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La famille Della Scala, appelée également en italien famiglia scaligera ou gli Scaligeri, est une dynastie qui gouverne la cité de Vérone, en Italie, durant 125 ans, de 1262 à 1387. De nombreux membres de cette famille exercent des fonctions militaires, politiques et administratives dans les communes, puis les seigneuries de Vénétie dès le  et imposent progressivement leur seigneurie à Vérone, puis à Vicence. À leur apogée, les Della Scala n'ont pas d'égal en puissance et en richesse parmi les princes d'Italie.

Origines de la famille
Le premier membre de la famille qui laisse une trace écrite est Arduino della Scala, « possidente di riguardo e mercante di panni » qui se présente, dans un document datant de 1180, comme « d'origine latine ». Deux de ses fils sont connus : Leonardino et Balduino, qui a lui-même un fils, Jacopino (ou Giacomino) della Scala, marchand de laine, considéré comme l'ancêtre des seigneurs de Vérone. À Vérone même, la famille Della Scala est citée à partir de la fin du . Elle fait alors partie de la classe aisée et compte dans ses rangs des hommes de loi et des membres de l'administration communale. Quand Ezzelino III da Romano domine Vérone, deux frères, Federico et Bonifacio della Scala, sont proches du tyran. En 1259, ce dernier confie la charge de podestat de Vérone, qu'il vient de rétablir après avoir tenu la cité via des vicaires, à Mastino della Scala.

Généalogie
Dates de naissance et de décès entre parenthèses.
ʘ : dates pendant lesquelles ils exercent le pouvoir à Vérone.
Encadrement pointillé : enfants illégitimes.

Contexte communal et prééminence de la classe marchande
Mastino, fils de Jacopino n'est pas particulièrement riche et ne possède pas de titre de noblesse, mais il est un habile politique, compétent et plein d'autorité. Il est surtout partisan de la paix, un point fondamental pour les Véronais, qui sortent à l'époque (1259) de la brève mais sanglante parenthèse qu'a constitué pour eux la tyrannie d'Ezzelino III da Romano.

Mastino assume des responsabilités croissantes au sein de la Domus mercatorum de Vérone, l'association des marchands de Vérone, qui est à l'époque l'élément clé de la vie politique de la cité. Les corporations marchandes y sont représentées par leurs maîtres, les gastaldoni, dont l'assemblée élit le podestat des Marchands et pèse de tout son poids sur les magistrats (juges et consuls) et les conseils (Grand conseil, conseil des Quatre-vingts, conseil des Anciens) qui animent la vie politique de Vérone. Les gastaldoni débattent sur tout ce qui peut leur sembler utile à la commune, dans le respect des statuts de la cité. Le podestat de la cité, est tenu de présenter leurs délibérations au Grand conseil, qui ne fait que les approuver. Dans les deux semaines qui suivent sa nomination, le podestat de la cité, qui doit statutairement être étranger à la ville, a l'obligation de reconstituer le Grand conseil avec l'aide des « anciens ». Avec son adjoint (le « vicario »), il exerce le pouvoir exécutif, tandis que le pouvoir judiciaire est exercé par les juges et les consuls, le pouvoir législatif étant confié au Grand conseil.

Succession, apogée et chute des Della Scala

Mastino I

À l'époque de Mastino I, le pouvoir réside principalement entre les mains des corporations. Les féodaux en sont exclus statutairement et ne peuvent assumer aucune fonction officielle. C'est l'importance donnée, à l'intérieur des corporations, à celle des marchands, à laquelle appartiennent les Della Scala, qui va leur permettre de concentrer le pouvoir au sein de la famille. Mastino gagne en influence, en s'appuyant d'une part sur les marchands, riches et majoritaires au sein du Grand conseil, et, d'autre part, sur l'argent du clergé local. Au moment de la chute d'Ezzelino III da Romano, Mastino est podestat de la cité. Reconduit par acclamation par la population libérée de la tyrannie d'Ezzelino, il prend, pour se démarquer du mandat précédent, le titre de . En 1262, on le retrouve élu  et solidement appuyé par deux de ses frères, Alberto et Bocca. C'est de la conjonction progressive des fonctions de podestat des Marchands avec celles de capitaine du Peuple que va naître la Seigneurie de Vérone.

À la tête de la cité, Mastino prend le parti de l'Empereur et range durablement Vérone dans le camp gibelin. Il profite des conflits territoriaux qui opposent Vérone à ses voisins pour concentrer le pouvoir, s'imposer comme arbitre et sceller des alliances, dont la principale, passée avec Mantoue, va durer soixante ans. Son parti pris pour l'Empire oblige Mastino à faire des concessions au Pape, avec lequel les relations restent toujours tendues, sans que cela influe par ailleurs sur le comportement bienveillant du clergé local.

Pendant quatorze ans, de 1263 à 1277, Mastino domine Vérone, sans y assumer, la plupart du temps, de charge officiellement reconnue par les statuts de la cité. Son emprise sur les affaires communales s'installe de facto et il procède à une refonte des statuts communaux, préparant le terrain à son successeur, qui se voit reconnaître, à sa mort, des pouvoirs entérinés par un simple état de fait.

Le 26 octobre 1277, Mastino est assassiné alors qu'il traverse la piazza dei Signori. Le lendemain du meurtre, c'est Alberto, le frère du défunt, que le podestat du moment propose à l'assemblée du peuple et aux notables pour devenir « capitaine général à vie », entérinant ainsi l'emprise des Scaliger sur Vérone.

Alberto I

Après l'assassinat de son frère, Alberto prend les rênes de la ville, qu'il va diriger de 1277 à 1301, luttant incessamment contre la faction rivale des Sambonifacio soutenus par la Maison d'Este. Tout en respectant les formes de l'ancienne Commune, Alberto gouverne Vérone comme bon lui semble et en modifie les statuts. Il a la haute main sur le patrimoine de la ville, il peut intervenir sur les jugements passés par le podestat, les juges et les consuls, et ses décisions sont effectives immédiatement. En tant que podestat des marchands, rôle qu'il assume depuis de longues années, il est le maître des décisions concernant l'économie de la cité. Les bannières des corporations et l'étendard du peuple sont déposés entre ses mains et il est placé à la tête des forces armées véronaises.

Alberto donne à l'Église des gages qui permettent à Vérone de revenir dans les bonnes grâces de Rome et ne néglige pas de placer ses hommes dans la hiérarchie catholique locale : son fils Alboino est fait chanoine de la cathédrale en 1289. Les rejetons de la noblesse locale alliée des della Scala obtiennent également des places de choix, ainsi qu'un fils illégitime d'Alberto, Giuseppe, qu'il impose en 1292, comme abbé, aux religieux de San Zeno. Alberto disposera d'ailleurs à sa guise des biens de l'abbaye, faisant don de terres appartenant aux moines pour se concilier les bonnes grâces de la famille Bonnacolsi. En 1296, Alberto fait insérer dans les Statuts de la ville la bulle Contra Hæreticam Pravitatem du pape Alexandre IV, condamnant dix-neuf sortes d'hérésie et promettant leurs pratiquants au bûcher. Une dernière chance de sauver leur vie leur est donné par un décret pris simultanément qui leur ordonne de quitter Vérone séance tenante. Le pouvoir et la richesse des Della Scala leur permettent d'entretenir un réseau de clients qui garantissent la paix civile à Vérone. Alberto modifie les statuts à de très nombreuses reprises pour consolider la seigneurie. Son administration se préoccupe également de la police sanitaire, prohibe le travail du dimanche, réglemente le port des bijoux en public ainsi que les modalités des funérailles. Des dispositions sont prises pour améliorer la voirie, la collecte des déchets, la lutte contre les incendies.

La situation encore fragile de Vérone et les inclinaisons personnelles d'Alberto della Scala l'incitent à la prudence en matière de politique extérieure. Il lui est cependant impossible de rester totalement à l'écart des querelles de ses voisins. Afin de préserver ses intérêts stratégiques, il engage ainsi Vérone au sein de plusieurs ligues, en particulier contre Padoue (1278) et contre Ferrare (1293). Il mène par ailleurs une politique matrimoniale active qui permet à la famille Della Scala de se lier aux plus anciennes et plus nobles familles d'Italie : Este (Ferrare), Bonnacolsi (Mantoue), Visconti (Milan), et même à celle de l'Empereur. Il renforce les liens de Vérone avec Mantoue et intervient directement dans les affaires de la ville.

Les expansions territoriales accomplies par Alberto sont modestes, mais stratégiques. Il s'approprie les châteaux de Rovereto et de Mori. Le premier permet aux Della Scala, qui verrouillent déjà la route d'Allemagne grâce à la Cluse de Vérone, de contrôler la vallée de l'Adige vers Trente, et le second de maîtriser la seule route praticable reliant le col du Brenner au nord du lac de Garde. En 1301, les Della Scala prennent le contrôle de la pointe nord du lac de Garde.

Avec la concentration du pouvoir entre ses mains, la famille Della Scala doit faire face à plusieurs complots et, en 1299, à une insurrection fomentée de l'extérieur par des familles guelfes. Le complot est éventé et une répression féroce s'abat sur des centaines de conjurés. Cette purge permettra, deux ans plus tard, à Bartolomeo de prendre la succession de son père en toute sérénité. Elle alimente cependant le contingent des exilés qui, de l'extérieur, vont continuer à conspirer contre les Scaliger.

En janvier 1292, Bartolomeo della Scala est capitaine général de Vérone. Son père l'associe au gouvernement et le prépare à assurer sa succession. En novembre 1294, après la victoire de Padoue sur Ferrare (qu'il considère comme la sienne) Alberto organise à Vérone une curia (ou corte bandita) qui incarne la puissance et le projet délibérément dynastique des Della Scala. Il profite de l'occasion pour faire chevalier ses fils Bartolomeo et Cangrande, son neveu Nicolò (le fils de Mastino) et deux petits-neveux Federico et Alberto, petit-fils de son défunt frère Bocca.

Le  avril 1301, débute la construction, sur la piazza delle Erbe, de la nouvelle casa dei Mercanti, toute de pierre et de marbre, qui remplace l'ancienne bâtisse de bois et de briques. Le 3 septembre de la même année, Alberto della Scala meurt. Il laisse derrière lui son épouse, une fille, et les trois fils qui vont lui succéder : Bartolomeo, qui assurera la tutelle de ses deux cadets et décédera en 1304, Alboino qui mourra en 1311 et Cangrande, son préféré, qui portera la dynastie à son apogée jusqu'à sa mort en 1329.

