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The Boot That Became "The Chelsea"
Published: Nov 26, 2018 by Albert Muzquiz
An actor, comedian, and writer with a crippling denim addiction.
Photo: Nicer Shoes
The Chelsea boot has pulled away from other boots in popularity in recent years. Its no-frills aesthetics, simple design, and hard-wearing characteristics make it easy to see why it's gained such a strong foothold on today's style.
And, as with most of our favorite pieces of clothing, the Chelsea boot has had a long and storied career, one that is more expansive and complex than its ubiquity among London's mods in the 1960s. It is a boot born of one of the 19th century's greatest inventions and has seen wear by a queen, more than a few rockers, and the foot-soldiers of The Empire. Join us for the history of that damn boot that everyone has and hopefully see beyond its modern iteration's mediocrity and maybe learn something too.
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U.S. Patent for Vulcanization. Image via Twitter.
In the first half of the 19th century, Charles Goodyear had been seeking to turn rubber into something useful that would stay solid in hot and cold temperatures and not decompose. After years of experimenting, he had his breakthrough in 1839. He collaborated with Nathaniel Hayward, a businessman and fellow inventor, and received a patent that would change the world a few years later in 1844. This process came to be known as vulcanization and is the process that not only hardens rubber into something stable and wearable, but improves the strength and elasticity of the material on a molecular level as well, by simply adding sulfur.
It's hard to fully appreciate the importance of vulcanized rubber, but take a look around and you'll notice that its use in shoes and car tires alone (not to mention many other applications) is enough to get a sense of the invention's impact. Goodyear's invention was earth-shattering, which is why he was more than a little upset to encounter Thomas Hancock, a British engineer. Hancock filed had his own patent for vulcanisation (the English spelling) in England eight weeks prior to Goodyear's own patent in the U.S. In all likelihood, he and his partner, Brockendon, had examined a sample of Goodyear's work and back-tracked from there. But Hancock denied this his whole life.
Elastic Boots. Image via Chelseaboots.com
In one arena, however; Hancock was undeniably ahead of the curve. He and Scottish chemist, Charles Macintosh, (whom we discuss in our history of the trench coat) had for some time been working with textiles, which put them on the track to creating elastic. Hancock is the uncontested inventor of elastic, which actually set him on his journey to understand vulcanization. Regardless, this stretchy fabric would change the footwear and apparel industry in untold ways.
Elastic's first ingenious foray into footwear was dreamed up by Queen Victoria's Royal Cordwainer in 1852. (While nowadays we use the word cobbler to mean someone who makes shoes, the correct word is actually cordwainer. Cobblers traditionally only repair shoes or make them with recycled leather.) Her Majesty's Cordwainer was J. Sparkes Hall and he was tasked with making a boot that would allow her to ride a horse without tangling her laces in the stirrups. No one could very well ask the Queen to just ride horses better, so an entirely new boot had to be made.
Paddock boots among their laced brethren. Image via Gentleman's Gazette.
It was originally called the Paddock Boot or the Elastic Ankle Boot, and it resembled its modern descendant very closely. Although small alterations would be made throughout the years, the boot largely stayed the same. The addition of elastic seems almost too modern to be believed. The ankle high boots with their elasticated gussets were sleek and easy to wear, making them very popular for riding and walking. World War I would, among other things, bring the shoe out of style.
Two World Wars Later
You guessed it. Image via The Rake.
Much of this history centers around England and between the outbreak of World War I and the conclusion of World War II, the country had been through a hell of a lot. Both wars claimed far more British lives than American ones and with a Global Depression between the wars, there wasn't much time for Brits to run off and buy hip, new shoes.
The late 1950s and 60s changed all that. England, like its American ally, had wholeheartedly embraced a consumer economy and in a period of relative prosperity, teens and young adults did what they did in the U.S.A.—spend. Born in the rubble of the blitz, this younger generation wanted to spend money, look good, and have fun. And if you lived in London, the best neighborhood to do this was Chelsea.
Mods. Image via Solakzade.
One particular subset of these young people were the Mods whose passions included mo-peds, natty suits, and those old-fashioned paddock boots. The paddock boot was a perfect choice for this new, hip generation because, while it was still considered a work boot, it still had a touch of that Victorian daintiness. All of this worked rather nicely with a three-button suit and a miniskirted young woman hanging on the back of your Vespa.
Rolling Stones. Image via In The Land of Things.
With all the taste-making hubbub centered in Chelsea, the boots wound up with the same name. But the Chelsea boot of the 60s had its differences to those of today. The biggest difference is the heel. Modern Chelseas are low heeled like a sneaker, but the best and boldest boots of the Mods' era had a Cuban heel. You can see it most distinctly in the picture of The Beatles. John Lennon and George Harrison's are the most exaggerated. The back of the heel cants inward like that of an old cowboy boot and the whole upper is rather narrow, simultaneously adding to the daintiness of the boot and giving it a Wild West flair. Invariably made of a black leather and peeking out from a pegged trouser, they look rather dashing.
There are a couple competing rumors about how the Cuban-heeled Chelsea came to be, but the most credible is that Paul and John saw the elasticated boots in a shop and had Anello & Davide add the higher heel. Matching shoes were made for the members of the band and it seems the rest is history.
Australian Work Boot
Blundstone Factory in Tasmania. Image via Blundstone.
The Australian Work Boot takes many cues from the English-invented Chelsea/Paddock Boot, but reflects the demanding conditions of the Australian outback. A bit tougher, a bit rougher, Australia's version was even more focused on work than its predecessor.
RM Williams ad material. Images via RM Williams.
Throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s, several boot brands popped up and each made their own version of the elastic-sided boots that were so popular in prewar Europe. Blundstone was the first to arrive, setting up shop in Hobart, Tasmania in 1870. However; original Blundstone boots still differed from their modern counterparts. They looked far more like the boots made by their competitor, RM Williams, who began production in 1932. These original boots were most certainly made for horse riding and manual labor. What's more, they featured a prominent Cuban heel, decades before The Beatles allegedly made this design choice.
Rossi Tradeshow. Image via Rossi Boots.
All Australian work boots share a wholecut upper, elastic siding, and pull tabs at both the front and back of the topline. These high-heeled riding shoes were perfect for cowboys down under and in a country far wilder than the U.K., they were doubly useful. Another brand, Rossi Boots, which nowadays is often overlooked in favor of Blundstone, played a huge role in Australia's footwear history, designing and producing boots for Australia's men at arms during both World Wars.
Rossi. Image via Rossi.
It's hard to say which boot company first made the jump to the modern rubber-soled iteration of the Australian work boot that we know so well, but signs point to either Blundstone or Rossi. In the 1990s, this chunkier version premiered to much fanfare. The boot looks almost inelegant and arguably less handsome as the Cuban-heeled versions before it. But there's something sublime in its chunky, unassuming profile which has made them such a phenomenon in the U.S. lately. If you want the more classic style, consider RM Williams, which still manufactures in Australia and if you want something like the Blundstone design, look for Rossi, which also manufactures in Australia and offers their synthetic version of the boot in more diverse styles and materials.
Out of Left Field
Stormtrooper Boot. Image via Propstore.
The most absurd thing about Chelsea boots… they were the official footwear of the Galactic Empire. During the production of the original Star Wars movies in the 1970s/80s, black Chelsea boots were used to outfit the many extras playing stormtroopers. To cut costs, white boots could not be commissioned, so they were painted white.
RM Williams ad. Image via RM Williams.
The boot we know simply as the Chelsea boot has lived many lives with many heel heights. From Queen Victoria to a galaxy far, far away, the deceptively simple boot has proven its worth and style many times over. Its rise from rubber and elastic to cultural relevance in music and film cement this boot further as an enduring classic that's sure to continue pressing onward.
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Apple made the phrase famous, but its concept rings true. Whether you are looking to order take-out, manage your finances or simplify a task, a plethora of web-based tools exist to meet your needs. But how do you know which one to select?
