text:
\section{Introduction}

    The observation of a deficit as well as of a zenith angle dependence
in the flux of atmospheric muon neutrinos
by the Super-Kamiokande~\cite{sk,atmos}  collaboration has provided strong
evidence that there are oscillations among the known neutrino species. The
five solar neutrino experiments~\cite{expt,superK}  have added to this
sense of excitement by their long standing result that there is also a
deficit of the solar neutrinos, which can be given a simple explanation
in terms of neutrino oscillations~\cite{rev}. It thus appears certain
that neutrinos have mass and they mix among each other. Although the
details are fuzzy on the exact nature of the oscillations needed
for the purpose,
several very interesting scenarios exist. In particular, if the only
laboratory indication of the neutrino oscillation by the Los Alamos
collaboration (LSND)~\cite{LSND} is not included in the picture, there is
a mixing scheme known as the bimaximal mixing, where
both the solar and atmospheric data are explained by large mixing
among the three known neutrinos~\cite{gold}. In this picture, solar
neutrino puzzle could either be solved via the large angle MSW
mechanism~\cite{MSW} or via the vacuum oscillation
mechanism~\cite{bahcall} depending on the mass difference between the
muon and the electron neutrinos. In this paper we will assume the
vacuum oscillation between the $\nu_e$ and
$\nu_{\mu}$ as the solution, which requires that their mass difference
square must be
$\sim 10^{-10}$ eV$^2$.  The observed electron energy distribution as
well as some hints of bi-annual variation of the solar neutrino flux by
the Super-Kamiokande collaboration may be pointing in this direction.

If we accept this particular resolution of the neutrino puzzles,
two major theoretical challenges emerge: one, how does one get naturally
a theory that leads to the bimaximal mixing matrix and two, how does
the same framework explain the tiny mass difference square ($\sim
10^{-10}$ eV$^2$) needed for the purpose without
fine tuning of parameters ? Our goal in this paper is to provide a simple
model that generates both these features of the neutrino physics.
Note that having a neutrino mass matrix of the right form to generate the
bimaximal mixing pattern is by itself not sufficient since the desired
mixing matrix is a combination of both the neutrino and the charged lepton
mixing matrices i.e., $U^{\dagger}_{\ell}U_{\nu}$. Often it is {\it
assumed} that $U_{\ell}= {\bf 1}$ by appropriately choosing couplings in
a theory to have certain values. This is of course not technically
natural since radiative corrections could induce arbitrary values for
those parameters thereby upsetting the neutrino mixing pattern. So what is
really needed is (i) a neutrino Majorana mass matrix of the right form to
generate the bimaximal mixing and (ii) a diagonal charged lepton mass
matrix . It is the goal of this paper to present a model that satisfies
both these criteria naturally. In this respect our model is different from
others discussed in the literature (see later for detailed comparison).

One of the key ingredient in our work is the type II seesaw mechanism
where the vev of
a triplet Higgs becomes ultrasmall due to the presence of a high scale in
the theory\cite{moh1}. The presence of additional global symmetries in the
model lead to a pattern of neutrino masses that leads to the bimaximal
mixing among neutrinos while keeping flavor mixing among the charged
leptons to be zero so that the bimaximal pattern dictated by the neutrino
mass matrix that emerges is indeed natural.

Using the definition of the mixing matrix as
 \begin{eqnarray}
 \left(\begin{array}{c} \nu_e\\ \nu_{\mu} \\ \nu_{\tau}\end{array}
 \right)=~ U_{\nu}\left(\begin{array}{c} \nu_1 \\ \nu_2 \\ \nu_3
 \end{array} \right) ;
 \end{eqnarray}
the bimaximal mixing corresponds to the mixing matrix $U_{\nu}$ given
by\cite{gold}
 \begin{eqnarray}
 U_{\nu}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
 \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} & -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} & 0\\
 \frac{1}{2} &\frac{1}{2} &\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \\
 \frac{1}{2} &\frac{1}{2} &-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}
 \end{array}\right) .
 \end{eqnarray}
As far as the neutrino masses go, they may be fully or partially
degenerate or hierarchical as long as the mass differences fit the
desired values. As mentioned, a
convincing theoretical explanation of this elegant mixing pattern seems so
far to have been elusive, although there exist many interesting
attempts\cite{theory,ma,jr,barb,more}. The problem becomes even more
challenging when we
demand that the solar neutrino puzzle be solved by the vacuum oscillation
mechanism.

In this letter, we use the type II seesaw mechanism in conjunction with
the global symmetry $S_3\times U(1)_{e-\mu-\tau}$ to show that both these
properties can be realized in a natural manner. This leads us to a
neutrino mass pattern where $m_{\nu_{\tau}}\ll m_{\nu_{\mu}}\simeq
m_{\nu_e}\simeq \sqrt{\Delta m^2_{ATMOS}}\simeq 0.05$ eV and a
generalized bimaximal pattern given by:
 \begin{eqnarray}
 U_{\nu}=\left(\begin{array}{crc}
 \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} & -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} & 0\\
 \frac{\cos\theta}{\sqrt{2}} &\frac{\cos\theta}{\sqrt{2}}
 &-\sin\theta \\
 \frac{\sin\theta}{\sqrt{2}} &\frac{\sin\theta}{\sqrt{2}}
 &\cos\theta \end{array}\right) .
 \label{Uv}
 \end{eqnarray}

\section{The Model}
 We consider an extension of the standard model where the fermion content
is left unaltered but with a Higgs sector extended as follows: three
doublets $\phi_0, \phi_1, \phi_2$, two triplets with $Y=2$ denoted by
$\Delta_{1,2}$ and a charged isosinglet with $Y=+2$. The model has an
$S_3$ symmetry (i.e. permutation group on three elements), under which the
particles are assigned as shown in Table I.
 \begin{center}
 \begin{tabular}{|c||c|}\hline
 Fields & $S_3$ transformation \\ \hline
 ($L_{\mu}, L_{\tau}$) & 2 \\
 ($\mu_R, \tau_R$) & 2\\
 $L_e, e_R$ & 1 \\
 ($\phi_1, \phi_2$) & 2 \\
 $\phi_0$ & 1\\
 ($\Delta_1, \Delta_2$) & 2 \\
 $\eta^+ $ & 1' \\ \hline
 \end{tabular}
{ \quote \small
{\bf Table I}: Transformation properties of the fields in the model under
the $S_3$ group.}
 \end{center}

We also impose an $L_e-L_{\mu}-L_{\tau}$ symmetry on the model. The Yukawa
part of the Lagrangian in the leptonic sector consistent with these
symmetries can be written as:
 \begin{eqnarray}
 {\cal L}_Y &=&
 h_1 \left(\bar{L}_{\mu}\mu_R + \bar{L}_{\tau}\tau_R\right) \phi_0
 +  h_2 \left[(\bar{L}_{\mu}\mu_R - \bar{L}_{\tau}\tau_R)\phi_1
 + (\bar{L}_{\mu}\tau_R + \bar{L}_{\tau}\mu_R)\phi_2\right] \nonumber \\
 & &+ h_e \bar{L}_e e_R \phi_0
 + f L_e \left( L_{\mu}\Delta_1 + L_{\tau}\Delta_2 \right)
 + f' L_{\mu}L_{\tau}\eta + h. c.
 \label{llag}
 \end{eqnarray}

