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History of the Glidden Company's Soya Products / Chemurgy Division
by William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi
A Chapter from the Unpublished Manuscript, History of Soybeans and
Soyfoods, 1100 B.C. to the 1980s
©Copyright 2004 Soyfoods Center, Lafayette, California
The Glidden Company's Soya Products Division was a pioneer in solvent extraction in America, installing a German hexane plant in 1934. In 1935 they produced America's first commercial isolated soy protein, named Alpha Protein, which was used industrially in paper coatings. Then in 1939 they introduced Albusoy, America's first food grade isolate, an enzyme modified product that was sold as a whipping agent. Glidden was one of America's earliest manufacturers of soy lecithin, the first to make granular soy lecithin, and the first in America to produce sterols and sex hormones from soy oil. In the late 1930s Glidden developed and patented the earliest known process for texturizing soybean meal; they used an expeller, and the product was used in canned dog foods.
During the mid-1950s Glidden developed Promine, the first isolated soy protein to find widespread commercial use in foods, and Pro-70, a very early soy protein concentrate. Glidden was acquired by Central Soya in 1958, and thereafter greatly strengthened that company's work with soy proteins and lecithins.
It is surprising that no history of Glidden Company has ever been written, despite its many pioneering activities in the soybean and soyfoods industries. Much of the following history has been reconstructed from three sources: the excellent memory of Ed Meyer, with help from Dale Johnson, Sidney Circle, and Ed Oberg; the company's annual reports; and an excellent 1949 article by Fortune magazine titled "House that Joyce Built."
Founding and Early Years (1875-1929). In 1875 Francis Harrington Glidden founded Glidden, Brackett & Co., in Cleveland, Ohio. With the help of one assistant, he produced 1,000 gallons of varnish a week in two 150-gallon kettles. In 1895 Glidden became the first company to make a colored varnish. The new product, called Jap-A-Lac, had become a household word by the turn of the century. In 1906 Glidden pioneered in the use of tung oil to produce faster-drying, harder, more durable, waterproof and lower cost varnishes (Glidden Coatings and Resins 1984). Yet Glidden remained a small, regional paint and varnish company, with only one plant. It had no involvement with soybeans in any way.
In 1917 Adrian D. Joyce and associates formed a syndicate and the company and its venerable trademark for $2.5 million, forming The Glidden Company. Joyce, an ex-Iowa farm boy, had begun his business career working for Swift & Co. in Chicago. He developed a new scheme for converting wastes (meat residues) into a salable product (fertilizer). In 1917 at age 45 and successfully entrenched as general sales manager of the internationally known Sherwin-Williams Co., Joyce had decided to build a business of his own. When Joyce acquired Glidden, he took with him Robert J. Horsburg, the comptroller of Sherwin-Williams and ten years Joyce's junior. From 1917 on, Glidden, now a publicly owned company??, issued an annual report each year. Joyce soon proved to be a highly skilled entrepreneur; instead of a business he built an industrial empire. By 1919 Joyce had acquired 11 additional paint factories, strategically located throughout the country. One of these, located on LeClaire Avenue in Chicago, would later figure prominently in the development of Glidden's work with soy. Glidden was on its way to becoming one of the largest US coatings manufacturers. In 1920 Joyce hired William J. O'Brien (formerly with the USDA) as the company's first major research chemist. During the next few decades Glidden introduced many innovations to the paint and lacquer industry.
In 1929 Glidden got into the food business by acquiring in swift succession seven good-sized food companies. It bought margarine producers in Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, and California, then paid $1.8 million for the plant and facilities of the long-established E.R. Durkee & Co., of Elmhurst, Long Island. One of the oldest names in the US food industry, Durkee was founded before 1860. Thereupon the Glidden food division was blanketed under the well-known trade name of Durkee Famous Foods, along with Durkee's mayonnaise, salad dressing, Worcestershire sauce, and spices (Fortune 1949; Glidden Coatings and Resins 1984).
The 1930s. Glidden did very well financially. From 1930 on, the company never had an unprofitable year. By 1933 (or was it 1917-18??) the company had become a publicly owned corporation, with Joyce as president; dividends were paid yearly from that year on. The company's 1933 annual report showed that profits were a respectable $1.4 million and the Durkee Food Products Division had just acquired a modern vegetable oil refinery in Louisville, Kentucky. The company's slogan and logo read "Glidden: Everywhere on Everything."
During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Joyce made a number of research trips to Europe, accompanied by W.J. O'Brien as technical advisor. There he first became interested in soybeans. In Germany he learned about the latest technology for soybean processing and quickly saw its potential applications for Glidden's paint business. He spotted a process that extracted from soybeans a protein that could be substituted for the expensive casein required by Glidden in making water-based paints. "Joyce bought not only the process, but also parts of the plant and equipment, and shipped them to Chicago" (Fortune 1949 Really?? From whom??). Later he found that soy oil could be used as an extender for linseed oil, in those days before resins took over the paint industry, and that soybeans could also be made to yield a host of other unexpected products with wide-ranging applications.
Upon his return in about 1932, he and his co-workers (including young Ed Wilhelm) began to do some experimentation in Cleveland, Ohio (Glidden's headquarters) on isolating soy proteins for use in paints. They found that the typical US soybean meals, produced by expeller or hydraulic systems, were not suitable for obtaining a protein that would have the desired color, purity, adhesion, and viscosity. Meal processed at a lower temperature, as with a solvent extraction system, was seen as the solution to the problem (Barnard 1936).
In the depths of the Great Depression, Joyce decided to get firmly into the soybean processing business and to construct modern facilities in Chicago on the property adjacent to the Glidden paint factory, at 1825 North Laramie Ave. In 1934 Glidden purchased from Germany a $650,000 double Hildebrandt hexane solvent extraction plant, with a capacity of 130 US tons (Meyer says 250 tons??) of soybeans a day. The designer and consultant for the unit was Extractochemie A.G. of Zurich, Switzerland; it was built by Harburger Eisen- und Bronzewerke of Hamburg, Germany. Also in 1934 Glidden installed America's first full-scale soy protein isolation plant (to make industrial soy protein products based on a 1934 patent by Cone and Brown) and a German-built soy lecithin plant. The lecithin was manufactured using Hansa Muehle patents. The solvent extraction plant began full operation on 15 December 1934, followed by protein and lecithin plants in January 1935 (Glidden Annual Report 1934; Bur?? Farmer 1935).
The Glidden Co. created a separate division called the Soya Products Division to encompass all the new soy-related work. Its first director was Eric Wahlforss. From Glidden's headquarters in Cleveland, Adrian Joyce watched the new division with great interest and W.J. O'Brien was vice president of R&D, responsible for the Soya Products Division. During 1936 O'Brien published several papers on soy proteins.
Glidden was a pioneer in solvent extraction in America, and their plant was one of the first in the nation. Like most pioneers, they learned as they went along and paid dearly for their mistakes. On 7 October 1935, their solvent plant (which had been in operation for only 10 months) was totally destroyed in a disastrous explosion from a hexane vapor leak. It leveled a city block, including the adjacent soy protein and lecithin plants and the nearby research laboratory, killing 11 people and injuring 45 more (Annual Report 1935; Price and Brown 1936; Fortune 1949). This tragedy slowed the introduction of solvent extraction to America. Fortunately the entire operation was well covered by insurance. After finding the cause of the accident, Glidden boldly rebuilt the crushing plant to embody the last word in safety, buying two new Hildebrandt units of the same size, plus a bank of Anderson Expellers. In place of the full-scale protein plant, however, they built only a large protein pilot plant. By the spring of 1936 the system was back in operation.
Glidden was spending $3 to $4 million a year to buy soybeans and was actively promoting the use of soybean products by industry, as part of the larger chemurgic concept that emerged in the 1930s. Products from the Soya Division were advertised as being used in paints, shortenings, paper coatings, dog food, confections, baked goods, alcoholic beverages, cosmetics, automobiles, packaging, and plastics (Glidden 1936).
In 1935 Joyce began to put together a top-flight team of research, production, and sales people for Glidden's Soya Products Division. Many of these men made important, pioneering contributions in the field of soy proteins over the coming decades. Arthur A. Levinson, formerly with Shellabarger Grain Co. in Illinois, arrived in 1935 as sales manager. With him came Bernie Malter, a researcher from Shellabarger. Roy Brett was plant manager (in charge of production for all three plants) and Harold Klatt was head of the expeller group. In August 1936 by Dr. Percy Julian was hired as Director of Research. An brilliant black chemist, with a special interest in alkaloid chemistry, he was formerly a relatively obscure research associate at DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana. Julian was so astonished by Joyce's $4,000-a-year offer, that he was slow to respond. The story goes that while he was preparing his acceptance speech, Joyce raised the ante. Dr. Julian immediately began to assemble a small group of able young scientists. First he hired Ed Meyer, a chemist with whom he had worked at DePauw, and Donald Payne, a chemical engineer from Purdue. In 1937 he hired E.B. Oberg, a young PhD from Northwestern University, formerly a researcher on water-based paints with the US Gypsum Co. In 1938 Ed Wilhelm, a chemical engineer arrived. In the late 1930s Art Levinson hired Walter Bayne, an expert on the paper industry and paper coatings from Crown Zellerbach, to head the industrial protein sales and technical service group.
Glidden was among! (who else??) the first to undertake the commercial production of isolated soy proteins for both industrial and food uses--a project best with difficulties from the start (Glidden 1948). The company had purchased from the I.F. Laucks Company the rights to several of the Cone and Brown patents (including the famous 1934, patent No. 1,955,375 which others??) for extracting soy proteins from soybean meal using sodium hydroxide or sodium sulfite, then precipitating and isolating the proteins to give a product of uniform viscosity that could substitute for casein. Glidden's full-scale industrial soy protein plant began production of isolates in 1935 using the basic Cone and Brown process and Glidden's solvent extracted flakes. These isolates were intended for commercial utilization by the paper and paint industries, but the process was not a viable one and quality of the resulting isolates was completely unsatisfactory. It is not clear whether or not any of the product was ever sold.
The destruction of the plant by the explosion in October 1935 may have been a blessing in disguise. It was rebuilt in 1936 as a large pilot plant and continued operation at that scale for several years making industrial-grade purified protein called "Alpha" Protein, a term coined by Art Levinson prior to mid-1936 and registered as a Glidden trademark. The term soon became so popular in the industry, and Glidden was so careless in its handling of its trademark, that a number of companies began to write it in lower case letters as a generic term for "isolated soy proteins." Eventually Glidden's lawyers rectified this. From 1936 until the late 1950s (when the company was sold), Glidden was the world's leading manufacturer of isolated soy proteins.
In 1936 Dr. Julian and his small research team of Meyer, Malter, and Payne began working to improve the quality of Glidden's isolates. They worked closely with Dr. B.W. Rowland of the Institute of Paper Chemistry in Appleton, Wisconsin, on using soy protein as a sizing and coating adhesive for paper. In 1937 the team finally developed an improved process for extracting and isolating pure soy protein on a volume basis. Late that year they began to build a commercial isolate plant based on the new process. Glidden's 1937 annual report noted that "we have spent large sums during the past year on research, sales, and advertising with the result that our products are well established in the markets of the country. Our new units are functioning perfectly and prospects are favorable."
The first isolate unit went into operation in late 1938 and began commercial production of the "Alpha" Protein, an isolated soy protein for industrial uses. George Brett was the plant manager and George Walker was the chemical engineer (Glidden 1948; Smith and Circle 1972, p. 8). The main uses of the isolate were in paper coating and paper sizing. Research continued on using the isolates in water-based paints. In May 1938 B.W. Roland was issued U.S. Patent 2,116,768 (assigned to Glidden) on a process for making a paper sizing called Prosize from Alpha Protein. In 1938 Glidden also developed its first enzyme modified industrial isolate named Mulsoya. Hydrolyzed with Rhomzyme-brand (sp??) enzyme, it was used as a sizing for silk and cotton fibers during weaving to given added strength, then later washed off.