Technology has advanced the engineering industry by what seems like light years. So many components of design, measurement and maintenance have been computerized and networked. Take, for example, the world of municipal water management—more specifically, stormwater management.
When one of our stormwater clients recently came to us requesting a web-based tool for creating impactful reporting visuals to support total maximum daily load (TMDL) compliance efforts, educate the public and demonstrate improvements to city council, we expected to find a large number of potentially useful applications. Before jumping into the development of a new, fully-customized tool, we evaluated those already in use within the industry.
We also were looking for a customizable application robust—yet flexible—enough to support future upgrades.
We evaluated the following eight applications, and here's what we found.
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) StreamStats tool can be used to delineate watersheds and obtain very specific watershed characteristics. StreamStats computes the flow statistics of ungauged watersheds using regression equations developed from gauged watersheds. This web-based tool does not require a desktop installation. While StreamStats does not currently support water quality modeling, portions of this tool could be used to develop the desired TMDL tool.
Deployed as an extension in ArcMap, the Brown and Caldwell Watershed Improvement Plan (WIP) Tools is a grid-based GIS model developed to evaluate hydrologic and water quality conditions and assist in watershed improvement planning. Using various hydrologic and water quality principles, WIP Tools creates a variety of grids representing the watershed responses based on analyzed physical parameters. These grids are overlaid on a digital elevation model to identify high pollutant loads; the potential impacts of proposed projects on these loads are also evaluated. A proprietary tool, WIP requires user expertise to simulate different watershed conditions.
Orange County, Fla., relies on a GIS-based program developed by Woolpert to address TMDLs. Drawing on several GIS layers, such as point projects, line projects, soils, land use, streets and major basins, the program uses coefficients for BMP pollutant reduction, runoff reduction and general pollutant reduction to estimate overall load reductions. All values for this data-intensive model are primarily based on the Schuler method.
Infraworks 360 is a non-GIS Autodesk extension that uses hydrologic models such as TR 55 and the 95th percentile rainfall event to calculate volumes. This volume-control green infrastructure tool employs 3D renderings and visualizations of the BMPs within the Infraworks 360 framework. This proprietary program lacks water quality simulation capabilities and requires user expertise to perform simulations and rendering.
The EPA's National Stormwater Calculator is a publicly available desktop application used to estimate the annual rainfall amount and frequency of runoff for any location in the United States (though water quality calculations are not currently available). With access to several national databases, the calculator bases estimates on soil conditions, topography, land cover, rainfall and evaporation information. Users can select one of seven low-impact development (LID) controls to estimate runoff reductions.
The Virginia Runoff Reduction Method is a free, spreadsheet-based program developed to better promote stormwater design and provide an incentive for the use of LID and environmental site design strategies. The spreadsheet, while neither user-friendly nor visually appealing, adjusts the curve number in the post-construction scenario to match the curve number in the pre-construction scenario. User-specified trapping efficiencies of the LID BMPs are then used to quantify the effectiveness of those BMPs.
Integrated Design, Evaluation and Analysis of Loading (IDEAL) is a post-construction water quality model for designing stormwater BMPs and analyzing their effectiveness in removing common stormwater pollutants such as sediment, bacteria, nitrogen and phosphorus. The model's runoff treatment algorithms are process-based; runoff rates and pollutant loads can be predicted and routed through BMPs using validated technologies. Developed by Woolpert, the program is currently only available for the southeastern United States.
System for Urban Stormwater Treatment and Analysis Integration (SUSTAIN) is a program developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to help stormwater management professionals create and implement structural watershed controls that protect source waters and meet water quality objectives. This GIS-based program demands extensive watershed information, requires significant experience to perform simulations and is no longer supported by the EPA.
Our investigation revealed that in the case of TMDL compliance tools, there might not yet be an app for that.
While some of the applications did possess beneficial components, none had the visualization or communication features needed to meet our client's requirements. We determined that rather than borrowing pieces from a variety of other programs, it might just be simpler—and more effective—to create an entirely new program specifically tailored to our client's needs.


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I am a 2007 graduate of the Dept. of Criminal Justice Training. I am currently a Dept. of Defense contractor located on Ft. Knox, KY. I have been at CFE for 5 years.
I decided to make the transition from athlete to coach when I was 2 years into CF. I wanted to be able to translate my passion and knowledge of CF to my fellow athletes. I wanted them to be able to embrace the athlete inside of them that I saw.
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2012 Sine Qua Non Syrah Stock
Single Bottle - Standard - 750ml
Starting bid HK$2,700.00
Current Price: HK$2,700.00
Bidder:
Starting Price: HK$2,700.00
Start Time: Jan 14, 2021 3:00:00 pm
Close Time: Jan 21, 2021 3:00:00 pm
Your bid (Enter HK$2,700.00 or more)
Autobid Specific Bid
98RP
A step up from the Grenache, the blockbuster-styled 2012 Syrah Stock checks in as a blend of 84% Syrah, 7% Grenache, 6% Petit Sirah, and the rest Viognier and Mourvedre, that was fermented with 32% whole clusters and aged in just over half new French oak. It offers stunning notes of blackcurrants, cassis, smoked meats, ground pepper and wild herbs to go with a full-bodied, unctuous, layered, yet always graceful and elegant feel on the palate. Nicely structured, with perfect overall balance, it still has the open-knit character of the vintage, yet has plenty of underlying structure, which at the moment is slightly hidden by the wine's lavish fruit. It will be better in 2-3 years, and have two decades of overall longevity. There are few greater success stories in wine than that of Sine Qua Non's Manfred Krankl. Austrian-born and showing up penniless in Los Angeles in 1980, he went on to create one of the greatest wine estates in the world today by sheer talent and work ethic. Despite being involved in a horrific motorcycle accident in September of 2014, he's recovering admirably and was in great spirits during my visit. Looking at his latest releases, the 2011 extended-aged cuvees all show the cooler nature of the vintage, yet had phenomenal levels concentration and firm, tannic spines. I'm not sure they're a step up over the earlier 2011 releases, but they're without a doubt some of the top wines in the vintage. The 2012s are big, ripe and voluptuous wines more in the style of 2009s, yet perhaps with slightly less exuberance. The real shocker was the quality of the Next Of Kyn releases. These come all from his estate vineyard located around the winery in Oak View. I was blown away by both the '11 and '12, with the '12 being the greatest wine yet from the estate.
SKU : BVHK00010823
Vintage : 2012
Bottle Size : Standard - 750ml
Wine Condition : Mid Neck
Label Condition : Good/Original Label
Capsule : Waxed Capsule
Cork : Usual Cork
Format : Single Bottle
Producer : Sine Qua Non
Varietal : Syrah
Wine type : Red
Designation : Stock
Appellation : Central Coast
Region : California
Sub region : Central Coast
Drink Between : 2017 - 2032
RP : 98
Sine Qua Non (also known as SQN) is a California cult winery known for its Rhône style blends, a tendency to avoid repetition, and a very limited production of wine that is highly difficult to obtain, with 100% of all releases allocated and directly sold to a carefully managed mailing list. The winery is located in Ventura County, within the Central Coast AVA.
The wines have been titled with names such as Queen of Spades, Twisted & Bent, Imposter McCoy, The Bride, Poker Face and Red Handed, and the bottles come uncommonly shaped with distinctive labels featuring Manfred Krankl's own artwork.
Founded in 1994 by Manfred Krankl and his wife Elaine. The Krankls began making their own wines in 1994 due to personal interest and with the added benefit of being able, if the wines were good enough, to sell them to the successful Mediterranean-themed Los Angeles restaurant Campanile, which Manfred co-founded and managed,. Beginning with several self described "project wines" made in partnership with John Alban and other vintners, initial production was approximately 100 cases. After several experiments with white varietals, Rhone red varietals and even Pinot noir, the Krankls found their sweet spot in 1995 with a predominantly Syrah-based blend that earned a 95 point rating from Robert Parker.
