text:
\section{Introduction}

High Lithium abundances have recently been detected in the secondaries
of at least five soft X-ray transients: V404 Cyg, A0620-00, Cen X-4,
Nova Mus (Martin et al. 1992, 1994, 1996), and GS 2000+25 (Filippenko,
Matheson, \& Barth 1995, and Harlaftis, Horne, \& Filippenko 1996).
Although the measured abundances were not extremely high, ranging from
about $10^{-10}$ (for A0620-00) to about $2 \times 10^{-9}$ (for Cen X-4),
they are considered highly unusual and surprising simply because in such
late-type stars as the secondaries of these compact objects are,
Lithium should be greatly depleted by means of nuclear burning within the
stars. This association of enhanced Lithium abundance
with the presence of the compact companion, raises then the possibility
of the {\it production} of Lithium, either in the accretion flow
surrounding the compact object and its deposition on the surface of
the secondary, or its production at the latter site by processes
associated with the accretion flow.

In addition to this development, one of these sources (Nova Muscae)
exhibited during its outburst a prominent  gamma-ray line feature
at about 450 keV (Goldwurm et al. 1992), which was interpreted as
either a red shifted electron-positron annihilation feature,
or possibly a nuclear deexcitation line from Helium-Helium
collisions in the accretion disk (Martin et al. 1994; Rebolo et al.
1995; Durouchoux et al. 1996; Guessoum, Ramaty, and Kozlovsky 1997).
In the latter reference, to enhance the line emissivity, it was
assumed that the accreted matter was Helium-rich, such as would be
the case if the companion star was highly evolved and had lost its
Hydrogen envelope (e.g. WN Wolf-Rayet). In that work, it was shown that
the gamma-ray line flux would be sufficiently high to be consistent with
the 1992 observation of Nova Muscae, provided the luminosity of the
source was high. In addition, it was pointed out that this scenario
could also explain the high Lithium enrichment observed in such sources,
provided that a sufficient fraction of the Lithium produced was able to
escape the production region in the accretion disk and be deposited onto
the companion's surface. Furthermore, this scenario, postulating
the occurence of nuclear reactions in the hot accretion plasma, led to
additional predictions: a) a delayed gamma-ray line at 478 keV should
be observed upon the decay of $^7$Be into $^7$Li$^*$, knowing that
$^7$Be has a lifetime of 56 days, and b) that an unusual
$^6$Li/$^7$Li should be measured in these cases, the ratio
varying highly (between about 10 and 1) depending on the temperature
of the disk.

A more recent paper (Yi \& Narayan 1997) has independently proposed and
investigated the same scenario, namely the production of Lithium
in $\alpha-\alpha$ collisions, in an advection dominated accretion
flow (ADAF; Narayan \& Yi 1994, 1995; Abramowicz et al. 1995; Chen et
al. 1995), rather than a Shakura-Sunyaev disk. It was argued there
that some of the Lithium nuclei would escape and be deposited onto the
surface of the secondary, enriching the observed abundance.
This model has the advantage of keeping the ion temperature much higher
than the electron temperature, thereby allowing the necessary nuclear
reactions to proceed more efficiently.
The model is also convenient from the technical point of view,
as it provides simple analytic expressions for the
radial dependence of the temperature and the
density of matter in the accretion flow as a function of
the viscosity parameter $\alpha$ and the macroscopic parameters of the
flow (mass of the compact object and accretion rate).

While important in its basic setting and concepts, the treatment of
Yi \& Narayan (1997) did not take into account several processes which
can drastically modify the resulting Li production:
First and foremost, the authors did not take into account the {\it
breakup} of both Lithium and Helium by protons (Guessoum and Gould 1989) in
the hot accretion flow. This point is of the utmost importance since both
these processes will compete strongly with the Helium-Helium reaction
which produces $^7$Li. In this respect, one should note that the
breakup of $^7$Li (by protons) into 2 $\alpha$'s is an {\it exothermic}
reaction, having no threshold energy to overcome, while at the same time,
the breakup of Helium has a higher cross section than the
$\alpha-\alpha$ reaction which produces the Lithium although its
threshold is slightly ($\lower.5ex\hbox{$\; \buildrel < \over \sim \;$} 6 \%$) higher (see table 1);
 hence the same high nucleon temperatures which allow the
production reaction to take place are more likely to destroy both
the products and its reactant constituents. Moreover, the capture of
a proton by $^7$Li (giving $^7$Be and a neutron), has a very low
threshold and a very high rate. This latter reaction is normally
in equilibrium with its inverse reaction (the capture of a neutron
by a beryllium nucleus giving $^7$Li and Hydrogen), but in the
present situation, the protons in the accreting matter are presumably
much more abundant than the neutrons, and so $^7$Li is much more
readily destroyed. The same is true also for $^6$Li which is rapidly
broken up by the protons.
Secondly, the authors did not consider the use of a Helium enriched
accreting matter which could have alleviated some of the problems
outlined above: indeed, our calculations show that had one used a
50\% H - 50\% He (by mass) composition instead of their 75\% H -
25\% He, it would have resulted in an enhancement in Lithium production
by a factor of 4 or more depending on the parameters. Finally,
the analytic expressions used for the cross sections of the alpha-alpha
production of Lithium were too approximate.
The above points will be discussed in more quantitative manner in section 3.

The deficiencies in the Yi \& Narayan (1997) treatment mentioned above, are
not the only impediments to materializing the proposed scenario for the
enhancement of the Lithium abundance on the surface of the companion.
There is in addition the issue of escape and deposition of the Li nuclei
onto the companion's surface.  It is difficult indeed to see how these
nuclei, charged and relatively heavy, will overcome both the gravitational
barrier and the magnetic fields surrounding the compact object.
In thermal equilibrium, heavier nuclei (atoms) tend to be
preferentially favored for capture rather than escape. One could
invoke the outflows, known as jets, to explain the escape of the
nuclei from the accretion flow (it should be noted that the mechanism
of jet production is not at present well understood); in such a case
one would have to argue, additionally, that the jet beam will be
intercepted by the companion star, a rather unlikely proposition given the
general belief that the jet direction is perpendicular to the plane of
the binary orbit. Last but not least, should the outflowing nuclei be
intercepted, one way or another, by the companion star,
it is by no means certain that they will be deposited on its surface;
this depends strongly on the geometry of the magnetic field lines
of the companion star. It is well known from solar flare observations that
deposition of particles onto the solar surface proceeds only through
loss cone deposition, which allows only a small fraction of the available
particles to hit the solar surface, while galactic cosmic rays, for example,
never make it to the solar surface, otherwise they would produce an
observable flux of $\pi^{\circ}$-decay gamma rays.

For all the above reasons, and because we consider the correlation of
enhanced Li abundance sites with the stellar companions of X-ray novae as
significant, indicative of the presence of a hot ($T_i \sim 30$ MeV)
accretion flow in which nuclear processes are important, we examine closer
a variance of the scenario proposed by Yi \& Narayan (1997). Our scenario
retains the general features of ADAF; however, rather than insisting on
producing the required  Li in the accretion flow, we consider instead the
production of neutrons in the same setting, by the dissociation of Helium
or heavier nuclei. The production of Lithium, then, takes place
on the surface of the companion, by spallation of CNO nuclei there,
induced by the neutrons flying from the hot accretion plasma onto the
compact object.

Neutrons are relatively easy to produce in ADAFs (either in $p-\alpha$
or $\alpha-\alpha$ reactions), and a substantial fraction of them
are usually produced with
sufficient energy to allow their escape from the gravitational
potential of the production site. Furthermore, being neutral, their
escape, and also their deposition on the surface of the
companion, is not affected by the presence of magnetic
fields, and it is expected to be roughly isotropic. These properties
allow, then, one to {\it calculate} rather reliably
their escaping fraction and flux onto the surface of the companion, where
the Lithium can be produced. Therefore, the assumption that the
observed Li is synthesized on the surface of the companion, by neutrons
produced in the hot accretion flow onto the compact object, greatly
reduces the uncertainty of the problem, to effectively the viscosity
parameter $\alpha$ of the ADAF (for a given accretion rate and mass
of the compact object). It is worth noting that our basic assumption
can be potentially confirmed through direct observation: If the
observed Li enrichment is indeed due to CNONe spallation by
neutrons emitted by the compact
object, it should be accompanied by a similar enhancement in the Boron
and Beryllium abundances which are also by-products of the same reactions.
We shall come back to this point later.

Though difficult to ascertain their presence, free neutrons are generally
present in astrophysical settings in which processes involving nuclei of
energies $\gsim 10$ MeV are at work. However, their presence is of little
observational consequence if they do not undergo any substantial interaction
before they decay and/or if their energy density is small compared to that
of the associated plasmas. On the other hand, if they do interact before decay,
and/or their energy densities are not negligible, then their effects can be
significant. Thus, the neutron 2.223 MeV proton-capture line has been observed
during solar flares, while neutrons have also been observed directly by
terrestrial neutron detectors, following such events (for a review see
Mandzhavidze \& Ramaty 1993). Furthermore, because
neutron propagation is unaffected by the presence of magnetic fields
and because, by virtue of their production mechanism, they can have
energies and energy densities comparable to those of the producing plasmas,
they are excellent agents of energy, momentum and angular momentum transport
in astrophysical plasmas. Their transport properties and effects have been
considered a number of times in the past literature.
Thus, Kazanas \& Ellison (1986b) appealed to the production of
relativistic neutrons from the photodissociation of very energetic
($10^{15}$ eV) He nuclei, as means of transporting accretion energy from
the bottom of an accretion flow near a neutron star to its eclipsing
companion, in order to produce $\gamma-$rays in phase with the eclipses'
ingress and egress. Giovanoni \& Kazanas (1990) and Contopoulos \& Kazanas
(1995) considered relativistic neutrons as a means of powering the relativistic
jets observed in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). Atoyan (1992) has considered
the effects of neutrons produced near the compact object in AGN on the
accretion flows which power them, while Guessoum \& Kazanas
(1990) have explored their potential importance as the viscous agents of
accretion flows onto compact objects.

The present treatment is much more limited in its scope: It assumes
the presence of  an ADAF similar to that of Yi \& Narayan (1997) in order to
model the flow onto the compact member of the X-ray binary (nova),
and examines in detail its consequences within the
scenario involving the production of neutrons outlined above.
In \S 2 we briefly describe the background flow, its scalings and range
of the parameters involved. We also discuss and give a list of the
most prominent reactions associated with the interaction of nuclei in the
flow and in particular the production of neutrons. In \S 3 we discuss the
details of the neutron production, as well as of several other nucleids,
in the ADAF along with the expected gamma-ray line fluxes.
In \S 4 we discuss the production of Li on the surface of the companion
given our computed flux of neutrons and in \S 5 the results are summarized and
discussed.

