text:
Relation of glycohemoglobin and adiposity to atherosclerosis in youth
Henry C. McGill, C. Alex McMahan, Gray T. Malcom, Margaret C. Oalmann, Jack P. Strong
In a cooperative multicenter study (Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth, PDAY) of 1532 young persons 15 through 34 years of age who died of external causes and were autopsied in medical examiners' laboratories, we quantified atherosclerosis of the aorta and the right coronary artery. We analyzed postmortem blood cells for glycohemoglobin and postmortem serum for lipoprotein cholesterol and thiocyanate (as an indicator for smoking). We measured the thickness of the panniculus adiposus and the body mass index (weight per height squared) as indicators of adiposity. Glycohemoglobin levels exceeding 8% were associated with substantially more extensive fatty streaks and raised lesions in the right coronary artery in persons more than 25 years of age and with more extensive raised lesions in the aorta in persons more than 30 years of age. Both thickness of the panniculus adiposus and body mass index were associated with more extensive fatty streaks and raised lesions in the right coronary artery. The associations of atherosclerotic lesions with glycohemoglobin and adiposity were not explained by a less favorable lipoprotein profile or smoking. The results show that atherosclerosis in young adults is associated with the prediabetic or early diabetic state, as indicated by elevated glycohemoglobin levels, and with obesity.
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.15.4.431
glycohemoglobin
panniculus adiposus
10.1161/01.ATV.15.4.431
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Relation of glycohemoglobin and adiposity to atherosclerosis in youth'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Adiposity Medicine & Life Sciences
Coronary Vessels Medicine & Life Sciences
Atherosclerosis Medicine & Life Sciences
Aorta Medicine & Life Sciences
Smoking Medicine & Life Sciences
Body Mass Index Medicine & Life Sciences
thiocyanate Medicine & Life Sciences
Coroners and Medical Examiners Medicine & Life Sciences
McGill, H. C., McMahan, C. A., Malcom, G. T., Oalmann, M. C., & Strong, J. P. (1995). Relation of glycohemoglobin and adiposity to atherosclerosis in youth. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 15(4), 431-440. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.15.4.431
Relation of glycohemoglobin and adiposity to atherosclerosis in youth. / McGill, Henry C.; McMahan, C. Alex; Malcom, Gray T.; Oalmann, Margaret C.; Strong, Jack P.
In: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Vol. 15, No. 4, 04.1995, p. 431-440.
McGill, HC, McMahan, CA, Malcom, GT, Oalmann, MC & Strong, JP 1995, 'Relation of glycohemoglobin and adiposity to atherosclerosis in youth', Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 431-440. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.15.4.431
McGill HC, McMahan CA, Malcom GT, Oalmann MC, Strong JP. Relation of glycohemoglobin and adiposity to atherosclerosis in youth. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1995 Apr;15(4):431-440. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.15.4.431
McGill, Henry C. ; McMahan, C. Alex ; Malcom, Gray T. ; Oalmann, Margaret C. ; Strong, Jack P. / Relation of glycohemoglobin and adiposity to atherosclerosis in youth. In: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1995 ; Vol. 15, No. 4. pp. 431-440.
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title = "Relation of glycohemoglobin and adiposity to atherosclerosis in youth",
abstract = "In a cooperative multicenter study (Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth, PDAY) of 1532 young persons 15 through 34 years of age who died of external causes and were autopsied in medical examiners' laboratories, we quantified atherosclerosis of the aorta and the right coronary artery. We analyzed postmortem blood cells for glycohemoglobin and postmortem serum for lipoprotein cholesterol and thiocyanate (as an indicator for smoking). We measured the thickness of the panniculus adiposus and the body mass index (weight per height squared) as indicators of adiposity. Glycohemoglobin levels exceeding 8% were associated with substantially more extensive fatty streaks and raised lesions in the right coronary artery in persons more than 25 years of age and with more extensive raised lesions in the aorta in persons more than 30 years of age. Both thickness of the panniculus adiposus and body mass index were associated with more extensive fatty streaks and raised lesions in the right coronary artery. The associations of atherosclerotic lesions with glycohemoglobin and adiposity were not explained by a less favorable lipoprotein profile or smoking. The results show that atherosclerosis in young adults is associated with the prediabetic or early diabetic state, as indicated by elevated glycohemoglobin levels, and with obesity.",
keywords = "adiposity, atherosclerosis, body mass index, glycohemoglobin, panniculus adiposus",
author = "McGill, {Henry C.} and McMahan, {C. Alex} and Malcom, {Gray T.} and Oalmann, {Margaret C.} and Strong, {Jack P.}",
doi = "10.1161/01.ATV.15.4.431",
journal = "Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology",
T1 - Relation of glycohemoglobin and adiposity to atherosclerosis in youth
AU - McGill, Henry C.
AU - McMahan, C. Alex
AU - Malcom, Gray T.
AU - Oalmann, Margaret C.
AU - Strong, Jack P.
N2 - In a cooperative multicenter study (Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth, PDAY) of 1532 young persons 15 through 34 years of age who died of external causes and were autopsied in medical examiners' laboratories, we quantified atherosclerosis of the aorta and the right coronary artery. We analyzed postmortem blood cells for glycohemoglobin and postmortem serum for lipoprotein cholesterol and thiocyanate (as an indicator for smoking). We measured the thickness of the panniculus adiposus and the body mass index (weight per height squared) as indicators of adiposity. Glycohemoglobin levels exceeding 8% were associated with substantially more extensive fatty streaks and raised lesions in the right coronary artery in persons more than 25 years of age and with more extensive raised lesions in the aorta in persons more than 30 years of age. Both thickness of the panniculus adiposus and body mass index were associated with more extensive fatty streaks and raised lesions in the right coronary artery. The associations of atherosclerotic lesions with glycohemoglobin and adiposity were not explained by a less favorable lipoprotein profile or smoking. The results show that atherosclerosis in young adults is associated with the prediabetic or early diabetic state, as indicated by elevated glycohemoglobin levels, and with obesity.
AB - In a cooperative multicenter study (Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth, PDAY) of 1532 young persons 15 through 34 years of age who died of external causes and were autopsied in medical examiners' laboratories, we quantified atherosclerosis of the aorta and the right coronary artery. We analyzed postmortem blood cells for glycohemoglobin and postmortem serum for lipoprotein cholesterol and thiocyanate (as an indicator for smoking). We measured the thickness of the panniculus adiposus and the body mass index (weight per height squared) as indicators of adiposity. Glycohemoglobin levels exceeding 8% were associated with substantially more extensive fatty streaks and raised lesions in the right coronary artery in persons more than 25 years of age and with more extensive raised lesions in the aorta in persons more than 30 years of age. Both thickness of the panniculus adiposus and body mass index were associated with more extensive fatty streaks and raised lesions in the right coronary artery. The associations of atherosclerotic lesions with glycohemoglobin and adiposity were not explained by a less favorable lipoprotein profile or smoking. The results show that atherosclerosis in young adults is associated with the prediabetic or early diabetic state, as indicated by elevated glycohemoglobin levels, and with obesity.
KW - adiposity
KW - atherosclerosis
KW - body mass index
KW - glycohemoglobin
KW - panniculus adiposus
U2 - 10.1161/01.ATV.15.4.431
DO - 10.1161/01.ATV.15.4.431
JO - Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
JF - Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology


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As women in America long for a leader to respect, the women in Democrats Abroad are fortunate to have such an intrepid leader in Salli Swartz, Co-chair of the DA Women's Caucus with Ann Hesse. For decades, Salli has been fighting injustice around the globe, and there's no stopping her now.
After growing up in Philadelphia and then Boston, Salli's dedication to helping those in need started early in her life, as did her fascination with international events and foreign newspapers. She worked for Democratic party candidates in Massachusetts while being involved in women's rights groups. After college at the University of Massachusetts and law school at SyracuseUniversity, she translated her desire to do good into a much-loved career in legal services. While working as a legal services attorney in rural Pennsylvania, Salli started a battered women's safe house and defended abused women.
Salli's career took a sharp turn when her husband's work moved them to France and she couldn't continue the same path. Fortunately, her determination was unrelenting, and her prior courtroom experience proved valuable to a firm that provided the foot in the door that she needed to jumpstart a successful career in France. She thus became a corporate transactional attorney doing deals worldwide for French and foreign companies. Her subsequent practice areas ranged from international arbitration to mergers & acquisitions as she gained experience and learned about the French legal landscape. After racking up years of experience, Salli and a French barrister friend founded their own law firm in Paris, allowing Salli to finally continue the kind of work she was always meant to do.
Throughout her work as a transnational business lawyer in France, Salli learned firsthand the difficulties of being a woman, and an American woman at that, in the male-dominated world of law and the male-dominated culture of France. "It was extra hard as a woman back then," Salli said. Although the corporate culture, especially in law, still provides a difficult experience for women today, the outright sexism in the past was more obvious and the people more blunt. "I don't think people will say the same things to women now as they did then," Salli said. A lifelong feminist and fighter for women's rights, Salli found that the problems she faced in her early career reinforced her passion to work for and defend women's rights.
And despite the changing shapes that sexism takes, the obstacles women face today remain the same. "There's a huge resistance to women lawyers who want to make it up the ladder in corporate law firms," Salli said. She pointed out that the French legal environment is not striving to improve matters for women. "They don't make a big effort in terms of hiring women, supporting families. They're not as innovative as even some firms in the States are, who account for families and flex time." Women are dropping out of the legal corporate world before they get higher up the ladder, possibly due to a lack of support and mentoring in addition to the culture tailor-made for men.
With her politics and dedication to women's rights driving her, Salli never lost track of the important work she wanted to do, including protecting and promoting the rule of law, fighting for women, and exposing corruption in different parts of the world. In a fortuitous meeting, Salli was introduced to an employee of the embassy in Paris who told her about a division of the State Department that would focus on African Services. This arm of the State Department called on Salli to go to Africa to run training programs. Salli started bringing other organizations into this ongoing, widespread work, including international bankers and lawyers. After participating and moving up the ladder for some 20 years, Salli became the chair of the International Law section of the American Bar Association. Continuing and growing this work, she participated in and/or organized delegations of American international lawyers to learn about the Rule of Law and support it in Lebanon, Jordan, Benin, Burkina Faso, Madagascar, Tanzania, Rwanda, and many, many more countries in the developing world.
Salli's work in Africa let her do what she always wanted to do – simply put, help people and do good things. Her experiences rounded her out professionally, she says. The work entailed training government civil servants and society groups all over Africa and assisting them in recreating independent, strong judicial institutions. "More than most, they recognize how serious the threat to our judiciary is," Salli said, in terms of corruption and deterioration.
Although her widely shared concerns about the current administration's destruction of constructive discourse and integral governmental safeguards are appropriately grave, she has hope that likeminded women will be persistent and determined enough to win this fight. "You can't be complacent. We need to push forward," Salli said. "This is not the time to sit back and congratulate ourselves on everything we've done before. This is a fight to keep the rights to make decisions concerning our bodies." This fight entails the Global Women's Caucus looking to push this agenda forward now, by establishing priorities for action items and filtering it to the separate Women's Caucuses worldwide. They also aim to create new caucuses, as many groups as possible spread to the farthest reaches of the globe to unite women across the world into the fight of our lives. "We need to be vocal, to get our bodies together and show we won't be walked over," she said.
Consequently, the most important thing Salli wants all members of Democrats Abroad Women's Caucus to know about the women's movement is that our rights are in danger. "Our rights are being attacked, and we cannot accept that. We have to act as an opposition party and be unified in that role." Salli's optimistic view of the ability to do this is buoyed by her experience last July as a Hillary Clinton delegate to the Democratic Convention. Providing the opportunity to meet so many likeminded women and have access to so many important figures, the convention was one of the most meaningful and exciting events she ever participated in. "It was fascinating to watch how people interact with each other, how they lobby for their causes, and even though it's highly choreographed there's still so much excitement and so much hope. It was wonderful." Salli said her memories of this event and all the people she met continue to give her hope.