Manfred was also a co-founder of La Brea Bakery. Sale of a portion of his ownership position in LaBrea enabled him to focus on wine-making full-time, at which point total production, diversity of releases, and competency with the full spectrum of Rhone (and other) varietals steadily increased.
Sourcing fruit from a wide variety of growers from year to year, and increasingly from their own vineyards has caused the winery to never make exactly the same wine twice, about which Krankl has said, "People buy Sine Qua Non. They don't seem to give a toot where it's from".
A tradition at Sine Qua Non is that each wine has a distinct name, label and often bottle style. Each label is hand made by Manfred with linocut art work of his own creation. This process requires each year's wine's names and labels to be individually approved by the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, an unpredictable process subject to the whims and vagaries of regulators. Despite numerous and seemingly random rejections, Krankl has persisted with this expensive and time consuming process, creating a colorful, diverse and oftentimes humorous body of label art.
Sine Qua Non's Syrahs were among the first American Syrahs to create significant interest and trading volume in the worldwide wine auction market. From the second quarter of 1999 to early 2008, the value of SQN wines at auctions appreciated by 163% in contrast to the 128% appreciation rate during the same period of other collectible wines listed on the Wine Spectator Auction Index. By 2015 three half bottles of the 2002 Rosé (not normally a variety that attracts high prices at auction) sold for $4,200.
Sine Qua Non's first winery, located in a nondescript warehouse at the back of an industrial facility in North Ventura, has been described by Robert Parker as "a facility that looks like a Mad Max movie set". Over the years the Krankls have steadily purchased or leased their own terroir with the goal of obtaining total control over the growth and supply of their grapes. Currently they manage several vineyards including an approximately 10 planted acre plot at their home facility in Oakview, CA, just inland from Ventura, CA, and another approximately 20 planted acre plot in the Santa Rita Hills region near Buellton, CA. In 2012 a major new winery facility was completed on the Krankl's Oak View, CA lands and most vinification was relocated there from the initial Ventura winery location.
In collaboration with Austrian winemaker Alois Kracher, Manfred and Elaine Krankl have also produced sweet wines under the label "Mr. K" (after the surnames of the two winemakers). Krankl announced that this program would end with the release of the 2006 vintage due to the untimely passing of Kracher.
The red wines have typically included the grape varieties of Syrah, Grenache and Mourvedre. The white wines are typically made from Roussanne, Viognier and Marsanne. Sine Qua Non also produced a Pinot noir for several years, but discontinued that program after the 2005 vintage. In certain vintages, the winery has also release a rosé made predominantly from the Grenache varietal.
In the late 2000s, Sine Qua Non began releasing Syrah and Grenache blends with extended barrel aging (EBA). These wines are held in barrel or cask for at least two and sometimes up to six years prior to bottling and release.
The annual production of Sine Qua Non averages 3,500 cases (310 hL), or approximately one hundred and forty standard sixty gallon barrels, a quantity the Krankls call the maximum possible given their non-scalable, personal, hands-on tending of the entire winemaking process, including literally each vine and cluster of grapes in all vineyards from which they derive fruit.
eRobertParker.com #220 Aug 2015
Jeb Dunnuck
2014 Sine Qua Non Gallinita
2009 Sine Qua Non Syrah The Thrill of...
2001 Sine Qua Non Midnight Oil
2001 Sine Qua Non Albino
1995 Sine Qua Non The Bride
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Sine Qua Non (also known as SQN) is a California cult winery known for its Rhône style blends, a tendency to avoid repetition, and a very limited production of wine that is highly difficult to obtain, with 100% of all releases allocated and directly sold to a carefully managed mailing list. The winery is located in Ventura County, within the Central Coast AVA. The wines have been titled with names such as Queen of Spades, Twisted & Bent, Imposter McCoy, The Bride, Poker Face and Red Handed, and the bottles come uncommonly shaped with distinctive labels featuring Manfred Krankl's own artwork. Founded in 1994 by Manfred Krankl and his wife Elaine. The Krankls began making their own wines in 1994 due to personal interest and with the added benefit of being able, if the wines were good enough, to sell them to the successful Mediterranean-themed Los Angeles restaurant Campanile, which Manfred co-founded and managed,. Beginning with several self described "project wines" made in partnership with John Alban and other vintners, initial production was approximately 100 cases. After several experiments with white varietals, Rhone red varietals and even Pinot noir, the Krankls found their sweet spot in 1995 with a predominantly Syrah-based blend that earned a 95 point rating from Robert Parker. Manfred was also a co-founder of La Brea Bakery. Sale of a portion of his ownership position in LaBrea enabled him to focus on wine-making full-time, at which point total production, diversity of releases, and competency with the full spectrum of Rhone (and other) varietals steadily increased. Sourcing fruit from a wide variety of growers from year to year, and increasingly from their own vineyards has caused the winery to never make exactly the same wine twice, about which Krankl has said, "People buy Sine Qua Non. They don't seem to give a toot where it's from". A tradition at Sine Qua Non is that each wine has a distinct name, label and often bottle style. Each label is hand made by Manfred with linocut art work of his own creation. This process requires each year's wine's names and labels to be individually approved by the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, an unpredictable process subject to the whims and vagaries of regulators. Despite numerous and seemingly random rejections, Krankl has persisted with this expensive and time consuming process, creating a colorful, diverse and oftentimes humorous body of label art. Sine Qua Non's Syrahs were among the first American Syrahs to create significant interest and trading volume in the worldwide wine auction market. From the second quarter of 1999 to early 2008, the value of SQN wines at auctions appreciated by 163% in contrast to the 128% appreciation rate during the same period of other collectible wines listed on the Wine Spectator Auction Index. By 2015 three half bottles of the 2002 Rosé (not normally a variety that attracts high prices at auction) sold for $4,200. Sine Qua Non's first winery, located in a nondescript warehouse at the back of an industrial facility in North Ventura, has been described by Robert Parker as "a facility that looks like a Mad Max movie set". Over the years the Krankls have steadily purchased or leased their own terroir with the goal of obtaining total control over the growth and supply of their grapes. Currently they manage several vineyards including an approximately 10 planted acre plot at their home facility in Oakview, CA, just inland from Ventura, CA, and another approximately 20 planted acre plot in the Santa Rita Hills region near Buellton, CA. In 2012 a major new winery facility was completed on the Krankl's Oak View, CA lands and most vinification was relocated there from the initial Ventura winery location. In collaboration with Austrian winemaker Alois Kracher, Manfred and Elaine Krankl have also produced sweet wines under the label "Mr. K" (after the surnames of the two winemakers). Krankl announced that this program would end with the release of the 2006 vintage due to the untimely passing of Kracher. The red wines have typically included the grape varieties of Syrah, Grenache and Mourvedre. The white wines are typically made from Roussanne, Viognier and Marsanne. Sine Qua Non also produced a Pinot noir for several years, but discontinued that program after the 2005 vintage. In certain vintages, the winery has also release a rosé made predominantly from the Grenache varietal. In the late 2000s, Sine Qua Non began releasing Syrah and Grenache blends with extended barrel aging (EBA). These wines are held in barrel or cask for at least two and sometimes up to six years prior to bottling and release. The annual production of Sine Qua Non averages 3,500 cases (310 hL), or approximately one hundred and forty standard sixty gallon barrels, a quantity the Krankls call the maximum possible given their non-scalable, personal, hands-on tending of the entire winemaking process, including literally each vine and cluster of grapes in all vineyards from which they derive fruit.
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Lee-Anne Summers es una actriz, modelo y productora cinematográfica sudafricana.