We will show later by a detailed examination of the Higgs potential for
the system that there is a domain of parameters for which we get the
following vevs of the fields:
\begin{equation}
\langle\Delta^0_{1,2}\rangle ~=~v^T_{1,2} ;\quad
\langle\phi_0\rangle = v_0; \quad
\langle\phi^0_1\rangle = v_1;
\quad \langle\phi^0_2\rangle=0 .
\end{equation}
Clearly, the pattern of $\phi$ vevs leads to a diagonal mass matrix for
the charged leptons whereas the $\Delta$ vev's leads to a Majorana mass
for the neutrinos of the form:
\begin{eqnarray}
M_{\nu}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
0 & m_1 & m_2 \\
m_1 & 0 & 0 \\
m_2 & 0 & 0 \end{array}\right)  .
\end{eqnarray}
As a consequence, diagonalization of the neutrino mass matrix is solely
responsible for the neutrino mixings and one obtains the pattern given in
the generalized bimaximal form~\cite{barb,more} (see Eq. (\ref{Uv})), with
$\tan\theta = m_2/m_1 = v_2^T/v_1^T$.

Let us now address the question of neutrino masses. Clearly, to understand
the small neutrino masses, one must have a tiny value for the vev of the
$\Delta$ fields. This is achieved by the type II seesaw
mechanism~\cite{moh1}. This is a generic mechanism, which can be
illustrated by the following simple model that has only one $\phi$ and one
$\Delta$. Consider the following Higgs potential for this
system~\cite{moh1}:
\begin{eqnarray}
V(\phi, \Delta) &=& M^2 \Delta^{\dagger}\Delta -\mu^2\phi^{\dagger} \phi
+ \lambda_{\phi} (\phi^{\dagger}\phi)^2
+ \lambda_{\Delta}\Delta^{\dagger}\Delta  \nonumber \\
&&+\lambda_{\phi\Delta}\Delta^{\dagger}\Delta\phi^{\dagger}\phi +
M_{\Delta\phi\phi}\Delta^{\dagger}\phi\phi ~ + ~ h.c.
\end{eqnarray}
Let us choose $\mu\sim 100$ GeV and $M\sim M_{\Delta\phi\phi}\gg \mu$; in
this case, the vev of $\langle\phi^0\rangle\approx \mu$ whereas the vev of
$\langle\Delta^0\rangle \sim \frac{\mu^2}{M}\ll \mu$.
This mechanism has been labeled type II seesaw and we see that
if $M\simeq 10^{14}$ GeV, then we get $\langle\Delta^0\rangle\simeq 0.14$ eV.
In the presence of more $\Delta$ fields and extra symmetries that our model
has this mechanism still operates and we have a small mass (in the $0.1$ eV
range) for the $\nu_e$ and $\nu_{\mu}$. The third eigenstate has zero
mass. The $\nu_{\mu}$ and $\nu_{\tau}$
get mixed in the tree level and the mixing angle is near maximal unless we
do fine tuning. As far as the $\nu_{\mu}$ and $\nu_e$ are concerned, they
are degenerate and have opposite CP; therefore at the tree level their
mass difference
vanishes. We will show below that their mass difference arises at the one
loop level but due to the presence of the high mass scale that gave rise
to the type II seesaw mechanism, the mass difference $\Delta m^2_{e-\mu}$
is naturally suppressed to the level of $10^{-10}$ eV$^2$ without any
unnatural fine tuning. The tree level mass matrix already explains the
atmospheric neutrino puzzle due to the type II seesaw.

Let us now turn to the explanation of the one loop contribution to the
neutrino mass matrix. This is where the role of the $\eta$ boson becomes
important. Let us first note that the masses of the doublet bosons are of
order of the electroweak scale ($~100$ GeV) since their vevs must be of
that order whereas that of the singlet $\eta$ and the
 triplet bosons are heavy (i.e., of order $10^{14}$ GeV). In order to
generate the mass difference between the $\nu_e$
and $\nu_{\mu}$, we need nonzero entries for the $\mu\mu$ or $ee$ element.
Both of them will violate the $L_e-L_{\mu}-L_{\tau}$ symmetry. This
breaking is introduced by a soft term in the potential $\eta^*
\phi_1\phi_2$ since $\eta$ has $L_e-L_{\mu}-L_{\tau}= -2$ and $\phi$'s are
neutral under this global symmetry. This is a dimensional coupling and in
accordance with our principle above that all fields which are not
involved in the process of electroweak symmetry breaking are superheavy,
we will choose this to be of order $M$. This
leads to  one loop graphs as in Figs. 1 and 2,
which produce a neutrino mass
matrix as follows:
\begin{eqnarray}
M_{\nu}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
0 & m_1 & m_2 \\
m_1 & m_{\mu\mu} & m_{\mu\tau} \\
m_2 &  m_{\mu\tau} & m_{\tau\tau} \end{array}\right) ;
\end{eqnarray}
where $m_{\mu\tau}\simeq m_{\mu\mu}\sin\theta\cos\theta$ and
\begin{eqnarray}
 m_{\mu\mu}\simeq
\frac{f'h_2}{16\pi^2}\frac{m_{\tau}M_{\eta\phi\phi}v}{M^2} .
\end{eqnarray}
For $M\simeq M_{\eta\phi\phi}$ and $f'h_2\simeq 10^{-4}$, we get
$m_{\mu\mu}\sim 10^{-9}$ eV, leading to $\Delta m^2_{e\mu}\simeq 10^{-10}$
eV$^2$, as is required to explain the solar neutrino puzzle via vacuum
oscillation. Note that the tau neutrino picks up very tiny mass at
one loop ($\sim 10^{-10}$ eV). This completes the derivation of the main
result of our paper. The important point to note is that we need to choose
the Yukawa couplings $f'$ and $h_2$ individually only of order $10^{-2}$.

Let us now compare our model with two existing ones\cite{ma,jr} in the
literature. The model of Ma\cite{ma} has a similar
field content to ours in all respects except that there is only one
triplet field as against two in our paper. Thus inspite of the $S_3$
symmetry in that paper, the
tree level mass matrix is very different and one does not have the
bimaximal pattern at the tree level from the neutrino sector sector alone
as in our case. On the other hand, the work of Ref.\cite{jr} uses only the
$L_e-L_{\mu}-L_{\tau}$ symmetry, which allows arbitrary mixing angles in
the charged lepton sector, which have to be set to zero at tree level.
The addition of the $S_3$ symmetry as we do in this paper helps us to keep
the charged leptons diagonal. There are also other major differences
between the work of \cite{jr} and this work in the way the detailed
dominant entries of the neutrino mass matrix arise- in our case at the
tree level
where as in \cite{jr} at the one loop model via the Zee-mechanism.

