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Tag Archives | ABB
Linxon Wins $80m Order for Substations in Iraq
By Editor on 1st July 2020 in Iraq Industry & Trade News
By John Lee. Swedish company Linxon has won an order of around $80 million to the Ministry of Electricity in Iraq for delivery of four turnkey 132/33 kV GIS substations. The contract forms part of the Electricity Sector Reconstruction Project (Phase 2) financed by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The delivery includes all needed equipment […]
Tags: ABB, Electricity In Iraq, featured, Japan International Cooperation Agency, JICA, Linxon, mn, SNC Lavalin, Sweden, WW
Iraqi Cabinet outlines Funding for Investment Projects
By Editor on 18th June 2020 in Iraq Industry & Trade News
The Cabinet held its regular meeting in Baghdad on Tuesday under the chairmanship of Prime Minister Mustafa Al-Kadhimi. At the start of the meeting, the Prime Minister thanked health teams for their sacrifices on the front line during the Covid-19 pandemic. The Cabinet received a briefing from the Minister of Health on the latest developments and the […]
Tags: ABB, Babylon, Cabinet, coronavirus, covid19, Electricity In Iraq, featured, GE, General Electric, German Development Bank (KfW), germany, JPMorgan, mn, Siemens, Standard Chartered, Standard Chartered Bank, Sweden, Swedish Export Credit Agency (EKN), UK Export Finance (UKEF), United Arab Emirates (UAE), United Kingdom, Wasit
Swedish Company to build Power Substations in Iraq
By John Lee. Linxon Sweden AB has signed a contract with the Iraqi Ministry of Electricity to build 132-KV power transmission stations in Baghdad, Kut and Diwaniya. The contract was signed in Stockholm in the presence of the Ambassador of the Republic of Iraq in Stockholm, Mr. Ahmed Al-Kamali. Linxon is a joint venture company […]
Tags: ABB, Baghdad, Diwaniya, Electricity In Iraq, featured, Kut, Linxon, mn, SNC Lavalin, Sweden, WW
UK Drops Unaoil-related Probe into ABB
By Editor on 26th May 2020 in Construction & Engineering In Iraq, Iraq Oil & Gas News, Security
By John Lee. The UK's Serious Fraud Office (SFO) has dropped its investigation into ABB linked to the Unaoil case. After a thorough and detailed review of the available evidence, the SFO concluded that this case did not meet the relevant test for prosecution as defined in the Code for Crown Prosecutors. The SFO announced […]
Tags: ABB, Corruption, featured, mn, Unaoil, United Kingdom
ABB to complete Iraq Projects by 2024
By Editor on 5th November 2018 in Construction & Engineering In Iraq
By John Lee. ABB is reportedly targeting 2024 for the completion of energy projects in Iraq. Its managing director for the Middle East, Mostafa Al Guezeri, told The National that the Swiss-Swedish company is in the planning stage for its $1.2-billion work in the country. He added that the company was committed to spending more […]
Tags: ABB, Electricity In Iraq, featured, Sweden, Switzerland
ABB Wins Orders from Iraq's Min of Electricity
By Editor on 4th June 2018 in Iraq Industry & Trade News, Iraq Public Works News
Swiss-Swedish group ABB has won orders from the Ministry of Electricity in Iraq to deliver five fixed and 15 mobile 132-kilovolt substations that will help strengthen the power grid and provide electricity in central Iraq. The government of Iraq is rebuilding the country and investing in its grid as part of its ambitious plan to […]
ABB wins $30m Infrastucture Order in Basra
By Editor on 2nd August 2017 in Construction & Engineering In Iraq, Iraq Public Works News
Swiss-based ABB has won an order to supply and install a substation at the 3,000 megawatt (MW) Rumaila power plant, located in the Basra region of southern Iraq. The completed power plant will be operated by Shamara Holding Group (SHG), one of Iraq's largest private industrial conglomerates and an independent power producer. The Rumaila power […]
Tags: ABB, Basra News, DJ, Electricity In Iraq, featured, Rumaila, Rumaila Energy Park, Shamara Holding, Switzerland, WW
ABB in $500m Iraq Electricity Deal
By Editor on 27th February 2017 in Construction & Engineering In Iraq, Iraq Public Works News
By John Lee. Iraq has signed a $500-million agreement with Swiss-Swedish ABB to implement energy transmission projects. Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi's office said on Sunday that the agreement was signed between the company and the government of Iraq for the Ministry of Electricity. (Source: Office of the Prime Minister)
New Allegations of Massive Corruption in Iraq Oil Industy
By Editor on 31st March 2016 in Construction & Engineering In Iraq, Iraq Oil & Gas News, Security
By John Lee. An investigation by Fairfax Media -- publisher of The Age and The Sydney Morning Herald newspapers -- and The Huffington Post, claims that Monaco-based Unaoil has been involved in widespread bribery and corruption in the oil industry, including in Iraq, Iran and Libya. Following examination of tens of thousands of emails, the report says that Unaoil […]
Tags: ABB, bribery, Cameron, Cameron/Natco, Clyde Pumps, Core Labs, Corruption, featured, FMC Technologies, Hyundai, Leighton, Luaibi, MAN Turbo, Monaco, Petrofac, Rolls-Royce, Rosetti Marino, Saipem, SBM Offshore, Shahristani, Shaw Group, South Oil Company (SOC), Unaoil, Weatherford, Weir Group
ABB wins $100m Order Supporting Iraq Power Infrastructure
By Editor on 4th March 2016 in Construction & Engineering In Iraq, Iraq Public Works News
Switzerland's ABB has won an order worth around $100 million from Mass Global Holding to deliver a gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) substation that will help integrate 3,000 megawatts (MW) of electricity generated by a combined cycle power plant, utilizing Iraq's natural gas resources. The government is rebuilding the country, investing in national housing programs and has […]
Tags: ABB, DJ, Electricity In Iraq, featured, Mass Global, Switzerland
Court Rejects 'Oil-for-Food' Lawsuit
By Editor on 16th June 2015 in Politics, Security
By John Lee. The US Supreme Court has rejected an attempt by Iraq to revive a lawsuit against companies for allegedly conspiring with Saddam Hussein's government to subvert the United Nations oil-for-food program. According to the Reuters report, more than 80 companies and other entities were named as defendants in the 2008 lawsuit over the […]
Tags: ABB, BNP Paribas, Chevron, featured, France, germany, GlaxoSmithKline, oil for food, Siemens, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States
Korean Firm wins $146m Contract at Bismaya
By Editor on 15th May 2015 in Construction & Engineering In Iraq
By John Lee. South Korea's LSIS said on Tuesday that it has signed a deal to supply electrical equipment for the Bismayah New-City Project (BNCP) (pictured). The deal, worth about 160 billion won ($146 million, 170 billion Iraqi dinars), will see the company supply equipment for gas insulated switchgear at 32 substations over the next […]
Tags: ABB, Bismaya, Bismayah, Electricity In Iraq, featured, korea, LS Industrial Systems (LSIS), Siemens


This TV stand storage unit with a recycled wood will bring something different to your home adding a quirky retro and rustic chic style sure to please you. The texture is rough adding to the uniqueness of this rustic chic TV stand.
Each piece is made from Recycled wood that possesses an attractive albeit slightly unusual grain.
This piece offer tons of storage behind the door with a refrigerator roller latch style closure. It is totally perfect for the most design led home whether in a modern or more traditional room.


Consulate 90 minutes after they began on 9-11.
The attack in Benghazi took place in two waves at the consulate and lasted several hours while US military contractors battled Islamist extremists for 13 hours. During which Obama slept.
On Tuesday former Congressman Jason Chaffetz spoke to Fox News' Sean Hannity and gave the grim details of rest of the story.
Chaffetz was the first US lawmaker to arrive in Benghazi after the attacks happened.
Chaffetz told Sean Hannity that the Benghazi heroes were fired after they touched down in Germany after the attacks.
Obama-Hillary ditched and fired them, then from there they had to find their own way back to the U.S.
Then Barack Obama's admin took away their security clearances so they could no longer get work inside the government.
But don't expect CNN, MSNBC or many mainstream media outlet to report this because to them Obama and Hillary did nothing wrong.


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Q: Unit test for CreateFolder() method I am trying to write a unit test for the following method, but I do not know how to do it. Would you please help me with what could be the best approach to do it?
public void CreateFolder()
{
    if (!Directory.Exists(HttpContext.Current.Server.MapPath("~/Temp/")))
    {
        Directory.CreateDirectory(HttpContext.Current.Server.MapPath("~/Temp/"));
    }
}

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Q: If we write $\ln(x):=\int_{1}^{x}\frac{1}{t}dt$, can we show that the natural logarithm tells us the power $e$ must be raised to in order to get $x$? The way I was first introduced to the logarithm was that $\log_ab$ means 'the power you need to raise $a$ by in order to get $b$'. Additionally, $a$ and $b$ must be greater than $0$. If I tried to formalise this notion, then I would probably come up with something like
$$
\log_ab := n \text{ such that } a^n=b, \text{ where } a,b>0
$$
However, I have found that many logarithms are instead defined using integrals. In particular, the natural logarithm is often defined as
$$
\ln(x):= \int_{1}^{x}\frac{1}{t}dt
$$
Is there a way of showing that this definition still satisfies my intuitive conception of what a logarithm is? In other words, can we show that
$$
\ln(x):= \int_{1}^{x}\frac{1}{t}dt \implies \ln(x)=n \text{ such that } e^n=x, \text{ where } x>0
$$
Even better would be to show that
$$
\ln(x)= \int_{1}^{x}\frac{1}{t}dt \iff \ln(x)=n \text{ such that } e^n=x, \text{ where } x>0
$$
Where you use either the LHS or the RHS as the starting point for your definition.