Biografía
Summers inició su carrera a una temprana edad cuando apareció en un comercial para Walt Disney World. Más adelante estudió artes dramáticas en la Escuela St. Andrews de Johannesburgo, donde empezó a involucrarse en diversas obras de teatro. A mediados de la década de 2000 logró repercusión en su país luego de aparecer en las películas Prey y Big Fellas y en la serie de televisión Stellenbosch, en la que interpretó el papel de Anneke Keppel. En la década de 2010 registró apariciones en producciones para cine como Safari, Weapon of Choice, Momentum y Hello Au Revoir y para televisión como Binnelanders, Grow y Rhythm City.

Filmografía destacada

Cine y televisión

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actrices de Sudáfrica
Actores de cine de Sudáfrica
Actores de televisión de Sudáfrica
Productores de cine de Sudáfrica

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Halt the rise in diabetes and obesity. The following 10 elements or characteristics are used to assess and describe the strength of nutrition governance: The source of benefits is important due to potential discrimination in the labour market if employers have to bear the full costs. One dollar invested in interventions targeting stunting would bring about 10 dollars in economic benefits; one dollar invested in anemia prevention can yield up to 12 dollars, and one dollar invested in improving exclusive breastfeeding can yield as much as 35 dollars. Global iodine status in and trends over the past decade. We will work through things to worry about and what not to worry about, with the aim to improve your confidence in nursing the ophthalmic patient. For others, the future is less certain.
The Secretariat ensures effective coordination between national SUN civil society alliances, SUN movement networks and the wider nutrition community. The secretariat also collects the latest updates from national civil society alliances and identifies global opportunities to share learnings. The network includes national civil society alliances in 39 countries as well as 4 regional coordination groups. In Kyrgyzstan and Indonesia, for example, alliances have successfully lobbied for the inclusion of breastfeeding indicators in national plans;.
In Myanmar and Cambodia CSAs have advocated for and supported the government in establishing monitoring mechanisms via the use of mobile phone apps, to ensure enforcement;. Award ceremonies recognising effective coverage of nutrition issues have been held in Tanzania and Ethiopia. Without the civil society network, the SUN Movement cannot be called a multistakeholder approach.
For others, the future is less certain. The key priority for the next year will be securing funding to ensure the sustainability of the network and to enable the delivery of national plans;. The development of a network of parliamentary champions who will work closely with civil society to advocate for national progress;. Latest News Blogs In Practice. In addition, the negative consequences of iron-deficiency anaemia on the cognitive and physical development of children and on physical performance - particularly the work productivity of adults - are major concerns.
Anaemia is a global problem affecting all countries. Resource-poor areas are often more heavily impacted due to the prevalence of infectious diseases. The main risk factors for iron-deficiency anaemia include a low dietary intake of iron or poor absorption of iron from diets rich in phytates or phenolic compounds. Population groups with greater iron requirements, such as growing children and pregnant women, are particularly at risk.
Overall, the most vulnerable, poorest and least educated groups are disproportionately affected by iron-deficiency anaemia. Prevalence cut-off values for public health significance. No public health problem. Mild public health problem. Moderate public health problem. Severe public health problem. Stevens GA et al. Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for Lancet Global Health ; ; 1: Data about haemoglobin and anaemia for women of childbearing age 15—49 years were estimated for each country and for each year between and using survey data obtained from population-representative data sources from countries worldwide.
A Bayesian hierarchical mixture model was used to estimate haemoglobin distributions and systematically addressed missing data, non-linear time trends, and representativeness of data sources. More information on the methodology can be found in: Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity.
Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System. Cut-off values for public health significance. Vitamin A deficiency results from inadequate dietary intake of vitamin A to satisfy physiological needs. It may be exacerbated by high rates of infection, especially diarrhoea and measles. It is common in developing countries but rarely seen in developed countries. Vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem in more than half of all countries, especially those in Africa and South-East Asia, most severely affecting young children and pregnant women in low-income countries.
Vitamin A deficiency can be defined clinically or subclinically. The stages of xerophthalmia [clinical spectrum of ocular manifestations of vitamin A deficiency, from the milder stages of night blindness and Bitot spots to the potentially blinding stages of corneal xerosis, ulceration and necrosis keratomalacia ] are regarded both as disorders and clinical indicators of vitamin A deficiency.
Night blindness in which it is difficult or impossible to see in relatively low light is one of the clinical signs of vitamin A deficiency and is common during pregnancy in developing countries.
Retinol is the main circulating form of vitamin A in blood and plasma. Serum retinol levels reflect liver vitamin A stores when they are severely depleted or extremely high, but between these extremes, plasma or serum retinol is homeostatically controlled and therefore does not always correlate well with vitamin A intake.
Therefore, serum retinol is best used for the assessment of subclinical vitamin A deficiency in a population not an individual. Blood concentrations of retinol the chemical name for vitamin A in plasma or serum are used to assess subclinical vitamin A deficiency. Night blindness is one of the first signs of vitamin A deficiency. In its more severe forms, vitamin A deficiency contributes to blindness by making the cornea very dry and damaging the retina and cornea.
An estimated — vitamin A-deficient children become blind every year, and half of them die within 12 months of losing their sight. Vitamin A deficiency also contributes to maternal mortality and other poor outcomes of pregnancy and lactation.
Furthermore, it diminishes the ability to fight infections. Even mild, subclinical deficiency can be a problem, as it may increase children's risk for respiratory and diarrhoeal infections, decrease growth rates, slow bone development and decrease the likelihood of survival from serious illness. Serum or plasma retinol. Night blindness XN in pregnant women. Micronutrients Database [online database].
The new database is not yet publically available and the NLIS country profiles have not yet been updated. Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk — Serum retinol concentrations for determining the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations.
Xerophthalmia and night blindness for the assessment of clinical vitamin A deficiency in individuals and populations. Vitamin A deficiency, list of publications. Trends and mortality effects of vitamin A deficiency in children in low-income and middle-income countries between and This indicator allows an assessment of iodine deficiency at the population level. Iodine is an essential trace element that is present on the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodotyronine.
It occurs most frequently in areas where there is little iodine in the diet—typically remote inland areas where no marine foods are eaten. Although goitre assessment by palpation or ultrasound may be useful for assessing thyroid function, results are difficult to interpret once salt iodization programmes have started.
The median urinary iodine concentration is considered the main indicator of iodine status for all age groups, because its measurement is relatively non-invasive, cost-efficient and easy to perform.
Since the majority of iodine absorbed by the body is excreted in the urine, it is considered a sensitive marker of current iodine intake and can reflect recent changes in iodine status. Median urinary iodine concentrations have been most commonly measured in school children aged 6—12 years due to their easy access. During the neonatal period, childhood and adolescence, iodine deficiency disorders can lead to hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Serious iodine deficiency during pregnancy can result in stillbirth, spontaneous abortion and congenital abnormalities such as cretinism, a grave, irreversible form of mental retardation that affects people living in iodine-deficient areas of Africa and Asia.
Of even greater significance is the less visible, yet pervasive, mental impairment that reduces intellectual capacity at home, in school and at work. Cut-off values for public health significance in different target groups. Concentration cut-off values for public health significance. May pose a slight risk of more than adequate iodine intake in these populations. Risk of adverse health consequences iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, autoimmune thyroid disease. Urinary iodine concentrations for determining iodine status deficiency in populations.
Goitre as a determinant of the prevalence and severity of iodine deficiency disorders in populations. Iodine deficiency, list of publications. Global iodine status in and trends over the past decade.
In NLIS, it is used as a proxy for access to health services and maternal care. The indicator gives the percentage of live births attended by skilled health personnel in a given period. A skilled birth attendant is an accredited health professional—such as a midwife, doctor or nurse—who has been educated and trained to proficiency in the skills needed to manage normal uncomplicated pregnancies, childbirth and the immediate postnatal period, and in the identification, management and referral of women and newborns for complications.
In developed countries and in many urban areas in developing countries, skilled care at delivery is usually provided in health facilities. Births do, however, take place in various other appropriate places, from home to tertiary referral centres, depending on availability and need.
