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Svedbergs will respond to requests from you without unnecessary delay, and normally within one month. We will notify you if we need more time or if we are unable to accommodate your request for any reason. We may also request further information from you if so required so that we can confirm your identity and ensure that it is you, and no one else, who is attempting to access or control your personal data.
You may contact us if you are of the opinion that your personal data is being processed in contravention of applicable law, or that your rights are not being respected by us. You also have the right to submit a complaint to the Swedish Data Protection Authority. The Swedish Data Protection Authority provides further information on what to do.
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Handmade Christmas Card. Sleigh Ride Hedgehog.
A delightful handmade festive card by Dear Prudence. Featuring a beautifully illustrated hedgehog and sledge.


text:
Media Room/
Norwich researchers awarded £260k for landmark dementia study
UEA in the News
UEA Gigs
The Queen's visit to UEA
Press Releases Press Releases
A research team led by Prof Chris Fox from the University of East Anglia will benefit from a £260k funding boost from the charity Alzheimer's Research UK. Announcing the award on World Alzheimer's Day, the team welcomed the funding that will see them shed new light on factors impacting on Alzheimer's disease together with a linked condition, delirium. Prof Fox leads an international team from Norway, Sweden and Ireland, together with investigators from King's College London and the University of Edinburgh.
More than 850,000 people in the UK are living with dementia today. The devastating condition is characterised by memory loss, confusion, and personality change which gets worse over time until someone needs round the clock care. The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer's disease and while there is currently no cure for the disease, researchers are making headway in revealing key clues to what's happening in the brain.
Alzheimer's Research UK is the UK's leading dementia research charity and the University of East Anglia has joined its UK-wide Research Network, bringing together the brightest minds across the UK to unite efforts to tackle the condition.
The charity is supporting Prof Fox and his team to study the effect of hip fractures on the rate of decline in people with dementia. It will allow them to build on an existing multi-million-pound study funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) looking at how to improve care and recovery for people with dementia who experience hip fractures (www.perfected.ac.uk). This new award will facilitate a pioneering project to investigate whether people with dementia who experience a hip fracture have faster decline in memory and thinking over time than those who haven't had a hip fracture.
The study involves taking blood and spinal fluid samples from 200 people with dementia while they undergo surgery for hip fracture. The team will then investigate inflammatory molecules in the samples and compare their findings to samples taken from 200 people with dementia who have not had hip fractures and 200 people without dementia who are also being treated for hip fracture. They will explore how levels of inflammation relate to people's performance on memory and thinking tests and assessments of daily activity at one, three and six months after hip fracture. People will be recruited for the study in England and Scotland, and the team also has access to samples donated by people in Norway.
Prof Chris Fox said: "There is growing evidence to link the immune system with Alzheimer's disease and a question around whether damage and inflammation in the body could drive the disease to get worse. We're going to address this important question by looking at people who have hip fractures. We're asking: does a hip fracture make a person with dementia decline more quickly in their day-to-day memory and thinking? If the answer is yes, we need to be looking at why and what factors might be driving this decline that could form the basis for new treatments or interventions. This is the first study of its kind to address this question directly in people and we're excited to be doing such cutting-edge research."
Dr Rosa Sancho, Head of Research at Alzheimer's Research UK, said: "This ambitious project is a fantastic example of how researchers can take advantage of existing studies to address important additional research questions. The team in Norwich has shown great foresight in building on a hip fracture study to look at how inflammation could also drive dementia to get worse. The findings from this study have real potential to help us understand how to support people with dementia to help maintain quality of life for longer, as well as providing insights into key processes involved in the disease that could form the basis of future drug discovery efforts. All of our research funding is driven by public donations, so we're incredibly grateful to our supporters for helping us to fund this important study."
Image: Phalinn Ooi/flickr creative commons
Study medicine at UEA
More brilliant research

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Affleck & Barrison
Majority of Canadians Support Ban of Handguns
Written on Behalf of Affleck & Barrison LLP
The latest public opinion poll by the Angus Reid Institute reveals that half of Canadians consider gun violence a serious problem in Canada.
Toronto Mayor John Tory has campaigned for a handgun ban and the Liberal government is facing pressure from gun control groups to respond to gun violence in Canada following the implementation of a ban on semi-automatic firearms by New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern after a deadly mosque shooting in Christchurch.
ANGUS REID POLL RESULTS
A recent public opinion study completed by the non-profit Angus Reid Institute surveyed 1,525 respondents across the country and is proportionally representative of Canadians from each region of the country.
The study has found that 61% of the respondents would support an outright ban on civilian possession of handguns. This number rises to 75% in regards to a ban on assault weapons.
When it comes to gun violence, rural and urban respondents voiced different concerns. Respondents in Canadian cities are most worried about gang activity, while rural Canadians are more concerned about accidental shootings or the use of guns for suicide.
According to the survey, 63% of respondents were in favour of the proposal by the federal Liberal government to lengthen background check periods from the current five-year limit to include a prospective gun owner's entire history.
WHAT DO CANADIANS WANT?
Bill Blair ("Blair"), Minister of Border Security and Organized Crime Reduction, recently stated that implementing a national handgun ban is a possibility.
Blair was directed to study and consult on a full ban of handguns and assault weapons. Beginning in 2018, he travelled the country to hold roundtables and public engagements regarding the issue of reducing violent crime involving firearms.
Last month, Blair released his report entitled "Reducing Violent Crime: A Dialogue on Handguns and Assault-Style Firearms". The report also included written submissions made by Canadians and responses recorded through an online questionnaire which included 134,917 total responses from Canadians (with no limits placed on how many times an individual could complete a survey).
The key findings of Blair's inquiry include:
Polarized views on a potential ban and limiting access to handguns and assault-style firearms;
Many felt strongly that a ban would target law-abiding gun owners, rather than illicit gun owners, and would not greatly impact crime reduction (specifically gang violence);
Many supported enhanced enforcement capacity by law enforcement and border services, in addition to harsher punishments for those found trafficking in firearms and gun-related crimes;
Emphasis on more support for community-level programs and initiatives to address the socioeconomic conditions that lead to gun violence;
Emphasis on the need to improve the collection and sharing of data on gun crime; and
The need for a multi-faceted approach to dealing with violent crimes, rather than implementing a ban on guns.
Blair has advised that he has been reviewing the data, the experience in other jurisdictions, Canada's regulatory environment and how firearms are used in criminal activity in Canada.
Blair stated:
… I believe that there are some things that we can do to create a safe environment, reduce gun violence in our communities and make it far more difficult for people who would commit crimes.
I believe there is an overwhelming consensus in this country that public safety is important, that we deserve to be safe in our communities and in our places of worship, and those weapons which have been used to kill so many people have no place in our society.
GUN BUYBACK PROGRAM UPDATE
We have previously blogged about the Toronto Police Services gun buyback program launched in an effort to reduce unwanted firearms and violence in the GTA.
As a result of this recent program, Toronto Police received more than 2,700 unwanted guns from residents during the gun buyback program that started on April 26, 2019 and ran until May 17, 2019. These guns were all destroyed.
It has been reported that this was the most successful firearm collection in Toronto. During the three-week program, police collected over 1,900 long guns and over 800 handguns. In 2008, a similar program was launched resulting in a total of 2000 guns collected by police.
Chief Mark Saunders stated:
We are pleased with the participation of Torontonians taking steps to safely dispose of unwanted guns in their homes. These guns can present a potential danger if they fall into the wrong hands. Removing access to these guns, many of which are not securely stored, contributes to community safety.
We will continue to follow up on any developments regarding the government's response to gun violence in Canada and will provide updates in this blog.
If you have been charged with a weapons offence or have any questions regarding your legal rights, please contact the experienced Oshawa criminal defence lawyers at Affleck & Barrison LLP online or at 905-404-1947. We offer a 24-hour phone service to protect your rights and to ensure that you have access to justice at all times.
May 30, 2019 | Firearms & Gun Offences
Tagged: Angus Reid Institute poll, Firearms, gun ban, gun buyback program, weapons offences
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text:
[Full Changelog](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/compare/v1.0.0...v1.1.0)