It's no secret I've been trying to build a stirling engine for some time. I was held back by my lack of tools, it's true, but now that I am a lathe owner there really is no excuse. But I have a strange condition leading to idiotic levels of overambition. So I put my "ordinary" sized model stirling engine on hold and tried something a little more challenging.
Stirling engines are notoriously difficult to get running when they're miniaturized. Despite their excellent efficiency given the conditions they work with, they tend to have an incredibly low power-to-weight ratio. The ratio can be improved by pressurising the working fluid and/or using helium instead. These options are pretty much out of the question for model builders.
Difficulty acknowledged and I still attempted to make the engine absolutely as small as possible.
Well, it doesn't run. I think I have diagnosed the main issues and when the mood strikes me I shall try again.
The dimensions, displacement ratio etc were plucked out of thin air and may be a factor in its failure to produce enough power to overcome friction.
The glass around the displacer piston is from a 15mm test tube. It took some time for me to successfully chop test tubes with a clean break. I had no success with scoring and thermal shocking, so I ended up just placing it in the lathe, mounting a mini-drill to the toolpost, and slowly approaching with a diamond grinding wheel. I drip water on the cut to prevent overheating, and cover all sliding surfaces to stop the abrasive dust getting in.
The power piston bore is 4mm. The inside was lapped to a mirror finish. The crankshaft and conrods are pins and needles. I found great variation in the metals used for these - ordinary pins are unhardened; glass-headed pins are hardened but can be annealed easily; needles are hardened, they're some type of air-hardening alloy. The only way to soften them to be workable was to heat to an orange colour, and then very very slowly lift them away from the flame. Sometimes I was impatient and as soon as you go to drill, the thing shatters.
I wanted to use needles for two reasons. One, they have a very finely polished exterior which is perfect for a sliding bushing. Two, they have a convenient eye which serves nicely as a pilot hole for crossdrilling.
The rest is scrap aluminium. I had to pin the supports on using chopped up needles, which provides a mechanical attachment to reinforce the superglue. The glue is applied liberally all around the displacer cylinder as I really wanted it to be airtight. The displacer itself is balsa wood.
The brass linkage required drilling very small holes to accept the two needle heads. I found the best way to do this was to make my own drill bits. I did this by grinding a spade shape in the end of a hardened pin. There was no need for flutes as I was peck-drilling anyway.
The piston and bushing are graphite (or so I thought). I ordered some "carbon electrodes" which were incredibly difficult to machine. The material would crumble at the slightest shock, but dull drillbits very quickly. This probably should have alerted me to a problem sooner.
Having completed the engine, and finding it to be unsatisfactory, I actually decided to test this graphite against some other low-friction materials. A huge disappointment: I suppose I was doomed from the start and it's my own fault for not checking this before I started. I can't easily fix this as the thing is built with superglue, it'll be easier to start over. Some research later and it seems these electrodes are constructed by binding graphite powder together with an epoxy resin. Ah.
Another problem, a mistake I made at one point, was to hold the displacer rod in an ordinary pair of pliers. This was purely laziness, as I own a set of brass-jawed pliers, but assumed it would be hardened enough that I wouldn't need to worry. It was only in the post-mortem that I discovered toolmarks on the surface, and as I had tried to run-in the engine, this was abrading the graphite bushing and making it progressively more leaky. This will be easy to avoid repeating in mark II.
So a weekend lost, perhaps, but lessons learned and thanks to the power of television - or in this case, the internet - we can pretend that it runs by watching a looped gif of it turning over. Marvellous.