WHO does not recommend a particular setting for giving birth. Home delivery may be appropriate for normal births, provided that the person attending the delivery is suitably trained and equipped and that referral to a higher level of care is an option, however this may lead to an overestimation of births attended by skilled personal as infants delivered outside of a health facility may not have their birth method recorded. All women should have access to skilled care during pregnancy and at delivery to ensure the detection and management of complications.
One woman dies needlessly of pregnancy-related causes every minute, representing more than half a million mothers lost each year, a figure that has improved little over the past few decades.
Another 8 million or more suffer life-long health consequences from the complications of pregnancy. The lack of progress in reducing maternal mortality in many countries often reflects the low value placed on the lives of women and their limited role in setting public priorities. The lives of many women in developing countries could be saved by reproductive health interventions that people in rich countries take for granted, such as the presence of skilled health personnel at delivery.
Improved sanitation facilit ies and drinking-water sources. What do these indicators tell us? These indicators are the percentage of population with access to an improved drinking-water source and improved sanitation facilities. How are they defined? Improved drinking-water sources are defined in terms of the types of technology and levels of services that are likely to provide safe water.
Improved water sources include household connections, public standpipes, boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs and rainwater collection. Unimproved water sources are unprotected wells, unprotected springs, vendor-provided water, bottled water unless water for other uses is available from an improved source and tanker truck-provided water.
Improved sanitation facilities are defined in terms of the types of technology and levels of services that are likely to be sanitary. Improved sanitation includes connection to a public sewers, connection to septic systems, pour-flush latrines, simple pit latrines and ventilated improved pit latrines. Service or bucket latrines from which excreta are removed manually , public latrines and open latrines are not considered to be improved sanitation.
Access to safe drinking-water and improved sanitation are fundamental needs and human rights vital for the dignity and health of all people. The health and economic benefits of a safe water supply to households and individuals especially children are well documented. Both indicators are used to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goals.
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. World Health Statistics, Children aged 1 y ear immunized against measles. Estimates of vaccination coverage of children aged 1 year are used to monitor vaccination services, to guide disease eradication and elimination programmes and as indicators of health system performance. Measles vaccination coverage is defined as the percentage of 1-year-olds who have received at least one dose of measles-containing vaccine in a given year.
In countries that recommend that the first dose be given to children over 12 months of age, the indicator is calculated as the proportion of children under 24 months of age receiving one dose of measles-containing vaccine. Measles is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable childhood deaths, and unvaccinated populations are at risk for the disease. Measles is a significant infectious disease because it is so contagious that the number of people who would suffer complications after an outbreak among nonimmune people would quickly overwhelm available hospital resources.
When vaccination rates fall, the number of nonimmune persons in the community rises, and the risk for an outbreak of measles consequently rises. Millennium Development Goals indicators database. This indicator reflects the percentage of women who consumed any iron-containing supplements during the current or past pregnancy within the last 2 years.
It provides information about the quality and coverage of perinatal medical services. Daily iron and folic acid supplementation is currently recommended by WHO as part of antenatal care to reduce the risk of low birth weight, maternal anaemia and iron deficiency.
However, despite its proven efficacy and wide inclusion in antenatal care programmes, its use has been limited in programme settings, possibly due to a lack of compliance, concerns about the safety of the intervention among women with an adequate iron intake, and variable availability of the supplements at community level. This indicator is included as a process indicator in the core set of indicators for the Global Nutrition Monitoring Framework. The indicator is defined as the proportion of women who consumed any iron-containing supplements during the current or past pregnancy within the last 2 years.
Data can be reported on any iron-containing supplement including iron and folic acid tablets IFA , multiple micronutrient tablets or powders, or iron-only tablets which will vary by country policy. Improving the intake of iron and folic acid by women of reproductive age could improve pregnancy outcomes and enhance maternal and infant health. Iron and folic acid supplementation improve iron and folate status of women before and during pregnancy, in communities where food-based strategies are not yet fully implemented or effective.
Folic acid supplementation with or without iron provided before pregnancy and during the first trimester of pregnancy is also recommended for decreasing the risk of neural tube defects. Anaemia during pregnancy places women at risk for poor pregnancy outcomes, including maternal mortality and also increases the risks for perinatal mortality, premature birth and low birth weight. Infants born to anaemic mothers have less than one half the normal iron reserves.
Morbidity from infectious diseases is increased in iron-deficient populations, because of the adverse effect of iron deficiency on the immune system. Iron deficiency is also associated with reduced work capacity and with reduced neurocognitive development.
Demographic and Health Surveys. Global Nutrition Monitoring Framework: Operational guidance for tracking progress in meeting targets for Children with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration therapy.
This indicator is the prevalence of children with diarrhoea who received oral rehydration therapy. It is the proportion of children aged 0—59 months who had diarrhoea and were treated with oral rehydration salts or an appropriate household solution. The terms used for diarrhoea should cover the expressions used for all forms of diarrhoea, including bloody stools consistent with dysentery and watery stools, and should encompasses mothers' definitions as well as local terms.
Diarrhoeal diseases remain one of the major causes of mortality among children under 5, accounting for 1. As oral rehydration therapy is a critical component of effective management of diarrhoea, monitoring coverage with this highly cost—effective intervention indicates progress on an intermediate outcome indicator of the Global Nutrition Targets, prevalence of diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age.
Children with diarrhoea receiving zinc. This indicator reflects the prevalence of children who were given zinc as part of treatment for acute diarrhoea. Unfortunately, there are no readily available data on this indicator, which is maintained in the NLIS to encourage countries to collect and compile data on these aspects in order to assess their national capacity. Measures to prevent childhood diarrhoeal episodes include promoting zinc intake.
Diarrhoeal diseases account for nearly 2 million deaths a year among children under 5, making them the second most-common cause of child death worldwide. The greater the prevalence of zinc supplementation during diarrhoea treatment, the better the outcome of treatment for diarrhoea. WHO and the United Nations Children's Fund UNICEF recommend exclusive breastfeeding, vitamin A supplementation, improved hygiene, better access to cleaner sources of drinking-water and sanitation facilities and vaccination against rotavirus in the clinical management of acute diarrhoea and also the use of zinc, which is safe and effective.
Specifically, zinc supplements given during an episode of acute diarrhoea reduce the duration and severity of the episode, and giving zinc supplements for days lowers the incidence of diarrhoea in the following months. Currently no data are available. The impact of zinc supplementation on childhood mortality and severe morbidity. Report of a workshop to review the results of three large studies. Geneva , World Health Organization, Children aged months receiving v itamin A supplements. These indicators are the proportion of children aged months who received one and two doses of vitamin A supplements, respectively.
The indicators are defined as the proportion of children aged months who received one or two high doses of vitamin A supplements within 1 year. Current international recommendations call for high-dose vitamin A supplementation every months for all children between the ages of 6 and 59 months living in affected areas. The recommended doses are IU for month-old children and IU for those aged months. Programmes to control vitamin A deficiency enhance children's chances of survival, reduce the severity of childhood illnesses, ease the strain on health systems and hospitals and contribute to the well-being of children, their families and communities.
The World Summit for Children set the goal of virtual elimination of vitamin A deficiency and its consequences, including blindness, by the year The critical role of vitamin A for child health and immune function also makes control of deficiency a primary component of efforts to improve child survival and therefore of the achievement of the fourth Millennium Development Goal, a two-thirds reduction in mortality of children under 5 by the year As there is strong evidence that supplementation with vitamin A reduces child mortality, measuring the proportion of children who have received vitamin A within the past 6 months can be used to monitor coverage with interventions for achieving the child survival-related Millennium Development Goals.
Supplementation with vitamin A is a safe, cost-effective, efficient means for eliminating its deficiency and improving child survival. Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. These indicators are the proportion of children aged months who received one or two doses of vitamin A supplements. The indicator reflects the proportion of babies born in facilities that have been designated as Baby-friendly. Proportion of births in Baby-friendly facilities is included as a process indicator in the core set of indicators for the Global Nutrition Monitoring Framework.