A: Both the functions $\exp(x)$ and $\ln(x)$ are strange in that they can be defined in a variety of ways, all of which are equivalent. You can, for example, define $\exp(x)$ to be either of the following:
$$
\exp(x) = \lim_{n \to \infty} \left(1 + \frac 1 n\right)^{nx}, \quad \textrm{or} \quad  \exp(x) = \sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{x^k}{k!}.
$$
Yet another definition gives $\exp(x)$ as the unique function $f(x)$ with the property that $f'(x) = f(x)$ and $f(0) = 1$ (and yes, $\exp(x)$ is the only function with this property). In each of these instances, it is a different (but not terribly difficult) matter to show that $\exp(x+y) = \exp(x)\exp(y)$ from these definitions. So really what you want to do is prove that using one of these definitions, $\exp(\ln(x)) = x$ and $\ln(\exp(x)) = x$ for $x > 0$.
Let's suppose we take the approach that $\exp(x) = \exp'(x)$ and $\exp(0) = 1$, for whatever this function $\exp(x)$ actually is, and $\ln(x) = \int_1^x \frac 1 t \,dt$. Let $g(x) = \ln(\exp(x))$. Then $g(0) = 0$, and since $\frac{d}{dx} \ln(x) = \frac 1 x$ by the fundamental theorem of calculus,
$$
g'(x) = \frac{\exp'(x)}{\exp(x)} = \frac{\exp(x)}{\exp(x)} = 1
$$
from which we can deduce that $g(x) = x$. A similar strategy can be used to show $\exp(\ln(x)) = x$, so $\exp$ and $\ln$ are function inverses.

A: Yes: in this approach, $\mathrm e$ is the number such that
$$\ln \mathrm e=\int_1^{\mathrm e}\frac{\mathrm d t}{t}=1.$$
Therefore,
$$\mathrm e^{y}=x\iff y\ln\mathrm e=y=\ln x. $$

A: Note that the function $\ln$ defined in the question is one-to-one.
Assume that $e$ is such that $e^x$ is the unique function $y$ that satisfies $y'=y,y(0)=1$. Then the question boils down to showing that the following function $y=f(x)$ equals $x$:
Proposition. If $y=f(x)=e^{\int_1^x 1/t~dt},f(1)=1$, then $f(x)=x.$
Proof. Taking derivatives, one has $$\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac yx$$ $$\Rightarrow \frac 1 y~dy=\frac 1 x~dx$$
$$\Rightarrow \ln y=\ln x,~{\rm since~}f(1)=1$$
$$\Rightarrow y=x,$$ since $\ln$ is one-to-one.


Designed with Phantom styling in mind but works as a muzzle brake and compensator. This 5 port design has no downward facing port which helps eliminate dust problems when shooting in the prone position. The 5M2 features a "no snag" design that allows the user to navigate rough terrain without interference.


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Lime time: Bicycle sharing service makes Wisconsin debut in Green Bay | Streetwise
Green Bay area residents can now sign up for LimeBike, a bicycle sharing program that allows you to rent a bicycle for $1 per half hour.
Lime time: Bicycle sharing service makes Wisconsin debut in Green Bay | Streetwise Green Bay area residents can now sign up for LimeBike, a bicycle sharing program that allows you to rent a bicycle for $1 per half hour. Check out this story on greenbaypressgazette.com: https://gbpg.net/2KgsBvW
Jeff Bollier, Green Bay Press-Gazette Published 8:36 a.m. CT Aug. 1, 2018
LimeBike has launched its bike share program in Green Bay. Here's a guide to using it. Jeff Bollier, USA TODAY NETWORK-Wisconsin
LimeBike rolled out its bike share program in Green Bay on July 30. The bicycles, seen here by the Meyer Theatre, can be rented by the half-hour via the Lime app.(Photo: Jeff Bollier/USA TODAY NETWORK-Wisconsin)Buy Photo
LimeBike officially rolled into Green Bay this week, deploying more than 100 rental bicycles around downtown.
LimeBike is a bike share program that operates in 70 cities in the United States and Europe. Green Bay is its first market in Wisconsin. It offers users the chance to rent a bike for a few dollars via a smartphone app or text messages.
It doesn't take that long to get started. Here's what you do:
Download the Lime app from the App Store or Google Play.
Enter the verification code texted to you.
Lime will ask you to use your location to, among other things, show you where available bicycles are.
The first ride is free. After that, a 30 minute ride costs $1 for the general public or 50 cents for students. Low income individuals can qualify via Lime Access to buy 100 rides for $5.
The city has posted a LimeBike information web page and a map of bicycle pick-up and drop-off locations on its website. Most locations are downtown for now, but that will expand as Lime increases its fleet from 150 bicycles to 350 in coming weeks.
Limebikes parked near the start of the Packers Heritage Trail. The bike sharing service allows you to rent a bicycle for $1 for 30 minutes. (Photo: Jeff Bollier/USA TODAY NETWORK-Wisconsin)
Greater Green Bay Convention and Visitors Bureau Director of Partnerships and Community Relations Jessica Diederich expects LimeBike will be popular with locals running errands and visitors who want to see the sights.
"It's an opportunity for tourists or business travelers to get around and see the sights in the area," she said. "It's also the type of healthy component so many people will look for when they're considering moving to a community like Green Bay."
Here's how you start riding:
Click the "Ride" button at the bottom of the app screen.
Photograph a QR code on the bicycle or enter the bicycle's code.
You'll be asked to provide a debit or credit card to pay for future rides.
Lime unlocks the bicycle remotely.
Take off and enjoy the day
Riders can go beyond the city limits but must return the bicycle to Green Bay.
A user rides a Limebike south on Jefferson Street Tuesday morning. (Photo: Jeff Bollier/USA TODAY NETWORK-Wisconsin)
"We really liked Limebike for a lot of reasons. It's truly a public-private partnership," Buchanan said. "They own the system, they manage it, they maintain it. It's very little involvement necessary for the city."
Green Bay Economic Development Specialist Matt Buchanan said nearby communities are watching how the program fares.
Don't go thinking LimeBike will fall prey to the problems that tripped up bike share programs in the past, though.
Lime has technology on its side to make sure you will be caught if you decide to do something stupid like try to steal a bicycle or ride it into the Fox River. Buchanan said the bicycles have automatic locks on them, alarms that will sound if you try to walk off with one without paying, and GPS trackers.
"If somebody wanted to be a jerk and take a bike, if you move it more than a few feet, it will sound an alarm," Buchanan said. "It's a feature that increases the security and makes us all more accountable."
Green Bay Press-Gazette business reporter Jeff Bollier, aka Streetwise, wants to hear from you with news on new businesses, openings, closings, expansions and improvements. You can contact him at jbollier@gannett.com. March 14, 2018. Jeff Bollier/USA TODAY NETWORK-Wisconsin
Read or Share this story: https://gbpg.net/2KgsBvW
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The American suspect in the Meredith Kercher murder case, Amanda Knox, is due to appear in court today for the first time since the publication of an official report that placed her at the murder scene.
Foxy Knoxy, 21, and her ex-boyfriend, Italian Raffaele Sollecito, 24, deny killing Kercher, 21. The British Erasmus exchange student was found dead in November 2007 in a Perugia flat.
The report was published by the judge in the trial of third suspect 21-year-old Rudy Hermann Guede, who was convicted of Kercher's murder and jailed last October for 30 years.
Judge Micheli wrote that he believed that Amanda Knox let Guede into the house she and Kercher shared on the night of the murder. He added that he believed Kercher, from south London, was the victim of a plan to satisfy her assailants' sexual instincts.
The court is set, too, today to hear its first witness testimony, which will include the neighbours who found Kercher's two mobile phones in a nearby garden.
Both Knox and Sollecito's defence team argue that DNA evidence against the two suspects is contaminated and flawed.


This list is composed of the fastest NBA players of all time, ranked by overall speed and talent level. The NBA measures straight-line speed at the yearly NBA combine, as well as quickness, lateral agility, and many other athletic traits. However, speed in the NBA isn't as focused on the numbers, and is instead simply quantified by the jaw-dropping speed-related feats these NBA players perform on a nightly basis. Due to top-level speed, many of the fastest NBA players are also among the greatest NBA players of all time.
This list is a collection of which players displayed the most amazing, game-changing speed in NBA history. Typically, the fastest NBA players are point guards such as Russell Westbrook and John Wall, since they are often the smallest, although certain anomalies like LeBron James and Michael Jordan find themselves among the fastest NBA players despite being bigger and stronger.
Go ahead and rank the fastest NBA players of all time, and when you're done, head on over to rank the fastest NFL players of all time.


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M-1 Global (Mixfight-1) or MMA-1 (Mixed martial arts-1) is a mixed martial arts promotion based in St. Petersburg, Russia which organizes between 10 and 20 competitions per year.

It hosted its first major show (rather than co-promoting with other organizations) entitled M-1 Global Presents Breakthrough on August 28, 2009 at Memorial Hall in Kansas City, Kansas.

M-1, in 2009, signed a contract to co-promote with Explosion Entertainment.

UFC partnership
On July 18, 2018, it was announced that M-1 has agreed in a partnership with Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) where M-1 Global serves as the farm league for the UFC to scout Russian fighters for the UFC and  involves in preparation and organizes new shows in Russia. Part of the deal also allows M-1 champions to have the opportunity to sign with the UFC.

M-1 Challenge

M-1 Challenge is a competition organized with a series of events held in many places around the world. The events are broadcast in over 100 countries, mainly Russia, Europe and the FSU countries.

M-1 Selection

The M-1 Selection is a MMA competition where the next generation of fighters are given the opportunity to showcase their skills on the world stage with fighters being eliminated after only one loss; victory will advance the winning fighters throughout the tournament and earn them a trip to the championship event where they will compete for a "M-1 Selection" title.

