356 .405 .760 3 .96 -0.097 -0.21 LF
41 139 Sep 6 MIA WSN W,7-0 CG 5 4 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .287 .357 .401 .758 3 .52 0.065 0.35 CF
42 140 Sep 7 MIA WSN L,2-9 CG 4 4 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .292 .360 .404 .763 3 .31 0.018 0.56 LF
43 141 Sep 8 MIA WSN L,4-6 CG 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .286 .352 .394 .747 3 1.45 -0.139 -0.99 LF
44 142 Sep 9 MIA ATL L,2-5 CG 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .282 .355 .390 .745 3 1.04 -0.039 -0.15 LF
45 143 Sep 10 MIA ATL L,3-4 CG 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 .279 .358 .385 .744 3 1.82 0.044 0.34 CF
46 144 Sep 11 MIA ATL W,5-2 CG 4 4 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .284 .361 .393 .754 3 .62 -0.024 -0.07 LF
47 145 Sep 12 MIA ATL L,1-6 CG 4 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .290 .368 .398 .766 3 .41 0.034 0.59 CF
48 146 Sep 13 MIA @ NYM L,3-4 CG 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .284 .362 .389 .751 3 .90 -0.091 -0.50 LF
49 147 Sep 14 (1) MIA @ NYM W,3-0 CG 4 3 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 .290 .369 .399 .768 3 .89 0.127 1.74 LF
50 148 Sep 14 (2) MIA @ NYM L,1-3 8-GF 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .289 .367 .397 .764 1 .85 -0.020 -0.13 PH LF
51 149 Sep 15 MIA @ NYM L,0-1 CG(12) 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .283 .363 .389 .752 3 1.58 -0.130 -0.49 LF
52 150 Sep 16 MIA @ PHI L,2-12 CG 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .277 .357 .381 .738 3 .37 -0.040 -1.04 LF
53 151 Sep 17 MIA @ PHI L,4-6 CG 5 4 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .286 .366 .388 .755 3 .57 0.019 0.53 LF
54 152 Sep 18 MIA @ PHI W,4-3 CG(10) 5 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .286 .367 .386 .753 3 1.06 -0.024 -0.21 LF
55 153 Sep 19 MIA @ WSN L,2-3 CG 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 .279 .360 .377 .736 3 2.62 -0.394 -2.40 LF
56 155 (1) Sep 22 (1) MIA @ WSN W,4-2 CG 5 5 2 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 .282 .360 .395 .756 3 .45 0.051 0.03 CF LF
57 156 Sep 22 (2) MIA @ WSN L,4-5 CG 4 4 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .281 .359 .397 .756 3 1.23 0.076 0.16 LF
58 157 Sep 23 MIA PHI W,4-0 CG 5 3 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 .286 .363 .401 .764 3 .76 0.102 1.06 LF
59 158 Sep 24 MIA PHI L,1-2 CG 4 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .286 .362 .398 .760 3 2.01 -0.025 -0.16 LF
60 159 Sep 25 MIA PHI W,3-2 CG 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .282 .360 .393 .753 3 1.36 -0.094 -0.38 LF
61 160 Sep 27 MIA DET W,3-2 CG 4 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 .283 .362 .392 .754 3 .88 0.012 0.18 LF
62 161 Sep 28 MIA DET W,2-1 CG(10) 5 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .288 .370 .396 .766 3 2.17 0.318 1.40 CF LF
25-37 273 240 34 69 12 1 4 16 31 1 66 1 0 1 5 4 10 0 .288 .370 .396 .766 1.05 0.528 10.41
You are here: BR Home Page > Players > Christian Yelich > 2013 Batting Game Logs


In Ithaki Kefalonia Villa Eurydice with private pool is located in Eumaeus Villas complex with a magnificent view at Ionian sea. Villa Eurydice is 85 square meters with two bedrooms. Master Bedroom has double bed and bathroom, the secondary room has 2 single beds and its own bathroom. A Spacious living room for dinner with the family and a fully equipped kitchen for your careless Ithaca holidays in Greece. This Ithaki Kefalonia Villa for rent in Ionian Islands can accommodate up to 6 people (4 adults in the rooms and 2 children up to 11 years on a sofa-bed at the living room). Rent villas in Greece for your holidays in Greece and get your Greek Luxury holidays as you have dream them.
You need a Villa as a couple or for your honeymoon? An Ithaca villa for 2 with private pool? Villa Anna is your perfect choice. Honeymoon Villa Anna is a two stories apartment of about 70 square meters. The living room is in the ground floor with fully equipped kitchen. the wooden staircase leads upstairs where the bedrooms and bathroom are. It can accommodate up to 4 people (2 adults in bedroom and 2 children up to 11 years on the sofa-bed at the living room). Eumaeus Villas Ithaki can make real your honeymoon villa dream, with a Villa for 2 with Private pool.


He was born in Great Britain ( Leicester ). He assisted Karel Reisz, Albert Finney and Lindsay Anderson. He was a director for TV ( 21 films in 15 years ). His most famous dramas were A Day Out, Long Distance Information and December Flower, for example. He started working for cinema in 1971 when he made Gumshoe; he then directed The Hit, shown at The Directors' Frotnight in 1984. He was successful with My Beautiful Laundrette. He recently made two full length feature films in the USA. He came back in Great Britain with The Snapper.