text:
2MATCH URL: https://assets.rappler.com/A4C7E8EE323D4599BA08C39EBBF66E35/img/7DFA81FF175E4A9D8DB6148C410AD2E4/european-chambers-asean-integration-forum-2.jpg
Neighbors catching up with PH as ASEAN integration looms
Countries like Vietnam are rapidly catching up with the Philippines, which needs to strengthen its manufacturing and its banks as competition for investment intensifies
Chris Schnabel
@mickschnabel
Published 11:06 AM, October 16, 2015
Updated 11:06 AM, October 16, 2015
COMMERCIAL INTEGRATION. The Panelists check their notes ahead of an ASEAN Integration briefing jointly held by the French, Spanish, German and British Chambers of Commerce on October 15. (L-R) Moderator Dr. Bernardo Villegas - Professor at the University of Asia and the Pacific, Nestor Tan, Goswami, DTI Asst. Secretary Ceferino Rodolfo and Walter van Hattum - EU Delegation head of Trade and Economic Section. All photos by Chris Schnabel / Rappler
MANILA, Philippines – The single market of 650 million people that the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) will bring will undoubtedly attract a lot more foreign investment. This, however, also prompts ASEAN nations to compete against each other to get them, Arjun Goswami, director of Regional Cooperation and Integration at the Asian Development Bank (ADB), said.
Goswami was speaking as part of an expert panel discussing the impact of ASEAN integration held for the benefit of various European chambers of commerce on October 15 in Makati.
Right now the Philippines is in the middle, ahead of the grouping of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, collectively known as the CMLV. But these countries are catching up fast, posing implications for development.
"The CMLV nations are really starting to catch up. There is a convergence process that is underway, helped by ASEAN, but also as a result of the national development efforts of these countries," Goswami said.
This can be seen in various global reports, where Vietnam, the country economically closest of the 4 to the Philippines, has been outpacing it, Goswami pointed out. (READ: PH in top 10 East, Southeast Asian economies with highest FDI)
On the latest DHL Global Connectedness Index, which measures global by cross-border flows of trade, capital, information and people, the Philippines is ranked 58 while Vietnam is 38.
On the 2015 World Bank Doing Business Index, Vietnam is 78, while the Philippines is 95.
"It shows how quick and fast competition to secure investment is even amongst ASEAN neighbors," Goswami said.
The integration is really market-driven, with an emphasis on linking to global value chains. This means being connected to the world and making it easy to invest is extremely important, he explained.
AEC won't be a zero-sum game, however, and Goswami emphasized that all members can gain if there is full implementation of the trade measures that ASEAN has set. (READ: PH prospects positive come ASEAN integration)
"We did some simulation exercises and it may lead to expansion of almost 7.5% of the Philippine GDP over a baseline by 2025 if that were done," he said, adding that an additional 3 million jobs would be created if these measures were implemented.
"But my view is that for the Philippines, there's always been a debate around the proportion in agriculture, services and manufacturing to open up to free trade," Goswami said.
Service continues to contribute strongly to the Philippine economy through remittances. It gives twice the productivity relative to agriculture. It is, however, only a third of the productivity that manufacturing provides, so the manufacturing base has to improve substantially, he said.
"If [the Philippines] does that," Goswami added, "then it can garner the benefits of the AEC much more. Right now, it's all to play for in the Philippines."
NETWORKING. Members of the different Chambers of Commerce discuss the integration at a cocktail reception following the event.
Philippine banks dwarfed
Another sector that needs to prepare quickly is the banking sector, said Nestor Tan, who serves as president of Banco de Oro Unibank (BDO).
This is particularly true as the integration aims to make it simpler for regional banks to make it expand throughout the region. It also aims to top tier ASEAN banks that will be able to move seamlessly from one jurisdiction to another.
Tan said that around the local banking industry the integration "is viewed as a threat to insiders but is an opportunity to outsiders given the expected competition."
While the Philippine market is attractive, our banks are relatively small, he said, pointing out that BDO, the country's largest, ranks only 16th in terms of size in ASEAN.
If you combine the top 3 banks in the country into one entity, it will rank only 5th in ASEAN, he added.
"Right now we are a very attractive market without the means to compete and we need to work closely with regulators to allow us to grow to remedy this," he said.
2015 is not a deadline
The good news for the country is that it still has plenty of time to improve as the panelists unanimously agreed that 2015 was purely for ceremonial purposes. The process still has a long way to go for impact to be truly felt.
At the ASEAN summit in April 2015, it was said that 90% of the implementation of AEC was complete but that doesn't tell the whole story. Goswami said that in reality, if you look closely, only about 75% has been achieved in terms of integrating all trade.
He also said that there have been huge reductions in tariffs, but these were the low "hanging fruits", pointing out that the remaining tariff and non-tariff barriers that slow trade will be much harder to eliminate.
Goswami estimated the amount of time to fully integrate to be around 20 years. Although it is an ongoing process, its impact will be felt gradually, he said.
He added that this shouldn't lull the Philippines into a false sense of security, a sentiment also echoed by Tan.
"The good news is that integration won't happen overnight but we need to do something now," he said. – Rappler.com
Filed under:ADB•AEC•ASEAN Economic Community•Arjun Goswami•Asian Development Bank•CMLV countries•DHL Global Connectedness Index•European chambers of commerce•Nestor Tan•Vietnam•World Bank Doing Business Index•ASEAN


I started looking at Orlando apartments not that long ago even though I was not due to move for another month. I figured it would take me that long to find a nice apartment where I would be able to take my dog with me. The two of us have been together for nearly three years now, and there is just no way I would ever move into an apartment complex that does not allow dogs. I did a search for apartments in the area, and then I added on that I wanted pet friendly ones.
It did not take me anytime at all to find the apartment that I am going to get for us. When I say it was quick, I really mean that it was. It took me maybe five minutes total, and that is because I was looking at all of the amenities as well as pictures of the apartment that I found. The first thing is that they do allow dogs, and they also have a dog park that is fenced in. That is an unexpected bonus that I was not counting on, but I plan on taking full advantage of it.
After knowing that my dog would be happy there, I started looking at the other amenities, and I really liked everything I saw. The only other thing I had to do was look at the floor plans to make sure that there was one there that I would like, which there was. I was even able to fill out the rental application right on the site, and they have an apartment that will be available the month that I want to move in. I am really glad that I did start looking early, because I don't think vacancies will stay that way for long there!


Daisy Coburn is a busy girl. At only fifteen she's managed to write, produce and release a fabulous pop song , be one of the most sought-after new music acts, remain at school to do her GCSE's and more incredibly seems to have listened to more music than any single person has ever managed to do before her.
Have a look at her MySpace page: www.myspace.com/daisydaresyoumusic and you'll see that Daisy lists two hundred and eighty three influences (correct at the time of going to press!) which is a lot of listening by anyones books.
'Daisy Dares You' is the eponymous track from Daisy Dares You and is an exuberant, enjoyable piece of pop music, it's uplifting jangly pop at it's best and if you're looking for influences we think that you only have to listen to the estuary accent to be reminded of Lily Allen and Kate Nash.
We think that Daisy Dares You could be one to watch in 2010 and whilst there's always the chance that someone so young won't last the pace the images of Daisy Coburn playing the guitar in her video, the writing credits and of course those eclectic inspirational artists (from Curt Cobain to Kelis via Fleetwood Mac) suggests that Daisy and the band may just be here for the long run.


