Caltron Industries, Inc. will require our customers to employ the following guidelines when returning goods to Caltron. This will enable our Customer Support to process your RMA order efficiently in a timely manner.
Box and pack items in such a way to prevent damage during transportation. An RMA number must be issued before returning any items to Caltron. This number can be obtained after returned the RMA Request Form by. To get RMA Request Form, please to contact Caltron RMA Department at (phone) 510-440-1800 or e-mail for acquiring the RMA form, or download the RMA Request Form (DOC, 56 KB).
A packing slip referencing the Caltron RMA #, part number, and quantity is required on all returned goods. We will not be able to effectively process your RMAs without this information, which may result in delays in returning your RMAs.
Upon receipt, all items will be returned within 7 working days. This does not include ship time to customer or delays caused by part shortages. If you require expedited service, please notify the Caltron Customer Support. For DOA replacement, Caltron will replace the unit back to the customer the same day we received via ground service.
Products must be returned within 30 days of purchase date and a 15% re-stocking fee will be deducted from the refund.
All Caltron products are covered by our one-year parts & labor warranty. Shipping charges for items returned will be the customer's responsibility. Caltron will be responsible for all labor cost, parts, and shipping cost back to the customer via ground service.
Items will be returned at customers expenses. The repair charge for all items deemed repairable will be at $55.00 labor plus parts, freight back to the customer. For any items deemed unrepairable, the customer will be notified by a Caltron representative. All repairs/cost must be authorized by the customer.
Neither this Agreement nor any release hereunder is subject to cancellation by Buyer except upon (a) written request of Buyer, (b) written approval of Seller, and (c) the payment to Seller of a fair and equitable cancellation charge. Because Seller's expenses related to canceling firm orders are dependent upon (i) Seller's inventory carrying costs, (ii) the likelihood of Seller quickly selling the subject Products to other buyers, (iii) Seller's other related out-of-pocket costs, and (iv) administrative costs, the amount of cancellation charge Buyer shall pay to Seller will be determined solely by Seller.
If Seller determines the Product being canceled to be Standard Product, the amount of the cancellation charge will vary according to the (a) quantity being canceled, (b) time frame between Buyer's request to Seller to cancel and the order's scheduled ship date, and (c) dollar amount of order being canceled. The calculation of the exact cancellation charge will be governed by Seller's published policies as amended from time to time at Seller's discretion. In no case will be cancellation charge be less than twenty percent (20%) of the original agreed upon purchase price.
If Seller determines the Product being canceled to be Custom Product, Buyer agrees to pay Seller for all of Seller's out of pocket costs associated with the cancellation of the order including, but not limited to: (i) raw materials, (ii) work in process, (iii) inventory carrying costs, (iv) scrapping and disposal fees, and (v) a reasonable and equitable profit for Seller, which shall not be less than twenty percent (20%) of such costs. In no case will the cancellation charge be less than Seller's actual costs (including overhead and other indirect costs). The amount of cancellation charge to be charged to Buyer shall be determined at the sole discretion of Seller and may equal 100% of the amount of the order at the time of Seller's receipt of Buyer's request for cancellation. Buyer is entitled to receive a written notice from Seller setting forth how the cancellation charge was calculated. Upon payment of the cancellation charge, Buyer shall be entitled to receive all raw materials and work in process, and Seller agrees to ship such goods to Buyer at Buyer's expense. Seller reserves the right, by written notice of default, to cancel any order, without liability to Buyer, in the event of the happening of any of the following: insolvency of Buyer, the filing of a voluntary petition in bankruptcy by Buyer, the filing of an involuntary petition to have Buyer declared bankrupt, the appointment of a receiver or trustee for Buyer, the execution by Buyer of an assignment for the benefit of creditors, the discontinuance of business by Buyer, or the sale by Buyer of the bulk of its assets other than in the usual course of business.
Buyer is permitted one reschedule opportunity with no charge. A reschedule cannot extend further than 30 days (unless specified, either more or less) from original ship date requested. Additional reschedules will be subject to a ten percent (10%) penalty based on total amount of the order or portion of the order rescheduled.
For international RMA's, all freight charges must be covered by the customer and any repair charges for out of warranty units, if applicable.


text:
Cycling honours its achievers
Date: Monday, 09 June 2014
The achievements of Southland's cycling fraternity and its members continued to receive accolades on Friday night at the 2014 Cycling Southland annual prizegiving awards.
The continued celebration of achievements follows on the recent successes of Cycling Southland being named the BikeNZ Road and Track Club of the Year at the annual AGM in Cambridge, along with World Masters Champion Erin Criglington being presented the Shona Hewlett trophy for raising the profile of women's cycling and Eddie Dawkins being named Face of Cycling. The following week Dawkins was named the ILT Sports Awards Senior Sportsperson of the Year and Jeremy Presbury was named Junior Sportsperson of the Year.
Cycling Southland acting general manager Walter Lettink said it was certainly a season for awards in recent weeks and it was timely to recognise the huge contribution of the invaluable team of volunteers, officials and members of all ages and abilities who helped to keep the wheels turning and ensure the organisation was such an ongoing success year after year.
For its contribution awards, the Peter Grandiek Cup for contribution to masters cycling was presented to a quiet, behind-the scenes coach and club contributor Ian Densie, who has been instrumental in the coaching and support of the centre's extremely strong masters riders, in particular the women's masters in the lead up to this year's successful Track Nationals campaign.
Waine Harding and his tireless volunteer efforts with both road and track cycling was again recognised when he took out the Tony Ineson Cup for contribution to senior cycling for his unwavering commitment to all things cycling, including coaching the Masters Men in build to Track Nationals, as well as convening, managing, overseeing, planning and co-ordinating all things cycling both on and off the road.
The Laurie Tall Cup for contribution to junior cycling was another strongly contested category with endless commitment to the junior division as its convenor giving Alan Strong the award. Strong puts in countless hours planning, overseeing and helping out junior riders with every opportunity they can have, including away tour planning, fundraising projects, racing series both on the track and the road and ongoing programme planning.
The Senior Newcomers Award went to Kirstie James whose recent conversion to cycling from rowing has advanced dramatically since her move to Invercargill a little over a year and a half ago. James rapid rise in the Elite women's track and road ranks was meteoric and the result of a lot of hard graft and commitment, which saw her medal at the track nationals and then getting a sign up to join the women's Endura Sport Team based in Holland in recent months. To top it off, she has been carded by BikeNZ and is returning to Cambridge for women's pursuit team training.
The Junior Newcomers Award was presented to Ellesse Andrews, from Central Otago, who debuted on the track at the Southland Champs with a couple of silver medals before stepping up into the Track Nationals and a huge and talented field of U17s, where she was in her element netting three bronze, two silver and a gold along with a New Zealand record in the team sprint with partner Emma Cumming.
Off the Bike Awards were awarded to teenager Kate Wilson for being an enthusiastic and willing helper at beginner sessions in the afternoons, while the Peter Kissell Memorial senior trophy jointly went to Andrea Hope for her endless hours of fundraising, planning and catering initiatives with the junior division, as well as countless volunteer hours operating timing and results systems during track events, along with Robin Criglington. He is always found at his post on door takings and rider registrations for track events, and he volunteers to travel to almost every road race start point to again collect entry fees and rider sign-ins.
The outstanding results among a raft of top juniors made for another exceptionally tight battle with key nominees of Hamish Beadle, Brayden Stephens, Hayden Strong, Emma Cumming, Hamish Keast and Corbin Strong, seeing the lady of the pack Cumming taking out the coveted Junior Rider of the Year title. The Southland Champs were a showcase for Cumming with eight gold medals from eight events and an impressive collection of three silvers and three gold, including a team sprint New Zealand record.
The Senior Rider of the Year title went to rainbow jersey-wearing master Erin Criglington for the second year running after winning the 2000m individual pursuit at the World Track Champs in Manchester, along with three silvers and a bronze, along with a New Zealand record in the kierin and a further nine gold medals at the Age Group Champs.
The Elite Rider of the Year was another hugely contested title, a who's who of talented Southlanders in the mix. But the achievement of being the outstanding anchor of the first ever NZ team to win a world sprint title, while setting a NZ record at the same time, meant ace sprinter Eddie Dawkins took out the title for the second consecutive year. Other achievements including being ranked number one for the World Cup Sprint Series and becoming the first ever NZ rider to break the 10 second mark for the flying 200 both overseas and then again back home at the Oceania Track Champs.
The final People's Choice Awards of the night were the "Muppet of the Year" awarded to Dave Beadle, who was apparently struck down with "motion sickness" during a Junior Division fundraising project at the Recycling Centre, which resulted in him being bed ridden for the rest of the day.
Meanwhile, the Performance of the Year went to Hayden Strong for his outstanding ride in the under 17 scratch race at the Age Group Track Nationals that had the crowd on their feet when he won gold.
Special Contribution Awards were also presented to Bev Erskine (Overseeing Cyclofit three days a week), Sid Cumming (Junior Cycling), Stu MacDonald (Club Coaching), Dave Beadle (Junior Cycling), Lindsay Jordan (Executive Supervision), Bruce Jones (Senior Cycling) and Julian Ineson (Outstanding Commitment) for their generous efforts.
The evening was topped off with guest speaker Cycling Southland's recently appointed development officer Nick Longworth.
Lettink said with many more exciting international and national events pending on the calendar for both road and track events, including the Crowe Horwath Corporate Pursuit in late June-early July, Yunca Junior Tour in October, SBS Bank Tour of Southland in November and Southland Track Champs in December there were many more exciting achievements to be celebrated over the coming months. Once again it would be the flurry of willing volunteers and officials who would ensure these events ran smoothly so the riders could focus on their craft.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
"Guys just wanting to continue to try and get better"
Ed Tait
@EdTaitWFC
There was no proverbial switch to be flipped and no need for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers to shift into some sort of mystical playoff gear.
It's true, the defending Grey Cup champions now have an opponent for Sunday's Western Final at IG Field in the Saskatchewan Roughriders, but their approach as their playoff week unfolds already looks, sounds and feels just like every other moment over these past few months.
"It's been this way all season," said Blue Bombers quarterback Zach Collaros in a press conference on Tuesday. "On off days it's usually a full house (around the locker room), unless we have the COVID-protocol where we're getting tested and not allowed in the building. It's a veteran team, it's the culture, it's the standard that's been set here.
"Each position group the leaders are in here on the off days wanting to get better. There's a time and place about when to step away. But I could feel it all season long – guys just wanting to continue to try and get better with their craft and learn more about the game and all those things."
The Bombers are currently 8-point favourites for Sunday's divisional final after sweeping the Roughriders during the regular season in their annual Labour Day Classic/Banjo Bowl doubleheader. This is a squad that also had 15 players named to the West Division All-Star team and three players who are finalists for the Canadian Football League's Most Outstanding Player Awards.
And if anyone thinks that extra kind of attention will somehow be a distraction for the home side on Sunday, well, they certainly haven't been following along this season. This team is always all in on the moment with the belief taking care of those details will lead to success in the big picture. It's also a veteran squad that has been there/done that before and that straightforward vibe, mood, atmosphere – whatever you want to call it – has been overwhelming since the first day of training camp. Head coach Mike O'Shea used the term 'workmanlike' when asked Tuesday to describe his team's demeanour this week. And so, not surprisingly, it's head down and business as usual for Sunday. Just as the boss would have hoped.
"As the head coach and coaches in general you're always observing – whether it's the team or your group – for any sort of anomalies or anything you would want to take note of," said O'Shea. "But when you do have a team that is chock full of veteran guys that have been in big games before there's just a knowledge and a trust that they're going to make the right decisions and do the right things. They've already been through the process so they know what it takes and they're going to share that with the younger guys who might not quite get it yet."
Asked if he's seen growth in that area even compared to the 2019 Grey Cup run, O'Shea offered this:
"I don't know if it's growth. I see the same things, the same workmanlike attitude. It's a little more matter-of-fact, maybe, if that's growth. It's 'That's that group, they're coming in, they're doing extra film work. Yup. OK, they ordered lunch together and they're hanging out to watch more film.' It's 'These guys have got this plan… Biggie (Adam Bighill) has asked James (Stanley, linebacker coach) for a couple carded looks of something so he can walk through it with the guys in meeting setting.'
"It's the things that would normally happen are happening. It just seems like 'Yeah, yeah… they've already got it.' There's no need for me to ask them to do it, they've already got it figured out."
OFFENSIVE COMPARISON
Scoring: Wpg: 25.8 (1st); Sask: 20.7 (7th)
Rushing: Wpg: 119.7 (2nd); Sask: 93.0 (5th)
Passing: Wpg: 245.6 (7th); Sask: 233.8 (8th)
Yards per game: Wpg: 353.4 (2nd); Sask: 307.6 (8th)
Sacks allowed: Wpg: 16 (1st); Sask: 40 (T-7th)
Bombers defensive coordinator Richie Hall on Riders QB Cody Fajardo's scrambling abilities: "You've always got to take into consideration the quarterback's ability to scramble and extend plays and move the chains. It's stuff that we've talked about over the last number of years as far as being very conscious and conscientious regarding when you rush the passer because he does make plays."
DEFENSIVE COMPARISON
Points allowed: Wpg: 13.4 (1st); Sask: 20.3 (4th)
Rushing yards against: Wpg: 86.6 (3rd); Sask: 82.5 (2nd)
Passing yards against: Wpg: 216.4 (1st); Sask: 273.6 (9th)
Yards per game against: Wpg: 281.3 (1st); Sask: 334.3 (5th)
Sacks: Wpg: 39 (3rd); Sask: 47 (2nd)
Bombers offensive coordinator Buck Pierce on the Riders defence:"They're playing with confidence, which is a key component of playoff football, and starting to click on that side of the ball. At this point of the season they've found their identity of what they want to do. They still do a lot of the same things we've seen in the past. They're well coached, they do a good job of stopping the run. They're doing a good job in the back end, communicating well and making plays on the ball."