In 1938 Ed Meyer was asked to head a new research project on soy phosphatides (lecithin). Although he reported to Dr. Julian, his research was paid for by Joe Eichberg of the American Lecithin Institute. At the time Glidden was making so-called "natural" grades of lecithin (containing 30-40% soy oil, as opposed to refined, oil-free grades). It was sold through the American Lecithin Company mostly to the confection industry as a viscosity modifier for chocolates, a plasticizer for chewing gums, and a base for coconut-butter, which was in turn used in chocolates. Meyer began America's first research on granular phosphatides/lecithin, and soon developed America's first such food-grade product, which was commercialized in the early 1940s.
In the late 1930s Glidden became the first company in America to do research on enzyme modification of isolated soy proteins to produce whippable products for use in foods. In 1939 the company began small-scale production of America's first food-grade isolated soy protein. An enzyme-modified isolate called Albusoy, it was made by hydrolyzing clean soybean meal with alkali, precipitating the soy protein at the isoelectric point, neutralizing the protein to pH 7, adding to the slurry papain (a proteolytic enzyme) equal in weight to 1% of the weight of the isolate, allowing it to stand at 120*F, stopping the hydrolysis at the appropriate stage with hydrogen peroxide, then drying it on a Devine drum dryer. A fat-free product, it was sold as a whipping agent for use in place of egg whites in confections. Its weakness was that it was not denatured by heat. If the whip was put in or on a pie then baked, instead of setting up like egg whites, it would collapse. But it did work well in candies as a whipping agent. Over the next five years or so several tons a year were produced, largely to replace egg white, much of which (surprisingly) came from China in dried form. Art Levinson played a key role in advancing this modified isolate work. In 1945 Levinson, Julian, and Engstrom were granted US Patent 2,381,407 (assigned to The Glidden Company) on their process for making whipping proteins. Ed Kruger, an old-time candy maker, was in charge of the product's sales, and it was quite successful throughout the 1940s, in part because large imports of egg albumin from China had been cut off. After about 1950 Albusoy was made for Glidden by Gunther Products.
A Glidden ad from mid-1939 showed the company to be selling four types of soybean meal and flakes. There were two types of "new-process" (solvent-extracted) meals containing 44% protein; one (4 Hi) was browned and toasted and one (Diamond G) was light in color. Diamond G "new process" flakes also contained 44% protein, while the "old-process" (expeller) Diamond G meal contained 41% protein. The company was also using large quantities of soy oil in the production of their Soyalastic Paints and their Durkee's Vegetable Margarine.
In the late 1930s Glidden sold large quantities of solvent defatted soybean meal to the pet food trade, and especially to Morel, which had a large plant in Ottumwa, Iowa, making a popular canned dog food. This was a good source of income for Glidden. To give it a unique texture, the meal was run through an expeller, which had a choke (not a die) on the exit end that produced a hard cake. The cake was then broken into bits to give it a texture. The textured soy protein kept its integrity quite well during retorting. Levinson and Engstrom were issued a patent on the process, but unfortunately they did not use the term "texturize" to describe their process or product. Nevertheless this was one of the earliest attempts to produce a textured soy protein product in America, a forerunner of the textured soy flours (such as TVP) of the 1960s.
By the late 1930s Glidden's Soya Products Division was breaking new ground in many fields, yet it was only a relatively small part of the total Glidden Company, with sales accounting for probably less than 10% of the company's total of roughly $45-55 million. Being largely a commodity operation, with its main sales from soy oil and soybean meal, during the late years of the Great Depression, it operated on narrow margins and was not always profitable. Its profits were generally below Glidden's expectations. There was a constant struggle to make money on Alpha Protein and to get it into the paper trade.
The 1940s. The advent of World War II provided a badly needed shot in the financial arm to Glidden's Soya Products Division. The soy oil, flour and protein isolates now all began to earn good money, with the isolates proving especially lucrative. The early 1940s, and especially the years during World War II, was a time of great activity and innovation at Glidden. Wartime policies favored soy in both food and industrial uses. New ideas abounded and Glidden researchers were issued a swarm of patents, mostly after 1940 and primarily related to industrial applications of soy proteins, including industrial isolation and modification processes, improvement of isolate color, isolates in water-thinned paints, paper coating adhesives, paper and textile sizings, and plastics. Patents on food-related applications included debittering and toasting of soybean meal, removal of acid-leachable soluble material, drying isolated curd, and use of water or sulfuric acid as a protein extractant (Brother, Smith and Circle 1940; Burnett 1951a, 1951b).
In the late 1930s Percy Julian had become very interested in a sterol (stigmasterol) in crude soy oil, first reported in Germany in 1933 by Dr. E. Fernholz, a researcher for I.G. Farben Industries. It was found that this sterol could be broken down to yield progesterone, the female sex hormone and a major building block for pharmaceutical hormonal material. Interest in soybean sterols gathered momentum and in 1940 a small pilot plant for isolating sterols was constructed and Glidden established a new Fine Chemical Division, with Dr. Julian as its director, while retaining his position as director of research for the Soya Products Division. The two divisions were closely interlocked and shared the same laboratories. During the 1930s, most commercial sex hormones (progesterone and testosterone) had been dependent on cholesterol, a sterol of animal origin. Dr. Julian was the first to make a real success of plant-derived hormones and to mass-produce them. The first pound of progesterone he made, valued at $63,500, was shipped to the buyer in an armored car! By 1940 Glidden was selling two (unnamed) sterol-derived products. They sold a crude progesterone to Armour Pharmaceutical Company for use in human hormonal therapy. The 1940 annual report noted ". . . heavy expenses incurred in connection with the research work in soya bean by-product manufacturing. . . the production of hormones and sterols has resulted in constantly increasing sales which should add materially to our profits in the ensuing year." From September 1940 until 1943 Ed Meyer was at Northwestern University, where he earned his PhD in steroid chemistry under a fellowship from Abbott Laboratories, Upjohn, and Glidden. In 1943 he began to work with Julian. Meyer was co-author of 18 articles on steroids between 1943 and 1955. A 1947 advertisement identified Glidden's two pharmaceutical products as follows: (1) Glidden Progesterone, Crystalline USP XIII--one of the important sex hormones in chemically pure form. It is synthesized from Soya Stigmasterol and is used in replacement therapy for endochrine deficiencies. (2) "Glidsad" -- sitosteryl acetate dibromide derived from Soya Sterols. "Glidsad" is of interest as a starting material in the synthesis of certain sex hormones.
By mid-1940 Glidden's Soya Products Division was offering "a complete line of soya products." The edible line included Soyalose Flour and Soyalose Grits (low fat, expeller), Soyarich Flour (full fat), and Soyafluff Flour (practically fat free, solvent extracted). The "technical" line included Alpha Protein ("a chemically isolated soybean protein"), Gamma Protein ("a mechanically treated soybean protein"), and lecithin. There were three types of soy oil (clarified, crude expeller pressed, and crude solvent extracted) and five feed products (meals, flakes, and new "4-Hi brand soybean oil meal pellets"). Chicago offices were now listed at 5165 W. Moffat St., a small street that ran from Laramie Ave. to Leclaire, dividing the Glidden property (Glidden 1940). By 1943 new products included: For household use, Durkee Soyarich Flour, Durkee Soya Bits, Durkee Oleomargarine, Durkee Worcestershire Sauce, and Durkee Salad Dressing; for confectionery use, Albusoy (a water-soluble whipping agent); for industrial protein use, Prosein (an adhesive or binder used in making paper, paint, floor coverings, and insulating board), Spraysoy (a sticker and spreader for agricultural sprays), Mulsoya (a water-soluble isolate for textile sizing), and Prosoy-G (a filler and extender in molded resins); and for pharmaceutical use, "two products synthesized from soybean sterols used in replacement therapy for endochrine deficiencies" (Glidden 1943, 1948; Levinson 1942).
During the late 1930s and early 1940s, researchers at National Foam Systems (NFS) had discovered Glidden's isolated soy protein could be used to make an excellent fire extinguishing foam. NFS made most such foam from low-cost scrap leather, hides, hoofs and horns that were boiled vigorously with calcium hydroxide. Shortly after the United States entered World War II, the US Navy requisitioned virtually all of Glidden's isolate output to make this foam. Glidden sold its hydrolyzed Alpha Protein-based product to NFS, which sold it to the Navy under the name Aer-O-Foam, but Navy men soon nicknamed it "Bean Soup." On board, the mixture of soy protein and water was converted to foam by an aerating nozzle; the foam was used for fighting oil and gasoline fires on war ships (Glidden 1948; Burnett 1951b).
In about 1941-42, Glidden's Soya Products Division expanded, buying an existing feed mill and property in Indianapolis, Indiana. There they constructed a solvent extraction plant around a new Blaw Knox Rotocel unit (one of the first in America), with a capacity of 1,000 to 1,500 tons a day. They also built a lecithin plant.
In 1940, upon Ed Meyer's departure for postgraduate research, the phosphatides/lecithin project was turned over to Herbert T. Iveson, a young graduate of the University of Illinois. In about 1942-43 Glidden became the first company in America to make and market granular phosphatides. A small plant was built and the products were sold to the health food and dietary industries. They were packaged as is, not used in other products.
Toward the end of the war Glidden supplied large amounts of food-grade soy flour to relief programs in the liberated areas, especially Italy.
In 1945 (what month??) an important new chapter in Glidden's history began when Dr. Julian hired Dr. Sidney J. Circle to be head of protein research. From 1937-42 Circle had worked as a soy protein chemist at the US Regional Soybean Industrial Products Laboratory at Urbana, Illinois. Julian was now spending most of his time on steroid and hormone research, the elegance of which captivated him. Initially Circle was assigned to improve the quality of Alpha Protein and develop new industrial applications. Glidden's management was worried as they watched new synthetics, such as modified resins, start to compete with Alpha Protein and casein in paper coatings. By 1948 Circle had come to the firm conclusion that the future of isolated soy proteins lay in edible rather than industrial products, since the latter would inevitably be replaced by synthetics. At the same time he realized that the nutritional quality soy protein was coming to be recognized as approximately equal to that of meat or egg protein, except for a slight methionine deficiency. So in 1948 Circle convinced Dr. Julian to let him start to focus his research efforts on development of edible isolated soy protein products and new applications. Since industrial isolates had much of their nutritional value destroyed during typical modification by partial alkaline hydrolysis, and since no effort was made to remove their "beany" flavor, Circle had to develop new processes. By late 1948?? he had developed a viable laboratory scale process, but he did not get a pilot plant until about 1953-54.
The end of World War II brought major changes to Glidden. When the huge sales of industrial isolates to the Navy stopped abruptly, the company went back to its tried and true applications for "Alpha" Protein, such as paper coatings and adhesives. In 1947 Dr. Julian was awarded the Springarn medal (by a black society?? what is it??) for his contributions to the development of soy sterols, hormones, and the alpha protein used in fire fighting foam on Navy combat ships. In 1947 the Soybean Blue Book listed the silos and elevators Glidden's soybean crushing plant in Chicago as having a storage capacity of 2 million bushels (54,400 metric tons), a large operation. In 1948 Glidden published a 20-page booklet titled "Industrial Soya Proteins: New Servants of Industry with a Big Future." The same year Bain, Neubauer and Olson wrote a technical bulletin for Glidden titled "Alpha Protein and the Protein Adhesives for Coated Papers."
In May 1949 Fortune magazine published "House that Joyce Built," an excellent 9-page study of the growth of The Glidden Company. Soya Products and Stock Feeds were listed as one of the companies five main divisions, along with Paint and Varnish; Durkee Famous Foods; Chemicals, Metals, and Mining; and Naval Stores. Each division had a vice president; Ralph S. Golseth was it for soybeans. The paint company was one of the three biggest in the world. Adrian Joyce's 49-year-old son Dwight P. Joyce had become president of the entire company in 1947. Since 1940 Glidden had quadrupled sales and increased net income from $1.7 million to $9.2 million in 1948.