Bartolomeo I et Alboino

À la mort d'Alberto, la situation politique n'est pas encore suffisamment consolidée pour que les Della Scala puissent se transmettre ouvertement le pouvoir. Au lendemain du décès de son père, Bartolomeo, capitaine général depuis une dizaine d'années, est élu sans coup férir podestat des marchands. La conjonction des deux fonctions lui permet d'exercer, comme son père, le pouvoir absolu dans la cité. Ni guerrier, ni réformateur, ni bâtisseur, Bartolomeo reste dans la mémoire des Véronais comme un seigneur bienveillant et soucieux du bien-être de la population. Il ne va régner que deux ans et demi et meurt le  à l'âge de 27 ans. Au moment de son décès, son fils Francesco n'est qu'un enfant et c'est son frère Alboino qui, le 8 mars 1304, est élu capitaine général. Trois jours plus tard, il est nommé podestat des marchands à vie, entérinant l'emprise héréditaire de la famille della Scala sur Vérone et ses possessions.

Alboino va gouverner sept années, seul de 1304 à 1308, puis avec l'aide de son frère cadet Cangrande I, qui lui succède en 1311. Il poursuit l'œuvre de ses prédécesseurs et prépare les futures extensions territoriales de la cité. Contrairement aux premiers Della Scala, qui avaient dû modifier les statuts municipaux pour imposer leur mainmise, Alboino se repose sur leur travail et ajoute peu de dispositions aux textes existants. En 1304, il entre brièvement en conflit avec la république de Venise. Entre 1305 et 1310, il renoue avec la politique antiguelfe des premiers Scaliger et engage à nouveau Vérone contre Ferrare. C'est lors de la signature des accords de Montegrotto (3 et 15 mars 1308), qui marquent la fin du conflit, qu'apparaît pour la première fois, à côté de la signature d'Alboino, celle de son frère Cangrande, qui s'y présente comme capitano penes se (lieutenant). À partir de cette date, Alboino et Cangrande gouvernent ensemble Vérone. En avril 1308, ils garantissent leurs frontières septentrionales en se liant avec Otton, duc de Carinthie, puis s'interposent dans les luttes qui déchirent les cités lombardes en resserrant leurs alliances avec Parme, Brescia, Mantoue, Modène, Plaisance et Reggio.

En 1310, le retour sur l'échiquier politique italien de l'Empire, en la personne d'Henri VII, trouve Vérone en position de force. Les deux frères se comportent en sujets loyaux, mais évitent de mettre en œuvre la politique de réconciliation imposée par l'Empereur, qui souhaite voir les exilés, guelfes ou gibelins, réintégrés dans leurs droits. Le 15 avril 1311, les troupes scaligères font, avec les soldats impériaux, leur entrée dans Vicence, ville prise à Padoue et préfigurant un gain territorial qui sera confirmé en 1312.

En septembre 1311, alors qu'il prend part au siège de Brescia, Alboino est frappé par la contagion qui décime les troupes impériales et meurt le . Cangrande, qui a suivi l'Empereur jusqu'à Gênes, rentre précipitamment pour assurer la continuité du pouvoir. Étant déjà capitano del popolo depuis 1308, il peut s'imposer sans coup férir à la tête de Vérone, dont il va élargir considérablement les possessions. Alboino laisse derrière lui deux fils qui seront tous deux seigneurs de Vérone : Alberto II (né en 1306) et Mastino II (né en 1308).

Cangrande I

Le règne de Cangrande est marqué par une double fidélité : à l'Empire, dont il tire sa légitimité en tant que vicaire impérial ; au parti gibelin, dont il devient le chef incontesté dans le nord de l'Italie. À ce titre, il intervient, seul ou avec ses alliés, en Lombardie, en Émilie et jusqu'à Gênes. Mais sa véritable ambition reste la reconstitution de l'ancienne Marche de Vérone, sur le territoire de laquelle il bataille sans relâche, le plus souvent en lien avec ses alliés de Mantoue. Jouant en permanence sur les luttes internes qui déchirent les cités-états voisines de Vérone, et s'appuyant tour à tour sur leurs exilés ou sur des familles locales, il annexe, entre 1312 et 1329, les provinces de Vicence, de Padoue et de Trévise.

Vérone présente pendant la période de Cangrande une particularité : les citoyens qui en sont bannis en sont expulsés à vie. Privés de refuge dans la province, les exilés ne peuvent que servir de « chair à canon » aux cités qui acceptent de les héberger. L'époque se caractérise également par de bons rapports avec les autorités ecclésiastiques locales. La pression fiscale est importante, en raison de l'exiguïté du territoire en proportion des dépenses très élevées nécessaire à la guerre et au train de vie princier de Cangrande. La dynamique impulsée par Cangrande ne répond pas, en effet, à un développement économique et sa stratégie de conquête ne génère aucune valeur ajoutée au niveau de la Marche.

La domination de Cangrande sur Vérone n'est remise en question qu'une fois . En 1325 la rumeur se répand qu'il est gravement malade. Federico della Scala et Alberto et Mastino, les fils d'Alboino, tentent d'emporter la succession. Federico est capturé, jugé et exilé le 14 septembre et ses amis sont éliminés, tandis que les neveux échappent aux sanctions.

En 1312, Cangrande intervient dans les affaires de Vicence, qu'il annexe aux possessions de Vérone, repoussant ainsi ses frontières à l'est jusqu'à toucher celles de Padoue. Alarmés par cette expansion territoriale, les Padouans mettent à feu et à sang les campagnes qui entourent Vicence, puis le sud-est du territoire de Vérone. En avril 1312, ils profitent d'une absence de Cangrande pour s'attaquer à Vicence, espérant un soulèvement des guelfes restés en ville. Revenu en hâte, Cangrande retourne la situation et soumet Vicence, qu'il soupçonne de déloyauté à son égard, à une purge sanglante. Les relations entre Cangrande et les Vicentins resteront toujours entachées de soupçons et de griefs réciproques. Le règne de Cangrande va être marqué par un conflit avec Padoue entrecoupé de trêves, de période de paix, d'interventions étrangères, d'alliances, de volte-face, de trahisons et de coups de force, qui va durer plus de 17 ans et faire, selon Allen,  morts. Finalement, Padoue tombe entre les mains de Cangrande le 10 septembre 1328.

En 1327-1328, Cangrande interfère avec la politique intérieure de Mantoue, prêtant la main à un coup de force qui élimine les Bonnacolsi pour les remplacer par les Gonzague, une famille en phase ascendante. L'intervention se révèlera un mauvais calcul pour les successeurs de Cangrande, qui devront compter avec les Gonzague comme puissance de plus en plus indépendante de Vérone. En 1329, quand il obtient le vicariat impérial sur Mantoue, Cangrande le fait rédiger à son nom "et filiis suis". Il est donc possible qu'ayant désigné ses neveux Alberto (II) e Mastino (II) pour lui succéder à Vérone, Vicence et Padoue, Cangrande ait souhaité réserver Mantoue à ses fils illégitimes.

En juin 1321, Cangrande s'empare de Feltre et, l'année suivante, de Belluno. La noblesse locale, ralliée à lui après ces annexions, constituera un appui pour ses dernières entreprises militaires.

Toujours orienté vers l'est, le regard de Cangrande se porte depuis longtemps sur la province de Trévise. Après plusieurs tentatives, il y entre en vainqueur le 18 juillet 1329, mais il meurt le lendemain, emporté par une fièvre fulgurante. Son corps, sorti de la ville à la tombée de la nuit, regagne Vérone sans aucun apparat. Il est inhumé provisoirement à Santa Maria Antica avant d'être transféré dans le monument funéraire érigé à sa gloire.

À sa mort, Cangrande est seigneur de Vérone, Vicence, Padoue, Trévise, Belluno, Feltre, Monselice, Bassano, vicaire impérial de Mantoue et chef des gibelins italiens. Sa mort prématurée laisse la Seigneurie sans héritier direct. Sur son lit de mort, il a confirmé son intention de porter ses neveux, Alberto — deuxième du nom — âgé de 23 ans et Mastino — deuxième du nom — âgé de 21 ans, à la tête de Vérone et de ses possessions. Le 23 juillet 1329, ils sont élus capitaines du peuple par les différents conseils et, le 27, podestats des Marchands.

Alberto II et Mastino II

Alberto II est peu porté aux affaires du gouvernement. Son frère Mastino II, est ambitieux et déterminé. Très rapidement, le premier laisse au second le contrôle de Vérone et de ses possessions. Quand ils prennent les rênes du pouvoir à Vérone, les deux frères sont dans les meilleurs termes avec leurs puissants voisins : les Visconti, qui règnent sur Milan, la Maison d'Este, qui domine Ferrare, les Gonzague, qui doivent à leur oncle Cangrande leur position à Mantoue, Azzo et Guido da Corregio (à Parme) dont ils sont les neveux par leur mère. Mais l'expansion territoriale de Vérone vers l'est, initiée par Cangrande, inquiète et irrite les Vénitiens. Ceux-ci profitent de l'arrivée des deux jeunes seigneurs pour tester leurs réactions. Ils contestent les modalités d'application de leurs traités de commerce avec Padoue et avec Trévise. Entre 1329 et 1330, impressionnés par leur puissant voisin, Alberto et Mastino cèdent sur tous les points et reportent leur ambitions vers l'ouest.

Du fait de l'effacement relatif d'Alberto, Mastino II est souvent présenté comme l'artisan de la ruine de la dynastie scaligère. Il poursuit en fait l'expansion territoriale laissée en suspens par la mort de son oncle Cangrande. À l'automne 1330, il s'attaque à Brescia, provoquant l'arrivée en Italie de Jean Ier de Bohême, qui y installe un éphémère « royaume guelfe de Lombardie ». Ligué contre lui avec les Visconti, les Gonzague, la maison d'Este et Florence, Mastino s'empare de Brescia en 1332, puis de Parme et de Lucques en 1335 Leurs domaines s'étendent du Frioul à la Toscane, ils tiennent le lac de Garde, la route des Alpes et les cours d'eau qui en descendent. Leur fortune n'est dépassée que par celle du roi de France. Ils entretiennent à leur cour les féaux des domaines qu'ils ont annexés et les ambassadeurs dépêchés par leurs alliés. Mastino refuse de rétrocéder Lucques à Florence, comme il s'y était engagé. Il provoque ainsi un conflit ouvert, auquel se joint la république vénitienne, inquiète de son expansionnisme agressif. À partir de 1336, réduit à la défensive, ses territoires envahis, Padoue révoltée, Mastino est abandonné par les Visconti, les Gonzague et la Maison d'Este. Le 24 janvier 1339, il doit se résigner à signer, à Venise, une paix qui lui laisse Vérone, Vicence et, provisoirement, Parme et Lucques. La première lui est enlevée en 1341 par Azzo da Correggio. L'année suivante, il cède la seconde, isolée et sans continuité territoriale avec Vérone, aux Florentins.