\section{ The Accretion System}
\subsection{Accretion Model and Parameters}

The nuclear reactions relevant to our problem and to the production of gamma
rays necessitate energies of about 20 MeV per nucleus; therefore,
these processes can potentially take place only in the inner regions
of an accretion flow,  provided additionally, that the ion temperatures
could reach values of at least several MeV. The latter condition, therefore,
requires that the emitting plasma be optically thin, since the standard
optically thick -- geometrically thin Shakura--Sunyaev (1973) disk is
much too cool for the required nuclear reactions to take place. The Advection
Dominated Accretion Flows (ADAF) of Narayan \& Yi (1994), which allow for
ions with roughly virial temperatures, provide a natural setting for
our calculations.
We therefore consider the regions around the compact object between
about $100 \ R_S$ (where $R_S$ is the Schwarzschild radius of the object,
$R_S = 2GM/c^2$) and either the surface of the neutron star or the horizon
of the black hole, depending on the nature of the compact object. In order for our
treatment to remain generally applicable to both possibilities, we
assume a mass of $1 \ M_{\odot}$ for the compact object, unless a specific
value is considered.  Because in the present treatment we are only interested in
the nuclear reaction rates and not in the entire emitted spectrum, the value
of the electron temperature does not affect our results, which thus depend
solely on the value of the ion temperature T$_i$.

In the present investigation, and for the reasons discussed above, we use the ADAF
prescription to determine the dynamics and thermal properties of the
accreting fluid; hence the ion temperature T$_i$
is given by the expression (Yi \& Narayan 1997)
$$ T_i = 1.11 \times 10^{12} \, r^{-1} {\rm K} = 95.68 \, r^{-1} \; {\rm MeV}
\; \simeq 0.1 \, r^{-1} \, m_p c^2
\eqno(1)$$

\noindent where $r$ is the dimensionless radial variable $r = R / R_S$.

Within ADAF, the density in the hot plasma is given by an analytic
expression derived from mass flux conservation; this has a form very
similar to that for spherical accretion and it is given by (Yi \& Narayan
1997)
$$ n = 6.4 \times 10^{18} \; \alpha^{-1} \; m^{-1} \; \dot m \; r^{-3/2} \;
{\rm cm}^{-3}\eqno(2)$$

\noindent where $m$ is the dimensionless mass measured in units of a
solar mass ($m = M / M_{\odot}$), $\dot m$ is the dimensionless accretion
rate measured in units of the Eddington accretion rate $\dot m = \dot M
/ \dot M_{Edd} = \dot M \, c^2 \, /L_{Edd} =
{\dot M} / {1.4 \times 10^{17} m}~~ {\rm g/s}$, and where,
following Yi and Narayan, we have taken $\beta$ (the ratio of gas pressure to
total pressure) to equal 1/2.

The largest, by far, part of the kinetic energy associated with
the inflow is carried
by the hot protons which provide most of the accretion inertia. Their
energy is given off to the electrons via Coulomb collisions (or some other
type of plasma interaction) and then transferred efficiently to photons to
produce the observed radiation. In this scenario, therefore, the
observed luminosity depends on the rate of energy transfer from
the hot protons onto the electrons (provided that the associated time scale
is longer than the local free-fall time). If $\sigma \ v$ is the rate of the
relevant reactions, the total luminosity of the system is given by $L
\simeq \int n(r)^2  \sigma \;v \; kT_i \; dV$ where
$dV = 4 \pi R^2 dR = 4 \pi \; R_S^3\;  r^2 dr \simeq 3.4 \times 10^{17}\;
m^3 \; r^2\;  dr~~~{\rm cm}^{3}$ is the volume element in the accretion flow.
The resulting luminosity, then, will be