1950s. In about 1950-51?? Glidden changed the name of its Soya Products Division to the Chemurgy Division. At about the same time?? they purchased a solvent extraction plant in Buena Park, California, that crushed soybean sand flaxseed. The company's third solvent plant that crushed soybeans, it continued operation until the summer of 1956.
The 1955 annual report showed that the Chemurgy division, under vice president Willard C. Lighter, accounted for 18.7% of Glidden's total 1954 sales of roughly $225 million, and about 15-35% of before-tax profits in recent years. By comparison Durkee Famous Foods generated 41% of total sales and Paint 32%, though Paint was the company's largest profit maker. Chemurgy's profits were low because of poor crushing margins since 1952. Productive capacity for isolated soy proteins was increased by 67% following increased acceptance of these products for use in paint, paper, and other industrial products. Soy products in 1955 were categorized as follows: (1) soybean oil and soybean oil meal; (2) edible soya products, including high protein soy flours for bakers, confectioners, and meat packers, lecithin (food emulsifiers and oil-free phosphatides for pharmaceuticals), RG Soya Lecithin, and Promine isolated protein; (3) industrial soya products, including isolated proteins (Alpha Protein and Beta Protein for paint, paper, and insulating industries), protein flours (Prosein adhesives), and lecithin (Gliddol); (4) fine chemicals (steroid hormones and several corticoids); and (5) grain storage and merchandising. Also in 1955 formed a wholly-owned subsidiary, Glidden International, C.A., to expand the licensing, distribution, and production of Glidden products abroad. In 1956, in return for technical assistance, International received an equity interest in Soya Glidden Argentina, S.A., a firm recently organized in Argentina to process soybeans and refine edible oils.
In the mid-1950s, to expand export capabilities for its soybeans and grains, Glidden (which had an active grain trading group), built a $6 million terminal grain elevator with 6.5 million bushels capacity at Calumet Harbor on the Calumet River, St. Lawrence Seaway, and acquired two "feeder elevators" at Lockport and Seneca on the Illinois River. All three began operation in 1956. From the two country riverside collection points, soybeans and grain could be shipped by barge to the terminal elevator, then exported.
Circle's work with edible isolates was progressing nicely, and the products seemed to have huge potential. In about 1953-55?? a small pilot plant was built adjacent to the laboratory. Several hundred pounds a month of edible isolates were produced and offered to various companies for testing. Circle hired a man from Cornell University name Steve ___________?? to help him develop new applications, such as margarine, milk, and ice cream. The basic concept was to use small amounts of isolates (to bypass problems of beany flavor) in foods containing small amounts of casein. One of the first researchers to work with Glidden's edible soy isolates was Tim Anson of Lever Brothers. A protein chemist, formerly with the Rockefeller Institute, he was interested in using the soy proteins to make sheets, which were then laminated and flavored to produce meat analogs. Anson was issued a number of well-known patents on his inventions (what numbers??), but not much came of his projects. (When was Circle's isolate first sold??)
Yet interest in the edible isolates gained momentum and Glidden elected to move forward boldly. Dale Johnson, who had come to Glidden in 1948 to set up a microbiology lab, has previous experience as a bacteriologist at Pillsbury Mills and The Diversey Corp. He convinced Willard C. Lighter, vice president of the Chemurgy Division, that Glidden needed a person with a technical background to do market development work for edible isolates. So in January 1955 Joe Rakosky was hired to take over the microbiology lab; he recalled that his first required reading was China Doctor, about the life of Dr. Harry Miller and his work with soymilk (R. Moore 1961). Johnson began to travel around the country visiting major potential isolate buyers to ascertain what types of products they might need and to introduce them to Glidden's edible isolates. He talked with Carnation, General Foods, General Mills, Quaker Oats, Pillsbury, Gerbers, Kellogg Co., and major meat companies. The company's 1955 annual report noted: "A new edible [soy] protein is now being tested by several major food manufacturers as a nutritional supplement for their products. The potential for this new protein is promising." Glidden's edible isolate, originally called Amisoy, was renamed Promine by Circle in 1955. It was marketed initially primarily on its nutritional virtues, as a protein booster when combined with wheat or used in baby foods. General Foods and Pillsbury spent a lot of time and money experimenting with Promine, but they never actually did much with it. Little did anyone realize at the time that it would first come to be widely used largely for its functional properties, mostly by sausage makers (the main one was in Detroit. Who?? Starting when??).
The discussions with potential customers pointed to the need for a product that was less expensive than an isolate but that still retained many of its virtues. So in about 1954?? Circle (Oberg too??) began research work on what soon became known as soy protein concentrates. These were basically isolates without the soy fiber removed. Circle worked on what came to be called the "alcohol leach process" for making concentrates. This process, initially developed by A.K. Smith at the USDA Northern Regional Research Laboratory in Peoria, Illinois, yielded a good flavored product and required relatively simple equipment. Lou Sair at Griffith Laboratories was also busily at work on concentrates, but using an acid leach process. The product, initially known as Protein-70 (abbreviated to Pro-70), was first produced on a pilot plant scale in 1959.
The edible isolate pilot plant, located since the early?? 1950s inside?? the industrial isolate factory, first made an insoluble isolate, precipitated at the isoelectric point of soy protein (pH 4.5) then spray-dried and named (Promine R). Shortly thereafter a dispersible edible isolate (neutralized to pH 7.5) was produced, called Promine D. Later Promine G and Promine S also became available.
With interest in Promine growing among major American food companies, Glidden needed to build a full-scale edible isolate plant. Yet to do so was risky, since the investment would be large and they did not yet have any real customers for their product. Willard Lighter pushed for commercialization of the edible isolates and top management accepted his proposals. So Glidden decided to build America's first large, modern edible isolate plant next to their solvent extraction operations in Indianapolis. The water there was of good quality for making isolates, and the company had learned how to treat the effluent for sewage disposal, a key point. They designed the plant and in 1957 began to put up the structural steel work. Then problems began. The process had not been finalized, and at a major meeting of the Chemurgy Division, Circle pointed out to the engineers what he considered to be major flaws in the design.
The Fine Chemical Group under Dr. Percy Julian had been relatively unprofitable over the years, despite the fact that Julian and Ed Meyer had done innovative work. So Glidden's top management decided to get out?? of the fine chemicals and steroid business. In 1953, immediately after this decision, Julian left Glidden. The Fine Chemical Group, an outstanding team of researchers with excellent facilities, was transformed into Glidden's Central Organic Research Laboratory. Chemurgy researchers (such as Circle and Meyer) joined this group, which thereafter did contract research for the rest of Glidden's divisions, including Chemurgy. Glidden continued to make soy steroids and sell large quantities of an intermediate form to Charles Pfizer Co., and small quantities to Charles Strauss Co. in Montreal.
During this same time major changes were taking place at Glidden's headquarters in Cleveland. The 1957 annual report noted that for the past 6 years crushing margins had been far from satisfactory due to a variety factors beyond the company's control, including government price support policies and excess industry crushing capacity. "We have serious doubts that this condition will correct itself for several years. In the meantime we continue to stress the development of high profit margin products [lecithin, flour, isolates] derived from the soybean to eliminate our dependence on primary processing margins." The directors began to realize that they were not going to succeed in the soy processing business unless they invested a lot more money. Although the soy operations had been growing, Glidden's directors felt that they could get a higher return on their investment if they spent their money to build company-owned paint stores instead. So in about 1955 Glidden let it be known they were ready to sell their Chemurgy Division. They contacted Central Soya (whose headquarters were in Ft. Wayne, Indiana) but Central Soya turned Glidden down. When Glidden's directors heard of the problems at the new edible isolate plant, they called a halt to all construction. While all this was going on, Glidden had continued its talks with Central Soya about sale of the company. Finally in 1958 Glidden sweetened its offer with a drop in price, and Central Soya quickly agreed. Instead of simply buying Glidden's Chemurgy Division, Central decided (for tax purposes) to arrange a three-year lease, after which they would buy. So Central Soya acquired Glidden's Chemurgy Division on 1 September 1958, and formally purchased it in on 31 August 1961. Glidden's 1958 annual report noted: "Being closely tied to agricultural economics and processing, the Chemurgy operations were basically foreign to our other activities. Our strength lies in the paint, food, and chemical fields. . . Sales of the Chemurgy Division in 1958 were $31,973,079 and it contributed approximately $987,000 to 1958 net income." Central Soya paid a total of somewhere between $14 million and $21 million for Glidden's Chemurgy Division.
Probably the main reason that Central Soya bought Glidden's Chemurgy Division was the very reasonable price. But there were other reasons of almost equal importance. Recall from Chapter 56 that Central Soya had disbanded its entire edible protein operations in January 1950 and had done very little work in that area during the intervening 8 years. Norman Cruze (sp??) was Central Soya's director and Firstname?? Sipos headed a small development group (started in 1953??, and reported to Cruze. Thus the acquisition of Glidden's Division allowed Central Soya, in one move, create its own Chemurgy Division, rebuild its research facilities, and obtain a staff with broad experience in soy protein and lecithin research and development. It also gave Central Soya two more large soybean crushing plants, two lecithin plants, another large export elevator and two more river elevators, 11 million more bushels of soybean storage capacity, and 523 new employees, plus such new product lines as industrial and edible soy protein products, soy flours, and additional lecithin products (McMillen 1967; Central Soya 1981).
Central Soya wanted to do everything possible to encourage Glidden's top-flight team of experienced researchers to stay on and work for Central Soya; they would continue to work in the same location on Laramie Ave,. in Chicago. All the key people agreed to stay. Ed Meyer became director of research at Central Soya's new Chemurgy Division. Sidney Circle became head of protein research, a position he held until 1967 when he moved to Anderson Clayton. Dale Johnson became manager of edible protein products until 1963, when he became vice president of Soypro International, working as a consultant in Chicago. Joe Rakosky stayed on as head of the microbiology lab and Paul Davis as the top lecithin man.
A major incentive for the team to stay was the decision by Central Soya to budget $1 million for the construction of a new edible isolate plant at 1825 N. Laramie Ave. in Chicago. At the same time, Central Soya decided to scrap Glidden's partly-built isolate plant in Indianapolis. Construction of the new plant began in late 1958 and in October 1959 it began to produce Promine, the world's state-of-the art isolated soy protein.
Also in 1959 Central Soya built a large pilot plant in Chicago (where??) to make Protein-70 (Pro-70), Glidden's soy protein concentrate (renamed Promosoy in about 1960). It began operation in December, and was large enough to supply customers on a commercial basis. In 1962 a full scale plant producing Promosoy was built in Gibson City, Illinois.
On the strength of its acquisitions from Glidden, Central Soya became the world leader in edible soy proteins during the 1960s, and Promine was their flagship product. The company's staff pioneered many new products improvements and applications, and were the first to commercialize these products in food ingredients. Development of the unique alcohol process for producing the soy protein concentrate, Promosoy, also led to broad commercial applications in food systems.
This history is continued at the history of Central Soya in Chapter 56 (Central Soya 1981).
Postscript. In 1967 The Glidden Company was acquired by SCM Corporation (famous for its Smith Corona typewriters), becoming its largest division. In SCM's 1984 annual report showed Glidden Coatings & Resins Division to still be the sales leader ($655 million), followed by Durkee Foods Division ($393 million). Glidden's headquarters remained in Cleveland, where good archives were maintained.
People Consulted in Writing This Chapter
Edwin Meyer Michelle Albers
1701 N. Sayre Glidden Coatings & Resins Division, SCM Corp.
Chicago, IL 60635 925 Euclid Ave.
E.B. Oberg
11228 Village 11 Ed T. Wilhelm
Camarillo, CA 93010 1942 De Cook Ave.
Sidney J. Circle
404 Lawndale Jospeh Rakosky
Richardson, TX 75080 5836 Crain St.
Dale Johnson
2121 Toledo Ave. North Harold Klatt
Golden Valley, MN 55422 941 Adare Dr.