**Merged pull requests:**

- Remove open-ended dependenies [\#24](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/24) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

- Move development dependencies to gemspec [\#23](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/23) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

- Remove unnecessary dependencies [\#22](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/22) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

- Test with multiple versions of Ruby [\#21](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/21) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

- Add console wizard [\#20](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/20) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

## [v1.0.0](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/tree/v1.0.0) (2015-06-18)

[Full Changelog](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/compare/v0.1.0...v1.0.0)

**Merged pull requests:**

- Rename configuration fields [\#18](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/18) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

- Basic testing [\#17](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/17) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

- Add code documentation [\#16](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/16) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

- Add instructions [\#15](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/15) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

- Fix changelog generator [\#14](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/14) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

## [v0.1.0](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/tree/v0.1.0) (2015-06-17)

**Merged pull requests:**

- Add changelog [\#11](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/11) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

- Basic implementation [\#10](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/10) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

- Initialize Lita adapter [\#9](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/9) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

- Use YARD [\#8](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/8) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

- Use Pry as a console [\#7](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/7) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

- Configure Coveralls [\#6](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/6) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

- Configure Travis CI [\#5](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/5) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

- Add README [\#4](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/4) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

- Configure testing [\#3](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/3) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

- Configure linting [\#2](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/2) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

- Initialize gem [\#1](https://github.com/braiden-vasco/lita-vkontakte/pull/1) ([braiden-vasco](https://github.com/braiden-vasco))

\* *This Change Log was automatically generated by [github_changelog_generator](https://github.com/skywinder/Github-Changelog-Generator)*

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


"irritable, short-tempered," 1906, from snark (v.) "to find fault with, nag" (1882), literally "to snort" (1866), from an imitative source akin to Low German snarken, North Frisian snarke, Swedish snarka; and compare snarl (v.2), sneer (v.). Also compare narky "bad-tempered, sarcastic" (1895), British slang from earlier nark "annoying, quarrelsome, or unpleasant person" (1846), from nark (q.v.).
It seems to have emerged anew as a vogue word c. 1997 to indicate a "hostile, knowing, bitter tone of contempt." The back-formation snark (n.) "caustic, opinionated, and critical rhetoric" is by c. 2002 (compare snark (n.)). Related: Snarkily; snarkiness.


The media that usually look down on the public's values and slander them -- but at the same speak on behalf of the public in writing and drawings -- will have to submit to this new era, whether or not they wish to.
The national will initiated a new era in Turkey on July 22. This is indeed what Gül's presidency signaled. Many things will not remain the same from now on. Turkey's European Union membership process will accelerate, freedoms will expand and the rule of law will be under the bond of the civil will. If I am to speak openly, the judiciary, universities and semi-official organizations will find it hard to defend the status-quo. The irresponsible media are included in this as well.
The irresponsible media are the media which fancy themselves to be the government, the judiciary and the soldier. The media that usually look down on the public's values and slander them -- but at the same speak on behalf of the public in writing and drawings -- will have to submit to this new era, whether or not they wish to. The public floated into power the people whose lifestyles, ideas and identities are familiar, by a margin of 47 percent. These irresponsible media say, "They seized the government." The Parliament, composed of the public's representatives, elected the 11th president and the media called it the downfall of the castle, shouting, "They captured Çankaya!" Should we ask them who they are, they will say, "We are the fourth force of democracy, speaking on the behalf of public."; whereas, the public has already spoken its words on July 22 and left nothing for these media to say.
The new era is a period of normalization. The guardians of the regime should understand the message of democracy, the most crucial determinant for this era, correctly. The people standing on the side of democracy and freedom will survive in the new era. However, those that stand against democracy will fall behind in this new epoch, even if they are members of the Court of Appeals, the Turkish Council of Higher Education (YÖK) or representatives of the media. The sea ends here; we are on land now. The status-quo is around its life's end, and democracy has won. The irresponsible media are irresponsible, have transgressed against the rules they themselves established and are standing on the wrong ground. Yes, the newspaper columns will now become the real democrats, not the pretenders; and they will really come under the ruling of media principles. There are alternative media developing in opposition to the irresponsible media and the source of strength for these new media is democracy and becoming civil. As I wrote yesterday, the responsible media will hush the irresponsible ones. The bar raised by the EU will also affect the media. The standardizations forced upon fishing, floriculture and bee-keeping will also put the media in line; none of them will be able to claim, "This is my freedom of speech! So what?", after insulting their own public with sayings such as "Jerry-can heads, or the man scratching his belly." Ideas and insults will be distinguished between from now on.
The responsible media will give criticism its due too. The one keeping quiet against injustice is the dumb devil. Turning a blind eye to mistakes is also irresponsibility. But it is also honorable to tell the truth, offer a solution and remind of the principles while making a criticism, without wrestling with people.
The responsible media won't be hankering for extrajudicial killings and will have a stance that reflects its responsibility. The "everyone does what befits himself" truth will be the crucial norm.
The new era will highlight the media members who try to understand their public and respect their values and will. Our people have gathered under the roof of moderation and the problematic media members should try to understand the moderate majority, instead of creating a virtual world by sitting at a table and creating a virtual public in place of this world; because it isn't the solution.
Responsibility and honesty require acting in accordance with the truth. In order to do so, it is sufficient to interpret the world and Turkey correctly.