\begin{eqnarray}
\setcounter{equation}{3}
L & \simeq & 4.4 \times 10^{38} {k T_i \over m_pc^2}
{\sigma \;v\over \sigma_T \;c}
\; \alpha^{-2} \; m \; {\dot m}^2  \nonumber\\
  & \simeq & 4.4 \times 10^{37} {1 \over r_{in}}
{\sigma \;v\over \sigma_T \;c}\; \alpha^{-2} \; m \; {\dot m}^2
~~~~ {\rm erg \; sec}^{-1}
\end{eqnarray}
\noindent where in the last step the value of $k T_i$ was substituted
using equation (1), with $r_{in}$ denoting the innermost radius for which the
scaling of equation (1) holds and $\sigma_T$, the Thomson cross section,
was introduced to
provide a normalization of the reaction rate $\sigma \,v$ to $\sigma_T \,c$.
Assuming $m$ to be in the range of 1 - 10, the entire uncertainty of the
problem is in fact reduced to the value of $\alpha$ (following Narayan
\& Yi 1994 we consider $\alpha = 0.3, \; 0.1$) and to a choice for the
accretion rate $\dot m$ or equivalently $\dot M$, which can be obtained
from the observed total luminosity of the system; in the present note we
will consider that to be in the range of $10^{-12} \ M_{\odot}/yr$ and
$10^{-8} \ M_{\odot}/yr$.

Finally we note that the system is taken to be in steady-state,
whereby the accretion and in-fall are constant in time, and thus the
neutron production and gamma-ray emission are steady.

\subsection{The Nuclear Reactions}
Assuming an initial composition for the accreting plasma, usually some
proportion
of Hydrogen and Helium, we set up a network of nuclear reactions which
the ions (the primary protons and alphas as well as the secondary species)
can undergo, including those leading to de-excitation gamma-ray photon
production; we then let the plasma evolve over the dynamical time scale $t_d$
with its temperature following values given by Equation (1) as it
sinks in the gravitational well.  The main reactions in our simulations are
displayed in Table~1 along with the center-of-mass threshold energies
necessary for these reactions to proceed.  These energies serve as a rough
indicator of the relative importance of the various channels (since
the cross sections are approximately of the same magnitude).

The variations in the abundances of the nuclear species are treated through
a reaction rate formulation, using an expression for binary processes that
is correct for non-relativistic energies:
$$ r_{ij} \equiv {dN_{ij} \over {dV\ dt}} = { 1 \over {1 + \delta_{ij}}}
\int\int \sigma(v_{ij})\ v_{ij} \ dn_i \ dn_j \, , \eqno(4) $$
where $i$ and $j$ are the interacting nuclei in a particular reaction,
$\sigma (v_{ij})$ its total cross  section,
$v_{ij}$ is the relative velocity of the two species, $\delta_{ij}$ is the
Kronecker delta and $dn_i \ , \ dn_j$ are the
distribution functions of the particles in velocity space.  We assume
that the timescale for thermalization among the ions is much shorter
than that for the nuclear reactions or the Coulomb collisions, so
that the particles' distribution functions are always Maxwellian (see
Guessoum and Gould 1989 for a discussion of this point).  We use
experimentally-measured cross sections to obtain the reaction rate of
each nuclear reaction as a function of the ion temperature (references
for the cross sections are given in Guessoum and Gould 1989; Guessoum and
Kazanas 1990; see also Glagola et al. 1982). We then use
a simple numerical scheme of explicit finite-differencing to follow
the abundances of the various species as well as the photons produced,
as the ions sink in the gravitational well of the compact object with
the temperature changing according to equation (1),
until they are removed from the plasma at $t = t_{d}$.  This
calculation is performed for various values of the model parameters:
$\dot M = 10^{-12}, \; 10^{-11}, \; 10^{-10}, \; 3 \times 10^{-10}, \;
10^{-9}, \; 3 \times 10^{-9} \;$ and $10^{-8} \; M_{\odot}/
{\rm yr}$; $\alpha = 0.3 $ and $ 0.1$; $M = 1, $ and $ 10$; a Helium
fraction  $Y = 10\%, \; 30\%, \; 90\%$, etc.

Concerning the gamma-ray lines, since we assume the plasma not to contain
any nuclei heavier than Helium, then the only lines of interest in our
case are the following:
\begin{itemize}
\item 0.429 MeV resulting from the de-excitation of
${}^7$Be$^*$, which is produced mostly in $\alpha-\alpha$ collisions;
\item 0.478 MeV resulting from the de-excitation
of ${}^7$Li$^*$, which is produced mostly in $\alpha-\alpha$ collisions,
plus a contribution from $^7$Be, which, when it decays, produces
${}^7$Li$^*$ 10\% of the time;
\item 3.561 MeV resulting from the de-excitation
of ${}^6$Li$^*$, which is produced mostly in $\alpha-\alpha$ collisions;
\item 2.224 MeV resulting from the capture of
neutrons on protons, where the neutrons and some of the protons are produced
in the breakup of alphas.
\end{itemize}
\section{Production of Neutrons, Nuclear Species, and Gamma-Rays}
\medskip
\subsection{Neutrons}
\medskip
Once the reaction rates for the network of nuclear reactions have all been
calculated, the numerical scheme is run for each set of parameters,
assuming that the temperature profile is constant in time and given by
equation (1). The normalization of the neutron and nuclear line photon
production rates are then given by integrating the reaction rates (computed
as discussed above) multiplied by the square of the local plasma
density,  over the volume of the flow within which the plasma temperatures
are above the reaction energy thresholds, indicated in the previous section.
This prescription leads to the following value for the total rate of
production of a given species (be that an ion or a photon)

$$R_{tot} \simeq 3 \times 10^{41} \; {\sigma \;v\over \sigma_T \;c}
\; \alpha^{-2} \; m \; {\dot m}^2\; lnr_M ~~~~ {\rm sec}^{-1} \eqno(5)$$

\noindent where $r_M$ is the maximum radius within which the relevant
reaction is energetically allowed.

One should note that the radial density dependence of ADAF guarantees
a rather weak explicit dependence of the rates on the outer edge of
the reaction volume; most of the dependence is implicit through the
reaction rate $\sigma \,v$. It
also indicates that the total reaction rate is proportional to the mass of
the compact object and to the {\it square} of the normalized accretion
rate $\dot m$ (rather than being proportional to it; this is a property
of ADAF and generally any accretion flow in which the emitted luminosity
is the result of binary interactions within the flow; see e.g. Kazanas \&
Ellison (1986a)), or in view of equation (3), proportional to the bolometric
luminosity $L$.

Tables 2a and 2b present the results of these calculations, showing the
rates of neutron production and escape for various values of the viscosity
parameter $\alpha$ and the mass accretion rate $\dot M$. All the results
shown correspond to $ M = 1 M_{\odot}$, and $R \approx 100 \ R_S
\approx 3 \times 10^7$ cm.
Table 2a corresponds to a solar initial composition (i.e. 90\% H and 10\%
He by number) of the plasma, while Table 2b corresponds to a 90\% He, 10\% H
composition, appropriate for a He-rich companion.

It is interesting to note that the resulting neutron fluxes depend quite
strongly on the 3 parameters considered, namely $\alpha$, $\dot M$, and
the initial composition of the plasma.  For the smallest values of $\dot M$,
the neutron flux scales roughly as its square (and also as $\alpha^{-2}$),
as demanded by the  corresponding scaling of the emission measure. However,
for higher values of this parameter the flux saturates as all the available
Helium nuclei break up and release their neutrons. These saturation values
are in fact quite high when one considers that they correspond to the fluxes
of the {\it escaping} neutrons.

\subsection{Li, Be, ${}^3$He}
The numerical scheme described above can also keep track of the variation
of the abundances of all the nuclear species of relevance, such as ${}^7$Li,
${}^7$Be, ${}^6$Li, ${}^3$He, etc. One can compute the final abundances of
these isotopes for each set of parameters and compare them to each other or to
neutron abundances in order to assess the efficiency of the production of each
nucleus compared to that of neutrons.

Our results are presented in Tables 3a and 3b where we show the relative abundances
of neutrons and ${}^7$Li, for various values of the viscosity parameter $\alpha$
and the mass accretion rate $\dot M$. As for Tables 2a and 2b the results shown
here all correspond to $ M = 1 M_{\odot}$ and $R \approx 100 \ R_S \approx 3
\times 10^7$ cm. Again Table 3a is for a solar initial
composition (i.e. 90\% H and 10\% He by number) of the plasma; Table 3b is
for a 90\% He and 10\% H composition.

It is interesting to note that final neutron abundances are much higher than
those of Lithium, although the values given in these tables do not take into
account the eventual escape of the neutrons, and therefore these numbers are
useful only for comparative purposes.

We have also estimated the error made by using the approximate
cross sections of Yi \& Narayan (1997) for the
production of Li by He-He collisions, instead of the
experimentally measured cross sections we have used (Glagola et al. 1982).
Their expression for the cross section overestimates
the actual data by about a factor of 2 at low energies ($8.5 MeV
< E \lower.5ex\hbox{$\; \buildrel < \over \sim \;$} 40 MeV$) and by a factor of about 10 at higher energies
($ E \gsim 50 MeV$). This then translates into an overestimate of
the Li abundance achieved in the disk by as much as an order of magnitude.

Moreover, we have calculated the effect of Lithium and Helium breakup in the
flow on the final Li abundance by running our numerical code cases with or
without the destruction reactions.
We find that for low accretion rates ($\dot m \lower.5ex\hbox{$\; \buildrel < \over \sim \;$} 10^{-3}$) the difference
is small, but for substantial rates ($\dot m \gsim 10^{-3}$) neglecting the
breakup results in an overestimation of the abundance of $^7$Li by a factor
of up to 30 at the highest end of the accretion rate range. This sensitivity
on the accretion rate is to be expected: Li production, and generally all
binary reactions in an ADAF, proceed vigorously when the inverse reaction
rate becomes comparable or shorter to that of free fall,
i.e. for large $\dot m$. However, while the Li production rate depends
on the square of the He density (and thus is proportional to $\dot m^2$),
its destruction rate is proportional to the product of the Li and H densities,
i.e. to  $\dot m^3$, leading to the computed much reduced final Li abundance
at high $\dot m$.

\subsection{Gamma-Ray Fluxes}
As mentioned in the introduction, one can also calculate, through the same
numerical program, the fluxes of the nuclear gamma-ray lines emitted in
the accretion disk. For this, one needs only the cross section for the
excitation of $^7$Li,$^7$Be, and $^6$Li either in $\alpha-\alpha$ collisions
or in collisions of $^7$Li,$^7$Be, and $^6$Li with protons;  for lack of
experimentally measured cross sections, we disregard the latter possibility.

Table 4 shows the sum of fluxes of the 0.478 keV and 0.429 keV lines, since
they combine to form a single broad feature (their Doppler widths being of the
order of $\sim$ 100 -- 300 keV). The fluxes are again shown for various values
of the viscosity parameter $\alpha$ and the mass accretion rate $\dot M$.
However, because the fluxes are extremely low for normal abundances, we only
show here the results corresponding to a 90\% He and 10\% H composition.
The other parameters retain the same values.

We note that the fluxes obtained here are much lower than those in Guessoum,
Ramaty, \& Kozlovsky (1997), first because the accretion rates assumed here
are very low ($10^{-12}, \; 10^{-11}, \; 10^{-10}$, etc.), and second because
the density of matter in the ADAF model used in the present investigation is
much lower than that used in the above reference.

\vskip 1 truecm
\section{Production of Li and Other Elements on the Companion Star}
\bigskip
The neutrons having been produced in the accretion disk,
they can escape rather easily. The escape is handled the same way
it was done in Aharonian \& Sunyaev (1984) and Guessoum \& Kazanas (1990),
that is, one simply needs to evaluate that fraction by counting the
neutrons that have enough energy to overcome the gravitational potential
energy, while taking into account the possibility of elastic neutron-nucleon
collisions, which will impede the neutron escape. For simplicity we assume the
neutrons to have a thermal distribution of temperature equal to that of the protons and the $\alpha$'s, the
temperature being that of the shell were they are produced (i.e. between 10
and 100 MeV); we believe this assumption to be reasonable, especially at high accretion rates and/or temperatures less than say 50 MeV, when the time
scale for thermalization becomes small compared to the free fall time
scale. Assuming further that the neutrons are produced and fly out
isotropically, one also needs to average over angles. Escape fractions are
found to range between 10 - 30 \%.

The neutrons could in principle also decay in flight, but the sources we are
interested in have companion stars sufficiently close to their accreting
compact objects (the orbital periods are about a few hours, indicating
separations of order of $10^{11}$ cm) that the beta-decay of neutrons is relatively unimportant.

The above considerations indicate that one can calculate in a straight
forward way the flux of neutrons impinging on the surface of the