Diners who are looking for something to comfort their palates with are welcome to DapurKita. It strives to deliver flavours of local delights in a manner that can bring them closest to home. Included in their menu are nasi ala kak wok, nasi lemak bamboo, siput sedut gulai cili api, labu lemak, and many more.


1. When I add a thumbnail via the new (as of WP 2.9) "Post Thumbnail" option, this will show up on (e.g.) Multi Post pages in the excerpt. Cool. But I want the image to link to the full post (using the same link as the "[Read more...]" uses. I think this only makes sense. How can this be accomplished? I'm using Atahualpa 3.4.6.
2. On a side note, my "dollar bills" icon on the top right of my posts has been gone for a few months now. Why is that? Is the money I donated used up already?
Last edited by Fux; May 8, 2010 at 03:08 AM.


text:
Creek Grows Strong
Coconut Creek's Free Tree Giveaway is just one way the city takes care of nature
by Keren Moros
Pictured above: Creek celebrated 30 years as a Tree City USA in 2018; Vollmer is pictured far left, holding a special award from the foundation
With its standing as home to Butterfly World, events like the Butterfly Festival, and a butterfly garden at City Hall, most people can see why Coconut Creek is known as the Butterfly Capital of the World.
But, Coconut Creek also holds another title: Tree City USA, a designation from the Arbor Day Foundation held by more than 3,000 cities that commit to standards of urban forestry management. In fact, 2018 marked the city's 30th as a Tree City USA.
The Arbor Day Foundation's special award for Creek's 30 years as a Tree City USA
One of the reasons for that distinction is the city's annual Free Tree Giveaway, which, this year, marks its 19th event. It's just one of the ways that Creek defines its commitment to green living. To gain more insights about the many ways the city protects trees and the environment, Coconut Creek Lifestyle spoke to the event's organizer, Sharon Vollmer, the city's urban forester.
Staying green. To be a Tree City USA, Coconut Creek fulfills the program's four standards: maintaining a tree board, having a tree ordinance (laws that protect trees), spending $2 per capita on urban forestry, and issuing a proclamation of Arbor Day.
For the first requirement, Creek maintains an environmental advisory board, made up of volunteer residents chosen by commissioners, who give advice on environmental programs, tree issues and sustainability practices.
For the spending requirement, the city takes the total spent on tree maintenance, landscaping and other beautification projects annually and divides it by the number of residents. This number must be at least two to fulfill the requirement.
For the other two requirements, the city has laws that protect trees, and it issues an Arbor Day proclamation every April.
Green pride. Vollmer says residents take pride in the Tree City USA designation, represented by a flag (provided by the Arbor Day Foundation) in the commission chambers at City Hall.
"If they see an incident where a tree's being improperly pruned, they give me a call and say, 'Hey, you need to go check that out. I know we're a Tree City USA. I know we care about our trees,' " she says. "It gives them something to be proud of."
Covered in green. "[A tree] is a living entity that needs care, but it's going to grow and can continually give us something back and it's a great value in a lot of ways," Vollmer says. "When we participate in Tree City USA, it's a commitment to those trees and to our canopy."
Tree plantings by the city and residents add to the city's tree canopy, or the amount of space covered by trees. Coconut Creek's goal is to attain 40 percent coverage (historically a goal for cities) with a variety of tree species.
Watch it grow. To celebrate National Arbor Day (the last Friday in April), Coconut Creek hosts two tree events: a tree planting ceremony on the last Thursday of April and the Free Tree Giveaway on the last Saturday in April.
The city partners with civic groups for the tree-planting ceremony. Several trees have been planted at partner Creek schools. One year, the Women's Club of Coconut Creek joined the city in planting a tree at Donaldson Park. Last year, members of the Rotary Club of Coconut Creek helped plant 17 trees in memory of the Parkland shooting victims. This year, the city is partnering with the Coconut Creek Chamber Council.
Tree of Life. Apart from their traditional tree plantings, this year, the city honored the victims of the shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School on Feb. 14, the one-year anniversary of the tragedy, by planting a Lignum vitae, or Tree of Life, near the flagpoles at City Hall.
It's free. The Free Tree Giveaway is one of the city's largest events—more than 600 residents attend each year, creating a network of people contributing to Creek's environment. Some might not know that by doing this, they become active contributors to the urban forest—a term that encompasses all nature in an urban environment. Part of Vollmer's job as Creek's urban forester is to help manage this environment.
Get educated. To receive their free trees and plants, residents visit a number of booths offering education on green and sustainable living. Exhibitors often include the Happy Hoofers chapter of the Florida Trail Association, the Broward Beekeepers and others. A new exhibitor this year is the Broward County Butterfly Chapter. Residents can also look forward to new education stations, including one giving tips on how to design their landscapes to conserve energy.
"I like to try to change up or add a new element for people who've come many years," Vollmer says. "I don't want them to always have to listen to the same presentation every year."
In the wild. The trees given away add to the city's tree canopy, but the plants also encourage people to keep wildlife in Creek. The city is a certified as a wildlife habitat by the National Wildlife Federation and the plants and shrubs given away help attract butterflies and other wildlife.
For those wanting to plant a butterfly garden or any garden, receiving plants at the giveaway is a perfect start. Vollmer says part of the purpose of giving away plants is to help residents "kick start" their gardens. Every event features a mix of plants and trees—fruit, nonfruit, flowering, nonflowering, native and nonnative—to add diversity to Creek's plant life.
"The superstar [at the event] really is the trees and plants that they take away. And that's what they're looking forward to," Vollmer says. "If we can educate them along the way about how to take care of their trees, or how to properly prune or how to garden for wildlife, that's like icing on the cake. But the main thing is, we want them to go home, put these plants in the ground, keep them alive and contribute to our canopy."
19th Annual Free Tree Giveaway
When: April 27, 8 a.m.-noon
Where: Coconut Creek Government Center, 4800 W. Copans Road
What: Open to residents with proof of residency. One tree, one wildlife-attracting plant and one plant suitable to start a butterfly garden are given per household.
Info: coconutcreek.net/arborday
Resources on the topics mentioned
City green plan and landscaping tips: coconutcreek.net/sd/landscaping
City ordinances on trees: library.municode.com/fl/coconut_creek/codes/code_of_ordinances
Certified wildlife habitats: nwf.org/Garden-for-Wildlife/Certify
Tree City USA program: arborday.org/programs/treecityusa
Urban forestry: arborday.org/trees/bulletins/resources/01-2019.cfm and fufc.org
Tips on plants, gardening, sustainability and more: Read the monthly "Green Excellence" column in Coconut Creek Lifestyle magazine, written by Vollmer and colleagues at the city.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