text:
Home » KTV Prices In Ghana
KTV Prices In Ghana
What Is KTV?
A karaoke box is a type of karaoke establishment commonly found in East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, the United States and Canada. It originated in Japan, and is now popular worldwide, particularly in Asia.
KTV stands for Karaoke Television, and it officially originated in Japan in the 70s. It is derived from the words Karappo, which means empty or void and okesutra, meaning orchestra. That's when the first karaoke machine was invented. Over the years it has evolved into many shapes and forms.
Now KTVs are a lot more sophisticated and refer to any bar, club or lounge that have karaoke systems as well as other full-service entertainment. The modern KTV in Thailand even have TV where you can connect your phone, stream your favorite songs from Youtube, and often cutting edge light systems that make it feel like a small nightclub inside the rooms. Some are traditional and family-friendly while others are more adult and provocative in nature. Karaoke bars have become hugely popular across most of Asia, especially in South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, and China.
In Thailand, these KTV establishments are also often referred as KTV clubs, Thai sexy karaoke, and even gentlemen's clubs.
How To KTV?
If your friends invite you to KTV but you can't sing any Chinese songs, don't worry. Most KTVs have a surprisingly large and diverse catalogue of songs: Chinese, English, contemporary and classic. Keep an open mind. If you were wondering what kind of songs Chinese people usually pick at KTV, I really can't give you a definite answer. Many of my friends (mostly girls) prefer mellow songs and love to practice their singing technique. When hanging out with my bffs, My Chemical Romance is always the first choice.
What Do You Wear To KTV?
General Apparel:
Wear bright colors. A karaoke night is the perfect opportunity to wear all of your bright and colorful clothes.
Don't be afraid to show some skin.
Wear something that makes you feel powerful.
Wear something that makes you feel happy.
Choose a style that fits your personality.
Think about comfort.
What Happens In KTV Room?
KTV bars are places where people can do karaoke. Karaoke is an activity where people sing famous songs. The words to the songs are displayed on a TV screen and people sing them out loud. Karaoke was invented in Japan in the 1980s and became popular around the world in the 1990s.
Main Activities Inside KTV:
You enter the KTV lounge
Pick your package room, drinks, food, and duration.
Meet the manager who will show you around and let you see the room. In some places she (or he) will show you the sexy hostesses in advance while in other places they come to your private room.
Pick one or a few KTV girls to sit and drink with you. Their fee depends on how many drinks you buy them or how long they will stay with you. Ask the manager to know how the venue's system works.
Enjoy the night with food, drinks, games, and music.
KTV Prices In Ghana:
The cost of KTV in Ghana starts from an amount of GH₵ 890.00 to GH₵ 13,249.00…!!!!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
(Redirected from Qu'ran)
Jesus and Mo summarize the Qur'an.
Party Like It's 632
Turning towards Mecca
Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain
Fatwa envy
Gülen movement
Houri
IslamQA (中文)
A dime a dozen
Divine scribblings
Q gospel
Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures
""The Koran! well, come put me to the test—
Lovely old book in hideous error drest—
Believe me, I can quote the Koran too,
The unbeliever knows his Koran best.
And do you think that unto such as you,
A maggot-minded, starved, fanatic crew,
God gave the secret, and denied it me?—
Well, well, what matters it! believe that too.
—Omar Khayyám [1]
""The Koran teaches fear, hatred, contempt for others, murder as a legitimate means for the dissemination and preservation of this satanic doctrine, it talks ill of women, classifies people into classes, calls for blood and ever more blood. Yet, that a camel trader sparks uproar in his tribe, that he wants to make his fellow citizens believe that he talked to the archangel Gabriel; that he boasted about being taken up into heaven and receiving a part of that indigestible book there, which can shake common sense on every page, that to gain respect for this work, he covers his country with fire and iron, that he strangles fathers, drags away daughters, that he leaves the beaten a free choice between death and his faith: now this is certainly something that no-one can excuse, unless he came as a Turk into the world, unless superstition has stifled any natural light of reason in him.
—-Voltaire
The Qur'an (Arabic: القرآن or al-qur'ān; lit. "the recitation";[note 1] also romanized Koran, Alcoran, or Al-Qur'ān; also known as The Big Book of Islamic Myths and Legends) is a book which the Islamic religion regards as the final revealed word of God to mankind. As Mohamed was illiterate, all of the messages he heard in his head while alone in a cave, were recorded and written down after he died. We can rely on a faithful recording of his enormous list of sayings because...why would anybody change a set of rules and laws?
Islamic theology views the Jewish prophets from Adam to Jesus as a series of people who have received God's message via revelation and passed it on to God's people. The Prophet Muhammad is held to be the last prophet to receive God's word as a consequence of "miraculous" revelations over a span of many years. Muslims treat the Qur'an as a restatement and completion of the story and teachings of the Judeo-Christian Bible.
Unlike the Bible, the Qur'an emphasizes far more heavily theology and morality rather than the recitation of stories or history. Much of the Qur'anic text takes the form of dialog or commands from God to Muhammad, instructing him on what to say. The Qur'an resembles the Q gospel in that it consists almost entirely of Muhammad's sayings, rather than additional stories. Several of the main messages are repeated at an obsessive level not even seen in the bible. Recurring themes throughout the Qur'an include bribing people to believe with rewards, scaring people into believing through eternal torture (this threat is mentioned hundreds of times), Allah is the ultimate spymaster knowing all, fear God, be charitable and good to orphans and submission, non-believers are stupid and evil is explained by the boogeyman.
2 Translation
4 Islamic views on the Qur'an
4.1 Perfect
4.2 Scientifically accurate
5 Criticism of the Qur'an
5.1 Violence in the Qur'an
5.2 Spelling errors and contradictions
6 Linguistic importance
6.1 Linguistic snags
6.2 An important caveat
7.1 Suras
Composition[edit]
Number of verses by sura number.
Like most people who founded a religion, Muhammad never wrote anything down himself; his teachings were written down by his followers and then consolidated in the form of one "holy book". The study of the compilation and composition of the Qur'an as a work of literature is not as advanced as similar efforts in the case of the Bible, partly because (mostly Western) literary scholars have historically been more interested in the Bible and partly because Muslims themselves have strongly discouraged any study of the Qur'an as a text made by humans. Even so, it is nonetheless clear that the Qur'an is an amalgamated literary product of its time(s) and culture, containing traces of earlier works (cf. the documentary hypothesis). For example, the text seems to draw on pre-existing non-canonical stories about the life and crucifixion of Jesus, perhaps passed on by heterodox Christian sects in the Arabian peninsula.
The Qur'an as it is today is not ordered according to when each individual sura (chapter) was written, but essentially arbitrarily (with a bias towards longer suras in the beginning and shorter ones in the end). When arranged chronologically (see the RationalWiki Annotated Qur'an), it is easy to see that longer suras tend to have been written later — perhaps it took longer writings for Muhammad to successfully govern his growing religion, when a few platitudes would have done before.
Translation[edit]
""None of the original documents, such as they are, can be contrasted with any Hebrew or Greek or Latin texts. Almost all of the tradition is oral, and all of it is in Arabic. Indeed, many authorities agree that the Koran is only intelligible in that tongue, which is itself subject to innumerable idiomatic and regional inflections. This would leave us, on the face of it, with the absurd and potentially dangerous conclusion that God was a monoglot.
—Christopher Hitchens, God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything[2]
The Arabic that the Qur'an is written in is the basis for the modern standard language. Therefore, most educated Arabs have little difficulty reading the Qur'an as it was originally written, albeit assisted by centuries of exegesis that deals with the many disputed meanings and obscure phrasings in the text. However, the text itself, 1300 years old, frequently uses archaic or obscure vocabulary. Diametrically opposed interpretations of certain sura are not uncommon. Qur'anic Arabic is widely taught in non-Arab speaking portions (i.e. the majority) of the Muslim world.
The Qur'an is fairly widely available in translation; however, unlike the Christian Bible,[note 2] it is considered a point of faith that the Qur'an is valid only in the original Arabic. According to Islamic tradition, the Qur'an was jotted down in an ad hoc fashion by Muhammad's companions on whatever writing materials were close to hand, but mainly kept in memory, and only put to paper as a cohesive text after his death. The earliest complete copies we have date from more than a century after Muhammad's death;[note 3] and while the early manuscripts do have interesting differences, there isn't the same amount of textual variation that is associated with New Testament manuscripts.
Christopher Hitchens summarizes the longstanding problem of the insistence on a divine advantage to renditions of the Qur'an which are exclusively in Arabic, commenting;[3]
Before me is a book, Introducing Muhammad, written by two extremely unctuous British Muslims who are hoping to present a friendly version of Islam to the West. Ingratiating and selective as their text may be, they insist that "as the literal Word of God, the Koran is the Koran only in the original revealed text. A translation can never be the Koran, that inimitable symphony, 'the very sound of which moves men and women to tears.'
A translation can only be an attempt to give the barest suggestion of the meaning of words contained in the Koran. This is why all Muslims, whatever their mother tongue, always recite the Koran in its original Arabic." The authors go on to make some highly disobliging observations about the Penguin translation by N. J. Dawood, which makes me glad that I have always employed the Pickthall version but no likelier to be convinced that if I wish to become a convert I must master another language.
He continues;[4]
Even if God is or was an Arab (an unsafe assumption), how could he expect to "reveal" himself by way of an illiterate person who in turn could not possibly hope to pass on the unaltered (let alone unalterable) words? The point may seem minor but it is not. To Muslims, the annunciation of the divine to a person of extreme unlettered simplicity has something of the same value as the humble vessel of the Virgin Mary has to Christians. It also possesses the same useful merit of being entirely unverifiable, and unfalsifiable.
Since Mary must be presumed to have spoken Aramaic and Muhammad Arabic, it can I suppose be granted that God is in fact multilingual and can speak any language he chooses. (He opted in both cases to use the Archangel Gabriel as the intermediate deliverer of his message.) However, the impressive fact remains that all religions have staunchly resisted any attempt to translate their sacred texts into languages "understanded of the people," as the Cranmer prayer book phrases it.
There would have been no Protestant Reformation if it were not for the long struggle to have the Bible rendered into "the Vulgate" and the priestly monopoly therefore broken. Devout men like Wycliffe, Coverdale, and Tyndale were burned alive for even attempting early translations. The Catholic Church has never recovered from its abandonment of the mystifying Latin ritual, and the Protestant mainstream has suffered hugely from rendering its own Bibles into more everyday speech.
Some mystical Jewish sects still insist on Hebrew and play Kabbalistic word games even with the spaces between letters, but among most Jews, too, the supposedly unchangeable rituals of antiquity have been abandoned. The spell of the clerical class has been broken. Only in Islam has there been no reformation, and to this day any vernacular version of the Koran must still be printed with an Arabic parallel text. This ought to arouse suspicion even in the slowest mind.
Structure[edit]
The Qur'an has 114 suras, or chapters.
Because of the Qur'an's lack of a "storyline", the work itself has only a loose structure. Each sura is independent of the others, rarely if ever making reference to any other sura. Topics in any given sura may be repeated in some other sura and the suras are not grouped into some kind of "logical" structure like "Sura on Family", "Sura on Business", etc.
Conveniently, the ordering system of the suras is instead based on their length, from long to short, with the first being a notable exception for being quite brief. The 2nd one is the longest one though and from there on they get shorter. Of course this makes total sense, if we do not understand this it is only because we can never fully understand the mind and will of Allah (however, it must be noted that the present arrangement of the Qur'an is not identical to the order it was allegedly revealed in).
Each sura is named for either an important figure or topic in the sura. For example, Sura 16 is "the Bee", because Qur'an 16:68-69 talks about Allah telling the bees what to do.
Each sura was written in either Medina or Mecca, and the Qur'an tells which sura was written where.
Individual verses are usually cited either (1) by name then by verse number or (2) by traditional sura order number then by verse number. For example, "We will not believe in thee till we see Allah plainly" could be cited as The Cow, 53 or as Qur'an 2:53.
Islamic views on the Qur'an[edit]
As with Christianity and Judaism, there are many views about the Holy Book that supposedly represents Islam's foundation, which depend on the particular sects or the individuals themselves.
Perfect[edit]
The Qur'an itself asserts that it is a divine work, incomparably better than any human composition, and Muslims generally uphold this proposition. While particular sects and individual Muslims vary on most aspects of the Qur'an, one thing virtually all Muslims share is the idea that the Qur'an represents the most perfect book ever written, largely because it claims itself to be such, QED. It is the miracle of Muhammad, proof of his prophethood, and is considered a final proof of God's existence. The prophecies are considered accurate, and the poetry is considered the most beautiful words ever written.[5][6][7]
Scientifically accurate[edit]
See the main article on this topic: Qur'anic scientific errors
Some Muslims, such as Harun Yahya and Zakir Naik, claim that the Qur'an described modern scientific discoveries in the seventh century and that this proves the Qur'an's is from Allah. As with Biblical scientific foreknowledge, this idea is very interesting and relies entirely on reinterpreting Qur'anic verses in light of recent scientific advances.
Criticism of the Qur'an[edit]
""The doings and "sayings" of Moses and Abraham and Jesus being so ill-founded and so inconsistent, as well as so often immoral, one must proceed in the same spirit of inquiry to what many believe is the last revelation: that of the Prophet Muhammad and his Koran or "recitation." Here again, the Angel (or Archangel) Gabriel is found at work, dictating suras, or verses, to a person of little or no learning. Here again are stories of a Noah-like flood, and injunctions against idol worship. Here again the Jews are the first recipients of the message and the first both to hear it and to discard it. And here again there is a vast commentary of doubtful anecdote about the actual doings and sayings of the Prophet, this time known as the hadith. Islam is at once the most and the least interesting of the world's monotheisms. It builds upon its primitive Jewish and Christian predecessors, selecting a chunk here and a shard there, and thus if these fall, it partly falls also. Its founding narrative likewise takes place within an astonishingly small compass, and relates facts about extremely tedious local quarrels.
In the West, criticism of the Qur'an falls into two major categories: people who are critical of Islam (and therefore the Qur'an) because it's the intellectual successor of all the hatred and fear once reserved for commies, and people who really find little to no value in religion in general. Unsurprisingly, many of the same criticisms are found in both groups.
Opponents of Islam point to verses where disbelievers should eternally burn in Hell and verses that say that "people who make war against Allah and his prophet" have to be killed. They will find fault with historical recitations of the Qur'an's view on medicine and health and they will generally take up the cry of how unjustly women are treated in the Bible Qur'an, how generally violent it is, and how much time is spent telling others how to live.
To the rational, these are in no way dissimilar from similar consequences for disbelieving in other faiths.
Given the structure of the Qur'an, focused mainly on exhortations and instructions (not unlike the Book of Leviticus), it is easy to find attitudes or endorsement of cultural practices that the modern world would find repellent - certainly as easy as it is with even a cursory study of the Bible.
There is plenty of argument within the modern western world on whether the Qur'an is an "inherently violent" or "bloodthirsty" book, or whether it actually is full of charity and compassion. Such arguments perhaps miss the point - that we should not be particularly surprised that for better or worse it essentially functions to give divine sanction to the point of view and cultural practices of 7th-century desert dwellers.
Really, despite vehement protests otherwise, the Torah, Bible, and the Qur'an are largely the same in tone, style and message. At best, it boils down to something akin to a sports rivalry - "My god is the best!" "No, mine!" Except in this case, the God is the exact same guy.
Violence in the Qur'an[edit]
""What happens in all religions as they grow and mature and expand, they go through a process of forgetting of the original violence, and I call this a process of holy amnesia.
—Philip Jenkins, Historian of Religion[9]
The Qur'an contains at least 500 verses involving cruelty, either as commandments for Muslims or as punishments from Allah.[10] Some are quite graphic, with commands to chop off heads and fingers[11] and kill infidels wherever they may be hiding. Muslims who do not join the fight are called 'hypocrites' and warned that Allah will send them to Hell if they do not join the slaughter.
In absolute numbers, the Bible is more violent than the Qur'an; in percentages the Qur'an is more so (it's a shorter sacred text).[12] On the other hand, the God of the Bible endorses and commands genocide[13]while the Qur'an's violence is predominantly defensive. That said, Allah also has his mild temper tantrums, ranging from throwing lightning bolts at the Children of Israel for complaining or even magically turning them into apes (Qur'an 2:55 and Qur'an 7:166), and reminds everyone that he is preparing a fire for the unbelievers on a regular basis. At the end of the day, however, the religious texts of all three Abraham religions are suffused with violence and are virtually impossible to differentiate.[14]
When Allah tells Noah he is going to send a great flood, Noah asks Allah to kill all the disbelievers with it, rather than tell him to knock it off and not kill anybody, and to live and let live (Quran 71:26). There is a verse in the Qur'an that commands Muslims to beat their wives if they are "arrogant" (Quran 4:34). It does not, however, say anything to women who have arrogant husbands. The Quran tells the stories of how pre-Islamic Arabia's pagan tribes went to war with the Muslims, glorifying cutting off people's fingertips in the battle of Badr. In the same verse, Allah claims to "strike terror in the hearts of those who disbelieve" (Quran 8:12). While many Muslim scholars today try to justify the battle of Badr as a defensive one in historical context, the Quran doesn't emphasize any of these modern talking points, instead repeating the claim that the "polytheists" must be killed (Quran 9:5). This shows clearly that Allah's bias against the pagans was that they were non monotheistic. While the verse that follows says to "grant protection" to polytheists who seek it, it condescendingly says it is because "they [the polytheists] are a people who do not know" (Quran 9:6).
Spelling errors and contradictions[edit]
While Muslims believe the book is perfect, critics point to the numerous spelling errors[15][16][17][7] and contradictions between chapters.[6] This is a contradiction to the claim that the Qur'an is absolutely perfect,[5][6][7] but does call to mind some of the poor writing in another holy book, the Book of Mormon.[18]
Linguistic importance[edit]
The Qur'an's influence on the Arabic language has been singular. In fact, the Qur'an is probably why there is even said to be a single "Arabic language" today, given how disparate modern Arabic vernaculars often are. Knowledge of Qur'anic, or "Classical," Arabic carried immense prestige in the Arab world for centuries, and in the modern era this has continued thanks to the expansion of education, and to the Arab World's uniform adoption of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) as its lingua franca. Today, most Arabic speakers consider Qur'anic Arabic, MSA, and their colloquial dialects to be different registers of the same language. Strictly speaking, this is debatable: a hypothetical monolingual speaker of MSA would probably have as much trouble understanding a modern Egyptian as Socrates would if he found himself in 21st-century Athens. But practically speaking, every Arab has had heavy passive exposure to MSA and Qur'anic Arabic through media and religious services, and everyone in the Arab World who can read at all can read in MSA.
How did this happen? The Muslim conquests in the Early Middle Ages spread Arabic across an immense area, from Morocco to Iraq. In this time, the language repeatedly diverged, absorbed elements of indigenous languages, and underwent Koinisation , resulting in a dialect continuum whose members enjoy variable mutual intelligibility, and are related to Classical Arabic in much the same way as the Romance languages to Latin. However, thanks to Qur'anic Arabic's prestige, it survived almost unaltered as the written language, and even non-Muslims often adopted it: modern Arabic translations of the Bible, for instance, often use grammatical features[note 4] that are almost never found today outside of the Qur'an itself. Maimonides , the Middle Ages' preeminent Jewish philosopher, bucked the trend a bit by writing in Judeo-Arabic , but he certainly was able to read and understand the Qur'anic variety. It is telling that attempts to establish Arabic vernaculars as written languages have usually originated in countries with large Christian populations (especially Lebanon), and have almost never been supported by conservative Muslims. Indeed, Arabic's only offshoot to be considered a language in its own right, Maltese , is spoken in an overwhelmingly Catholic island country, where few people would have cared about learning "the language of the Qur'an."
Linguistic snags[edit]
The Qur'an didn't just shape the Arabic language that came after it: it standardized and reformed the language that existed before it, and this is where things get tricky. During Muhammad's lifetime—and for many years after his death—Arabic orthography was a mess that would make English appear straightforward, and it was not until Islam had established itself that an effort was made to straighten things out.
The first problem with the Qur'an's original writing system was that, Arabic, like many Semitic languages, was originally written as a pure abjad: i.e. a writing system in which long vowels (ā, ī, ū) were either inconsistently written or not neatly differentiated from consonants, and short vowels (a, i, u) were never written at all. (Hebrew had a similar system until the early Middle Ages, which gave us YHWH). This might not have been a major problem if it were simply a matter of memorizing a word's pronunciation, but unfortunately, the short vowels in Arabic often carry important grammatical information that can change a sentence's meaning. For instance, Arabic forms the passive voice by changing the internal vowels of a verb, and the Qur'an uses the passive voice frequently. This usage, in an unvoweled text, would have been indistinguishable from the active voice unless the verb's stem contained a long vowel.
Secondly, when pre-Islamic Arabia adopted a cursive script, previously distinct letters adopted identical shapes. ٮ, for instance could be read word-finally as "b," "θ," or "t." Its word-initial and medial form, ٮـ, was even vaguer, being indistinguishable from "n" and "y/ī." Consequently, "ٮٮٮ" might be read as بِنْت (bint, "girl"), بَيت (bayt, "house"), or تَبَّتْ (tabbat, "may they perish!"), all of which do, in fact, appear in the Qur'an.
Tradition has it that the Caliph Ali commissioned the first attempt at orthographic standardization, but that the system in use today was devised roughly a century later by Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi of Basra. One explanation for the push for reform is that Caliphate's expansion necessitated a professional bureaucracy, and its growing number of non-Arab subjects had highlighted how difficult the Arabic writing system was to learn.[19] Muslims maintain that the strength of oral tradition was sufficient to preserve the Quran in its original form, until it was finally compiled and standardized, and in fairness, oral tradition does have an impressive record for preserving lengthy literary works.[note 5] But even today, the legacy of this ambiguity can be seen in the Qur'an's different Qira'at (literally "readings"): variation points in the Qur'an where nobody agrees on what the original text said, so a select number of different readings are regarded as equally valid. Most of the differences are merely grammatical, such as changing a verb's conjugation from the second person to the third, but it does raise questions about how flawless people's oral recollection of the Qur'an really could have been.
An important caveat[edit]
MSA's similarity to Qur'anic Arabic is often exaggerated. While the two forms do have near-identical morphologies[note 6], MSA's syntax is very different from that of the Qur'an. The Qur'an's orthography, while not so unlike MSA's as to be illegible, is not what you'd see in an Arabic newspaper. Professional Qur'an-reciters will also use a set of pronunciation rules called Tajwid, which includes word-final consonant mutation, something that appears in neither MSA nor any other Semitic language.
That being said, Qur'anic Arabic really is remarkably similar to MSA, given how much time has passed since Muhammad's death. For reference's sake, Beowulf was probably composed a century after the Qur'an, and a native English speaker cannot read its original text without college-level instruction in Anglo-Saxon.
RationalWiki:Annotated Qur'an
Qur'anic scientific errors
Qur'anic scientific foreknowledge
List of actions prohibited by the Qur'an
Sexism in the Qur'an
Suras[edit]
The Ant
The Family of Imran
Women (sura)
Skeptic's Annotated Qur'an
The Qur'an in parallel translations at gutenberg.org (Abdullah Ali, Pickthall, and Shakir translations line by line)
The Qur'an in Parallel from USC (Abdullah Ali, Pickthall, and Shakir translations by verse)
↑ Traditionally the Qur'an is a recited text, in preference to a written one. It is a mark of scholarship in Islam to commit the entirety of the book to memory. A person who has done this is known as a Hafiz .
↑ See Bible translation and Guide to Bible translations.
↑ Although modern secular scholars disagree on how accurate the traditional accounts of the process are, and how old the actual written text itself is, the idea that the whole thing was kept in memory for decades isn't as far-fetched as it sounds; people of the period were well accustomed to memorising long texts, often since they were illiterate to begin with.
↑ Like full vowel-marking and the long and short energetic moods for verbs.
↑ The pre-Columbian Mesoamerican king Nezahualcoyotl, for example, orally composed a code of law (illustrated with pictographs, but no true writing) and even a large number of poems, which most historians regard as having been accurately preserved by oral transmission.
↑ With a slight simplification of verbal conjugations in MSA.
↑ Islam on Wikiquote
↑ Christopher Hitchens, God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything, Page 124.
↑ God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything, Christopher Hitchens, page 124.
↑ 5.0 5.1 http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=81188
↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 https://humanistj.wordpress.com/2016/08/27/quran-23-the-perfect-quran-after-death-confusion/
↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 http://studytoanswer.net/myths_ch2.html
↑ Page 123.
↑ http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=124494788
↑ Skeptic's Annotated Quran
↑ http://www.skepticsannotatedbible.com/cruelty/bible_quran.html
↑ http://www.loonwatch.com/2011/03/what-the-quran-bashers-dont-want-you-to-know-about-the-bible/
↑ http://www.alternet.org/30-most-violent-exhortations-bible-torah-and-quran
↑ http://3lotus.com/en/Islam/Quran-Not-a-Miracle.htm
↑ http://www.1000mistakes.com/1000mistakes/index.php?Page=002_002_001_001
↑ http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=81188
↑ http://thereforegodexists.com/quran-perfect-book/
↑ https://meezan.tv/articles/a-reevaluation-of-early-developments-in-quranic-orthography-related-to-vocalization-and-diacritics-458
Articles about the Qur'an
Suras: The Ant • The Cow • The Elevated Places • The Family Of Imran • Women (sura) •
Analysis: List of actions prohibited by the Qur'an • Qur'anic contradictions • Qur'anic scientific errors • Qur'anic scientific foreknowledge •
Scientific foreknowledge: A New Astronomical Quranic Method for The Determination Of The Greatest Speed C • A Scientist's Interpretation of References to Embryology in the Qur'an • About the Rain in the Qur'an • From Big Bang to Big Crunch • Qur'anic scientific foreknowledge • Seven Heavens in Quran • The Coming of the Universe into Existence • The Conquest of Space • The Expansion of the Universe • The Layers of the Atmosphere • The Miracle of Honey • The Weight of Clouds • The miracle of honey as an alternative medicine • Water is a must have for having life in any planet in the Universe •
Other: Allah • Burqa • Dhimmi • Hadith • Halal • Houri • Ishmael • Jihad • John the Baptist • List of actions prohibited by the Qur'an • Qur'anic contradictions • Qur'anic scientific errors • Satan • Satanic Verses • Sexism in the Qur'an • Sharia •
Retrieved from "https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Qur%27an&oldid=2141147"