List of Recent and Upcoming M-1 Global events

Current M-1 Global champions

Current M-1 USA National champions

List of M-1 Global champions

M-1 Global Heavyweight Championship
Weight limit:

M-1 Global Light Heavyweight Championship
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M-1 Global Middleweight Championship
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M-1 Global Welterweight Championship
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M-1 Global Lightweight Championship
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M-1 Global Featherweight Championship
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M-1 Global Bantamweight Championship
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M-1 Global Flyweight Championship
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M-1 USA National Welterweight Championship
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Notable fighters
  Fedor Emelianenko
  Alistair Overeem
  Khabib Nurmagomedov
  Jeff Monson
  Alexander Volkov
  Alexey Oliynyk
  Sergei Kharitonov
  Pedro Rizzo
  Alexander Shlemenko
  Vadim Nemkov
  Vinny Magalhães
  Alexander Emelianenko
  Paul Bradley
  Phil De Fries
  Carlos Eduardo
  Ramazan Emeev
  Yasubey Enomoto
  Maiquel Falcão
  Luigi Fioravanti
  Konstantin Gluhov
  Damian Grabowski
  Brandon Halsey
  Satoshi Ishii
  Chris Kelades
  Rustam Khabilov
  Alexey Kudin
  Mickaël Lebout
  Caio Magalhães
  Rashid Magomedov
  Ronny Markes
  Cody McKenzie
  Mario Miranda
  Tomasz Narkun
  Viktor Nemkov
  Joe Riggs
  Shahbulat Shamhalaev
  Kirill Sidelnikov
  Sokoudjou
  Mairbek Taisumov
  Vyacheslav Vasilevsky
  Attila Vegh
  Daniel Weichel
  Alexander Yakovlev
  Shamil Zavurov
  Mikhail Zayats
  Hayder Hassan
  Enoc Solves

See also
List of current mixed martial arts champions
M-1 Challenge

References

External links
  (English)

Organizations established in 1997
Mixed martial arts organizations
Mixed martial arts in Russia

1997 establishments in Russia
Sports organizations of Russia

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Takashi Iizuka talks about Sonic 2022 and his introduction to Sonic in 1992
Posted 2 years ago by Sato
Sonic Team head Takashi Iizuka talked about Sonic 2022 and his introduction to Sonic the Hedgehog in a special 30th anniversary interview with 4Gamer. While he couldn't share too much about Sonic 2022, he revealed more tidbits and vague information about the upcoming title. For instance, the mysterious symbol that we saw in the teaser trailer.
Here are some quotes from the interview about the new game:
Takashi Iizuka: "We haven't announced a brand new action game for the Sonic series since Sonic Forces, and that caused fans to worry. While it was a bit premature, I wanted to at least take the occasion of the 30th anniversary to announce that a brand new title was in development."
4Gamer: Is there a meaning behind the mysterious symbol that was presented?
Takashi Iizuka: "It is something symbolic that appears in the game, but the meaning is still a secret. However, I will say that it's not something one would figure out through deduction. we'll eventually share more details, so please wait a little longer."
In the following section of the interview, Iizuka talks about his introduction to Sonic the Hedgehog:
4Gamer: From this point, we'd like to once again talk about your relation to Sonic, Iizuka-san. You're currently working in America, correct?
Takashi Iizuka: "Yes. I've been part of the 'Sonic Pillar' team in charge of Sonic business at Sega of America in Los Angeles since 2016. As a creative officer, game development is a given, but I also supervise animation, merchandise, and all-things creative involving Sonic."
4Gamer: So now you oversee everything related to Sonic, Iizuka-san, but tell us about your introduction to Sonic.
Takashi Iizuka: "I joined Sega in 1992. That was around the time Sonic the Hedgehog 2 was being made in America, but I was doing debug work as a new employee in training. That was the first time I was introduced to Sonic. To this day, Sonic the Hedgehog 2 is still among my top 5 games. Everything from the characters to visuals and sound left a big impression on me. So, just when I was enchanted with its degree of completion, my superior reached out to ask, 'How would you like to work on Sonic the Hedgehog 3?' And of course, I immediately replied with the OK."
4Gamer: If I remember correctly, Sonic 3 was made in America, right? Did you fly to the States right away?
Takashi Iizuka: "After receiving my reply, he said, 'So you'll do it!? Then get your passport!' [laughs]. I've never been overseas until then. I was never interested in traveling abroad, but I decided to experience life in America to make Sonic 3."
4Gamer: So you joined the company and immediately shipped off overseas. That's rough!
Takashi Iizuka: "That was definitely a 180-degree turn for my life. I had my worries about the culture change and language barrier. However, being able to work on a big title representing Sega felt like a fresh new start at age 21."
4Gamer: How was the development environment?
Takashi Iizuka: "We had three people, including myself, on the planning staff. I copied and stole the techniques of my seniors and was able to really focus on development. It was a lot of fun to work on it. At the time, the stage map structure was all on paper, but the maps for Sonic 3 were just way too huge. I remember giving the graphic designer a paper that was larger than a tatami mat."
4Gamer: You were in charge of level design at the time, right?
Takashi Iizuka: "Yes, I really enjoyed doing level design work. I was enthusiastic about taking the Mega Drive's capabilities to their limits for the stages I worked on. I had to find a way to show more using backgrounds that had only two layers, so I figured things out while consulting with my seniors."
Filed under... #Sega#Sonic Team#Sonic the Hedgehog#Sonic the Hedgehog 2#Sonic the Hedgehog 3#Takashi Iizuka
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Taps still turned off near Air Force Base
Emily Lytle * Delaware
Nov 5, 2019 at 10:09 AM
Toxic chemicals in wells along South Bay Road: City manager says Air Force should foot the bill to connect city water to this area.
Residents in the properties from 1140 to 1290 South Bay Road, northwest of Dover Air Force Base, can now be connected to city water without property annexation. Approval from the Utility Committee came Tuesday, Oct. 29.
Typically, properties must be annexed if they want access to utilities. Public works director Sharon Duca said this case is different because wells have been contaminated outside the property owners' control. The area includes a shopping center with five businesses, two residences and an office building, although when asked, the Air Force and DNREC both refused to identify the specific parcels.
In July, Dover Air Force Base identified four off-base wells along Bay Road with water containing PFAS compounds, Perfluorooctanesulfonic and Perfluorooctanoic acids, above Environmental Protection Agency lifetime health advisory levels. Dover's municipal water has not tested positive for these chemicals, Duca said.
The chemicals in the groundwater, found in many locations around the country, came from firefighting foam. They can cause health effects: cancer, liver damage, decreased fertility and increased risk of asthma and thyroid disease.
Since notifying residents face-to-face in July, the Air Force has been providing bottled water to the affected area on Bay Road. Next, they will install water filtration systems "to provide a more efficient and convenient method to achieve clean drinking water," said Tech. Sgt. Chuck Broadway, a spokesman for the Dover Air Force Base public affairs office. They expect to finish that project by the end of the year, he said.
Another PFAS-contaminated area extends east from New Castle County Airport along Route 13/40. More than 100 military bases across the country have reported PFAS contamination.
What's next for Dover?
The committee approved the annexation waiver unanimously.
"It is beholden on us to assist them in making sure that our neighbors are not having a problem with their water," councilman Fred A. Neil said. He then asked city manager Donna Mitchell why the city has not invited the area to come into the city limits.
Mitchell explained that adding this area to the city would be difficult since the residents do not have access to city sewer, part of a normal annexation.
She said by taking away the annexation requirement, the city is simply making way for the Air Force Base to take over the project.
"I think the base needs to take responsibility," Mitchell said. "I do think it is a public health issue, but I don't think our ratepayers should bear the cost of this project that wouldn't have happened had it not been for … the base."
Who's going to pay?
The water main is on the east side of Bay Road and pipes need to be routed to the west side by going under the highway. The cost of directing water under a highway falls in the ballpark of $80,000 to $140,000, assistant public works director Jason Lyon said.
Then, the water line would need to run down the road at a cost of $200-$400 per linear foot, Lyon said. These are general estimates since the city does not have any designs for this specific project.
In a Sept. 26 letter to the city manager, Lt. Col. Vhance V. Valencia said the base was reviewing whether they could design and pay for the lines.
Mayor Robin Christiansen agreed with the city manager that the Air Force should pay.
"In other instances where this has happened across the country, the federal government picks up the entire tab. So, I don't think our taxpayers will be affected," he said.
Sen. Tom Carper, top Democrat on the Environment and Public Works Committee, places responsibility on the Department of Defense.
"If the Department of Defense contaminated the drinking water in and near Dover Air Force Base, it is the responsibility of the Department of Defense to clean up that contamination," Carper said.
"Across the country, an increasing number of communities, many near military installations, are unfairly footing the bill or anxiously awaiting for someone to clean up the PFAS contamination in their drinking water. Simply put, that's unfair, and that's why it's been one of my top priorities this year to make sure Congress ensures communities like Dover get the relief they need and peace of mind they deserve when unsafe levels of PFAS are detected," he said.
With Rep. Lisa Blunt Rochester and Sen. Chris Coons, Carper urged the Department of Defense to address the contamination at Dover Air Force Base in a July 31 letter.
Carper authored and introduced several provisions to address PFAS contamination in the National Defense Authorization Act for 2020, which is currently in the Senate.
He was part of a bipartisan group of legislators who introduced the PFAS Action Plan of 2019 bill, which requires polluters to fix contamination.
What is the base doing now?
In 2016, the base switched the foam in their emergency vehicles for a different fire-fighting foam that is PFOS-free and contains trace amounts of PFOA, Broadway said. In 2017 and 2018, they put it in fire suppression systems in their two hangars.
The new foam meets the military specifications for firefighting on aircraft and complies with Federal Aviation Administration regulations, he said.
More about the military's response to PFAS contamination is on their website.
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LEGAL: SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENTS
Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)
SLA for Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)
Last updated: March 2020