star companion to the compact object. The neutrons will then undergo
two types of processes: inelastic collisions which degrade their energies
leading to their eventual capture by hydrogen, and spallation of the heavier
elements (C, N, O, Ne, etc.). To compute the amount of Li, Be, B produced by
the latter reactions one needs to know the relative abundances of the heavier
elements in the atmosphere of the companion star, which can in fact vary
significantly depending on its evolution stage, its history, etc.
and though we have raised the possibility of a He-rich star atmosphere,
in the following calculations we will limit ourselves to the solar
composition case.

The nuclear spallation reactions which the neutrons can induce are
presented in Table 5, along with the threshold energies for each channel.
As previously noted, these spallation reactions will not only produce
Lithium, but also Beryllium and Boron. It is also possible in principle to
break the latter species into Lithium and Helium, but this will take a
much longer time and will be presently ignored.

Finally, in order to compute the resulting light element abundances one needs
the cross sections for these specific reactions and channels. Unfortunately,
experimentally-measured values for these are not available in the literature,
so one is forced to use estimates. In order to remain on the conservative side,
we assume the neutron-induced spallation reactions to have half the
proton-induced spallation reactions cross sections;  the latter have been
compiled by Ramaty, Kozlovsky, Lingenfelter, and Reeves (1997). These cross
sections typically rise very rapidly with energy near threshold, then take
constant values usually between 10 and 30 mb.

We can now compute the fraction of CNONe nuclei which will be converted
into Li when exposed to a given
neutron flux. Assuming a value $R_n$ for the total neutron production
rate, $D$ for the separation between the compact object and the companion,
$X_{C,N,O,Ne}$ for
the abundance of the corresponding C, N, O or Ne on its surface, and
$\sigma_{sp}$ the spallation reaction cross section, the fraction $f$ of
these elements which will be spalled after exposure to a neutron flux
corresponding to these values of the relevant parameters for a time
$\tau$ will be
$$ f = {R_n \over 4\pi D^2} \sigma_{sp}\tau X_{C,N,O,Ne}~~~~. \eqno(6)$$
Assuming as  fiducial values for the neutron production
rate the value $R_{39} = (R_n/10^{39})$ neutrons/second, for the
time scale $\tau_0 = (\tau/ 1$ year), and for the  distance $(D_{11} = D/
10^{11}$ cm) we obtain
\footnote {The semi major axis of most of the systems discussed
in the introduction is a few times this value, while it is an order of
magnitude larger for V404 Cyg}

$$f  \simeq 10^{-5}  {R_{39} \over {D_{11}}^2} \tau_0 X_{-3} \; .
\eqno(7)$$

The above estimate indicates that in order to enhance Li to the observed
values one needs to spall roughly $10^{-7}-10^{-6}$ of the available
C, N, O, Ne nuclei (the value of $X$ in the above equation has been
normalized to the sum of the C, N, O and  Ne abundances).
It appears from the above figures that a short exposure
to the above flux over a short flare lasting roughly a month
 would suffice to produce the observed
enhancement. Of course, the neutron fluxes are expected to be as high
as the fiducial value only during times of outburst, which last for
several months and occur roughly once a decade.

Yi \& Narayan (1997) have discussed in some detail the question of depletion
of Lithium from the atmosphere of the companion star once it has been
deposited/produced there. The time scale they have used for this is $\sim
10^7$ yrs (they quote estimates from the literature ranging between $10^6$ and
$10^8$ yrs). Clearly this time scale is much too long to alter the
conclusions of our model given above. Of course, the more relevant time
scale might simply be the convection time scale of the companion star's
convective envelope, since that is the time scale at which material is mixed.
That mixing time scale is of order $\tau_r \sim R_*/v \sim 10^6 R_{11}/v_5$ s,
where the velocity of convection
has been taken to be $1$ km/sec. That means however that the entire convective
envelope will be mixed on similar time scales ($10^6$ s), and thus irradiation
over the duration of an X-ray outburst (several months) will result in an
enhancement in the Li abundance at about the observed levels throughout
the entire convective envelope. Depletion (destruction) of the Lithium happens
only through convective overshoot, which allows matter from the envelope
to penetrate to deeper, hotter regions where the Lithium can be destroyed (Sweigart, private communication), to which the time scale quoted by
Yi \& Narayan (1997) refers. So, if these outbursts last only a few months
(and not millions of years), convective mixing will only homogenize a given
Li overabundance over the volume of the envelope, while convective overshoot
will not have time to get this Li destroyed.

In our view, a more stringent constraint on the Li abundance built up
comes from the fact that the surface layers of the companion are
gradually removed  to be accreted onto the compact object.
It is hence useful to estimate the time scale it takes for the exposed
material on the companion's surface to be removed and accreted onto the
compact object. If $n(h)$ is the matter density as a
function of depth from the stellar surface, the neutrons will penetrate
to a depth at which $\sigma \int n(h)\; dh \simeq 1$, with $\sigma \simeq
10 ~~{\rm mb} = 10^{-25} ~{\rm cm}^{-2}$. Assuming a radius $R = 10^{11}
R_{11}$ cm for the companion, the mass of the surface layer affected by
the neutrons, within which one expects an enhanced light element
abundance, is

$$M(h) \simeq 4 \pi R^2 \int n(h) \; dh \simeq 10^{-9} \, R_{11}^2 \; M_{\odot}
\; .  \eqno(8)$$

This amount of mass would require about a year to be removed,
if accreted at the
Eddington rate onto a compact object of $m = 1$. It thus becomes apparent
that, within the present model,  there could very well be a variability
in the observed abundances, with the highest abundances  most likely
to be observed shortly after a major outburst, before the processed
matter is accreted back onto the compact object.  One might argue that
variation in the observed abundance due to the removal of these surface
layers would not take place because the removed Li would be regenerated
by the neutrons produced in the hot ADAF. However, this is not so, because
while the removal rate is proportional to $\dot m$ the neutron production
in an ADAF is proportional to $\dot m^2$. Thus, following the vestiges of the present model, one concludes
that monitoring the potential variability of the Li, Be, B abundances
in X-ray novae systems could provide a long term probe of the accretion
mode onto the compact objects.

\section{Summary and Conclusions}
In the present note we have reexamined in greater detail the scenario
put forward by Yi \& Narayan (1997) for the production of the Li
overabundance, observed in the companions of the X-ray novae,
in the associated hot
accretion flow around the compact object. While we think that their
general notion of a hot ADAF as the fundamental cause of the observed
Li enhancement is basically correct and in
agreement with the apparent association of these objects with the X-ray
novae companions, we have opted for a  variation of the
above scenario. In particular, we have proposed that the enhancement of
the Li abundance takes place on the surface of the late type, low
mass companions of these systems by the high flux of neutrons produced
in the hot ADAF. We believe this to be a more promising scenario as it
does not suffer from the problems associated with the destruction of
the Li in the ADAF itself, or the uncertainties of its transport from
the accretion flow onto the surface of the companion star.

We have also suggested and investigated the possibility that Li abundance
enrichment would, in such scenarios, be enhanced if the accreted matter were
Helium-rich, such as would be the case if the secondary were a highly evolved
star (like a Wolf-Rayet) with an atmosphere consistently in large part of
Helium and/or Carbon and Oxygen. This idea is indeed a speculative one, and
there is no direct observational evidence that any one of the secondaries of
the soft X-ray transients is or resembles a WR star; however, optical studies
of Cen X-4 have led Chevalier et al. (1989) to suggest that the secondary in
this case is probably a stripped giant, i.e. one with a rich-He atmosphere.
It is interesting to note that of the 5 SXT's observed to have high-Li abundances,
Cen X-4 has the highest such
enrichment. We should point out here that our calculations
of the production of Li at the companion star (section 4) assumes a normal, solar
composition of the star ($X_{C,N,O,Ne} \approx 10^{-3}$). This possibility of
Helium enrichment in the accreted matter could reveal itself in future observations.

Perhaps one of the most interesting consequences of our scenario is
the prediction of the presence of other light elements, namely
Be and B, in the same sites where the Li is found (see Table 5).
Unfortunately,
the most prominent lines of these elements are in the UV
and therefore not accessible with ground telescopes. One of us, (DK)
along with Chris Shrader, have obtained spectra of these objects in
the UV using GHRS on HST, in search of the Be and B lines, considering
the Li line to be emitted from the accretion disk itself. However,
at the time of the observation the UV disk emission from these objects was
negligible and in the meantime it became apparent that the Li line
emission is actually associated with the companion to the compact object.
Since the companions to these objects are usually low luminosity, late
type stars, the UV flux in our observations was too small to
provide the  high S/N measurements required for
such detections. A more favorable prospect for the detection of the Be
and B lines is to search for them in High Mass X-ray Binaries,
like Cyg X-1 which are bright in the UV and which are thought to
contain ADAFs favoring the production of neutrons, similar to those
discussed above (Yi \& Narayan 1997).

An additional conclusion of the
present model which has potential observational consequences is the
possibility of time variability of the observed light element (Li, Be, B)
abundances. One expects these abundances to be highest shortly after
a major outburst, thus making these epochs the most favorable for their
detection. We hope that this paper will
stimulate further searches in the UV for the transitions associated
with Be and B, also for less prominent transitions in the optical
domain, but with the larger telescopes presently available, as well as
the potential time variability of the Li abundance.

The prominent neutron fluxes indicated by our model raise, in addition,
the issue of production of the 2.223 MeV gamma-ray line from the capture
of neutrons onto protons and the possibility of its detection.
This line has been observed in solar flares, the only astrophysical
site where neutron production has been observationally verified. Assuming
that each neutron results in a 2.223 MeV photon the flux computed in the
previous sections (Tables 2a and 2b) can be used to estimate the associated
2.223 MeV  photon production rate by simply multiplying the associated
production rate of neutrons by the solid angle subtended by the companion
of the compact object. It is estimated that the latter is of order $\simeq
10^{-3}$, leading to a flux of only $10^{36}-10^{37}$ photons per second
for an compact object of $\simeq 1$ solar mass;
for a source at a distance of 1 kpc this corresponds to a flux
of $10^{-8}-10^{-7}$ cm$^{-2}$ sec$^{-1}$, too low to be observable with
near future instrumentation (INTEGRAL). However, for a compact
object of larger size, the flux of the 2.223 MeV line could be observable;
for instance, assuming $m = 10, \; \alpha = 0.3$ and $\dot m =1 $,
equations (3) and (5) yield a luminosity  $L \sim 10^{38.5} \; {\rm erg
\; sec} ^{-1}$  and a neutron production rate of $R \sim 10^{42.5} \;
{\rm sec}^{-1}$. Assuming the same solid angle of interception by the
companion as above ($\simeq 10^{-3}$), this figure yields the respectable
flux of $\sim 3 \times 10^{-5}$ photons cm$^{-2}$ sec$^{-1}$, suggesting
that an observation of this line may not be totally improbable with
the instruments aboard the INTEGRAL mission.

A potential enhancement of the 2.223 MeV flux beyond the figures given
above would be possible, if at larger distances the density profile
of the accretion flow were to become less steep than the $r^{-3/2}$
dependence of ADAF
and result to a column density sufficiently high to allow a fraction of the
escaping neutrons to be deposited, cooled and captured within the flow in
collisions with the accreting gas.
Under such circumstances, most of the escaping neutrons could be
used in the production of 2.223 MeV photons, increasing the probability
of detecting this nuclear line.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We would like to thank Reuven Ramaty, Chris Shrader, Benzion Kozlovsky,
and Allen Sweigart for a number of helpful discussions and comments
pertaining to the present work, as well as the referee for several
useful suggestions. NG  would also like to thank Reuven Ramaty for the