text:
What occurs to the driver who loves driving in a globe of independent cars? BMW suggests the solution might be something like this: the fresh idea of BMW Vision M NEXT. A combination of electrification, thoughtful aid tech, and unique style is the latest in the NEXT series of near-future concept vehicles from the automaker.
The self-imposed challenge of BMW is a simple one. We're informed that the future will see the shift of mobility from individual drivers in control of their own cars to independent transportation that frees individuals to do other tasks as they move around. Problem is, where do the riders fit in with this situation?
With the BMW Vision iNEXT late last year, the automaker explored the potential future of self-driving vehicles, and now it's the turn of its polar opposite. The Vision M NEXT is a gas-electric hybrid that riffs off the BMW i8 in the architecture of both style and drivetrain. It is the "BOOST" counterpart to the "EASE" approach of the Vision iNEXT, according to the automaker.
1 Electrical component, part gas
2 In a new design, BMW DNA
3 Technology meets the targeted driver inside
4 A concept and an overview
Electrical component, part gas
The Vision M NEXT, which is somewhat unusual for a contemporary concept vehicle, does not completely escape inner combustion. Rather, it's a hybrid, with distinct drive modes to choose from. You can have electric all-wheel drive, for example, or rear-wheel drive only. Optionally, the rear wheels can be driven by a four-cylinder gas engine.
BMW claims the complete system energy is 600 horsepower, excellent in 3.0 seconds for 0-62 mph and a top velocity of 186 mph. For a short time, a BOOST+ mode throws additional horsepower. The total electrical range, the automaker estimates, would be 62 miles.
The driver would not be left to their own devices, according to BMW, to figure out the best conditions mode. For instance, the scheme could suggest when triggering BOOST+ mode would be most useful.
In a new design, BMW DNA
Concept cars must be eye-catching, and the Vision M NEXT is not stuck in style enough. At the front, the kidney grille of BMW receives bold triangular intakes of air, completed in Thrilling Orange, and a reduced intake in the blade form. The use of color is the focus, with gradients adding to a sense of depth in the internal grille.
Indeed, the grille itself is blanked off with a transparent layer laser-etched and illuminated. The Laser Wire headlamps are located above, using phosphorous-coated glass fibers for illumination. They enable even slimmer and more crisp lighting.
There is a clear wedge shape from the side with a mixture of black recycled carbon fiber skirts and diagonal splashes of orange contrast. A gill-like opening narrows back to the tail from the windows while the so-called Air Flow flows just ahead of the rear wheels and helps with aerodynamics.
Indeed, aero was a key focus for the designers of BMW. Gaps carefully added to the multi-spoke wheels, such as 21-inch front and22-inch rear wheels, help cut drag and help the brake disks to cool down. The rear side combines more orange and carbon fiber with three-piece glass louvres.
BMW's Laser Wire technology gives the taillamps another look, with glass lenses extending into the car's hips. Inside each, there is a wafer-thin glass fiber used by BMW designers to create "an abstract ECG trace of a heartbeat." The classic BMW Turbo and BMW M1 roundels were rebooted in the light clusters themselves as floating 2D circles.
Vision M NEXT
Technology meets the targeted driver inside
Walk to the BMW Vision M NEXT and unlock the vehicle with facial recognition. A touch sensor on the gullwing gates allows them to thrive open, exposing a cabin that is relatively minimalist. Extraneous detail has been hidden away, like air vents, while the seat shells are padded with memory foam and have distinctive "floating" headrests.
BMW used predominantly Midnight Blue microfiber, with Thrilling Orange highlights, anodized titanium, and painted surfaces instead of leather, which features only minimally. Accent lines highlight the cabin's controls and general shape. Door pockets and storage of the center console have been disguised, while there is a gyroscopic cupholder that BMW says is better to deal with the forces that come with aggressive driving.
Controlling is condensed into something that BMW calls the BOOST Pod. The steering wheel has two tiny screens and sits in front of a curved glass screen stretching like a digital viewfinder around the wheel. Finally, there is a windshield of enhanced reality. Five clusters are allocated to items like velocity, battery levels, accessibility of BOOST+ mode, and even the driver's heart rate on the curved glass screen.
While having distinct dashboard layouts based on drive mode is not uncommon for vehicles, the Vision M NEXT separates itself by changing what is noticeable by vehicle velocity. The data submitted is pared back as the vehicle runs quicker, minimizing the distraction potential. In order to make it easier and faster to see, driving-related data shifts further into the line of sight–a benefit of the AR windshield.
However, there is the Intelligent Personal Assistant beyond the confines of the vehicle. That can be used to book facilities such as valet parking and charging to wait at the location of the car.
A concept and an overview
BMW makes no commitments about the Vision M NEXT. It's unlikely to show up in dealerships anytime soon, though the clear connections with models such as the BMW i8 might be hints of future design directions. Meanwhile, the PHEV hybrid drivetrain seems highly practical, and we could readily see it powering the present hybrid sports vehicle of the automaker.
But what really matters is the BMW Vision M NEXT ethos, not the vehicle itself. It is simple to believe that driving enthusiasts are left out in the cold in an autonomous-dominated future, and one where electrification holds sway. That's a chance the Vision M NEXT looks eager to counter, and while a manufacturing version seems far-fetched, it's likely that passionate motorists should take heart that BMW is not yet prepared to give up.