text:
Zoom – The Bielski Partisans Reunion
Travel Series 3 of 5 Hosted by Rabbi Ryan Newfield
Travel stories shared by Paul Kahanowitz and Eli Rabinowitz with input from others.
Also featuring Eli's cousin Ferenc Koszeg from Budapest, Hungary and Tamara Vershitskaya from Navarudak, Belarus
Source: youtu.be/ttFezjW9TKs
Video of Eli's presentation starts at 18:50 min mark
Eli's Resources:
Source: drive.google.com/file/d/1uAoT8-_qOTrE9EYoMmcRnYOZfAAg2rTD/view?usp=sharing
https://elirab.me/?s=bielski
Today, Wed 23 June at 4pm South Africa
12am AEST, 10 pm Perth, 3pm UK, 10am ES, 7am PDT
Passcode: 6JsVHr
Academic Article on Orla by Wojciech Konończuk
Author: Wojciech Konończuk — political scientist and historian, deputy director of the Centre for Eastern Studies in Warsaw; specializes in problems of contemporary Eastern European countries, the history of Jews in the Russian Empire and the Second Polish Republic, and deportations of Polish citizens to Siberia during the Second World War. Contact: wojtekk7@wp.pl
Heinrich, Marek, Ray, Eli, Jill & Wojciech at the Orla Synagogue in 2012
Wykazuja_najwyzsza_sklonnosc_do_emigrac (1)
English Translation (Google)
Wojciech Article Adademia Eng Trans
Extract from the above article
"They show the highest tendency to emigrate" thousands of other migrants from Lithuania. According to the census of 1911, 47 thousand Jews lived in South Africa, many of whom were Lithuanians, although there were also Jews from Podlasie.
Nachum Mendel Skaryszewski (Rabinowitz) & his brother, Moshe Zalman Rabinowitz from Orla
An example is Nachum Mendel Skaryszewski from Orla, who first emigrated to Palestine, from where in 1911 he moved to South Africa. After a few years, he was joined by his brother, sister and several other residents of his native shtetl (20) .
Migration level of Jews was so significant that already in 1895, there were voices calling until the border is closed to them, and South Africa playfully was called the "colony of Lithuania" 21 .
Relatively little popularity before the outbreak of World War I, Palestine, which was part of the Ottoman Empire, enjoyed this manski, where in the first (1882-1903) and second (1904-1914) aliji came over 40 thousand. Russian Jews, including 23,000 in years 1905–1914 22 . They came mainly from the Ukrainian lands, in the most more affected by pogroms at the beginning of the 20th century. Funds from numerous Zionist organizations were gathered to buy land in Palestine, and one of the largest was founded in 1912. Białystok Society Land purchase, supporting the departures of Białystok Jews 23 . As it follows, according to the findings of Gur Alroey, emigration to Palestine was caused by not only the idea of Zionism, but this area was also seen as a potential attractive place to live, and thus the reasons for emigration did not differ from those related to going to the USA 24 . Interesting there is also the level of returns from Palestine, possibly emigration from there to the US or another country was very high and in the period before at the outbreak of World War I, it ranged from 50 to 75 percent. 25 It was from a difficult climate, poverty, limited possibilities of finding work, relative proximity to the migrants' place of origin, but also disenchantment with Zionism 26 .
20 E. Rabinowitz, Personal Journeys. From One Photograph to Journeys of Research and Discovery , Avotayline Online, August 31, 2016, http://avotaynuonline.com/2016/08/from-one-photograph-to-journeys-of-research-and-discovery (access: February 17, 2020).
21 A. Żukowski, Konsekwencje , p. 128; HR Diner, Roads Taken , p. 36.
22 G. Alroey, An Unpromising Land , p. 110.
23 R. Kobrin, Żydowski Białystok and its diaspora , Sejny – Białystok 2014, pp. 67–68.
24 G. Alroey, An Unpromising Land , pp. 61, 233.
25 Ibid, pp. 211-217, 236.
Also further down in the article
Table 2. Emigration of inhabitants of Bielsko and Orla to the USA in the years 1885–1914
It should be emphasized that the above calculations do not give the full picture Jewish emigration from both localities, and only provide information about confirmed newcomers to the United States. Uses- the scanned numbers are certainly far from complete for several reasons.
Firstly, as already mentioned, in relation to some of the migration documents, However, the record of a person's place of origin is unclear or it was written distorted. Thus, it made it impossible the identification of all emigrants from both places.
Secondly, the data included in the table do not include migration from Bielsko and Orla to other countries, which – if data for departures of Jews from the Empire are accepted Russian – was 22 percent. -all migrants.
We have source confirmation of emigration in both surveyed towns Jews living there to Argentina, South Africa and Palestine 43 .
Third, many Jews from smaller towns were leaving, the most first to larger cities, then emigrate from there abroad nothing. As a result, American migration statistics often show their whereabouts, not of origin, appeared. In case of Bielsko and Orla, such a natural center was Białystok 44, 50 km away .
43 For example: in 1905, Aryeh Levin from Orla (1885-1969) emigrated to Palestine, in later years a famous rabbi and teacher; in 1907, Bielski left for Argentina Jew Dawid Abraham Gail (R. Gail, The Gail Family. From Bielsko to Argentina and the USA , "Bielski Hostineć "2019, 2, pp. 63–64);
in 1911 the above-mentioned Nachum Mendel Skaryszewski, and shortly after him, several other Orla residents emigrated to South Africa (E. Rabinowitz, op. Cit.).
Rabinowitz Eli, Personal Journeys. From One Photograph to Journeys of Research and Disco- very, Avotayline Online, 31 VIII 2016, http://avotaynuonline.com/2016/08/ from-one-photograph-to-journeys-of-research-and-discovery (dostęp: 17 II 2020).
A Tragic Romance & Finding Mr Katz
by Eli rabinowitz
This story is divided into: A Tragic Romance (From One Photograph to Journeys of Research & Discovery) and Finding Mr Katz Finding Mr Katz by Eli Rabinowitz Finding Mr Katz is an importa…
Source: elirab.me/litvak-portal/a-tragic-romance/
Heinrich, Marek, Ray, Eli, Jill & Wojciech at the Orla Synagogue 2012
Contact: eli@elirab.com
The Salomon Family
Article from 1995 – Just sent to me by David Caddack
Mandelbaum copy
Extract from Mandelbaum's article
Simcha Mandelbaum's Book
Source: tablet.otzar.org/book/book.php?book=196200
From my 2014 blog:
203 Years Ago Today Zalman Tzoref Arrived In Israel
Today, on Hoshana Raba in 1811, my 3rd great grandfather, Avraham Shlomo Zalman Zoref arrived in Israel from Keidan in Lithuania. Zoref, a student of the Vilna Gaon, was the leader of the pioneers …
Source: elirab.me/203-years-ago-today-zalman-tzoref-arrived-in-israel/
In the Footsteps of Zalman Tzoref: A film by Orna Bird and Omri Lior.
This video is about Avraham Shlomo Zalman Tzoref. It is a trailer for the full length documentary film made by Orna Bird and Omri Lior!
Source: youtu.be/_oRwIM796A0
27th Yahrzeit of the Rebbe z"l
Today is the 27th yahrzeit of the Rebbe Z"L
Inspiring video of Rabbi Chaim Gutnick Z"L in 2000
Videos from the 6th yahrzeit of the Lubavitcher Rebbe Z"L, filmed at CHABAD House in Perth, Western Australia on 5 July 2000
A definite "must watch" to mark the Rebbe's 27th yahrzeit
Menachem Mendel Schneerson
For the third Rebbe of the Chabad Lubavitch dynasty, see Menachem Mendel Schneersohn.
Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson
Menachem Mendel Schneerson at the Lag BaOmer parade in Brooklyn, 1987.
770 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, NY
Began
10 Shevat 5711 / January 17, 1951
Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn
April 5, 1902 OS (11 Nissan5662)[1]
Nikolaev, Kherson Governorate,Russian Empire (present-dayMykolaiv, Ukraine)
June 12, 1994 NS (3 Tammuz5754) (aged 92[2])
Manhattan, New York, USA
Queens, New York, USA
Levi Yitzchak Schneerson
ChanaYanovski Schneerson
Chaya Mushka Schneerson
Semicha
Rogatchover Gaon
Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson (April 5, 1902 OS[1] – June 12, 1994 NS), known as the Lubavitcher Rebbe or just the Rebbe,[3] was a prominent Hasidic rabbi who was the seventh and last Rebbe (Hasidic leader) of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement. He was fifth in a direct paternal line to the third Chabad-Lubavitch Rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneersohn. In January 1951, a year after the death of his father-in-law, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, he assumed the leadership of the Lubavitch movement.
He led the movement until his death in 1994, greatly expanding its worldwide activities and founding a worldwide network of institutions to spread traditional religious practices among the Jewish people.[4] These institutions include schools, kindergartens, synagogues andChabad houses. He successfully built a network of more than 3,600 institutions in over 70 countries and 1000 cities around the world.[5]During his lifetime, some of his followers considered him to be the Jewish Messiah, but Rabbi Schneerson mildly discouraged such talk.[6]
He was recognized as a contributor to Jewish continuity and religious thought,[7] and recognized by both the Orthodox and Reform movements, as the pioneer of Jewish outreach.[8]
Birth and early years
Menachem Mendel Schneerson was born on Friday, April 18, 1902, equivalent to 11 Nissan, 5662, in the town of Nikolaev.[9] His father was Rabbi Levi Yitzchak Schneerson, a renowned Talmudic scholar and authority on Kabbalah and Jewish law.[10] His mother was Rebbetzin Chana Schneerson (nee Yanovski).
In 1907, when Menachem Mendel was six years old, the Schneersons moved to Yekatrinislav (today, Dnepropetrovsk), where Rabbi Levi Yitzchak was appointed Chief Rabbi of the city. He served until 1939.[11] He had two younger brothers, Dov Ber and Yisroel Aryeh Leib.[12] His younger brother Dov Ber, an accomplished Talmudist in his youth, had become mentally disturbed during his late teenage years, and spent time at an institution for the mentally disabled near Nikolaiev. He was murdered in 1944 in a mass shooting by Nazi collaborators.[13]
The youngest, Yisrael Aryeh Leib, was close to his brother, and often traveled with him. He was widely viewed as a genius and studied Talmud, Kabbalah and science. In the late 1920s together with his brother, he met Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, the sixth Rebbe.[14] To escape the Soviet Union, he changed his name to Mark Gourary using the papers of Mr. Mark (Mordecahi) Gourary, who had been a friend of his father. He moved to Israel where he became a businessman. He later moved to England where he began doctoral studies atLiverpool University but died in 1952 before completing them. His wife died in 1996 and his children—Schneerson's closest living relatives—currently reside in Israel.[12]
During his youth, Schneerson received a mostly private Jewish education. He was tutored by Zalman Vilenkin from 1909 through 1913. In 1977, he said of Vilenkin: "He taught me and my brothers Chumash, Rashi and Talmud. He put me on my feet. He was an illustrious Jew…"[15] When Schneerson was eleven years old, Vilenkin informed the boy's father that he had nothing more to teach his son.[16] At that point, the boy's father, Rabbi Levi Yitzchak, began teaching his son. He also taught him Kaballa. And Menachem Mendel was gifted in both Talmudic and Kabalistic study.[17] Yona Kesse, who in his youth frequented Schneerson's home later recounted: "I witnessed his intense diligence in Torah study, I always found him learning in a standing position, never sitting down. I remember him as an extremely private person, an introvert; his entire being as I recall it, was Torah."[18] He was considered anIllui and genius, and by the time he was seventeen, he had mastered the entire Talmud, some 5,894 pages with all its early commentaries.[19][20] Menachem Mendel learned far more from his father than just Talmud and Kaballa. Rabbi Levi Yitzchak's courage and principles were a guide to his son for the rest of his life. Many years later, when he once reminisced about his youth, Schneerson said "I have the education of the first-born son of the rabbi of Yekatrinoselav. When it comes to saving lives, I speak up whatever other may say."[21]
Schneerson later studied independently under his father, who was his primary teacher. He studied Talmud and rabbinic literature, as well as the Hasidic view of Kabbalah. He received separate rabbinical ordinations from both the Rogatchover Gaon, Yosef Rosen,[22] and from Rabbi Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg (also known as the Sridei Aish).[23]
Rebbes
Shneur Zalman of Liadi
Dovber Schneuri
Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (Tzemach Tzedek)
Shmuel Schneersohn
Sholom Dovber Schneersohn
Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn
Places and landmarks
Ohel
Chabad library
Kfar Chabad
Shikun Chabad
Lyubavichi
Nariman House
1 Kislev
10 Kislev
22 Shvat
3 Tammuz
12-13 Tammuz
Agudas Chasidei Chabad
Chabad on Campus
Children's Museum
Colel Chabad
Gan Israel
Jewish Relief Agency
Jewish Learning Institute
Jewish Learning Network
Kehot Publication Society
Lubavitch Youth Organization
Machneh Israel
Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch
NCFJE
Ohr Avner
Sheloh
Tzivos Hashem
Bais Chana
Bais Rivka
Beth Rivkah
Hadar Hatorah
Lubavitch Senior Girls' School
Machon Chana
Mayanot
Ohel Chana
Oholei Torah
Rabbinical College
Tomchei Temimim
Yeshivah College
Yeshivah Gedolah
Schneersohn family
Chaim Schneur Zalman of Liadi
Chana Schneerson
Chaya Mushka Schneerson (1901-1988)
Chaya Mushka Schneersohn (d. 1860)
Menucha Rochel Slonim
Sheina Horenstein
Shemaryahu Gurary
Shlomo Zalman Schneersohn
Shmaryahu Noah Schneersohn
Yehuda Leib Schneersohn
Yitzchak Dovber of Liadi
Adin Steinsaltz
Ahron Halevi of Staroselye
Chaim M. A. Hodakov
Dovid Raskin
Herman Branover
Jacob I. Schochet
Jacob J. Hecht
Leib Groner
Menachem Brod
Nissan Mindel
Yehuda Krinsky
Community rabbis
Avraham Osdoba
Mordechai Shmuel Ashkenazi
Moshe D. Gutnick
Yaakov Schwei
Yehuda Kalmen Marlow
Yitzchak Hendel
Yosef Heller
Yosef Braun
Zalman Shimon Dworkin
Zelig Sharfstein
Notable emissaries
Abraham Shemtov
Berel Lazar
Gavriel Holtzberg
Gershon Garelik
Menachem S. D. Raichik
Pinchus Feldman
Sholom Lipskar
Shlomo Cunin
Shimon Lazaroff
Zalman I. Posner
Notable Mashpiim
Aizel Homiler
Hillel Paritcher
Manis Friedman
Mendel Futerfas
Nissan Neminov
Simon Jacobson
Yehuda Chitrik
Yoel Kahn
Yosef Yitzchak Jacobson
Zalman M. HaYitzchaki
Chabad philosophy
Dirah Betachtonim
Seder hishtalshelus
Shulchan Aruch HaRav
Tehillat Hashem
Maamarim
Likutei Torah/Torah Or
Toras Chaim
Imrei Binah
Derech Mitzvosecha
Samech Vov
Ayin Beis
Hayom Yom
Likkutei Sichos
Igrot Kodesh
Hadranim al HaRambam
Toward a Meaningful Life
Hatomim
Mitzvah campaigns
Chabad house
Mitzvah tank
Noahide laws
Public menorah
Chitas
Mashpia
Meiniach
Farbrengen
Nusach Ari
Choizer
Chabadnitze
Dira Betachtonim
Chabad offshoots
Strashelye
Kopust
Liadi
Niezhin
Avrutch
Malachim
Chabad-Lubavitch related controversies
Although Schneerson didn't attend a Soviet school, he took the exams as an external student and did well on them,[24] and he immersed himself in Jewish studies while simultaneously qualifying for Russian secondary school.[12] Throughout his childhood Schneerson was involved in the affairs of his father's office, where his secular education and knowledge of the Russian language were useful in assisting his father's public administrative work. He was also said to have acted as an interpreter between the Jewish community and the Russian authorities on a number of occasions.[12]
Early travels and marriage
Main article: Chaya Mushka Schneerson
In 1923 Schneerson visited Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn for the first time. It was presumably at that time that he met Schneersohn's middle daughter, Chaya Mushka.[12] He became engaged to her in Riga in 1923 and married her five years later in 1928, after being away in Berlin.[citation needed]
Chana Schneerson, the mother of Menachem Mendel, has noted in her memoirs that when Yosef Yirzchok was permitted to leave the USSR in 1927, "he submitted a list of those for whom he requested an exit visa to accompany him." And that "the list included my son, M.M., long may he live". She then notes that "for each one on the list individually, the Rebbe (Yosef Yitzchok) gave a reason for his request — a reason the Soviet government officials had to find satisfactory. When they came to his request for our son, however, they asked the Rebbe (Yosef Yitzchok) why he needed him. He replied that he wanted him as a son-in-law, to marry his daughter. "Do you really need to bring even a son-in-law from here?" they asked, to which the Rebbe (Yosef Yitzchok) replied firmly, "I won't find such a son-in-law there!"[25]
Schneerson returned to Warsaw for his wedding, and in an article about his wedding in a Warsaw newspaper, "a number of academic degrees" were attributed to him. During the wedding celebration an elder Chassid asked Yosef Yitzchok "Tell me about the groom!", to which he responded "I have given my daughter to this man. He is wholly fluent in the Babalonian and Jerusalem Talmuds; he knows the Torah writings of the Rishonim and Acharonim (the classic and modern commentators), and much, much more."[26] Taking great pride in his son-in-law's outstanding knowledge, Yosef Yitzchok asked him to engage the great Torah scholars that were present at the wedding in learned conversation.[27] Following the marriage, the newlyweds went to live in Berlin.[citation needed] The marriage was long and happy (60 years), but childless.
Schneerson and Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn are related through Tzemach Tzedek, the third Rebbe of Chabad Lubavitch.
Schneerson studied mathematics, physics and philosophy at the University of Berlin for five semesters from mid-1928 through 1930.[28]His father-in-law, Yosef Yitzchok, paid for all the tuition expenses and helped facilitate his studies throughout.[29] Whilst there, he wrote hundreds of pages of original Torah discourses, subsequently published as "Reshimot",[30] and corresponded with his father on Torah matters, which were published in the 1970s in the book "Likuttei Levi Yitzchak—Letters".[31] During his stay in Berlin, R. Schneerson was assigned specific communal tasks by his father-in-law, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, who also requested that he write scholarly annotations to the responsa of Tzemach Tzedek. Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn also sought his annotations to various hasidic discourses. It was during this period, between 1928 and 1932, that there took place a serious interchange of halachic correspondence between R. Schneerson and the famed talmudic genius known as the Rogachover Gaon. This correspondence is indicative of Schneerson's talmudic erudition at the time. In 1933 he also met with Rabbi Chaim Elazar Shapiro, as well as with famed talmudist Rabbi Shimon Shkop.[32]During this time he would keep a diary in which he would carefully document his private conversations with his father-in-law Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, as well as customs he witnessed his father-in-law observing over the next fifteen years.[33]
With his brother
His brother, Yisroel Aryeh Leib joined him in Berlin in 1931, traveling with false papers under the name 'Mark Gurary' to escape the Soviets. He arrived and was cared for by his brother and sister-in-law as he was seriously ill with typhoid fever. Leibel attended classes at the University of Berlin from 1931 to 1933. In 1933, after Hitler took over Germany and began instituting anti-Semitic policies, Mendel and his wife helped Leibel escape from Berlin, before themselves fleeing to Paris.[28] Leibel escaped to Mandate Palestine in 1939 with his fiancee Regina Milgram, where they later married.[34]