This indicator is defined as the proportion of babies born in facilities designated as Baby-friendly in a calendar year. To be counted as currently Baby-friendly, the facility must have been designated within the last five years or been reassessed within that timeframe. Facilities may be designed as Baby-friendly if they meet the minimum Global Criteria, which includes adherence to the Ten Steps for Successful Breastfeeding and the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes.
The Ten steps include having a breastfeeding policy that is routinely communicated to staff, having staff trained on policy implementation, informing pregnant women on the benefits and management of breastfeeding, promoting early initiation of breastfeeding, among others. The International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes restricts the distribution of free infant formula and promotional materials from infant formula companies.
The more of the Steps that the mother experiences, the better her success with breastfeeding. Improved breastfeeding practices worldwide could save the lives of over children every year.
National implementation of the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative. Implementation of the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative. Mothers of children months receiving counselling, support or messages on optimal breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is an unequalled way of providing ideal food for the healthy growth and development of infants; it is also an integral part of the reproductive process with important implications for the health of mothers.
Optimal practices include early initiation of breastfeeding within 1 hour, exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months followed by appropriate complementary with continued breastfeeding for 2 years or beyond. Even though it is a natural act, breastfeeding is also a learned behaviour. Virtually all mothers can breastfeed provided they have accurate information, and support within their families and communities and from the health care system. This indicator has been established to measure the proportion of mothers receiving breastfeeding counselling, support or messages.
The proportion of mothers of children months who have received counselling, support or messages on optimal breastfeeding at least once in the previous 12 months is included as a process indicator in the core set of indicators for the Global Nutrition Monitoring Framework. The indicator gives the percentage of mothers of children aged months who have received counselling, support or messages on optimal breastfeeding at least once in the last year.
Counseling and informational support on optimal breastfeeding practices for mothers has been demonstrated to improve initiation and duration of breastfeeding, which in has many health benefits for both the mother and infant.
Breast milk contains all the nutrients an infant needs in the first six months of life. Breastfeeding protects against diarrhoea and common childhood illnesses such as pneumonia, and may also have longer-term health benefits for the mother and child, such as reducing the risk of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence.
Breastfeeding has also been associated with higher intelligence quotient IQ in children. Salt iodization has been adopted as the main strategy for eliminating iodine-deficiency disorders as a public health problem, and the aim is to achieve universal salt iodization. While other foodstuffs can be iodized, salt has the advantage of being widely consumed and inexpensive.
Salt has been iodized routinely in some industrialized countries since the s. This indicator is a measure of whether a fortification programme is reaching the target population adequately. The indicator is a measure of the percentage of households consuming iodized salt, defined as salt containing parts per million of iodine.
Iodine deficiency is most commonly and visibly associated with thyroid problems e. Consumption of iodized salt increased in the developing world during the past decade: This means that about 84 million newborns are now being protected from learning disabilities due to iodine-deficiency disorders. Monitoring the situation of women and children. Sustainable elimination of iodine deficiency disorders by Micronutrient deficiencies, iodine deficiency disorders.
Population with less than the minimum dietary energy consumption. This indicator is the percentage of the population whose food intake falls below the minimum level of dietary energy requirements, and who therefore are undernourished or food-deprived. The estimates of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO of the prevalence of undernourishment are essentially measures of food deprivation based on calculations of three parameters for each country: The average amount of food available for human consumption is derived from national 'food balance sheets' compiled by FAO each year, which show how much of each food commodity a country produces, imports and withdraws from stocks for other, non-food purposes.
FAO then divides the energy equivalent of all the food available for human consumption by the total population, to derive average daily energy consumption. Data from household surveys are used to derive a coefficient of variation to account for the degree of inequality in access to food. Similarly, because a large adult needs almost twice as much dietary energy as a 3-year-old child, the minimum energy requirement per person in each country is based on age, gender and body sizes in that country.
The average energy requirement is the amount of food energy needed to balance energy expenditure in order to maintain body weight, body composition and levels of necessary and desirable physical activity consistent with long-term good health. It includes the energy needed for the optimal growth and development of children, for the deposition of tissues during pregnancy and for the secretion of milk during lactation consistent with the good health of the mother and child. The recommended level of dietary energy intake for a population group is the mean energy requirement of the healthy, well-nourished individuals who constitute that group.
FAO reports the proportion of the population whose daily food intake falls below that minimum energy requirement as 'undernourished'.
Trends in undernourishment are due mainly to: The indicator is a measure of an important aspect of food insecurity in a population.
Sustainable development requires a concerted effort to reduce poverty, including solutions to hunger and malnutrition. Alleviating hunger is a prerequisite for sustainable poverty reduction, as undernourishment seriously affects labour productivity and earning capacity.
Malnutrition can be the outcome of a range of circumstances. In order for poverty reduction strategies to be effective, they must address food access, availability and safety. Rome, October The State of Food Insecurity in the World Economic growth is necessary but not sufficient to accelerate reduction of hunger and malnutrition.
FAO methodology to estimate the prevalence of undernourishment. FAO, Rome, 9 October Infant and young child feeding. The recommendations for feeding infants and young children 6—23 months include: The caring practice indicators for infant and young child feeding available on the NLIS country profiles include: Early initiation of breastfeeding.
This indicator is the percentage of infants who are put to the breast within 1 hour of birth. Breastfeeding contributes to saving children's lives, and there is evidence that delayed initiation of breastfeeding increases their risk for mortality.
Infants under 6 months who are exclusively breastfed. This indicator is the percentage of infants aged 0—5 months who are exclusively breastfed. It is the proportion of infants aged 0—5 months who are fed exclusively on breast milk and no other food or drink, including water. The infant is however, allowed to receive ORS and drops and syrups containing vitamins, minerals and medicine. Exclusive breastfeeding is an unequalled way of providing the ideal food for the healthy growth and development of infants; it is also an integral part of the reproductive process, with important implications for the health of mothers.
An expert review of evidence showed that, on a population basis, exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months is the optimal way of feeding infants. Breast milk is the natural first food for infants. It provides all the energy and nutrients that the infant needs for the first months of life. Breast milk promotes sensory and cognitive development and protects the infant against infectious and chronic diseases. Exclusive breastfeeding reduces infant mortality due to common childhood illnesses, such as diarrhoea and pneumonia, and leads to quicker recovery from illness.
Breastfeeding contributes to the health and well-being of mothers, by helping to space children, reducing their risks for ovarian and breast cancers and saving family and national resources.
It is a secure way of feeding and is safe for the environment. Infants aged 6—8 months who receive solid, semisolid or soft foods.
WHO recommends starting complementary feeding at 6 months of age. It is defined as the proportion of infants aged 6—8 months who receive solid, semisolid or soft foods. When breast milk alone no longer meets the nutritional needs of the infant, complementary foods should be added.
This is a very vulnerable period, and it is the time when malnutrition often starts, contributing significantly to the high prevalence of malnutrition among children under 5 worldwide. Children aged 6—23 months who receive a minimum dietary diversity. This indicator is the percentage of children aged 6—23 months who receive a minimum dietary diversity. As per revised recommendation by TEAM in June , dietary diversity is present when the diet contained five or more of the following food groups: Children aged 6—23 months who receive a minimum acceptable diet.
This indicator is the percentage of children aged 6—23 months who receive a minimum acceptable diet. Proportion of children aged months who receive a minimum acceptable diet is included as a process indicator in the core set of indicators for the Global Nutrition Monitoring Framework.
The composite indicator of a minimum acceptable diet is calculated from: Dietary diversity is present when the diet contained four or more of the following food groups: The minimum daily meal frequency is defined as: A minimum acceptable diet is essential to ensure appropriate growth and development for feeding infants and children aged 6—23 months.