For customers who have purchased an Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) Uptime SLA, we guarantee uptime of 99.95% for the Kubernetes API Server for AKS Clusters that use Azure Availability Zone and 99.9% for AKS Clusters that do not use Azure Availability Zone.
The availability of the agent nodes in your AKS Cluster is covered by the Virtual Machines SLA. Please see the Virtual Machines SLA for more details.
This Service Level Agreement for Microsoft Online Services (this "SLA") is a part of your Microsoft volume licensing agreement (the "Agreement"). Capitalized terms used but not defined in this SLA will have the meaning assigned to them in the Agreement. This SLA applies to the Microsoft Online Services listed herein (a "Service" or the "Services"), but does not apply to separately branded services made available with or connected to the Services or to any on-premises software that is part of any Service.
If we do not achieve and maintain the Service Levels for each Service as described in this SLA, then you may be eligible for a credit towards a portion of your monthly service fees. We will not modify the terms of your SLA during the initial term of your subscription; however, if you renew your subscription, the version of this SLA that is current at the time of renewal will apply throughout your renewal term. We will provide at least 90 days' notice for adverse material changes to this SLA.
"Applicable Monthly Period" means, for a calendar month in which a Service Credit is owed, the number of days that you are a subscriber for a Service.
"Applicable Monthly Service Fees" means the total fees actually paid by you for a Service that are applied to the month in which a Service Credit is owed.
"Downtime" is defined for each Service in the Services Specific Terms below.
"Error Code" means an indication that an operation has failed, such as an HTTP status code in the 5xx range.
"External Connectivity" is bi-directional network traffic over supported protocols such as HTTP and HTTPS that can be sent and received from a public IP address.
"Incident" means (i) any single event, or (ii) any set of events, that result in Downtime.
"Management Portal" means the web interface, provided by Microsoft, through which customers may manage the Service.
"Service Credit" is the percentage of the Applicable Monthly Service Fees credited to you following Microsoft's claim approval.
"Service Level" means the performance metric(s) set forth in this SLA that Microsoft agrees to meet in the delivery of the Services.
"Service Resource" means an individual resource available for use within a Service.
"Success Code" means an indication that an operation has succeeded, such as an HTTP status code in the 2xx range.
"Support Window" refers to the period of time during which a Service feature or compatibility with a separate product or service is supported.
In order for Microsoft to consider a claim, you must submit the claim to customer support at Microsoft Corporation including all information necessary for Microsoft to validate the claim, including but not limited to: (i) a detailed description of the Incident; (ii) information regarding the time and duration of the Downtime; (iii) the number and location(s) of affected users (if applicable); and (iv) descriptions of your attempts to resolve the Incident at the time of occurrence.
For a claim related to Microsoft Azure, we must receive the claim within two months of the end of the billing month in which the Incident that is the subject of the claim occurred. For claims related to all other Services, we must receive the claim by the end of the calendar month following the month in which the Incident occurred. For example, if the Incident occurred on February 15th, we must receive the claim and all required information by March 31st.
We will evaluate all information reasonably available to us and make a good faith determination of whether a Service Credit is owed. We will use commercially reasonable efforts to process claims during the subsequent month and within forty-five (45) days of receipt. You must be in compliance with the Agreement in order to be eligible for a Service Credit. If we determine that a Service Credit is owed to you, we will apply the Service Credit to your Applicable Monthly Service Fees.
If you purchased more than one Service (not as a suite), then you may submit claims pursuant to the process described above as if each Service were covered by an individual SLA. For example, if you purchased both Exchange Online and SharePoint Online (not as part of a suite), and during the term of the subscription an Incident caused Downtime for both Services, then you could be eligible for two separate Service Credits (one for each Service), by submitting two claims under this SLA. In the event that more than one Service Level for a particular Service is not met because of the same Incident, you must choose only one Service Level under which to make a claim based on the Incident. Unless as otherwise provided in a specific SLA, only one Service Credit is permitted per Service for an Applicable Monthly Period.
Service Credits
Service Credits are your sole and exclusive remedy for any performance or availability issues for any Service under the Agreement and this SLA. You may not unilaterally offset your Applicable Monthly Service Fees for any performance or availability issues.
Service Credits apply only to fees paid for the particular Service, Service Resource, or Service tier for which a Service Level has not been met. In cases where Service Levels apply to individual Service Resources or to separate Service tiers, Service Credits apply only to fees paid for the affected Service Resource or Service tier, as applicable. The Service Credits awarded in any billing month for a particular Service or Service Resource will not, under any circumstance, exceed your monthly service fees for that Service or Service Resource, as applicable, in the billing month.
If you purchased Services as part of a suite or other single offer, the Applicable Monthly Service Fees and Service Credit for each Service will be pro-rated.
If you purchased a Service from a reseller, you will receive a service credit directly from your reseller and the reseller will receive a Service Credit directly from us. The Service Credit will be based on the estimated retail price for the applicable Service, as determined by us in our reasonable discretion.
This SLA and any applicable Service Levels do not apply to any performance or availability issues:
Due to factors outside our reasonable control (for example, natural disaster, war, acts of terrorism, riots, government action, or a network or device failure external to our data centers, including at your site or between your site and our data center);
That result from the use of services, hardware, or software not provided by us, including, but not limited to, issues resulting from inadequate bandwidth or related to third-party software or services;
Caused by your use of a Service after we advised you to modify your use of the Service, if you did not modify your use as advised;
During or with respect to preview, pre-release, beta or trial versions of a Service, feature or software (as determined by us) or to purchases made using Microsoft subscription credits;
That result from your unauthorized action or lack of action when required, or from your employees, agents, contractors, or vendors, or anyone gaining access to our network by means of your passwords or equipment, or otherwise resulting from your failure to follow appropriate security practices;
That result from your failure to adhere to any required configurations, use supported platforms, follow any policies for acceptable use, or your use of the Service in a manner inconsistent with the features and functionality of the Service (for example, attempts to perform operations that are not supported) or inconsistent with our published guidance;
That result from faulty input, instructions, or arguments (for example, requests to access files that do not exist);
That result from your attempts to perform operations that exceed prescribed quotas or that resulted from our throttling of suspected abusive behavior;
Due to your use of Service features that are outside of associated Support Windows; or
For licenses reserved, but not paid for, at the time of the Incident.
Services purchased through Open, Open Value, and Open Value Subscription volume licensing agreements, and Services in an Office 365 Small Business Premium suite purchased in the form of a product key are not eligible for Service Credits based on service fees. For these Services, any Service Credit that you may be eligible for will be credited in the form of service time (i.e., days) as opposed to service fees, and any references to "Applicable Monthly Service Fees" is deleted and replaced by "Applicable Monthly Period."
SLA details
Additional Definitions
"Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) Cluster" A Kubernetes cluster is divided into two components:
Control plane nodes provide the core Kubernetes services and orchestration of application workloads.
Nodes run application workloads.
"Kubernetes API Server" When you create a Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) Cluster, a control plane is automatically created and configured. The control plane includes the API Server that exposes the underlying Kubernetes API.
"Availability Zone" is a fault-isolated area within an Azure region, providing redundant power, cooling, and networking.
Monthly Uptime Calculation and Service Levels for AKS Clusters that use Availability Zones
"Maximum Available Minutes" is the total accumulated minutes of an Availability Zone enabled AKS Cluster to the time Customer has initiated an action to stop or delete the AKS Cluster during a billing month.
"Downtime" is the total accumulated minutes that are part of Maximum Available Minutes with no connectivity to Kubernetes API Server from provisioned Availability Zone enabled AKS Cluster in the region.
"Monthly Uptime Percentage" for Availability Zone enabled AKS Clusters is calculated as Maximum Available Minutes less Downtime divided by Maximum Available Minutes in a billing month for a given Microsoft Azure subscription. Monthly Uptime Percentage is represented by the following formula:
Monthly Uptime % = (Maximum Available Minutes – Downtime) / Maximum Available Minutes X 100
The following Service Levels and Service Credits are applicable to Customer's use of AKS Clusters that have Availability Zones enabled in the region:
MONTHLY UPTIME PERCENTAGE
< 99.95% 10%
< 99% 25%
< 95% 100%
Monthly Uptime Calculation and Service Levels for AKS Clusters that don't use Availability Zones
"Maximum Available Minutes" is the total accumulated minutes of a provisioned AKS Cluster to the time Customer has initiated an action to stop or delete the cluster during a billing month.
"Downtime" is the total accumulated minutes that are part of Maximum Available Minutes where a provisioned AKS Cluster has no connectivity to Kubernetes API Server.
"Monthly Uptime Percentage" is calculated as Maximum Available Minutes less Downtime divided by Maximum Available Minutes in a billing month for a given Microsoft Azure subscription. Monthly Uptime Percentage is represented by the following formula:
Monthly Uptime % = (Maximum Available Minutes - Downtime) / Maximum Available Minutes X 100
The following Service Levels and Service Credits are applicable to Customer's use of AKS Clusters that don't have Availability Zones enabled:
< 99.9% 10%
1.1 Last updated: March 2020
Release notes: Introduction of SLA for service
1.0 Last updated: June 2018
SLA for all Microsoft Online Services
Related SLAs