The English surname Raine, also found in Scotland, is an habitational name for someone from Rayne in Essex, recorded in Domesday Book as Raines, possibly from an unattested Old English word, hrægene meaning "shelter, or eminence." The name may also be of Norman origin being an habitational name from Rennes in Brittany. The name is first recorded in Essex in the Domesday Book of 1086. The name is first recorded in the New World in 1657 when Francis Raine emigrated to Barbados. Today there are approximately 2,000 bearers of the name Raine living in the United States.


text:
Self-rated health and all-cause and cause-specific mortality of older adults: Individual data meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies in the CHANCES Consortium
Christina Bamia
Corresponding author at: Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, 75, M. Assias Street, Athens 115 27, Greece.
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, 115 27 Athens, Greece
Hellenic Health Foundation, 115 27, Athens, Greece
Philippos Orfanos
Hendrik Juerges
University of Wuppertal, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
Ben Schöttker
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
Hermann Brenner
Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
Roberto Lorbeer
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, 80336 Munich, Germany
Mette Aadahl
Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Center for Health, The Capital Region of Denmark, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
Charles E. Matthews
National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9704, USA
Eleni Klinaki
Michael Katsoulis
Pagona Lagiou
Department of Epidmiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
H.B(as). Bueno-de-mesquita
Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, W2 1 PG London, United Kingdom
Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Sture Eriksson
Umeå University, Department of Geriatrics, SE 90185 Umeå, Sweden
Ute Mons
Kai-Uwe Saum
Ruzena Kubinova
National Institute of Public Health, Šrobarova 48, 10042 Prague 10, Czech Republic
Andrzej Pajak
Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Health Sciences, 31-137 Krakow, Poland
Abdonas Tamosiunas
Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių av. 17, Kaunas LT-50161, Lithuania
Sofia Malyutina
Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, 630089, Novosibirsk, Russia
Novosibirsk State Medical University, 630091, Novosibirsk, Russia
Julian Gardiner
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
Anne Peasey
Lisette CPGM de Groot
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, NL-6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
Tom Wilsgaard
Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
Paolo Boffetta
Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
Antonia Trichopoulou
Dimitrios Trichopoulos
Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, 115 27Athens, Greece
Previous ArticlePoor quality of life in Australian men: Cross-sectional associations with obesity, mobility, lifestyle and psychiatric symptoms
Next ArticleAccess to Anti-osteoporosis Medication after Hip Fracture in Korean Elderly Patients
The association of self-rated health with mortality is confirmed by the large CHANCES study.
Self-rated health is a simple tool that may be used to identify elders at risk of early mortality.
Changing factors related to self-rated health is important for the elders to feel and be healthy.
To evaluate, among the elderly, the association of self-rated health (SRH) with mortality, and to identify determinants of self-rating health as "at-least-good".
Individual data on SRH and important covariates were obtained for 424,791 European and United States residents, ≥60 years at recruitment (1982–2008), in eight prospective studies in the Consortium on Health and Ageing: Network of Cohorts in Europe and the United States (CHANCES). In each study, adjusted mortality ratios (hazard ratios, HRs) in relation to SRH were calculated and subsequently combined with random-effect meta-analyses.
All-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality.
Within the median 12.5 years of follow-up, 93,014 (22%) deaths occurred. SRH "fair" or "poor" vs. "at-least-good" was associated with increased mortality: HRs 1.46 (95% CI 1·23–1.74) and 2.31 (1.79–2.99), respectively. These associations were evident: for cardiovascular and, to a lesser extent, cancer mortality, and within-study, within-subgroup analyses. Accounting for lifestyle, sociodemographic, somatometric factors and, subsequently, for medical history explained only a modest amount of the unadjusted associations. Factors favourably associated with SRH were: sex (males), age (younger-old), education (high), marital status (married/cohabiting), physical activity (active), body mass index (non-obese), alcohol consumption (low to moderate) and previous morbidity (absence).
SRH provides a quick and simple tool for assessing health and identifying groups of elders at risk of early mortality that may be useful also in clinical settings. Modifying determinants of favourably rating health, e.g. by increasing physical activity and/or by eliminating obesity, may be important for older adults to "feel healthy" and "be healthy".
CHANCES (Consortium on Health and Ageing Network of Cohorts in Europe and the United States), CI (confidence interval), HR (hazard ratio), OR (odds ratio), SRH (self-rated health)
Self-rated health
All-cause mortality


text:
Q: Create multiple dynamic stacked chart using chart.js in Angular 10? I am trying to create multiple chart in angular but I am not sure the way I try to implement will is correct or not and I am unable to create multiple charts it replacing one with another
 <div *ngIf="chartData.length !== 0">
      <app-limus-utilisation-chart
      *ngFor="let entity of chartData" [chartdata]="entity"
      ></app-limus-utilisation-chart>
    </div>

ChartComponent.ts
getStackedChart() {
        const canvas: any = document.getElementById('canvas1');
        const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');

        var data = {
          labels: this.chartdata.buyernames,

          datasets: [{
            label: 'Utilised Limit',
            data: this.chartdata.utilisedlimitData,
            backgroundColor: '#22aa99'
          }, {
            label: 'Available Limit',
            data: this.chartdata.availablelimit,
            backgroundColor: '#994499'
          }]
        }

        chartJsLoaded$.pipe(take(1)).subscribe(() => {
          setTimeout(() => {
            this.myChart = new Chart(ctx, {
              type: 'bar',
              data: data,
              options: {
                tooltips: {
                  mode: 'index',
                  intersect: true,
                  position: 'custom',
                  yAlign: 'bottom'
                },
                scales: {
                  xAxes: [{
                    stacked: true
                  }],
                  yAxes: [{
                    stacked: false,
                    display: false
                  }]
                }
              }
            });
          })

        })
      }

I tried two ways
using view child the chart not created, getElementById chart created but the second chart replacing the first one. but I want two stacked charts side by side how to achieve this
and the current chart taking below 100 values but as per my actual requirment I need to show tootip  amount like (1000000, 700000) that too currency format
Like this I tried to acheive
https://stackblitz.com/edit/angular-chart-js-j26qhm?file=src%2Fapp%2Fapp.component.html
Please give suggestions
after getting answers I acheived few things
https://stackblitz.com/edit/angular-chart-js-tyggan

A: The problem is this line here:
    const canvas: any = document.getElementById('canvas1');

You have multiple elements with that ID on the page (Because you did *ngFor), so it always attaches itself to the first element on the page.
Instead of using getElementByID, you should use Angular's built-in @ViewChild.
Like this:
chart.component.html:
<canvas #stackchartcanvas></canvas>

chart.component.ts:
@ViewChild("stackchartcanvas") myCanvas: ElementRef<HTMLCanvasElement>;
....
....
....
getStackedChart() {
    const canvas = this.myCanvas.nativeElement;
}

Stackblitz: https://stackblitz.com/edit/angular-chart-js-kny4en?file=src%2Fapp%2Fchart.component.ts
(Also, in your original code, this.chartData.push() ran EVERY time a checkbox was clicked, even if the checkbox was false, but that's a different, unrelated problem, which has also been fixed.)