text:
Share Video Works 2011
Issue 25: #25
Video Works 2011
Kaelen Wilson-Goldie
36: BIDOUN: So it will be this sort of quadrant idea, different kinds of found text, interspersed with articles... CAIRO: Uh-huh.
Metropolis Cinema
Five years after its founding in the aftermath of the 2006 war, Ashkal Alwan's biennial Video Works program has emerged as an intriguing if also potentially misleading tool for measuring the evolution of experimental video in Beirut.
The Lebanese capital has been a critical incubator for the medium since the 1990s, when filmmakers such as Mohamed Soueid, Ghassan Salhab, and Akram Zaatari, among others, began messing around with an ever more flexible and unclassifiable form, sampling wildly from the conventions of television, cinema, social documentary, film essay, and more. In less than a decade, Beirut became known among international art circles as the go-to city for smart, searching, easily transportable works that dealt, more often than not or at least on the most superficial of levels, with crises of image and representation in the context of civil wars or other such traumas.
At a certain point, conflict-addled videos from Beirut — with their forgotten documents, faulty testimonies, hidden histories, buried sorrows, and increasingly thin memories of how things were before — grew so common that they verged on ossifying into art world cliché. It was time for something new, and it was also time to think about creating a kind of safe space for practitioners to pursue independent projects, without fear of failure or a coterie of international curators breathing down their necks.
Ashkal Alwan created Video Works as a means of building a sustainable support structure for young and emerging artists and filmmakers. It is less a biennial event in the biennial mode than the formalization of a creative process, running a proposed idea through the next logical stages of its development. The program consists of a cycle of production grants (awarded by a jury), an extended workshop (overseen by an advisor) and a public screening. In the Ashkal Alwan universe, Video Works isn't a junior edition of the Home Works Forum, but rather a prototype for the Home Works Academy.
That the first edition, in the spring of 2007, ended up dealing with war all over again is one of the particular cruelties of living in Lebanon. But the third edition, in the spring of 2011, finalvly moved on to other anxieties, issues and enigmas. In past years, Video Works has played out like a handful of agonizing art school exercises. This time around, it maintained an ethic of incompleteness. By screening works in progress or testing out half-baked ideas, participants open themselves up to much-needed critical feedback. And of the seven works screened over three nights, several of them were clearly planting the seeds of feature-length films. But overall, the videos were far more polished and cinematic in style than they've ever been before. They were also far more enamored with sound, to the extent that pounding pianos and crackles of synthesized noise threatened to overpower the image time and time again.
Prologue, by the brother-and-sister team of Raed and Rania Rafei, is a 49-minute piece that takes as its starting point the student occupation of the American University of Beirut in 1974. Divided into three aesthetically distinct sections, the piece begins with a highly stylized sequence, as actors approach the camera one by one, literally coming into focus as they recall the day they took over the campus. The second part, shot with the amateur camera on a mobile phone, drops in on an exhausting and painfully claustrophobic meeting among the activists as they debate their options the day before the siege. The third part runs through a succession of archival images documenting the actual event.
The beauty of Prologue — which really is a prologue to a feature film that the directors hope to complete in the coming year — is that virtually all of the dialogue is improvised. The actors are young activists involved in Lebanon's anti-sectarian movement. In addition to reenacting a late twentieth century event, they were asked to address themes of revolution and change, from their own twenty-first century perspective, just as the demonstrations in Tunisia and Egypt were gaining momentum. As such, Prologue blurs the lines between past and present, action and intention, experience, and ambition.
Whenever there is talk of video production in Beirut, someone inevitably invokes the idea of a generation killing its fathers. For the 1990s generation, there were no fathers to kill. For the current generation, the fathers are actually the artists of the 1990s generation, meaning people like Ghassan Salhab, who is, as it happens, the artistic director of Video Works. Salhab's influence loomed quite large this time around, with at least three of the new works appearing to emulate Salhab's most recent film, The Mountain.
But in many ways, The Mountain is itself an exercise in establishing and sustaining a mood, or in this case an atmosphere of extreme emotional tension. The film follows a man up a winding road to a hotel where he seals himself off from the world and slides ever more perilously off the rails. Tamara Stepanyan's video February 19 likewise follows two strangers on a train. Their respective dispositions sink from the dull headache of preoccupation to the splayed limbs of total exasperation. The sexual energy becomes unbearable between them, and yet the most they share is a sidelong glance.
Both Wajdi Elian's A Place To Go and Rami El Sabbagh's The Last Hero concern men in suits with tedious day jobs who carry briefcases and look like something out of an advertising campaign for a menswear designer. While Sabbagh's piece quickly veers off into schlock horror territory, Elian's takes a surprisingly tender turn (and features a cameo by none other than Mohamed Soueid). But both works create moods of dark, dire, and ultimately insufferable alienation. Only Colin Whitaker's Beirut Phantasy warms the mysteries of solitude, turning footage of two apartments (one wrecked, one restored) into a playful visual poem about the passage of time and love among the ruins of endless cycles of destruction and reconstruction.
If war memories were the first pitfall that too many emerging artists fell into, then pop culture mash-ups and edits of a family's Super 8 footage are fast becoming the second and third. Both genres have yielded absolute masterpieces, but Roy Dib's Under a Rainbow (made of deteriorated VHS footage of child stars, vulgar pop singers and a Bandaly family movie) and Cynthia Zaven's Dear Victoria (weaving together her own material with that of her grandmother) could use a firmer sense of direction to take their ideas a little further.
Meanwhile, Alexandre Habib, known to virtually all as Siska, tries something else entirely. EDL stalks the sad state of affairs that is Electricité du Liban — arguably the most corrupt and decrepit public utility in Lebanon, housed in a building that once epitomized Mediterranean modernism but had since suffered from galling neglect — like a hunter-explorer in National Geographic mode. Ducked behind houses, crouched behind trees, he surveys the site from all possible angles. He also dissects the entire building floor by floor. The result is a work that actually documents a tremendous amount of detail concerning labor conditions in Lebanon. And that, most certainly, is a new direction for an art scene that has always been disturbingly indifferent to the lives of the working class.
Originally published in:
#25, Summer 2011
Next: War Bazaar


text:
Police arrest and charge a 29-year-old male person for obstructing duty police officers in Honiara
Officers of the Royal Solomon Islands Police Force (RSIPF) at Honiara City Police have arrested and charged a 29-year-old male person for obstructing police while on duty at the Mendana Avenue on 8 April 2022.
Provincial Police Commander (PPC) Honiara City Superintendent Jimson Robo says, "The accused was arrested after he obstructed police officers. When he was approached at the Solomon Motor area after being pulled over in a vehicle by Honiara City Police."
PPC Robo says, "Upon arrival at the station the accused provided false information to police of his real identity when he was in police custody."
Superintendent Robo says, "The suspect was charged with two counts. First count for obstructing police officers whilst on duty contrary to section 247 (b) of the penal code and the other count for false name and address contrary to section 177(2) of the police act 2013."
Mr. Robo says, "The accused will appear before the Honiara Central Magistrates' Court on 2 May 2022."