La perte de Lucques ramène les possessions des Scaliger à ce qu'elles étaient en 1312. À part Vicence, tous les gains territoriaux de Cangrande sont perdus. Vérone redevient un acteur de second rang et les Della Scala quittent progressivement le devant de la scène politique. Alberto, remis en liberté après la paix avec Venise, s'éloigne du monde. Paradoxalement, les domaines des Scaliger profitent de cette régression : la pression fiscale diminue, le saccage des campagnes cesse, la sécurité du commerce est rétablie, et la Seigneurie, renonçant à ses expansions territoriales, se concentre sur la gestion de ses possessions.

Parallèlement, Mastino a dû faire face à la colère du Pape. Le 28 août 1338, alors qu'il est battu en brèche sur tous les fronts, il assassine l'évêque de Vérone, en pleine rue, dans un accès de paranoïa. Le 24 septembre, il est excommunié par le pape Benoît XII. Mortifié par son crime, Mastino implore le pontife de lui pardonner et lui propose de reconnaître sa suprématie sur l'Empereur. Le 27 septembre, le Pape absout le pénitent, qu'il oblige à se rendre, à pied et tête nue, à la cathédrale de Vérone, pour y demander, devant le peuple assemblé, la levée de son excommunication.

Le 3 juin 1351, après avoir dissipé les douze dernières années de son existence en intrigues brouillonnes et inutiles contre les Visconti et les Gonzague, Mastino II meurt après une brève maladie, à l'âge de 43 ans. Il laisse derrière lui une veuve et six enfants légitimes : trois filles et trois fils : Canfrancesco (connu par la suite sous le nom de Cangrande, deuxième du nom), Cansignorio et Paolo Alboino. Depuis 1339, le nom et la signature d'Alberto II n'apparaissent plus sur les documents officiels et il a pris si peu de part à la seigneurie que le peuple, assemblé le 4 juin 1351 sur la piazza delle Erbe, proclame les trois fils de Mastino co-seigneurs de Vérone. De fait, seul Cangrande II exerce le pouvoir, son frère Cansignorio n'étant âgé que de onze ans et Paolo Alboino encore un bambin. Alberto, qui a donné son accord à la succession, se retire alors définitivement de la vie publique et meurt le 24 septembre 1352.

Cangrande II et Cansignorio

Quand il arrive au pouvoir, Cangrande II n'a qu'une vingtaine d'années, mais il a déjà livré quelques combats aux côtés de son père et de son oncle. Contrairement à ces derniers, il n'est pas attiré par la guerre et mène une vie de plaisirs qui suscite l'antipathie des Véronais. À son arrivée aux affaires, il congédie les conseillers de son père, supprime de nombreuses pensions, réduit le train de vie de la cour pour se concentrer sur ses dépenses personnelles. Comme ses prédécesseurs, il prend soin de ses relations avec le clergé local.Très influençable, il conduit, pendant les huit années où il se trouve à la tête de Vérone, une politique extérieure opportuniste et brouillonne.

L'événement le plus marquant de l'époque de Cangrande II reste le soulèvement de Vérone en février 1354. Le 14 du mois, Cangrande quitte la ville pour rendre visite à son beau-frère à Bolzano. Il laisse Vérone à la garde d'Azzo da Coreggio. Il y laisse aussi Fregnano, le bâtard préféré de Mastino II, qu'il n'a eu de cesse d'humilier depuis la mort de leur père. Ayant secrètement préparé le terrain et assuré de solides soutiens, Fregnano annonce publiquement, le 17 février, que Cangrande a été assassiné sur la route de Bolzano. Acclamé par la foule, Fregnano accepte d'exercer le pouvoir au nom de Cansignorio, absent, et de Paolo Alboino, mineur. Après quelques jours d'anarchie, il est formellement investi des pouvoirs sur Vérone en tant que capitaine et podestat des marchands, les deux charges dont le cumul définit, depuis le début de la dynastie scaligère, le titulaire de la Seigneurie. Averti de la traîtrise, Cangrande tourne bride. Le 25 février, il est sous les murs de Vérone. Les insurgés se débandent, Fregnano se noie dans l'Adige, et une répression féroce s'abat sur la ville. Cangrande entre dans un accès de fureur qui dure plusieurs jours et lui vaut son surnom de « Can rabbioso » (le Chien enragé). Le corps de Fregnano, sorti de l'Adige, est exposé nu en place publique et les insurgés qui ont cherché refuge hors de la ville sont pourchassés et exécutés. L'insurrection une fois écrasée, Cangrande se montre étonnamment clément vis-à-vis de la population de Vérone, qu'il estime en effet avoir été trompée par Fregnano.

À la suite du soulèvement, Cangrande fait construire, sur la rive droite de l'Adige, en bordure de la cité, une forteresse, le Castelvecchio, qu'il fait relier à l'autre rive par un pont (le pont des Scaliger) lui permettant de quitter la ville par le nord en cas de rébellion. N'ayant pas de descendant légitime, il tente d'organiser l'avenir de ses trois bâtards

Cangrande se comporte, vis-à-vis de sa mère et de ses frères, comme un véritable tyran domestique. Le 14 septembre 1359, il est assassiné par son frère Cansignorio, qui se réfugie à Padoue. Le peuple, soulagé par la mort de Cangrande, réclame l'assassin à cor et à cri. Il revient à Vérone le 17 décembre pour y être proclamé, avec son frère Paolo Alboino, co-seigneur de Vérone à vie. Pour la première fois dans l'histoire de la cité, il est même décidé que leurs descendants hériteront du titre.

Cansignorio doit composer avec la réduction territoriale imposée à la cité par les errements de la génération précédente. Limités aux territoires de Vérone et de Vicence, ses domaines sont entourés de puissances expansionnistes : Venise à l'est et les Visconti, qui contrôlent le Milanais à l'ouest. Cansignorio mène une politique extérieure velléitaire et inconstante. Son passage aux affaires est marqué par une série de calamités naturelles, mais il gouverne Vérone d'une manière relativement modérée, n'augmente pas les impôts et enrichit la ville de constructions qui donnent du travail à la population.

Très pieux, Cansignorio entend la messe chaque jour et voue un culte particulier à Saint Antoine de Padoue. En vertu d'un accord particulier avec la papauté, et en échange d'un droit annuel de 10 à  florins, il collecte pour celle-ci les revenus de l'Église à Vérone et dans ses possessions, charge à lui d'entretenir un prêtre par paroisse.

Après avoir longtemps fait une cour assidue à sa belle-sœur Elisabeth de Bavière, et l'avoir même retenue prisonnière pour la faire céder, Cansignorio épouse Agnès de Durazzo, deuxième fille de Charles de Durazzo (de la Maison d'Anjou) et de Marie de Calabre. Leur mariage reste sans enfant. Cansignorio a par ailleurs trois autres enfants connus, tous illégitimes, dont deux fils, Bartolomeo et Antonio, qui vont lui succéder à la tête de Vérone.

Tombé gravement malade en 1375, Cansignorio, sentant sa fin prochaine, fait en effet assassiner son frère Paolo Alboino (qu'il tient enfermé dans la forteresse de Peschiera depuis 1365), afin de favoriser ses bâtards. Le peuple exprime des réticences à la nouveauté que représente l'arrivée au pouvoir d'enfants illégitimes, mais une fois prouvée la mort de Paolo Alboino, leur accession à la seigneurie, à Vérone comme à Vicence, se fait sans objection majeure.

Bartolomeo II et Antonio, la chute des Scaliger

Âgés respectivement de  et de  à la mort de leur père, les deux adolescents sont placés sous la tutelle d'un « conseil des Quatre ». À part un conflit avec Milan, cette régence est une période de paix et de prospérité. Le conseil des Quatre administre sagement Vérone et ses possessions, tandis que les jeunes seigneurs, qui, bien que bâtards, ont été éduqués avec raffinement, font briller à nouveau la cour des Scaliger.

Leurs premières décisions leur attirent la sympathie des Véronais mais, à mesure qu'Antonio mûrit, il devient suspicieux, autoritaire et jaloux de Bartolomeo. Celui-ci envisage de quitter Vérone quand, le 12 juillet 1381, il est retrouvé assassiné dans la rue. Malgré ses démonstrations publiques de douleur, il apparaît que l'organisateur du crime est Antonio lui-même, qui reste seul aux commandes de la seigneurie.

En juin 1382, Antonio épouse Samaritana da Polenta, fille du seigneur de Ravenne. Totalement dominé par la jeune femme, il ignore les mises en garde de ses conseillers, se sépare de ses amis et favorise les Ravennates qui entourent son épouse. Cette dernière dépense sans compter, joue les intermédiaires, monnaye les charges, et pousse Antonio à augmenter les impôts.

Antonio entreprend des réformes touchant aux statuts des corporations, au commerce, aux débits de boissons. Il renforce la présence de l'administration centrale dans les campagnes et les villages. Pour compenser le déficit démographique résultant des années de disette, d'épidémies et de guerre, il encourage l'établissement de colons sur les domaines scaligères.

Dans ses premières années, Antonio poursuit la politique de neutralité qui a permis à Vérone de reprendre pied après la réduction territoriale imposée à la seigneurie par les mésaventures politiques et militaires de Mastino II et d'Alberto II. Mais il va bientôt être l'instrument choisi par Venise pour s'opposer à l'expansionnisme des Carrare, qui dominent alors Padoue. Venise parvient à convaincre Antonio de se joindre à la ligue qu'elle a forgée contre les Padouans et leurs alliés. Malgré les moyens engagés, la guerre, entamée à l'automne 1385 se prolonge jusqu'au mois d'octobre 1387. Renfloué par les Vénitiens après chaque défaite, Antonio refuse de les écouter lorsqu'ils lui conseillent de faire alliance avec Milan qui, ayant récemment changé de maître, se propose au plus offrant. Pris en tenaille entre Padoue et Milan, dont il a ignoré les avances, Antonio perd le soutien de Vicence. À partir de l'été 1387, il accumule les défaites et perd peu à peu ses places fortes, qui tombent entre les mains de Milan à l'ouest et de Padoue à l'est. Le 18 octobre, les Milanais, aidés par leurs contacts à l'intérieur de la ville, se font ouvrir la porta San Massimo et pénètrent dans Vérone. La population, donnant libre cours à sa haine d'Antonio, se joint aux soldats pour mettre à sac les bâtiments publics et donner la chasse à son seigneur. Celui-ci n'a d'autre choix que de se barricader dans le Castelvecchio. Il charge ses possessions sur un bateau et, le 19 octobre, s'échappe en descendant l'Adige jusqu'à Legnano.