Encounters with Rabbi J. B. Soloveitchik
Rabbis Herschel Schacter, Sholem Kowalsky, Julius Berman, Rabbi Menachem Genack, and Rabbi Fabian Schoenfeld (all students of Soloveitchik) have asserted that Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, and Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik met for the first time while they both studied in Berlin. They met many times at the home of Hayyim Heller in Berlin, and remained close even after the two left Germany.[35][36][37]
According to Soloveitchik's son Rabbi Dr. Haym Soloveitchik, Rabbi Soloveitchik only saw Rabbi Schneerson pass by in Berlin and they did not meet while there.[38]
In 1964, Soloveitchik paid a lengthy visit to Schneerson while the latter was mourning the death of his mother. Their conversation during this visit lasted approximately two hours. Soloveitchik afterwards told his student Sholem Kowalsky, who accompanied him: "the Rebbe has a 'gewaldiger' (awesome) comprehension of the Torah."[39] Soloveitchik later visited again following the death of Rabbi Schneerson's mother-in-law.[35] In 1980, accompanied by his student Herschel Schacter, Rabbi Soloveitchik visited Rabbi Schneerson at Chabad headquarters in Brooklyn on the occasion of a celebration marking the 30th anniversary of his leadership. The visit lasted close to two hours after which Soloveitchik told Schacter his opinion of Schneerson; "He is a gaon, he is a great one, he is a leader of Israel."[40]
In 1933, Rabbi Schneerson moved to Paris, France. He studied mechanics and electrical engineering at the École spéciale des travaux publics, du bâtiment et de l'industrie (ESTP), a Grandes écoles in the Montparnasse district. He graduated in July 1937 and received a license to practice as an electrical engineer. In November 1937, he enrolled at the Sorbonne, where he studied mathematics until World War II broke out in 1939.[41] Schneerson lived most of the time in Paris at 9 Rue Boulard in the 14th arrondissement, in the same building as his wife's sister, Shaina, and her husband, Mendel Hornstein.[citation needed] His father-in-law, Yosef Yitzchok, also recommended that Professor Alexander Vasilyevitch Barchenko consult with Menachem Mendel regarding various religious and mystical matters.[42]
During his time in Paris, Schneerson oversaw and edited the "Hatamim", a scholarly rabbinic journal that was published periodically from 1935 until 1938.[43] Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, wrote to his daughter, Chaya Mushka: "although other names will appear in print, the entire work of "Hatamim" is that of my dear and beloved son-in-law, the Rabbi."[44]
Prominent Rabbis, such as Yerachmiel Binyaminson and Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler turned to Schneerson with their queries regarding the reconciliation of different rabbinic and kabalistic opinions.[45] His response has been published in Igrot Kodesh.[46]
On June 11, 1940, three days before Paris fell to the Nazis, the Schneersons fled to Vichy, and later to Nice, where they stayed until their final escape from Europe.[47]
Rabbi Schneerson learned to speak French, which he put to use in establishing his movement there after the war.[citation needed] The Chabad movement in France later attracted many Jewish immigrants from Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia.[citation needed]
America and leadership
Escape from Europe
In 1941, Rabbi Schneerson escaped from Europe on the Serpa Pinto, which sailed from Lisbon, Portugal. It was one of the last neutral passenger ships to cross the Atlantic before the danger from U-boats became too great.[48] He joined his father-in-law, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, in Crown Heights, Brooklyn. Upon his arrival in New York, Yosef Yitzchak dispatched a delegation of respected members of the Chabad community to greet him at the harbor. Yosef Yitzhok told them, "you will be greeting my son-in-law; he is fluent in all of Talmud, Tosafot, The Rosh and Ran, as well as all the published Chassidic books".[49] Seeking to contribute to the war effort, he went to work in the Brooklyn Navy Yard, drawing wiring for the battleship USS Missouri (BB-63),[50][51] and other classified military work.[52]
Rise in America
In 1942, his father-in-law appointed him director of the Chabad movement's newly founded central organizations, Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, Machneh Israel and Kehot Publication Society, placing him at the helm of the movement's Jewish educational, social services, and publishing networks across the United States, Israel, Africa, Europe and Australia. Over the next decade, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok referred many of the scholarly questions that had been inquired of him to his son-in-law Menachem Mendel.[53] At his father-in-law's request, Schneerson would speak publicly once a month, delivering talks to his father-in-law's followers,[12] and he became increasingly known as a personal representative of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok.[53]
During the 1940s, Rabbi Schneerson became a naturalized US citizen. For many years to come, he would speak about America's special place in the world, and would argue that the bedrock of the United States' power and uniqueness came from its foundational values, which were, according to Rabbi Schneerson, '"E pluribus unum'—from many one", and "In God we trust."[54] In 1949, his father-in-law would become a U.S. citizen, with the Rebbe assisting to coordinate the event.[55]
Succession as Rebbe
Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn died in 1950, leaving behind two sons-in-law. Rabbi Shemaryahu Gurary and Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. Chassidim began rallying around Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, persuading him to succeed his father-in-law as Rebbe. Although Rabbi M. Schneerson was reluctant, and actively refused to officially accept leadership of the movement for the entire year after Rabbi Y. Schneersohn's death, he was eventually cajoled into accepting the post by his father-in-law's followers.[56] Although there was no election, he was the natural candidate on dynastic grounds and on the basis of his scholarship and personal qualities.[57] On the first anniversary of his father-in-law's passing, 10 Shevat 1951, he delivered a Hasidic discourse, (Ma'amar), spontaneously at the suggestion of someone in the crowd at a gathering, and formally became the Rebbe.[58]
Activities as Rebbe
A child announces one of the 12 verses. The icon at the bottom of the Rebbe's position reads Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch.
Waving to children at a Lag BaOmer parade.
From the beginning of his leadership, Schneerson put a strong emphasis on education and often spoke of the need of a true moral educational system.[59] He said that education infused with godliness is the bedrock for a true moral society for all mankind regardless of religious faith,[60] and that we cannot rest until every child, boy and girl, receives a proper moral education.[61] Seeking to promote awareness for educational matters, Schneerson proclaimed 1977 as a "Year of Education" and urged Congress to do the same. He stated: "Education, in general, should not be limited to the acquisition of knowledge and preparation for a career, or, in common parlance, 'to make a better living.' We must think in terms of a 'better living' not only for the individual, but also for the society as a whole. The educational system must, therefore, pay more attention, indeed the main attention, to the building of character, with emphasis on moral and ethical values. Education must put greater emphasis on the promotion of fundamental human rights and obligations of justice and morality, which are the basis of any human society, if it is to be truly human and not turn into a jungle."[62] Following which, the Ninety-Fifth Congress of the United States issued a Joint Resolution designating April 18, 1978, as "Education Day, U.S.A.".[63] Since then, every President has issued a proclamation, proclaiming Schneerson's birthday as "Education and Sharing Day, U.S.A."[64] In 1982 Ronald Reagan also proclaimed Schneerson's birthday as a "National Day of Reflection".[60]
In 1953, Schneerson established the Lubavitch women's organisation. And in a marked departure from an entrenched tendency to limit high-level Torah education to men and boys, he addressed his teachings equally to both genders.[65] Schneerson would describe the increase in Torah study by women as one of the "positive innovations of the later generations"[66]
Jewish outreach
Rabbi Schneerson was the first person to put priority on what today is called 'kiruv', and drawing Jews closer to their religion,[8] and he believed that the American public was seeking to learn more about their Jewish heritage. Speaking to an American journalist in 1951, he stated: "America is not lost, you are not different. You sincerely crave to know, to learn. Americans are inquisitive. It is Chabad's point of view that the American mind is simple, honest, direct—good, tillable soil for Hassidism, or just plain Judaism".[67] Rabbi Schneerson believed that Jews need not be on the defensive, but need to be on the ground building Jewish institutions, day schools and synagogues. Rabbi Schneerson said that we need "to discharge ourselves of our duty and we must take the initiative".[68]
Rabbi Schneerson placed a tremendous emphasis on outreach. He made great efforts to intensify this program of the Chabad movement, bringing Jews from all walks of life to adopt Torah-observant Judaism, and aggressively sought the expansion of the baal teshuva movement. His work included organizing the training of thousands of young Chabad rabbis and their wives, who were sent all over the world by him as shluchim (emissaries) to promote Jewish observance and education.
He oversaw the building of schools, community centers, youth camps, and "Chabad Houses", and established contacts with wealthy Jews and government officials around the world. Rabbi Schneerson also instituted a system of "Chabad mitzvah campaigns" called mivtzoim to encourage Jews to follow Orthodox Jewish practices. They commonly centered on practices such as keeping kosher, lighting Shabbat candles, studying Torah, putting on tefillin, helping to write sifrei Torah, and teaching women to observe the laws of Jewish family purity. He also launched a global Noahide campaign[69] to promote observance of the Noahide Laws[70] among gentiles, and argued that involvement in this campaign is an obligation for every Jew.[71]
Today there are Chabad Shluchim, emissaries of Rabbi Schneerson, in over 70 countries and 1000 cities around the world, totaling more than 3,600 institutions.[72] Chabad is very often the only Jewish presence in a given town or city and it has become the face of Jewish Orthodoxy for the Jewish and general world.[73]
Political activities
Although not a political lobby, Schneerson had great influence on numerous politicians, many of whom would seek his advice. During his years as Rebbe, he was visited by Presidents, Prime Ministers, Governors, Senators, Congressmen and Mayors. Many politicians came to him during their campaigns, courting his blessing and endorsement. Notable among them are prominent American politicians such as John F. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr, Jacob Javits, Ed Koch, Rudy Giuliani, David Dinkins and Joe Lieberman.[52][74]
Rabbi Schneerson always took an interest into the affairs of the state of Israel.[75] Although he never was in Israel, he had many admirers there, and many among Israel's top leadership made it a point to visit him.[76] One of Israel's presidents, Zalman Shazar, who was of Lubavitch ancestry, would visit Schneerson and corresponded extensively with him.Menachem Begin,[77] Ariel Sharon,[78] Yitzhak Rabin,[79] Shimon Peres, Moshe Katzav, and later, Benjamin Netanyahu[80] also paid visits and sought advice, along with numerous other less famous politicians, diplomats, military officials, and media producers. In the elections that brought Yitzhak Shamir to power, Schneerson publicly lobbied his followers and theOrthodox members in the Knesset to vote for the Likud alignment. It attracted the media's attention and led to articles in Time, Newsweek, and many newspapers and TV programs, and led to considerable controversy within Israeli politics.
Rabbi Schneerson did whatever was in his power to support the infrastructure of the state, and advance its success.[81] He was concerned with the agricultural,[82] industrial and overall economic welfare of Israel,[83] and sought to promote its scientific achievements, and enhance Israel's standing in the international community.[84] He consistently expressed enormous recognition for the role of the Israel Defense Forces and stated that those who serve in the Israeli army perform a great Mitzva.[85] Schneerson publicly expressed his view, that the safety and stability of Israel were in the best interests of the United States, as Israel is the front line against those who want the anti-west nations to succeed.[86]
Just before the outbreak of the Six-Day War, Schneerson instructed his followers in Israel and throughout the world to initiate an active Teffilin campaign, to see that Jews observe the Mitzva of Tefillin as a means of ensuring divine protection against Israel's enemies.[87] Speaking to a crowd of thousands of people on May 28, 1967, only a few days before the outbreak of the war, he assured the world that Israel would be victorious.[88] He said Israel had no need to fear as God was with them, quoting the verse, "the Guardian of Israel neither sleeps nor slumbers."[89]
After the Operation Entebbe rescue, in a public talk on 16 August 1976, Schneerson applauded the courage and selflessness of the IDF, "who flew thousands of miles, putting their lives in danger for the sole purpose of possibly saving the lives of tens of Jews". He said "their portion in the Hereafter is guaranteed".[90][91] He was later vilified by ultra haredi rabbis for publicly praising the courage of irreligious, Zionist soldiers and suggesting that God chose these people as a medium through which he would send deliverance to the Jewish people.[92]Schneerson protested vehemently against those elements within the ultra haredi society who sought to undermine the motivations and actions of the soldiers.[93][94][95]
He lobbied Israeli politicians to pass legislation in accordance with Jewish religious law on the question "Who is a Jew?" and declare that "only one who is born of a Jewish mother or converted according to Halakha is Jewish." This caused a furore in the United States. Some American Jewish philanthropies stopped financially supporting Chabad-Lubavitch since most of their members were connected to Reform and Conservative Judaism. Controversial issues such as territorial compromise in Israel that might have estranged benefactors from giving much-needed funds to Chabad.[96]
Benjamin Netanyahu said that while serving as Israel's ambassador to the United Nations in 1984, Schneerson told him: "you will be serving in a house of darkness, but remember, that even in the darkest place; the light of a single candle can be seen far and wide…" Netanyahu later retold this episode in a speech at the General Assembly, on Sept 23, 2011.[97]
Schneerson greatly encouraged the Jewish community who were living in the Eastern Bloc, sending many emissaries on covert missions to sustain Judaism under Communist regimes.[98] At the same time, he opposed public demonstrations on behalf of Soviet Jews, stating that he believed quiet diplomacy would be more effective than loud protests when it comes to rescuing the Jews of Russia.[99]
Schneerson spoke passionately about the Jews in Russia. He said: "Behind the Iron Curtain, there are Jews who are in an extremely precarious position, to the extent that they must have self-sacrifice for every aspect of fulfillment of Judaism. Nevertheless, they do not worry about their physical wants…There are Jews who do not have tefillin! They cannot go to the synagogue, for if they get caught they will lose their employment… Despite all this, they make no calculations regarding what the next day may bring; their whole desire is to be able to put on tefillin…"[100]
Following the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, Schneerson called for efforts to rescue children from Chernobyl and founded a special organization for this purpose.[101] The first rescue flight occurred on August 3, 1990, when 196 children were flown to Israel and brought to a shelter campus. Since then, thousands of children have been rescued and brought to Israel where they receive housing, education and medical care in a supportive environment.[102]
Natan Sharansky, the Chairman of the Jewish Agency said that Chabad Lubavitch was an essential connector to Soviet Jewry during the Cold War.[103]
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Beginning in the winter of 1979, during the tumultuous days of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, Rabbi Schneerson directed his emissaries to make arrangements to rescue Jewish teenagers from Iran and place them in foster homes within the Lubavitcher community in Brooklyn.[104] This mission, while not political in nature, was originally started as a secretive quest in order not to jeopardize the safety of the Iranian Jewish community at large. Many of Rabbi Schneerson's followers in Brooklyn were asked to open their homes to these Jewish children and help save their lives from another potential Holocaust in the making. The new Islamic government in Iran was vocally opposed to the existence of Israel and created a genuine concern in world Jewish circles by accusing many in the Jewish community of being Zionists. The execution of the leader of the Iranian Jewish community, Habib Elghanian, had made this a tangible threat to the very existence of the community. Ultimately, while more than a dozen members of the Jewish community were executed by the new Iranian government, Jews were allowed to continue to live in Iran and there would be no Holocaust. Hundreds of Jewish children from Tehran and other major cities in Iran were flown from Tehran to New York with the help of Schneerson's emissaries, placed in foster homes in Crown Heights and educated in Chabad schools. Many would adopt the Lubavitcher lifestyle and later, some even served as Chabad emissaries and religious leaders. Many others would later reunite with their biological parents after their parents and other family members emigrated to the United States.