text:
Jonathan Lear/ March 21, 2005
By Harry G. Frankfurt
(Princeton University Press, 67 pp., $9.95)
WHEN I WAS A GRADUATE student at the Rockefeller University, Harry Frankfurt, who was then a professor there, came up to me one day and announced that he had devised the following principle: people naturally gravitate toward the study of that which does not come naturally to them. Thus people who work on ethics typically find it difficult to be good, logicians tend to be muddle- headed, and so on. And he had an explanation for his principle. It is precisely because the impulse to do a good deed seems so odd to a person, Frankfurt claimed, that he finds it fascinating. "Why would anybody in their right mind want to share? Hey, I think I'll write a book about it!" Though he believed that the principle had universal validity, he claimed to have derived it by reflection on a single case: a person who worked on the theory of responsibility.
Frankfurt's principle has since become legendary in philosophy circles. If it is true, then Frankfurt is someone to whom bullshit does not come easily. For while it may be an exaggeration—bullshit?—to say that he has devoted an entire book to the subject—this volume is an old essay that has been re- published as a very short book—he has found the phenomenon worthy of reflection. This is how he begins:
One of the most salient features of our culture is that there is so much bullshit. Everyone knows this. Each of us contributes his share. But we tend to take the situation for granted. Most people are rather confident of their ability to recognize bullshit and to avoid being taken in by it. So the phenomenon has not aroused much deliberate concern, nor attracted much sustained inquiry. In consequence, we have no clear understanding of what bullshit is, why there is so much of it, or what functions it serves. And we lack a conscientiously developed appreciation of what it means to us. In other words, we have no theory.
Frankfurt's theory is easy to state. Both the truth-teller and the liar have it in common that they care about the truth. The person who aims at the truth tries to figure out what the world is like and to communicate that to others; the liar attempts to deceive. But by his very attempt to mislead others, the liar betrays his own concern, however perverse, with how things are. As Frankfurt puts it, the truth-teller and the liar are playing opposite sides of the same game.
The bullshitter is in a different game altogether. He simply does not care about the truth or falsity of what he is saying. "The essence of bullshit is not that it is false but that it is phony." Consider this classic from ancient history: "I didn't inhale." I think the utterance was true, but it was bullshit nonetheless. If it had been false, the utterer would have said the same thing. For this reason, those who do not believe the statement also do not get to the heart of the matter when they say that the speaker is lying. In both cases, if what he said was true and if what he said was false, the president was bullshitting—for in neither case would the truth or the falsity of what he was saying have mattered to him. Frankfurt is correct to insist that it is a "fundamental aspect of the essential nature of bullshit" that "although it is produced without concern with the truth, it need not be false. The bullshitter is faking things. But this does not mean that he necessarily gets them wrong."
Actually, on Frankfurt's account, the bullshitter does turn out to be a liar after all—but at the meta-level. He needs to mask his own indifference. The bullshitter need not deceive us about the facts, but "what he does necessarily attempt to deceive us about is his enterprise." As Frankfurt explains, "The fact about himself that the bullshitter hides ... is that the truth-values of his statements are of no central interest to him; what we are not to understand is that his intention is neither to report the truth nor to conceal it."
Consider, in this context, the recent Democratic campaign for president. Whatever else one might say about Howard Dean, Richard Gephardt, and Joseph Lieberman, they each had clear and sincere views about how to go forward. One was for the war in Iraq, another was against it; one wanted to protect the unions; another wanted to try out school vouchers. The early and tightly spaced primaries served to eliminate them all. The candidate who emerged was someone whose actual views no one could figure out, but at every stage—whether the task was to fix things, or to do things right, or to stay until we get the job done, or to bring our boys home, or not to let "them" get away with it again— his opaque claims were made with apparent sincerity and real indignation. Precisely because the candidate did want to win, he had to look as though he cared about the truth of what he was saying. And with all the post-election hand-wringing about why John Kerry lost, one overwhelmingly plausible explanation was overlooked: Kerry was not very good at bullshitting.
ON THE SUBJECT OF SPEAKING one's mind, the current commotion at Harvard has already been analyzed from every angle, except that of the theory of bullshit. From this angle, the problem begins not with the actual content of Lawrence Summers's speculation about the incidence of women in mathematics and the sciences, but with his claim that it represented "my best guess." There's the bullshit. Those three little words indicate that—at least at the time of utterance—the issue did not really matter that much to him.
If the issue were something that, say, put the American economy at risk, would Summers be satisfied with the same amount of research as the basis for his best guess? This fits very well with Frankfurt's diagnosis of one of the prevalent sources of bullshit:
Bullshit is unavoidable whenever circumstances require someone to talk without knowing what he is talking about. Thus the production of bullshit is stimulated whenever a person's obligations or opportunities to speak about some topic exceed his knowledge of the facts that are relevant to the topic. This discrepancy is common in public life, where people are frequently impelled— whether by their own propensities or by the demands of others—to speak extensively about matters of which they are to some degree ignorant.
But Frankfurt does not prepare us for what comes next, for the dialectic of bullshit. Having gotten into trouble, what is the president of Harvard to do: admit that at the time of speaking he was, if you'll pardon the expression, shooting from the hip? That would be to admit that such a serious subject had not really mattered to him. So what does he do instead? He calls Bill Clinton! The New York Times reports that Summers consulted Clinton and the "political counselor" David Gergen to help him with "damage control." The Times seemed willing to go along for the ride: "He is reading tomes about leadership. He also recently took his children to see Hitch, a new movie, as it happens, about men who are trying to improve their social skills. At the age of 50, Lawrence H. Summers ... finds himself trying to become a new kind of man." Deep in the article Gergen tells us that "it's a good thing when a male demonstrates vulnerability." Note that the issue here is not whether the male is vulnerable; it is whether he gives the appearance of being vulnerable. This is a page straight out of the Clinton playbook. After a politically correct mea culpa, we can all move on. It would be unfortunate if Summers's "journey" goes from politically incorrect bullshit to politically correct bullshit.
But the richest moment came when Gergen said of Summers, "He takes a very Socratic approach." Anyone who has spent more than fifteen minutes with a Platonic dialogue would know that Summers looks much more like one of Socrates's interlocutors: a brash, honor-loving person like Thrasymachus who is willing to put forward an idea that he hasn't really thought through. Socrates is the one who exposes the pretense. But of course the truth of the analogy does not matter to Gergen; he is un-Socratically concerned with the creation of an image. In order to succeed, he at least must go through the motions of appearing sincere. Polite society calls this "damage control."
ALL THIS RAISES THE QUESTION: is bullshitting bad? And, if so, why? We already have a fairly clear grasp of the moral worth of truth-telling and lying. In general, truth is good, lying is bad; for we value knowing what the world is like, and we value sincere relationships. We are offended when others try to dislodge us from reality. Yet we also recognize important exceptions: truth- telling can be used in order to embarrass others or in the service of other forms of cruelty; lying can be used compassionately to protect another person's privacy. But what is the moral valence of bullshitting? Obviously, if the bullshitter is also not telling the truth, there are all the familiar problems with being misled. But, as Frankfurt points out, a bullshitter can be telling the truth and believe that he is telling the truth. "The bullshitter may not deceive us, or even intend to do so, either about the facts or what he takes the facts to be." All that matters, on the Frankfurt analysis, is that the bullshitter does not really care about the truth that he is speaking—and that he hides that fact about himself. But why should the fact that he doesn't care matter to us? I don't think Frankfurt can answer this question, because he does not take his analysis of bullshit deep enough.
It is unusual for the author of a newly published book to express anything less than delight with it. "When I reread it recently," Frankfurt told the Times, "I was sort of disappointed. It wasn't as good as I'd thought it was. It was a fairly superficial and incomplete treatment of the subject." This is not bullshit. And though Frankfurt's discussion is everywhere illuminating, I think he misunderstands the crucially important concept of the bullshit artist.
Go back in your visual imagination to the image of Bill Clinton biting his lower lip. We do a disservice to his mastery if we think this is just a phony attempt to appear sincere. That would be ordinary bullshit. What takes Clinton to another level, I think, is that he expects us to recognize his gesture as bullshit and he expects to get away with it precisely because we do. His openness about his own bullshit is meant to be endearing. This is a level of bullshit that Frankfurt's analysis cannot account for. Indeed, it runs counter to Frankfurt's thesis that the bullshitter must hide his indifference.
The run-of-the-mill bullshitter goes through the motions of hiding his indifference to the truth or the falsity of what he is saying, but the bullshit artist revels in the fact that he can put his indifference on display. Since nothing is hidden—the bullshit has in effect been declared to be bullshit—the only thing that can sustain it is the bullshit itself. I am surprised that Frankfurt overlooked this phenomenon, since instances of it are not all that difficult to find in the academic world. Frankfurt reports that he originally wrote this essay to present at a humanities center. It begs credulity to think he was not trying to confront his colleagues with an exercise in collective self-criticism. But he seems to have blinked at the crucial moment.
THIS IS ALL THE MORE SURPRISING since Frankfurt gets right to the nub of the problem: "The contemporary proliferation of bullshit ... has deeper sources, in various forms of skepticism which deny that we can have any reliable access to an objective reality, and which therefore reject the possibility of knowing how things really are." Actually, skepticism is not the same thing as bullshit. There are genuine and deep ways of wondering about the reality and the possibility of objective truth. Skepticism can be an honorable calling. But in the contemporary world it often degenerates into a received attitude, a hip pose, a rhetorical ploy, a kind of academic party trick. Imagine such a skeptic coming to the humanities center: what kind of paper is he or she going to give? An earnest argument that there really is no such thing as truth? Of course not. Such a paper would lack "irony," which is these days the great validator of intellectual authority. (I put "irony" in scare quotes because the current version has almost nothing in common with real irony.) So the paper will inevitably be an "ironic" performance that the truth simply does not matter to the speaker. This is not skepticism, it is bad theater. And the point that the "ironists" are making is that in their bullshit-artistry they can get away with it. (It is not unusual for such speakers to draw attention to the fact that they have actually been paid to come and spread their bullshit.)
In this way, the bullshit artist raises a host of ethical problems that do not arise at the level of ordinary bullshit. For bullshit artistry demands our complicity. It is, in its own way, a demonstration of power. The bullshit artist in effect says, "This is bullshit, but you will accept it anyway. You may accept it as bullshit, but you will honor it anyway." In this respect, the bullshit artist is a knight of decadence. Frankfurt ignores this example; indeed, his analysis of bullshit rules it out as impossible. And in this way he fails to confront the most interesting—and influential—style of bullshit in our time.
But the problem is even worse. For once we recognize that the bullshit artist flaunts his indifference, we have reason to go back to the ordinary bullshitter and ask whether it really is true, as Frankfurt asserts, that he must hide it. Think of Gergen's claim that Summers reminds him of Socrates. I think that any intelligent reader would see through the claim at once. This is not artistry, this is spin. So I think that Frankfurt is wrong even about ordinary bullshit. It may be true that the ordinary bullshitter needs to go through the motions of pretending that the truth of what he says matters to him—but this itself is bullshit, and it may be easily recognizable as such to us all. In this way we are all drawn into a complacent and rundown theatricality. We all know that what we are reading is spin; we all know that the person quoted is not really committed to the truth of what he is saying; and yet we are all somehow willing to go along with what we instantly recognize to be ersatz news. This is the problem with bullshit: it is contagious. It invites us all to grow more detached from the real, to give up caring about what is true and what is false.
This article appeared in the March 21, 2005 issue of the magazine.
Clinton, Princeton University Press, David Gergen, Harry Frankfurt, Joseph Lieberman, Princeton University, John Kerry, Rockefeller University