\section{Rare Tau decays}

In this section we present a test of the
model that involves flavor changing decays of the tau lepton. There are
three sources of flavor
changing effects in this model, i.e., via the exchanges of $\eta$,
$\Delta$'s and $\phi_2$. At tree level, $\eta^+$ and
$\Delta_{1,2}^{0,+}$ exchanges lead to
$\mu$ or $\tau$ decay processes that include neutrinos as final products.
However, as the masses of the exchange fields are
very heavy ($\sim M$) such processes are highly suppressed. Therefore,
only the diagrams that involve the exchange of the doublet fields are
important.

The general $\phi$ exchange tree level diagrams for Flavor Changing
Neutral Currents (FCNC) are depicted in Figures 3 and 4.
The internal lines in those figures
represent the contributions of the
general mixings in the scalar sector
that come from the trilinear and quartic scalar couplings.
In both of the figures, since one scalar
field is necessarily a $\phi_2$ field, the $S_3$ symmetry restricts
the involved  vevs. In  Fig. 3, for instance,  it allows only
$\langle \Delta_2\rangle$, regardless of whether the other field is
$\phi_0$ or $\phi_1$. Thus,  we estimate the amplitude of this
diagram to be
 \begin{equation}
 h h_2{\langle \Delta_2 \rangle M_{\Delta\phi\phi} \over
 m_{\phi_2}^2 m_{\phi_{0,1}}^2 }
 \simeq h \cdot 10^{-6} ~ {\rm GeV}^{-2} ;
 \label{tree}
 \end{equation}
where we have assumed as before that $M_{\Delta\phi\phi}\simeq M$,
$m_{\phi}\simeq v$, $M_{\Delta\phi\phi}\langle \Delta\rangle\simeq v^2 $
and taking $h_2= m_\tau/v\simeq 10^{-2}$. Here,
$h$ represent the Yukawa coupling of the  vertex on the right.

For the diagram in Fig. 4, the vevs could be
either $\langle\phi\rangle$ or $\langle\Delta\rangle$. Nevertheless, if we
choose $\langle\phi\rangle$, again
the $S_3$ symmetry play an important role by constraining
one of them to be
$\langle\phi_2\rangle$, which  is zero, then the only contribution comes
from the $\langle\Delta\rangle$ sector which is more suppressed already
than the previous case by an extra $10^{-14}$
times the quartic coupling constant, which
being dimensionless may be chosen of the order of one. There is no
compensating factor such as large $M$ as in diagram in Fig. 3.

Thus the
only observable contribution to leptonic FCNC processes come from the
diagram in Fig. 3. Matching the external leptonic legs in Fig. 3 with the
terms in the Lagrangian, we see that only observable processes are of type
$\tau\rightarrow \mu\mu\mu$ and $\tau\rightarrow\mu e e$, which have an
amplitude of order $h 10^{-6}~{\rm GeV}^{-2}$. Summing up the two
contributions and assuming $\langle \phi_0\rangle \simeq \langle
\phi_1\rangle $ and all dimensional couplings to be same, we get $h\simeq
\frac{g_2 m_{\mu}}{\sqrt{2}M_{W}}\simeq 10^{-3}$. This leads to the
branching ratio for the decay mode $B(\tau\rightarrow \mu\mu\mu)\simeq
10^{-7}$. Since in our estimate we have assumed several couplings to be of
order one, the prediction is uncertain within an order of magnitude but we
do not expect it to be much smaller.
 This may be compared with the present experimental
bounds~\cite{pdg} for the decays
$\tau\rightarrow \mu \mu\mu$ which is $10^{-6}$.
The branching ratio for the other allowed decay mode in our model
$B(\tau\rightarrow\mu e e)\simeq 10^{-12}$ is small due to the
fact that it involves the electron Yukawa coupling which is $\sim
m_e/m_W$. Therefore, the three $\mu$ rare mode is the only observable
FCNC processes in $\tau$ decays in this model and
could therefore be used as a test.

Let us stress that,
an interesting feature of the present model is that the
really rare process $\mu\rightarrow eee$ is automatically suppressed as it
does not appear at the tree level.
This is because, the
only tree level coupling  among electron and muon (or tau) involves
$\Delta^{++}$, which does not mix with  $\phi_0$,  as would be required
to get three electrons in the final states.

At one loop order the most interesting process again appears in $\tau$
physics, i.e. the rare decay $\tau\rightarrow \mu\gamma$. The coresponding
diagram is showed in Fig. 5. Now the decay width for this process is
roughly estimated to be
 \begin{equation}
 \Gamma \simeq
 {h_2^2 h_1^2 e^2\over 16 \pi^2}
 {\langle \Delta_2 \rangle^2 M_{\Delta\phi\phi}^2 m_\tau^5\over
 m_{\phi_2}^4 m_{\phi_{0,1}}^4}\simeq 10^{-21}~ {\rm GeV} ;
 \end{equation}
giving a branching ratio of about
$\sim 10^{-9}$, which is again below the
current experimental bound~\cite{cleo} of $10^{-6}$.

\section{Analysis of the Higgs potential }

Lets us now show how
$\langle\phi^0_2\rangle=0$ arises naturally from the
potential. Given the irreducible representations (irreps) of $S_3$:
$2_x=(x_1,x_2)$ and $2_y=(y_1,y_2)$, we may build the following singlets
$1_{xy} = x_1 y_1 + x_2 y_2$; $1'_{xy}= x_1 y_2 - x_2 y_1$; and
the new doublet $2_{xy} = (x_1 y_1 - x_2 y_2, x_1 y_2 + x_2 y_1)$. Using
this simple rules it is straightforward to find all possible $S_3$
and gauge invariant terms
that include the scalar fields of the model.
Such potential may be decomposed as
$V= V(\phi) + V(\Delta) + V(\phi,\Delta) + V(\phi,\Delta,\eta)$.
The last term involves all the expressions containing $\eta$. They do not
contribute to the minimization of the potential, thus, it is not necessary
to show them explicitly.

As we already discussed above, the type II seesaw formula arises from
$V(\Delta) + V(\phi,\Delta)$  by assuming large trilinear couplings.
In this case $\langle\Delta\rangle$ becomes much much smaller than
$\langle\phi\rangle$ and then we may neglect those terms in the analysis
of the $\phi$ vevs. Defining $\Phi =(\phi_1,\phi_2)$,
the relevant terms of the potential are then
represented by
 \begin{eqnarray}
 V(\phi) &=& \mu^2 ~ 1_{\Phi^2} + \mu_0^2 ~ 1_{\phi_0^2} +
 \lambda_1 ~ (1_{\Phi^2})^2 + \lambda_2 ~ (1_{\phi_0^2})^2 + \nonumber \\
  && \lambda_3 ~ 1_{\Phi^2} ~ 1_{\phi_0^2} + \lambda_3 ~ 1_{\Phi^4} +
 \lambda_5 (1'_{\Phi^2})^2 + \lambda_6 ~ 1_{\Phi^3} ~ 1_{\phi_0};
 \end{eqnarray}
where $1_{x^n}$ means the singlet built by using $n$ $x$ irreps. By
examing $V(\phi)$ we may see that all the terms except the last one
obey an accidental $U(1)_\alpha$
symmetry, which  makes itself evident if
we parametrize the vevs as
 \begin{equation}
 \left(\begin{array} {c} \langle\phi_1\rangle \\ \langle\phi_2\rangle \end{array} \right)
 = v
 \left(\begin{array} {c} \cos\alpha \\ \sin\alpha \end{array} \right).
 \end{equation}
Then, in  terms  of these parameters, the potential reduces to
 \begin{equation}
 V(\phi) = V(v,\langle\phi_0\rangle) +
 \lambda_6 \langle\phi_0\rangle v^3 \cos\alpha .
 \end{equation}
If the last term was absent, the minimum would exhibit a flat direction
and an ensuing Goldstone boson. However,
 the last term breaks this extra symmetry explicitly and removes the
flatness. Moreover, from
this expression it is now straightforward to see that the potential gets
its minimum for $\alpha = 0$ ($\pi$) if $\lambda_6<0$ ($>0$), which means
that $\langle\phi_2\rangle = 0$, as we expected.
It is worth pointing out that
this special effect in the potential does not appear on the
$\Delta$ sector, since it is just a consequence of the presence of the
extra singlet $\phi_0$. As a matter of fact, $V(\Delta)$ is totally
$U(1)_\theta$ symmetric while
$V(\phi,\Delta)$ contains several terms that break explicitly
such symmetry in a less trivial way,
then avoiding a  null value of $\langle\Delta_2\rangle$, and
giving the pattern of neutrino masses.