A: You can use ViewChild to reference html element and use it inside you component. I have also modified few things in your code to toggle charts.
To summarize:

*

*Use ViewChild to access html element in your component

*Updated app component to toggle charts as opposed to just adding data

*Updated label to accept click event to toggle checkbox

Take a look at this stackblitz.
app.component.html
<label>
  <input type="checkbox" value=1
(change)="chooseEntity($event.target.checked, 1, entityData[0])">
  Microsoft
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" (change)="chooseEntity($event.target.checked, 2, entityData[1])">
  IBM
</label>

<div *ngIf="chartData.length !== 0">
  <app-limus-utilisation-chart *ngFor="let entity of chartData" [chartdata]="entity"></app-limus-utilisation-chart>
</div>

chart.component.html
<div #chartReport>
    <canvas #canvas></canvas>
</div>

chart.component.ts
import {
  Component,
  ElementRef,
  Input,
  OnInit,
  ViewChild,
  ViewEncapsulation
} from "@angular/core";
import { Chart } from "chart.js";

import { OnChanges } from "@angular/core";
@Component({
  selector: "app-limus-utilisation-chart",
  templateUrl: "./chart.component.html",
  encapsulation: ViewEncapsulation.None
})
export class LimusUtilisationChartComponent implements OnInit, OnChanges {
  myChart: Chart;
  @Input() chartdata: any;
  @ViewChild("canvas") stackchartcanvas: ElementRef;

  constructor() {}
  ngOnChanges() {
    this.getStackedChart();
  }

  ngOnInit(): void {
    this.getStackedChart();
  }

  getStackedChart() {
    Chart.Tooltip.positioners.custom = function(elements, position) {
      //debugger;
      return {
        x: position.x,
        y:
          elements[0]._view.base - (elements[0].height() + elements[1].height())
      };
    };

    const canvas: any = this.stackchartcanvas.nativeElement;
    const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
    var data = {
      labels: this.chartdata.buyernames,

      datasets: [
        {
          label: "Utilised Limit",
          data: this.chartdata.utilisedlimitData,
          backgroundColor: "#22aa99"
        },
        {
          label: "Available Limit",
          data: this.chartdata.availablelimit,
          backgroundColor: "#994499"
        }
      ]
    };

    setTimeout(() => {
      this.myChart = new Chart(ctx, {
        type: "bar",
        data: data,
        options: {
          tooltips: {
            mode: "index",
            intersect: true,
            position: "custom",
            yAlign: "bottom"
          },
          scales: {
            xAxes: [
              {
                stacked: true
              }
            ],
            yAxes: [
              {
                stacked: false,
                display: false
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      });
    });
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Security researcher Mikko Hypponen has canceled his talk at a RSA security conference in San Francisco, reacting to a report that the security division of EMC allegedly received US$10 million from the U.S. National Security Agency to use a flawed random number generator in one of its products.
The RSA took money "secretly" from the NSA to embed the Dual EC DRBG (Dual Elliptic Curve Deterministic Random Bit Generator) technology into its BSafe toolkit, according to the report on Friday.
RSA has denied entering into a secret contract with the NSA. "We made the decision to use Dual EC DRBG as the default in BSAFE toolkits in 2004, in the context of an industry-wide effort to develop newer, stronger methods of encryption. At that time, the NSA had a trusted role in the community-wide effort to strengthen, not weaken, encryption," it said in a statement Sunday.
Hypponen said RSA had not denied receiving $10 million from the NSA to use the random number generator. "You had kept on using the generator for years despite widespread speculation that NSA had backdoored it," he wrote.
The researcher said he didn't expect EMC or the conference to suffer as a result of the alleged deals with the NSA. Nor did he expect other conference speakers to cancel. Most of the speakers at the conference are American so why would they care about surveillance that's not targeted at them but at non-Americans, Hypponen wrote. Surveillance operations by U.S. intelligence agencies are targeted at foreigners, he added.
"However I'm a foreigner. And I'm withdrawing my support from your event," the Finnish researcher wrote. He had earlier tweeted that "If the Reuters story is true, I - for one - will be cancelling my invited talk and my panel participation in the upcoming RSA Conference."
The RSA conference runs from Feb 24 to 28. Among the keynote speakers and other speakers, listed on the website for the conference, are executives from Microsoft, Juniper Networks, Cisco, McAfee, Symantec and Hewlett-Packard. Hypponen was to speak on "Governments as Malware Authors" at the conference. The researcher said he had spoken eight times at RSA conferences in the U.S., Europe and Japan. "You've even featured my picture on the walls of your conference walls among the 'industry experts,'" he wrote in the letter.
EMC could not be immediately reached for comment on Hypponen's decision.


Not Your Mother's Dollhouse, a series of dioramas created in collaboration with Tom Igoe. The boxes served as a series of interactive studies which allowed us to explore our respective obsessions with victorian mechanicals, dioramas, and pop-up books.
They were created for the Arte Digital Conference and were exhibited in the Museo Nacional in Havana, Cuba.
Not Your Mother's Dollhouse from Marianne Petit on Vimeo.


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"Scooby Doo, Where Are You"
Dr. Henry Devlin: What the hell? Who's Mr. Gray? What are you trying to tell me, Jonesy? [Stops walking] Dr. Henry Devlin: You're not Jonesy.
Joe 'Beaver' Clarendon: Wait, Jonesy... Gary 'Jonesy' Jones: Yeah, Beav? Joe 'Beaver' Clarendon: You be careful. Gary 'Jonesy' Jones: Be careful of what? Joe 'Beaver' Clarendon: Wish I knew.
Dr. Henry Devlin: [Begins talking into the gun like it's a phone] Hello? Jonesy. Jesus Christ, I knew it was you. Where's he taking you? Massachusetts. He is? Duddits, OK... Jonesy, I will. You hang in there. Jonesy? Jonesy. He hung up... Captain Owen Underhill: Give me back my gun.
Douglas 'Duddits' Cavell: I Duddits!
This marks the third film that William Goldman has adapted from a Stephen King novel. The others were Hearts in Atlantis (2001) and Misery (1990).
The character of Colonel Kurtz in the novel was changed to Colonel Curtis for the movie so the audience wouldn't regard the name as being a reference to the Apocalypse Now (1979) character, which is exactly what it is in Stephen King's novel.
Stephen King sold the movie rights for US$1.
There were many references to other Stephen King projects, such as: Misery (1990) (car wreck in the snow); Stand by Me (1986) (boyhood friends walking on railroad tracks); It (1990) (TV) (flashbacks showing growing friendships), etc. And of course the story taking place in Maine - Stephen King's State of birth.
Thomas Jane did the film because his mother, a big Stephen King fan, told him to.


Author: Gallily, R., Stain, I., Kornfeld, S.
Abstract: Non-immune non-activated chicken bone marrow-derived macrophages (BM M phi) killed murine embryonic fibroblasts in vitro. Following precultivation for 10-35 days chicken BM M phi had the capacity to destroy normal murine embryonic fibroblasts at effector: target ratios of 10:1 to 1:1. Optimal killing was observed following cocultivation of M phi and fibroblasts for 48-72 hrs. Addition of LPS neither initiated nor potentiated M phi-mediated killing. This study demonstrates that chicken M phi have the capacity to destroy, in vitro, cells of phylogenetically distant species, similarly to the ability of murine M phi to kill chicken fibroblasts. It is suggested that vertebrate M phi xenolytic potential is analogous to the capacity of invertebrate phagocytes to destroy xenografts.