COSEPURI's Freight Division has a fleet of over 70 vehicles that range up to 30 tons capacity, with the best insurance coverage on the market.
Ours is an ample and versatile fleet of Fiat Scudo-type mini cargo vehicles, late-model vans and trucks with hydraulic platform, certified for covered transportation of goods, without intermediaries, in Italy and abroad.
Adequate anti-dumping protection as required by ministerial circular No. 3 of May 8th 2003.
In particular, most of our vehicles are insulated, refrigerated or equipped with tail lift and suitable to carry out transportation of food including frozen foods and temperature-controlled pharmaceutical, in compliance with HACCP requirements.
Device for cooling cargo area when the vehicle is parked.
COSEPURI has earned strong, trusting relationships with its customers. They consider us reliable partners who provide a consistent fleet of mini-cargo vans for every need, satisfying immediate transportation needs even in the restricted-traffic historical city centers.


This looks promising. Fun times are coming. But I hope we see one of the other groups next. I want to know how their tests will end.
New comic. The philosopher is a new character? Or has this guy appeared before?
As for the question he gives Raina: The answer should be obvious. She should stay with Morgan and try to keep her under at least a bit of control (pointing her away from the commoners/ in the direction of deserving targets). I mean it most likely shows I don't qualify as good but I think you should always take the choice that makes you happier and I don't believe those options are as binary as the good Mr. Kidd paints them. And another thing: Why should she trust a complete stranger in a weird dimension that tests her for some obscure purpose.
Isn't that the lycanthrope that was in the tavern with Reina? Why doesn't she recognize him?
I looked it up. Thats the guy Morgan & Co leave behind in chapter 3. Looks like him at least.
Last edited by Kantaki; 2015-06-12 at 05:29 PM.
Yesh, I read that before and for some reason my eyes totally glossed over the fact he called himself the Philosopher. Argh.
Actually the prophecy does make sense. Morgan isn't going to just go down without a fight, she will try to take down Captain Low, and the Prince, and they aren't going down without a fight either. And by taking out the system and not implementing a new one, well that creates a fair bit of chaos and disruption, leaving the country vulnerable to foreign nations and revolutionaries. All while only targeting people who deserve it.
But yeah, I hope Raina decides that if she's learned one thing from Morgan its that your life is what you make of it, and that you should fight for the future that you want.
New Comic. I just hope Raina made right choice. The story started with Morgans execution in progress but since the prologue ended before she did that doesn't tell us anything. Well it will be revealed at some Point. I will wait and expect the worst and hope for the best.
Right choice for whom exactly?
Do you follow your passions, knowing that your actions will doom many or do you sacrifice your happiness so many will benefit? Be interesting to see Raina's take. Either way, I can't consider either outcome to be 'good'.
I think that staying with Morgan is the "right" choice. My reasoning is that she makes Raina happy and that the guys Morgan wants vengeance on kind of deserve what is coming for them. Sure this philosopher guy says that innocent people will suffer from it but he never says it will be Morgans fault. And who said anything about good? The quote says right not good. Good and right are not necessary the same thing.
New Comic. It seems Grynns test will be resolved next. I think the whales smugness is a bit premature. The only question is how Grynn will solve this riddle.
I keep checking the archive instead of the home page. My vote is that Grynn makes a random comment and that's the answer.
My vote is that the whale mentioning his name snaps Grynn's focus back to the name, and that proves to be the answer.
My vote is that she blows the whale up to understand how he thinks and figures out the riddle!
TBH, the first thing that popped into my head was a smartass remark like "you said the riddles couldn't be solved by the world's best philosophers given an eternity to do so; why should I waste my time trying when I can just laugh at your stupid-sounding name?"
Look's like Grynn is trying some rules lawyering.
If you can't beat the riddle, beat the riddler.
Now I'm going to have to spend the afternoon re-reading this webcomic and see if I missed anything on my first read through.
New comic. Clever, Grynn, really clever. And very lucky that the whale made this mistake. With a bit more luck this counts as a a solution. The reaction seems to indicate that this is the case. Either that or it drove him insane.
I half expected Grynn to say 'OBJECTION!' when she pointed her finger at the magic whale.
Grynn's figured out the secret to the riddles: since neither pure mortal logic nor pure space whale logic could defeat these riddles, it must take a combination of the two! Genius!
New comic is out, got a giggle out of Grynn's closing line. So, now it's down to Thatch, Alyonubis and Autumn right finishing their trail? A Trail of Faith and Justice?
It counted as the solution? I didn't expect that. Not really. Anyway that means there should only be one test left. We will see how that ends.
The Zelda melody is very fitting there. Is Grynns comment about summoning the phoenix a reference too? I think in Final Fantasy 8 (and maybe some other games too) there was an item you needed to use the phoenix summon. Or it is just something that fits Grynns line thought.
Didn't Grynn and Thatch blow up a phoenix not too long ago?
They seem to be taking on the roles of chaotic deities. Morgan won her trial by giving in to wrath rather than being patient after all, so Grynn won through confusion rather than intelligence.
They sure did! It was awesome!
So perhaps it's The Quill that summons a phoenix and not an ability of the kobold shaman. I think I remember the phoenix being the aspect of the god Queltz or at least representing him/her/it.
I also kinda makes sense that all these items would have their own powers too. They were owned by gods, right?
I remember that part. I was just wondering if the idea to use the feather to summon it again was some kind of reference like the Legend of Zelda melody after obtaining the feather.
New comic is a transition from Maynard's activities back to Thatch, Aly and Autumn.
If Maynard dies writing the book, I will be sad. I don't expect it, but you never know.
I think Thatch might even say the truth there. At least I think so. Wasn't there a flashback that showed he knew the coven? But why did he kill them? I hope there is more to this than one of his storys. We will see where this goes. That Aly won this poll gives me hope that all three of them survive this. On the other hand, if the other test are any indication acting reasonable is not the solution to the test.
Thatch is going to need one hell of a story to smooth all this over and walk out alive. Then again, he is a bard, and that's kinda their thing.
I think Thatch is saying the truth. Some of it at least. The only question is if Aly will believe him. I hope so, it should be entertaining to see where his plan leads. Autumn could be a problem for a peaceful solution, she seems very focused on getting her vengeance.
Considering Thatch's barrier pretty much disintegrated Autumn's dagger, I'm not a hundred percent sure if she could do harm to him.
Did Autumn get a splice from Aly? I'm going to have to check again.
Last edited by Lurkmoar; 2015-06-30 at 07:54 PM.
Well now it is up to Aly. Will she believe Thatch and give him the tear or will she try to keep it?
And I'm still not sure I get Thatchs motives. Does he want to pervent that the book is activated or does he want to use it? And he has already done this quest in the past. That explains why he turned into a lich, it certainly is better than being bound to a ghostship for ever and it gives him enough time to fix whatever mistake he made.


text:
import Component from '@ember/component';
import layout from '../../../templates/components/site-chrome/nav/footer';

export default Component.extend({
  layout,
  classNames: ['site-chrome__nav__footer']
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Movies starring »
Coral Browne
Coral Edith Browne (23 July 1913 – 29 May 1991) was an Australian-American stage and screen actress. Her extensive theatre credits included Broadway productions of Macbeth (1956), The Rehearsal (1963) and The Right Honourable Gentleman (1965). She won the 1984 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for the BBC TV film An Englishman Abroad (1983). Her film appearances included Auntie Mame (1958), The Killing of Sister George (1968), The Ruling Class (1972) and Dreamchild (1985).
Complete biography of Coral Browne »
Movie scripts starring Coral Browne:
The Killing of Sister George (1968) Rate it:
Auntie Mame (1958) Rate it:
Share your thoughts on Coral Browne' movies with the community:
Use the citation below to add this actor page to your bibliography:
"Coral Browne" Scripts.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2021. Web. 18 Jan. 2021. <https://www.scripts.com/actor/coral_browne>.