hospitality at GSFC where most of this was performed.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Home » News » Restarting Texas's Frozen Energy Heartland Will Be a Climate Mess
Restarting Texas's Frozen Energy Heartland Will Be a Climate Mess
Source: By Eric Roston, Sergio Chapa, and Barbara J Powell, Bloomberg • Posted: Monday, February 22, 2021
Turning petrochemical plants off and on again requires flaring and other large sources of pollution
Like a cold-blooded animal—a lizard or a snake—the petrochemical hub that is the state of Texas went dormant during the deep freeze. Eventually, it'll wake up again, and when it does the damage will be worse than if it never went to sleep.
Filings submitted in recent days to the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, or TCEQ, already show significant emissions related to stopping and restarting fossil fuel infrastructure. It's an indication of what's to come in a state that's home to a quarter of U.S. natural gas production as well as half the oil production.
An Exxon Mobil Corp. ethylene plant in Baytown, one of the world's biggest, reported the release of nearly a ton of the carcinogen benzene and 34 tons of carbon monoxide, which contributes to air pollution. Shutting off Valero Energy Corp.'s Port Arthur Refinery resulted in the release of more than 2 tons of sulfur dioxide, another pollutant. Events at two facilities belonging to Pioneer Natural Resources Co. led to the escape of more than 12 tons of natural gas; methane, main component of natural gas, has many times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide.
"This is an environmental disaster on top of a public safety and human health disaster," said Luke Metzger, executive director of Environment Texas, an advocacy group.
A Cheniere Energy Inc. facility in Portland, Texas, on Feb. 19. Photographer: Eddie Seal/Bloomberg
Refineries must flare off or otherwise release trapped pockets of gas when starting up or shutting down. While weather-based shutdowns are often unavoidable and done in the interest of safety, they can result in emissions that go far above allowable levels. "These events are not exempt from pollution laws," Metzger said. "It's likely the events at these facilities could have been avoided."
Read More: After Texas Crisis, Biden's Climate Plan Hangs on Fragile Power Grid
Exxon spokesman Todd Spitler emphasized that the shutdowns were due to the freezing weather and curtailment of natural gas supplies. "Any units that remain in operation are dedicated to exporting electricity back into the grid," he said. Representatives from Valero didn't respond to a request for comment; a spokesperson for Pioneer declined to comment.
This is the second time in less than six months the Texas oil industry has dealt with mass shutdowns due to extreme weather. The 12 hours after Hurricane Laura hit Port Arthur in August saw the release of more than 2,000 tons of emissions.
"I expect the oil industry is going to have numerous problems restarting, similar to what they encounter after a hurricane, such as damaged cooling towers and other equipment," said Andy Lipow, president of Lipow Oil Associates in Houston. "The industry also has to be wary of water freezing and cracking pipes, which could release hydrocarbons into the atmosphere and cause an explosion and fires."
The heightened risk of explosions are a grim reminder of what followed the onslaught of Hurricane Harvey in 2017. Floods at an Arkema SA chemical plant about 25 miles east of Houston knocked the refrigeration system offline, which imperiled the facility's store of heat-sensitive organic peroxides. People living within 1.5 miles of the facility evacuated a day before trailers holding the chemicals "spontaneously combusted," according to a Chemical Safety Board investigation. Arkema did not respond to questions.
The full scope of pollution from restarting petrochemical facilities following the freeze won't be clear until next month. Companies must file final reports within two weeks, and TCEQ evaluates the disclosures against its rules governing emissions.
TCEQ is responsible for both the state's air and water, the latter of which is also a concern for leadership. "We'll examine what worked, what didn't work so well, and what we can do to make things better next time—or, better yet, prevent it from happening again," said Toby Baker, the agency's executive director.
Environmentalists fault the state's political leadership and oversight agencies with extending the industry too much leeway, potentially endangering people and property as a result. They're also concerned that this week's failures won't be properly investigated to document their causes.
The state regulatory agencies' approach "means we aren't going to find out because they're aren't going to look," said Sharon Wilson, Texas organizer for Earthworks, an environmental nonprofit. "We have no reason to believe that they're going to try to find the pollution fallout from this extreme weather."
— With assistance by Kevin Crowley
Before it's here, it's on the Bloomberg Terminal.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Appscript time based trigger running every every second instead of 5 minutes I have the code written out as such
  ScriptApp.newTrigger('myFunction').timeBased().everyMinutes(5).create();
}

But when I check the execution log it shows that it's being triggered every second.
Because it's running so often it's causing issues and sending emails saying that it's failed when in reality it's doing what it is supposed to.

A: This had 4 triggers running every minute causing it to run multiple times in a minute, deleting them worked and now it seems to run every minute without causing any issues.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
The Clash discography
The Clash live in Oslo, 1980.
The discography of the British punk rock band the Clash consists of six studio albums, two extended plays, two live albums and thirty-one singles.
3 1983–present
4 Studio albums
5 Live albums
6 Compilations
6.1 Box sets
7 Extended plays
9 Video albums
10 Film/documentaries
11 Music videos
13.2 Sources
The Clash's first official recording was the single for "White Riot", released by CBS Records in March 1977. In April, CBS released their self-titled debut album, The Clash, in the United Kingdom, but refused to release it in the United States, saying that the sound was not "radio friendly".[1] A US version of the album with a modified track listing—four songs from the original version were replaced with five non-album singles and B-sides—was released by Epic Records in 1979, after the UK original became the best-selling import album of all time in the United States.[2] Terry Chimes left the band for the second time soon after the recording, so only Joe Strummer, Mick Jones and Paul Simonon were featured on the album's cover, and Chimes was credited as "Tory Crimes". The album ranked number 12 in the UK Albums Chart[3] and number 126 on the Billboard Pop albums chart.[4]
In the same month, the band also released an EP single, Capital Radio, which was given away to NME's readers. In May, CBS released the single "Remote Control" without asking them first, and, in September, "Complete Control", produced by Lee "Scratch" Perry, was Topper Headon's first recording with the band. It rose to number 28 on the British Singles Chart.[5]
In February 1978, the band came out with the single "Clash City Rockers". June saw the release of "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais". The Clash second album, Give 'Em Enough Rope, was released by CBS and produced by Sandy Pearlman in November, receiving largely positive reviews.[6] It hit number 2 in the UK,[3] and number 128 on the Billboard chart.[4] The album's first UK single, "Tommy Gun", rose to number 19.
In February 1979, CBS released the single, "English Civil War", and in May the EP, The Cost of Living. In August and September 1979, the Clash recorded their third studio album, London Calling. Produced by Guy Stevens, the double album was a mix of different styles, with greater maturity and production polish.[7] London Calling, released on December 1979 by CBS and regarded as one of the greatest rock albums ever recorded,[8] reached number 9 on the British chart[3] and number 27 on the US chart.[4] In the UK, London Calling's title track, released few days before the album's release, rose to number 11—the highest position any Clash single reached in the UK before the band's breakup.[9] The album's final track, "Train in Vain", included at the last minute and thus did not appear in the track listing on the cover, was released in the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Brazil, New Zealand, and Australia in June 1980. The single was not released in the UK, and in the US was backed with "London Calling". It turned out to be the band's biggest US hit to date, reaching number 23 on the Billboard chart.
In August, the band came out with another single, "Bankrobber", which reached number 12 in the UK. In October, Epic released the compilation album Black Market Clash, only in the US. The compilation reached number 74 in the US. In the following November, CBS released the single "The Call Up", which reached number 40 in the UK. In December, CBS released the 3-LP, 36-song Sandinista!. The album again reflected a broad range of musical styles, including extended dubs and the first forays into rap by a major rock band. Produced by the band members with the participation of Mikey Dread, Sandinista! was their most controversial album to date, both politically and musically.[1][10] The album fared well in America, charting at number 24.[4][11]
During 1981, the band came out with a single, "Hitsville UK". Released on January 1981, the single reached number 56 in the UK and number 53 on the US Mainstream Rock chart. In April, CBS released the single for the song "The Magnificent Seven" which peaked at number 34 on the UK Singles Chart in 1981, and at number 21 on the US Billboard Club Play Singles in 1982. In the same month, CBS released the 12-inch single "The Magnificent Dance". In November, CBS released the single, "This Is Radio Clash", which further demonstrated their ability to mix diverse influences such as dub and hip hop. It reached number 47 on the UK Singles Chart.
They set to work on their fifth studio album in the fall of 1981. Combat Rock was originally planned to be a 2-LP set with the title Rat Patrol from Fort Bragg, but were unable to mix it to either the group's or to CBS's satisfaction. Glyn Johns, brought in by manager Bernie Rhodes to edit and mix the album, reconceived it as a single LP and had Joe Strummer re-record several vocals. In April 1982, the band released the first single from the album, "Know Your Rights", which reached number 43 in the UK. The album contains two "US-radio friendly" singles, "Should I Stay or Should I Go" and "Rock the Casbah". "Should I Stay or Should I Go" reached number 17 in the UK and number 45 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, while "Rock the Casbah" peaked at number 17 in the UK and number 8 on the US Billboard Hot 100.[1][12] The album itself was the band's most successful, hitting number 2 in the UK[3] and number 7 in the US.[4]
After Combat Rock was released, Topper Headon was asked to leave the band,[1][13] and then in September 1983, Mick Jones was fired. The first single from Cut the Crap, "This Is England", was released by CBS in September 1985. It reached number 24 in the UK. Cut the Crap, the last studio album of the band, actually composed by Strummer, Simonon, Pete Howard, Nick Sheppard, and Vince White, was produced by manager Bernard Rhodes and released by CBS in November.[14] It reached number 16 in the UK[3] and number 88 in the US.[4] The Clash effectively disbanded in early 1986.
In 1988, Epic released the double-disc, 28-track compilation The Story of the Clash, Volume 1 presenting a relatively thorough overview of their career. In March 1991, a reissue of "Should I Stay or Should I Go" gave the band its first and only number 1 UK single. In the same year, CBS and Epic released the triple-disc, 64-song box set Clash on Broadway that covers their entire career, and the compilation album The Singles, that includes all their singles, except for 1985's "This Is England". In 1993, Epic released Super Black Market Clash, a compilation that contains B-sides and rare tracks not available on their other albums. In 1999, Epic released the compilation album of live material, From Here to Eternity: Live.
The Clash: Westway to the World, a documentary film about the band, was released by Sony Music Entertainment in 2000, and, in 2003, it won the Grammy Award for the best long form music video.[4][15] In 2003, Epic and Sony BMG released The Essential Clash, a career-spanning greatest hits album and DVD, dedicated to Joe Strummer, who died during the production of the album. In 2004, Sony Legacy released London Calling: 25th Anniversary Edition. It contains The Vanilla Tapes, missing recordings made by the band in mid-1979 during the London Calling sessions,[16] as a bonus disc, and a DVD featuring the making of the album, the music videos for "London Calling", "Train in Vain" and "Clampdown", and video footage of The Clash recording sessions in Wessex Studios. In 2006, Sony BMG released the box set Singles Box which includes all the singles that they released in the UK. In 2007, Sony BMG released The Singles that presents a stripped down view of the singles of the band. In 2008, Sony Music Entertainment released The Clash Live: Revolution Rock, produced and directed by Don Letts, it features live material and interviews from 1978 to 1983,[17][18] and, in October, the live album Live at Shea Stadium, which features the recording of the band's second night at Shea Stadium in 1982.