\section{Conclusions}

We have presented a model of neutrino masses
based on the permutation symmetry $S_3$ in conjunction with the
$L_e-L_{\mu}-L_{\tau}$ symmetry which leads to the bimaximal mixing
pattern at the tree level and explain atmospheric oscillations through
the hierarchy $m_{\nu_{\tau}}\ll m_{\nu_{\mu}}\simeq m_{\nu_e}$. The
naturalness of the bimaximal mixing follows from the fact that
the tree level mass matrix of the charged leptons is diagonal while
the neutrino Majorana mass has a specific form dictated by the type II
seesaw mechanism and the above symmetries. The soft breaking of the
$L_e-L_{\mu}-L_{\tau}$ symmetry by the scalar potential through a
coupling of the scalar doublets with an $S_3$ odd charged scalar, $\eta$,
leads to the small entries in the neutrino mass matrix via
radiative corrections. They are responsible for the
small splitting in $\Delta m_{e\mu}^2$ needed to
explain the solar neutrino deficit via vacuum oscillations.
This model can be tested via the rare decay $\tau\rightarrow
\mu\mu\mu$ whose branching ratio is predicted to be not too far below the
current experimental limit\cite{cleo}.

\vskip1em

{\it Acknowledgements.}   The work of RNM is supported by a grant from the
National Science Foundation under grant number PHY-9802551. The work of
APL is supported in part by CONACyT (M\'exico). The work of CP is supported
by Funda\c c\~ao de Amparo \`a Pesquisa do Estado de S\~ao Paulo (FAPESP).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Volgograd – Stalingrad
10 August 2013. Volgograd is perhaps better known as Stalingrad, the site of one of the bloodiest battles in history. From August 1942 until February 1943, Hitlers Nazi Germany + allies and the Red Army of the Soviet Union fought a bitter battle to gain control over Stalingrad. The city was already largely distroyed in a German airstrike early in the battle and the scene of the battle quickly entered the ruined city center.
Fierce fighting went on from house to house as the Germans advanced further into the city and by November they had pushed the Soviets into two narrow pockets close to the bank of the Volga River. Both sides suffered heavy losses. The Germans were unable to eliminate the last Soviet pockets of resistance. The Soviets fought a bitter battle, defending every house, every floor, every staircase. The Germans called this new type of war Rattenkrieg / Rat War, as the scene of the fighting even extended to the sewers.
On 19 November 1942, the Red Army launched Operation Uranus, a counter attack on the German army and its allies. The Soviets managed to cut off and surround the German army inside Stalingrad. Hitler ordered the army not to abandon Stalingrad but to stay and wait for reinforcement. However, the attempt to break through the Soviet encirclement failed. Heavy fighting continued for another two months and by the beginning of February 1943 the Germans had run out of ammunition and food. The remaining part of the German army surrendered on 2 February 1943.
The battle lasted almost 5 and a half months. In total, the battle at Stalingrad resulted in some 1.7 to 2 million deaths (including both soldiers and civilians killed, wounded and captured during the battle). It includes also the deaths amongst the 91,000 German prisoners of war of which only 5-6,000 returned to Germany by 1955. It was an incredibly bloody battle and also a battle of great heroism on both the German and Soviet side. According to Wikipedia, on the Soviet side at the beginning of the battle, "the life expectancy of a newly arrived soldier was less than a day, and the life expectancy of a Soviet officer was three days".
In 1967, the great monument "the motherland calls" was erected on the hill Mamayev Kurgan, the scene of some of the heaviest fighting during the battle of Stalingrad. The lady is 76 metres tall with an extra 11 metres added by the sword extended above her head.
The eternal flame burning for the victims of the battle at Stalingrad.
Also Italians fought at Stalingrad on the side of Hitlers Germany. The Red Army soldier on the photo below is holding a ППШ (PPSh), a semi-automatic gun used extensively by the Red Army during World War II. The story goes that the Italians were very worried about the efficiency of this gun and the Italian army was not supplying its soldiers with something similar. And so Beretta (the most famous weapon producer in Italy) offered the Italian soldiers that they could buy one of their semi-automatic weapons for 1,000 lire….but out of their own pocket! Many of them did.
Here the poor German (fascist as it says) soldiers are marched into captivity by the Soviets. Only a fraction of them survived the Soviet camps.
But Volgograd is more than the battle of Stalingrad. After the war it was rebuilt in grand stalinist style architecture. The main train station is a beautiful example of this.
Nearby, a bit south of Volgograd, you can see the first lock in the canal connecting the Volga and the Don Rivers (dedicated to Lenin). The canal was mainly built by forced labout from the GULAG camps. It was completed in 1952.
Young boys jumping in the canal.
Enjoying the Volga River on a hot August day.
And there he is again, Mr Lenin, at the point where the Volga-Don canal joins the Volga River stands an enormous statue of Lenin gazing out over the waters and nowadays surrounded by young people drinking, broken bottles, garbage and beer-shashlyk tents playing loud techno music.
Russia by Night
It does not look too bad when you zoom away from the garbage and try to forget about the mosquitos!
Poor the wife!
8 August 2013. Ulyanovsk is a quiet town along the Volga River. The city was originally called Simbirsk but in 1924 it was renamed after Lenin who was born here in 1870. Now it is a great place to visit if you are into Soviet history and a taste of the past.
Nice mural just next to TsUM in the center of Ulyanovsk.
Another mural with Lenin shining together with the sun over the Soviet youth.
The "officers house", close to the Lenin Memorial Centre.
Mosaic pond reflecting the typical Soviet style hotel "Venets" (meaning "crown"), on the square just outside the Lenin Memorial Centre.
The Lenin Memorial Centre is in itself a great architectural monument as one of the lovely "flying" buildings of the Soviet constructivist style.
And here the respectful museum atmosphere inside the memorial centre.