text:
<?php
namespace Rails\ActiveRecord\Persistence\PersistedModel\Methods;

trait AttributeMethodsTrait
{
    /**
     * Get record's primary key.
     * Common attribute getter. Returns the value of the attribute
     * belonging to the primaryKey, which normally is "id".
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function id()
    {
        return $this->getAttribute(static::primaryKey());
    }

    # TODO: ver cómo afecta éste método al mass-attribute-assigment
    /**
     * Set record's primary key.
     * Common attribute setter.
     *
     * @return self
     */
    public function setId($id)
    {
        $this->setAttribute(static::primaryKey(), $id);
        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get record's deleted_at key.
     * Common attribute getter. Returns the value of the attribute
     * belonging to the primaryKey, which normally is "id".
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function deletedAt()
    {
        return $this->getAttribute(static::DELETED_AT_ATTRIBUTE);
    }

    /**
     * Set record's deleted_at key.
     * Common attribute setter.
     *
     * @return self
     */
    public function setDeletedAt($value)
    {
        $this->setAttribute(static::DELETED_AT_ATTRIBUTE, $value);
        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * If the model is a new record, the default values passed aren't the current values. Mark the
     * model as dirty.
     * Otherwise, the default values passed are the current values; they shouldn't
     * make the model dirty.
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function initAttrsDirtyModel()
    {
        return $this->isNewRecord();
    }

    // protected function setterExists($attrName)
    // {
        // $setter = 'set' . ucfirst($attrName);
        // $reflection = self::getReflection();

        // if ($reflection->hasMethod($setter)) {
            // $method = $reflection->getMethod($setter);
            // if ($method->isPublic() && !$method->isStatic()) {
                // return $setter;
            // }
        // }
        // return false;
    // }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