text:
Gelligaer Historical Society
Brithdir Hamlet
Cefn Hamlet
Garthgynydd Hamlet
Bedlinog Farm
Blaenllwynau
BlaenNantwen
Clawdd-Trawscae PDF
ColyIsaf
ColyUchaf
LanIsaf
Lan-Uchaf
Nant-wen
Nant-y-ffin
Twyn-giden
Tylaglas
Hengoed Hamlet
Ysgwyddgwyn Hamlet
Bargoed and Gilfach
Bedlinog
Brithdir
Gelligaer
Pontlottyn
Tirphil
Tir-y-berth
Trelewis
Troedrhiwfuwch
YM Hengoed
Hengoed ROH
In 1841, what is today called Bedlinog Farm was recorded as Bedlinog Ucha, a 120 acre farm just above where today stands the village of Bedlinog, which has been built mainly on the farmland of Bedlinog isaf. Unlike most of the farms in Gelligaer this farm was held by lease until the mid-17th century. The first recorded mention of the name Bedlinog in relation to this particular farm does not come until 1715. But the name itself predates this, a deed of 1604 mentions a close (large field) called Gwayne vedlinog which probably became part of Coly isaf, and in 1630 the property that became Coly isaf was described as "capital messuage with appertances called Tyr bed llynock" and in a 1688 deed we find Coly isaf described as "a tenement and lands called Bodloynog alias Tir Coli". It is probable that the name Bedlinog was originally used of a geographic area of land rather than a specific farm.
In the 1540 Senghennydd Manor survey it has been identified not in the section of freehold lands, but in a section following which lists 'vacated land'. Even for the owner of freehold land there was an annual rent payable to the lord of the manor, and if this was not paid then the ownership of the land returned to the manor lord. In the 15th and 16th century this had apparently been not uncommon due to changing climatic conditions and the plague. It is not known why the land around Bedlinog became vacated, the entry in the 1540 survey merely records an income of 23s. 4d from "certain vacated land called Tyre Adame ap holl, leased to various tenants". It is not known who Adam ap Howell was, nor is there any information on the tenants. In the 1570 survey a little more information was given, the entry reads "Tenants of Senghennydd Supra hold certain land called Tyr Adam ap hoell, rent per annum Janken Rosser (8s. 4d.), Morgan Awbery (8s. 4d.), and other tenants for Jevan Colly (7s. 0d.)". "Bedlinog uchaf" has been identified as the land held by Morgan Awbery; that held by Janken Rosser as "Bedlinog isaf"; and Jevan Colly as "Coly uchaf". In the 1625/30 manor survey there is a small section at the end headed "Chief rents" and the only item appearing in this says "Item We present that David Jenkine Rosser (8s 4d) and Walter Awbery (8s 4d) of Kelligare holdeth there certain parcells of land called tir Adam ap Howell 16s. 8d."
In the Manor survey of 1670, the two properties were freehold each paying 8s. 4d. The entry for "Bedlinog uchaf" reading "Thomas Lewis for a tenement called Tir William Morgan Awbery, in his own tenure, pays 8s. 4d.". It must be presumed that at the termination of the leases the leaseholders acquired the land, with the 'lords rent' set at the old rent which had been decided by the Assize courts back in the 15th Century. This would appear to be the last time a property in Gelligaer was transferred from the Manor ownership to Freehold with a lords rent. Although some subsequent sales did include an annual payment, the farms were called "fee farms" and were not included in the rentals of the older freehold farms.
Awbrey is a surname and surnames did not come into general use in Gelligaer until the 18th Century; there is no indication of there being anybody in Gelligaer with the name of Awbrey in the comprehensive tax return of 1545, so we can presume that Morgan Awbrey came to Gelligaer sometime between 1545 and 1570 and took out a long term lease on 120 acres of Tir Adam ap Howel. The Awbrey family is well known in South Wales and Morgan seems to have been a family name, this makes it difficult to known exactly who the Morgan Awbrey who came to Gelligaer in the 16th Century was[1]. The earliest reference is in the 1568 Merthyr Tydfil will of John ap Jevan ap Philip where, at the end of the will, a Morgan Awbre is said to owe one pound. It is assumed this was the Morgan Awbrey shown as tenant of "Bedlinog uchaf" in 1570.
The next reference, apart from the 1570 survey, comes in a marriage settlement of 1580 for which the catalogue entry reads:
(1) William Morgan Aurbrey of Kelligaer co.Glam yeoman.
(2) John Jenkin of Kelligaer, gent and David Thomas Rosser of Bedwelltie co. Mon. yeoman
Marriage Settlement.
Marriage between the said Wm Morgan Aurbrey and Isabell daughter of Thomas ap Thomas Wylym of Kelligaer.
All that tenement commonly called Tyr Vergh Adam ap Howell situate in Kelligaer together with its appurtenances, lands, tenements, etc. by ancient mears & bounds well known
The name Thomas ap Thomas is shown as the owner of several properties in the 1570 Manor survey, but it is not possible to identify whether there is just one person nor which one was William Morgan Awbrey's father-in-law. William Morgan Awbrey is presumed to be the son of Morgan Awbrey. There are also references to a John Morgan Awbrey, who, in 1595, is a pivotal witness in a court case concerning the ownership of Forest Eglwys Gwladys, and who is perhaps kidnapped for a day for his pains.
As mentioned above in 1630 the owner is given as Walter Awbrey, from the name it is evident that he is related to the previous owners but his exact relationship is not known. He is also shown as holding the tenancy, from Sir Edward Lewis of the Van, of a farm, on the opposite bank of the Bargoed Taff river in Merthyr Tydfil, called Tir Taldon.
The next information comes from a tax of 1660, called the "Free and Voluntary Gift to Charles II". It acquired its name as it was freely and voluntarily passed by parliament on the return of the monarchy in 1660, for the tax payers it was, of course, neither a gift nor voluntary. In Garthgynydd Hamlet, William Awbrey paid 2s. 6d. This was the highest in Garthgynydd but William Awbrey was the biggest freeholder living in Garthgynydd, and the amount was in line with what other Freeholders in the parish were paying. William Awbrey was evidently the son of Walter Awbrey, since, in his Will of 1662, he calls himself William Water Awbrey. It is interesting to note that two "surnamed" families came to Gelligaer in the mid 16th Century, the Stradlings and the Awbreys, The Stradlings seem to have very much kept to their surname identity, perhaps because they retained a foothold outside Gelligaer with a property in Llandowe. The Awbrey family, on the other hand, seem to have married locally and been merging into the local landscape with only the main line attempting to keep the surname, and not always being sure of that, as witness the mixture of patronymic name and surname in William Walter Awbrey. This duality was also displayed by the rest of the community. William Walter Awbrey had evidently married a daughter of William Lewis Jenkin whose family was to put together "Heolddu" in Hengoed hamlet. We know this from the various wills of that family which mentions William Walter Awbrey's daughter Rachel. It is to be presumed that his wife had died prior to 1651 the date of the first Will, since we never get to know her name. The 1651 Will of Edmond William Lewys mentions "Rachel Awbery, my neece". A year later the Will of William Lewis Jenkin, Edmond's father mentions "my grand child Rachell William". In 1660 the Will of Edmond's brother Thomas William mentions "Thomas Lewis of Kevenglas …… his daughter Malte and daughter ……? unto his nowe wieffe Ragell Awbrey". And finally the 1662 Will of Edmond's mother Isabella Lewis who simply mentioned "the two daughters of Thomas Lewis that is to say Malt and Mary". We shall see that, in later documents, Rachel Awbrey alias Rachel William was referred to by the latter name.
As mentioned above William Water Awbrey died about 1662 and left this Will
In the name of God Amen I William Water Awbray of the Parish of Kelligare, yeoman beinge sick in body but of whole and perfect memory Laud and praise be to the almightie god my Maker and redeemer doe make and ordaine this my present testament containing my last Will in manner and fforme followinge, that is to say, I comend my soule to the hands of the almightie god my maker and redeemer and my body to be buried in christian buriall in the Parish Church of Merthyr Tydfil. Imprimiss I give and bequeath to the Cathedral Church of Landaff 6d. Item I give to the Church of Merthyr Tydfil 6d. Item I give and bequeath to my brother Edward Water two oxen and two steers of 4 yeare old. Item I give and bequeath to him on Cow on Mare and on Coult, to my broather David I give and bequeath 2 steers of 4 yeare old. Item I give and bequeath to my nephew Edward David on Cow. Item I give to my sister Mary on Cow. Item I give to my Cozen Lewis Jenkin on heyfer of three yeare old. Item I give to my Cozen William Jenkin on mare of 3 yeare ould. Item I give and bequeath to Rebeck Edward on Cow. Item I give and bequeath to my ness Juan Edward on Cow, I give and bequeath to ye aforesaid William Jenkin on Cow. Item I give to the aforesaid-Edward Water six hopes of oatmeal and three hopes of barly of Cardiff measure. Item I give to the aforesaid David Walter two hopes of oatmill of the same measure, Item I give and bequeath to my Sister Mault Water on backe house, on Close caled yr yerw velen, one other Close caled yn Ca bach, one other Close caled yr wayne yssa, and one other Close caled yr kelly, dueringe her naturall liffe for and after her liffe to my daughter Rachell and to her heires forever Item I give and bequeath to the aforesaid sister Mault the on halfe of the new garden by the barne and the stabell to her Duringe her natural Liffe and after her natural Liffe I doe demisse the aforesaid gardens Lands and houses to my daughter Rachell and to her heires for ever. The Rest of all my lands tenements houses and bildings I doe demisse give and bequeath to my daughter Rachell and to her heires forever. Item I give and bequeath to my Sister Ann Water on Cow two Steers of 2 yeare ould and on heiffer of one yeare ould, Item I give and bequeath to my grandchild Mauld Thomas 2 yearling beast and bequeath to my graunt child Mary Thomas 2 yearling beast … …"
The witnesses were Lewis William, Philip Meredith, Lewis William John of kelligare and Harrie Thomas of merthir; there is no Inventory attached to the Will. It can be noted that his brothers and sisters are referred to using the Welsh naming pattern. Although he lived in Gelligaer Parish, his preference is quite evidently for the church in Merthyr Tydfil. The field names mentioned in the Will were still in use in the tithe schedule almost 200 years later, yr yerw velen as Erw Vellan, Ca bach as Cae Bach, yr wayne yssa as Waun Isha, and maybe yr kelly as Cevan y Cae llwyd; the "backe house" is probably a bake house rather than a back house.
Following the death of William Morgan Awbrey, ownership of "Bedlinog uchaf" descended to his daughter Rachel and her husband Thomas Lewis of Cefn Glas in Merthyr Tydfil parish, and, as mentioned above, the 1670 Senghennydd Manor survey recorded the farm as "Thomas Lewis for a tenement called Tir William Morgan Awbery". The Hearth tax returns for 1671 and 1672 show a Thomas Lewis paying for a single hearth, somewhat surprising since a farm of this size might be expected to have had more. There is no obvious entry in the 1666 hearth tax return, it is possible the family had continued to live at Cefn Glas.
The next information on the family comes in some deeds relating to a property called Tyr y Quarry mawr in Eglwysilan parish. Today it is called Cwarrau mawr. The first two deeds tells us that on 10th June 1692 Thomas Lewis of Kevenglaes, Merthyr Tydvill, gent & Rachell his wife and Lewis Thomas their eldest son sold Tyr y Quarry mawr to William Thomas of Kelligare, yeoman, for £100. The next two deeds dated the 8th and 9th of December 1692 tell us a little more. They are a post nuptial settlement for William Thomas of Kelligare, who is revealed as a son of Thomas Lewis and Rachel, and brother of Lewis Thomas. William's wife's name is given only as Joan. As William Thomas is said to be of Gelligaer it seems likely that he was living at "Bedlinog uchaf", while his family continued to live at Cefn Glas. This is given some credence by the fact that the next information we have is the Will of Thomas Lewis of Merthyr Tydfil. There is no mention of either Cefn Glas or "Bedlinog uchaf" but the people involved suggest it is the Will of Thomas Lewis of Cefn Glas. He mentions his wife Rachel William, and his sons Lewis and William. He also mentions another son John and two daughters Ann and Gwenllian. There is however no mention of the daughters Mault and Mary mentioned in the wills of the 1660s, and it has to be presumed that they had died. It was not unusual for the main property not to be mentioned in a Will of this period as its inheritance would have been decided by a Marriage Settlement. We can assume that "Bedlinog uchaf" passed to the eldest son Lewis Thomas.
The next reference to Bedlinog – in fact the first use of the name Bedlinog with reference this farm – comes in the Will of Edward Lewis of Gilfachfargoed which was written in 1715. In it he set up an educational trust, which gave rise to Lewis School Pengam, and one of the trustees was to be "Mr. William Thomas Lewis of Bedlynog". This indicates that Bedlinog had by then passed on to Lewis Thomas' younger brother, probably due to the death of Lewis since we know that Cefn Glas also became the property of William Thomas Lewis. William Thomas Lewis himself died in September 1730, his burial on the 17th September being recorded in the Gelligaer Parish Register, and he left a Will. Once again there is no mention of Bedlinog in the Will, which suggests he had inherited the farm rather than having purchased it, since the former would suggest it was entailed and would automatically pass to his heir. The Will does however mention the property "Quarra mawr in Eglwysilan", confirming that he is indeed the William Thomas mentioned above. He also mentions his brother John.
He had two sons Edmond and Lewis and two daughters Mary and Gwenllian. He had also acquired other farms, although the only one actually mentioned by name, aside from Cwarrau mawr, was Berthllwyd in Llanfabon; the others are described as "all lands etc purchased from Thomas Lewis esq. in the parish of Merthyr Tydfil", and the lease of Tir y Graig from Thomas Lewis esq. One of the most interesting items comes in the Inventory attached to the Will, where we find the item "study of books £1-10s.", not unique in Gelligaer but it implies a relatively large collection of books. His son Lewis was given the purchased properties, while Edmond was given the leased property and as eldest son inherited Bedlinog itself.