text:
Biographical Material, 1906-1998
Writings and Lectures, 1939-2003
Organization Records, 1939-2003
Gallery and Professional Records, circa 1924-2009
Exhibition Files, 1948-2004
Printed Material, 1921-2013
Scrapbooks, 1919-1978
Photographic Material, circa 1920-2005
Artwork Photograph Records, circa 1920s-2016
Yasuo Kuniyoshi papers, 1906-2016, bulk 1920-1990
Kuniyoshi, Yasuo, 1889-1953
Photographer, Lithographer, Art teacher, Painter
The papers of Yasuo Kuniyoshi were partially digitized in 2019 by the Archives of American Art. The digitized portion totals 17,710 images.
Funding for the processing and digitization of this collection was provided by Stephen Diamond, the Roy Lichtenstein Foundation, and the Terra Foundation for American Art. Glass plate negatives in this collection were digitized in 2019 with funding provided by the Smithsonian Women's Committee.
Size: 14.3 Linear feet; 2.84 Gigabytes
Summary: The papers of artist Yasuo Kuniyoshi measure 14.3 linear feet and 2.84 gigabytes and date from 1906-2016, bulk 1920-1990. The collection documents his career as a painter, graphic artist, and photographer, as well as his involvement in political, social, and art organizations, especially during World War II. Included are biographical material; correspondence; writings and lectures by Kuniyoshi and others; organization records primarily on his participation in various associations and groups he was a member of; professional and gallery records regarding business dealings with American and Japanese galleries, museums, and dealers; exhibition files; printed material; four scrapbooks; artwork; photographs of Kuniyoshi and others in various locations and at events; and artwork records which mostly consist of photographs and provenance information. The collection also contains materials on Kuniyoshi's career and artwork obtained after his death by his widow Sara Mazo Kuniyoshi.
Yasuo Kuniyoshi (1889-1953) was a Japanese-American painter, printmaker and photographer in New York, N.Y.
The collection was donated in installments, from 1969 to 1995, by Sara Mazo Kuniyoshi, Yasuo Kuniyoshi's widow. Additional papers were donated in 2014 and 2018 by Stephen Diamond, Sara Mazo Kuniyoshi's nephew.
Also found at the Archives of American Art are the Yasuo Kuniyoshi photographs of artwork, a 1948 letter from Kuniyoshi to E. P. Richardson, and checklists of Yasuo Kuniyoshi prints.
Collection is in English and Japanese.
A Finding Aid to the Yasuo Kuniyoshi papers, 1906-2016, bulk 1920-1990
Art, Modern -- 20th century
Asian American artists
Political clubs
World War, 1939-1945 -- Japanese Americans
Photographers -- New York (State) -- New York
Japanese American art
Painters -- New York (State) -- New York
Printmakers -- New York (State) -- New York


TV comic Paddy McGuinness dropped in for a pint with regulars at The Royal Oak in Linthwaite, to celebrate after their local was named the winner of a national competition to find Britain's most extraordinary pub.
We teamed up with John Smith's to find pubs that just like its beer, are Only Ordinary By Name.
Hundreds of nominations flooded in from across the country for pubs that might seem ordinary at first glance but have an extraordinary story to tell.
And an expert judging panel picked The Royal Oak from dozens of pubs who had been chosen as regional winners after thousands of votes from the public.
As well as enjoying a pint of John Smith's and a chat with landlady Jeanne Brennan, Paddy also laughed and joked with regulars Bob and Lily Day, Sheila Haigh, Elaine Wainwright, Linda Eastwood, Michelle Murphy and Sherri Crabtree.
Jeanne has been running The Royal Oak, a traditional pub just outside Huddersfield, with her family for 14 happy years, and in that time she has made it the heart of the local community.
The pub puts on events and entertainment every night of the week, as well as an annual fireworks night which sees more than 3,000 people packed into the large beer garden, Yorkshire Day celebrations, race nights, a Halloween party, and even a panto at Christmas time.
And other customers agreed that the pub's unique charm is all down to landlady Jeanne, along with her husband Bob, whom she met and fell in love with in the pub after he won dinner with her in a Valentine's Day charity raffle.
Sherri Crabtree said Jeanne is the pub's driving force, and goes out of her way to tirelessly help everyone in the local community, young and old.
She added: "She's always just there for us, she really is. Jeanne's a great organiser, always sorting things out for every party or event.
"She always does everything for the kids as well, and she's always thinking ahead. She's a right good organiser and thinks outside the box.
The locals told Paddy that Jeanne's personality fills the pub, and her quiz is one of the highlights of the week.
"Some regulars live down the road and others travel from further afield. The fact that people are willing to travel to a place like this – well, that just speaks for itself.
The Royal Oak has also become well known as a local music hub, with regular live bands and solo acoustic shows.
Musician Steve Horsfall wrote on the pub's Facebook page: "My band played at The Royal Oak last night and it proper rocked... great atmosphere – reminds us why we do it!
Running the pub, looking after the community and staging regular events means Jeanne rarely gets time to put her feet up.
As well as staging popular events, the pub has also raised thousands for good causes since Jeanne took over, and she also looks out for people in the wider community.
She said: "We've raised £36,000 for charity over the years, and for local people too.
"If someone is having a hard time, sometimes they'll get a little envelope through the door." Jeanne also puts on an annual pensioners' Christmas dinner, with decorations, gifts and, of course, plates of delicious roast turkey and all the trimmings, lovingly cooked by Jeanne herself, with a little bit of help from her loyal customers and friends.
She told Paddy: "Everything we can celebrate we do. If it's the cat's birthday we'll have a party. Any excuse.
"But my highlight is the pensioners' Christmas party. We have around 45 of them. They all come down and I make sure they all get a present.
Before he left, Paddy handed over the Only Ordinary By Name winner's cheque for £5,000, including £500 for the winning landlady, and £4,500 to spend on improvements for customers.
And Jeanne has no doubt about how she will spend the money – on bringing even more people in the community together.
Jeanne said the competition prize money will help her run a Home Alone club and she told Paddy: "We're organising flyers to go out to every house – are you home alone, are you wanting some company?
Come here every alternate Wednesday, I'll put tea and sandwiches on, game of dominoes, game of cards, game of bingo.
"And I want to organise trips, like taking them to Emmerdale Farm for a day. I want them to have something to look forward to instead of sitting there looking at four walls.
John Smith's on tap, The Royal Oak is a worthy winner of the Only Ordinary By Name competition.
So Jeanne, how did it feel when you found out The Royal Oak was the national winner of the John Smith's Only Ordinary By Name competition?
I was ecstatic. I just can't describe the feeling. I was dancing around the pub!
The competition celebrated pubs that sound ordinary, but have an extraordinary story behind them. What makes The Royal Oak stand out?
We have somewhere in the region of 500 pump clips on the wall – one for every beer we've ever served in the 16 years we've been running the pub. We always have something going on at the pub. We have quiz nights, band nights, acoustic nights on a Friday with solo artists, and we don't charge for any of it. And we have two darts teams, two pool teams and football on a Wednesday.
You were voted the regional Only Ordinary By Name winner first, before the judging panel chose you as the national winner. How did you drum up support from locals?
We used Facebook, I made leaflets for people to take home, and we put it on the website, asking people to vote for us if they thought we deserved to win.
And when someone bought a pint, we asked them to vote for us too. It's a big thing for people to vote, so it's amazing that people did it. I still can't believe it!
Paddy McGuinness came down to celebrate with you and to hand over your winner's cheque for £5,000. What was that like?
It was unbelievable having him here – a day I'll never forget, let's put it that way.
Have you had any other famous guests in the pub?
I've had Bruce Jones come in, who played Les Battersby on Coronation Street, and a few other stars from Corrie. They may be famous, but in the pub they were lovely, right down to earth people.


4 Bedroom 3 Bath home in a great community! Stainless Steel appliances in kitchen, hardwoods in foyer, has one bedroom and one full bath downstairs. Vaulted ceilings in the bedrooms, dual thermostats, master bath has marble countertops and double vanities. House has a single car garage, front stoop and cover back stoop. Fenced in yard. Very convenient to all of Belair Road, I20, Fort Gordon and more.
1462 Collins Drive is a 1,780 (*estimated) square foot home with 4 bedrooms and 3 bathrooms located in Augusta GA, COLUMBIA County. This property is listed for sale at $155,900 and is currently active and accepting offers.