One cohort of 60 students will be admitted to the San Marcos campus during the Spring semester. Classes will be held on campus and at the School of Nursing facility. Clinical rotations will vary and students will be placed in skilled nursing facilities and hospitals throughout San Diego County. Students who attend either location may be required to participate in distance education and videoconferencing. This will allow the integration of standard teaching tools and media into the curriculum, with complete control and the ability to archive course sessions for on-demand distribution.
One cohort of 60 students will be admitted during the Summer semester and another cohort of 60 students will be admitted during the Fall semester to our newly developed site in Temecula. CSUSM-Temecula occupies one of two buildings on Temecula Valley Unified School District Propery. This state of the art facility is comprised of five standard classrooms, a science lab with the latest equipment and modeling tools and a video conferencing room which property accommodates up to 60 students. A nursing skills lab allows students an opportunity to experience a variety of real-world applications through robotics and computer applications.
Temecula is located 35 minutes north of our main campus and 60 miles north of San Diego. The city of Temecula has experienced tremendous growth, due to the large number of high tech, medical, telecommunications, and manufacturing operations. In addition, the top-ranked schools, attractive housing market, and award-winning vineyards make Temecula a very desirable location. For more information on the City of Temecula, please visit the following website: http://www.cityoftemecula.org/temecula/.


text:
IdeasMagazine | Special Section
Satyagraha Special Section: The Psychology of Nonviolence
Gandhi's lifelong engagement with human imperfection changed the future of politics.
By Mark Kurlansky
I AMUSE MYSELF speculating what Sigmund Freud would have made of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, had he gotten him on his couch. The two lives did overlap in time, if not in geographic or intellectual space. Gandhi seems like a Freudian feast, starting with his lifelong guilt over having been engaged in sex with his wife at the moment of his father's death. His life was a constant illustration of Freud's thesis that we cannot be happy because our inherent nature is contrary to the demands of our conscience or, as Freud put it, our ego is at war with our superego.
Engaged in this struggle, Gandhi chastised and denied himself in a variety of ways. His meager vegetarian diet of only raw food was justified because his nourishment was taken "in its vital state even as animals do"—but, of course, he meant only herbivorous animals. Carnivorous beasts were far too indulgent for his taste. He even regularly fasted from this uncooked, unseasoned, diet. At the time of his famous Salt March—when he rallied common Indians against British restrictions on making salt—he was personally eliminating salt from his diet. He persuaded attractive young women to sleep next to him so that he could practice refraining from touching them (certainly this would have gotten Dr. Freud's attention). He also rejected earthly possessions and at his death owned a pair of glasses, a pair of sandals, a bowl—few enough items to be gathered in two hands. The closest he had to a frivolous possession was a set of statues of the "three wise monkeys"—Hear No Evil, See No Evil, and Speak No Evil, a Buddhist motif from Japan.
© SHENG QI
Untitled, Sheng Qi, 2006
It seems certain that Freud would at the least have found Gandhi either ignorant of, or willfully ignoring, the nature of the human psyche. For Freud opined:
The commandment "Love thy neighbor as thyself" is the strongest defense against human aggression and an excellent example of the unpsychological manner in which the cultural superego proceeds. It is impossible to keep this commandment; such a huge inflation of love can only lower its value, not remove the problem.
Yet Gandhi also knew the commandment was impossible to keep. He wrote, "There will never be an army of perfectly nonviolent people. It will be formed of those who will honestly endeavor to observe nonviolence."
After Martin Luther King, Jr., was killed in 1968, a cartoon by Bill Mauldin ran in the Chicago Sun-Times showing Gandhi talking to King. The caption read, "The odd thing about assassins, Dr. King, is that they think they've killed you!" By the time of King's death, it was obvious that the Hindu who had ended Gandhi's life twenty years before, an assassin whose name was already largely forgotten, had failed to end the role in the world of the man whom the Nobel Prize–winning writer Rabindranath Tagore had dubbed Mahatma, the "great soul."
My nomination for the most influential political leader of the twentieth century would be Mohandas K. Gandhi. The first thing that seems slightly jarring about this proposal is that many people do not customarily think of Gandhi as a political leader. There is a tendency to think of him as a religious or spiritual leader. This is the odd thing about political assassinations: they tend to turn political leaders into spiritual ones, even into saints—it makes them less threatening. King has suffered the same fate. But Gandhi, like King, was first and foremost a man of political action. He profoundly believed in the moral obligation to act. To Gandhi, the greatest sin was the failure to act. ''Violence is any day preferable to impotence," he wrote. "There is hope for a violent man to become nonviolent. There is no hope for the impotent."
Who, if not Gandhi, might be the most important political leader of the twentieth century? Political leaders, on the whole, are not an imaginative lot. Now that we live in an age of film and recordings, the tendency is to openly imitate successful predecessors. American leaders cannot do Lincoln impressions, but they can try to sound like Roosevelt or Kennedy. British prime ministers do their Churchill, and French presidents flirt with de Gaulle mimicry. Indians leaders try to sound like Gandhi, though unfortunately they do not think or act like him. But among all these political leaders, both the originals and the imitations, there is very little that is new. Only Gandhi represents a completely different way of pursuing political objectives.
As with most successful political leaders, confidence and optimism were among his most powerful attributes. The tendency is to say that Gandhi's ideas are noble but impossible. This misses the entire point. In 1931, Gandhi wrote, "Whether mankind will consciously follow the law of love, I do not know. But that need not perturb us. The law will work, just as the law of gravitation will work whether we accept it or not. And just as a scientist will work wonders out of various applications of the laws of nature, even so a man who applies the law of love with scientific precision can work great wonders."
Because Gandhi was a pragmatist, not a dreamer, he then proceeded to prove his point. Armed with "the law of love," he overthrew the British Empire in its most coveted colony. There are those—and predictably, most of them are British—who claim that Gandhi was only successful because his adversary was the kindly British and not some brutal power. But the kindly British did not hesitate to shoot children point blank in a public square, to spray crowds with machine-gun fire. In a 1949 essay, George Orwell expressed this idea that Gandhi's actions would only work against the British, and even stated that they would never work against the Soviet Union. Less than half a century later, Central European dissidents such as Vaclav Havel proved Orwell wrong.
But the Central Europeans might never have hatched their nonviolent resistance to the Soviet Union if they had not had the example of Gandhi, which they studied. Most of the many successful nonviolent campaigns of the late twentieth century were in some degree influenced by Gandhi's success. Richard Gregg, an American disciple of Gandhi, informed the work of radical leader A. J. Muste, who taught James Farmer and Bayard Rustin. Rustin in turn instructed young Martin Luther King, Jr., on the ways of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi was part of the inspiration in South Africa that turned a failed campaign of violence against apartheid into a successful nonviolent one. And it is extremely likely that future movements faced with oppression will study Gandhi and learn to "work great wonders." The important point is that, like gravity, nonviolence works.
ONCE ASKED WHAT he thought of Western civilization, Gandhi mischievously replied, "I think it would be a great idea." But in truth, Gandhi was fascinated by Western thought and religion. His religious views took in not only his own Hinduism, as well as Buddhism and Jainism; Christianity was also a strong influence. He studied the New Testament and corresponded with novelist Leo Tolstoy, who demanded that Christians return to the nonviolent teachings of Jesus Christ. Henry David Thoreau was another source of inspiration to Gandhi. As Thomas Merton wrote, "he was an alienated Asian." Like many middle-class Indians of his generation, Gandhi was an anglicized Indian, the product of a British education. Even his vegetarianism did not, as is commonly supposed, have Hindu roots. As a child of a Hindu family, he had defied his parents and eaten meat so that he could be as strong as the large and carnivorous British. But while studying in England, he learned from the British, not the Hindus, the rigid vegan raw food diet of sprouted wheat that became his austere sustenance. He was to state that by avoiding cooking he was removing fire from food preparation, thus making his diet himsa-free, without violence. These ideas traced back not to India, but to the circle of the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley and his good friends J. F. Newton and William Lambe, whose ideas Gandhi found in The Ethics of Diet by Howard Williams.
Freud believed that just as the human superego is a voice seeking to curb the unsocial urges of the ego, society has a superego that tries to curb its unsocial behavior. This societal superego, Freud maintained, came from "the impression left behind by the personalities of great leaders, people who were endowed with immense spiritual or intellectual power."
Gandhi was such a person. He imbued culture with a sense of nonviolence, and his impact is permanent. Freud wrote, "There are some individuals that are venerated by their contemporaries, but whose greatness rests on qualities and achievements that are quite foreign to the aims and ideals of the many." If a filmmaker wanted to give visual expression to this idea, a camera could be moved through government offices in India: pictures of Gandhi hang in rooms where the militarized Indian state is guided and the Indian nuclear weapons programs nurtured.
How India has turned out, or for that matter how Gandhi turned out, is not relevant. The fact that the Indian state that Gandhi so brilliantly struggled to create has not lived up to his ideals by no means marks Gandhi's life as a failure. To think so is to completely misunderstand the significance of the man. India had in Gandhi a founding father of enormous ambition, someone who sought to change the nature of human beings and the nature of society. That he did not succeed in doing so is not surprising. He often commented that he did not think the Indian population was suitably prepared for his plans to succeed.
The significance of Gandhi, the reason why he was the single most important political leader of the twentieth century, is that he demonstrated by his nonviolent overthrow of British rule that the most natural human urge, aggression, directed by that equally natural impulse to take charge of one's own destiny, could be effectively—in fact, far more effectively accomplished without the use of violence.
That he was engaged in an unnatural struggle with human nature, Gandhi, and for that matter Freud, might have agreed. They both believed that the purpose of civilization was to engage in such unnatural struggles, which make life better. To Freud the struggles of the individual psyche do not work together but independently, like the earth orbiting and at the same time spinning on its axis. To Freud the personal struggle of the man Mohandas K. Gandhi to make himself better and purer would not be relevant to the struggle of Mahatma Gandhi, the great leader, to make the world better. But to Gandhi it was very relevant. He wrote, "Non-violence implies as complete a self-purification as is humanly possible" and "If one does not practice non-violence in one's personal relations with others and hopes to use it in bigger affairs, one is vastly mistaken." He struggled with his own imperfection, frustrated that he could never attain the level of saintly purity which others now ascribe to him. "Imperfect as I am," he wrote, "I started with imperfect men and women and sailed on an uncharted sea."
He charted that sea for us all.
Mark Kurlansky is the author of several books, including Nonviolence: the History of a Dangerous Idea, available in paperback in April 2008 (Modern Library). This essay has been adapted from his preface to Gandhi On Nonviolence (edited by Thomas Merton, reprinted last November by New Directions).
Living the Lotus Sutra
Myokei Caine-Barrett, Shonin