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What is going to you get?
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We have had our own in-house stained glass studio for over 25 years. Our craftsmen can produce most windows to our customers requirements and because we have our own kilns we can create almost any colour glass needed.
We have produced 100's of windows over the past 25 years and have exported many to clients in America, the UK and Europe.
All of the work in Churchills (Savannah, GA), The Grand Palace (San Francisco, CA), The Royal British Legion (London) and The Texas Cantina (London) was supplied by us.


This course covers the Biblical concept of Self-control, the books of Joshua, Judges, and Ruth. The study recognizes the commitment of God to his people to fulfill his covenant. Evaluates the way God developed leadership traits in his people to fulfill his purposes.
Can we trust the accounts of the resurrection?


Ludhiana: Prime Minister Narendra Modi will visit Ludhiana today. Pm Modi will attend an award ceremony for industrialists that will be organised by Ministry of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises.
Jalandhar: Haryana CM Manohar Lal Khattar pays condolence to Gagneja's family in Jalandhar on Monday.


Without Katherine Johnson, it's fair to say the astronaut John Glenn wouldn't have been the first American to orbit the Earth in 1962.
Which is why Johnson, dubbed the 'human computer' after she helped to plan the successful space mission, has had a NASA centre dedicated to her.
Until the release of hit film Hidden Figures earlier this year, Johnson's achievements weren't well-known. The film saw the (very) long overdue portrayal of the historic events in which Johnson and other African-American women in the US space programme double-checked computer calculations and carried out complex mathematics.
At the time, Johnson and other African-American NASA workers were subjected to 'coloured only' sections and their achievements were grossly under-appreciated. The Civil Rights Act, which ended such segregation, wasn't passed until 1964.
Not only did Johnson and the other incredible women have to deal with racism on a daily basis, but they also had to overcome the sexist stereotype that women couldn't match the mathematical skills of men.
Johnson was known as the 'human computer' due to her incredible mathematical skills.
Glenn's flight was a success, and marked a turning point in the competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in space.
The film was the highest grossing Best Picture nominee at the Oscars, according to the Independent.
Asked what she thought of having a research facility named after her, 99-year-old Johnson said: "You want my honest answer? I think they're crazy.
"I was excited at something new, always liked something new, but give credit to everybody who helped. I didn't do anything alone but try to go to the root of the question and succeeded there."
The $23 million, 37,000-square-foot structure - where research and development for future missions will take place – will feature over 30 rooms.
"You have been a trailblazer. When I think of Virginia and the history of what we've gone through ... you're at the top of that list," said, Terry McAuliffe, the governor of Virginia, in a press release.
"Thank goodness for the book and movie to come out, so people got to understand what this woman meant to our country.
And David Bowles, director of Nasa's Langley Research Centre, added: "We're here to honour the legacy of one of the most admired and inspirational people ever associated with Nasa.


After staying home with three young kids for a few years, Kevin Costner was ready to get back into action in "Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit" opposite Chris Pine, who inherited the Ryan role from Alec Baldwin, Harrison Ford and Ben Affleck.
The thriller, directed by Kenneth Branagh, opens Friday.
Costner turns 59 the next day.


text:
Korsakov (Russisch: Корсаков, Korsakov; Japans: 大泊, Otomari) is een stad in de Russische oblast Sachalin. Het is het bestuurlijk centrum van het district Korsakovski. Er wonen 36.652 mensen (2002).

De stad ligt op ongeveer 42 kilometer ten zuiden van Joezjno-Sachalinsk, op het zuidelijke uiteinde van het eiland Sachalin aan de Anivabaai. De plaats werd gesticht door de Japanners in 1679 met de naam Ootomari. In 1806 vielen Russische marineschepen de plaats aan en staken deze in brand. In 1853 werd de stad opnieuw aangevallen en bouwde een legerkamp en nederzetting in de buurt van de plaats met de naam Moeravjovski post als de eerste Russische plaats op het eiland, waarvan de naam werd gewijzigd naar Korsakovski post in 1869. Bij het Verdrag van Sint-Petersburg tussen het Russische Rijk en het Japanse Rijk in 1875 kwam de plaats in Russische handen. Na de Russisch-Japanse Oorlog kwam de stad opnieuw in handen van de Japanners bij het Verdrag van Portsmouth in 1905. Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog bezette het Rode Leger de plaats tijdens Operatie Augustusstorm in 1945 en veranderde de naam naar Korsakov een jaar later. In 1952 trokken de Japanse troepen zich terug van het eiland na het Verdrag van San Francisco een jaar eerder.

Momenteel wordt er gebouwd aan een grote fabriek voor de productie van vloeibaar gas uit aardgas in het kader van het energieconsortium Sachalin-II.

Er is een veerpont tussen Korsakov en Wakkanai, Hokkaido in Japan aan de andere kant van de Anivabaai.

De stad is vernoemd naar de Russische gouverneur-generaal Michail Korsakov (1820–1893).