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Suvarna Garge
Currently I am pursuing PHD, My Interests are Gardening, Learning new things ...
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. In simpler terms, a mass spectrum measures the masses within a sample. Mass spectrometry is used in many different fields and is applied to pure samples as well as complex mixtures.
Parts of a mass spectrometer
Theoretical example
Creating ions
Hard ionization and soft ionization
Inductively coupled plasma
Other ionization techniques
Mass selection
Sector instruments
Time of flight
Quadrupole mass filter
Three dimensional quadrupole ion trap
Cylindrical ion trap
Linear quadrupole ion trap
Orbitrap
Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance
Tandem mass spectrometry
Common mass spectrometer configurations and techniques
Separation techniques combined with mass spectrometry
Capillary electrophoresismass spectrometry
Data representations
Interpretation of mass spectra
Isotope ratio MS isotope dating and tracing
Trace gas analysis
Atom probe
Glycan analysis
Respired gas monitor
Preparative mass spectrometry
A mass spectrum is a plot of the ion signal as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio. These spectra are used to determine the elemental or isotopic signature of a sample, the masses of particles and of molecules, and to elucidate the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds.
In a typical MS procedure, a sample, which may be solid, liquid, or gas, is ionized, for example by bombarding it with electrons. This may cause some of the sample's molecules to break into charged fragments. These ions are then separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio, typically by accelerating them and subjecting them to an electric or magnetic field: ions of the same mass-to-charge ratio will undergo the same amount of deflection. The ions are detected by a mechanism capable of detecting charged particles, such as an electron multiplier. Results are displayed as spectra of the relative abundance of detected ions as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio. The atoms or molecules in the sample can be identified by correlating known masses to the identified masses or through a characteristic fragmentation pattern.
In 1886, Eugen Goldstein observed rays in gas discharges under low pressure that traveled away from the anode and through channels in a perforated cathode, opposite to the direction of negatively charged cathode rays (which travel from cathode to anode). Goldstein called these positively charged anode rays "Kanalstrahlen"; the standard translation of this term into English is "canal rays". Wilhelm Wien found that strong electric or magnetic fields deflected the canal rays and, in 1899, constructed a device with parallel electric and magnetic fields that separated the positive rays according to their charge-to-mass ratio (Q/m). Wien found that the charge-to-mass ratio depended on the nature of the gas in the discharge tube. English scientist J.J. Thomson later improved on the work of Wien by reducing the pressure to create the mass spectrograph.
The word spectrograph had become part of the international scientific vocabulary by 1884. Early spectrometry devices that measured the mass-to-charge ratio of ions were called mass spectrographs which consisted of instruments that recorded a spectrum of mass values on a photographic plate. A mass spectroscope is similar to a mass spectrograph except that the beam of ions is directed onto a phosphor screen. A mass spectroscope configuration was used in early instruments when it was desired that the effects of adjustments be quickly observed. Once the instrument was properly adjusted, a photographic plate was inserted and exposed. The term mass spectroscope continued to be used even though the direct illumination of a phosphor screen was replaced by indirect measurements with an oscilloscope. The use of the term mass spectroscopy is now discouraged due to the possibility of confusion with light spectroscopy. Mass spectrometry is often abbreviated as mass-spec or simply as MS.
Modern techniques of mass spectrometry were devised by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster and F.W. Aston in 1918 and 1919 respectively.
Sector mass spectrometers known as calutrons were used for separating the isotopes of uranium developed by Ernest O. Lawrence during the Manhattan Project. Calutron mass spectrometers were used for uranium enrichment at the Oak Ridge, Tennessee Y-12 plant established during World War II.
In 1989, half of the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Hans Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul for the development of the ion trap technique in the 1950s and 1960s.
In 2002, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to John Bennett Fenn for the development of electrospray ionization (ESI) and Koichi Tanaka for the development of soft laser desorption (SLD) and their application to the ionization of biological macromolecules, especially proteins.
A mass spectrometer consists of three components: an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector. The ionizer converts a portion of the sample into ions. There is a wide variety of ionization techniques, depending on the phase (solid, liquid, gas) of the sample and the efficiency of various ionization mechanisms for the unknown species. An extraction system removes ions from the sample, which are then targeted through the mass analyzer and onto the detector. The differences in masses of the fragments allows the mass analyzer to sort the ions by their mass-to-charge ratio. The detector measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present. Some detectors also give spatial information, e.g., a multichannel plate.
The following example describes the operation of a spectrometer mass analyzer, which is of the sector type. (Other analyzer types are treated below.) Consider a sample of sodium chloride (table salt). In the ion source, the sample is vaporized (turned into gas) and ionized (transformed into electrically charged particles) into sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) ions. Sodium atoms and ions are monoisotopic, with a mass of about 23 u. Chloride atoms and ions come in two isotopes with masses of approximately 35 u (at a natural abundance of about 75 percent) and approximately 37 u (at a natural abundance of about 25 percent). The analyzer part of the spectrometer contains electric and magnetic fields, which exert forces on ions traveling through these fields. The speed of a charged particle may be increased or decreased while passing through the electric field, and its direction may be altered by the magnetic field. The magnitude of the deflection of the moving ion's trajectory depends on its mass-to-charge ratio. Lighter ions get deflected by the magnetic force more than heavier ions (based on Newton's second law of motion, F = ma). The streams of sorted ions pass from the analyzer to the detector, which records the relative abundance of each ion type. This information is used to determine the chemical element composition of the original sample (i.e. that both sodium and chlorine are present in the sample) and the isotopic composition of its constituents (the ratio of 35Cl to 37Cl).
The ion source is the part of the mass spectrometer that ionizes the material under analysis (the analyte). The ions are then transported by magnetic or electric fields to the mass analyzer.
Techniques for ionization have been key to determining what types of samples can be analyzed by mass spectrometry. Electron ionization and chemical ionization are used for gases and vapors. In chemical ionization sources, the analyte is ionized by chemical ion-molecule reactions during collisions in the source. Two techniques often used with liquid and solid biological samples include electrospray ionization (invented by John Fenn) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI, initially developed as a similar technique "Soft Laser Desorption (SLD)" by K. Tanaka for which a Nobel Prize was awarded and as MALDI by M. Karas and F. Hillenkamp).
In mass spectrometry, ionization refers to the production of gas phase ions suitable for resolution in the mass analyser or mass filter. Ionization occurs in the ion source. There are several ion sources available; each has advantages and disadvantages for particular applications. For example, electron ionization (EI) gives a high degree of fragmentation, yielding highly detailed mass spectra which when skilfully analysed can provide important information for structural elucidation/characterisation and facilitate identification of unknown compounds by comparison to mass spectral libraries obtained under identical operating conditions. However, EI is not suitable for coupling to HPLC, i.e. LC-MS, since at atmospheric pressure, the filaments used to generate electrons burn out rapidly. Thus EI is coupled predominantly with GC, i.e. GC-MS, where the entire system is under high vacuum.
Hard ionization techniques are processes which impart high quantities of residual energy in the subject molecule invoking large degrees of fragmentation (i.e. the systematic rupturing of bonds acts to remove the excess energy, restoring stability to the resulting ion). Resultant ions tend to have m/z lower than the molecular mass (other than in the case of proton transfer and not including isotope peaks). The most common example of hard ionization is electron ionization (EI).
Soft ionization refers to the processes which impart little residual energy onto the subject molecule and as such result in little fragmentation. Examples include fast atom bombardment (FAB), chemical ionization (CI), atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI), electrospray ionization (ESI), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)
Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) sources are used primarily for cation analysis of a wide array of sample types. In this source, a plasma that is electrically neutral overall, but that has had a substantial fraction of its atoms ionized by high temperature, is used to atomize introduced sample molecules and to further strip the outer electrons from those atoms. The plasma is usually generated from argon gas, since the first ionization energy of argon atoms is higher than the first of any other elements except He, O, F and Ne, but lower than the second ionization energy of all except the most electropositive metals. The heating is achieved by a radio-frequency current passed through a coil surrounding the plasma.
Others include photoionization, glow discharge, field desorption (FD), fast atom bombardment (FAB), thermospray, desorption/ionization on silicon (DIOS), Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), spark ionization and thermal ionization (TIMS).
Mass analyzers separate the ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio. The following two laws govern the dynamics of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields in vacuum:
F = Q ( E + v × B ) (Lorentz force law); F = m a (Newton's second law of motion in non-relativistic case, i.e. valid only at ion velocity much lower than the speed of light).
Here F is the force applied to the ion, m is the mass of the ion, a is the acceleration, Q is the ion charge, E is the electric field, and v × B is the vector cross product of the ion velocity and the magnetic field
Equating the above expressions for the force applied to the ion yields:
( m / Q ) a = E + v × B .
This differential equation is the classic equation of motion for charged particles. Together with the particle's initial conditions, it completely determines the particle's motion in space and time in terms of m/Q. Thus mass spectrometers could be thought of as "mass-to-charge spectrometers". When presenting data, it is common to use the (officially) dimensionless m/z, where z is the number of elementary charges (e) on the ion (z=Q/e). This quantity, although it is informally called the mass-to-charge ratio, more accurately speaking represents the ratio of the mass number and the charge number, z.
There are many types of mass analyzers, using either static or dynamic fields, and magnetic or electric fields, but all operate according to the above differential equation. Each analyzer type has its strengths and weaknesses. Many mass spectrometers use two or more mass analyzers for tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). In addition to the more common mass analyzers listed below, there are others designed for special situations.
There are several important analyser characteristics. The mass resolving power is the measure of the ability to distinguish two peaks of slightly different m/z. The mass accuracy is the ratio of the m/z measurement error to the true m/z. Mass accuracy is usually measured in ppm or milli mass units. The mass range is the range of m/z amenable to analysis by a given analyzer. The linear dynamic range is the range over which ion signal is linear with analyte concentration. Speed refers to the time frame of the experiment and ultimately is used to determine the number of spectra per unit time that can be generated.
A sector field mass analyzer uses an electric and/or magnetic field to affect the path and/or velocity of the charged particles in some way. As shown above, sector instruments bend the trajectories of the ions as they pass through the mass analyzer, according to their mass-to-charge ratios, deflecting the more charged and faster-moving, lighter ions more. The analyzer can be used to select a narrow range of m/z or to scan through a range of m/z to catalog the ions present.
Time-of-flight
The time-of-flight (TOF) analyzer uses an electric field to accelerate the ions through the same potential, and then measures the time they take to reach the detector. If the particles all have the same charge, the kinetic energies will be identical, and their velocities will depend only on their masses. Ions with a lower mass will reach the detector first.
Quadrupole mass analyzers use oscillating electrical fields to selectively stabilize or destabilize the paths of ions passing through a radio frequency (RF) quadrupole field created between 4 parallel rods. Only the ions in a certain range of mass/charge ratio are passed through the system at any time, but changes to the potentials on the rods allow a wide range of m/z values to be swept rapidly, either continuously or in a succession of discrete hops. A quadrupole mass analyzer acts as a mass-selective filter and is closely related to the quadrupole ion trap, particularly the linear quadrupole ion trap except that it is designed to pass the untrapped ions rather than collect the trapped ones, and is for that reason referred to as a transmission quadrupole. A magnetically enhanced quadrupole mass analyzer includes the addition of a magnetic field, either applied axially or transversely. This novel type of instrument leads to an additional performance enhancement in terms of resolution and/or sensitivity depending upon the magnitude and orientation of the applied magnetic field. A common variation of the transmission quadrupole is the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The "triple quad" has three consecutive quadrupole stages, the first acting as a mass filter to transmit a particular incoming ion to the second quadrupole, a collision chamber, wherein that ion can be broken into fragments. The third quadrupole also acts as a mass filter, to transmit a particular fragment ion to the detector. If a quadrupole is made to rapidly and repetitively cycle through a range of mass filter settings, full spectra can be reported. Likewise, a triple quad can be made to perform various scan types characteristic of tandem mass spectrometry.
Three-dimensional quadrupole ion trap
The quadrupole ion trap works on the same physical principles as the quadrupole mass analyzer, but the ions are trapped and sequentially ejected. Ions are trapped in a mainly quadrupole RF field, in a space defined by a ring electrode (usually connected to the main RF potential) between two endcap electrodes (typically connected to DC or auxiliary AC potentials). The sample is ionized either internally (e.g. with an electron or laser beam), or externally, in which case the ions are often introduced through an aperture in an endcap electrode.
There are many mass/charge separation and isolation methods but the most commonly used is the mass instability mode in which the RF potential is ramped so that the orbit of ions with a mass a > b are stable while ions with mass b become unstable and are ejected on the z-axis onto a detector. There are also non-destructive analysis methods.
Ions may also be ejected by the resonance excitation method, whereby a supplemental oscillatory excitation voltage is applied to the endcap electrodes, and the trapping voltage amplitude and/or excitation voltage frequency is varied to bring ions into a resonance condition in order of their mass/charge ratio.
The cylindrical ion trap mass spectrometer (CIT) is a derivative of the quadrupole ion trap where the electrodes are formed from flat rings rather than hyperbolic shaped electrodes. The architecture lends itself well to miniaturization because as the size of a trap is reduced, the shape of the electric field near the center of the trap, the region where the ions are trapped, forms a shape similar to that of a hyperbolic trap.
A linear quadrupole ion trap is similar to a quadrupole ion trap, but it traps ions in a two dimensional quadrupole field, instead of a three-dimensional quadrupole field as in a 3D quadrupole ion trap. Thermo Fisher's LTQ ("linear trap quadrupole") is an example of the linear ion trap.
A toroidal ion trap can be visualized as a linear quadrupole curved around and connected at the ends or as a cross section of a 3D ion trap rotated on edge to form the toroid, donut shaped trap. The trap can store large volumes of ions by distributing them throughout the ring-like trap structure. This toroidal shaped trap is a configuration that allows the increased miniaturization of an ion trap mass analyzer. Additionally all ions are stored in the same trapping field and ejected together simplifying detection that can be complicated with array configurations due to variations in detector alignment and machining of the arrays.
As with the toroidal trap, linear traps and 3D quadrupole ion traps are the most commonly miniaturized mass analyzers due to their high sensitivity, tolerance for mTorr pressure, and capabilities for single analyzer tandem mass spectrometry (e.g. product ion scans).
Orbitrap instruments are similar to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers (see text below). Ions are electrostatically trapped in an orbit around a central, spindle shaped electrode. The electrode confines the ions so that they both orbit around the central electrode and oscillate back and forth along the central electrode's long axis. This oscillation generates an image current in the detector plates which is recorded by the instrument. The frequencies of these image currents depend on the mass to charge ratios of the ions. Mass spectra are obtained by Fourier transformation of the recorded image currents.
Orbitraps have a high mass accuracy, high sensitivity and a good dynamic range.
Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS), or more precisely Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance MS, measures mass by detecting the image current produced by ions cyclotroning in the presence of a magnetic field. Instead of measuring the deflection of ions with a detector such as an electron multiplier, the ions are injected into a Penning trap (a static electric/magnetic ion trap) where they effectively form part of a circuit. Detectors at fixed positions in space measure the electrical signal of ions which pass near them over time, producing a periodic signal. Since the frequency of an ion's cycling is determined by its mass to charge ratio, this can be deconvoluted by performing a Fourier transform on the signal. FTMS has the advantage of high sensitivity (since each ion is "counted" more than once) and much higher resolution and thus precision.
Ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) is an older mass analysis technique similar to FTMS except that ions are detected with a traditional detector. Ions trapped in a Penning trap are excited by an RF electric field until they impact the wall of the trap, where the detector is located. Ions of different mass are resolved according to impact time.