Without adequate diversity and meal frequency, infants and young children are vulnerable to malnutrition, especially stunting and micronutrient deficiencies, and to increased morbidity and mortality. Source of all infant and young child feeding indicators.
Infant and Young Child Feeding database. Infant and young child feeding list of publications. Global Nutrition Monitoring Framework. Children with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration therapy and continued feeding.
This indicator is the prevalence of children with diarrhoea who received oral rehydration therapy and continued feeding. It is the proportion of children aged months who had diarrhoea and were treated with oral rehydration salts or an appropriate household solution and continued feeding.
As oral rehydration therapy is a critical component of effective management of diarrhoea, monitoring coverage with this highly cost-effective intervention indicates progress towards the child survival-related Millennium Development Goals.
Health expenditure includes that for the provision of health services, family planning activities, nutrition activities and emergency aid designated for health, but excludes the provision of water and sanitation. Health financing is a critical component of health systems. National health accounts provide a large set of indicators based on information on expenditure collected within an internationally recognized framework.
National health accounts consist of a synthesis of the financing and spending flows recorded in the operation of a health system, from funding sources and agents to the distribution of funds between providers and functions of health systems and benefits geographically, demographically, socioeconomically and epidemiologically.
General government expenditure on health as a percentage of total government expenditure is the proportion of total government expenditure on health. General government expenditure includes consolidated direct and indirect outlays, such as subsidies and transfers, including capital, of all levels of government social security institutions, autonomous bodies and other extrabudgetary funds. It consists of recurrent and capital spending from government central and local budgets, external borrowings and grants including donations from international agencies and nongovernmental organizations and social or compulsory health insurance funds.
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. Public health expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spending from government central and local budgets, external borrowings and grants including donations from international agencies and nongovernmental organizations and social or compulsory health insurance funds. Private health expenditure is the sum of outlays for health by private entities, such as commercial or mutual health insurance providers, non-profit institutions serving households, resident corporations and quasi-corporations not controlled by government involved in health services delivery or financing, and direct household out-of-pocket payments.
These indicators reflect total and public expenditure on health resources, access and services, including nutrition. Although increasing health expenditures are associated with better health outcomes, especially in low-income countries, there is no 'recommended' level of spending on health. The larger the per capita income, the greater the expenditure on health.
Some countries, however, spend appreciably more than would be expected from their income levels, and some appreciably less. When a government spends little of its GDP or attributes less of its total expenditure on health, this may indicate that health, including nutrition , are not regarded as priorities. National health accounts - World Health Statistics, http: Human development report http: Core health indicators http: Human development report indicator glossary for indicator 3.
Wealth, health and health expenditure. General government expenditure on health as a percentage of total government expenditure is defined as the level of general government expenditure on health GGHE expressed as a percentage of total government expenditure. The indicator contributes to understanding the weight of public spending on health within the total value of public sector operations. It includes not just the resources channelled through government budgets but also the expenditure on health by parastatals, extrabudgetary entities and notably the compulsory health insurance.
The indicator refers to resources collected and pooled by public agencies including all the revenue modalities. The indicator provides information on the level of resources channelled to health relative to a country's wealth.
These indicators reflect government and total expenditure on health resources, access and services, including nutrition, in relation to government expenditure, the wealth of the country, and per capita. When a government attributes less of its total expenditure on health, this may indicate that health, including nutrition , are not regarded as priorities.
UNDAFs usually focus on three to five areas in which the country team can make the greatest difference, in addition to activities supported by other agencies in response to national demands but which fall outside the common UNDAF results matrix.
For each national priority selected for United Nations country team support, the UNDAF results matrix gives the outcome s , the outcomes and outputs of other agencies working alone or together, the role of partners, resource mobilization targets for each agency outcome and coordination mechanisms and programme modalities.
The nutrition component of the UNDAF reflects the priority attributed to nutrition by the United Nations agencies in a country and is an indication of how much the United Nations system is committed to helping governments improve their food and nutrition situation. The indicator is "strong", "medium" or "weak", depending on the degree to which nutrition is being addressed in the expected outcomes and outputs in the UNDAF.
UNDAF documents follow a predefined format, with a core narrative and a results matrix. The matrix lists the high-level expected results 'the UNDAF outcomes' , the outcomes to be reached by agencies working alone or together and agency outputs.
The results matrix the UNDAF document was used to assess commitment to nutrition , because it represents a synthesis of the strategy proposed in the document and is available in the same format in most country documents.
The outcomes and outputs specifically related to nutrition were identified and counted. The outputs were compared with the evidence-based interventions to reduce maternal and child under nutrition recommended in the Lancet Nutrition Series Bhutta et al. The method and scoring are described in detail by Engesveen et al.
What are the implications? A weak nutrition component in the UNDAF document does not necessarily imply that no United Nations agency in the country is working to improve nutrition ; however, unless such efforts are mentioned in strategy documents like the UNDAF, they may receive inadequate attention from development partners to ensure the necessary sustainability or scale-up to adequately address nutrition problems in the country.
The multisectoral nature of nutrition means that it must be addressed by a wide range of actors. Basing such action in frameworks for overall development contributes to ensuring the accountability of United Nations partners. Interventions for maternal and child under nutrition and survival. The Lancet Engesveen K et al. SCN News , Nutrition component of poverty reduction strategy papers.
The poverty reduction strategy approach was introduced in to empower governments to set their own priorities and to encourage donors to provide predictable, harmonized assistance aligned with country priorities. The PRSP should state the development priorities and specify the policies, programmes and resources needed to meet the goals. It is prepared by governments in a participatory process involving civil society and development partners, including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, and should result in a comprehensive, country-based strategy for poverty reduction.
The indicator is "strong", "medium" or "weak", depending on the degree to which nutrition is addressed in the PRSP, in terms of recognition of under nutrition as a development problem, use of information on nutrition to analyse poverty and support for appropriate nutrition policies, strategies and programmes.
The papers were systematically searched for key words to identify the parts that concerned nutrition , food security , health outcomes and interventions that would be relevant for the World Bank method. In order to classify the commitments to nutrition in the PRSPs, a scoring system was developed, which is described in more detail by Engesveen et al. The emphasis given to nutrition in PRSPs reflects the extent to which the government considers it essential to improve nutrition for poverty reduction and national development.
In other words, it can be an indication of the government's priority for improving nutrition. A strong nutrition component in a PRSP means that the government considers nutrition a priority for poverty reduction and national development.


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Edith Spurlock Sampson, America's first Black female Judge.
Edith Spurlock Sampson (c.1898-1979) became America's first Black female judge after succeeding as a social worker, a lawyer, and an international advocate for democracy and free market trade. As a representative of the State Department during the Cold War, Sampson traveled around the world, defending the United States against Soviet propaganda. As a judge, she was known as a compassionate, efficient, and powerful mediator.
Edith Spurlock Sampson
Sampson was born Edith Spurlock in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on October 13 1898. {{Note: the exact year is unknown. It was probably earlier than 1901, because some sources say her younger brother was born in 1900.}} She was one of eight children born to Louis Spurlock and Elizabeth McGruder Spurlock. Louis Spurlock was a shipping clerk in a cleaning and dying business. Elizabeth Spurlock worked at home making buckram hat frames and switches of false hair. The family worked hard, owned its own home, attended church, and obeyed the law. Sampson told Readers Digest, "I suppose we were poor, but we never knew it. We wore hand-me-down clothes, and we all worked."
At age 14, Sampson left school and got her first full-time job, cleaning and deboning fish in a fish market. She eventually resumed her education, earned good grades, and graduated from Peabody High School.
After Sampson graduated, her Sunday school teacher helped her get a job with Associated Charities, a New York social work organization. Associated Charities arranged for her to attend the New York School of Social Work. There, she excelled in a criminology class taught by George W. Kirchwey of Columbia University School of Law. He told her she would make a good attorney and advised her to enroll in law school. Instead, Sampson completed her social work degree.