Plaats in de oblast Sachalin
Stad in het federaal district Verre Oosten

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Ensuring that people in police custody in Suffolk are treated properly is a statutory duty of Tim Passmore, the Police and Crime Commissioner and he relies on an army of volunteers to help him monitor the welfare of people who are detained by police in Suffolk.
Tim Passmore is looking for additional volunteer custody visitors to make regular unannounced visits to Police Investigation Centres. The volunteers will be required to look, listen and report on their findings to the PCC to ensure that the police are providing the service that is expected of them.
Tim Passmore said, "Suffolk has two Police Investigation Centres in Suffolk – one in Bury St Edmunds and one at Martlesham, Ipswich. We are currently looking to recruit two more volunteers for our Martlesham Panel. I need the overall panel of visitors to be representative of the local community, so I would really encourage interest from younger people and black, Asian and minority ethnic residents.
"We have a great team of custody visitors in Suffolk, who give their time to support this valuable service and I thank them for their commitment which does not always receive the recognition it deserves."
Upon leaving the scheme, volunteer Matt Long said "My time as an Independent Custody Visitor has been extremely rewarding and educational. The role has given me the opportunity to work with both the police and general public in a trusted and privileged position. It has given me an insight into how the police work, and importantly ensuring the general public are cared for whilst in detention. The role has involved working in a small friendly team, with great support and teamwork. It has helped me to understand the importance of the PCC and the Police and is something I am very proud to have been involved in."
Volunteers are required to attend an initial training session of half a day and then receive training by observing existing visitors until confident in performing the role. Visitors carry out approximately one visit per month (as part of a panel carrying out the weekly visits), there are quarterly panel meetings which are held in the evening and then 1-2 training days/conference per year.
The role is voluntary but expenses for travel costs are paid. Applicants must be over 18 years of age and appointments are subject to police vetting checks and references.
'Have you Got What it Takes?' Information Leaflet (PDF, 1.82MB)
Role Profile (PDF, 168KB)
Person Specification (PDF, 152KB)
Application Form (WordDoc, 44KB)
Monitoring Form (WordDoc, 52KB)
For more information about the role or for a hard copy of the application pack please contact us.
The Independent Custody Visiting Scheme Annual Report 2018-19 (PDF, 2MB) summarises what the visitors have been doing over the last year.


What would you do if your computer crashed and you lost all your data? Or if your computer is stolen and never recovered?
Will my backup occur automatically or do I need to do it manually? If it's automatic, how often will it occur?
A backup is most valuable when it's performed automatically without any manual intervention, and when it's performed on a regular basis. If your last backup happened 2 months ago and your computer crashes, you'll lose those past 2 months worth of data.
Will my backup be stored in a safe location?
There have been many instances where both a computer and its backup were stolen at the same time. Or data loss occurs when a virus infects a computer and the backup is also affected. It's important to make sure your backup is stored in a location separate from your computer or else you put yourself at risk. Also think about what would happen in the event of a natural disaster or fire – your computer and backup could both be lost, causing you an incredible amount of inconvenience and cost.
How will I prevent unauthorized access to my backup?
You don't want to leave backups of your confidential information in a location where someone could access it without your authorization. Identity theft and loss of other confidential data (student records, research, etc.) is a very serious subject and should be taken into consideration when planning your backup.
We recommend using an encrypted cloud-based backup solution such as CrashPlan, Mozy or Carbonite. USD currently supports CrashPlan through our managed enterprise service and is available to all faculty and staff through on a cost for use basis.
CrashPlan is a fully automated backup solution that stores your data in an encrypted format. It has the ability to save your data to a server on the Internet as well as to an external hard drive connected to your computer (external drive is an additional cost).
If you want to learn more about the CrashPlan system in use at USD, you can visit their website at http://www.code42.com/enterprise/.
If you are interested in using CrashPlan on your USD provided computer, or you'd like more information about CrashPlan, please contact the ITS Help Desk at help@sandiego.edu or by calling ext. 7900. CrashPlan has a nominal subscription fee which is payable by your department on an annual basis. Contact the Help Desk for the most current pricing.


Discussion in 'Digital Photography' started by S Stocks, Apr 21, 2004.
1) find a copy of Win98 Rev "B"
Win98's USB support was dicey at best, even in the "B" revisions.
"I've been here, I've been there..."
I stand corrected. Win98 "SE" is what I should have said.


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Lead the preparation of quarterly Group consolidation, along with the review, investigation, and resolution of intercompany variances.
Preparation of annual Group and subsidiary statutory financial statements, and associated disclosure notes.
Production of all year end statutory accounts and VAT returns for the Group.
Liaison with auditors to include management of the year end audit process.
Balance sheet control and final review and sign off of all month end reconciliations.
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Complete and maintain the financial risk register for the Group.
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text:
Q: Knowledge Article Title Header shown only for the versions in the user's language I have enabled knowledge base for the communities. The template community that I am using, is Napilii template. I am configuring the layout of the article detail page where the core component, is the native Article Content Component. I have configured the parameters of this component, as follows:

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*Url Name: {!urlName}

What I am finding strange is that when access the article in the current user's language version, I can see the Header, where there is the Title and underneath of that, the published date and the type of the article.

When I access the versions in italian and german of the same article, I get the respective views:
Italian:

German:

I have done another test, where I have changed the user's default language in Italian, and in that case there I get to see the article Header, only for italian version.
My question, is if there is any workaround to this issue here. Maybe some parameter to configure to the Article Content Standard component, from the builder.
Thanks in advance,
E.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


IFC has ordered the Living With Yourself TV show to series. Former Daily Show EP Timothy Greenberg created and is writing the show. He will also executive produce with Anthony Bregman and Jeff Stern. Jeff Blitz will direct and executive produce, as well.
The Living With Yourself season one order is for eight episodes. IFC says it should premiere in 2018. Learn more from the press release.
New York, NY – February 16, 2017 – IFC today announced that it has greenlit Living With Yourself, a new scripted comedy series created, written and executive produced by Emmy and Peabody award-winner Tim Greenberg (The Daily Show) and executive produced by Anthony Bregman and Jeff Stern of Likely Story (Sing Street, Foxcatcher, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind). Jeff Blitz is attached to direct (The Office, Parks and Recreation, Table 19) and will also serve as executive producer. IFC has ordered eight episodes of Living With Yourself, expected to debut in 2018.
Living With Yourself is about George Elliot, a man who is burned out and facing an impasse in both his personal and professional life. When George undergoes a novel treatment to become a better person, he finds he's been replaced by a new and improved George – revealing that his own worst enemy is himself. Told from multiple perspectives with intersecting storylines, this fresh and inventive philosophical comedy asks: do we really want to be better?
Tim Greenberg is represented by UTA and Brillstein Entertainment. Jeff Blitz is represented by UTA.
IFC is among the strongest comedy brands on television, with signature shows including the Peabody and Emmy Award-winning Portlandia, with Fred Armisen and Carrie Brownstein, whose seventh season is currently airing on IFC, and new series Brockmire, starring Hank Azaria and Amanda Peet, premiering on Wednesday, April 5. Additionally, IFC will air the upcoming 2017 Film Independent Spirit Awards live on Saturday, February 25.
Likely Story is a bi-coastal production company whose credits include the upcoming The Circle, and the recently released Collateral Beauty, Indignation, Sing Street, Foxcatcher, Begin Again, Enough Said, American Ultra, and Our Idiot Brother.
What do you think? How do you like the sound of the Living With Yourself TV show? Do you plan to check it out when it premieres on IFC?
More about: IFC TV shows: canceled or renewed?, Living With Yourself, Living With Yourself: canceled or renewed?