The final element of the mass spectrometer is the detector. The detector records either the charge induced or the current produced when an ion passes by or hits a surface. In a scanning instrument, the signal produced in the detector during the course of the scan versus where the instrument is in the scan (at what m/Q) will produce a mass spectrum, a record of ions as a function of m/Q.
Typically, some type of electron multiplier is used, though other detectors including Faraday cups and ion-to-photon detectors are also used. Because the number of ions leaving the mass analyzer at a particular instant is typically quite small, considerable amplification is often necessary to get a signal. Microchannel plate detectors are commonly used in modern commercial instruments. In FTMS and Orbitraps, the detector consists of a pair of metal surfaces within the mass analyzer/ion trap region which the ions only pass near as they oscillate. No direct current is produced, only a weak AC image current is produced in a circuit between the electrodes. Other inductive detectors have also been used.
A tandem mass spectrometer is one capable of multiple rounds of mass spectrometry, usually separated by some form of molecule fragmentation. For example, one mass analyzer can isolate one peptide from many entering a mass spectrometer. A second mass analyzer then stabilizes the peptide ions while they collide with a gas, causing them to fragment by collision-induced dissociation (CID). A third mass analyzer then sorts the fragments produced from the peptides. Tandem MS can also be done in a single mass analyzer over time, as in a quadrupole ion trap. There are various methods for fragmenting molecules for tandem MS, including collision-induced dissociation (CID), electron capture dissociation (ECD), electron transfer dissociation (ETD), infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD), blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD), electron-detachment dissociation (EDD) and surface-induced dissociation (SID). An important application using tandem mass spectrometry is in protein identification.
Tandem mass spectrometry enables a variety of experimental sequences. Many commercial mass spectrometers are designed to expedite the execution of such routine sequences as selected reaction monitoring (SRM) and precursor ion scanning. In SRM, the first analyzer allows only a single mass through and the second analyzer monitors for multiple user-defined fragment ions. SRM is most often used with scanning instruments where the second mass analysis event is duty cycle limited. These experiments are used to increase specificity of detection of known molecules, notably in pharmacokinetic studies. Precursor ion scanning refers to monitoring for a specific loss from the precursor ion. The first and second mass analyzers scan across the spectrum as partitioned by a user-defined m/z value. This experiment is used to detect specific motifs within unknown molecules.
Another type of tandem mass spectrometry used for radiocarbon dating is accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), which uses very high voltages, usually in the mega-volt range, to accelerate negative ions into a type of tandem mass spectrometer.
When a specific configuration of source, analyzer, and detector becomes conventional in practice, often a compound acronym arises to designate it, and the compound acronym may be better known among nonspectrometrists than the component acronyms. The epitome of this is MALDI-TOF, which simply refers to combining a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization source with a time-of-flight mass analyzer. The MALDI-TOF moniker is more widely recognized by the non-mass spectrometrists than MALDI or TOF individually. Other examples include inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), thermal ionization-mass spectrometry (TIMS) and spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS). Sometimes the use of the generic "MS" actually connotes a very specific mass analyzer and detection system, as is the case with AMS, which is always sector based.
Certain applications of mass spectrometry have developed monikers that although strictly speaking would seem to refer to a broad application, in practice have come instead to connote a specific or a limited number of instrument configurations. An example of this is isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), which refers in practice to the use of a limited number of sector based mass analyzers; this name is used to refer to both the application and the instrument used for the application.
An important enhancement to the mass resolving and mass determining capabilities of mass spectrometry is using it in tandem with chromatographic and other separation techniques.
A common combination is gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS or GC-MS). In this technique, a gas chromatograph is used to separate different compounds. This stream of separated compounds is fed online into the ion source, a metallic filament to which voltage is applied. This filament emits electrons which ionize the compounds. The ions can then further fragment, yielding predictable patterns. Intact ions and fragments pass into the mass spectrometer's analyzer and are eventually detected.
Similar to gas chromatography MS (GC/MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS or LC-MS) separates compounds chromatographically before they are introduced to the ion source and mass spectrometer. It differs from GC/MS in that the mobile phase is liquid, usually a mixture of water and organic solvents, instead of gas. Most commonly, an electrospray ionization source is used in LC/MS. Other popular and commercially available LC/MS ion sources are atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and atmospheric pressure photoionization. There are also some newly developed ionization techniques like laser spray.
Capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry (CE-MS) is a technique that combines the liquid separation process of capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry. CE-MS is typically coupled to electrospray ionization.
Ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS/MS or IMMS) is a technique where ions are first separated by drift time through some neutral gas under an applied electrical potential gradient before being introduced into a mass spectrometer. Drift time is a measure of the radius relative to the charge of the ion. The duty cycle of IMS (the time over which the experiment takes place) is longer than most mass spectrometric techniques, such that the mass spectrometer can sample along the course of the IMS separation. This produces data about the IMS separation and the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions in a manner similar to LC/MS.
The duty cycle of IMS is short relative to liquid chromatography or gas chromatography separations and can thus be coupled to such techniques, producing triple modalities such as LC/IMS/MS.
Mass spectrometry produces various types of data. The most common data representation is the mass spectrum.
Certain types of mass spectrometry data are best represented as a mass chromatogram. Types of chromatograms include selected ion monitoring (SIM), total ion current (TIC), and selected reaction monitoring (SRM), among many others.
Other types of mass spectrometry data are well represented as a three-dimensional contour map. In this form, the mass-to-charge, m/z is on the x-axis, intensity the y-axis, and an additional experimental parameter, such as time, is recorded on the z-axis.
Mass spectrometry data analysis is specific to the type of experiment producing the data. General subdivisions of data are fundamental to understanding any data.
Many mass spectrometers work in either negative ion mode or positive ion mode. It is very important to know whether the observed ions are negatively or positively charged. This is often important in determining the neutral mass but it also indicates something about the nature of the molecules.
Different types of ion source result in different arrays of fragments produced from the original molecules. An electron ionization source produces many fragments and mostly single-charged (1-) radicals (odd number of electrons), whereas an electrospray source usually produces non-radical quasimolecular ions that are frequently multiply charged. Tandem mass spectrometry purposely produces fragment ions post-source and can drastically change the sort of data achieved by an experiment.
Knowledge of the origin of a sample can provide insight into the component molecules of the sample and their fragmentations. A sample from a synthesis/manufacturing process will probably contain impurities chemically related to the target component. A crudely prepared biological sample will probably contain a certain amount of salt, which may form adducts with the analyte molecules in certain analyses.
Results can also depend heavily on sample preparation and how it was run/introduced. An important example is the issue of which matrix is used for MALDI spotting, since much of the energetics of the desorption/ionization event is controlled by the matrix rather than the laser power. Sometimes samples are spiked with sodium or another ion-carrying species to produce adducts rather than a protonated species.
Mass spectrometry can measure molar mass, molecular structure, and sample purity. Each of these questions requires a different experimental procedure; therefore, adequate definition of the experimental goal is a prerequisite for collecting the proper data and successfully interpreting it.
Since the precise structure or peptide sequence of a molecule is deciphered through the set of fragment masses, the interpretation of mass spectra requires combined use of various techniques. Usually the first strategy for identifying an unknown compound is to compare its experimental mass spectrum against a library of mass spectra. If no matches result from the search, then manual interpretation or software assisted interpretation of mass spectra must be performed. Computer simulation of ionization and fragmentation processes occurring in mass spectrometer is the primary tool for assigning structure or peptide sequence to a molecule. An a priori structural information is fragmented in silico and the resulting pattern is compared with observed spectrum. Such simulation is often supported by a fragmentation library that contains published patterns of known decomposition reactions. Software taking advantage of this idea has been developed for both small molecules and proteins.
Analysis of mass spectra can also be spectra with accurate mass. A mass-to-charge ratio value (m/z) with only integer precision can represent an immense number of theoretically possible ion structures; however, more precise mass figures significantly reduce the number of candidate molecular formulas. A computer algorithm called formula generator calculates all molecular formulas that theoretically fit a given mass with specified tolerance.
A recent technique for structure elucidation in mass spectrometry, called precursor ion fingerprinting, identifies individual pieces of structural information by conducting a search of the tandem spectra of the molecule under investigation against a library of the product-ion spectra of structurally characterized precursor ions.
Mass spectrometry has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum). MS is now in very common use in analytical laboratories that study physical, chemical, or biological properties of a great variety of compounds.
As an analytical technique it possesses distinct advantages such as: Increased sensitivity over most other analytical techniques because the analyzer, as a mass-charge filter, reduces background interference, Excellent specificity from characteristic fragmentation patterns to identify unknowns or confirm the presence of suspected compounds, Information about molecular weight, Information about the isotopic abundance of elements, Temporally resolved chemical data.
A few of the disadvantages of the method is that often fails to distinguish between optical and geometrical isomers and the positions of substituent in o-, m- and p- positions in an aromatic ring. Also, its scope is limited in identifying hydrocarbons that produce similar fragmented ions.
Isotope ratio MS: isotope dating and tracing
Mass spectrometry is also used to determine the isotopic composition of elements within a sample. Differences in mass among isotopes of an element are very small, and the less abundant isotopes of an element are typically very rare, so a very sensitive instrument is required. These instruments, sometimes referred to as isotope ratio mass spectrometers (IR-MS), usually use a single magnet to bend a beam of ionized particles towards a series of Faraday cups which convert particle impacts to electric current. A fast on-line analysis of deuterium content of water can be done using flowing afterglow mass spectrometry, FA-MS. Probably the most sensitive and accurate mass spectrometer for this purpose is the accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS). This is because it provides ultimate sensitivity, capable of measuring individual atoms and measuring nuclides with a dynamic range of ~1015 relative to the major stable isotope. Isotope ratios are important markers of a variety of processes. Some isotope ratios are used to determine the age of materials for example as in carbon dating. Labeling with stable isotopes is also used for protein quantification. (see protein characterization below)
Several techniques use ions created in a dedicated ion source injected into a flow tube or a drift tube: selected ion flow tube (SIFT-MS), and proton transfer reaction (PTR-MS), are variants of chemical ionization dedicated for trace gas analysis of air, breath or liquid headspace using well defined reaction time allowing calculations of analyte concentrations from the known reaction kinetics without the need for internal standard or calibration.
An atom probe is an instrument that combines time-of-flight mass spectrometry and field-evaporation microscopy to map the location of individual atoms.
Pharmacokinetics is often studied using mass spectrometry because of the complex nature of the matrix (often blood or urine) and the need for high sensitivity to observe low dose and long time point data. The most common instrumentation used in this application is LC-MS with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Tandem mass spectrometry is usually employed for added specificity. Standard curves and internal standards are used for quantitation of usually a single pharmaceutical in the samples. The samples represent different time points as a pharmaceutical is administered and then metabolized or cleared from the body. Blank or t=0 samples taken before administration are important in determining background and ensuring data integrity with such complex sample matrices. Much attention is paid to the linearity of the standard curve; however it is not uncommon to use curve fitting with more complex functions such as quadratics since the response of most mass spectrometers is less than linear across large concentration ranges.
There is currently considerable interest in the use of very high sensitivity mass spectrometry for microdosing studies, which are seen as a promising alternative to animal experimentation.
Mass spectrometry is an important method for the characterization and sequencing of proteins. The two primary methods for ionization of whole proteins are electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). In keeping with the performance and mass range of available mass spectrometers, two approaches are used for characterizing proteins. In the first, intact proteins are ionized by either of the two techniques described above, and then introduced to a mass analyzer. This approach is referred to as "top-down" strategy of protein analysis. The top-down approach however is largely limited to low-throughput single-protein studies. In the second, proteins are enzymatically digested into smaller peptides using proteases such as trypsin or pepsin, either in solution or in gel after electrophoretic separation. Other proteolytic agents are also used. The collection of peptide products are then introduced to the mass analyzer. When the characteristic pattern of peptides is used for the identification of the protein the method is called peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF), if the identification is performed using the sequence data determined in tandem MS analysis it is called de novo peptide sequencing. These procedures of protein analysis are also referred to as the "bottom-up" approach. A third approach however is beginning to be used, this intermediate "middle-down" approach involves analyzing proteolytic peptide larger than the typical tryptic peptide.
Mass spectrometry (MS), with its low sample requirement and high sensitivity, has been predominantly used in glycobiology for characterization and elucidation of glycan structures. Mass spectrometry provides a complementary method to HPLC for the analysis of glycans. Intact glycans may be detected directly as singly charged ions by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) or, following permethylation or peracetylation, by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS). Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) also gives good signals for the smaller glycans. Various free and commercial software are now available which interpret MS data and aid in Glycan structure characterization.
As a standard method for analysis, mass spectrometers have reached other planets and moons. Two were taken to Mars by the Viking program. In early 2005 the Cassini–Huygens mission delivered a specialized GC-MS instrument aboard the Huygens probe through the atmosphere of Titan, the largest moon of the planet Saturn. This instrument analyzed atmospheric samples along its descent trajectory and was able to vaporize and analyze samples of Titan's frozen, hydrocarbon covered surface once the probe had landed. These measurements compare the abundance of isotope(s) of each particle comparatively to earth's natural abundance. Also on board the Cassini–Huygens spacecraft is an ion and neutral mass spectrometer which has been taking measurements of Titan's atmospheric composition as well as the composition of Enceladus' plumes. A Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer mass spectrometer was carried by the Mars Phoenix Lander launched in 2007.
Mass spectrometers are also widely used in space missions to measure the composition of plasmas. For example, the Cassini spacecraft carries the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS), which measures the mass of ions in Saturn's magnetosphere.
Mass spectrometers were used in hospitals for respiratory gas analysis beginning around 1975 through the end of the century. Some are probably still in use but none are currently being manufactured.
Found mostly in the operating room, they were a part of a complex system, in which respired gas samples from patients undergoing anesthesia were drawn into the instrument through a valve mechanism designed to sequentially connect up to 32 rooms to the mass spectrometer. A computer directed all operations of the system. The data collected from the mass spectrometer was delivered to the individual rooms for the anesthesiologist to use.
The uniqueness of this magnetic sector mass spectrometer may have been the fact that a plane of detectors, each purposely positioned to collect all of the ion species expected to be in the samples, allowed the instrument to simultaneously report all of the gases respired by the patient. Although the mass range was limited to slightly over 120 u, fragmentation of some of the heavier molecules negated the need for a higher detection limit.
The primary function of mass spectrometry is as a tool for chemical analyses based on detection and quantification of ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio. However, mass spectrometry also shows promise for material synthesis. Ion soft landing is characterized by deposition of intact species on surfaces at low kinetic energies which precludes the fragmentation of the incident species. The soft landing technique was first reported in 1977 for the reaction of low energy sulfur containing ions on a lead surface.
Mass spectrometry Wikipedia
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Island of the Dead (2000 film)
Gert Bettens
Mass spectrometry imaging