Après sa fuite, Antonio passe l'hiver 1387-1388 à Venise, puis parcourt la Lombardie et la Toscane à la recherche d'alliés, dépensant ainsi ses dernières ressources. Il meurt, le 5 août 1388, à Trediozio (entre Florence et Faenza, laissant derrière lui sa veuve et son unique fils, Canfrancesco, qui mourra empoisonné à Ravenne, en 1391. Avec la mort d'Antonio, la domination de la famille Della Scala sur Vérone et ses possessions prend définitivement fin et, après 125 années de règne scaligère, la ville passe sous la tutelle des Visconti, puis des Carrare.

Les derniers héritiers directs ou indirects se réclamant des Scaliger vivent à la cour de l'Empereur et cherchent, à plusieurs reprises, à reprendre le contrôle de Vérone. En 1404, Guglielmo fils naturel de Cangrande II, est l'auteur de la seule tentative couronnée de succès : avec l'aide de la population, il parvient à chasser les Milanais de la ville, mais c'est pour mourir dix jours plus tard.

Enfin, en 1405, Vérone tombe entre les mains de la république de Venise.

L'église de Santa Maria Antica, à Vérone, est entourée par les tombes des membres de la famille, qui se présentent sous forme de petits temples (tempietti) d'inspiration gothique lombarde, contenant leurs sarcophages.

Seigneurs de Vérone
 Mastino della Scala 1262–1277
 Alberto I della Scala 1277–1301
 Bartolomeo I della Scala 1301–1304
 Alboino della Scala 1304–1308
 Cangrande della Scala 1308–1329
 Alberto II della Scala 1329–1351 (avec Mastino II)
 Mastino II della Scala 1329–1351
 Cangrande II della Scala 1351–1359
 Paolo Alboino della Scala 1359–1375 (avec Cansignorio)
 Cansignorio della Scala 1359–1375
 Bartolomeo II della Scala 1375–1381
 Antonio della Scala 1381–1387

Lignée allemande
Guglielmo († 1404), fils naturel de Cangrande II della Scala, dont les descendants ont vécu en Bavière sous le nom de Von der Leiter (ou Von der Laitter).
Paolo († 1441)
Giovanni († 1490)
Giovanni († 1541), seigneur d'Amerang
Giancristoforo († 1544), condottiere
Giovanni Ermundo († 24 avril 1592)
Giovanna (1574-1654) baronesse de Lamberg, épouse de Siegmund II comte de Dietrichstein et mère de Massimiliano di Dietrichstein

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

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Articles connexes
 Tombeaux des Scaligeri
 Mastino I della Scala
 Alberto I della Scala
 Bartolomeo I della Scala
 Alboino della Scala
 Cangrande I della Scala
 Alberto II della Scala
 Cangrande II della Scala
 Paolo Alboino della Scala
 Bartolomeo II della Scala
 Antonio della Scala
 Histoire de Vérone

Liens externes


I have a second battery here, which I would like to install with disconnect relays under the driver's seat. The battery is about 7 inches high.
Does the battery fit under the driver's seat? What do you all mean?
Unfortunately, because of illness, I can not expand my seat to try or measure it.
Not mine because there's a fusebox there. I have no idea about your van.
Not sure about the Vans but if Chevy ever did put a diesel in it there should be a spot under the hood for dual batteries.
I guess you haven't looked under the hood of a van lately, Irish. You can't fit anything in there.
The factory location for second battery is on the frame rail drivers side.
so to the OP whats wrong with on the frame ???
Well routing the wires from the outside in can be a lot of work. 7" is a pretty small battery. I would probably put it inside.
You cannot install a battery inside the cabin of a vehicle. It needs to be vented outside, and be able to drain if it boils over.
He might be an inch short in his measurement but 7" sounds about right. Batteries come in all shapes and sizes. Personally, I don't know why he is asking us if it will fit under the seat. Surely he has a tape measure? At the same time, I am not really sure we should be mocking unless they really deserve it.
About mounting batteries on the inside, that was exactly the reason why I finally elected NOT to mount two batteries inside and why I became delayed in my new bid to frame mount them. A member here has since instructed me otherwise, but I am more comfortable having them hang underneath. The added expense of cable runs is not pleasing, but I aside from individual component hook-ups, I am lucky as I already have the factory wire left over from the two harnesses I previously bought. I am going to buy one more frame mount, then I will buy two batteries at the same time to ensure they are similiar as possible before pairing them into married service.
Last edited by dberladyn; April 4th, 2019 at 7:54 PM.


In late September I set off to drive some of our fragile and precious things across the country to our new place in Creswick, Victoria. It was a trip!
These are a few scenes from the main street of Coolgardie.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged Coolgardie, Nullarbor Crossing. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
Q: How do I name the dataframe index after a variable result? I have a variable called 'Specimen' from a dataframe imported from a xlsx file,
and I want to implement the result of this variable (in this case 25) in a new dataframe?
What I have:
Specimen          = np.array(df.loc['Specimen', ['x1']])
Specimen

array([[25.0]], dtype=object)
New_Df = pd.DataFrame(Variable_list)
New_Df['Result_list'] = Result_list
New_Df.columns =['Name', 'Result']
New_Df

    Name         Result
0   L_TotalNOT  52.541091
1   R_TotalNOT  40.139543
2   L_TotalGON  59.271545
3   R_TotalGON  63.784038

What I want:
25  Name         Result
0   L_TotalNOT  52.541091
1   R_TotalNOT  40.139543
2   L_TotalGON  59.271545
3   R_TotalGON  63.784038

I have tried
Output.index.names = [Specimen]

But this gives the following error:
TypeError: RangeIndex.name must be a hashable type
ps: I'm quite new here, so I hope I'm asking thing the right way,
Many thanks in advance

A: I feel like I may be missing a requirement from your question but here is what I think might work for you:
Set the variable to match yours:
Specimen = np.array([[25.0]], dtype=object)
Specimen

array([[25.0]], dtype=object)

Specimen[0][0]
25.0

Then rename the index:
new_df.index.rename(Specimen[0][0], inplace=True)

            Name     Result
25.0
0     L_TotalNOT  52.541091
1     R_TotalNOT  40.139543
2     L_TotalGON  59.271545
3     R_TotalGON  63.784038

The index has been renamed:
new_df.index
Int64Index([0, 1, 2, 3], dtype='int64', name=25.0)

A: I think you're looking for pd.DataFrame.rename_axis
pd.DataFrame({
    'a' : [1,2,3,4],
    'b' : [5,6,7,8]
}).rename_axis(25)

    a   b
25
0   1   5
1   2   6
2   3   7
3   4   8

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Rob Jones is vice-president of Human Resources and Organizational Development and has been with Bruyère since 2004. Prior to joining Bruyère, he was a senior labour relations consultant at The Ottawa Hospital for five years, following 13 years with the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services of Ontario.
Rob also serves as an employer representative and nominee on various rights and interest arbitration boards for a number of private and public sector employers. He has participated as a member of the Ontario Hospital Association (OHA) provincial bargaining team in negotiations for the provincial/central collective agreement between the OHA and the Ontario Nurses Association.
Rob is a graduate of Algonquin College and a graduate of the Executive Advanced Program in Human Resources Management from the University of Toronto's Rotman School of Management. He has also completed additional course work in employment law at Carleton University as well as the Ottawa Academic Health Sciences Leadership Program with the University of Ottawa's Faculty of Medicine.
Rob is currently a member of the Human Resources Professional Association and has obtained the professional designation of Certified Human Resources Leader (CHRL).


What is employment status and why is it important?
If you decide to take on a personal assistant (PA), one of the first things you will need to do is work out what their tax employment status is. Employment status is also important for employment law rights, but status for employment law is not the same as for tax. You must look at your PA's status for tax and employment law separately as they will not necessarily be the same. See our employment law section for more information about status and employment law.
What is tax employment status?
Employment status for tax means whether your PA is employed or self-employed.
Why is tax employment status important?
Tax employment status is very important because employed and self-employed people pay different tax and National Insurance contributions. If tax employment status is wrong, it may mean the wrong amount and/or type of tax and National Insurance contributions are being paid. Tax employment status also affects how you should pay your PA and whether or not you have to pay any National Insurance contributions as a consequence of having a PA.
Explains the consequences from a tax and National Insurance point of view of getting tax employment status wrong.


The Debts Strand of The Crossway is a member of Community Money Advice (CMA) and their annual conference was this year held in Shrewsbury – on the site of the very first debt advice centre.
The key note speaker was Mike Royal – CEO of TLG (early years education intervention) and a Cinnamon Network (CN) ambassador. TLG works through churches to train volunteers to work one on one with troubled primary school children for 1 hour each week for 3 months. The volunteer also supports the family. CN is an enabling network working with churches who want to be involved in Social Action.
A strong message was that government and local government are desperate to harness the efforts of volunteers and being from a faith background is no longer an obstacle. The time has never been better to engage with our communities.
4.	CMA is being consulted by the government run Money Advice Service.
6.	There are now 131 centres. The first centre has opened in Scotland and a further 4 are in the planning stage.
7.	The Salvation Army are opening a centre in Edinburgh and plan to open a total of 15 over the next year.
8.	A national Canadian Christian debt advice service has been launched using the CMA model.
9.	An individual Christian in Nairobi, Kenya has launched his own debt advice centre using materials supplied by CMA. Against CMA advice he's calling it "Christian Against Poverty".
Once again it was encouraging and inspirational to be amongst the many Christians committed to supporting those in our communities suffering from financial hardship.
Mine is a question regarding debt. Does the crossway work like Step Change or do you give money advice/ training only? I am in debt but would like help from you if you have a section that works like Step Change does.
Thanks for your response to the recent article on the web site.
We work in a similar way to Step Change except that we see our clients face to face. We provide a confidential and impartial service and are licensed by the OFT.
We work by establishing the household budget – an income & expenditure statement. From this we are able to propose a strategy to deal with a particular client's debt issues. Once agreed we negotiate with their creditors – however it remains the responsibility of the client to make any agreed payments.
We offer appointments at 6.30 on Monday and Thursday evenings and on a Tuesday at 10am.