text:
John Thackara
A Senior Fellow at the Royal College of Art in London, travels the world in a continuous search for live examples of what a sustainable future can be like. He writes about these stories at his blog, thackara.com, and in books, and advises cities, companies, and institutions.
For more than thirty years John Thackara has traveled the world in his search of stories about the practical steps taken by communities to realise a sustainable future. Born in the UK, he now lives in south west France, John studied philosophy, and trained as a journalist, before working for ten years as a book and magazine editor.
He was the first director (1993—1999) of the Netherlands Design Institute in Amsterdam; he was program director of Designs of The Time (Dott07), the social innovation biennial in England; he was commissioner in 2008 of France's main design biennial, Cité du Design. He is a Senior Fellow of the Royal College of Art, in London, a Fellow of Musashino Art University in Japan and a member of the UK Parliament's Standing Commission on Design.
John has also edited the magazine Design for five years, and was later Modern Culture Editor of Harpers & Queen, and design correspondent of The Guardian. He then started a conference and exhibition company, with offices in London and Tokyo, which created and organised events at the Pompidou Centre, Victoria & Albert Museum, Axis Gallery in Tokyo, and other venues.
From 1989-1992 John was Director of Research at the Royal College of Art. Among John's 12 books are Design After Modernism: Beyond the Object (1987), and Lost in Space: A Traveller's tale (1995). His best-selling book In the Bubble: Designing In A Complex World, was published by MIT Press in May 2005 and has since been published in nine other languages. His most recent book How To Thrive In The Next Economy was published in 2015.
In addition to his big-picture keynote talks for cities, companies, and institutions, he also chairs events, and is known for his lively Q+A interviews. He has curated two national biennials and serves on a number of international professional juries.
Fast Company described John Thackara as "a business provocateur….". For the Wall Street Journal, he "has established a global reputation as a cutting edge design expert". Wired called him a "a design luminary". The San Francisco Chronicle described him as a "wired era visionary". The Economic Times of India noted his "brilliant insights into the internet and sustainability".
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text:
Q: Would it be possible that a broken glass can return to its original state spontaneous at 0K? my teacher said that a broken glass can't fix itself spontaneous because of the second law of thermodynamics, entropy won't decrease in a isolated system. But when the temperature is at 0k, then entropy becomes zero. So if the broken glass can return to its original state, then this doesn't violate any laws, right? Does it means this is possible?

A: Zero Kelvin is not attainable by a physical system.

Why is absolute zero (0 kelvin or −273.15°C) an impossible goal?
Practically, the work needed to remove heat from a gas increases the colder you get, and an infinite amount of work would be needed to cool something to absolute zero. In quantum terms, you can blame Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which says the more precisely we know a particle's speed, the less we know about its position, and vice versa. If you know your atoms are inside your experiment, there must be some uncertainty in their momentum keeping them above absolute zero – unless your experiment is the size of the whole universe.

Let us not quibble about this, let us suppose a crystal very close to absolute zero in a thermally isolated box with. It has its lowest possible entropy.
To break the lattice energy must be supplied. Suppose an equally cold stone detaches itself from the roof (gravity supplying the energy) and falls on the crystal. The system is now broken crystal, fallen stone and the kinetic energy has increased or statistically the number of microstates is orders of magnitude than it was at t=0, i.e. the entropy has been increased.
There is no way the crystal pieces can be connected again without energy being supplied, which will introduce more microstates. To get back to the original entropy of the crystal energy has to be supplied outside the system, to cool it.
So the broken pieces can be back together again in an open system, where one has to count the total and entropy will be increasing.


text:
Im Vertrag von Verdun teilten am 10. August 843 die überlebenden Söhne Kaiser Ludwigs des Frommen das Fränkische Reich der Karolinger in drei Herrschaftsgebiete auf:
 Lothar als ältester erhielt die Kaiserwürde sowie das später als Mittelreich bezeichnete Lotharii Regnum, das sich von der Nordsee bis nach Italien erstreckte;
 Karl der Kahle bekam das Westfrankenreich, aus dem später Frankreich hervorgehen sollte;
 Ludwig der Deutsche erhielt das Ostfrankenreich, aus dem später das Heilige Römische Reich hervorging.

Verhandlungen und Vertragsabschluss
Dem Vertrag ging ein Streit Lothars, Karls und Ludwigs voraus, die sich nicht über ihre jeweiligen Ansprüche auf das Erbe ihres 840 verstorbenen Vaters einigen konnten. Es kam zu lang andauernden, von gegenseitigem Misstrauen begleiteten Verhandlungen, in deren Verlauf das Reich inventarisiert wurde. Die Descriptio regni wurde schließlich zur Grundlage der Teilung, die unter den Aspekten der Gleichwertigkeit der geographisch-politischen Lage und des wirtschaftlichen Ertrages erfolgte.

Die Vorverhandlungen kamen vom 19. bis 24. Oktober 842 zum Abschluss, als in der Basilika St. Kastor in Koblenz 110 Gesandte der drei Kaisersöhne zusammenkamen. Das Ergebnis dieser Vorverhandlungen beschworen die drei Brüder im Jahr darauf bei einem Treffen in Verdun. Der genaue Wortlaut des Vertrags ist nicht überliefert. Entweder wurde er nie schriftlich fixiert, oder die Urkunde ist im Laufe der Zeit verloren gegangen. Die wesentlichen Inhalte lassen sich jedoch aus zeitgenössischen Quellen rekonstruieren.

In den westfränkischen Reichsannalen, den Annales Bertiniani, heißt es:

In den ostfränkischen offiziösen Annales Fuldenses heißt es:

Kurzer Bestand, anhaltende Wirkung
Die Dreiteilung des Reiches hatte nur kurzen Bestand. Bereits 855, nach dem Tod Lothars, wurde das Mittelreich in der Teilung von Prüm unter seinen Söhnen weiter aufgeteilt. Den nördlichen Teil wiederum, Lotharingien, Ursprung des späteren Lothringen, teilten das Ost- und Westfrankenreich 870 im Vertrag von Meerssen unter sich auf, bevor er 880 im Vertrag von Ribemont vollständig an das Ostfrankenreich fiel.

Nominell und ideell wahrten die Brüder trotz der Teilung die Reichseinheit, indem sie sich um eine gemeinsame Politik bemühten und den dynastischen Zusammenhalt betonten. Das Reich wurde immer noch als ein Ganzes, als gemeinsames karolingisches Herrschaftsgebiet betrachtet. Daher ist der Vertrag von Verdun nicht als Reichs-, sondern als Herrschaftsteilung innerhalb der Königsfamilie zu sehen. Gleichwohl kam es nicht mehr zu einer dauerhaften Wiedervereinigung der Reichsteile.

Bedeutung
Der Vertrag von Verdun besiegelte das endgültige Scheitern der Staatsidee der in Person und Amt des Kaisers repräsentierten Reichseinheit, auch wenn unter Karl III. das Frankenreich für wenige Jahre seine äußere Einheit wiedererlangte.

Der Vertragsschluss von Verdun gilt als Anfangspunkt einer Entwicklung, die schließlich im Hochmittelalter zur Entstehung Deutschlands und Frankreichs führte. Die unter Historikern des 19. Jahrhunderts verbreitete Vorstellung, der Vertrag stelle den Anfangspunkt der deutschen Geschichte dar, gilt als überholt (siehe die Forschungsgeschichte zu Ludwig dem Deutschen).

Kontroverse um das genaue Datum
Der genaue Tag des Vertrags von Verdun ist nicht bekannt. Dies liegt darin begründet, dass das Original des Vertrags von Verdun, eines der wichtigsten in der europäischen Geschichte, verloren gegangen ist und es keine bekannte Kopie gibt. Der Text seiner wesentlichen Bestimmungen konnte nur durch Gegenprüfung von Informationen aus nachfolgenden Verträgen, Chroniken und verschiedenen Urkunden, die sich darauf bezogen, rekonstruiert werden.

Die Annales Fuldenses erwähnen, dass der Versammlung, während der der Vertragstext verfasst wurde, im "mense augusto" stattfand, ohne weitere Klarstellung. Dies ist auch die häufigste Erwähnung des Datums in den Urkunden.

Aus dem Erzbistum Freising ist eine Urkunde vom 10. August 843 zwischen Erchambert, 7. Bischof von Freising und einem gewissen Palderich (Balderich, Baudri) erhalten, über den Verkauf von Ländereien am Erzbistum, die "an einem Ort mit dem Namen Dugny in der Nähe der Stadt Verdun, wo die Vereinbarung der drei Brüder Lothaire, Louis und Charles getroffen wurde und wo die Teilung ihres Königreichs stattfand." (lat. "in loco nuncupante Dungeih, quod est juxta civitate Viriduna, ubi triam fratrum Hludharii, Hludowici et Karoli facta est concordia et divisio regni ipsorum.") Daraus wurde der Schluss gezogen, dass der Vertrag am 10. August abgeschlossen wurde. Es kann jedoch nicht ausgeschlossen werden, dass auch diese Vereinbarung nachträglich verfasst wurde.