Rabbi Schneerson is known for his scholarship both in the Talmud and hidden parts of the Torah (both Kabbalah and Chasidus). Rabbis and Rosh Yeshivas, as well as scientists and professors who would meet him or correspond with him would marvel at his wisdom and knowledge, of both Torah and secular subjects.[105] Rabbi Mordechai Eliyahu, former chief Rabbi of Israel, has said regarding one of his meetings with Rabbi Schneerson: "The conversation covered all sections of the Torah: the Talmud, Jewish law, Kabbalah, etc. The Rebbe jumped effortlessly from one Talmudic tractate to another, and from there to Kabbalah and then to Jewish law… He was clear in all the subjects discussed and organized in his delivery. It was as if he had just finished studying these very topics from the holy books. The whole Torah was an open book in front of him".[106] His collected writings and speeches are gathered in more than a hundred volumes in Hebrew and Yiddish. They include Torah expositions, halakhic analysis, Talmudic discourses, explorations of Jewish mysticism and letters of guidance to Jews throughout the world.[107] He also penned tens of thousands of replies to requests and questions. The majority of his correspondence is printed in Igrot Kodesh, partly translated as "Letters from the Rebbe". His correspondence fills more than two hundred published volumes. These detailed and personal letters to many thousands of people offer advice and explanation on a wide variety of subjects, including spiritual matters as well as all aspects of life.[108]
He is also especially renowned for his original insights and unprecedented analysis of Rashi's Torah commentary, which were delivered at the regular public Farbenegens. Many of these talks were later published in the 39 volume set of Likkutei Sichos. In halachic matters, he would normally refer to local orthodox rabbis, and advised the movement to do likewise in the event of his death.[109] While Rabbi Schneerson rarely chose to involve himself with questions of halakha (Jewish law), some notable exceptions were with regard to the use of electrical appliances on Shabbat, sailing on Israeli boats staffed by Jews, and halakhic dilemmas related to certain religious observances which may arise when crossing theInternational Date Line.
Public addresses
Rabbi Schneerson was known for delivering regular lengthy addresses to his followers at public gatherings in precise Yiddish and without a text or even any notes open in front of him the entire time.[110][111][112] These talks usually centered on the weekly Torah portion and on various tractates of the Talmud, during which he demonstrated a unique and amazing approach in explaining seemingly different concepts by analysis of the fundamental principle common to the entire tractate.[113] These talks were then transcribed by followers known as choizerim and distributed widely. Many of them were later edited by him and distributed worldwide in small booklets, later to be compiled in the Likkutei Sichot set. Listening to these talks, which sometimes went for eight or nine hours straight, was an unparalleled spiritual experience.[108] Following his attendance at one such talk with his son-in-law Rabbi Yisrael Lau, the then Rabbi of Tel-Aviv, Yitzchak Yedidya Frankel said "I have witnessed the magnificence of Polish Jewry…and I have known most of the great scholars of recent generations. But I have never seen such command of the material. That is genius."[114]
Yechidus and "Sunday Dollars"
Beginning in 1951 when he accepted the leadership, Schneerson would receive visitors twice a week, on Sundays and Thursdays. These meetings, called yechidus, would start at 8pm and often continue until five in the morning. Anyone would have the chance to meet Schneerson privately for a discussion and to receive his advice and blessings.[57][115] These meetings had to be booked in advance with Mordechai Hodakov, Schneerson's chief secretary.[115] At such private audiences he would meet over three thousand people.[116] The sessions were so popular that reservations were required—often months in advance. It was at these sessions, that Schneerson met with mayors, senators, presidents and every prime minister of Israel.[52]
Aside from a brief period of two months, after Schneerson suffered a heart attack in 1978, these meetings lasted weekly until 1982 when it became impossible to facilitate the large number of people. These meetings were then held only for those who had a special occasion, such as bride and groom for their wedding or a boy and his family on the occasion of a bar mitzvah.[116]
In 1986, Rabbi Schneerson again began to regularly greet people individually. This time, the personal meetings took the form of a weekly receiving line in "770". Almost every Sunday, thousands of people would line up to meet briefly with Schneerson and receive a one-dollar bill, which was to be donated to charity. People filing past Schneerson would often take this opportunity to ask him for advice or to request a blessing. This event is usually referred to as "Sunday Dollars."[117] Beginning in 1989, these events were recorded on videotape. Posthumously, hundreds of thousands of these encounters have been posted online for public access.[118]
Main article: 770 Eastern Parkway
770 Eastern Parkway.
Rabbi Schneerson rarely left Crown Heights in Brooklyn except for frequent lengthy visits to his father-in-law's gravesite in Queens, New York. A year after the death of his wife, Chaya Mushka, in 1988, when the traditional year of Jewish mourning had passed, he moved into his study above the central Lubavitch synagogue at 770 Eastern Parkway.
It was from this location that Rabbi Schneerson directed his emissaries' work and managed the movement's development. His public roles included celebrations called farbrengens (gatherings) on Shabbats, Jewish holy days, and special days on the Chabad calendar, when he would give lengthy sermons to crowds. In later years, these would often be broadcast on cable television and via satellite to Lubavitch branches around the world.
Later life
In 1977, Rabbi Schneerson suffered a massive heart attack while celebrating the hakafot ceremony on Shemini Atzeret. Despite the best efforts of his doctors to convince him to change his mind, he refused to be hospitalized.[119] This necessitated building a mini-hospital in his headquarters at "770." Although he did not appear again in public for four weeks, Rabbi Schneerson continued to deliver talks and discourses from his study via intercom. His chief cardiologist, Dr. Ira Weiss, later stated that despite his own protestations against the Rebbe's being treated in 770, in retrospect, it had turned out to be the correct decision, and "the Rebbe, in fact received better medical care in 770 than he would have had we taken him to the hospital."[120] On Rosh Chodesh Kislev, he left his study for the first time in more than a month to go home. His followers celebrate this day as a holiday each year.
Schneerson was opposed to retirement, seeing it as a waste of precious years.[121] In 1972, on the occasion of his 70th birthday, Schneerson spoke at length about his opposition to retirement, and instead of announcing a retirement plan, he proposed the establishment of 71 new institutions to mark the beginning of the 71st year of his life.[122] In the mid 1980s, when Schneerson was already in his late 80s, he remarked to Rabbi David Hollander who was contemplating retiring at the time "I am older than you are, and I am taking on additional burdens, by what right do you retire?"[123]
Death of his wife
On February 10, 1988 Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka Schneerson died. Following her death, Schneerson greatly increased his public functions. For example, whereas previously he had led Shabbat gatherings once a month, he now began holding these gatherings every Shabbat.[124] He later edited these addresses, which have since been published in the 10 volumeSefer HaSichos set.
Final illness
In 1992, Schneerson suffered a serious stroke while praying at the grave of his father-in-law. The stroke left him unable to speak and paralyzed on the right side of his body. Nonetheless, he continued to respond daily to thousands of queries and requests for blessings from around the world. His secretaries would read the letters to him and he would indicate his response with head and hand motions. During this time, the belief in Schneerson as the Messiah (Moshiach) became more widespread.[125]
Despite his deteriorating health, Schneerson once again refused to leave "770". Several months into his illness, a small room with tinted glass windows and an attached balcony was built overlooking the main synagogue. This allowed Rabbi Schneerson to pray with his followers, beginning with the Rosh Hashanah services, and to appear before them after services either by having the window opened or by being carried out onto the balcony.
His final illness led to a split between two groups of aides who differed in their recommendations as to how Schneerson should be treated, with the two camps led by Leib Groner andYehuda Krinsky.[126][127]
Final years
His own stated goals
From his childhood and throughout the years of his leadership, the Rebbe explained that his goal was to "make the world a better place,"[128] and to eliminate suffering. In 1954, in a letter to Yitzchak Ben Tzvi, Israel's second President, the Rebbe wrote: "From the time that I was a child attending cheder, and even before, the vision of the future Redemption began to take form in my imagination – the Redemption of the Jewish People from their final Exile, a redemption of such magnitude and grandeur through which the purpose of the suffering, the harsh decrees and annihilation of Exile will be understood…[129] "
Final declarations
In 1991, he declared to his followers: "I have done everything I can [to bring Moshiach], now I am handing over to you [the mission]; do everything you can to bring Moshiach!" A campaign was then started to usher in the Messianic age through "acts of goodness and kindness," and some of his followers placed advertisements in the mass media, including many full-page ads in the New York Times, declaring in Rabbi Schneerson's name that the Moshiach's arrival was imminent, and urging everyone to prepare for and hasten it by increasing their good deeds.[citation needed]
Main article: Ohel (Chabad)
The Rebbe's Tomb: Schneerson's burial place next to his father-in-law and predecessor in Queens, NY.
Rabbi Schneerson died at the Beth Israel Medical Center on June 12, 1994 (3 Tammuz 5754) and was buried at the Ohel next to his teacher and father-in-law, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, at Montefiore Cemetery in Queens, New York,[130] in 1994.[131] The Ohel had been built around the previous Rebbe's grave in 1952.
According to police estimates, some 35,000 people were gathered outside Lubavitch headquarters waiting for the coffin to be brought outside. When the plain pine coffin appeared, the scene became one of emotional mayhem, with women wailing and men pressing forward to touch it. The 350 police who were on the scene could barely contain the surging crowds, and the pallbearers had difficulty getting the coffin into a waiting hearse. Among the dignitaries present at Lubavitch headquarters were New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani; Benjamin Netanyahu, Gad Yaacobi, Israel's ambassador to the United Nations; Colette Avital, Israeli consul general in New York; and Malcolm Hoenlein, the chairman of the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations.[132]
Ohel Chabad-Lubavitch Center
Soon after Schneerson's death, philanthropist Joseph Gutnick of Melbourne, Australia established the Ohel Chabad-Lubavitch Center on Francis Lewis Boulevard, Queens, New York, which is located adjacent to the Rebbe's Ohel. Following the age-old Jewish tradition of turning the resting place of a tzadik into a place of prayer, thousands of people flock to the Rebbe's resting place[133] every week.[134] Many more send faxes and e-mails[135] with requests for prayers to be read at the grave site.
Awards and tributes
U.S. Government awards
Starting with President Carter in 1978,[136] the U.S. Congress and President have issued proclamations each year, declaring that Rabbi Schneerson's birthday — usually a day in March or April that coincides with his recognized Hebrew calendar birthdate of 11 Nissan — be observed as Education and Sharing Day in the United States.[137] The Rebbe would usually respond with a public address[138] on the importance of education in modern society, and holding forth on the United States' special role in the world.
On March 25, 1983, on the occasion of his 80th birthday, the United States Congress proclaimed Rabbi Schneerson's birthday as "Education Day, USA," and awarded him the National Scroll of Honor.[139]
Honored by Congress
After Schneerson's death, a bill was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives—sponsored by Congressman Charles Schumer and cosponsored by John Lewis, Newt Gingrich, and Jerry Lewis, as well as 220 other Congressmen—to posthumously bestow upon Schneerson the Congressional Gold Medal.
On November 2, 1994 the bill passed both Houses by unanimous consent, honoring Schneerson for his "outstanding and enduring contributions toward world education, morality, and acts of charity".[140] President Bill Clinton spoke these words at the Congressional Gold Medal ceremony:
" The late Rebbe's eminence as a moral leader for our country was recognized by every president since Richard Nixon. For over two decades, the Rabbi's movement now has some 2000 institutions; educational, social, medical, all across the globe. We (the United States Government) recognize the profound role that Rabbi Schneerson had in the expansion of those institutions. "
Other posthumous commendations
In 2009, the National Museum of American Jewish History[141] selected Schneerson as one of eighteen American Jews to be included in their "Only in America" Hall of Fame.
Main article: Chabad-Lubavitch related controversies § Menachem Mendel Schneerson
There is considerable controversy within Chabad about Schneerson's will, as he named no successor. He did however write one legal will, which was signed before witnesses, whereby he transferred stewardship of all the major Chabad institutions, as well as all his possessions to Agudas Chassidei Chabad.[142]
Another will, no executed copies of which are known to be in existence, named three senior Chabad rabbis, as directors of Agudas Chassidei Chabad.[142]
"Moshiach" (Messiah) fervor
Rabbi Schneerson's followers believed he was the Jewish Messiah, the "Moshiach," and some have persisted in that belief since his death. The reverence with which he was treated by followers led many Jewish critics from both the Conservative and Reform communities to allege that a cult of personality had grown up around him. His obituary in The New York Timessaid he "was attacked for allowing a cult of personality to grow around him"[143] from Conservative and Reform critics. Though he worked to dissuade his followers from making it that, telling New York Times reporter Israel Shenker in 1972 "I have never given any reason for a cult of personality, and I do all in my power to dissuade them from making it that".[57] Moshe D. Sherman, an associate professor at Touro College wrote that "as Schneerson's empire grew, a personality cult developed around him… portraits of Rabbi Schneerson were placed in all Lubavitch homes, shops, and synagogues, and devoted followers routinely requested a blessing from him prior to their marriage, following an illness, or at other times of need."[144]
Hayom Yom – An anthology of Chabad aphorisms and customs arranged according to the days of the year.
Haggadah Im Likkutei Ta'amim U'minhagim – The Haggadah with a commentary written by Schneerson.
Sefer HaToldot – Admor Moharash – Biography of the fourth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Shmuel Schneersohn.
Personal writings and correspondence
Igrot Kodesh – 30 volume set of Rabbi Schneerson's Hebrew and Yiddish letters.
Letters from the Rebbe – 5 volume set of Rabbi Schneerson's English letters.
Reshimot – 10-volume set of Schneerson's personal journal discovered after his death. Includes notes for his public talks before 1950, letters to Jewish scholars, notes on the Tanya, and thoughts on a wide range of Jewish subjects (2,190 pp).
Public talks delivered and edited by Schneerson
Likkutei Sichot – 39 volume set of Schneerson's discourses on the weekly Torah portions, Jewish Holidays, and other issues. (16,867pp)
Hadran al HaRambam – Commentary on Maimonides' Mishneh Torah.
Sefer HaSichot – 12 volume set of Rabbi Schneerson's talks from 1987–1992. (4,136pp)
Sefer HaMa'amarim Melukot – 6 volumes of edited chassidic discourses.
Chidushim UBiurim B'Shas – 3 volumes of novellae on the Talmud.
Besuras Hageula – compilation of talks on the imminent arrival of Moshiach from 1990–1992.
Public talks delivered by Schneerson, unedited by Schneerson
Sichot Kodesh – 50 volume Yiddish set of Sichos from 1950–1981.
Torat Menachem Hitva'aduyot – 43 volume set of Sichot and Ma'amarim from 1982–1992. (Based on participants' recollections and notes, not proofread by Rabbi Schneerson.)
Torat Menachem – 40 volume Hebrew set Maamarim and Sichos currently spanning 1950–1964 (Approximately 4 new volumes a year). Planned to encompass 1950–1981.
Heichal Menachem – Shaarei – 34 volumes of talks arranged by topic and holiday.
Sefer HaShlichut – 2 volume set of Schneerson's advice and guidelines to the shluchim he sent.
Karati Ve'ein Oneh – Compilation of Sichos discussing the Halachic prohibition of surrendering land in the Land of Israel to non-Jews
Sefer HaMa'amarim Hasidic discourses – Approx. 24 vols. including 1951–1962, 1969–1977 with plans to complete the rest.
Biurim LePeirush Rashi – 5 volume set summarizing talks on the commentary of Rashi to Torah.
Torat Menachem – Tiferet Levi Yitzchok – 3 volumes of elucidations drawn from his talks on cryptic notes of his father.
Biurim LePirkei Avot – 2 volumes summarizing talks on the Mishnaic tractate of "Ethics of the Fathers".
Yein Malchut – 2 volumes of talks on the Mishneh Torah.
Kol Ba'ei Olam – Addresses and letters concerning the Noahide Campaign.
Hilchot Beit Habechira LeHaRambam Im Chiddushim U'Beurim – Talks on the Laws of the Chosen House (the Holy Temple) of the Mishneh Torah.
HaMelech BeMesibo – 2 volumes of discussions at the semi-public holiday meals.
Torat Menachem – Menachem Tzion – 2 volumes of talks on mourning.
Collections and esoterica
Heichal Menachem – 3 volumes.
Mikdash Melech – 4 volumes.
Nelcha B'Orchosov
Mekadesh Yisrael – Talks and pictures from his officiating at weddings.
Yemei Bereshit – Diary of the first year of his leadership, 1950–1951.
Bine'ot Deshe – Diary of his visit and talks to Camp Gan Israel in upstate New York.
Tzaddik LaMelech – 7 volumes of letters, handwritten notes, anecdotes, and other.
Esoterica continue to be released by individual families for family occasions such as weddings, known as Teshurot.
Afrikaner-Jewish relationship ((Part 1)
How true a reflection of the Afrikaner-Jewish relationship was the pre-1948 antisemitism of the Afrikaner Press and Politicians? ((Part 1) – SA Jewish Board of Deputies
East European Jews en route to South Africa, Rosh Hashanah 1903
Ivan Kapelus considers the respective histories and complex relationship between of two distinct South African communities
Source: www.sajbd.org/media/how-true-a-reflection-of-the-afrikaner-jewish-relationship-was-the-pre-1948-antisemitism-of-the-afrikaner-press-and-politicians-part-1
The former Calvinia synagogue, now a museum (Courtesy: SA Friends of Beth Hatefutsoth)
Boer graves and monument, Krugersdorp concentration camp
Our Kalgoorlie Visit
Jill and my three day trip to Kalgoorlie by train
The Prospector Train
Day 1 – Sat 29 May 2021
Kalgoorlie – Wikipedia
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgoorlie
Arrival and walk about town
The Mining Museum
Kalgoorlie Hotel – thank you Afranio
Day 3 – Monday
Morning with Toni Kassman
Thank you Gaye and Wendy in the office
The Super Pit and Boulder
Super Pit gold mine – Wikipedia
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Pit_gold_mine
At the Palace Hotel with Toni
About town