The 12-CD box set Sound System, featuring the band's entire studio catalogue re-mastered (minus Cut the Crap) plus three extra CDs, one DVD and various other materials, among with 5 Album Studio Set, featuring the band's first five studio albums re-mastered, and the 2-CD, 33-song best of collection The Clash Hits Back were released in September 2013.[19] All the music within the three albums has been remastered, mainly by Mick Jones, from the original tapes. The album gained an enthusiastic reception,[20] and the 12-CD box set and the best of compilation both entered in the UK Albums Chart.[21]
Studio albums[edit]
1977 The Clash
Release date: 8 April 1977, 26 July 1979 (US)
Label: Sony Music/Columbia; Epic
Notes: Two versions: UK and US
— — — — — — 42 — 12 126 UK: Gold[30]
US: Gold[31]
1978 Give 'Em Enough Rope
Release date: 10 November 1978
— — — — 15 — 36 — 2 128 UK: Gold[30]
1979 London Calling
Notes: Released as a double album
17 12 — 4 12 52 2 72 9 27 CAN: Gold[32]
UK: Platinum[30]
US: Platinum[31]
1980 Sandinista!
Notes: Released as a triple album
— 3 — 8 3 — 9 — 19 24 UK: Gold[30]
1982 Combat Rock
Label: Sony Music (SME)/Columbia; Epic
— 12 29 7 5 — 9 — 2 7 CAN: Gold[32]
UK: Gold[30]
US: 2× Platinum[31]
1985 Cut the Crap
Release date: 4 November 1985
— 59 — — 35 — 30 — 16 88 UK: Gold[30]
"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that country.
Live albums[edit]
1999 From Here to Eternity: Live
Release date: 4 October 1999
Label: Columbia/Sony Music; Epic
Notes: Live Recordings, 1978–1982
— 17 47 13 193
2008 Live at Shea Stadium
Label: Sony International
Notes: Live Recording of second night of Shea Stadium 1982 Performance
Compilations[edit]
[9][21]
1980 Black Market Clash
Label: Epic/Sony Music
Notes: 10" EP collection of B-sides (re-released as a 12" EP in 1981)
— — — 15 — — — — 74
1988 The Story of the Clash, Volume 1
Release date: 29 February 1988
Notes: Double album, Greatest hits collection
— — 53 3 — — 50 7 142 UK: Gold[30]
1990 1977 Revisited
Label: Relativity
Notes: Also published by Sony Special Products as A Collection of Rare Tracks and B Sides in 1990
1991 The Singles (1991)
Release date: November 1991
Notes: Collection of 18 UK and US singles in chronological order
— — — 2 22 83 — 68 —
1993 Super Black Market Clash
Label: Columbia/Sony Music; Legacy/Epic
Notes: Collection of b-sides and rarities
2003 The Essential Clash
Release date: 11 March 2003 (US), 22 April 2003 (UK)
Notes: Collection of "essential" recordings; two versions: UK and US
— — — 50 — — 22 18 99 UK: Gold[30]
Notes: Single disc of 19 UK singles including "This Is England" and not in chronological order
— — — 36 — — — 13 — UK: Platinum[30]
2013 The Clash Hits Back
Release date: 9 September 2013 (UK), 10 September 2013 (US)[19]
Label: Sony Legacy
Notes: 2-CD, 33-song best of collection sequenced to copy the set played by the band at the Brixton Fair Deal on 19 July 1982
120 174 — 27 — — — 13 — UK: Gold[30]
2018 Joe Strummer 001
Release date: 28 September 2018
Notes: 32-song collection spanning Strummer's career and includes demos and unreleased versions of songs from the post-Mick Jones era
Box sets[edit]
1991 Clash on Broadway
Notes: Comprehensive 3-CD box set; includes several alternate versions and unreleased tracks
— — UK: Silver[30]
2006 Singles Box
Notes: Set of 19 UK singles across 19 CDs
2013 Sound System
Notes: 12-CD box set featuring the band's entire studio catalogue re-mastered (minus Cut the Crap) plus an additional three discs, DVD and various other items
2013 5 Album Studio Set
Notes: 8-CD box set featuring the band's first five studio albums re-mastered
Extended plays[edit]
1977 Capital Radio
Release date: 9 April 1977
1979 The Cost of Living
US Dance
US Main
"White Riot"
1977 38 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — The Clash
"Remote Control"
"Complete Control"
28 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Non-album singles (included on the US release of The Clash)
"Clash City Rockers"
1978 35 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais"
32 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"Tommy Gun"
19 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Give 'Em Enough Rope
"English Civil War"
1979 25 — — — — — — 29 — — — — — — — —
"Groovy Times"
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — The Cost of Living
"I Fought the Law"
— — — — — — — 24 — — — — — — — —
"London Calling"
11 28 — — — — — 16 — — 23 — — — — — London Calling
"Clampdown" (AUS only)
— 33 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"Train in Vain"
1980 — — — — 62 — — — — — 26 — — 23 30 —
"Rudie Can't Fail" (NL only)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
12 — — — — — — 14 — — 14 — — — — — Non-album single
"The Call Up"
40 69 — — — — — — — — 42 13 — — 21 — Sandinista!
"Police on My Back" (AUS only)
— 38 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 21
"Hitsville U.K."
1981 56 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 53
"The Magnificent Seven"
34 — — 18 — — — — 21 — — — — — 21 —
"Somebody Got Murdered" (Spain only)
"This Is Radio Clash"
47 40 — — — — — — — — 28 9 — — 17 45 Non-album single
"Know Your Rights"
1982 43 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Combat Rock
"Rock the Casbah"
30 3 — — 26 — — — 21 — 4 16 — 8 8 6
"Should I Stay or Should I Go" / "Straight to Hell"
17 37 — — 40 — — 16 — — — — — 45 — 13
"This Is England"
1985 24 62 — — — — — 13 — — 26 16 — — — — Cut the Crap
"Are You Red..Y" (AUS only)
"London Calling" (re-release)
1988 46 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — The Story of the Clash
29 — — — — — — — — — 17 — — — — —
"Return to Brixton"
1990 57 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Non-album single
"Should I Stay or Should I Go" (re-release)
1991 1 — 5 3 — 25 5 2 3 3 2 6 4 — — — The Singles
"Rock the Casbah" (re-release)
15 — — 22 — — — 10 — — — — — — — —
"London Calling" (second re-release)
64 — — — — — — 18 — — — 30 — — — —
"Train in Vain" (re-release)
Video albums[edit]
1982 The Clash: Live in Tokyo The Clash
1985 This Is Video Clash Lindsey Clinell, Don Letts, Keef & Co
2003 The Essential Clash (DVD)
Features: Music videos and live performances; Hell W10 (1983); London Weekend Show's Interview 1976.[40] Don Letts, Joe Strummer, Keef & Co, Lindsey Clinell
2008 The Clash Live: Revolution Rock Don Letts
Film/documentaries[edit]
1980 Rude Boy Jack Hazan and David Mingay
2000 Westway to the World Don Letts
2006 The Clash: Up Close and Personal
2007 Joe Strummer: The Future Is Unwritten Julian Temple
2012 The Rise and Fall of The Clash Danny Garcia
2013 Audio Ammunition[41] Google
Music videos[edit]
1977 "White Riot" Don Letts
1978 "Tommy Gun" Keef & Co
1979 "I Fought the Law" Don Letts
"Clampdown"
1980 "Train in Vain"
1981 "This Is Radio Clash"
1982 "Rock the Casbah"
1984 "Should I Stay or Should I Go?" (live)
"Career Opportunities" (live)
List of The Clash songs
The Clash on film
No. 10, Upping St.
Live at Acton Town Hall
^ a b c d Letts 2001.
^ Henke 1980, pp. 38–41.
^ a b c d e UK Top 40 Chart Archive.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m AllMusic.
^ BBC News 2002.
^ Marcus 1979.
^ Metzger 2004.
^ Erlewine.
^ a b c d e f ChartArchive.
^ Jaffee 1987, pp. 19–30.
^ The Clash: inducted in 2003.
^ Gray 2005, p. 380.
^ Cromelin 1988.
^ Martens 1997.
^ The Clash: Westway to the World - Awards.
^ Gilbert 2004.
^ Letts 2008.
^ Morrow 2008.
^ a b c d Hann 2013.
^ Sound System Reviews.
^ a b c CLASH – Official Charts.
^ a b Austriancharts.at.
^ Canadian Charts.
^ a b Dutchcharts.nl.
^ a b Norwegiancharts.com.
^ a b c Charts.org.nz.
^ a b Spanishcharts.com.
^ a b c d Swedishcharts.com.
^ a b Swisscharts.com.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k BPI certifications.
^ a b c d e RIAA certifications.
^ a b Music Canada certifications.
^ Ultratop.be Wallonia.
^ a b c Lescharts.com.
^ a b c Ultratop.be Flanders.
^ a b Charts.de.
^ Portuguesecharts.com.
^ a b Irish Charts.
^ Australian-charts.com.
^ The Essential Clash (Video 2003).
^ https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/sep/10/the-clash-audio-ammunition-youtube
Gilbert, Pat (2005) [2004]. Passion Is a Fashion: The Real Story of The Clash (4th ed.). London: Aurum Press. ISBN 1-84513-113-4. OCLC 61177239.
Gray, Marcus (2005) [1995]. The Clash: Return of the Last Gang in Town (5th revised ed.). London: Helter Skelter. ISBN 1-905139-10-1. OCLC 60668626.
Green, Johnny; Garry Barker (2003) [1997]. A Riot of Our Own: Night and Day with The Clash (3rd ed.). London: Orion. ISBN 0-7528-5843-2. OCLC 52990890.
Gruen, Bob; Chris Salewicz (2004) [2001]. The Clash (3rd ed.). London: Omnibus. ISBN 1-903399-34-3. OCLC 69241279.
Jaffee, Larry (1987). The Politics of Rock. Popular Music and Society. pp. 19–30.
Needs, Kris (25 January 2005). Joe Strummer and the Legend of the Clash. London: Plexus. ISBN 0-85965-348-X. OCLC 53155325.
Topping, Keith (2004) [2003]. The Complete Clash (2nd ed.). Richmond: Reynolds & Hearn. ISBN 1-903111-70-6. OCLC 63129186.
"Certified Awards". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Clash in the field Search. Select Artist in the field Search by. Select Album or Single in the field By Format. Click Search.
"Gold & Platinum Searchable Database". Recording Industry Association of America.
"Gold and Platinum Search". Music Canada. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013.
"ChartArchive - The Clash". ChartArchive.org. [permanent dead link] Archived from the original at ChartStats.com on 6 December 2012.
"CLASH". Official Charts Company. Click on Singles (default) or Albums.
"The Clash" (in Dutch). Ultratop.be. Hung Medien. Click on Charts, then Songs or Alben.
"The Clash" (in French). Ultratop.be. Hung Medien. Click on Classements, then Songs or Alben.
"The Clash". Swisscharts.com. Hung Medien.
"The Clash – albums" (in Spanish). Spanishcharts.com. Hung Medien.
"The Clash – Awards". AllMusic. Biilboard Albums and Singles, and Grammy Awards.
"The Clash on Canadian Charts". RPM - Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
For London Calling "Top Albums/CDs - Volume 33, No. 8, May 17, 1980". RPM. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
For Sandinista! "Top Albums/CDs - Volume 34, No. 15, March 21, 1981". RPM. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
For Combat Rock "Top Albums/CDs - Volume 36, No. 23, July 17, 1982". RPM. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
For Cut the Crap "Top Albums/CDs - Volume 43, No. 18, January 25, 1986". RPM. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
"Discografie The Clash" (in Dutch). Dutchcharts.nl. Hung Medien.
"Discographie The Clash" (in German). Austriancharts.at. Hung Medien.
"Discographie The Clash" (in French). Lescharts.com. Hung Medien.
"Discography The Clash". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien.
"Discography The Clash". Charts.org.nz. Hung Medien.
"Discography The Clash". Norwegiancharts.com. Hung Medien.
"Discography The Clash" (in Portuguese). Portuguesecharts.com. Hung Medien.
"Discography The Clash". Swedishcharts.com. Hung Medien.
"The Irish Charts". Irish Recorded Music Association (IRMA). Enter Clash in the field Search by Artist, then click search.
"Suche charts.de". Charts.de.
"UK Top 40 Chart Archive, British Singles & Album Charts". everyHit.com. Enter Clash in the field Name of artist. Select All in the field Format. Click Search.
"The Clash: Westway to the World - Awards". Internet Movie Database (IMDb).
"The Clash: inducted in 2003". The Inductees. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. 10 March 2003.
Cromelin, Richard (31 January 1988). "Strummer on Man, God, Law and the Clash". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "London Calling Review". AllMusic.
Hann, Michael (21 May 2013). "The Clash to release new box set of remastered albums and rarities". The Guardian.
Henke, James (3 April 1980). "There'll Be Dancing In The Streets: The Clash". Rolling Stone: 38–41.
Marcus, Greil (25 January 1979). "Give 'Em Enough Rope – Album Review". Rolling Stone.
Martens, Todd (1997). "Ex-Clash singer breaks ground". Daily Trojan. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013.
Metzger, John (November 2004). "The Clash London Calling 25th Anniversary Legacy Edition". The Music Box. 11 (11).
Morrow, Martin (1 February 2008). "Revolution rock: Documentary pays tribute to Clash frontman Joe Strummer". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 16 April 2010.
"Clash star Strummer dies" (STM). Entertainment. BBC News World Edition. 27 December 2002.
"Sound System [Box Set] Reviews". Metacritic.
Letts, Don; The Clash, Joe Strummer, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, Topper Headon, Terry Chimes, Rick Elgood (2001). The Clash: Westway to the World (Documentary). New York, NY: Sony Music Entertainment; Dorismo; Uptown Films. ISBN 0-7389-0082-6. OCLC 49798077.
Letts, Don; The Clash, Joe Strummer, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, Topper Headon (15 April 2008). The Clash Live: Revolution Rock (Documentary/TV movie). New York, NY: Legacy Recordings. OCLC 227211002.