This is confirmed in a short history of the farm Tir Tuppa in Ysgwyddgwyn hamlet written about 1784, which states that "… In 1735 Wm Williams son of Jacob Williams sold it [Tir Tuppa] to Edmond William of Bedlinog. In 1737 Lewis William of Bedlinog, heir at law to his brother, sold it to Thomas Edward his brother-in-law, from him came to Lewis Edwards his son …".
We might note here that Thomas Edward already owned Ysgwyddgwyn isaf. It is probable that he was married to Mary William who in her father's will is mentioned as having a son called Lewis Thomas. The presumption being that Lewis Thomas later adopted the surname Edward, his father being Thomas Edward, and thus became Lewis Edwards. But more of him later.
The history implies that in 1735 it was Edmund William who owned Bedlinog but that by 1737 it was owned by Lewis William as heir of Edmund. So Edmund died between 1735 and 1737, and indeed the burial of Edmund William Thos Lewis was recorded on the 16 Jan 1737. Also the Senghennydd Manor Leet court of May 12th 1737 recorded "Death of freeholder Edmond Wm of Gelligare – Thomas Edward & John Jenkin in his stead". Quite why Thomas Edward and John Jenkin are said to replace him is somewhat of a mystery, although it can be noted that his brother Lewis would already have been a Freeholder from his ownership of the other farms. We do however know that Tir Twppa in Ysgwyddgwyn hamlet was transferred to his sister Mary's family i.e. Thomas Edward, another property Cefn Glaes in Merthyr Tydfil parish was possibly transferred to John Jenkins at the same time – is it possible that he was connected with the other sister Gwenllian? – perhaps Edmund had expressed such a wish before he died – there is no Will. Lewis his heir still owned Bedlinog uchaf, Cwarrau mawr in Eglwysilan and Berthllwyd in Llanfabon
Lewis William did not long survive his brother, his Will dated 18th October 1739 was given probate 5th December 1739, and in the Gelligaer Parish Register we find "Lewis William of Bedlinog buried 27 October 1739". In this Will he leaves all his freehold estate in Glamorgan to his wife Cessill Thomas until his son Thomas Lewis reaches the age of 14, after that to be jointly held during the life of his wife. He also appoints his father in law Thomas Harry and the latter's son Harry Thomas to oversee his Will. There is a marriage licence of April 21 1737 to allow Lewis William bachelor, yeoman of Gelligaer to marry Cissil Thomas spinster of Gelligaer at either Gelligaer, Llandaff or Trevethin; the marriage took place at Llandaff on April 29th. This tells us that his son Thomas Lewis would have been less than 2 years old at the time of his father's death.
The inventory of his goods was carried out on the 14th November 1739 by Thomas Edward (his brother in law), John Jenkin (?a nephew) and John Thomas (maybe his uncle), and shows him as a typical yeoman freeholder of that time except for his ownership of a smith's shop.
his wearing apparell – £4; 4 feather beds & 3 chaffe beds with their bedcloaths – £4; brass and pewter – £2 10s.; wooden lumber – £6; 100 small sheep – £7; 6 oxen, 7 cows, 3 yearlings, 3 calves – £34; 3 horses – £8; piggs & poultry – £1 10s.; implements of husbandry – £1 5s.; the smiths shop with its implements – £5; corn & hay – £5; household provision – £2; Total:- £80 5s.
In Senghennydd Manor rental of 1747, the tenant of the farm iwas recorded as Cicel Williams widow, this is undoubtedly the widow of Lewis William – she having been recorded with her late husband's 'surname'. She is shown as the owner in 1757 when the manor rentals begin to record the owners. Cecil very clearly indicates one of the difficulties of trying to work out who is who at this time. It was during this century that the people of Gelligaer started to adopt surnames and end the traditional patronymic naming. We find Cecil Thomas the daughter of Thomas Harry recorded as 'Cecil Thomas' in her 1737 marriage to Lewis William the son of William Thomas Lewis. In his 1739 Will her husband refers to here as 'Cessill Thomas', and his son as Thomas Lewis, illustrating that the family were using patronymic naming. Yet in the manor rentals of the mid century she is referred to as 'Cecil Williams widow' – being given her husband's 'surname' – interestingly in a document relating to tithes signed by nearly all Gelligaer farmers she signs by a mark which is indicated as being the mark of Cecill Williams. When she marries for the second time in 1749 the marriage is recorded as between Cecil Thomas widow and Thomas Jenkin bachelor, and her burial in December 1766 is recorded as Cecil Thomas wife of Thomas Jenkin. Yet on a family gravestone she is recorded as Ciceley Lewis of Bedlinog buried December 1766. The gravestone was most likely erected by her son Thomas Lewis who no doubt considered Lewis as his surname. Of course the fact that she signs by mark makes it possible that she could not read, so she may have been unaware of all this.
On her death in 1766 Thomas Lewis became the sole owner of Bedlinog uchaf, he also continued to own Berthllwyd in Llanfabon, Tyr y Quarra Mawr in Eglwysilan, Tyr y Nyth in Merthyr Tydfil and according to freeholder lists continues as joint owner of Cefn Glas with John Jenkin, all of which had come down to him from his grandfather William Thomas Lewis. He also came to own Lan uchaf and Lan isaf. So he was a substantial landowner. However, little is known of him. From the gravestone mentioned earlier it is known that his wife's name was Mary and that she died in 1770 aged 29; the marriage took place by licence in Merthyr Tydfil on 19 May 1758 between Thomas Lewis of Gelligaer, bachelor, a minor and Mary William of Gelligaer, spinster, a minor with the consent of their guardians and with Thomas Jenkin and Henry Thomas as witnesses. Deeds show that in 1775 he sold Tyr y Quarry mawr for £400 to William Richard Powell of Energlyn. The Leet Court of May 1778 records the selling of his Merthyr properties. A court case of 1816 tells us that a marriage settlement was drawn up in February 1782 involving Lewis Edwards the elder (his cousin) which involved the Gelligaer properties Bedlinog uchaf, Tir y Lan isaf and Tir y Lan uchaf, showing that by that date the properties were in the possession of Lewis Edwards the elder. However there appears to be no record of Thomas Lewis's death – no Will or Administration, no burial record, no Leet Court record – only an undated list of freeholders of the early 1780s which refers to the Late Thomas Lewis. Berthllwyd in Llanfabon becomes the property of the family of John Jenkin – but how these transfers took place is not known.
By February 1782 the Gelligaer properties Bedlinog uchaf (120 acres), Lan uchaf (34 acres) and Lan isaf (38 acres) were owned by Lewis Edwards the elder alias Lewis Thomas Edward son of Thomas Edward and his wife Mary William daughter of William Thomas Lewis of Bedlinog – and so still a descendent of Morgan Awbrey. Lewis Edwards had also inherited from his father the farms Ysgwyddgwyn isaf and Tir Twppa (total 142 acres), so he now owned just over 330 acres in Gelligaer. Lewis Edwards had married Mary David of Gwern Llwyn isaf farm in Merthyr parish. They had a son also called Lewis Edwards. Lewis Edwards the Elder died in March 1785, his burial being recorded under the name Lewis Thomas Edward – buried 20 March 1785.
Meanwhile in 1783 a Lewis Edwards (presumed to be the younger) had bought most of "Bedlinog isaf" (76 acres), and in March 1785 bought the rest, called Llwyn Crwn (28 acres) – so that on the death of his father he had an estate of over 400 acres in Gelligaer. He had married Elizabeth the daughter of William Watkins of the parish of Llanddeti in the county of Brecon.
When his Eldest son (Lewis Edwards III) married, the properties in Ysgwyddgwyn were settled on him. In 1805 Lewis Edwards II settled Lan isaf & Lan uchaf on his second son Thomas and made provision for £300 for each of his three daughters. Lewis Edwards II died in 1815 and in his will left all his properties to his wife during her life and then to his son Thomas. He also made further provision for his daughters and £500 for his third son William who was born after the 1805 settlement. His eldest son Lewis Edwards III who as stated had already received Ysgwyddgwyn isaf and Tir Twppa was not mentioned. In 1817 he took the rest of his family to court claiming that he had discovered a settlement of 1782 made on the marriage of his parents which entailed the Garthgynydd properties on him. The court case implies that he had married against his parents' wishes. His mother Elizabeth Edwards and brother Thomas denied that the marriage settlement existed. The court case dragged on through both the Chancery court of the Great Sessions in Cardiff and the Chancery court at Westminster. On the 2nd of August 1827 agreement was reached in Chancery that all the properties would go to Lewis Edwards III who agreed to pay £1400 to his family within 6 months. On December 2nd 1828 he made the payment to Elizabeth Edwards of Mynyddislwyn, Thomas Edwards of the same gent., William Edwards of the same gent., Margaret Edwards of the same spinster, and Ann Edwards of the same spinster. So Bedlinog uchaf, Bedlinog isaf, Lan isaf and Lan uchaf become the property of Lewis Edwards III. It is not known what subsequently became of his brothers and sisters.
In order to pay the £1400 he was forced to take a loan from his solicitor William Meyrick of Merthyr Tydfil. But then in order to repay the loan he had to sell Ysgwyddgwyn isaf and Tir Twppa to William Meyrick. Later he came to realise that he had sold at the wrong moment, the advent of the railways and demand for coal had made the properties more valuable. So he took William Meyrick to Court to try to regain the properties. The case attracted the attention of The Times law correspondent who reported it on 22 July 1842. Part of the report is shown below:
EDWARDS V. MEYRICK.
This was a suit to set aside a sale of two farms, named Tyr Twppa and Yscwddgwyn, situated in the parish of Gellygare in Glamorganshire, which was made by the plaintiff to the defendant in the year 1825. The plaintiff, according to his own description of himself, and the description which his witnesses were called to prove, is a Welsh hill-farmer, illiterate and unacquainted with business, except within the scope of his daily avocations; but, according to the account given of him by the defendant and the witnesses on his behalf, is one of the most important persons in the parish in which he resides – a substantial farmer, frequently holding the office of overseer, a guardian of the union under the Poor Law, a leading man in parochial and county business, the habitual adviser of the less literate of his neighbours, and a gentleman of liberal taste, having for many years kept hounds for hunting. The grounds upon which the plaintiff claimed the relief which he asked were, that the defendant Mr. William Meyrick, of Merthyr Tydvill, was for many years his solicitor; that in 1815 Meyrick discovered the draught of a settlement made upon the marriage of the plaintiff's grandfather that had been suppressed, but under which the plaintiff was entitled to considerable property then in the possession of other members of his family: that to establish this settlement and recover the property for the plaintiff a bill was filed in the Court of Great Sessions, in Wales, against the parties in possession : that this proceeding led to various others in the Court of Chancery and at common law, which ultimately terminated in the year 1829, when, partly by his success in the legal proceedings and partly by a compromise, the plaintiff obtained quiet possesion of the settled property: that in 1823, while these proceedings were going on, Mr. Meyrick pressed the plaintiff to pay him the costs which had been incurred, and the plaintiff to secure payment of the amount of a bill made out by Mr. Meyrick, amounting to £1,109 executed a mortgage to him of Tyr Twppa and Yscwddgwyn for that amount : that is 1825 the plaintiff was desirous of selling these farms, and Meyrick was instructed to offer them for sale on his behalf; but, instead of selling them to another party, he became himself the purchaser, at the price of £2,100. The purchase-money, the plaintiff alleged, was made up by the payment of £697., due on a prior mortgage, £1,224 on the mortgage to the defendant, and £175 in cash, of which £100 only was then paid. The plaintiff alleged that the relation of client and solicitor between himself and Mr. Meyrick did not cease until 1835: that he soon afterwards gave notice of his intention to redeem the farms in question, and in 1836 he filed his bill to annul the sale. Much evidence was entered into on both sides as to the circumstances of the sale, the alleged impropriety of charges in the bill of costs, and the value of the property: on the part of the plaintiff one of the witnesses stated the value at the time of sale to have been £3,000, another said £2,800, and another £2,600. It appeared that the rent at that time was £70. a-year; some time after the sale it was raised to £90 a-year. An act of Parliament for making a railway through that district passed in May, 1825, by which the value of the property was said to be affected, and mines of coal under the land were expected to become valuable
The properties remained with William Meyrick. However Lewis Edwards' family continued to hold the Garthgynydd properties. In the Return of Owners of Land compiled in 1873 Lewis Edwards of Bedlinog, his son, is shown as owning 258 acres, and the family continued to own tBedlinog farm into the 20th Century. Margaret Edwards the last known member of the family living in Bedlinog and a descendent of Morgan Awbrey, died towards the end of the 20th Century.
1519 Deed : Gwent Archives Hanbury JCH 1738
1540 Senghenydd Manor Survey : National Archives SC6/HENVIII/7493
1570 Senghenydd Manor Survey : National Library of Wales Bute S1 & S2
1580 Marriage Settlement : Gwent Archives : Hanbury Archives D8/1 JCH1034
1630 Senghenydd Manor Survey : National Library of Wales Bute M37/39
1650-1663 Wills : National Library of Wales : LL1651-16; LL1652-18; LL1660-23; LL1663-27
1662 Will : National Library of Wales : LL1662-34
1670 Senghenydd Manor Survey : National Library of Wales Bute M37/41 & S11
1692 Marriage Settlement/Deeds : National Library of Wales Bute D245/1 – 4
1696 Will : National Library of Wales : LL1606-145
1747-1840 Senghennydd Manor Rentals : National Library of Wales Bute R6/2-5 & 32
1763-68 Land Taxes : National Library of Wales Tredegar 85/2230++
1773-1809 Local Taxes : National Library of Wales, Bute G11
1783-1831 Land Taxes : Glamorgan Archives Q/D/LTA/CAE
1782 Settlement : see National Library of Wales : Great Sessions/11 94 & 95
1805+ Deeds : National Library of Wales : Bute D127
1817 Chancery case : National Library of Wales : Great Sessions/11 94 & 95
1841 Tithe Schedule : Glamorgan Archives P/1/2/13