Because demolition accidents often involve explosives and other powerful demolition equipment, the resulting accidents often result in fatality or very serious bodily injury.
When workers are not prepared for an explosion or other form of detonation, the force or surprise may cause injuries even though the worker was not harmed by the actual explosion.
Employers and workers can work together to avoid demolition accidents by implementing detailed safety procedures and training. All workers should be notified of demolition plans, and should be given adequate time to avoid areas affected by the demolition.
Prior to any demolition job, a risk assessment should be performed to look for variables such as weaknesses in buildings, the presence of flammable materials, and any other factor that may harm workers or the general public.
If you have been injured in a construction accident, and you believe it is the fault of your employer or another party, contact an attorney. A personal injury lawyer may be able to help you recover for your medical expenses, lost wages, pain and suffering, and possibly even punitive damages. Remember that there are deadlines established in the law, so contact an attorney before it is too late.


text:
Troughs / Ball Drains
=====================

+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Related Config File Sections                                                 |
+==============================================================================+
| :doc:`/config/ball_devices`                                                  |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Every pinball machine will have some kind of ball trough / drain device. This
is the place where the balls go when they drain from the playfield before
they're ejected into the plunger lane.

In many cases, this device (or series of devices) holds multiple balls and is
the location where unused balls are stored.

There are several different designs for troughs and drains that have been used
over the past 70 years, and (as far as we know), MPF supports all of them.
So regardless of what's in your machine, we're talking about whatever is under
here:

.. image:: /mechs/images/trough_drain.jpg

Here are the options:

* :doc:`Modern trough with opto sensors <modern_opto>`
* :doc:`Modern trough with mechanical switches <modern_mechanical>`
* :doc:`Older style with two coils and switches for each ball <two_coil_multiple_switches>`
* :doc:`Older style with two coils and only one ball switch <two_coil_one_switch>`
* :doc:`Classic single ball, single coil <classic_single_ball>`
* :doc:`Classic single ball, single coil, no shooter lane <classic_single_ball_no_shooter_lane>`

Since there are so many different options, you need to first identify which
type of trough or ball drain system your machine has. So look at the following
pictures to match up what you have, and then follow the specific links to see
how to configure MPF to use it in your machine.

Video on ball tracking in MPF:

.. youtube:: Yh8ittsuWIc

Option 1: Modern trough with opto sensors
-----------------------------------------

Modern-style troughs (which have been used since about 1993 or so) are mostly
located underneath the playfield and hold the balls at an incline so they roll
down to the end. There is a single coil which fires to eject a ball up and out
where it's directed to the plunger lane.

.. todo::

   We need to add a photo of this type of trough (:doc:`\/about\/help_us_to_write_it`).

The advantage of modern troughs are (1) the balls entering are gravity-fed,
meaning they only need one coil, and (2) they can hold a lot of balls. (Most
hold 4-6 balls but you can buy ones that hold up to 8.)

If you have a modern-style trough with a circuit board on each side, that means
your trough uses opto sensors to detect the presence of a ball. One of those
circuit boards contains infrared LEDs which are always on which shoot invisible
beams across the ball paths, and the board has sensors that detect if a light
beam is broken, meaning a ball is sitting there blocking the path.

Common parts include:

* Williams: #A-16809
* Mantis Trough
* Stern #500-9820-00

If you have a modern trough with opto sensors, read the :doc:`modern_opto`
guide to continue.

Option 2: Modern trough with mechanical switches
------------------------------------------------

Some modern-style troughs use mechanical switches to detect the balls rather
than infrared opto boards. (Other than that, they're the same as the opto-based
troughs.) Here's a photo of a modern trough with mechanical switches from a
Stern Star Trek Premium machine:

.. image:: /mechs/images/modern_mechanical_trough_photo.jpg

If you have a modern-style trough with mechanical switches instead of opto
boards, then read the :doc:`modern_mechanical` guide to continue.

Common parts include:

* Stern: #500-6318-24 (trough assembly), #535-8393-00 (center drain ball guide), #535-7329-01 (entry/exit scoop)
* Spooky: #100-0015-00 (4 balls) or #100-0016-00 (8 balls), #100-0002-00 (drain guide + enter exit scoop)

Option 3: Older style with two coils and switches for each ball
---------------------------------------------------------------

Many machines from the 1980s and early 1990s have a ball trough system that
consists of two separate coils and where the balls stay "on top" of the
playfield (under the apron).

In this case, when a ball drains, a coil in the drain area pulses to eject the
ball up over a hump where the balls are stored. Then a second coil near the plunger
lane is used to eject a single ball at a time into the plunger lane.

Some of these types "two coil" systems have multiple switches on the side that
stores the balls, with there being one switch for each ball. That lets the machine
know exactly how many balls are sitting there because each ball is sitting on a switch.

Here's a photo of this type of trough system from a Pin*Bot machine:

.. image:: /mechs/images/two_coil_multiple_switches_trough_photo.jpg

If you have this kind of trough system, read the
:doc:`two_coil_multiple_switches` guide to continue.

Option 4: Older style with two coils and only one ball switch
-------------------------------------------------------------

Another option is similar to Option 3 above, except there's only one switch
on the trough side instead of separate switches for each ball. In these
types of trough systems, the behavior of that switch changes depending on
how many balls are in the trough.

If there are fewer than the max number of balls in the trough, when the
drain coil pulses to eject the ball from the drain into the trough, the
ball will roll over that trough switch, meaning it's activated momentarily
and then deactivated again.

However, if the ball ejecting into the trough will be the final ball that
will fill the trough, then that ball will rest on that trough switch, meaning
that switch is solid active as long as the trough is full.

Here's a photo from a Gottlieb System 3 machine (Brooks 'n Dunn) which shows
what this type of system looks like:

.. image:: /mechs/images/two_coil_one_switch_trough_photo.jpg

If your machine has a system similar to this, then read the
:doc:`two_coil_one_switch` guide to continue.

Option 5: Classic single ball, single coil
------------------------------------------

Older single-ball machines have a trough system that is on top of the playfield
under the apron, but they only have a single coil near the ball drain position.
The ball is stored in the drain area, and when it needs to be ejected, a coil
pulses to eject it from the drain all the way into the plunger lane in a single
action.

Here's an example from Gottlieb Big Shot:

.. image:: /mechs/images/classic_single_ball_trough_photo.jpg

If you have a system like this, read the :doc:`classic_single_ball` guide to
continue.

Option 6: Classic single ball, single coil, no shooter lane
-----------------------------------------------------------

Very similar to Option 5 but the drain directly ejects back into the playfield.
There is no shooter lane. This was used in early EM machines.

Here's an example from Gottlieb Playball:

.. image:: /mechs/images/classic_single_ball_trough_without_shooter_lane_photo.png

If you have a system like this, read the :doc:`classic_single_ball_no_shooter_lane` guide to
continue.

Option 7: Something we haven't seen yet
---------------------------------------

If you're using MPF with a machine that has some kind of trough or drain system
that we haven't covered here, we would like to know about it so we can write a
how to guide and/or add support for it in MPF.

As far as we know, however, these 6 options should cover everything. For example,
you might have a machine that you think is different, but when you really look
at it, it's just a weird form of one of these 6 options. (Bally Fathom is a great
example of this. It's like a classic single-ball trough where there is a drain
that ejects a ball all the way into the plunger lane, but there are two additional
switches in the apron wall where balls rest before they land in the drain device.
That style of drain and trough is actually configured using Option 2, the modern
trough with mechanical switches.)

If you have something weird that you can't figure out, we're happy to help! Just
post a photo of it to `MPF Users Google Group
<https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/mpf-users>`_ and we'll go from there.

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| Related How To Guides                                                        |
+==============================================================================+
| :doc:`/tutorial/7_trough`                                                    |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| :doc:`/mechs/ball_devices/troubleshooting`                                   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Related Events                                                               |
+==============================================================================+
| :doc:`/events/ball_drain`                                                    |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| :doc:`/events/balldevice_ball_missing`                                       |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| :doc:`/events/balldevice_balls_available`                                    |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| :doc:`/events/balldevice_ball_device_ball_missing`                           |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| :doc:`/events/balldevice_captured_from_captures_from`                        |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| :doc:`/events/balldevice_ball_device_ball_eject_attempt`                     |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| :doc:`/events/balldevice_ball_device_ball_eject_failed`                      |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| :doc:`/events/balldevice_ball_device_ball_eject_success`                     |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| :doc:`/events/balldevice_ball_device_ejecting_ball`                          |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

.. toctree::
   :titlesonly:
   :hidden:

   modern_opto
   modern_mechanical
   two_coil_multiple_switches
   two_coil_one_switch
   classic_single_ball
   classic_single_ball_no_shooter_lane
   spike_trough