Gilbert, Pat (September 2004). "The 'Vanilla Tapes'". London Calling: 25th Anniversary Legacy Edition (Media notes). The Clash. CBS, Epic, Sony Legacy.
"Clampdown | The Clash | Music Video" (JHTML). MTV. MTV Networks.
"The Essential Clash (Video 2003)". Internet Movie Database (IMDb).
"London Calling | The Clash | Music Video" (JHTML). MTV. MTV Networks.
"Radio Clash | The Clash | Music Video" (JHTML). MTV. MTV Networks.
"Rock The Casbah | The Clash | Music Video" (JHTML). MTV. MTV Networks.
"Should I Stay Or Should I Go? (Live) | The Clash | Music Video" (JHTML). MTV. MTV Networks.
"Train in Vain | The Clash | Music Video" (JHTML). MTV. MTV Networks.
The Clash discography at Allmusic
The Clash discography at Discogs
The Clash discography at Rate Your Music
Paul Simonon
Topper Headon
Terry Chimes
Keith Levene
Nick Sheppard
Pete Howard
Rob Harper
Vince White
Give 'Em Enough Rope
Sandinista!
Combat Rock
Cut the Crap
From Here to Eternity: Live
Live at Shea Stadium
Black Market Clash
The Story of the Clash, Volume 1
Clash on Broadway
The Singles (1991)
Super Black Market Clash
The Essential Clash
Singles Box
The Clash Hits Back
5 Album Studio Set
The Cost of Living
"Should I Stay or Should I Go"
"Straight to Hell"
The Clash: Westway to the World
Joe Strummer: The Future Is Unwritten
London Town
The 101ers
London SS
Big Audio Dynamite
Havana 3am
The Latino Rockabilly War
The Mescaleros
Carbon/Silicon
The Good, the Bad & the Queen
Spirit of St. Louis
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Clash_discography&oldid=905604180"
Discographies of British artists
Punk rock group discographies
Use British English from December 2012
CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)
CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)
Official website not in Wikidata


Motor vehicle accidents are a common cause of death among men. To stay safe on the road, wear your seat belt. Follow the speed limit. Don't drive under the influence of alcohol or any other substances, and don't drive while sleepy.
Men's health: Prevent the top threats. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/mens-health/in-depth/mens-health/art-20047764. Accessed Dec. 20, 2018.


text:
Quantification of the non‐planarity of the human carotid bifurcation
Issue title: Workshop: Breaking Symmetry in Haemodynamics, London, UK, 23–24 April 2001
Authors: King, E. | Xu, X.Y. | Hughes, A.D. | Long, Q. | Thom, S.A. | Parker, K.H.;
Affiliations: Department of Physics, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, London, UK | Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, London, UK | Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, London, UK | Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, London, UK
Note: [] Address for correspondence: Dr. K.H. Parker, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BY, UK. Tel.: +44 207 594 5171; Fax: +44 207 594 5177; E‐mail: [email protected]
Abstract: The carotid bifurcation has been a region of particular interest due to its predilection for clinically significant atherosclerosis. It has been shown that the vessel geometry is a major determinant of the local haemodynamic properties which are believed to be associated with the location of atherosclerotic lesions. Current knowledge of the geometry of the carotid bifurcation is insufficient and restricted to basic geometric parameters. To provide some means of quantifying the degree of complexity of the 3D shape of the bifurcation, we made an initial attempt by evaluating the non‐planarity of an arterial bifurcation based upon the singular value decomposition theorem. In this paper we present our results obtained on the right carotid bifurcations of six normal subjects, each of whom was scanned twice using the 2D time‐of‐flight MR sequence. The acquired 2D cross sectional images were processed by using our in‐house software which comprises 2D segmentation, 3D reconstruction and smoothing. The centroids of each transverse slices were determined and used as input data for the non‐planarity analysis. Our results using the singular value decomposition method have demonstrated discernible differences in non‐planarity among individuals. Comparisons with the planarity definition proposed by other investigators suggest that the singular value decomposition method offers more information about the linearity and planarity of the bifurcation. However, it is also realised that a single measure of non‐planarity can never fully characterise a bifurcation owing to the great variety of geometries.
Keywords: MRI, carotid bifurcation, singular value decomposition, non‐planarity
Journal: Biorheology, vol. 39, no. 3,4, pp. 419-424, 2002
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text:
Home/Featured/Evil Governments vs. Evil Corporations
FeaturedOpinion
Evil Governments vs. Evil Corporations
Kyle BeckerMay 6, 2012
Evil Corporation: Wal-mart
Routinely causes Christmastime stampedes by offering X-boxes at below market value, leading to the deaths of customers and employees. Wal-mart also pays employees such a low wage that they often can only afford to put a roof over their head, food on their table, clothes on their kids' backs, and just one television, cell-phone, and automobile. Oftentimes, this cancer on society offers products at lower prices than their competitors so that customers actually save money. What's next, executing consumers as they're shopping? Clean up on aisle nine, indeed!
Evil Government: Maoist China
The People's Revolution started our benevolent enough, but took an evil turn, as so often is the case, when people wanted to taint the beautiful socialist paradise with that scourge of all communist republics – international trade. The Chinese people wanted to industrialize their nation to catch up with the capitalist predator states, and so they decided, "Hey, let's grow a shitload of grain and trade it for industrial goods so that we can make our own factories." Mistake! Since the people were so eager to promote the shared goals of the people's democracy, they embellished slightly to inject some positive thinking into the plan – kind of like a "self-fulfilling prophecy" (Some bourgeois pigs try to argue that they were merely trying to satisfy the quotas so as to avoid reprisals. Liars!) Anyway, about twenty million people died (give or take twenty million) in the ironically named Great Leap Forward. But isn't that a small sacrifice for the project of building the future of communism? And let's face it, that's nothing compared to the nightmare of rows and rows of canned goods.
Evil Corporation: Disney
Disney started out as a fairly innocuous cartoon motion picture company and became the unstoppable juggernaut of all children's entertainment quasi-monopolies. From paying below living wage in such manufacturing havens as Haiti, to taking over upstart challengers like Pixar, this capitalist money machine is out to grind up humans, and your children's minds, like amusingly animated sausage in their labor-production mills. Their greed is demonstrated by their insatiable desire to turn out smash hit after smash hit pitting various funny animals and imaginary creatures in a variety of unlikely scenarios, at least within today's oppressive "free market" system. In other words, theirs is a failure to adequately promote the goals of socialist realism. Lately, their despicable profit-driven behavior has been mitigated by their wanton sexualization of youth, which, as the great socialist visionary Gyorgy Lukacs points out, makes children rebel against Christianity and therefore, against bourgeois capitalist culture. This shows that this most evil of corporations can possibly be reformed if it is run by a truly enlightened socialist.
Evil Government: The Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Besides the atrocity of having been a communist utopia run by a pudgy dwarf sporting blu-blocker sunglasses, there have been rampant unconfirmed rumors of mass starvation, forced labor, and ritual demonstrations reinforcing the cult of personality surrounding their Dear Leader. Now, if we assume that these reports are true, this would make the DPRK a really bad place, and one non-conforming to the Marxian ideals of free labor, free love, and free pizza (I made the last one up – I really like pizza). So what can we conclude about "North Korea" (if we acknowledge its evil twin in the South as a separate state)? Sure a lot of people get shot "fleeing" across the Amnok river (to the much better-run communist state of China), but have you ever seen Black Friday? There's no comparison.
Evil Corporation: Microsoft
Sure, we use their software. And some of us use their Internet browsers. But aren't these Microsoft people, like, really annoying? I mean, what with their imperfect operating systems and "updates" and what-not? And how do they allow viruses to even exist? Isn't it a plot to make anti-virus software companies money? There's got to be some kickbacks. Somebody's making a buck somewhere, and they're not sharing it with me. Anyway, Bill Gates tries to act all "charitable" and stuff, but it's all just tax write-offs. Microsoft gets all sorts of tax breaks. That is money out of my pocket they are taking. Someone should shut these people down and we would have a more democratic Internet run by the government. Well, and Google.
Evil Government: Soviet Russia
Now how cliche is this? Blaming the Soviet Union for trying to bring peace and good will on earth? We should be ashamed of ourselves. But back in the USSR, the Russkies somehow got the reputation of being a bit draconian. So what? You've got to protect the gains of the Revolution somehow! But I digress. There is a lot of hay made about The Great Purges. And the Five Year Plans. And the Show Trials. And the manmade starvation in Ukraine. And forced deportation in the Caucuses. And the gulags. And the KGB-run police state. And Stalin's cooperation with Hitler. and its assassination of Polish elites at Katyn Forest. And the Soviet Union's crushing of Hungary in 1956. And its stifling of the Prague Spring in 1968. And its repression of Polish 'Solidarity.' And its domination of local satellites and extraction of resources. And its elites, who lived on caviar and vodka while people went malnourished. But what about the glorious vision of a world without corporations? There's got to be something to be said for that. Anyone? Anyone?
Evil Corporation: General Electric
The company that brought us the lightbulb brought us a whole lot more than that. Imagine, if you will, a dark plot to replace all the clean-burning kerosene lamps of the world with wasteful incandescent lightbulbs. Now imagine that very same company wanting us all to change from those same incandescent lightbulbs to mercury-filled flourescent lightbulbs. Talk about hypocrisy! Now let's say that company wanted to go quid pro quo with the government and publicly back the drastic cutting of carbon emissions via one of its networks, say NBC, CNBC, and MSNBC, a democratic policy that would just happen to give the government proxy control over the economy, in exchange for higher profits coming from the outlawing of incandescent lightbulbs, thereby destroying its worse-positioned competitors?
We have to look at this as yin and yang, a balancing of good and evil. On the one hand, there is the obvious good that comes from forcing everyone to buy curly-q lightbulbs, and to boot, backing the bestest president in the history of the world. Ever. Then there is the supernatural evil that emanates from profits, which take over politicians' minds and force them to be corrupt just through the very existence of money. Eliminate money, eliminate corruption – it really is that simple, folks. Although it's a toss-up, the fact that GE is a profitable corporation puts it undeniably in the 'evil' category, despite all its good works on behalf of America's historic first socialist president. GE does truly stand for Generally Evil.
Evil Government: The Khmer Rouge
Khmer Rouge is not just a poorly named brand of french make-up, it was also the regime that oversaw Cambodia during the reign of Pol Pot (perhaps the funniest name for a communist dictator in world history). By the time Pol Pot was done giving communist regimes a bad name, two million Cambodians would be dead. So, thanks to this inefficient boob, we have an indelible image of a communist regime represented by a stack of skulls. Well, how about an even more horrible picture? A stack of laptop computer boxes! Sheesh!
evil corporation evil government Humor/Satire
Kyle Becker
I LOVE the Windows XP screen. Must have!
Willie McDonald says:
The American government is the worst human rights, and war crimes violator in the world: The Real America. 2therealamerica.blogspot.com
The America government is the worst human rights, and war crimes violator in the world: The Real America. 2therealamerica.blogspot.com


text:
Sam Mendes wins top Directors Guild of America award for '1917'
By Jeremy Kay2020-01-26T06:42:00+00:00
Source: Francois Duhamel / Universal Pictures and DreamWorks Pictures
Dean-Charles Chapman, director Sam Mendes and George MacKay on the set of '1917'
Sam Mendes won the top prize for 1917 at the 72nd Annual Directors Guild of America (DGA) Awards in Downtown Los Angeles on Saturday night (25) to ensure he is the solid favourite for the Oscar next month.