text:
import random

def generate_limerick():
    person = ["man", "girl"]
    person_index = random.randint(0, len(person) - 1)
    pronoun = ['He', 'She'][person_index]
    place = ["Dunblane", "North Spain"]
    noun_phrase = ["three old dears", "a few spies", "some fungi", "some old men", "two old dears", "two young men"]
    location_phrase = ["in the rain", "on a train", "in a lane", "on a domain", "in a drain"]
    coll_noun = ["they all", pronoun]
    verb = ["jumped", "bought", "fell", "became", "looked for", "developed"]
    verb_index = random.randint(0, len(verb) - 1)
    last_phrase1 = ["in front of a train", "in a drain", "in a lane", "off a crane", "off a train", "out of a plane"] # fell, jumped
    last_phrase2 = ["a web domain", "a big crane", "a villa in Spain"] # bought
    last_phrase3 = ["very insane", "very inane", "sad with blame", "rather lamebrain"] # became
    last_phrase4 = ["champagne", "a chow-mein", "some henbane", "the mundane", "the profane"] # looked for
    last_phrase5 = ["a migraine"] # developed

    verb_phrase_map = {
        "jumped": last_phrase1,
        "bought": last_phrase2,
        "fell": last_phrase1,
        "became":  last_phrase3,
        "looked for": last_phrase4,
        "developed": last_phrase5,
    }
    last_phrase = random.choice(verb_phrase_map[verb[verb_index]])

    parts = [
        "There once was a ", person[person_index], " from ", random.choice(place), '\n',
        'Who met ', random.choice(noun_phrase), ' ', random.choice(location_phrase), ' -\n',
        pronoun, ' was easily led,\n',
        'And did as they said,\n',
        random.choice(coll_noun), ' ', verb[verb_index], ' ', last_phrase, '.'
    ]

    return ''.join(parts)

def get_message():
    return generate_limerick()

def test():
    print get_message()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    test()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Condensed Real Estate Investing Beginners Knowledge For The Lowest Price Anywhere Online. Accumulated Over 25 Years This Audio Book With Save You Money, Hassle, And Time. Start Your Real Estate Investing Here To Create Your Own Money Making System Today.
Tagged Basta, Commission, Diabete, Diabetes, Italian, Treatment, Version.


Benjamin Kreith presents a recital of contemporary violin music featuring 'My New Address' by Italian composer Stefano Scodanibbio. The program includes solo works by Javier Arias Bal, Luciano Chessa, Laurie San Martin, David del Puerto, and Anton Vishio. Daniel Cullen will join Kreith to perform his piece 'Stream' for violin and electronics.


text:
New Jersey Governor Says Enough is Enough on Taxing the Wealthy
Home Tax New Jersey Governor Says Enough is Enough on Taxing the Wealthy
By Groco Staff Writer Tax July 22, 2014
It seems that no tax is a bad tax when it comes to the "left" side of the government. It's a well-known fact that the wealthiest Americans pay the largest portion of the country's taxes. However, there are some government leaders that lean "right" who still think that the rich already pay more than their fair share of their income to the government.
To that end, Gov. Chris Christie of New Jersey recently vetoed more tax increases that would have raised the state's tax bill by more than $1 billion. Meantime, Gov. Christie also noted that the need for serious tax reform across-the-board is overdue. Gov. Christie recently signed New Jersey's budget and pointed out that the state's richest 1 percent are already paying around 40 percent of the total tax bill.
Gov. Christie is concerned that if the state continues to increase the tax bill for the wealthy they will simply decide to live elsewhere. Gov. Christie also noted that the state lost around $70 billion in the five years after the last major tax hikes in 2003 and 2004.
There's no question that the government already takes enough from the wealthiest people in America. At GROCO we agree with Gov. Christie that tax reform is needed and not more taxes to the wealthy. Although paying taxes is important, we focus on helping you keep as much of your money as you are allowed by law. Contact us today for help with your tax planning.
Chris Christie (Demo)Income Tax (Demo)Wealthiest Americans (Demo)
New Jersey Dems Looking to Tax the Rich Even More
Florida Looking to Lure More Wealthy Taxpayers


As fall conditions become more and more evident here in Fort Lauderdale fishing for Sailfish begins to occupy more of our time offshore. Mornings are cooler even though the afternoons can still get warm. There is a lot of bait in the area now. Mullet schools are moving south, loads of juvenile Bonito are on the reefs and most importantly schools of Pilchards, Herring, and Sardines are just off the beaches.
Pictured are Tim and the boys who got together and chartered us as part of a Bachelor Party week-end. When Tim called to reserve (this was his first trip with us) and filled me in on the details I had my usual suggestion. ?Sleep in and we?ll see you about 12:30 or 1?. An afternoon charter often seems to be the best time frame for most of these get togethers and Tim readily agreed.
His group arrived right on time and off we went. Mostly sunny but with a few clouds to block some of that afternoon sun. Really nice fishing day with reasonably clean water right up in the reefs. Slightly more current just off the reef line and fewer free floating weeds which have been prevalent and fouling our baits. A logical spot to target and this full grown Sail posed for pictures just prior to his release. Other notable fish today were a pair of 12 # Mahi-Mahi. Live baiting was the choice for this trip and the Sail fell for a live Bonito. No Wahoo bites this afternoon.


Exterior Cleaning Service for Commercial Properties in Khandallah.
Commercial Building Washing & Exterior Cleaning Khandallah.
But not just anybody can carry out exterior cleaning - it requires professional tools and expertise – and that's where we can help. We've been helping businesses in Khandallah with commercial building washing, carpark cleaning, and window cleaning for more than a decade.