Discover our gifts and use our Gift Card in our village. The most beautiful gift is to give the pleasure to choose!
Do you want to make a special gift, but don't have a clear idea? Don't risk any mistakes … You decide how much to give to that special someone, and how much to treat yourself!
Buying our gift card is easy. Just visit our Info Point, choose the amount you want to fund it with, and tailor your gift with a message for that personal touch.
You'll get additional discounts! 10% off the already discounted outlet price, and many other exclusive offers just for you.


International Financial Institutions (IFIs): How much money do agroholdings need? More!
18 June 2018 - International financial institutions (IFIs) play an important role in the capital formation of large agroholdings. In order to expand their businesses, agroholdings conclude many loan agreements with various IFIs every year. This allows agricultural companies to build new production facilities, invest in new technologies and expand their land operations. On the other hand, such activities are often criticized in Western countries, because IFIs get their funding predominantly from Western taxpayers.
The activities of agroholdings are often susceptible to public criticism because of the established negative attitude to large scale farming. Frequent accusations of overuse of pesticides, cultivation of GMOs, violation of environmental norms and social standards contributed to the overall negative image of agroholdings.
At the same time, loans from IFIsimprove the country's investment attractiveness. More investment - more business development. In recent years, particularly Ukrainian agroholdings succeeded in raising capital from IFIs as the number of loan deals between agroholdings and IFIs has been growing. Special programs for investing in agriculture are part of the IFIs working agenda. For example, International Finance Corporation (IFC) has a strategy to accelerate agricultural growth, which requires necessary financing.
This allows agroholdings to access necessary funds. For example, in May 2018. IFC allocated a $ 30 million loan to the Astarta agroholding for the development of agro-logistics and improvement of resource efficiency. As reported by Astarta, over the past five years the company signed agreements with the European Bank of Reconstruction and Development(EBRD), the Dutch Development Bank and the European Investment Bank (EIB). All of them are mainly aimed at improving the use of natural resources.
The funding of certain projects often gets extended. For example, in summer 2012, the Agrotrade group and the EBRD signed a loan agreement for the replenishment of working capital for up to $ 15 million and a senior loan of up to $ 8 million for upgrading the elevator network of the group. Thanks to this, the groupbuilt the first stage of the modern elevator in Chernihiv region from scratch and reconstructed three more grain elevators - Hadyachskyy, Kolomakskyy and Doch-Khleb. Also, Agrotrade invested in the purchase of equipment for the seed factory. In 2015, the parties signed a new agreement until 2020 to continue the construction of these facilities.
The requirements for companies in these loan agreements are quite strict. According to Elena Vorona (COO, CFO of the Agrotrade group), the activities of the applicant company should be open and transparent. She sheds light on the conditions the EBRD sets for its borrowers.
"It is necessary to provide audit reports, confirmed by auditors accredited at the EBRD. The bank trusts the "Big Four" auditors and a number of other international companies," she explains. Without audit reporting, the EBRD will refuse to allocate funding. This is quite logical, since the Bank can be sure the company will be able to repay the loan.
In addition, there are requirements related to social responsibility and compliance with environmental standards. "For example, when Agrotrade was applying for funding to change the dryers at its elevators, one of the main preconditions for a loan was that the new equipment was more environmentally friendly," - Vorona tells.
Another requirement of the EBRD is regular reporting. The company must submit financial, managerial and audit reports annually in due time, in which it is describes in detail what and how is done, and most importantly – why it is done.
"Compared to other banks, the EBRD has more requirements, they control everything more carefully, more documents must be provided. However, the presence of the EBRD in the lenderportfolio is prestigious for any company. This is a reliable partner that will support in case of a crisis, because its task is to help the business develop," - Vorona adds.
Representatives of the IMC agroholding note that the publicity of the company is not a mandatory requirement to get a loan, but it is a significant advantage. The same applies to the experience with international lenders. The company says that the main thing is business profitability and a clear strategy supported with a sound financial model.
Astarta's managers echo this point and maintain that projects have to beconsistent with the development impact indicators set by anIFI (development indicators, energy efficiency indicators, and others).
The trust of financial institutions toward Ukrainian agribusinesses seems to be growing in the future. Andriy Perederiy, the analyst of the Concorde Capitalinvestment company says the increase in the number of loan agreements between agroholdings and IFIs is expected in the years to come. "IFIs actively cooperate not only with public organizations, but also with private agricultural companies in Ukraine. The most often funded projects aim to improve crop yields using modern technologies, renewable energy production, and logistics efficiency. Many agricultural producers are interested in this type of finance as it provides the possibility to improve cost efficiency," Perederiy says.