The DGA is a highly reliable bellwether of Academy Awards success, having delivered the eventual winner on Oscar night on all but seven occasions since the 1940s.
Mendes recently won the best directing Golden Globe and first won the DGA award in 1999 en route to the Oscar for American Beauty.
The British filmmaker beat out South Korean auteur Bong Joon Ho for Parasite, Americans Martin Scorsese for The Irishman and Quentin Tarantino for Once Upon A Time… In Hollywood, and New Zealander Taika Waititi for Jojo Rabbit.
No women had been nominated for the main category despite acclaim this season for Greta Gerwig's Little Women, Lulu Wang's The Farewell, Marielle Heller's A Beautiful Day In The Neighborhood, and others.
Israeli-American filmmaker Alma Har'el earned top honours in the first-time directing category, beating Mati Diop for Atlantics, Melina Matsoukas for Queen & Slim, Tyler Nilson and Michael Schwartz for The Peanut Butter Falcon, and Joe Talbot for The Last Black Man In San Francisco.
Winners appear in bold below. Click here for full list of winners.
Outstanding Directorial Achievement In Theatrical Feature Film
Bong Joon Ho, Parasite
Martin Scorsese, The Irishman
Quentin Tarantino, Once Upon A Time …In Hollywood
Taika Waititi, Jojo Rabbit
Outstanding Directorial Achievement Of A First-Time Feature Film Director
Mati Diop, Atlantics
Alma Har'el, Honey Boy
Melina Matsoukas, Queen & Slim
Tyler Nilson and Michael Schwartz, The Peanut Butter Falcon
Joe Talbot, The Last Black Man In San Francisco
Andy Serkis to receive Bafta for outstanding contribution to cinema
Awards countdown
Screen celebrates the work of five actors who are all nominated for the British Independent Film Awards.
Andrei Konchalovsky talks splitting opinion in Russia with Oscar entry 'Dear Comrades!'
Andrei Konchalovsky's Dear Comrades! may depict a brutal and tragic event of the Soviet era, but it offers a nuanced portrait of those times — as the veteran Russian filmmaker tells Screen .
South Korean exhibitors to offer incentives to films releasing in February
Initiative comes as ticket sales in Korea are at 1% of seating capacity due to the impact of the pandemic.


text:
VIETNAMESE AND HISPANIC GANG MEMBERS FACE TRIAL FOR TORTURING AND MURDERING 18-YEAR-OLD GIRL IN HOME INVASION ROBBERY
October 10, 2007 Contact:
Susan Kang Schroeder
VIETNAMESE AND HISPANIC GANG MEMBERS FACE TRIAL FOR TORTURING AND MURDERING
18-YEAR-OLD GIRL IN HOME INVASION ROBBERY
SANTA ANA – Two members of a Vietnamese criminal street gang face trial tomorrow for torturing and murdering an 18-year-old girl in a home invasion robbery. Ronald Tri Tran, 32, and Noel Jesse Plata, 32, both of Santa Ana, are charged with murder with special circumstances allegations for murder during the commission of a robbery, murder during the commission of a burglary, and torture. There is also a special circumstances allegation against Plata for having a 1996 murder conviction. Both defendants face a sentencing enhancement for committing murder for the benefit of a criminal street gang. Tran has a prior strike conviction for a 1994 residential burglary and Plata has a prior strike conviction for a 1993 robbery when he was a juvenile. The District Attorney is seeking the death penalty against Tran and Plata. Opening statements are scheduled to begin tomorrow, Thursday, October 11, 2007, at 10:00 a.m. in Department C-40, Central Justice Center, Santa Ana.
On November 9, 1995, Tran and Plata are accused of planning a robbery at the home of 18-year-old Linda Park, a high school friend of Tran's girlfriend. They believed Park had cash because her father owned a business. Tran and Plata are accused of driving to Irvine Valley College, where Tran's girlfriend was attending a night class. They are accused of borrowing her car, as it would be more discreet than taking Tran's older car into the Park's neighborhood on Blazing Star in Irvine. The defendants are accused of driving to the victim's home, knocking, and entering after Park opened the door. Park was home alone while her father was at his business and her mother was working at the post office.
Tran and Plata are accused of torturing the victim by slashing her throat to force her to tell them where the family valuables were kept. They are accused of stealing items from the house that were kept in specific and hidden locations, including jewelry belonging to Park's mother from a jewelry box and cash from the pocket of a jacket belonging to the victim's father. The jewelry box was left near the victim's body and the rest of the home was undisturbed. Tran and Plata are accused of murdering the victim before fleeing the house to keep her from identifying them.
The victim's father returned home at approximately 8:00 p.m. to find his murdered daughter face down on the floor in the living room. She had been bound around the ankles, her hands were tied behind her back, and her throat had been slashed twice. An electrical cord was wrapped around her neck, which had been used to strangle her.
The case remained unsolved until 1999, when District Attorney Investigators received new evidence linking Tran and Plata to the murder. Charges were filed against the defendants on February 28, 2001.
Senior Deputy District Attorney Ebrahim Baytieh of the Homicide Unit is prosecuting this case.
PROSTITUTION RING LEADER SENTENCED TO THREE YEARS IN PRISON FOR PIMPING


The Samsung Galaxy S5 might have been a disappointment in terms of sales, but we all knew that Samsung wasn't going to be giving up that easily and now Sammobile has a few snippets about what their next phone might have to offer.
First up, the report confirms what we probably already knew: that the phone itself will be known as the Galaxy S6. All that really means is Samsung is sticking to its guns and not coming out with a brand new name for its flagship brand.
Secondly, it seems that the Galaxy Note Edge has been popular enough to warrant an Edge variant for the Galaxy S6. Inventively named the Galaxy S6 Edge, the phone will be a variant that comes with a curved display for notifications and such like. There are no real details, but Sammobile notes that since curved displays are still relatively new, the S6 Edge will likely be another limited edition concept.
Rumour has it the phone will come with a a QHD display, a 64-bit octa-core processor, a 16/20 megapixel camera, and 32/64/128GB of internal storage. Everything else is still a bit up in the air, but we'll let you know when we have more.


text:
Aqualung – Dead Letters
A fine return from an enriching talent...
About 20 odd years ago you couldn't move without hearing the music of Aqualung, AKA Matthew Hales. After a few years of chart placements his star – and associated fame – started to fade. But this wasn't the last we heard of Hales. He turned to songwriting and producing for the likes of Mika, Tom Chaplin, Tiësto, Kwabs, Paloma Faith, and most recently Lianne La Havas. After a seven-year break Hales has returned with a new heartrending Aqualung album 'Dead Letters'.
'Here And Now' opens the album. This feels like classic Aqualung. The lyrics seem to float out of the speakers and the drift about before vanishing like smoke from an exhausted candle. The outro features intricate, but catchy guitars, that feel like a homage to Pink Floyd. Compare to the rest of the track they're a bit out of place. It somehow works so its all good.
'Champion Of The World' has massive Elton John 'Benny And The Jets' vibe, but also sounding reminiscent to the songs that first broke Hales two decades ago. There is a soaring string section that grows and falls, as does Hales' vocals. The chorus features the lyric "You got it / Your feet are just a bit too big for your shoes" and "you're a soldier now". It feels like Hales is either talking about fame – his rise to prominence and drop off – or he could be talking about his children. And this is the beauty of 'Dead Letters'. You are never sure if his being confessional or talking about someone else entirely.
'Fool' starts off as a sombre piano ballad. As the song progresses strings and guitars gently explode from the speakers. These tiny maelstroms match the lyrical content of the song. "It's been a while since I told the truth"; "You think I'm a fool / I think you're right" and "You are the hurricane that blows me away" are wonderfully telling lyrics.
'Dead Letters' is the strongest album Matthew Hales has released in 20 years and feels like a fitting comeback. That isn't to disrespect the albums between his self-titled debut and 'Dead Letters', but there is something special about his new offering. Maybe its that Hales hasn't released anything since 2015, but the songs included on 'Dead Letters' are filled with filagree melodies. Its his vocals that are the real star of the show. There is a hushed beauty to his delivery. Half-sung, half-spoken that really catches you unaware. Hales' voice has aged wonderfully. Gruffer than on previous releases but still capable of hitting those glorious high notes.
Overall 'Dead Letters' is a reflective album that deserves to be played. A lot. It might not be as flash and showy as other albums released this year. However, there is a subtle elegance to it that elevates Aqualung from his peers. If you give it a chance you might find something very special indeed.


Step 1) Ask your butcher to remove the skin from the pork, leaving a layer of fat behind. Score this fat to help it crisp up when roasted. Bash the garlic, salt, fennel seeds, Dijon mustard, 1 tbsp olive oil and picked rosemary and thyme leaves in a pestle and mortar (the sea salt will help to break down the garlic). Lay the pork flat on a board, fat-side down, and spread the fennel seed mixture over the flesh, seasoning it well with pepper. Roll the pork up from one of the long sides and tie securely with kitchen string at regular intervals. Cover and put in the fridge for a minimum of 2 hours, or overnight.
Step 2) Bring the meat up to room temperature before cooking. Pre-heat the oven to 220°C, Gas Mark 7. Toss the onions with the remaining oil and spread in the bottom of a large casserole or roasting tin. Add the bay leaves and leaves from the rosemary sprigs, laying the pork on top, seam-side down. Scatter the pork with a little salt and roast for 15 minutes.
Step 3) Add the wine, lower the oven to 200°C, Gas Mark 6 and roast for 40 minutes more, until the pork fat is golden. Cover loosely with foil and rest for 15 minutes before serving with the mustard fruits, along with roast potatoes and braised greens. Any leftovers are delicious cold in sandwiches.


You do good work. I may contact you soon.
I pass your links to a new piper I know.
A_Morley wrote: You do good work. I may contact you soon.
Thank you! Got some billiards I am working on currently, but the going is slow at the moment due to life stuff.


"ÜBER FAN PACKAGE" tickets offered to include reserved seat in front 4 rows, special concert laminate, $10 voucher for ARTIST's merchandise at the event, and post-show meet and greet with ARTIST.
TICKET SOLD BY "WONDERFUL NEWS RADIO"ALL SALES ARE FINAL. NO REFUNDS OR EXCHANGES.
ALL CREDIT CARD SALES WILL APPEAR AS "WONDERFUL NEWS RADIO" ON YOUR STATEMENT.


text:
Aniela Sikora, po mężu Olszówka (ur. 11 czerwca 1912 w Królewskiej Hucie, zm. 10  listopada 1995 w Chorzowie) – polska lekkoatletka.

Ukończyła Prywatną Szkołę Handlową w Katowicach w 1928. Pracowała w magistracie w Chorzowie.

Kariera sportowa
Była wszechstronną lekkoatletką, chociaż największe sukcesy odnosiła w skoku w dal, biegach sprinterskich i wielobojach.

Trzynaście razy zdobywała tytuł mistrzyni Polski na otwartym stadionie:
 sztafeta 4 × 100 metrów – 1931, 1933, 1934 i 1935
 sztafeta 4 × 200 metrów –1930, 1933 i 1935
 skok w dal – 1931 i 1933
 skok w dal z miejsca – 1933 i 1934
 trójbój – 1932 i 1933

Dziewięć razy była wicemistrzynią Polski:
 bieg na 60 metrów – 1933
 sztafeta 4 × 100 metrów – 1930
 sztafeta 4 × 200 metrów – 1931
 skok w dal z miejsca – 1932
 trójbój – 1934
 pięciobój – 1932, 1933, 1934 i 1935

Sześciokrotnie zdobywała brązowe medale:
 bieg na 60 metrów – 1931
 bieg na 100 metrów – 1933
 bieg na 200 metrów – 1932
 sztafeta 4 × 100 metrów – 1932
 skok w dal – 1934
 rzut oszczepem – 1934

Sześciokrotnie zdobywała medale halowych mistrzostw Polski: złote w skoku w dal z miejsca w 1934 i 1935, srebrny w skoku wzwyż w 1935 oraz brązowe w skoku wzwyż w 1934, w biegu na 50 metrów w 1935 i w pchnięciu kulą również w 1935.

Trzykrotnie poprawiała rekordy Polski: w klubowej sztafecie 4 × 100 metrów (53,0 s, 19 lipca 1931 w Warszawie), w reprezentacyjnej sztafecie 200+100+75+60 metrów (56,0 s, 9 sierpnia 1931 w Królewskiej Hucie) i w trójboju (190 pkt, 20 sierpnia 1933 w Lublinie).

W 1931 i 1932 wystąpiła w trzech lekkoatletycznych meczach reprezentacji Polski (9 startów),odnosząc jedno zwycięstwo indywidualne.

Zmarła w 1995. Pochowana na cmentarzu parafialnym w Chorzowie (sektor F, rząd 8, miejsce 23).

Rekordy życiowe
 bieg na 60 metrów – 7,8 s (18 czerwca 1932, Łódź)
 bieg na 100 metrów – 12,9 s (16 sierpnia 1931, Bytom)
 bieg na 200 metrów – 27,4 s (7 sierpnia 1933, Katowice)
 skok w dal – 5, 18 m (19 lipca 1931, Warszawa)

Uwagi

Przypisy

Polscy skoczkowie w dal
Polscy sprinterzy
Polscy wieloboiści
Ludzie urodzeni w Chorzowie
Urodzeni w 1912
Zmarli w 1995

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