The memorial centre is practically built around/on top of the original wooden house where Lenin was born in 1870.
Inside the Lenin Memorial Centre is a gigantic exhibition on the history of the Soviet Union and of course Lenin in particular. Here the shoes of a very young Lenin (it is him to the left in the photo behind).
And then there are portraits of Lenin in any way you could imagine. Here as part of a fantastic Turkmen carpet.
And below just a few more examples of the fascinating array of portraits.
A nice Lenin statue.
And finally, a white statue of Lenin in an almost religious room. It would have been interesting to be able to read all the immense amount of text and explanations and front pages of old news papers that were displayed in the memorial centre, but unfortunately all the exhibition was in Russian and it was quite overwhelming in size. Anyways, it is recommended!
6-7 August 2013. Kazan is the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan, the home of the Volga Tatars. There is not a lot to see but the city is clean, pleasant and has an interesting mix of Tatar and Russian culture.
A mosque in the bazar area.
Kazan has its own white-walled Kremlin which is a UNESCO world heritage site.
We decided to go and sleep on the banks of the Volga River and to have a glass of wine while watching the sun set over this mighty river…….but we found the access to the river blocked by kilometers of big expensive houses, "dachas", some of them looking like mediterranean palaces with white greek-style sculptures and ostentatious/vulgar palace architecture. There is oil in Tatarstan! So Frida and her crew had to retreat to a quiet forest far from the attractive river front.
Perm-36
3 August 2013: Perm-36 is a former GULAG camp, part of the vast Soviet forced labour penal system. It was established in 1946 and its inmates were mainly people who had served on the side of Nazi Germany during World War II and political prisoners. The camp was closed in 1988 and in 1996 it reopened as museum of political repression during the Soviet era.
"To promote democratic values and civic consciousness in contemporary Russia through preservation of the last Soviet political camp as a living reminder of repression and as an important historical and cultural monument."
(Mission statement of the Gulag Museum at Perm-36)
3 August 2013. We have crossed over the Ural Mountains, the geographical border between Asia and Europe. Now after 14 months of traveling and 74,500 km of driving we are feeling very close to home!
1-2 August 2013. Yekaterinburg is located on the border between Asia and Europe, it is the city where the last Russian Tsar and his family got murdered one July night in 1918 and it is the city where the first president of Russia, Boris Yeltsin, went to university. It is a city full of history, it is old and modern at the same time with Siberian style wooden houses mixed with interesting constructuvist architecture from the 1920's and 1930's, official buildings in grand stalinist style and modern glass-and-steel office buildings.
Unfortunately, when we arrived it started raining! Otherwise it should be a city perfect for walking the streets and visiting the squares to admire its architecture and monuments.
Lenin in the middle of busy Yekaterinburg.
Monument to Boris Yeltsin.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Consultant Obstetrician with an interest in Maternal Medicine
Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust
284-BW013-19
The Birmingham Women's & Children's NHS Foundation Trust is seeking to appoint a substantive Fetal Medicine Consultant. This job will consist of 10 Programmed Activities per week. The delivery suite component may be required to be part of an annualised contract.
The job plan includes a 1 in 12 commitment to the obstetric on call rota with a full complement of junior staff in the hospital. This is a replacement post to continue to develop the maternal medicine service and manage women with complex pre-existing morbidities such as renal disease, SLE, epilepsy and diabetes with a remit to develop and lead the obstetric neurology service.
The post holder must possess Membership of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) (or equivalent), be on the GMC specialist register, and have CCT in Obstetrics & Gynaecology (or international equivalent) and demonstrated interest in maternal medicine with ATSMs or equivalent.
Full registration with the GMC is essential. The Advanced Labour Ward Practice (or equivalent experience) is also required.
The Birmingham Women's Hospital site is a leading provider of healthcare to women, babies and their families in South Birmingham. The hospital serves a large multiracial local community, currently delivering over 8000 women per year with an equivalent gynaecological workload.
The successful candidate will join a team of seven Maternal & Fetal Medicine Subspecialists working in a number of highly specialist clinics focusing on complex care for the fetus and women with pre-existing morbidities.
We are a tertiary centre for perinatal care and are the regional centre for Maternal Fetal Medicine, Neonatology and Clinical Genetics. We have referrals for fetal therapy from all over the North and Midlands of England.
The Trust has a well-developed tertiary Gynaecological services; including, urogynaecology, ambulatory gynaecology, MAS and Urgent Care service. It houses the Tommy's Centre for miscarriage research. In many areas of clinical work there are research opportunities interfacing with the University of Birmingham through Birmingham Health Partners.
There is a formal TOP service in recognition of the increased service need from both the local providers needing secondary care facilities and also from the regional Fetal Medicine service.
Informal enquiries are most welcome, please call Miss Sam Pretlove on 0121 607 4708 (Clinical Director of Maternity & Neonatal Services) and/or Dr Tracey Johnston, Maternal Medicine consultant Obstetrician and Deputy CMO.
To apply, please submit your application via the apply click button.
Closing date for completed applications: 1st April 2019.
Hospital Obstetrics and gynaecology jobs in Consultant


text:
Планетарна ву́лиця — вулиця у Солом'янському районі міста Києва, селище Жуляни. Пролягає від безіменного проїзду до вулиці Ганни Арендт.

Історія
Вулиця виникла на початку 2010-х років. Сучасна назва — з 2015 року.