text:
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Semolinika Tomic
Cia Semolinika Tomic
Lenin is Mine
Discovering Lenin in Antartica
Body Safe(er)
Coto de Casa
L'Antic Teatre
Company productions
Communism is not dead.
In East European countries nowadays, even to quote this ideology is politically incorrect. In Western European countries, most communist parties have reformed themselves, some have changed their names, and the majority have accepted the rules of free trade and the capitalist system's game. After the fall of the East, some predicted the fall of the West as the liberal Democracy will not be able to resist (without Communism) the temptation to become a new kind of fascism.
What has happened in the last 15 years since the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the Balkan's ethnic war and the entrance of a wild and fast capitalism?
"LENIN IS MINE" is an opportunity for the Semolina Tomic Company to collaborate with artistic, cultural and social centres, and theatres, with artists, urban and suburban citizens of the communist and post communist culture and others of the western culture.
This generates a reflection through the presence of different voices and visions. It creates
a time zone that recognizes and accepts diversity as a value for artistic and creative expressions.
The scenography is not passive; it is being continuously reconstructed during the performance. The interactive stage metamorphoses, objects that make up the scenography transform themselves into different spaces or atmospheres.
I use the latest digital technologies and machinery with light, modular structures. This way I work both the physical (physical stage structures) and the virtual (audiovisual stage structures that are projected on to handmade screens).
The enemy of communism is the rich. The enemy of capitalism is the poor.
Ronald Reagan, ex-President of the United States of America (1981-1989)
IIn 1989 the Eastern Block wall falls and in 1990 we start noticing the beginning conflicts of the Balkans and the entrance of a wild and fast capitalism.
What has happened in the last 15 years with the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the death of communism and the Balkan s ethnic war?
The almost unavoidable continuation of my work, after the creation of BODY SAFER (er), is inspired in the roots of my most anxious questions about life, people and their contradictions.
The basis of "LENIN IS MINE" is the possibility to collaborate within the creative structures -such as theatres, social and cultural centres- of the countries of Central/Eastern Europe and Russia, and also with the artists of post communist culture and others coming from western culture.
Being able to work and collaborate within these structures, in the form of residencies, teaching several workshops and doing research visits to these countries, is highly important in order to bring this creation to life.
The intention of this collaborative work is to develop a space for thought, which will allow the presence of different voices and visions related to these textures and their visual imagery; to identity and reflect their physical expression. A temporary zone that recognises and accepts diversity as a value for artistic and creative expression.
The first time I stopped to think and to seriously ask myself "WHAT IS REALLY HAPPENING? I was 13 years old and I had just met two Hungarian boys at a friend s house. I was born in Osijek, North of Croatia, only a 100 kilometres from the Hungarian border. These two kids where in a state of shock because they had just escaped their country running, while the Russian block soldiers where shooting at them. They ran and ran without looking back. One of their friends had been killed so they just ran, without looking back. They just wanted to get to Paris (France).
I started to understand how things worked when I realised that the communism of the Russian Block controlled up to the smallest detail people s lives and that options for people with a free spirit simply did not exist. This really scared me, even though in the socialist system where I was born and raised -ex Yugoslavia- the situation of living was hugely different.
Nowadays most parts of Russian and Eastern Countries are privatised, fortunes plundered and speculation, Mafias, prostitution, corruption, and nationalism rule' The first millions are earned, ex KGB agents turn into state presidents, Mafia'Äôs godfathers turn into influent businessmen, buying positions in parliament, in the police force and in the army, and their children get sent to Oxford.
Most people s lives don t make any SENSE any more because everything has changed. Parents and grandparents the generation that knew the communist system and its rules- raise their children -the generation of the 90`s- with their old rules; children that are born and grow knowing only the wild capitalist system.
This investigation's work made me realise that I felt the drive to create and base myself on my own reflections about the subject, a subject that has always moved me.
And this was the beginning of my research on LENIN IS MINE.
Communism is dead.
Nowadays, in Eastern European countries, even to quote this ideology is politically incorrect and in the Western European countries, communist parties have reformed themselves, some have changed name, and the majority have accepted the rules of free trade and the capitalist system's game.
Some have come to the conclusion that communism, especially Stalin's, was worse than Nazism (Stalin killed millions of people, beating Hitler's atrocities).
Lenin died in 1924, and the following history that came after his death, turning communism into terror thanks to all the "communist" presidents, is very far from the Marxist ideology that he held. His image was used as "the" symbol of communism, and when communism fell, it turned into a negative symbol, an evil "totem" and an image of suffering in these countries.
With the changes in the Eastern European political systems, after being an integral part of people's daily lives, the statues in even the smallest of villages completely disappeared, with the intention of erasing history. For example, in Hungary, they gathered all the country's statues and created a "Museum of Terror" in Andrasi Boulevard in Budapest. In other places the statues were sold to rich countries like Norway.
Therefore we find ourselves faced with a historical paradox, or even more so, a sort of collective ignorance as far as the facts concerned with the communist system and the basic differences between the original ideological purposes and the way it was applied in Stalin's government.
We actually forget that Lenin's objectives, his communist ideology, in its essential basis were positive, humanitarian and constructive, integrated and integrative by other political systems like democracy, which now a days reigns and is considered "correct".
The Russian Revolution in 1917, gave a revolt to Russian culture's society, as well as a new vision of the world amidst all the humanity of the 20th Century, compared to the 1789's French Revolution.
The sense of freedom and creativity that took place in the following 15 years (until the arrival of Stalin's regime), gave origin to the most fruitful vanguard in theatre arts, architecture, cinema and poetry. For example: constructivism in the architecture of Melnikov, Vesnin, Lessitsky or in Malevich's supremacist studios, Meyerhold's theatrical experiments, the scenes from Popova, Maiakovski's poetry, Dziga Vertov's and Rotchenko's cinema to mention only a few examples.
Artistic disciplines fused, creating new forms of expression and interacting with the whole of Europe's scene of the time, the Bauhaus School, Stijl School in Holland, Italian's futurism or the experimentation in painting in France.
Historically, we know the dramatic consequences of the Russian revolution that left a lot of orphans, people without homes, generating criminality, displacing villages, creating forced labour camps and prisons (gulags), expropriating properties from the feudal bourgeoisie and creating new and strict social rules like bureaucracy and the co-operatives (solkoz, kolkoz).
For this reason, Lenin, or better said, his iconography or "iconoclast", is proposed again in the frame of a critical project about a prospective vision with different points of view. A reflective image, reflected over and over again in the time and space of Eastern European culture as well as in the collective imagery of Western culture.
My intention is not a political or moral one as far as aesthetics go; in its etymological sense, the depth of the surface, the facade of a statue, whose face represents and transcends a historical period, a period very important to humanity and which is disappearing completely.
We try to confront preconceived concepts of this ideological language, giving force to the vital human energy among its pains and dreams, wishes and disasters. We can't deny people's will to live, the creativity in proposing new world visions and the fact that political forces take advantage of these feelings.
Lenin, just like any other historical figure, embodies humanity's
contradictions, confusions and doubts. Lenin is an interface of the past, present and future times, he is a "medium" where we can analyse and reinterpret the world; a poetical and romantic vision, playing all the multiple sides of life.
In "Lenin is Mine" I want to use all these contradictions. I want to work with Lenin's emblematic figure making it mine in my own way.
I will try to synthesise, around this icon, all the questions and all the answers of my vision of today's world.
I would like to talk about subtleties, nearly invisible and at the same time strongly noticeable daily situations, for example waking up and making breakfast (but what breakfast?)…
I would also like to talk about culture and education, the ways and methods of realisation in a communist system and compare them to today's system.
Encounters and fusion with artists, citizens and farmers
The idea is to collaborate with spaces, artists and people from other cultures during the investigation and creation period. This is the basis of my new project.
This stimulating fusion from various experiences, extracted from life or from artistic careers, make this explosion of creativity reflected in the dynamics of the play.
With this objective, actors, directors, set designers, technical crews, people from the world of cinema, photographers, musicians, anonymous people that will be interviewed and translators will be involved. All of them will face their own artistic experiences and will work together in this experimental work.
In 2005 and 2006 we organised numerous workshops and research visits in Croatia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Poland, Serbia, Letonia and Russia.
These workshops consisted of a collaborative work between the artistic team of the theatre company and other artists from different disciplines from each of the visited countries, in this way we can start developing together the base ideas for the project. Each one of these encounters has generated material for the final creation.
These collaborations gave me the possibility to mix different contrasts, characters, nationalities and influences. These proposals are very suggestive and rich, stimulating and feeding all the creative process.
For example, during the workshop in Croatia we could still feel the presence of the war in the memory of society, due to the political and economic situation of the Balkans. We could also see that the exchange of experiences between Croat and Serbian actors (that had never imagined themselves working together) created a very special environment because they had to overcome their racial prejudices and share the theatrical experience.
Interviews with urban citizens and farmers
This research was also based on audiovisual format interviews that will be used as material during the show.
These interviews will touch all the social and cultural aspects of these populations.
The tales of their experiences, realities and the confrontation with the past and the present, feed and support the live actions that will happen on stage.
For example, food is one of the communist system base problems.
Interviews were made to farmers who produced and sold their products to the co-operatives (Solkoz) that have now completely vanished. Nowadays, they have to pay the Mafia so that they have a right to sell.
In the cities, during communism, the state stores had very few products. There were big queues to buy with tickets. Nowadays the queues in front of the food shops have disappeared but the people haven't got any money to buy in these same establishments which are now full of the newest products.
Archive Material: Film, TV, posters, photography, iconography
The research also includes archive material from the communist era, such as:
Film material with the strong aesthetics of the cinema schools from the eastern countries.
TV images that deal with information and the reality of the times, and that reflects life itself.
Personal photos
Iconography from communist symbolism (the star, hammer and the sickle, the fist)
What does the creative process mean to me?
To me, the creative process is the most important part of the production of a play.
The process is a movement of energy, thoughts, feelings, emotions, physical sensations, changes of temperature, anxieties that drive you to different psychological states, opening of the senses, colour and sound perception, vibrations, fluctuations. A movement exposed to changing sensibilities, to inner and outer experiences, shared with others.
The intensity of this process is synthesised in the final production of the show.
SCENIC DESCRIPTION
The actors move and are part of the mobile structures that represent places, territories and spaces that constantly recreate themselves.
It's not passive, nor an icon (like architecture or communist monuments). It is constructed and reconstructed during the performance. A staged interactive metamorphose, where basic elements such as objects will be transformed into spaces or atmospheres.
I use the latest digital technology and knowledge of several mechanisms, in order to move these structures. They are light and modular and combine the physical (real stage structures) and the virtual (audiovisual stage structures projected onto handmade screens).
The strong point of the audiovisual part of the show is the idea of the interaction between actors and images. We try to create and blend time, physical and spatial situations from that era and from nowadays.
It was thought that these audiovisuals can be part of the lighting design of the performance, creating different environments and atmospheres.
For example: Projections of the Jewish cemetery in Warsaw
Film screen at floor level.
In front of it an actor walks in.
Timeless situation: winter and summer.
1 In movement – images
In movement – actor
2 In movement – images
without movement – actor
3 without movement – images
In movement – actor
4 The actor filmed in the cemetery appearing inside the projection alternating the previous movement and no movement actions between the actor and the cemetery.
I work with sensitive atmospheres full of details merged with strong situations mixed with music or silence.
A space that represents the regularity of the grey and standardized Stalin architecture, in order to contrast it with a romantic atmosphere.
The power of the images and the actor's work explain simple situations from daily life, that are also complex and strong.
Examples of atmospheric suggestions: Before and after
Bread making and bread buying
News on TV
Music (hymns and instruments) and dances
Communist buildings turned in to multimedia cinemas
Relations between men and women, women and women and men with men.
Factories, working clothes and tools
Cars, bikes, motorbikes
Symbols, advertising, posters
Army, police and jails
The presence of musicians on stage is also a very important part in creating the atmosphere for this project.
The mix of instruments from Eastern Countries and new synthetic sounds will accompany the actions keeping the essence of the musical language.
Example of musical atmosphere: The International is played live by a musician.
Bit by bit other sounds come in subtlety distorting it until it is totally transformed.
I don't care about morality – the good and the bad – neither is it my intention to begin to justify the systems nor to simplify things or events.
After so much time in this project, I'm well aware that it's a very delicate and risky subject, even after 15 years of this amazing change. That's why I want to treat it with all my sensitivity, intelligence and respect.
"The enemy of communism is the rich. The enemy of capitalism is the poor"
Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America (1981-1989)
Idea, Concept, Direction: Semolínika Tomic
Interpretation: Semolínika Tomic, Carles Fígols
Stage Design: Nebojsa Tabacki
Accomplishment Stage: Marcos Rodríguez López
Statue of Lenin: Giulia Scati, Alberto Pastore, Ruza, Mitra
Music: Marius Matesan
Lights: Alex Kurth
Production: AdriAntic – Rehearsal Studio of L'Antic Teatre – L'Espai de Creació
Promotion graphic: Chesculin Ros
Conception visual space:
Co production: L'Antic Teatre – L'Espai de Creació, Barcelona
Government of Catalonia / Department of Culture and Mass media, Barcelona
Institute of Culture / City Council of Barcelona
AdriAntic – Rehearsal Studio of L'Antic Teatre – L'Espai de Creació
Hangar – Visual Arts Production Centre, Barcelona
L'Estruch – Centre for Arts Development, Sabadell
Ca n'Oliveras – City Counc¡l of Martorell
Collaborations/Correspondent:
Germany: Gabi, Pietro, Andrea, Patricio,
Bulgaria: Radost Nikolaeva, Deyana Robert (Krug Youth Center, Duzhdovnitsa), Maria Stoyanova
Croatia: Sanja Tomic, Nenad Mrdjanovic i Snjezana Majdandzic, Srecko i Zeljka Kukic, Delimir Resicki (Glas Slavonije, Osijek), Stanko i Matija Tomic
Spain: L'Antic Teatre – L'Espai de Creació, Barcelona
Estonia: Evelyn Muursepp, John Grzinich (Moks Center for art and social practice, Mooste)
Letonia: Eric Lusito
Poland: Adrianna Koralewska (Modus Vivendi,Poznan)
Czech Republic: Nadja Vavrova
Rumania: Roxana Diana Peric
Russia: Eric Lusito
Serbia: Vladimir Aleksic, Branislavka Todorovic, Darko Peric, Slavko Zenar, Aleksandar Avramesku, Zoe Gudovic

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


1. Define your goals, wants, needs and expectations.
A good place to begin is by exploring your short term and long term goals in life and how selling your home fits in.
2. Determine the best price for whats going on in the market right now.
Assess the current state of the market and what comparable homes are actually selling for by obtaining a Comparative Market Analysis (CMA) for your home. This will help you determine the fair market value and price it right.
3. Prepare the property so that it is in top-selling condition.
Most of us don't keep our homes in top-selling condition. you must see things from a Buyer's point of view. This may mean making repairs, replacing or removing items so that you home makes a great first impression.
4. Implement time-proven, research-based marketing strategies.
Use a combination of print ad, internet ads, social media, door knocking, word of mouth, open houses and other time tested methods to make sure that you are bringing the most qualified buyers to your doorstep.
Make your home available for viewing as much as possible. Your potential buyers may be free during the day when you are at work so make a plan to be able to show it then – and always keep your home in top-selling condition. You know what they say about a first impression.
When a Buyer decides to buy your home, an offer (or binder) will be presented. Seek professional advice to fully understand the terms laid out in the offer and find out if the buyer is financially qualified to purchase your home.
Most offers require some level of negotiation. You will need to decide the parameters of your counter offer and present them to the Buyers. This process may happen a few times and may require you to compromise to make the deal happen. Once a deal is made – seek legal representation to assist with the preparing and executing of your contract.
8. Board Approvals, Home Appraisals and Inspections.
Once you have an executed contract, the Buyers and their Lender will require you to coordinate with them to allow appraisers, inspectors and possibly surveyors into your home to make their assessments. If you are selling a CoOp, then the Buyer will have to be approved by the CoOp Board before the sale can proceed. This can take several weeks depending on the speed that the Board moves. The Buyer will be required to fill out an application and meet with the Board for an interview. The Buyer may require that certain repairs be made – how these are done will have to be negotiated and followed through on.
Stay in contact with your attorney to make sure that all of the necessary documents and forms have been prepared. They should be available for your review before the closing takes place. You will also need to schedule a final walk-through with the Buyers so that they can assess the state of the property and any repairs before they take ownership.
At the closing, ownership of your property will be legally transferred to the Buyer.


text:
Sabina Altynbekova (en ), née le  à Aktioubé, est une joueuse kazakhe de volley-ball connue pour sa grande beauté qui a fait d'elle un phénomène d'internet en 2014. Réceptionneuse-attaquante internationale d', elle est actuellement sans club depuis la naissance de son fils en 2021.