Für die meisten Historiker wurde der Vertrag also spätestens am 10. August abgeschlossen – zwischen dem 8. August und 10. August. Auch der 11. August wird angenommen, denn wenn der Vertrag bis zum 10. August in groben Zügen beschlossen gewesen sein kann, so konnte er möglicherweise nicht mit den üblichen Zeremonien auch an diesem Tag abgeschlossen worden sein.

Auf jeden Fall mussten sich die drei Brüder vor dem 22. August trennen, dem Tag, an dem Lothar bereits Gondreville bei Toul erreicht hatte.

Siehe auch
 Fränkische Reichsteilung

Literatur
 Carlrichard Brühl: Deutschland – Frankreich. Die Geburt zweier Völker. 2. verbesserte Auflage. Böhlau, Köln u. a. 1995, ISBN 3-412-08295-3, bes. Kap. 6, S. 353–410.
 Joachim Ehlers: Die Entstehung des Deutschen Reiches. 2. Auflage. Oldenbourg, München 1998, ISBN 3-486-56364-5 (Enzyklopädie Deutscher Geschichte 31).
 Johannes Fried: Die Formierung Europas. 840–1046. 3. überarbeitete Auflage. Oldenbourg, München 2008, ISBN 978-3-486-49703-8 (Oldenbourg Grundriss der Geschichte 6).
 Eduard Hlawitschka: Vom Frankenreich zur Formierung der europäischen Staaten- und Völkergemeinschaft 840–1046. Ein Studienbuch zur Zeit der späten Karolinger, der Ottonen und der frühen Salier in der Geschichte Mitteleuropas. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1986, ISBN 3-534-03566-6.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Deutsche Geschichte (Heiliges Römisches Reich)
Vertrag (französische Geschichte)
843
Hausvertrag
Vertrag (9. Jahrhundert)
Vertrag von Verdun
Vertrag Von Verdun
Westfrankenreich
Ostfrankenreich
Lotharii Regnum
Ludwig der Deutsche
Karl der Kahle


text:
module DenouncerAggregator
  VERSION = "0.0.1"
end


text:
Q: file_put_contents with multiple variables I'm trying to figure out how to write multiple variables to file using file_put_content.
My code:
<?php
$file = 'file.txt';
$data1 = "John Smith";
file_put_contents($file, $data1, FILE_APPEND | LOCK_EX);
?>

I have additional variables such as $data2, $data3 and $data4. I tried:
<?php
$file = 'file.txt';
$data1 = "John Smith";
$data2 = "Street Address";
$data3 = "Plumber";
$data3 = "Phone nuber";
file_put_contents($file, $data1, $data2, $data3, $data4,FILE_APPEND | LOCK_EX);
?>

but it's not working. I need to write all variables to file.txt so it looks like this:
John Smith Stret Address Plumber Phone Number

and each time when the script has been launched it should add new variables in a new line e.g:
John Smith Stret Address Plumber Phone Number
Mike Johnson Stret Address lectrician Phone Number

etc etc. Any ideas? :)

A: Use string concatenation
$file = 'file.txt';
$data = "John Smith ";
$data .= "Street Address ";
$data .= "Plumber ";
$data .= "Phone nuber";
file_put_contents($file, $data,FILE_APPEND | LOCK_EX);

or directly in the function call:
file_put_contents($file, $data1 . $data2 . $data3 . $data4, FILE_APPEND | LOCK_EX);

*note added space chars to values to get desired formatting

A: To print multiple variables in file,
$result = array($var1, $var2);
file_put_contents('filepath', print_r($result, true));

where $var1 & $var2 variables could be of any datatype.

A: I would do it this way:
<?php
$file = 'file.txt';

$data1 = "John Smith";
$data2 = "Street Address";
$data3 = "Plumber";
$data3 = "Phone nuber";

$data = array($data1, $data2, $data3, $data4);

file_put_contents($file, implode(' ',$data)."\n",FILE_APPEND | LOCK_EX);
?>

You can create array and implode it using any separator you want and concatenate implode result with new line \n.


Obesity has become one of the most challenging diseases to cure. If you have tried to lose weight through conventional means and failed, then surgery may be the solution for you. There are many types of weight-loss surgery, and they are known collectively as "bariatric surgery". These surgeries alter your digestive system to help you lose weight by restricting how much you can eat, or by reducing the absorption of nutrients, or both. As well as leading to weight loss, bariatric surgery can also lower high cholesterol and blood pressure. With time, the surgery can stop the progression of obesity, help alleviate breathing problems, and reduce the risks of developing new serious conditions.
To see if you are a candidate for bariatric surgery, or to find out more about our obesity weight loss intervention plans, visit our Obesity & Bariatric Clinic pages.
The first step in trying to cure obesity is to adhere to a sound diet and exercise program. If these don't work, another non-surgical procedure to consider is an intragastric balloon to reduce your appetite. We offer the Orbera intragastric balloon (an endoscopic six-month balloon). However, if all else fails to provide a satisfactory outcome in moderately and severely obese people, then bariatric surgery could be the most appropriate next step towards weight loss and improved health. Among the risks associated with obesity are certain cancers, heart disease and strokes, diabetes, high blood pressure, gallbladder disease and gallstones, osteoarthritis, gout, and breathing problems such as sleep apnea.
We focus on laparoscopic (keyhole) surgery for the gastric bypass, mini gastric bypass, gastric sleeve and gastric banding procedures at Novomed Surgical Hospital in Dubai. All of these procedures have their own set of advantages and issues, and our specialist will advise which would be most appropriate for you.


Chunky Move is pleased to announce a new full-length work to be commissioned by international choreographers, Erna Ómarsdóttir (Iceland/Belgium) & Damien Jalet (Belgium). This production will be rehearsed and premier in Melbourne in the latter part of 2009.
To determine the cast, Chunky Move will hold a public audition in its Melbourne home studio from December 2nd – 5th, 2008. Both Erna Ómarsdóttir and Damien Jalet will be in Australia to host these auditions.
Successful applicants will be notified by November 21st and will be required to be available for the complete audition period.
For any further enquiry please contact Chunky Move on 03 9645 5188.
Erna and Damien's combined performance background have included working with Jan Fabre, Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui, Wim Vandekeybus and the Poni collective amongst others. Their work represents some of the more recent progressions in Europe by an emerging new generation of choreographers.
Damien Jalet is French and Belgian. He studied theatre at the I.N.S.A.S. (National Institute of the Performing Arts, Brussels). He currently works exclusively in contemporary dance for the most part in Belgium and New York. He started his choreographic career with Wim Vandekeybus in The Day of Heaven and Hell (1998). Damien studied ethnomusicology and polyphonic singing with Giovanna Marini, Christine Leboutte and Nando Acquaviva.
Erna graduated from PARTS in Belgium in 1998. Since then she has worked as a dancer with various companies and choreographers including Troubleyn / Jan Fabre, creating and performing in various works. Since 2002 she has worked with Les Ballet C dela B and Sidi Larbi Cherkoui. Her most recent projects include IBM 1401 (a users manual) created in cooperation with the musician/ composer Johann. Erna has performed her own work and that of others all over the world and in recent years has been invited to some of the most renowned festivals and venues. She was announced Best Young Dancer by Ballet International in 2002 and in 2003 won the award for the Best Young Choreographer.