Примітки

Джерела

Вулиці Солом'янського району Києва

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Our Past, Present, Future
Support the Alhambra Source
Sobre el Proyecto Alhambra
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刊登一个公告
Alhambra Source
Community news and voices for the City of Alhambra, California
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Alhambra Source provides objective and important news reporting for our community.
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Thank you Alhambra Source for truly informing the residents of Alhambra.
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The Source has become an important source for news, public interest, and serious journalism in our community. Keep it up!
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I support Alhambra Source as often as I can because I believe a free and independent press is vital to the democratic process. No other news outlet with high journalistic standards consistently covers the stories and issues that matter to our community.
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The Source is a great independent newspaper that celebrates the communities and is not afraid to ask the tough questions!
Cliff Bender, Vice President, Alhambra Education Foundation
I want to know what's going on in my community- News, events, and human interest stories. The Alhambra Source gives me the information I need.
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We support Alhambra Source because this online news source is vitally important in engaging, informing and educating the residents of Alhambra.
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Nancy Kwan, breaker of Hollywood barriers to Asian actors, to be honored in MPK
By: Nasrin Aboulhosn
Nancy Kwan, one of the first Asian actresses to star in Hollywood films, accomplished enough to make most rife with arrogance. Best known for "The World of Suzie Wong" (1960) and "Flower Drum Song" (1961), the Hong Kong-born movie star broke ground taking on leading roles that had not previously gone to a minority. Since then she's acted in more than 50 films with costars like William Holden, Dick Van Dyke, Adam West, and Dean Martin. Her achievements include a Golden Globe Award and a Chinatown Lifetime Achievement Award. On Sunday she will be honored for 50 years of making movies with a benefit and screening of two films at the AMC Monterey Park.
So when I learned I would be interviewing Kwan, I prepared myself for a diva. But Kwan is nothing of the sort. Pleasant and humble, the 72-year-old spoke with the Alhambra Source about what brought her back to Hong Kong as an adult, her connection to Alhambra and Monterey Park, and being a movie star of color.
Congratulations on being honored by the Chinese American Museum on Sunday. How does it feel?
I feel honored to be honored by them. I think it's a wonderful place to go to; I love that museum. I love the location. You can spend a whole day down there.
The screening is taking place in Monterey Park. Do you live in Monterey Park?
No, I live in the San Fernando Valley.
Do you have any special ties to the San Gabriel Valley?
Well, besides many Asians living there? [Laughs.] Actually, many years ago, we had a fundraiser for the first library that went up in Monterey Park. I've been going down there for years. That's one of my good memories, being able to do something for Monterey Park and for the Asian community down there.
We have a very big Asian community in Alhambra, too.
Great restaurants, also.
You were born in Hong Kong, but then went to school in England. Then you returned to Hong Kong in 1970 and lived there for nearly 10 years. Why did you decide to move back?
My father was ill in the early 70s – at the time I was commuting between Hong Kong, England, and Los Angeles – and I went back to Hong Kong. I took my son with me because of school. So then I stayed in Hong Kong. I think I was there 7 or 8 years. That's where I started my own film company.
What made you decide to stay that long and start a film company in Hong Kong, rather than here in Hollywood?
At that time my father was sick, so I went back and I was going to stay a while and see what happened. But then he passed away within a year, and someone approached me and said, "Would you like to form a company with me?" I thought it was a good opportunity to learn something about the other side of the camera. All my life I'd never really spent time in South East Asia, even though I'd visited – I used to visit my parents all the time. But it's not like spending time. So I thought, "If I don't do it now, I'll never do it."
You've broken a lot of barriers for Asian actors in the West. What were some of the stereotypes you confronted in your career and how did you deal with them?
Well, I just had to be there in the right place at the right time. Unfortunately, the Asian actors working before me didn't get the opportunity. Today they are still lacking in substantial roles for Asians, I think. These roles have not been written yet, and hopefully that will happen as the awareness grows and more Asians settle in this country. I'm just glad I can hopefully inspire young actors. It is a very tough profession, but if this is what you want to do and you have a passion, especially minorities, not only Asians but all minorities, you should at least give it a chance.
Nancy Kwan will be honored this Sunday, May 22, at the AMC Monterey Park, with a screening of her first film, "The World of Suzie Wong," as well as a documentary based on her life, "To Whom It May Concern: Ka Shen's Journey." A banquet will be held after the screenings at Harbor Seafood Restaurant.
Tickets are $100 and available by calling (626) 300-0828.
Interview was edited and condensed.
The Alhambra Source encourages comment on our stories. However, we do not vet comments for accuracy or endorse links to posts in the comment section. The thoughts and opinions expressed belong solely to the author of the comment.
1 thought on "Nancy Kwan, breaker of Hollywood barriers to Asian actors, to be honored in MPK"
Remy Saint-Satyr
I love Nancy Kwan.
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The Alhambra Source is Suspending Publication
The Alhambra Source sought to play an active role as a civic organization, running workshops to train young journalists and community contributors, to help immigrants tell their stories and to encourage financial literacy among college-bound high school students. The non-profit news source will suspend publication on Nov. 15 due to financial reasons.
AUSD Strives to Connect for the Sake of Students
Distance learning caught everyone off guard. Students, teachers and administrators within the AUSD continually try to connect virtually, but is that enough?
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Former Alhambra Source publisher Jon Thurber will be honored on Nov. 17 by AUSD with the California School Boards Association's Golden Quill Award for his extensive reporting on the district and public education.
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Alhambra Source is a Project of Community Partners


text:
Q: Application for "button" Other is not an accessory and is not frontmost I have an xcuitest. But my tests fails often with the message
Application for "button" Other is not an accessory and is not frontmost
What could be the reason.
Any help appriciated

A: You have to make sure that your "button" is actually a button type. To make sure, put a breakpoint and type "po XCUIApplication()" in your xcode console.
Then find your element in the tree and check the type of your element.
You can also use the method "waitForElementToAppear" to make sure that your element is rendered and in frontmost.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Some more information regarding the proposed new "Perdeberg Ward" I reported about in my last posting. I asked Hugo van der Merwe, secretary to the Wine and Spirit Board to explain what was going on, and he very courteously (as always!) did so.
It's now clear that (this is no surprise) the application has come from Perdeberg Winery, which draws a lot of grapes from the large slightly undulating flatland between the Perdeberg and Paarlberg in the Paarl region. The WSB was apparently well aware of objections to the proposed name, from producers in Voor-Paardeberg and the Perdeberg area of the Swartland. The Board's Demarcation Committee agreed that "although the area concerned merits demarcation the area cannot traditionally lay claim to the name Perdeberg".
Interested parties are already lodging their objections. It is pretty obvious to anyone with half a brain (except for Perdeberg Winery management, who can surely muster at least half a brain between them) that the objections will be deemed sufficient to block the proposal. It's difficult to believe that this proposal will go ahead. Perdeberg Winery will look as stupid as an extinct quagga, and more stubborn, and will have to think of a new name for their ward.
Interestingly, the last time I mentioned Perdeberg in connection with the Wine of Origin Scheme, they didn't look too respectable either (in my opinion). In 2011 I wrote about the extraordinary situation whereby Perdeberg Riesling, whose totally legal label claims that it is WO Paarl, is actually made from grapes grown in Durbanville. That is, the label contains what any normal person would consider a direct lie about the the origins of the grapes that produced it. And yet it is perfectly legal and proper, and there are other labels – possibly many of them – conveying similar untruths to wine-buyers.
So you, and the Board, will have to forgive me for my occasional scepticism about the Board's total devotion to the integrity of the Wine of Origin scheme. I'm pleased, however, that they seem to be, according to their own account anyway, on the right side with regard to the Perdeberg Ward situation. Let's hope it all comes right and we can all just sneer merrily at Perdeberg Winery's defeat.
Seriously, it's patently clear that these people are simply not doing their jobs. It should be really easy to get people that will do a proper job in this regard, i.e. to put systems in place that will ensure that the labels aren't allowed to blatantly lie about the actual origin of the grapes. So my question is this: who has the power to hire and fire these people that make such a mockery of our wine industry?
It would also be nice to have all these people explain their actions directly on this blog, but they probably know that they can't defend their reasoning and dark deeds. Or perhaps it's a simple case of them not being able to work out the maths authentication question required to comment?


The first Clifton, a side wheel steam ferryboat, was built in Brooklyn, N.Y., in 1861 and purchased 2 December 1861 by the Navy Department. She was outfitted by J. A. Westervelt of New York, and placed in commission late in 1861 or early 1862, Acting Lieutenant C. H. Baldwin in command.
Clifton sailed from New York 22 February 1862 and arrived at Ship Island, La., 18 March for duty with the Mortar Flotilla of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron.
She was commended by Commander D. D. Porter for assisting in towing the 21 vessels of the flotilla across the bar into the Mississippi River. She joined in the bombardment and capture of Forts Jackson and St. Philip below New Orleans between 18 and 24 April 1862; the attack on the Confederate batteries at Vicksburg, Miss., during which on 28 June 1862 she took a shot through her boiler which killed seven men; and the capture of Galveston, Tex., from 4 to 9 October 1862.
After capturing the bark H. McGuin in Bay St. Louis on 18 July 1863, she fired with telling effect on Sibley's Brigade on 28 July 1863 during a reconnaissance up the Atchafalaya and Teche Rivers. Captured by the Confederates at Sabine Pass, Tex., 8 September 1863, she ran aground there 21 March 1864 when an attempt to run the blockade failed. The Confederates burned her to prevent capture.