Good evening Mr Millar, honoured guests and staff of Normies.
It is with great joy and yet some sadness tonight that we bid farewell to a remarkable principal and man. It is a rather nostalgic goodbye and yet a respectful farewell.
He arrived at Normies 13 years ago but I have had the privilege to work with Mr Millar for the past 3 years.
In the spirit of being a true transformational leader his compass was the children, their growth academically and their success as they prepare to take their place in society.
He has taken Normies from what some people would say nothing, to a school of excellence. Academic excellence and true passion for the children is his trade mark. He inspired the learners to see themselves as part of the Normies brand and denounce mediocrity.
As you leave the administration of the school, our hearts are filled with sadness and pleasant memories of the days we spent interacting with you.
Your friendly and yet stern disposition and inspirational presence is loved and admired by one and all in this community.
The school's atmosphere was always orderly without being rigid, quiet without being oppressive, and generally conducive to the instructional business at hand.
We are extremely grateful for what you have done at Norman Henshilwood. You leave a great legacy which will be treasured always. You have only given of your best to our children and has managed the school with the utmost integrity, limitless passion and respect. Your unique quality of putting our children first will always be remembered and I hope will stay the mission of your successor.
Thank you for holding everyone accountable so that Normies continues to be the school of excellence.
Thank you for encouraging and inspiring the governors who worked alongside you. Always with honesty, respect and integrity. Every decision made was always in the best interest of the children. Always solution driven and never undermining the role of the SGB.
In closing what has made Mr Millar so admired by many parents?
His unique HOSP sessions where they get to know him.
Underneath all that exterior as a parent community we see an empathetic and compassionate person who always endeavoured to create the best environment for the learners.
As an SGB we have been proud to work with you. Thank you for the legacy you are leaving behind. We have great respect for you as you have had for us.
May your new journey continue to inspire and transform others. We salute you sir.
"To have laughed often and much.
I am truly honoured to address everyone present – in honour of all the parents /family members here this morning who played a pivotal role in the lives of the matriculants.
I want to say the following as we all have our own unique histories and experiences.
They're going to college or university or out in the world!
I raised wonderful child/ren who love their parents and know their parents.
I turned countless childhood minutes, hours, days, and weeks that would have otherwise been lost in the name of efficiency into special moments that I'll cherish forever.
I was there with them every chance I had, and I created opportunities to be with them that I never imagined I could. I motivated, inspired and praised.
And as reward for my commitment, passion, and absolute love, I can now pass by their empty bedrooms or quiet rooms, feeling fond nostalgia and missing them terribly already. But what a blessing it is to feel No Regrets!
The days were long, the years were short, and the time I had with them was then. But I made the time and I took the time.
It was a journey that started 13 years ago with many expectations and dreams.
It is never about where you started but how you finish.
Next year when you start the new chapter in your lives, you are going to realise you were so protected, loved and nurtured at Normies .
You always wanted to make big decisions and writing your final school exam with much success is probably one of your biggest decisions.
Be proud of all your accomplishments you have had thus far. At school or outside of school.
Plan well, be meticulous about nutrition, exercise and taking breaks between studying.
Welcome all the attention and support your parents are giving you before and during your exam. Say thank you to everyone who supports you.
Remember you are important. You matter.
My best wishes to everyone. Thank You.
Across the province in South Africa , awareness is heightened in terms of child abuse, deliberate neglect and sexual offences against children this month. As governors we also have a moral obligation and an important role to play.
The WCED's Abuse No More Protocol sets it out clearly for School Governing Bodies on how to manage the process. Suggested Guidelines in terms of punitive measures against staff employed by the School Governing Body due to misconduct is set out in annexure H. This applies to anyone who applies for an SGB post ,be it teaching or non –teaching including volunteers. The guideline states that SGBs should ensure that applicants who are considered for appointment have not been found guilty of an offence against a child in terms of the Sexual Offences Act,2007 (Act 32 of 2007) or the Children's Act , 2005 ( Act 38 of 2005).
Further screening should be conducted against, both the National Protection Register and the Sexual Offenders Registers. The school manager will complete Form 29 and send it off to the Director –General of Social Development to check if any names appear on the register.
Governors should bear in mind that it is an offence punishable up to 10 years in prison, or a fine , or both , to allow access to children if you have been found unsuitable to work with children ( Section 305(1) (c) .If a person did not disclose to the SGB, information regarding been found unsuitable to work with children, he or she could be dismissed.
School Governing Bodies should ensure that contracts make provision for disciplinary measures that address the allegations of child abuse. Some stipulations that could be included are suspension, ending of contracts and particular sanctions that relate to the nature of the offence.
School Governing Bodies will always act within the best interest of the child during disciplinary hearings. This will include the child's safety during a hearing, ensure the child has access to an intermediary irrespective of the child's age, the child has the right to choose any person to accompany him or her for support. To name but a few.
The involvement of Public Media should be referred to the designated spokesperson and under no circumstances are SGB members and other persons involved ,allowed to divulge any information of such a sensitive nature. The identity of the victim and alleged perpetrator should be kept confidential at all times. Focus should be on giving support to the victim, his or her parents or guardians, not forgetting support for the alleged offender in the event of learner on learner abuse.
In conclusion we are all responsible for ensuring that our children are protected against all forms of abuse be it physical, verbal, deliberate neglect and sexual offences. Let it never be ok and accepted and not our business. Legislation compels us to deal with the problem in the most effective and efficient way.
It gives me immense pleasure to affirm and commend the staff of Norman Henshilwood for all they do. Staff appreciation is a necessary and essential event to remind everyone whilst we are busy someone is noticing the great work that is being done. Many people have their perceptions about what makes Norman Henshilwood successful. However the people who really know are the ones who do the real work – the staff.
Norman Henshilwood is no easy school. As teachers you set high expectations for yourselves and in turn raise the bar for the learners to do the same. Thank you for owning your challenges and for being solution driven. Thank you for keeping Norman Henshilwood unique in every sense. It is hard work to keep a high school child-centred and in the same breath continue to raise expectations.
I want to acknowledge and affirm that you work extremely hard to maintain and sustain the standard that has been set. To the office staff and ground staff: thank you for always going the extra mile.
Thank you to everyone for preparing and grooming our children to become the young adults that society can be proud of. To the person who is at the heart of all the great work being done, Mr Millar. Your excellent leadership is pivotal in all that is done at Norman Henshilwood. Much appreciation and affirmation to you too.


Our team of experts at Pokersites.com has designed poker guides and lists to cover every aspect of the game. Whether you are a newbie or a seasoned pro you will discover something new from our comprehensive guides to all things poker related. Our panel of experts have shared their extensive knowledge and expertise on the game with you, so just click on the links to find out more.
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Pick a top ten pro player and compare your salary to their poker winnings.
Information on the top ten poker players on the pro circuit today.
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Which poker rooms to avoid, and the reason why some sites get blacklisted.
Which states feature the most poker players and which are poker deserts.
All the poker terminology and pop culture references to poker that you will ever need to know.
We find out from a number of different people what they would be willing to bet when given the opportunity.
A look back at the biggest sports odds and payouts this century. We look at how a small bet would have paid off massively in these events.
Ten great reasons to use pokersites.com as you all-in-one poker resource.
Poker in the United States from its origin to the current day.
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A guide to the best online poker software tools to help your game.


and even if it is real, this is BAD news! What about his followers that are still out there? They are going to hear this news and they won't exactly be rejoicing about it!! Sorry to be all deterministic but in reality? What are they now going to do? Revenge on the US? Quite plausible.
So next time you try to prove most of the world wrong, back up your claims.
As for what you were saying about revenge, I agree.
I think Obama has definitely improved his chances for 2012, whether he wins depends on what he does between now and 2012.
I still think the World needs concrete evidence of him being dead though!.
I still think that it would only make make things even worse. He has been in the run for years, so it's more than likely that other leaders of al qaeda have replaced him.
Even though I totally despise terrorism, I think Bin Laden was a legend.
May Allah grant him a place in Junnah.
I really don't know why people are doubting the reliability of what's happened. It is safe to say that the man is dead. Some people probably don't realise that he worked for the CIA before in his lifetime.
There have already been 2 threads, official statements from the US government and many news reports that the image you just posted is in fact fake.
Considering the US government killed him, Imma take their word on this.
Mind you, if they wanted to lie I'm sure they wouldn't have waited almost 10 years.
It's gonna be one of the worst day ever, so many things are gonna lead on from this.
Al-Qaeda leader is dead----> so they're gonna seek vengence---->More people dying (Muslim and American)----->It's like a huge multiplier effect. Nothing good came from this.
I don't believe he's dead, until al-Qaeda announces it themselves and celebrates his "martyrdom".
For someone with a relative who was killed on Sept 11, I am pleased to see that justice has been served to Bin Laden.
That pic is a fake from over a year ago. The US government have had to point that out to a few local channels already.
Doesn't help that a few channels over there broadcast it too.
He was a horrible person, but I can't help but feel a little unsettled by the mass celebration of death. Violence breeds violence. Its not surprising we have maniacs like him when most of society is based on violence.
I don't believe it! It seems weird I mean think about it when they found saddam did they kill him on the spot? No they executed him for the whole world to see there power! And know you expect me to believe they found him killed him and buried him at sea! Does this seem like the American way to do it? Erm NO! No pictures/videos nothing no concrete proof and the whole worlds just believing that his dead!
I mean It's been 10 years and they've got nothing except killing loads of innocent lives they needed something to make them look good! Also the election is next year right? Will this not look good for him, No secret all American's hate Bin-Laden and since Obama killed him won't they be more likely to vote for him?
Wonder why the Taliban didn't react early on...my thoughts are with the people of Pakistan who will suffer as a result as the Taliban has promised increased terrorist attacks. This war on the innocents is going to get even bloodier. Someone will replace him with even more vengance.
Er hello, if Osama wasn't actually killed and still alive couldn't he just release a new video stating so? Why would the US leave themselves that open to looking like idiots?
Wow, I'm in a state of shock.
Only woke up, had so many texts on my phone telling me to check the news Osama is dead!
This is so much to take in, it's a moral victory against terror. Practically though it's not so significant as he's merely the face of Al-Qaeda, the fight will go on and wouldn't be surprised if the terrorists retaliate in anger now.
But justice has been served!
I will be needing photographic evidence of the raid and Osama though, after all it is the American government...I don't trust them blindingly.


This was the second time that I had been hustled that afternoon in Tampa. Shawn. When I first heard his name, he said S-H-A-W-N. "I never understood how they got Shawn out of S-E-A-N, like Sean Connery." So, we got that straight!
Shawn walked VERY briskly toward me and told me his story, not that I had asked. He and his 11 year old daughter were originally from Alabama. They were traveling in South Florida where he found work, when his truck was broken into and everything was stolen. The daughter was with police at the police station. Shawn said that he wasn't asking for help for himself, but for his daughter. He told me how much he needed for a meal (for her) and a place to stay for the night. I offered a fraction of that in order to meet and photograph him.
It is discouraging how commonplace this type of interaction is becoming. Shawn was very well spoken and convincing. I assume that it was a scam, but who knows?