Biographie
Fille de parents sportifs, Sabina Altynbekova naît le  à Aktioubé, ville de l'ouest du Kazakhstan. Elle se consacre sérieusement au volley-ball à partir de l'âge de .

Sélectionnée pour disputer le  avec l'équipe du Kazakhstan féminine de volley-ball, Sabina Altynbekova attire toutes les attentions médiatiques de par sa beauté. Bien que l'équipe kazakhe finit le tournoi à une anecdotique septième place et qu'Altynbekova ne joue que très peu, elle est l'attraction de la compétition, jusqu'à gêner son équipe et ses coéquipières. L'entraîneur national Nurlan Sadikov déclare même :

Vedette en Asie de l'Est, Altynbekova est recrutée par l'agence sportive japonaise Dentsu en 2015, devenant la première étrangère de l'entreprise, et joue quelques rencontres pour les GSS Sunbeams qui évoluent en deuxième division japonaise. L'athlète, qui est l'une des volleyeuse les plus suivies sur les réseaux sociaux, lance une marque de mode en 2017, vendant des vêtements de sport fabriqués en collaboration avec l'entreprise Zibroo, sous le nom de S20. Sa page Instagram compte plus d'un million d'abonnés. En 2017, elle utilise ce réseau social pour condamner le génocide des Rohingya.

En 2019, l'attaquante kazakhe signe avec le club italien de , tout récemment promu en première division. Peu de temps après son recrutement, le club cesse ses activités et la joueuse se retrouve sans club.

Mariée à la fin de l'année 2020, Sabina Altynbekova donne naissance à un fils à l'automne 2021.

Notes et références

Citations originales

Références

Naissance en novembre 1996
Naissance à Aktioubé
Joueuse kazakhe de volley-ball
Phénomène Internet

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It was Belgium's own War of the Worlds moment.
Ten years ago on Tuesday (13 December), Belgian state television aired a fake documentary that reported the secession of the Flemish region from Belgium.
Just like the 1938 simulated news bulletins that were part of the radio adaptation of HG Wells' novel about a Martian invasion, the Belgian programme had many people believing the portrayed events were real.
In particular French-speaking Belgians fell for it, given that the programme, Bye Bye Belgium, was aired on the French-speaking national broadcaster RTBF.
The station received more than 30,000 calls from concerned viewers, who thought that the reported declaration of independence in the Flemish parliament, and the Belgian king fleeing the country, had actually happened.
The show began with the statement "this may not be a fiction", but that evidently eluded many viewers.
Half an hour into the show, the concerned responses prompted the broadcaster to add a more unambiguous disclaimer, saying it was a work of fiction.
Several high-ranking Belgian politicians called the RTBF "irresponsible", and even current president of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker was angry.
Juncker, who was then prime minister of neighbouring Luxembourg, said at the time that the show's topic "was not the kind of issue you play around with", according to the Associated Press news agency.
The show struck a nerve and rekindled an existential fear in parts of the French-speaking side of the country.
That fear was not irrational at the time: a survey among 1,300 Flemish published eight months later said that some 45.8 percent wanted Flanders to declare independence.
A decade on, however, the scenario of Flanders unilaterally seceding from the Belgian federation, is dismissed even by those Flemish politicians who want an independent Flanders.
"This is not the scenario we want, and this is not how it will happen," said Mark Demesmaeker in an interview with EUobserver earlier this year.
Demesmaeker is a member of the European Parliament for the Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie (New Flemish Alliance, N-VA).
He helped Bye Bye Belgium look more realistic by appearing in the fake documentary.
"It was a lot of fun to cooperate, but in the end this was a persiflage, a caricature," said Demesmaeker.
"It was really a pure fiction," agreed Tom Van Grieken, leader of rival nationalist party Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest).
"If Flanders becomes independent, then it will not be a violent revolution with protests and trains that are stopped at the border," he told this website.
The two parties represent in principle the same goal – an independent or autonomous Flanders – but in practice have taken two different routes.
Flemish Interest is a far-right anti-Islam, anti-EU party - a reboot of the Flemish Bloc party, which was convicted of racism in 2004. It has three seats of 150 in the Belgian federal Lower House, and six of 124 seats in the Flemish parliament.
It is something of a pariah in Belgian politics, whose other parties have for years had an implicit agreement that the Flemish Bloc/Interest would not be included in any coalition talks.
The N-VA, by contrast, has grown to become Belgium's biggest party, having won 33 of 150 seats in the federal parliament in the 2014 elections. In the Flemish parliament, it is even bigger with 43 of 124 seats.
Belgian prime minister Charles Michel is leading a centre-right coalition government which has the N-VA as its biggest party. It consists of three Flemish parties and one French-speakers' party: Michel's Liberals.
According to MEP Demesmaeker, the N-VA's membership of the coalition has achieved that Flemish Belgians feel more represented in the national government.
The Flemish region has around 55 percent of the Belgian population, while around 32 percent of Belgians live in Wallonia, and the rest in Brussels.
On average, Flemish people levitate more towards the right-wing of the political spectrum, compared to their French-speaking counterparts.
Demesmaeker noted that for the first time since 1988 the French socialist party is not part of the federal government.
"The socialist party dominates in Wallonia. But the majority in Flanders votes more centrist and centre-right. They want an economically more liberal, business-friendly policy," said Demesmaeker.
With a centre-right government, in place since 2014, Demesmaeker argued that Flemish citizens are better represented at the federal level.
But far right Flemish parliamentarian Tom Van Grieken said that all issues are "communitarian", i.e. relating to whether the regional or federal level of government decides.
His party blames the N-VA for having put the debate about moving powers to the regional level on ice.
"That is the price they paid to be in power," Van Grieken said about the N-VA, which agreed in a coalition deal to put off any constitutional reform until after the next elections of 2019.
So far, the Flemish electorate seems to agree with that approach.
A survey by the university of Leuven asked which three themes were most important to Flemish voters.
In 2007, some 13.3 percent named devolution of powers as one of the three most important themes. In 2010, it was mentioned by 19.7 respondents, but by 2014 that figure had dropped to 5.7 percent.
The economy, job creation, and education have become more important issues.
More recently, after the terrorist attacks in Brussels last March, security issues have joined that list.
Belgium received a lot of flak for having made crucial mistakes in the run-up to the attacks, part of which were blamed on poor communication between different governmental levels.
But the multiple levels of government can also lead to a lack of coherence in a policy field like energy, which is shared by the regional and federal governments.
Businesses can receive conflicting messages about where to invest, with the Flemish regional government promoting renewable energy, while the federal government has changed its mind several times over whether to extend the life of its nuclear plants.
More recently, the divide between Flemish and French-speaking interests were highlighted by the attempts by the Walloon government to stall an EU trade agreement with Canada.
Put simplified, the Flemish saw the trade deal as an opportunity to sell products to Canada, while the French-speaking Belgians saw a threat to their jobs and standards.
That different way of looking at political issues is also reflected in the media.
Belgium effectively does not have a common public debate, just as it does not have any federal parties representing both sides of the linguistic divide.
The two sides have a completely different cultural life.
According to MEP Demesmaeker this was illustrated perfectly by the panic caused by the fake documentary on the French-speaking broadcaster.
"That programme showed that Belgium is two countries, and two democracies," said Demesmaeker.
"If you really live in one country, what would you do when you see that on television? You would have switched to another channel," he said.
If the viewers had checked the Flemish networks, they would have seen that all was well. There, football was on.
In a press conference designed to restore his country's image two weeks after the attacks, Charles Michel said that security is efficient and that Brussels is a welcoming place.
The mayor of Molenbeek, the Brussels district made infamous for sheltering terrorists, is targeting delinquency and petty crime in her effort to stamp out extremism.


text:
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Safety clutch eliminates sudden high-torque reaction should the bit jam.
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Drilling holes in solid masonry, concrete stone from 4 to 26mm in diameter to various fixing.
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Tiles removal from kitchens & bathrooms.


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Looks really good, looking forward to this, especially after reading the incredible book.
Last edited by Osiris3657; 08-02-12 at 06:41 PM.
I've watched at least a couple of documentaries about him.
One, I think on HBO, was a two hour thing with over and hour of interviews with Kuklinski.
Man Shannon can deliver can't he? That guy is just amazing at his craft.
So... It's not a remake of this?
I can't believe it's taken this long to do a movie about him, since that HBO interview was aired almost 20 years ago. He was worse than a psycho, he was downright evil. If there is a Hell, he's roasting in it.
Apparently there was going to be another film with Mickey Rourke as Kuklinski, but I don't know what happened with it. IMDB doesn't have it listed.
Wow. That scene was HARD. And SERIOUS.
Mickey Rourke will play Kuklinski in a film based on Philip Carlo's biography The Ice Man, Confessions of a Mafia Contract Killer. The film was expected to start shooting in spring 2010 in New York, New Jersey and Florida.
Uh...whoa. I can BARELY tell that's Shannon right there.
This is premiering at the Toronto Film Festival in September...hopefully we'll get it by the end of the year.
Damnit. I got all excited.
Franco to Evans is definitely an upgrade.
Actually this is incorrect, Franco is still in the movie but in a different role. Chris Evans is the character that Franco was originally set to play.
I hope they don't portray Kuklinski as a great guy when he's with his family. He had a quick temper, beat his wife regularly and threatened to kill her.