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Focus on Pacific engagement
Australian and New Zealand Navy members who provide advice and support to Pacific island nations that operate patrol boats donated by Australia have attended a successful conference.
The Maritime Surveillance Advisers and Technical Advisers Conference held in Canberra from 19-23 November enabled the personnel posted to 12 of Australia's Pacific partners to be updated on our engagement in the region.
One of the significant developments on the agenda was the Pacific Maritime Security Program, which replaces the successful Pacific Patrol Boat Program.
The Pacific Maritime Security Program involves the roll out of 21 new Guardian-class patrol boats to 13 nations, integrated aerial surveillance and enhancements to regional cooperation over the next five years.
Commodore Stephen Woodall – who is responsible for the Defence Cooperation Program, the Pacific Patrol Boat Program and the Pacific Maritime Security Program – said it was important to bring the maritime surveillance and technical advisers together.
"Many of our people operate in isolated islands. Sometimes there is no Australian High Commission there, and internet and phone access is limited, so they don "t get the same information the remainder of us in Defence regularly get," Commodore Woodall said.
"At the conference we updated them on the latest government direction and the latest Defence direction on our engagement in the Pacific."
He said much of the focus was on enhancing Australia "s engagement with its Pacific neighbours.
"Importantly, the advisers were able to talk to each other about initiatives that work or don "t work in their host country, so they go back out recharged and reset for the next 12 months," he said.
The Australian personnel are based in Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Marshall Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. Royal New Zealand Navy personnel support the Australian-gifted patrol boat in the Cook Islands.
The maritime surveillance advisers are lieutenant commanders who provide advice and support relating to the Pacific Patrol Boats and also help the local senior officer with operational planning, surveillance, maritime security and enforcement.
The technical advisers are chief petty officers who provide advice and support on the maintenance and repair of the patrol boats, and deliver expertise in developing crew skills at the junior level and conducting specific tasks such as search and rescue.
Australian Defence advisers resident in the Pacific region as well as representatives from key regional partners New Zealand, France and the US also attended the conference.
Other Story content
RAAF dogs looking for new homes
IPE 19 prepares for explosive regional engagement
Remembering Cyclone Pam
Indo-Pacific Endeavour 2019 departs
On-the-record list
© Copyright / Defence News
Defending Australia and its National Interests