My paintings lately have drawn more inspiration from the people around me and the ones, I assume, are around you. We all have friends with big dreams and secret passions. This painting was inspired by my good friend, Adrienne, who feels most at home in nature, especially among the mountains. I love watching her face light up when she talks about them.
I understand why she loves them; my husband and I lived in Colorado during our first years of marriage and those mountains just draw you in. They're royal and empowering. Not to mention they helped this directionally-impaired woman find her way in a new city. I knew where I was as long as I could see the mountains.
What is your secret passion? What is the thing that even the thought of it brings a happy sigh from your lips?
P.S. The reason the words look slanted in that last photo is because I was leaning the painting back to avoid a glare. They really are aligned, I promise.


"Harm For the Holidays" Comedy-Mystery Dinner Theater, performed by the Jest Murder Mystery Company at the Historic Lemp Mansion. Performance dates: Fridays and Saturdays, November 9th to December 29th, 2018, and January 4th & 5th, 2019. See website for more information.


Birthdate of Constant Nieuwenhuys, Dutch painter, sculptor, and illustrator (d. 2005); Isaac Stern, Polish violinist and conductor (d. 2001); and Jean Daniel, Algerian-French-Jewish journalist and author.
Death of Fiammetta Wilson, English astronomer and educator (b. 1864).
Birthdate of Emil Orlík, Czech painter, etcher, and lithographer (d. 1932).
Attribution of the On 21 July 1920 section: Wikipedia. Content under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.


text:
Guerau I de Cabrera (?-~1050), segon vescomte de Cabrera (~1017-~1050) i de Girona
 Guerau II de Cabrera (~1066-1132), Vescomte de Girona, del Baix Urgell (anteriorment Vescomte d'Àger), senyor de Cabrera i d'Àger
 Guerau III de Cabrera (? - ~1180), noble català i trobador, vescomte d'Àger, de Girona i de Cabrera (~1145-~1180)
 Guerau IV de Cabrera (1196-1229), vescomte de Cabrera i d'Àger (Guerau III), adquirí la possessió del comtat d'Urgell en litigi pels drets de la seva cosina Aurembiaix, comtessa d'Urgell (1209-28) i iniciador la segona dinastia del Comtat d'Urgell
 Guerau V de Cabrera (?- 1242), setzè vescomte de Cabrera
 Guerau VI de Cabrera (?- 1278), dissetè vescomte de Cabrera

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Continue reading"Can't Believe I Missed Mexico's Famous "Day of the Dead" Celebration"
Continue reading"A Review of My Short Stay at the Westin Lagunamar in Cancun"
Spent all of the day yesterday around the resort's pool. The infinity edge looks out towards the ocean. With the sun beating down on us, the water here is refreshing and kept at the perfect temperature. The pool is huge and has sections with built-in tiled beds that you can lay out and tan on – something I have never seen before.
I'm not really big on tanning myself but I thought that was a creative addition. If I had to choose between laying out on a beach chair or one that is semi-submersed in water, I think I actually prefer this!
Continue reading"Landed In Mexico, Getting Ready to Go Out"
I'll pack my bags, fly to Mexico in the middle of the semester, and be back before anyone notices I'm gone.
Continue reading"Booking a Last Minute Weekend Getaway to Cancun"


Home » Updates » Take the Pulse 10 Day Challenge!
Take the Pulse 10 Day Challenge!
Take the Pulse Challenge to better health!
(Include your choice in the "Add Comments About Your Order"
The Challenge is designed with the perfect balance in mind.Eating Pulse for 10 days canhelp you lose weight and detoxify your body while simultaneously assisting the clearing of blockages hindering nutrient absorption.


text:
PsychRockFuzz
Over the last few years, THE SCHIZOPHONICS have built up a formidable reputation around the world as an explosive live act. Tapping into the same unstoppable combination of rock 'n' roll energy and showmanship that fueled THE MC5 in the heyday of the Grande Ballroom, their wild live show is heavily influenced by artists like JAMES BROWN, IGGY POP, JIMI HENDRIX, LITTLE RICHARD, and THE SONICS. Singer/guitarist Pat Beers and drummer Lety Beers formed the band in San Diego in 2009 and have worked tirelessly since then, playing hundreds of shows around the globe and winning 7 San Diego music awards. In 2013 they were recruited as the backing/opening band for EL VEZ, which helped the band make a name for itself in Europe. Since then, they've played in fourteen countries, and supported tours by like-minded acts like ROCKET FROM THE CRYPT, LITTLE BARRIE, and THE WOGGLES and have opened for the DAMNED, HIVES and CAGE THE ELEPHANT. Shindig magazine described their live show "Like watching some insane hybrid of WAYNE KRAMER, JAMES BROWN, and the Tazmanian Devil". "One of my favorite live bands ever!" proclaims Tim Mays, who has run the Casbah in San Diego for 30 years and has seen literally thousands of live bands come through his doors. "The Schizophonics bring the goods every time they play," he enthuses.
The band is more than just an outstanding live act, they're also committed to writing great, memorable songs. After releasing 2 singles and an EP over the last few years on Munster, Ugly Things, and Pig Baby Records, they put out their first full-length album in July 2017 titled Land Of The Living on the label Sympathy For The Record Industry with famed record man Long Gone John. In January of 2019 they started work on their 2nd LP recruiting Dave Gardner (Hot Snakes, RFTC) mixing engineer Stephen Kaye ( JD McPherson, Mike Krol) and Pierre De Reeder (Rilo Kiley) to put their live, raw sound to tape. The album titled People in the Sky will be released on October 31st, 2019 on Pig Baby Records.


THIS A COMPREHENSIVE 200 HOUR ASTHANGA YOGA TEACHER TRAINING, DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE 200 HOUR REQUIREMENTS FOR REGISTRATION WITH YOGA ALLIANCE. AT THE END OF THE COURSE YOU WILL BE A CERTIFIED YOGA TEACHER, ELIGIBLE TO REGISTER WITH YOGA ALLIANCE, QUALIFIED TO TEACH ASHTANGA VINYASA YOGA.
THE YOGA TEACHER TRAINING PROGRAM GIVES YOGA TEACHERS THE SKILLS TO WORK INTELLIGENTLY WITH NEW STUDENTS WHO WISH TO LEARN THE ASHTANGA VINYASA PRIMARY SERIES AND WITH SEASONED STUDENTS WHO WISH TO DEEPEN THEIR PRACTICE AND MOVE INTO THE INTERMEDIATE SERIES.
N. MOOLA, UDDIANA, JALANDHARA & MAHA BANDHA.
AND CERTIFICATION BY THE SCHOOL ELIGIBLE FOR REGISTRATION WITH YOGA ALLIANCE.


text:
The Interesting Origin of the Birthday Cake
We all know that when someone is celebrating a birthday, a cake is usually in order. It doesn't feel like a complete birthday celebration until someone brings a cake to the table with lighted candles on top. But, did you ever stop to think how this particular tradition came to existence?
There must be some person in the annals of history who, one day, decided that in order to celebrate one individual's progress through life a cake should be present and that celebrant should blow out the candles. Well, there were more than one person who invented the tradition of birthday cakes and birthday candles and you'll learn more about it here.
Thank the Greeks
If you go through historical records you'll find that the ancient Egyptians are the ones who came up with the idea of celebrating one's birthday. But, it was actually the ancient Greeks we should credit for coming up with the idea to use cakes in celebration of one's birthday.
The ancient Greeks baked moon-shaped cakes but instead of offering this pastry to the birthday celebrant they did this as an offering to their goddess, Artemis. The tradition of serving a birthday cake started out as a tribute to a Greek goddess for letting the celebrant have another year of life. The tradition of lighting candles also started with them because the ancient Greeks wanted their moon-shaped cakes to light up like the real moon.
German twist
The tradition of serving a birthday cake further progressed into what we do these days when the Germans added their own twist. In the 18th century, Germans celebrated children's birthdays by not only serving cake but by also putting a specific number of candles atop it.
It was the Germans who started the tradition of putting in the number of lighted candles that coincided with the child's age. They also started the tradition of blowing out all the candles right after the child makes a wish for himself or herself.
The Germans referred to the candles being placed on top of the cake as the "light of life" and the number of candles referred to the years the child lived through.
The birthday song
Another interesting fact about birthday celebrations is the singing of the birthday song right before the celebrant blows out the candles. We've been so used to singing this song that most of us never bothered to find out how this tradition started or if the song was actually composed by someone.
Some people might even think that it was a song sung by our ancestors thousands of years ago that just happened to survive the ages and is still being used to this day. But, the truth is the birthday song is a lot younger than some would think.
In 1893, sisters and schoolteachers Patty and Mildred Hill composed the "Good Morning to All" song, which they sung to their students every morning before starting their lessons. That song became popular across the country; and in 1911, it evolved when someone sang it but replaced the lyrics to "Happy Birthday to You".
Mildred Hill realized that the song she and her sister composed was becoming more popular than ever and they wanted to copyright it in order to receive royalties every time the song was sung in public. After several legal battles, Jessica Hill, Mildred and Patty's third sister, was able to secure the copyright of the song and their family was received royalties until 1991.
So, you see birthday celebrations are much more interesting than you think. The next time you're checking out custom cakes in Sterling Heights for your kid's 9th birthday celebration try to remember the colorful history of this tradition. You might make their birthday more interesting by sharing with your child what you've found out about the history of birthday celebrations.
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Five Myths and Facts About Police Cars
How to Choose the Best Present for Any Occasion
Fishing 101: A Beginner's Guide to Fishing


The past of the bra is substantial. Nearly considering that the dawn of time women have worn bra's either to improve or decrease their figure. Bust-lines have actually been raised and decreased, rounded and also stretched as well as expanded throughout time following culture's fashions as well as patterns.