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2. The act of denouncing; public menace or accusation; the act of inveighing against, stigmatizing, or publicly arraigning; arraignment.
3. That by which anything is denounced; threat of evil; public menace or accusation; arraignment.
(De*nun"ci*a*tive) a. [L. denuntiativus, -ciativus, monitory.] Same as Denunciatory. Farrar.
(De*nun"ci*a`tor) n. [L. denuntiator, -ciator, a police officer.] One who denounces, publishes, or proclaims, especially intended or coming evil; one who threatens or accuses.
(De*nun"ci*a*to*ry) a. Characterized by or containing a denunciation; minatory; accusing; threatening; as, severe and denunciatory language.
(De`nu*tri"tion) n. (Physiol.) The opposition of nutrition; the failure of nutrition causing the breaking down of tissue.
1. To declare not to be true; to gainsay; to contradict; — opposed to affirm, allow, or admit.
We deny what another says, or we deny the truth of an assertion, the force of it, or the assertion itself.
2. To refuse (to do something or to accept something); to reject; to decline; to renounce. [Obs.] "If you deny to dance." Shak.
3. To refuse to grant; to withhold; to refuse to gratify or yield to; as, to deny a request.
Alike in what it gives, and what denies?
To some men, it is more agreeable to deny a vicious inclination, than to gratify it.
4. To disclaim connection with, responsibility for, and the like; to refuse to acknowledge; to disown; to abjure; to disavow.
The falsehood of denying his opinion.
Thou thrice denied, yet thrice beloved.
, to decline the gratification of appetites or desires; to practice self- denial.
Let him deny himself, and take up his cross.
(De*ny"), v. i. To answer in negative; to declare an assertion not to be true.
Then Sarah denied, saying, I laughed not; for she was afraid.


text:
Montoya v. Gutierrez
Court of Appeals of Texas, Fourth District, San Antonio
Yolanda H. MONTOYA and Daniel Lopez, Appellants
Rosemary H. GUTIERREZ, Appellee
From the 131st Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas Trial Court No. 2014CI07335 Honorable Karen H. Pozza, Judge Presiding
Sitting: Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
REBECA C. MARTINEZ, JUSTICE
Appellants Yolanda H. Montoya and Daniel Lopez (collectively the "Appellants") appeal the trial court's judgment quieting title in favor of Appellee Rosemary Gutierrez. The Appellants argue the trial court erred in granting title in favor of Gutierrez as a bona fide purchaser because Gutierrez failed to assert her status as a bona fide purchaser as an affirmative defense in her pleadings. We agree, and, consequently, reverse the trial court's judgment and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
On September 1, 2006, Eduardo Herrera executed a deed granting real property to Montoya. Herrera then deeded the same property to Gutierrez on September 29, 2006. Gutierrez filed her deed in the county property records on October 6, 2006. Montoya subsequently filed her deed in the county property records on October 26, 2006. Thus, although Montoya received her deed first, she recorded it after Gutierrez recorded her deed. On May 11, 2007, Montoya then executed a deed granting an undivided one-half interest in the property to her son, Daniel Lopez.
Gutierrez was living on the property at the time that Herrera executed the two deeds and has continued to live on the property. The Appellants filed a trespass to try title suit against Gutierrez seeking title to and possession of the property and recovery for lost rents and profits during the time of their purported dispossession. Gutierrez filed a general denial along with the sole affirmative defense of limitations in regard to any rent occurring more than two years prior to the filing of the suit. Gutierrez did not assert any counterclaims in her answer and did not amend her pleadings to include a bona fide purchaser defense or counterclaim. The first time Gutierrez asserted her status as a bona fide purchaser was in her response to a motion for summary judgment.
The case proceeded to a bench trial, and the Appellants argued at trial that Gutierrez's failure to assert her status as a bona fide purchaser as an affirmative defense in her pleadings precluded her from arguing the defense at trial. Before the trial court heard evidence and argument on the bona fide purchaser defense, the Appellants expressly stated on the record that they were not trying the affirmative defense of bona fide purchaser by consent. Nevertheless, much of the trial testimony revolved around the bona fide purchaser defense, and the trial court granted judgment declaring Gutierrez as the sole owner of the property. The trial court granted the Appellants a lien against the property in the sum of $16, 583.64 for the reimbursement of taxes paid on the property. Montoya and Lopez appeal, arguing that the trial court erred by granting title to Gutierrez as a bona fide purchaser when Gutierrez did not raise that defense in her pleadings.
In a nonjury trial, "[w]here findings of fact and conclusions of law are not properly requested and none are filed, the judgment of the trial court must be affirmed if it can be upheld on any legal theory that finds support in the evidence."[1] In re W.E.R., 669 S.W.2d 716, 717 (Tex. 1984) (per curiam); see also Rivas v. Rivas, 452 S.W.3d 49, 56 (Tex. App.-El Paso 2014, no pet.) ("If the appellate court determines the evidence supports a theory raised by the pleadings or tried by consent, then it is presumed that the trial court made the necessary findings and conclusions to support a recovery on that theory." (citing Lemons v. EMW Mfg. Co., 747 S.W.2d 372 (Tex. 1988) (per curiam))). The judgment of the trial court, however, "shall conform to the pleadings" of the parties. Tex.R.Civ.P. 301. Thus, "a trial court may not grant relief in the absence of pleadings to support such relief." In re G.M., No. 04-13-00689-CV, 2014 WL 1242662, at *3 (Tex. App.- San Antonio Mar. 26, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.).
With regards to what must be pleaded by a party, Rule 94 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure mandates: "In a pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively . . . any . . . matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense." Tex.R.Civ.P. 94. "Status as a bona fide purchaser is an affirmative defense." Madison v. Gordon, 39 S.W.3d 604, 606 (Tex. 2001) (per curiam).[2] Generally, affirmative defenses are waived if they are not raised in a party's pleadings. Compass Bank v. MFP Fin. Servs., Inc., 152 S.W.3d 844, 851 (Tex. App.- Dallas 2005, pet. denied).
Here, the record shows that Gutierrez did not plead her status as a bona fide purchaser in her answer, and neither did she amend her pleadings to include the affirmative defense. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 94. Gutierrez asserts the pleading requirements were satisfied when she alleged her bona fide purchaser status in her response to the Appellants' motion for summary judgment. However, a summary judgment response is not a pleading, and including an affirmative defense in a summary judgment response "cannot . . . invoke an otherwise unpled affirmative defense." Miller v. Argumaniz, 479 S.W.3d 306, 310 (Tex. App.-El Paso 2015, pet. denied); see In re S.A.P., 156 S.W.3d 574, 576 n.3 (Tex. 2005) (per curiam) ("[A] motion for summary judgment is not a pleading."). Because Gutierrez did not affirmatively plead her bona fide purchaser status, the defense was waived. See Madison, 39 S.W.3d at 606; Compass Bank, 152 S.W.3d at 851.
However, "[w]hen issues not raised by the pleadings are tried by [the] express or implied consent of the parties, they shall be treated in all respects as if they had been raised in the pleadings." Tex.R.Civ.P. 67. Therefore, Gutierrez's only avenue for relief as a bona fide purchaser was if the issue had been tried by consent. "Trial by consent is intended to cover the exceptional case where it clearly appears from the record as a whole that the parties tried the unpleaded issue." Compass Bank, 152 S.W.3d at 854. It is not a "general rule of practice and should be applied with care, and never in a doubtful situation." Id. "To determine whether an issue was tried by consent, an appellate court must examine the record for evidence of the trial of the issue, not just admission of evidence on the issue." Cont'l Homes of Tex., L.P. v. City of San Antonio, 275 S.W.3d 9, 16 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 2008, pet. denied). A matter is considered to have been tried by consent when evidence regarding the unpled issue "is developed under circumstances indicating both parties understood the issue was in the case," and the other party failed to make an appropriate complaint. Id.
Here, the Appellants' counsel expressly stated at the beginning of trial: "If you fail to plead [bona fide purchaser as an affirmative defense], then you can't argue it, so we're not going to try it by consent in this case." The Appellants' counsel obtained a running objection on the matter and, additionally, objected three times to the relevance of opposing counsel's line of questioning whenever the questioning broached an element of the bona fide purchaser affirmative defense. Each of the Appellants' counsel's objections were overruled by ...