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News Article Revisions
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Covid-19 in the UK: How many coronavirus cases are there in your area?
2020-09-30 17:04:18 UTC (about 5 hours later)
There have been more than 400,000 confirmed cases of coronavirus so far in the UK and more than 40,000 people have died, government figures show. There have been more than 400,000 confirmed cases of coronavirus so far in the UK and more than 40,000 people have died, government figures show.
However, these figures include only people who have died within 28 days of testing positive for coronavirus and other measures suggest the number of deaths is higher. However, these figures include only people who have died within 28 days of testing positive for coronavirus and other measures suggest the number of deaths is higher.
Find out how the pandemic has affected your area and how it compares with the national average. Last updated 25 September. Find out how the pandemic has affected your area and how it compares with the national average.
If you can't see the look-up click here. If you can't see the look-up click here.
The postcode search has been updated to replace data for health boards in Scotland with data for local councils. In England, data for county councils has been replaced with data for district councils. Figures for boroughs and unitary authorities remain unchanged. The postcode search has been updated to replace data for health boards in Scotland with data for local councils. In England, data for county councils has been replaced with data for district councils. Figures for boroughs and unitary authorities remain unchanged.
Cases and hospital admissions now rising Cases and hospital admissions now rising
After their first April peak, confirmed coronavirus cases have been rising again since July, with the rate of growth increasing from the end of August. After their first April peak, confirmed coronavirus cases have been rising again since July, with the rate of growth increasing from the end of August.
On Tuesday, the country recorded 7,143 new cases. This is the highest number of confirmed cases recorded in a day, however testing capacity has increased significantly since the spring, when many cases went unreported. On Wednesday, the country recorded 7,108 new cases. The highest number of confirmed cases recorded in a day came on Tuesday, with 7,143 new positive results, however testing capacity has increased significantly since the spring, when many cases went unreported.
The official number of cases during the first peak underestimated the number of people with coronavirus at the time, as widespread testing was not available until mid-May. Before then, tests were limited - mainly being used in hospitals and other care settings - and people with only mild symptoms would not have been tested. The official number of cases during the first peak underestimated the number of people with coronavirus at the time, as widespread testing was not available until mid-May. Before then, tests were limited - mainly being used in hospitals and other care settings - and people with only mild symptoms would not have been tested.
UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson said on Wednesday the country was at a "critical moment".
Although the UK was in a much better place now than in March in "many ways", he said, the government would "not hesitate" to put further measures in place if required.
Prof Chris Whitty, England's chief medical officer, said virus cases were increasing "quite rapidly" among older teenagers and young adults aged up to 21, and in certain areas of the country, such as north-west and north-east England.
Last week the government's chief scientific adviser Sir Patrick Vallance warned that the UK could see 50,000 new coronavirus cases a day by mid-October without further action. Last week the government's chief scientific adviser Sir Patrick Vallance warned that the UK could see 50,000 new coronavirus cases a day by mid-October without further action.
This could lead to about "200-plus deaths per day" a month later, he said. This could lead to about "200-plus deaths per day" a month later, he said.
However other experts have questioned this projection and suggest the increase could be more gradual, in a similar trajectory to France and Spain. However other experts have questioned this projection and suggest the increase could be more gradual, in a similar trajectory to France and Spain.
The BBC's health correspondent Nick Triggle says what matters now is how the rise in cases translates into an increases in hospital admissions and deaths. The BBC's health correspondent Nick Triggle says what matters now is how the rise in cases translates into an increases in hospital admissions and deaths.
Hospital admission figures are now showing a rise, and on Monday, government figures showed that 297 coronavirus patients were receiving mechanical ventilation, the highest figure since 24 June. Hospital admission figures are now showing a rise, and on Monday, government figures showed that 297 coronavirus patients were receiving mechanical ventilation, the highest figure since 24 June.
An estimate from the Office for National Statistics (ONS), released on Friday, suggested that roughly one in 500 people in England had coronavirus in the week ending 19 September. This is up from one in 900 reported the previous week. An estimate from the Office for National Statistics (ONS), released on Friday, suggested that roughly one in 500 people in England had coronavirus in the week ending 19 September. This is up from one in 900 reported the previous week.
Based on tests in households for current infection, the ONS survey is thought to give one of the most accurate pictures of whether or not new cases are increasing. Based on tests in households for current infection, the ONS survey is thought to give one of the most accurate pictures of whether or not new cases are increasing.
Where are the current hotspots? Where are the current hotspots?
There are several local hotspots in the UK that have seen cases spike in recent weeks. There are several local hotspots in the UK that have seen cases spike in recent weeks.
The orange areas on the map below are those currently seeing the highest number of cases per 100,000 people. The orange areas on the map below are those currently seeing the highest number of cases per 100,000 people.
Extra restrictions have been introduced in many areas of the UK - including across the whole of Scotland and Northern Ireland. Extra restrictions have been introduced in many areas of the UK - including across the whole of Scotland and Northern Ireland.
In addition to these national measures, parts of Wales, areas in the Midlands, Lancashire, Merseyside and West Yorkshire have seen additional rules imposed. In addition to these national measures, parts of Wales, areas in the Midlands, Lancashire, Merseyside and West Yorkshire have seen additional rules imposed.
You can see a full breakdown of the areas under extra restrictions and the types of rules in place here. You can see a full breakdown of the areas under extra restrictions and the types of rules in place here.
Daily deaths starting to rise Daily deaths starting to rise
While the rate of growth in new cases has begun to increase again recently, the rise in daily deaths has remained relatively low. While the rate of growth in new cases has begun to increase again recently, the rise in daily deaths has remained relatively low.
The government announced 71 new deaths on Tuesday - the highest total since 26 June. There were 68 deaths in England and three in Wales, none were reported in Scotland or Northern Ireland. The government announced 71 new deaths on Wednesday - the same number as the day before and the joint highest total since 26 June. There were 62 deaths in England, seven in Scotland and one each in Northern Ireland and Wales.
In August, the government's death toll in England was reduced by 5,340 following a review of the way coronavirus deaths are counted. In August, the government's death toll in England was reduced by 5,340 following a review of the way coronavirus deaths are counted.
New rules mean deaths anywhere in the UK are included in the coronavirus total only if they occurred within 28 days of a positive test. Previously in England, all deaths after a positive test were included. New rules mean deaths anywhere in the UK are included in the coronavirus total only if they occurred within 28 days of a positive test. Previously in England, all deaths after a positive test were included.
England has seen the majority of UK deaths from Covid-19. Using the 28-day cut-off, there have been just over 37,000. England has seen the majority of UK deaths from Covid-19. Using the 28-day cut-off, there have been just over 37,000.
Overall death toll could be more than 60,000 Overall death toll could be more than 60,000
When looking at the overall death toll from coronavirus, official figures count deaths in three different ways. When looking at the overall death toll from coronavirus, official figures count deaths in three different ways.
Government figures count people who tested positive for coronavirus and died within 28 days. Government figures count people who tested positive for coronavirus and died within 28 days.
But there are two other measures. But there are two other measures.
The first includes all deaths where coronavirus was mentioned on the death certificate, even if the person had not been tested for the virus. The most recent figures suggest there had been more than 57,000 deaths by 18 September. The first includes all deaths where coronavirus was mentioned on the death certificate, even if the person had not been tested for the virus. The most recent figures suggest there had been more than 57,000 deaths by 18 September.
The third method looks at all UK deaths over and above the number usually expected for the time of year - known as excess deaths. This measure shows the death toll was almost 65,000 by 18 September. The third method looks at all UK deaths over and above the number usually expected for the time of year - known as excess deaths. This measure shows the death toll was almost 65,000 by 18 September.
There were 10,784 deaths registered in the UK in the week ending 18 September, about 2% above the expected level for this time of year. There were 10,784 deaths registered in the UK in the week ending 18 September, about 2% above the expected level for this time of year.
It was the second week in a row that Covid-19 registered deaths had risen across the UK - a total of 158 involved coronavirus, up 48 on the previous week. But the total is still far below the peak of 9,495 seen in April. It was the second week in a row that Covid-19 registered deaths had risen across the UK - a total of 158 involved coronavirus, up 48 on the previous week. But the total is still far below the peak of 9,495 seen in April.
What is the R number in the UK? What is the R number in the UK?
The "R number" is the average number of people an infected person will pass the disease on to. The "R number" is the average number of people an infected person will pass the disease on to.
If R is below one, then the number of people contracting the disease will fall; if it is above one, the number will grow. If R is below one, then the number of people contracting the disease will fall; if it is above one, the number will grow.
Last week, the government raised its estimate for the R number across the whole of the UK to between 1.2 and 1.5. Last week, the government raised its estimate for the R number across the whole of the UK to between 1.2 and 1.5.
The estimate for England is 1.2-1.5, while for Scotland it is 1.2-1.6. The estimate for Wales is 0.7-1.2 and in Northern Ireland it is 1.5. The estimate for England is 1.2-1.5, while for Scotland it is 1.2-1.6. The estimate for Wales is 0.7-1.2 and in Northern Ireland it is 1.5.
The government has said in the past that the R number is one of the most important factors in making policy decisions. The government has said in the past that the R number is one of the most important factors in making policy decisions.
Currently monitoring 1,795,189 news articles with 3,832,321 different versions.