REC is a leading innovator of half-cut cell technology. This clever innovation has now become an industry standard due to the many advantages and increased efficiency of this unique design.
The best quality solar panels from leading manufacturers LG energy, SunPower, Trina, REC and Winaico with the highest performance, efficiency, warranties and reliability.
Trina Solar is well established manufacturer which has broken 18 solar PV world records in efficiency and power output over the years. We review the range of panels on offer and the new high efficiency PV cell technology in development.
The new huge range of LG chem RESU batteries might have positioned LG as the leader in home energy storage options.
The highly anticipated Tesla Powerwall 2 is here. We review the new generation Powerwall with integrated inverter and double the storage capacity. But how does it work and how long with it last?
The following solar battery (hybrid) system sizing is based on the energy consumption of an efficient 3 bedroom home with an average energy use of 12kWh per day. This is a basic guide to sizing a home solar battery system, remember every household is unique and there are many ways to reduce energy consumption. See introduction here.
Note: Prices are in Australian dollars and are estimates only - including all parts and labor for a solar hybrid installation. Cost breakdown is shown at the bottom for reference.
This solar array size is based on an average of 4.5 PSH (peak sun hours per day) which is the average annual solar energy (irradiance) received around northern Victoria or southern NSW. Melbourne is approx 4 PSH and Sydney closer to 5 PSH. For locations further north in QLD the requirements will be different as the energy use will be greater for air-conditioning in summer rather than heating in winter.
Would you like the team at Clean Energy Reviews to size a solar system for your home?
We want to set a new industry standard using our unique calculated algorithm to accurately size a system for each individual household. Giving you a clear insight on how solar can benefit you and reduce your electricity costs.
This is the most basic hybrid system with enough battery storage to cover peak evening energy use from 5pm to 10pm. The solar array will cover the majority of the daily energy use plus charging of the battery system. These systems typically use AC-batteries which are easier to install and are a great cost effective way to store solar energy. The main drawback is that they do not have back-up power capability during a blackout.
Inverter and battery options currently available - Solax, LG chem, Enphase, Samsung, Sungrow, Goodwe, BYD.
This is the most economical hybrid system with enough battery storage to cover peak evening energy use from 5pm till midnight. The solar array will cover the majority of the daily energy use plus charging of the battery system. These systems can also provide limited back-up power during a blackout. Note, if the black-out happens during the day (when the battery is full) the system would typically be able to power essential loads (lights, TV, laptops, fridge etc) for 6-12 hours.
Inverter and battery options currently available - Solax, Redback Technologies, LG chem, Tesla, Pylontech, Alpha ESS, Fronius, BYD, Sungrow, Enphase, SolarEdge.
This is a more advanced hybrid system with enough battery storage to cover your peak evening energy as well the off-peak overnight energy use. The solar array will cover the majority of the daily energy use plus charging of the battery system. These systems will provide greater back-up power during a blackout. Note, if the black-out happens during the day (when the battery is full) the system would typically be able to power your essential loads (lights, TV, laptops, fridge etc) for 12-24 hours or several days in good weather.
Inverter and battery options currently available - Solax, Redback Technologies, Selectronic SP-PRO, SMA, LG Chem, Tesla, GCL, Pylontech, Sonnen, Redflow, Fronius, SolarEdge.
This is the most advanced hybrid system with potentially enough battery storage to cover your total energy use for several days at a time. At the larger scale it is essentially an off-grid system and would be able to operate independent of the grid for much of the year and several days at a time over winter or bad weather. Note: If setup in an off-grid location a back-up generator would be required. Refer to the following section 'Going off-grid' for more details about off-grid power systems. Also see our guide to selecting an Off-grid/hybrid inverter and batteries here.
The solar array and battery will typically cover all daily energy use plus charging of the battery system. In addition these systems can provide full back-up power for the entire home including high load appliances such as reverse cycle air-conditioners. Note, if a black-out happens the system would be capable of powering your essential loads (lights, TV, laptops, fridge etc) indefinitely if you monitor the system and high loads such as air-conditioning for much of the day in the right conditions.
Back-up reserve - min 9kWh up to 30kWh or more.
Inverter options currently available - Selectronic SP PRO, SMA Sunny Island, Schneider Conext XW+, Outback Radian (USA only), Redback Technologies.
Note: Installation cost can vary significantly depending on roof type, roof height & available space, panel tilt kits, distance to inverter, roof access, battery location, switchboard location and other requirements to meet current standards and regulations.
We review the latest solar panel and cell technologies plus highlight the best panels from Sunpower, LG, Winaico, REC, Trina and Jinko. Find out about recent innovations such as PERC, half-size cells, multi busbars and smart panels.
An introduction to the many home solar battery options available on the market along with detailed reviews, comparisons and information about the most popular solar battery systems.
Best solar batteries. We compare the leading battery technologies including Tesla Powerwall 2, LG Chem RESU, PylonTech, Simpliphi, Sonnen, Gel lead-acid and lead-carbon batteries.