Rishi Kapoor confessed in his book that he bought an award for Rs 30,000 for Bobby.
Awards are meant to felicitate the good. Something that deserves to be noticed. But over the years, it became an obsession. Especially in the film industry, it became mandatory for a celeb to win an award to prove his/her worth. Trophies on the wall determine one's talent. While this unwritten norm is changing, we have heard stories of celebrities trying to even buy an award in order to be in the limelight. Not many have come forward and spoken about it, except Rishi Kapoor.
The Bobby star has never minced words and is known for his outspoken behaviour. His followers on Twitter would agree to this! So in his book Khullam Khulla: Rishi Kapoor uncensored, the veteran star has unabashedly written about buying an award. An excerpt from his book reads, "I think that Amitabh was sulking because I had won the best actor award for Bobby. I am sure he felt the award was rightfully his for Zanjeer, which released the same year. I am ashamed to say it, but I actually 'bought' that award. I was so naïve. There was this PRO, Taraknath Gandhi, who said to me, 'Sir, tees hazaar de do, toh aap ko main award dila doonga.' I am not the manipulative sort but I admit that I gave him the money without thinking."
Rishi Kapoor, of course, did not mention the name of the award he bought, but if one recalls, it was the Black Lady that Rishi Kapoor took home at the 21st Filmfare Awards ceremony for Bobby. Wikipedia too says that Rishi Kapoor received a Filmfare Best Actor trophy for his debut. It does not need much calculation to give rise to speculations.
Later in an interview with India Today, Rishi Kapoor, however, exclaimed, "I did not write a Filmfare award (in the book). I have not said any names. I have said I bought *an award*." It must be noted that he stuck to his words and said that he bought an award for Rs 30,000 because he was young and rich.


I am proud to announce that I have renounced the Church of Napoleon, and have joined the Armada of The Russians! ALL HAIL CZAR ALEXANDER I!
Boooh! How can you like the evil Czars!?
Well, the republic of Danzig is no more. The dream of a land of free men choked and died on its rise up the stairs of importance.
You have been good friend, Spartan Noble, and I have been honored to call you a platonic defensive ally with heavy trade. Good day my friend. And long Danzig, as it shall forever be the homes of all Germans.
You have to say so on thread. You have also been a good ally.
I shall say my last words in a moment, Long live Sparta.
LONG LIVE THE NEW DANZIG NATIONALISTS! THEY SHALL DESTROY THE PUTRID DANES AND UNIFY THE GRAND REPUBLIC GERMANY!
How does one become a 'well-known' Member...?
Well, I think Consul Aeric is going to be the first man to finish his term!
Why are there so may guests on this site?
because nobody in their right mind would register an account here.
Napoleon opened a bunch of tabs.
Gosh darn Russian ROmans and their inability to roleplay correctly.
russianguy. He is so darned confusing.
Cut off his manhood and feed it to the goats. Another problem solved by Onyxja.
LONG LIVE CONSULS AERIC AND RAPHAEL OF THE 2ND SERENE REPUBLIC OF DANZIG!
We all live in Amerika, Amerika ist wunderbar!
*Note to self* Arguing with D3adtrap accomplishes nothing save for a drop in self esteem.
I like this new canadian guy.
Way better than the OLD Canadian guy. Am I right?
Oh yah! THat guy SUCKED. We should find him and burn him at the stake.
Guess who has three and half thumbs and is going to sleep, this guy!
I have decided that esac1122 is not mean, just misunderstood, and his breath isn't smelly, it is just an acquired taste.
Has anybody noticed that esac1122 is a meany with bad breath?
I have decided to erase all evidence that this discussion ever occurred. For legal reasons and such.
Long live the Serene Republic of Danzig, and Mykal Augustyn!
Long live President Augustyn, the second President of Danzig, and hopefully the first to finish a term.
Glory to Danzig, the dead state of men freed, and voices heard. Glory to Danzig, who answered the calls of her people, and gave them freedom. Glory to Danzig, who safeguarded civility and democracy in a land of darkness and fear.
The proud german with the right to rule.


QCT ON (OCP Network ) Skyhawk-R dual port mezz card deliver provides better CPU utilization compared to standard NICs, increasing the number of virtual machines (VMs) supported per server. With RoCE enabling feature provides server to server data movement directly between application memory without any CPU involvement providing high throughput and data acceleration on a standard Ethernet fabric without the need for any specialized infrastructure or management. Emulex Virtual Network Exceleration™(VNeX) offload technology providest better performance1 vs. software-only implementations of overlay networking standards such as NVGRE and VXLAN.


To sale your product marketing of the product is essential. Without marketing of the product, you can't sell your product. Today every person access internet so internet is the best place for the marketing of your product. Marketing is a continuous process that needs a great deal of time and efforts. To make the marketing simple and easy you can hire marketing agency kent.