If you are considering enrolling in Tai Chi for beginners classes at one of your local gyms or dojos, you are going to be embarking on what can be a lifetime journey towards good health, both physical and mental as well as learning an ancient Chinese martial art. However, as with any new adventure you are going to embark on, you should be ready to become completely involved otherwise you are not going to derive the true benefits of this art.
In order to gain the most from your Tai Chi for beginners' classes, you should be aware that there are three main keys to success, if you can master all of them you will be in a position to not only master all that you will be asked to learn, but will stand to gain the most from all that you have learned. Perhaps the one most important key to achieving mastery of Taiji is consistency. In all aspects of Tai Chi Chuan, such as your breathing, movements focus and practice, you will need to learn to be consistent. Out of all of these, it is consistency of practice that is paramount as the rest will come with practice.
Keeping all of your joints in a completely relaxed or neutral position is considered to be another key to successful Tai Chi for beginners. This may in fact be one of the most important things you are going to learn as a beginner. It may also be one of the hardest things you have to learn as most of us tend to tense up when we are getting ready to undertake anything physical. There are many reasons for this ranging from improving your ability to move from one form to another to helping you to avoid many unnecessary aches and pains, not only from your practice of Tai Chi, but in your daily lives.
As a final key to successful Tai Chi for beginners, you are going to need to keep your weight centered; this in conjunction with neutral joints and the proper breathing techniques are the foundations that you will need to build in order to get the most out of your Tai Chi practice. You should start out by concentrating on one part of your body at a time and once you have it under control move on to the next. This will help you to keep your weight centered and eventually be able to move all of the parts of your body in the appropriate coordinated manner through all of the various forms you will go on to learn on your way to becoming a master.


text:
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17 things keeping you from getting rich, according to a journalist who spent his career studying millionaires
Kathleen Elkins
Getting rich is entirely up to you.
Rasstock/Shutterstock
Prompted by legendary businessman Andrew Carnegie, who turned a few nickels and dimes into a fortune, journalist Napoleon Hill researched more than 500 self-made millionaires over 20 years before releasing his 1937 best-seller "Think and Grow Rich."
In addition to boiling down the "secret" to building wealth in 13 principles, he revealed 30 "major causes of failure" that hold many of us back from getting rich.
Here are 17 that are still relevant today.
Not having a well-defined purpose.
Define your goal and go after it.
Sebastiaan ter Burg/Flickr
"There is no hope of success for the person who does not have a central purpose, or definite goal, at which to aim," Hill writes.
If you're looking to build wealth, start with visualizing a savings goal with a specific price tag. Then form a financial plan and determine exactly where you want your money to go.
Lack of ambition.
You have to want it.
Elsa/Getty Images
You have to want to aim above mediocrity, Hill says: "We offer no hope for the person who is so indifferent as not to want to get ahead in life, and who is not willing to pay the price."
Wealth doesn't simply appear. You have to work toward it with patience and persistence. A good starting point is to invest your money (the earlier the better), and let the power of compound interest build your wealth. It doesn't take much time or effort, but it does require action on your part.
Not properly applying your education.
Take your formal education and apply it outside the classroom.
Flickr/NASA Goddard Space Flight
A college degree won't cut it. Knowledge is only potential power, and it will not become useful or lead to great wealth unless it is organized and applied to life, Hill emphasizes:
"Education consists not so much of knowledge, but of knowledge effectively and persistently applied. Men are paid not merely for what they know, but more particularly for what they do with that which they know."
Don't settle with your degree. Make it a priority to constantly learn new things and challenge your mind. There's a reason that many of today's successful and wealthy people are voracious readers.
Lack of self-discipline.
Master self-control.
"Discipline comes through self-control," Hill writes. "This means that one must control all negative qualities. Before you can control conditions, you must first control yourself ... If you do not conquer self, you will be conquered by self."
When it comes to getting rich, the most basic formula is: save more, spend less. It's a simple concept, but spending less requires discipline. Learn to recognize and manage overspending triggers if you want to start accumulating wealth.
Not taking care of your body.
Make time for exercise.
"No person may enjoy outstanding success without good health," Hill writes. It's no coincidence that many millionaires make time in their schedules to exercise.
If you haven't mastered your body, the good news is that many of the causes of bad health — overeating, negative thoughts, and lack of exercise — are completely under your control.
If you're pressed for time, try this seven-minute workout you can do at home.
Procrastinating.
Put your phone away and pick up a personal-finance book.
Flickr/jseliger2
Hill calls procrastination one of the most common causes of failure: "Most of us go through life as failures, because we are waiting for the 'time to be right' to start doing something worthwhile. Do not wait. The time will never be 'just right.'
"Start where you stand, and work with whatever tools you may have at your command, and better tools will be found as you go along."
If you want to build wealth, start today. Pick up a personal-finance book, listen to a podcast about money management, form a financial plan, or contribute toward a 401(k), Roth IRA, or traditional IRA.
Lack of persistence.
Don't stop until you have what you want.
Flickr/Pierce Martin
"Most of us are good 'starters' but poor 'finishers' of everything we begin," Hill writes. "People are prone to give up at the first signs of defeat."
Don't stop until you get what you want. The most successful people tend to have dealt with, and overcome, failure. "I've learned that it doesn't matter how many times you failed," billionaire Mark Cuban told Smart Business. "You only have to be right once. I tried to sell powdered milk. I was an idiot lots of times, and I learned from them all."
Negativity.
Be the person people WANT to reach out to and help.
"There is no hope of success for the person who repels people through a negative personality," Hill writes. "Success comes through the application of power, and power is attained through the cooperative efforts of other people. A negative personality will not induce cooperation."
If you want to grow rich, positive emotions must dominate negative ones, Hill emphasizes. He was on to something: Today, research shows that positive, happier people are more likely to perform better at their jobs and are less likely to be unemployed.
Lack of decisiveness.
Make up your mind and stick with it.
"Analysis of several hundred people who had accumulated fortunes well beyond the million-dollar mark disclosed the fact that every one of them had the habit of reaching decisions promptly," Hill writes.
On the flip side, "People who fail to accumulate money, without exception, have the habit of reaching decisions, if at all, very slowly, and of changing these decisions quickly and often."
Decisiveness is not just a trait of the wealthy but one of the most important qualities a leader needs to possess. At the end of the day, making a bad decision is better than making no decision at all.
Choosing the wrong spouse.
Don't get married just because it seems like the right time.
rorobito/flickr
Hill highlights this as one of the most common causes of failure. "Unless this relationship is harmonious, failure is likely to follow," he writes. "Moreover, it will be a form of failure that is marked by misery and unhappiness, destroying all signs of ambition."
His claims are backed by research. One study, by Brittany C. Solomon and Joshua J. Jackson of Washington University in St. Louis, shows that having a conscientious spouse can boost your salary by $4,000 a year.
Not taking risks.
Caution with money is a good thing, but over-caution can backfire.
Rick Neves/Shutterstock
"The person who takes no chances generally has to take whatever is left when others are through choosing," Hill says. "Over-caution is as bad as under-caution. Both are extremes to be guarded against. Life itself is filled with the element of chance."
When it comes to managing your money, it can be tempting to let your savings sit "safely" in your bank account to avoid feeling repercussions from another stock market crash. However, investing your money is how you'll make more of it.
You'll want to do so wisely, of course, and a good starting point is to look into low-cost index funds, which Warren Buffett and other investing experts recommend.
Hanging out with the wrong crowd.
The rich tend to associate with others who are rich.
Miles Willis / Stringer / Getty Images
"One should use great care to select an employer who will be an inspiration, and who is, himself, intelligent and successful," Hill advises.
This concept extends beyond your boss and associates; it is also important to surround yourself with talented and driven people outside your work. Hill calls this creating a "Master Mind" group.
We become like the people we associate with, which is why the rich tend to make friends with others who are rich.
Sticking with the job you hate.
It's OK to call it quits.
Flickr / Omar Gurnah
"No man can succeed in a line of endeavor which he does not like," Hill writes. "The most essential step in the marketing of personal services is that of selecting an occupation into which you can throw yourself wholeheartedly."
Don't toil away at a job that leaves you stressed out and dissatisfied with life. Quitting your job, if the circumstances are right, can be incredibly rewarding and pay off in the future.
If you're not sure how to have this conversation with your boss, check out advice from Richard Branson, Robert Herjavec, and six other super-successful people.
Not narrowing your focus.
Focus on building wealth, and don't let distractions derail you.
Daniel Goodman/Business Insider
"The 'jack-of-all-trades' seldom is good at any," Hill writes. "Concentrate all of your efforts on one definite chief aim."
If you want to get rich, you need to become obsessed with this desire, Hill says: "Wishing will not bring riches. But desiring riches with a state of mind that becomes an obsession, then planning definite ways and means to acquire riches, and backing those plans with persistence which does not recognize failure, will bring riches."
Lack of passion.
Enthusiasm is crucial to success.
Minas Panagiotakis/Getty Images
"Without enthusiasm one cannot be convincing," Hill writes. "Moreover, enthusiasm is contagious, and the person who has it, under control, is generally welcome in any group of people."
The wealthiest people do not find success on their own; rather, they use their passion and energy to inspire others and push forward.
"Without passion, you don't have energy; without energy, you have nothing. Nothing great in the world has been accomplished without passion!" billionaire Donald Trump said.
Being closed-minded.
Be open to collaboration and new ideas.
"The person with a 'closed' mind on any subject seldom get ahead," Hill says.
You must be willing to continually collaborate with others, imagine new ideas, and innovate. The wealthiest and most successful people think differently.
To start thinking differently, do different things, expose yourself to different people, and value other ideas, says John C. Maxwell in his New York Times best-seller "How Successful People Think."
Lack of soft skills and inability to cooperate with others.
Mark Cuban doesn't like jerks.
AP Photo/Mike Fuentes,
"Most people lose their positions and their big opportunities in life because of this fault than for all other reasons combined," warns Hill.
Building an empire takes people skills and charm just as much as it does strategy.
Mark Cuban put it bluntly in an Entrepreneur article about the keys to being successful in business: "People hate dealing with people who are jerks. It's always easier to be nice than to be a jerk. Don't be a jerk."
SEE ALSO: 11 short books to read if you want to get rich
More: Features Wealth Napoleon Hill Psychology Of Money


Today, more than a third of Americans say that buying holiday gifts makes them feel stressed, and 23% say it feels wasteful.
If you're a grandparent, aunt, uncle, or friend-of-a-parent, you know the stress of trying to pick out a gift for a child who's constantly growing and changing. They seem like different kids every time you see them—who knows if they'll like your gifts? Or how long they'll use them?
And if you're a parent, you know (and possibly dread) that post-holiday scramble to find storage space for yet more toys…that will eventually be outgrown.
To help you out this holiday season, IDeal—Idaho College Savings Program has compiled a list of gifts that'll last even longer than a toddler's Frozen obsession.
This guide was created by IDeal—Idaho's 529 College Savings Program. IDeal is a state-sponsored investment plan created to help Idaho families plan ahead and save for college.
Enjoy today while preparing for tomorrow.
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