Dundee City Council is embracing design thinking and service design techniques through a new initiative – The City of Design Academy training & mentoring programme. In the last 12 months, Open Change has worked in partnership with Dundee City Council to leverage its UNESCO City of Design designation to champion service design, building capacity and communities of people to co-design the services they need. Beginning with a City of Design Academy for city leaders, we have developed programmes together to improve attainment in schools and support people into employment.
Steven Kyle, Programme Manager for Dundee City Council's Changing for the Future Programme and Hazel from Open Change discussed these initiatives at the Service Design in Government Conference in London.
Mike Press from Open Change discusses how service design can make a big difference in a small city here.


"As of Spring 2006, all county and district courts, the District Attorney's office, the District Clerk, the County Clerk and Justice Administration have moved out of the 1966 courthouse and into their new offices at the Galveston County Justice Center at 600 59th Street just north of Broadway Avenue(U.S. 75/Texas 87.)" – Terry Jeanson, San Antonio, Texas, May 12, 2006.
Galveston County Justice Center has been completed and was dedicated on May 2, 2006.


text:
Educational magazines
Cole, Bernard D. 1943-
PERSONAL: Born October 13, 1943, in Neptune, NJ; son of Harry and Mildred (Ohlberg) Cole; married Carla Conn, January 4, 1969; children: Jennifer Anne, Marissa Elizabeth. Education: University of North Carolina, A.B., 1965; University of Washington, Seattle, M.P.A., 1972; Auburn University, Ph.D., 1978.
ADDRESSES: Office—National War College, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, DC 20319-5078. E-mail—[email protected]
CAREER: U.S. Navy, career officer, including service in Vietnam, 1965-95, retiring as captain; National War College, Washington, DC, professor, 1995—.
MEMBER: International Institute for Strategic Studies, Organization of American Historians, Historians Society.
AWARDS, HONORS: Military: Three Legions of Merit, three Meritorious Service medals, three Presidential Unit citations, Meritorious Unit Commendation, Combat Action Medal, Overseas Deployment Medal, Vietnamese Presidential Unit Commendation. Other: John Lyman Book Award, North American Society for Oceanic History, 1982, for Gunboats and Marines: The United States Navy in China, 1925-1928.
WRITINGS:
Gunboats and Marines: The United States Navy in China, 1925-1928, University of Delaware Press (Newark, DE), 1983.
The Great Wall at Sea: China's Navy Enters the Twenty-first Century, Naval Institute Press (Annapolis, MD), 2001.
Contributor of articles and reviews to periodicals, including Naval War College Review and Journal of Military History.
WORK IN PROGRESS: Research on Chinese nationalsecurity affairs.
BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL SOURCES:
Choice, May, 2002, H. Nelsen, review of The Great Wall at Sea: China's Navy Enters the Twenty-first Century, p. 1658.
Journal of American History, December, 1983, William R. Braisted, review of Gunboats and Marines: The United States Navy in China, 1925-1928, p. 709.
Journal of Military History, April, 2002, Edward J. Marolda, review of The Great Wall at Sea, p. 643.
"Cole, Bernard D. 1943- ." Contemporary Authors. . Encyclopedia.com. 19 Jan. 2023 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Cole, Bernard D. 1943- ." Contemporary Authors. . Encyclopedia.com. (January 19, 2023). https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/cole-bernard-d-1943
"Cole, Bernard D. 1943- ." Contemporary Authors. . Retrieved January 19, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/cole-bernard-d-1943
Relations With China , CHINA, RELATIONS WITH. America has always been interested in China, but rarely has evidenced much understanding of the Middle Kingdom or of the diffe… China , Compiled from the January 2007 Background Note and supplemented with additional information from the State Department and the editors of this volume.… Great Wall Of China , Great Wall of China Great Wall of China, series of fortifications, c.3,890 mi (6,260 km) long (not including trenches and natural defensive barriers)… East China Sea , East China Sea Northern branch of the China Sea, bordered by Korea and Japan (n), China (w), Taiwan (s) and the Ryukyu Islands (e). Area: c.1,249,160… Hu Shih , Hu Shih Hu Shih The Chinese philosopher Hu Shih (1891-1962) was in the literary and intellectual avant-garde during the New Thought movement of 1915-… Maxine Hong Kingston , Kingston, Maxine Hong Personal Born October 27, 1940, in Stockton, CA; daughter of Tom (a scholar, a manager of a gambling house, and a laundry worke…
Cole, Bernard D. 1943–
Mann, James 1946- (Jim Mann)
NATHAN, Andrew J(ames) 1943-
Lovell, Julia 1975–
Roberts, J.A.G. 1935–
Zweig, David 1950-
Waley-Cohen, Joanna
Perdue, Peter C. 1949–
Cole, Basil 1937- (Basil Burr Cole)
Cole, Barry
Cole, Babette 1949-
Cole, Anne
Cole, Anna Russell (1846–1926)
Cole, Allan
Cole's Quality Foods, Inc.
Cole Justice
Cole Bombing
Coldwell, Major James William
Coldstream Guards
Coldsmith, Don(ald C.)
Colds (Rhinitis)
coldish
Coldiron, A. E. B. 1959-
Colding-Jorgensen, Henrik
Colding, Ludvig August
Coldfire
Colden, Jane (1724–1766)
Colden, Jane (1724-1766)
Colden, Jane
Coldblooded
Cole, Betsy
Cole, Brock
Cole, Bruce
Cole, Cornelius 1822-1924
Cole, Cozy (actually, William Randolph)
Cole, David 1941-
Cole, Diane
Cole, Edith (1870–1927)
Cole, Edmund Keith
Cole, Eric Michael 1976–
Cole, Fay-Cooper
Cole, Frank Nelson
Cole, Freddy
Cole, G(eorge) D(ouglas) H(oward) 1889-1959
Cole, Gary 1956–
Cole, George Douglas Howard (1889–1959)
Cole, Henry
Cole, Henry 1955–
Cole, Holly
Cole, Hugo
Cole, J. Timothy 1959–
Cole, Jack
Cole, Jean Murray 1927-