text:
5 Hit Songs You Probably Didn't Know John Prine Wrote
George Strait recorded a John Prine song — he took it to No. 1, in fact. Don Williams did, too. Miranda Lambert didn't release her Prine cover as a single ,but it's still one of her signature songs and a sterling moment from her breakthrough album.
While Prine is best known as a folk and country music songwriter who provided a voice to a generation of artists, poets and thinkers, he did achieve a level of commercial success long before his first Top 5 album, The Tree of Forgiveness (2018). Covers of his songs are common perhaps today more than ever, as contemporaries like Jason Isbell and Sturgill Simpson breathe new life into a catalog 50 years deep.
You may not even realize Prine wrote these 5 songs, starting with the one that made him famous. The 73-year-old died on Tuesday (April 7) after contracting COVID-19 in March. He was a two-time Grammy winner with 18 albums to his name. He was also a cancer survivor, father and husband of 24 years to wife Fiona Prine.
Bonnie Raitt, "Angel From Montgomery"
Bonnie Raitt cut "Angel From Montgomery" in 1974 and has since said the song is more important to her body of work than any other song. Dozens of artists have covered it on albums and during live shows over the last 45 years, making this easily Prine's most well-known song.
George Strait, "I Just Want to Dance With You"
George Strait's breezy No. 1 from 1998 was a John Prine co-write. Prine had previously cut the song for his 1986 album German Afternoons.
Miranda Lambert, "That's the Way That the World Goes Round"
While never a single, "That's the Way That the World Goes Round" has become a staple of Lambert's live show. She famously performed the song at the 2010 CMA Awards, one year after including it on her breakthrough album, Revolution.
Watch: Miranda Lambert Pays Tribute to John Prine:
David Allan Coe, "You Never Even Called Me by My Name"
John Prine and Steven Goodman wrote "You Never Even Called Me by My Name," and Goodman recorded it for his 1971 album, but Prine requested to be left off the credits, as he didn't want to offend anyone. Only later, after David Allan Coe made the song a Top 10 hit, did people learn that Prine had a hand in the country music industry kiss-off.
Don Williams, "Love Is on a Roll"
While not one of Don Williams' signature songs, "Love Is on a Roll" was a No. 1 hit and his lead single off of Yellow Moon. It's a strolling country love song made easy by the Gentle Giant, as most lyrics tend to be.
Country Artists Grieve for John Prine:
Source: 5 Hit Songs You Probably Didn't Know John Prine Wrote
Filed Under: coronavirus, John Prine
Categories: Articles, Lists, News, Photos


(3) "District" means the Quail Creek Municipal Utility District.
Sec. 8410.002. NATURE OF DISTRICT. The district is a conservation and reclamation district created under Section 59, Article XVI, Texas Constitution.
Sec. 8410.003. FINDINGS OF BENEFIT AND PUBLIC PURPOSE. (a) The district is created to serve a public use and benefit.
(b) All land and other property included in the boundaries of the district will benefit from the works and projects accomplished by the district under the authority granted by Section 59, Article XVI, Texas Constitution.
Sec. 8410.051. COMPOSITION OF BOARD; TERMS. (a) The district is governed by a board of five elected directors.
Sec. 8410.101. MUNICIPAL UTILITY DISTRICT POWERS. The district has the rights, powers, privileges, and functions provided by general law applicable to a municipal utility district created under Section 59, Article XVI, Texas Constitution, including Chapters 49 and 54, Water Code.
Sec. 8410.102. WATER CONSERVATION PROGRAM. (a) In this section, "program of water conservation" means the practices, techniques, and technologies that will reduce water consumption, reduce water loss or waste, improve efficiency in water use, or increase water recycling and reuse so that a water supply is available for future uses.


Helping you improve your project management capability.
Even as a young solicitor I seemed to gravitate more to organisational improvement rather than direct client work. I have always been fascinated about how the blend of individual skills, process execution and organisational support come together to realise a vision. In fact I must confess to being something of a frustrated film director at heart!
Lawyers are clearly being challenged to deliver legal services in new ways. Applying project management principles to legal service delivery allows lawyers to meet these challenges.
I have a background in law, project management and legal I.T. By putting these together, I help lawyers improve the delivery of their legal services. I help them realise their vision of excellence.
The U.K's largest law firms now employ full-time legal project managers, working alongside their lawyer colleagues. I have for a long time believed that legal project management is applicable to all law firms, not only the very largest, and all lawyers. The Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA) agrees.
In its Statement of Competence for Solicitors, the SRA describes many tasks expected to be performed by all solicitors in terms of project management. For example, the Statement refers to solicitors 'meeting timescales, resource requirements and budgets' (for more please see Section D of the Competence Statement). This sounds like a high level definition of 'a project' to me.
1. Tools – ranging from document templates to software applications.
2. Methods and Processes – standard matter project plans supported by lower level processes and activities.
3. Skills – of both lawyers and support staff, working together as productive teams.
4. Organisational Project Maturity – to help ensure that the project delivery capability of the firm continues to grow.
The ultimate aim is not to become better at legal project management per se, but for lawyers to become more effective and clients to become happier with the service they receive. Happier clients are more likely to pay their bills quicker, instruct their law firm with more work and provide referrals.
I help lawyers and their colleagues achieve these aims by providing legal project management training, certification and support.
I am a solicitor by training, with postgraduate qualifications in law, computing and project management. I am a Legal Project Practitioner (LPP) and a founder member of the International Institute for Legal Project Management (IILPM) where I sit on its Global Advisory Council. I am also qualified in the Prince II project management methodology (practitioner level) and I am a full member of the Association for Project Management (APM) and the Project Management Institute (PMI).
I have a record of successful project delivery in all kinds of legal environments: solicitors firms (Pinsent Masons, Berrymans Lace Mawer), academia (School of Law, King's College London) and legal software development organisations. I enjoyed working as a Strategic Project Manager at Axxia / LexisNexis for more than 10 years.
Since 2012 I have been an independent consultant, providing project management services to law firms. I also write regularly about legal project management. PDFs of some published articles can be downloaded from here, and you can find my blog site's home page here and subscribe to my blog posts here.
People tend to describe me as being an enthusiastic, honest, hardworking individual with a sense of humour. I come from Liverpool originally which may help explain the latter. I am an objective and considered thinker, with a preference for basing decisions on facts followed by thoughtful analysis. My default mode is to turn initiatives into plans with objectives, and this is perhaps why I have also been called a 'completion expert'. I have over 30 years experience of working in the legal services market and I understand what it takes for individuals and organisations to succeed in that market.
This understanding underpins my legal project management training. My training reflects the need for effective delivery of legal services, as practised in the real world by solicitors, barristers, in-house lawyers, government lawyers, cost lawyers, professional support lawyers, paralegals and business development staff. I really enjoy running legal project management training courses and feedback from students shows they enjoy it too. My courses are comprehensive, intensive and at times challenging. They are great learning experiences and we all enjoy a few laughs along the way.


child learn how to make positive, healthy choices.
Good talking, good listening: Establish and maintain good communication with your child.
Time with your kids: Get involved and stay involved in your child's life.
Living with rules: Make clear rules and enforce them with consistency and appropriate consequences.
Walk the walk: Be a positive role model.
Kids with kids: Teach your child to choose friends wisely.
Show and tell: Monitor your child's activities.


The Lake Geneva Region with its diverse scenery of palm trees on one side of the lake and snow-capped mountain peaks on the other, has attracted visitors since the 19th century. Vineyard terraces steeped along the lakeside, the glittering waters of Lake Geneva and the mild climate have given the lakeside resorts of Montreux, Lausanne and Vevey their collective name of 'Swiss Riviera'. The cosmopolitan city of Geneva is home to international organisations, boutique shops and has retained the elegance of French-speaking Switzerland.
Set on a sunny plateau above the Rhône valley with unrestricted views of Lake Geneva and Mont Blanc.
We offer flights from major and regional airports in the UK to Switzerland with a wide range of airlines. Prices for air travel fluctuate depending on airline, availability and departure airport. Flight prices are lower the earlier you book.
All our package prices are based on an average flight price and are return from the UK in economy class with 1 piece of luggage included. We also book hand-luggage only fares on request.
Your package price may be lower than the 'from prices'. Our consultants will help you with the most attractive flight options from your nearest departure airport.
All our packages include return transfers by rail from any Swiss airport or border railway station. Trains are a very comfortable way to travel in winter. Some resorts can only be reached by train. We also offer private transfers by car or minibus. When travelling with a group of people or with a lot of luggage private transfers are a convenient alternative. If booking private transfers, rail tickets and half fare card are not included.


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Justin Smith Devonte Green Tray Buchanan Alou Dillon Trayce Jackson-Davis Doug Wilson Baylor Scheierman Sports Men's college basketball College basketball Basketball College sports Men's basketball Men's sports
Indiana Big Ten South Dakota State Summit League
Jackson-Davis again doubles down, Indiana drops S. Dakota St
South Dakota State's Tray Buchanan (2) shoots during the second half of an NCAA college basketball game against Indiana, Saturday, Nov. 30, 2019, in Bloomington, Ind. (AP Photo/Darron Cummings)
BLOOMINGTON, Ind. (AP) — Trayce Jackson-Davis had 19 points and 14 rebounds for his fourth straight double-double to lead Indiana past South Dakota State, 64-50, Saturday.
Justin Smith added 18 points and eight rebounds as the Hoosiers completed a November sweep and improved to 8-0.
Indiana led by 11 at the half but was never able to put away South Dakota State in the second half. The Hoosiers' largest lead came on a Jackson-Davis lob dunk with four minutes remaining that made it 62-46.
Tray Buchanan led the Jackrabbits (6-4) with 15 points. Baylor Scheierman added seven.
Indiana and South Dakota State traded 3-pointers — and turnovers — early with a 3 by Alou Dillon getting the Jackrabbits within 20-18 with a little more than seven minutes left in the half.
But Devonte Green answered with a jumper to spark an 11-0 run by Indiana, highlighted by a thundering Jackson-Davis block that turned into a dunk on the other end by Smith, that put the Hoosiers up 31-18. Indiana ended the half with a 37-26 lead.
South Dakota State: The loss snaps a two-game winning streak for two-time defending Summit League regular season champions.
Indiana: South Dakota State was the final mid-major tune-up for Indiana. After Florida State Tuesday, Indiana opens Big Ten play at Wisconsin, then plays UConn in the Jimmy V. Classic.
South Dakota State: Doug Wilson came in averaging 17.8 points to lead the Jackrabbits but was limited to just six points before fouling out. ... South Dakota State finished with 17 turnovers. ... The Jackrabbits went 19 of 56 from the field, including just 6 of 28 (21.4%) from 3-point range.
Indiana: Hoosiers open the season 8-0 for the first time since the 2012-13 season. ... Indiana was held to season lows of 64 points and 41.4% shooting (24-for-58). ... Indiana committed a season-high 19 turnovers.
South Dakota State has five days off before playing at Montana State Thursday.
Indiana plays host to Florida State in the Big Ten/ACC Challenge Tuesday night.