(March 19, 2005) -- A predawn shooting jolted residents in the area of the 1500 block of Obispo Ave. at roughly 4:16 a.m. today (March 19).
LBPD Public Information Officer Greg Schirmer says police received multiple calls reporting shots fired. Officers arrived and found a man lying on the ground with serious injuries. LBFD transported him to a hospital; his condition is unknown as we post at midmorning.
The assailant fled on foot. It's currently unknown if the shooting was gang related, although LBPD gang detectives are assisting in the investigation.
LBPD asks anyone who heard or saw anything that might be helpful in the investigation to call LBPD's non-emergency line: (562) 435-6711. Explain the situation and they'll connect you to the proper person.


text:
Q: Insert custom Fields to Custom table in DB in checkout page (woocommerce) store data in custom table that i'm created like "mycutom_fileds"
please help me with any reference .
i'm looking to add custom filed in Additional Fields session
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*** I want to insert this custom field in custom table in DB
I'm using WooCommerce .

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Tis the season for shopping and gifting! San Francisco is full of amazing, independently owned boutiques. They're in every neighborhood, and are owned by our friends and neighbors. I believe that shopping small is something we should all be doing, all year long, but especially during the holidays.
Christmas in San Francisco is magical. The Downtown high rises are draped in festive lights, trees grace commercial lobbies and friendly neighborhood windows, and the SF SPCA pets move into the windows at Macy's. The City becomes a snow-free wonderland.
Oct 5 Best Burger in SF?
I'm on a quest. Where can you find the best burger in San Francisco? In the land of $8 avocado toast, an amazing hamburger is actually pretty hard to find. Over cooked, over priced, too fatty, too many condiments, the list goes on and on, and the prices are usually steep. It's common to pay $15-$18 for a burger that doesn't even come with cheese or a side.
Sunshine in San Francisco means one thing : it's time to ditch all your responsibilities and head out to bask in the warmth. We've spent all winter inside, cuddled up, or slogging through record-setting rain. We deserve some rosé on the roof. We earned it!