Sunday. Denver, Colorado. There's a roar that suddenly fills that oh-so-thin, mile-high air. A stadium packed to the gills has just witnessed exactly what it had hoped for. The sound doesn't die down quickly, either. It goes for a while; people want to savor this one. Smiles. Fist bumps. High fives. Traffic leaving is a pain, because, well, it's Denver, and because everyone waited until the bitter end.
Read the above just about any time of year, or even read it out of context, and 99 percent of anyone who's ever lived, does live, or will live in the great state of Colorado would conclude that it's being written about one team and one team only.
But it wasn't. That was LoDo, not LoHi. It was August 13. And the victors were the Colorado Rockies baseball club. The excitement was real because, not only did the win come off of a 9th inning, walk-off walk, but it was the second walk-off win in as many games. The Rockies just took three-of-four from the richer-than-Jesus Dodgers, closing the race in the NL West to a razor thin margin between Arizona (the current leader), the Dodgers (1.0 games back) and Colorado (1.5 games back).
Just three days prior, Wade Davis, the highest profile closer the Rockies have ever employed, was booed off the field. In the first game of a four-game set against the Dodgers, Davis took the mound in the top of the ninth with the game tied at five apiece. He trudged off the mound down 8-3 after giving up two homers and getting hooked. Davis has made a habit of this sort of thing lately, and seemingly everyone at Coors Field knew it (and they weren't exactly happy about it, either).
On Sunday, when he was given the ball in nearly the same situation – top of the ninth, tie ball game – the crowd at Coors instantly became as tight as the fiddle string used to play John Denver's "Life on the Farm." Mothers, grandmothers, children, Rockies fans of all shapes and sizes all knew about Davis. And nobody felt good about seeing him jog in from the outfield.
But when Davis recorded two outs on two pitches, the crowd went from apprehensive to supportive. It was almost as if Davis went from Enemy No. 1 to the comeback story of the week. All of a sudden, the crowd was on its feet, cheering wildly for that third out. It was big – for Davis and for the standings.
Then, he walked the next batter.
The tension again grew thick.
But after Joc Pederson grounded out to shortstop, the sense of relief – and perhaps some appreciation for Davis' ability to fight through his recent struggles – was palpable.
In the bottom of the ninth, when the Dodgers elected to intentionally walk rookie Ryan McMahon, the crowd booed with great displeasure – far more vehemently than two batters before when David Dahl was walked. Baseball fans who've paid attention of late know that it was McMahon who blasted a two-run, go-ahead, game-winning homer in the seventh inning of game two of the series on Friday night; they know he hit a walk off homer on Saturday night in game three. On Sunday, it sure felt like a huge percentage of those fans understood the significance of walking McMahon. They also knew the Dodgers were probably making the right move, but still, they wanted to see the red-hot rookie get one chance to do it again.
As an East Coaster – a Brooklyn Dodgers fan, to be exact – he would know. Sure, we're not New York, nor are we St. Louis or Chicago, but a meaningful series with an average attendance of 43,398 says something.
And this wasn't a "Cubs Series" either – Rockies fans drowned out the Dodgers fans in attendance during the seventh inning rendition of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game". There's a social media uprising discouraging the wave, for crying out – we might just be growing up, Denver.
Our town loves a winner; that's just the way it is when there are roughly 27 other teams, ski mountains, hiking trails, rivers for fly fishing, and some kind of festival taking place every single weekend all vying for our attention. If your team doesn't win, Denver loses interest – unless of course you're the Broncos, and then people just get mad at you.
The Rockies went to the playoffs last season for the first time since 2009. And this season they're still very much alive in the playoff race – and it's mid-August.
Remember when everyone here used to joke, "Hey Rockies, just get us to the start of preseason football"?
Well, it's here. And it's looking pretty bad.
But I'm sure this morning, this baseball town will be busily talking about how Chad Kelly should move past Paxton Lynch on the depth chart, and about how Vance Joseph still doesn't exactly resemble an NFL head coach.
Or maybe we can put the temptation to talk Broncos aside. Maybe preseason football can take a backseat to the Rockies for once – because the local nine are damn sure worth talking about.
Maybe, just maybe, we're becoming a baseball town.


text:
Q: Use function preg_replace to replace period with paragraph I have a lot of unformatted text in my WP posts; i tried to use this code:
function user_content_replace($content) {
    return str_replace('.','.

',$content);
}
add_filter('the_content','user_content_replace', 99);

So in fact i want to replace PERIOD with PARAGRAPH and PERIOD (.

)
But I need a little bit help here: first - this code replaces EVERY DOT, so all my permalinks, image paths, etc. are substituted with DOT and that is bad, web does not work at all in this case.
So, i think that solution to replace EVERY THIRD DOT will be salvation for me, so not every DOT.
Any ideas?
Thanx
EDIT:
I changed code above and edit core post-template.php file inside wp-includes folder:
function the_content( $more_link_text = null, $strip_teaser = false) {
    $content = get_the_content( $more_link_text, $strip_teaser );
    $content = apply_filters( 'the_content', $content );
    $content = preg_replace('/([^\\.]*\\.[^\\.]*\\.[^\\.]*){1}\\.([^\\.]*)/s', '$1.

$2',$content);
    echo $content;
}

And it is ok for now, most of text is grammatical correct, problem now is that above expression changed IMAGES PATH, so instead something.com/wp-content/image.jpg I have - something.com/wp-content/image.jpg
Any ideas regarding this?
NOTICE:
Hmm, code works yesterday, but today does not work. Nothing is changed in code , but it does not work. Any ideas?

A:
I need to replace EVERY THIRD DOT, that is all

Code sample:
$content = "first.sec\nond.third.fourth.fifth>.sixth].seventh.";
$replacement = '$1.

$2';
echo preg_replace("/([^\\.]*\\.[^\\.]*\\.[^\\.]*){1}\\.([^\\.]*)/s", $replacement, $content);
echo "\n";

Output of the above code:
first.sec
ond.third.

fourth.fifth>.sixth].

seventh.

A: You can do this easily with some manual string iteration:
$text = 'text.with.dots.text.with.dots.text.with.dots';
function user_content_replace($content) {
    $str_parts = explode('.', $content);
    $result = '
';
    for ($i = 0; $i < count($str_parts); $i++) {
      $result .= $str_parts[$i];
      if (($i + 1) % 3 === 0)
          $result .= '.

';
      else
          $result .= '.';
    }
    $result .= '
';
    return $result;
}

However, as the comments noted, this is hardly accurate (eg. if one dot has been forgotten). There's a reason why shortcodes are popular, and that is because it's much easier to accurately manipulate string contents with these, also when used as boundaries. Eg, you could do like below:
$better = '[myTag]text.with.dots[/myTag][myTag]text.with.dots[/myTag][myTag]text.with.dots[/myTag]';
function user_content_replace2($content) {
    $result = preg_replace('/\[myTag\]/', '
', $content);
    $result = preg_replace('/\[\/myTag\]/', '
', $result);
    return $result;
}

A: This is a correct and working answer to my question:
function user_content_replace($content) {

$sentences_per_paragraph = 3; // settings

$pattern = '~(?<=[.?!…])\s+~'; // some punctuation and trailing space(s)

$sentences_array = preg_split($pattern, $content, -1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY); // get sentences into array

$sentences_count = count($sentences_array); // count sentences

$output = ''; // new content init

// see PHP modulus
for($i = 0; $i < $sentences_count; $i++) {
    if($i%$sentences_per_paragraph == 0 && $i == 0) { //divisible by settings and is first
        $output .= "
" . $sentences_array[$i] . ' '; // add paragraph and the first sentence
    } elseif($i%$sentences_per_paragraph == 0 && $i > 0) { //divisible by settings and not first
        $output .= "

" . $sentences_array[$i] . ' '; // close and open paragraph, add the first sentence
    } else {
        $output .= $sentences_array[$i] . ' '; // concatenate other sentences
    }
}

$output .= "
"; // close the last paragraph

echo $output;
}
add_filter('the_content','user_content_replace', 99);

Above answers was only partial and does not suit WordPress code hierarchy. Also they caused images URL problem and I do not recommend that approach to problem explained in my question. Thank you all for your help.


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Prospective undergraduate students are strongly encouraged to attend Duck Preview in the fall or Duck Days in the spring. An architecture session is available as a part of the Duck Preview and Duck Days agendas. If you can't attend Duck Preview or Duck Days and would like to schedule an individual visit instead, please email archrecruiter@uoregon.edu.
We look forward to meeting students interested in our graduate degrees (MArch, MS, PhD) and joining a community which sets high standards for students to enhance the quality of the built environment through sustainable practice, design, and collaboration.
If you are interested in scheduling a visit with our program, please email archrecruiter@uoregon.edu.
The Department of Architecture in Portland welcomes visits by prospective graduate students!
Master of Architecture II and MS in Architecture candidates can initiate and complete required coursework in either Eugene or in Portland in order to earn a degree. Master of Architecture I and Bachelor of Architecture (BArch) candidates must initiate coursework in Eugene. Once candidates have completed the necessary prerequisites, they are eligible to continue on to Portland to complete degree requirements.