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text:
Q: Generic method call, don't want to send in my types I'm experimenting with my Commands and some generic methods. I havn't used generics that much so now my brain is all messed up and hoping for some help.
What I want is the last test to pass. And return my TResult without me needing to supply the TCommand, TResult in the call.
invoker.Execute(command)

Since that command implements
: CommandBase<TestResult>

I though that the compiler would figure it out.
But the compiler only takes me the to the void method.
Huge thanks in advance!
Edit: The complete code is available at: http://codepaste.net/7rjg2e
CommandInvoker
public interface ICommandInvoker
{
    void Execute<TCommand>(TCommand command) where TCommand : ICommand;
    TResult Execute<TCommand, TResult>(TCommand command) where TCommand : ICommand<TResult>;
}

public class CommandInvoker : ICommandInvoker
{
    ...

    public void Execute<TCommand>(TCommand command) where TCommand : ICommand
    {
        var handler = _container.GetInstance<ICommandHandler<TCommand>>();
        handler.Handle(command);

        _session.SaveChanges();
    }

    public TResult Execute<TCommand, TResult>(TCommand command) where TCommand : ICommand<TResult>
    {
        var handler = _container.GetInstance<ICommandHandler<TCommand>>();
        handler.Handle(command);

        return command.Result;
    }
}

Commands
public interface ICommand
{
    bool IsValid { get; }
}

public interface ICommand<TResult> : ICommand
{
    TResult Result { get; }
}

public class CommandBase : ICommand
{
    public bool IsValid
    {
        get { return false; }
    }
}

public class CommandBase<TResult> : ICommand<TResult>
{
    public bool IsValid { get { return false; } }
    public TResult Result { get; set; }
}

CommandHandler
public interface ICommandHandler<TCommand>
{
    void Handle(TCommand command);
}

public interface ICommandHandlerWithResult<TCommand, TResult> where TCommand : ICommand<TResult>
{
    void Handle(TCommand command);
}

Test classes
public class TestCommandWithResult : CommandBase<TestResult>
{
    public string Id { get; set; }
}

public class TestResult
{
    public string Message { get; set; }
}

Test thats works
[Test]
public void CanExcecuteWithResult()
{
    var command = new TestCommandWithResult { Id = "billy" };

    ObjectFactory.ResetDefaults();
    var mockHandler = new Mock<ICommandHandler<TestCommandWithResult>>();
    var sessionMock = new Mock<ISession>();
    ObjectFactory.Configure(x => x.For<ICommandHandler<TestCommandWithResult>>().Use(mockHandler.Object));

    var invoker = new CommandInvoker(ObjectFactory.Container, sessionMock.Object);
    var result = invoker.Execute<TestCommandWithResult, TestResult>(command);

    mockHandler.Verify(x => x.Handle(command));
}

Test that I want to pass
    [Test]
    public void CanExcecuteWithResult()
    {
        var command = new TestCommandWithResult { Id = "billy" };

        ObjectFactory.ResetDefaults();
        var mockHandler = new Mock<ICommandHandler<TestCommandWithResult>>();
        var sessionMock = new Mock<ISession>();
        ObjectFactory.Configure(x => x.For<ICommandHandler<TestCommandWithResult>>().Use(mockHandler.Object));

        var invoker = new CommandInvoker(ObjectFactory.Container, sessionMock.Object);
        var result = invoker.Execute(command); // <-- this only calls void version

        mockHandler.Verify(x => x.Handle(command));
    }

A: This is from the type inference rules in the language specification.
The constraint where TCommand : ICommand<TResult> does not play a role in determining inferring the types.
Therefore, the type inference algorithm only uses
Execute<TComamnd, TResult>(TCommand command)

to deduce the type of TResult. but there is no information in the parameter TCommand command to determine the type TResult.
Therefore, the overload
TResult Execute<TCommand, TResult>(TCommand command)

is not an applicable function member because it can't figure out TResult.
From 7.5.2

If type inference for a particular method fails, that method does not participate in overload resolution.

Here, the type inference fails for TResult.

A: The compiler cannot work out what TResult is unless TResult is passed in as a parameter. It is able to work out what what the type of TCommand is because that is passed in.
I don't see any reason why you need TCommand, you have an interface which is good enough, the only place you need the generic is on the return, As a suggestion try changing the signature of ICommandInvoker to which will give you what you want:
public interface ICommandInvoker
{
    void Execute(ICommand command);
    TResult Execute<TResult>(ICommand<TResult> command);
}

EDIT:
Actually I do see why you want TCommand because you are using the generic type on the container but my answer still stands. Can you pass a Type to your container instead of a generic?
public TResult Execute<TResult>(ICommand<TResult> command)
{
    Type commandHandlerType = typeof(ICommandHandler<>).MakeGenericType(command.GetType());

    var handler = _container.GetInstance(commandHandlerType);
    handler.Handle(command);

    return command.Result;
}

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You are currently browsing the tag archive for the 'pro-choice' tag.
Earthlings: Thought Provoking on Many Levels.
First, visualize the Thought Structure™ behind this: I am tying together 3 separate tangents that touch as bubbles in like some sort of 120° degree arrangement.
With that being said, as someone who 1) can watch anything about history and conspiracies for hours on end and who 2) wants to bring about the most positive change possible through my writings and work, I have to say I am at a loss to tell you about a video I ran across last week.
It's called Earthlings, and I could only watch the first fifth of the movie, it disturbed me so much. Basically, the Movie points out the fact that all creatures on this planet, from the lowliest worms, bacteria and viruses to the great all powerful human beings, and all things in between, are Earthings, Earthings first. The film then goes into a shameful demonstration of "Man's Inhumanity to Earthlings" and shows example after example of humans just being horrible in every way possible to our fellow travelers in this particular existence.
I still ate meat and even had Steak and Eggs for breakfast Sunday, but… I am seriously rethinking my diet after watching this movie. I recommend it highly—but I can't watch it. Very disturbing. Needless to say I was pretty depressed and downtrodden after I saw this.
Different animals taking care of each other, unbelievable friendships between man and beast—it again renewed my faith in us humans pulling our heads out of our butts, righting our ship as a species and joining the rest of the Real Civilized universe, that is watching, waiting for us to figure it out.
I have to think that overcoming this hurdle of understanding is a part of all of our development as members of our earthling community, and where we place ourselves in the Omniverse™ in general. Hindsight is 20/20, but I have to think that the consensus is who had the more "advanced civilization" back when Europe was "Re"—discovering the New World is debatable.
And I have to remember to keep top of mind this fact, how long have we been truly self-aware, and what real knowledge has been suppressed from our larger history, that has shaped this reality we now inhabit. It's only been the blink of an eye, in the grand scheme of things.
I often think that if there is some sort of "un-earthling" type presence observing us from hidden bases either on other the other planets in our solar system, on our own satellite the moon, or even among us here on earth, I'd like to think that a group of these benevolent beings are observing and noting, with all our faults, that we are all for the most part good "creations". I'd like to think that we are moving towards Positive Thought Structure™.
As much as I am suspicious of how political an animal Obama is, It is my hope that his convictions match this speech. It reinforces what I was discussing in the previous paragraphs. If this is the direction we are now going, I am glad for this change of direction of temperment. Because it is a direction, towards the ultimate good as opposed towards ultimate evil. Hopefully it will spread into not only how we treat each other as Human Beings, but also how we treat our fellow Earthings as well.


The crossword puzzle clue today is "Rod's companion". To solve this puzzle clue, we look for the similarity crossword puzzle definitions for our clue. Below are the possibilities crossword solution and answer for "Rod's companion".
If there is another crossword solution for Rod's companion , feel free to leave a comment below and we will rate as the right answer for this crossword puzzle clue.


text:
Portulakowate (Portulacaceae Juss.) – rodzina roślin z rzędu goździkowców (Caryophyllales). W dawniejszych systemach klasyfikacyjnych (np. Cronquista z 1981, Reveala z 1993–1999) zaliczano tu wiele rodzajów czyniących z rodziny takson parafiletyczny. W nowych ujęciach (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, system APG III z 2009 i APG IV z 2016) pozostawiono tu tylko rodzaj portulaka (Portulaca), resztę przenosząc do zdrojkowatych (Montiaceae) i innych rodzin goździkowców.

Systematyka
 Pozycja systematyczna i podział według APweb (aktualizowany system APG IV z 2016)
Rodzina siostrzana dla kladu obejmującego kaktusowate (Cactaceae) wraz z Anacampserotaceae. Portulakowate wchodzą w skład rzędu goździkowców (Caryophyllales) w obrębie dwuliściennych właściwych:

Do rodziny zaliczany jest tylko jeden rodzaj – portulaka (Portulaca) liczący 40–100 gatunków w zależności od ujęcia systematycznego.

We wcześniejszych systemach zaliczane tu były rodzaje klasyfikowane współcześnie do rodzin: porwinkowate (Talinaceae), zdrojkowate (Montiaceae), Anacampserotaceae, Didiereaceae.

 Pozycja systematyczna i podział rodziny według systemu Reveala (1993–1999)
Gromada okrytonasienne (Magnoliophyta Cronquist), podgromada Magnoliophytina Frohne & U. Jensen ex Reveal, klasa Rosopsida Batsch, podklasa Caryophyllidae Takht., nadrząd Caryophyllanae Takht., rząd goździkowce (Caryophyllales Perleb), podrząd Portulacineae Engl., rodzina portulakowate (Portulacaceae Juss.).

W ujęciu Reveala do rodziny należało 25 rodzajów:
 Amphipetalum Bacigalupo
 Anacampseros L.
 Calandrinia Kunth – kalandrynia
 Calyptridium Nutt.
 Calyptrotheca Gilg
 Ceraria H.Pearson & Stephens
 Claytonia L. – klajtonia
 Grahamia Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.
 Lenzia Phil.
 Lewisia Pursh – lewizja
 Mona O.Nilsson
 Monocosmia Fenzl
 Montia L. – zdrojek
 Montiopsis Kuntze
 Neopaxia O.Nilsson
 Portulacaria Jacq.
 Portulaca L. – portulaka
 Rumicastrum Ulbr.
 Schreiteria Carolin
 Silvaea Phil.
 Spraguea Torr.
 Talinaria Brandegee
 Talinum Adans.
 Talinella Baill.
 Talinopsis A.Gray

Przypisy

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Edition·S – music¬sound¬art has a catalogue that comprises more that 2,400 works composed between the mid 19th Century and the present time by Danish composers or composers that are permanent residents in Denmark. Our catalogue includes 20th Century classics such as Carl Nielsen and H.C. Lumbye but also young, experimenting composers fresh from the Royal Danish Academy of Music. We believe in focused artistic selection, strong personal expression, visionary musical thinking and in the power of art music to make a lasting difference for those who experience it.
While a lot of composers work in traditional settings with solo, chamber, orchestral and dramatic musical forms, a growing number also drift onto other artistic scenes or come from starting points other than the traditional route provided by an academic education. They work with sound installations, electronic listening music, interactive performance, modern dance, experimental game soundtracks and more. Our catalogue presents these as well (see Digital Media for video examples).
You can perform facilitated browsing through the categories above or, if you are searching especially for solo, chamber or ensemble works, use the advanced search facility to search for compositions with specific characteristics such as instrumentation, duration, etc. Once you have located the work(s) of your interest, you can order scores and parts through our web shop.