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Q: Index of Subgroup in Alternating Group $A_n$ I am trying to show that for $n\geq 5$, the alternating group $A_n$ has no subgroup of index $p$ where $p$ prime and $p\not = n$. I am supposed to show this without using any of the Sylow theorems.
I understand that $A_n$ is simple for $n\geq5$ but I do not know how to relate this to the existence of subgroups of index $p$. I tried to show this by contradiction, assuming $H \subseteq G$ with $[G:H]=p$ and I managed to show that if this is the case, then $p<n$ but I cannot figure out anything beyond that.

A: Hint :Let $H$ be a subgroup of index $m>1$ in $A_{n}$, $n \geq 5$. Then, the action of $A_{n}$ on $A_{n}/H$ induces a group homomorphism from $A_{n}$ to $S_{m}$ whose kenel is contained in $H$, and hence is proper! But $A_{n}$ is simple so the map is injective! Hence $\frac{n!}{2} \leq p!$...


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Book in advance and save on Penzance train tickets
Penzance London Paddington Train
Buying your train ticket is simple, not just between Penzance and London Paddington but to and from any railway station on the UK network.
Your Penzance to London Paddington train ticket is just a few mouse clicks away! Simply enter your details into the search box and hit the green button to proceed.
Penzance London Paddington stations
Penzance Train Tickets
Penzance Train Station
Penzance railway station, operated by First Great Western, serves the Cornish town of Penzance and is the western terminus of the Cornish Main Line which connects Plymouth in Devon to Penzance. The station is approximately 300 miles to the south west of London Paddington railway station. The station has a staffed ticket office although passengers should note that it is not open in the late evening. Passengers are able to collect tickets purchased in advance (for example, on the internet) from one of the automatic ticket machines located in the station.
It is both the southernmost station on the National Rail network and the westernmost station in England, although not Great Britain as some stations in Scotland are further west.
Facilities at the station include pay phones, refreshments, toilets and a tourist information office. Passengers should note that ATM's and baby changing facilities are not available at the station.
Passenger services calling at the station are operated by First Great Western and CrossCountry. Services departing the station generally travel towards St Ives, Truro, Plymouth, London Paddington, Bristol Temple Meads, Birmingham New Street, Sheffield, Leeds, Newcastle Central, Edinburgh Waverley and Glasgow Central.
Parking is available at the station for 90 vehicles and is open 24 hours a day.


Become the August 2015 Small Basic Guru!!! Here's how!
Winners will be voted on by the judges. The judges consist of Microsoft MVPs, TechNet Wiki Community Council members, and Microsoft Employee SMEs (Subject Matter Experts -usually the people making the technologies). The judges will be looking for articles that are thorough, technically accurate, visually clear (images might help, but aren't necessary), and well written.
1) Create a new TechNet article YOU CAN COPY YOUR CONTRIBUTION FROM MSDN/TECHNET FORUMS OVER TO TECHNET WIKI (IN AUGUST) TO QUALIFY FOR THESE AWARDS. You can also create a new article not related to your forums contributions.
B) Click the "Edit" tab on the list of August Guru articles, and copy in the URL to your TechNet Wiki article into the appropriate section, along with your name and link to your profile!
We're looking forward to seeing your article!


Compact Guide: Scotland is the ultimate quick reference guide to this popular destination. It tells you all you need to know about the country's attractions, from the rural delights of the Lowlands to the rugged splendour of the Highlands and islands, from the romance of its castles and glens to the vibrant culture of its cities. This is one of 130 Compact Guides, combining the interests and enthusiasms of two of the world's best known information providers: Insight Guides, whose titles have set the standard for visual travel guides since 1970, and Discovery Channel, the world's premier source of nonfiction television programming.


Hong Kong stocks tumbled more than two percent in opening exchanges Monday as investors fret over the outlook for the global economy.
The Hang Seng Index sank 2.10 percent, or 611.99 points, to 28,501.37.
The benchmark Shanghai Composite Index fell 1.46 percent, or 45.35 points, to 3,058.80 and the Shenzhen Composite Index, which tracks stocks on China's second exchange, dropped 1.72 percent, or 29.32 points, to 1,671.62.


38 songs, including: Angels, Punks and Raging Queens - Anything but Lonely - Heaven Help My Heart - How Did We Come to This? - I Can Hear the Bells - I Don't Know How to Love Him - I Want to Go to Hollywood - I'm Not That Girl - Just One Step - Life with Harold - The Man That Got Away - Popular - Roxie - Shadowland - Still Hurting - There Are Worse Things I Could Do - Who Are You Now? - The Wizard and I - and more.


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HISTORY IN THE MAKING
Published on Sun, May 27, 2007
DEJA VU By John Grafman
I remember the time when muscle cars freely roamed the earth decades ago. As crazy as it might sound now, we thought those days would live on forever. Back then, the American car companies were the only game in town, and the only two things that mattered were bigger and faster.
The Camaro was symbolic of the time. The Chevy reached higher and higher with each passing year. Motors got bigger and more powerful, styling became more dynamic. These cars excited a country, and shaped the lives of several generations of car enthusiasts. This was the heyday for Detroit. Then the party came to an abrupt end. Gas prices, exhaust emissions, and safety standards were the equivalent of a cold shower. In turn, those cars produced prior to this downturn were elevated to legendary status. Now it's hard to escape asking if history will repeat itself. We'll cut to the chase: The new Camaro Convertible concept car does have the makings of a legend. All the key elements are in place. Take the more than slightly reminiscent body style, coupled with a hearty eight cylinder motor, saddled with skyrocketing gas prices, and a government hell bent to control CO2 emissions, and what have you got?
Speaking with Brian Smith, the Exterior Design Manager on the convertible, he describes how the new Camaro concept began life prior to been given the official green light from GM. This project started as one of love and desire. And not just to maintain the name Camaro, but also to continue the passion. During our conversation, Brian points out a number of details that morphed from the coupe to the convertible. These features included the height and satin finish on the windshield surround, the tonneau cover, the rear spoiler, the fuel filler door, all of which have some relevance to the coupe's hardtop being eliminated. Additional features include the halo headlamps, LED tail lamps, heritage inspired rear fender gills, and anodize aluminum door handles to match the windshield surround. Also included are wheels with accent colors to match the exterior.
Listening to Brian explain the development, it becomes apparent the challenge in trying to retain the flavor from the '69 Camaro, yet create something new and contemporary. Another hurdle is retaining a strong Camaro identity, explore new directions in order to keep it fresh, and avoid the common design cues found in some of the other muscle cars. This is tougher than it might seem, as yesteryears' muscle cars shared many similar traits. But, this is why Brian gets paid the big bucks. Interior Designer Micah Jones created an interior that's both bold and modern. It still retains much of their original flavor, such as having the four auxiliary gauges mounted in front of the manual shifter. It's these touches that make the car seem very familiar to those acquainted with the '69.
While this is still just a concept, this is also a driver. Slipping behind the deep dish steering wheel, it's obvious some of this is not ready for prime time. The seat belts, for instance, are purely for display purposes only at this point. Nevertheless, it's easy to get a good sense as to what the production vehicle more than likely will be. This car starts up effortlessly with a healthy growl. A little more provoking of the accelerator results in a deep, purposeful, World War Two fighter plane roar. Given the opportunity, the Camaro is more than willing to jump off the line. We are kindly reminded this is only a concept, but it represents a lot of time and money invested. Translation, you break it - you buy it!
Even with just a small taste on a closed road and a coned course, this does live up to keep its reputation for performance. Cruising with the top down on a perfectly radiant morning, this isn't about reliving old memories as much as creating new ones. Who am I to argue? Clearly, the materials and design, particularly in the interior, are several steps ahead of what we can find on current production cars of this genre. While we reserve our final judgment for the production car, this concept does provide much of the driving feel and experience one would hope to find. Will the melting polar ice caps, shifting ocean currents and tension in the Middle East spell trouble for the Camaro before the car even gets to production? After living through numerous presidential administrations - including some that definitely were not friends to muscle car enthusiasts, surviving nearly four decades of fluctuating consumer tastes, and being brought back from the dead, somehow high gas prices just don't seem too disconcerting after all. After all, cool just never goes out of style.
SUMMARY JUDGMENT Going against the grain makes this the bad boy muscle car even more attractive. Find more at www.gm.com. See the Camaro Concept at Chevy's Rev It Up ride-and-drive events this summer.
SPECIFICATIONS Price: TBD Engine type: V-8 engine Drive configuration: Front engine / rear-wheel drive Suspension: Front: MacPherson strut front, progressive rate coil springs, gas-pressurized dampers Rear: Independent multilink, progressive rate coil springs, gas-pressurized dampers Wheels and tires: Front: cast aluminum 21-in, 275/30R21 Rear: cast aluminum 22-in, 305/30R22 Brakes: Front: disc, 14-in rotors with four-piston Rear: disc, 14-in rotors with four-piston Overall length: 186.2 / 4730 Overall width: 79.6 / 2022 Overall height: 53 / 1344


Both regions grow coffee on small plots using traditional methods, and there are Important Bird Areas in these regions. Bird/birding info for Ethiopia . Kenya – Grows …... COFFEE SEEDLINGS NIRSERY: We run a nursery which produces over 350,000 coffee seedlings per annum, for sales and project delivery and distribution to smallholders/farmers.
6/08/2006 · The colonial government made coffee-growing compulsory in 1933, requiring Rwandans to plant coffee on at least a quarter of their farms, which were … how to find spring constant from slope The first time Andrew Rugasira drove the 800 kilometres (500 miles) from Uganda's capital, Kampala, to the Rwenzori Mountains, he went to convince farmers why they should sell their coffee beans to him.
The branches of the coffee tree grow all over the place. The coffee tree is not well-shaped and not strong. Therefore the coffee tree must be pruned to give it a good shape.
Uganda Coffee Beans Most coffee grown in Uganda (80%) is of the varietal varietal Robusta (Coffea canephora var. robusta), with the other 20% comprising Arabica varietals Typica, SL 14, SL 28 and Kent.