After she graduated from college, Sampson married Rufus Sampson, a field agent for the Tuskegee Institute, and the couple moved to Chicago. Sampson worked with the Illinois Children's Home and Aid Society and the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA). She worked with neglected and abused children, placing them in foster and adoptive homes. When Kirchwey passed through Chicago to deliver a speech, her former instructor again encouraged her to pursue a law career. This time, she followed his advice and enrolled in the John Marshall Law School, attending classes at night while working full-time as a social worker. She excelled in law school and received a special dean's commendation for ranking highest among the 95 students in her jurisprudence class.
Eventually, her marriage to Rufus Sampson ended in divorce, but she retained his name throughout her life. She never had children of her own but raised her sister's two children after her sister died.
Sampson received her bachelor of law degree in 1925 and took the bar exam but failed. She attributed the failure to overconfidence and later said failing the exam was the best thing that could have happened because it motivated her to work harder. She enrolled at Loyola University law school and in 1927 became the first woman to earn a master of law degree from that university. That same year, she passed the bar exam and was admitted to the Illinois bar.
While in graduate school at Loyola, Sampson had worked as a probation officer. In 1927, she opened her own law firm on the south side of Chicago while also working as a referee for the Juvenile Court of Cook County. She said working with the court taught her the practical side of law. Her law firm specialized in criminal law and domestic relations, offering legal advice to many poor, African American people who could not otherwise afford it.
In 1934, Sampson was admitted to practice before the U.S. Supreme Court. She was one of the first African American women to earn this distinction. In 1938, she and Georgia Jones Ellis became the first African Americans to join the Chicago chapter of the National Association of Women Lawyers. Sampson joined many other professional and civic organizations, including the League of Women Voters, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and the National Council of Negro Women. In 1947, Sampson was appointed assistant state's attorney of Cook County.
In 1934, Sampson married attorney Joseph Clayton. The couple worked as law partners for more than ten years. Clayton died in 1957.
During the late 1940s, when Sampson was serving as chairwoman of the executive committee of the National Council of Negro Women, she was selected to represent the group in a 72-day world lecture tour. The tour included representatives of various American groups who spoke out on current problems in radio broadcasts called "America's Town Meeting of the Air." Its purpose was to promote American democracy, countering Soviet Cold War propaganda.
Sampson overcame stage fright during the tour and spoke eloquently about democracy. She was often confronted with difficult questions about U.S. civil rights. The Soviet Union used America's record of racial discrimination as a tool against the United States. Sampson countered many misconceptions about African American people in America. She later commented that people seemed to think that African Americans were living behind barbed wire. Sampson pointed out the progress African Americans had made since emancipation and emphasized that she was a powerful example of a successful, educated African American.
When people criticized the United States for its civil rights record, she acknowledged problems, but defended democracy for what it offered African Americans. The New York Times reported that at one stop she quieted a heckler when she said, "You ask, do we get fair treatment? My answer is no. Just the same, I'd rather be a Negro in America than a citizen of any other country. In the past century we have made more progress than dark-skinned people anywhere else in the world."
During a speech Sampson made in Pakistan, the prime minister's wife collected $5,000 to offset Sampson's tour costs. Sampson graciously accepted the gift, then promptly donated it to the League of Pakistani Women for charitable work.
Portrait of Edith S. Sampson, photo by Carl Van Vechten, 1949.
When the tour ended in 1950, the World Town Hall Seminar became a permanent organization to promote democracy around the world, and Sampson was named its president. The trip changed her life. Although she still practiced law, it was no longer the sole focus of her career. She devoted herself to promoting peace and world unity.
Sampson's work with the World Town Hall Seminar caught the attention of President Harry S. Truman, who appointed her an alternate delegate to the fifth regular session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. She was the first African American woman to be named an official American representative to the U.N. She served on the U.N.'s Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee, which worked for land reform, reparation of prisoners, repatriation of Greek children, and efforts to stop governments' jamming of radio broadcasts. She was reappointed alternate delegate in 1952 and later was named member-at-large of the U.S. Commission for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) during President Dwight Eisenhower's administration.
Eleanor Roosevelt and Edith Sampson at United Nations in New York, 9/21/1950.
Sampson served as a spokesperson for the State Department throughout the 1950s. She visited Europe, the Middle East, and South America, addressing the status of African Americans. Ebony magazine called her "one of the country's most potent weapons against Communist distortion of the Negroes status in the U.S." Sampson strongly criticized Soviet distortions of the lives of African Americans. She once told Soviet U.N. delegate Andrei Vyshinsky, "We Negroes aren't interested in communism. We were slaves too long for that."
Sampson acknowledged racial discrimination in her speeches, but she chose to emphasize the positive aspects of democracy for African American people. She described a 1950 trip to Austria with Ebony magazine: "There were times when I had to bow my head in shame when talking about how some Negroes have been treated in the United States… . But I could truthfully point out that these cases, bad as they are, are the exceptions—the Negro got justice for every one where justice was denied. I could tell them that Negroes have a greater opportunity in America to work out their salvation than anywhere else in the world."
In 1961 and 1962, Sampson was appointed to serve on the United States Citizens Commission on the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). In 1964 and 1965, she was a member of the U.S. Advisory Committee on Private Enterprise in Foreign Aid.
Sampson was a friend and supporter of Chicago Mayor Richard Daley. This relationship helped her when she ran for a judegship and Chicago African American leader William Dawson opposed her. In 1962, Sampson became the first African American female judge in the United States when she was elected associate to the Municipal Court of Chicago. She handled divorce, custody, and other domestic disputes. She was known as a mediator who tried at all times to preserve families.
In 1966, Sampson was elected to a seat on the Circuit Court of Cook County, where she heard landlord-tenant disputes. She was the first African American woman to hold this position. She served poor neighborhoods of Chicago and quickly moved to clear up a huge backlog on the court docket, hearing as many as 10,000 cases a year. Although she handled cases quickly, she took an interest in the parties, offering social services referrals when needed. She tried to avoid evicting tenants if it was clear that they could not afford to pay their rent.
Some civil rights leaders criticized Sampson, saying that she downplayed the barriers African Americans faced and did not sufficiently support the country's civil rights movement. Sampson described her philosophy in Reader's Digest: "Don't tear down the old homestead until you have a clear idea of what you'll build in its place. Just because you are impatient with moving at only five mile an hour, it doesn't follow that accelerating to 150 will solve your problems. We are beginning to move. We haven't reached cruising speed yet; but we are moving toward a better America at an ever-increasing pace."
Sampson received several honorary degrees, including a doctor of law degree from the John Marshall Law School. She retired from the bench in 1978. Her favorite pastimes included interior decorating, playing canasta, canning preserves, and making jelly. Although she had no children, she was very close to her nieces and nephews. Two of her nephews became judges: Oliver Spurlock of Chicago and Charles T. Spurlock of Boston. Sampson died on October 8, 1979, in Chicago.
Compiled by Neil Gale, Ph.D.
Presented by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D. at 12/04/2018 05:54:00 PM
Living History of Illinois and Chicago® Black History, Chicago, Famous, Government, Women of Influence
Anonymous Wednesday, October 26, 2022 at 5:01:00 PM CDT
Black or White…who cares…This lady was one fine human being.
Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D. Thursday, October 27, 2022 at 9:10:00 AM CDT
It makes a difference when it's posted for Black History Month.
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This was the site of our "shakedown trip" with our new Airstream Classic, and we loved it. We found this state park to be conveniently located for us and were pleasantly surprised by the activities available. Excellent biking opportunities on paved paths, fire roads, and some well-maintained single track. Also good hiking on a varied trail network including the "Ice Age Trail". Good site for canoeing, kayaking and watersports. We had cool temps, but the beach looked to be a good summer option as well.
about Hartman Creek State Park?