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Home/argentina/They certify a case of brain fever in a 10-year-old daughter in San Juan – Diario La Provincia SJ
They certify a case of brain fever in a 10-year-old daughter in San Juan – Diario La Provincia SJ
November 28, 2018 argentina Comments Off on They certify a case of brain fever in a 10-year-old daughter in San Juan – Diario La Provincia SJ
A case of laboratory clinic was diagnosed with surgery on Tuesday with the range of Epidemiology Health Public of the province. This is a 10-year-old daughter that was released Thursday after a visit to the Children's Hospital. According to expert Mnica Jofr, the germ could not be remote but the examinations were distinctive for the bacteria that are drawn from person to person. This means it's not a shame.
For this, an antibiotic cure was introduced, which has so far removed from clinically and without fever, but the progress is still preserved. The child was first used in a common room and then was discharged to Children's Hospital Dental Treatment.
"The president of the guard confirmed that the two girls had a scheme of antibiotics for respiratory symptoms of two different antibiotic schemes, which clinically reinforced brain-brain and the laboratory but not He can not get the bacteria out, "he explained. AM1020 radio specialist.
The officer explained that he was the latex test test to know that any of these bacteria are so; affecting people and that was negative. "We know that he has a clinical and experimental brain fever, but not one of the person-to-face, which means that steps have not been taken", says he was a & # 39; Communicating with the Health Minister, Venerando, who spoke to her partner in the education sector, De Ross, talks about the school's immersion of her daughter ; Attend only "not a special sign for this case".
"There is nothing in defrosting, but the sheep are scared and scared, not a bacterium that is in the environment or in the school, a percentage of the population we carry , one who causes the disease, others are not, and others give it, "he finished.
The symptoms of illnesses in severe illnesses, it is a & n; disturbing artificial and natural light, which develops vmito in jet and fever. The ones who are responsible are advised; suffer from consulting the doctor and do not self-cure.
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Home Monthly Reports Attacks on Vital Facilities No Less than 119 Vital Facilities Targeted in May 2015
No Less than 119 Vital Facilities Targeted in May 2015
We documented 119 incidents where vital facilities were targeted during the month of May 2015 as follows:
A. Government forces: 95
B. Daesh: 18
C. Armed opposition: four
D. PYD: one
E. Unidentified groups: 1
The most notable facilities that were targeted in May:
27 Medical points, 21 schools, 17 houses of worship, 13 markets, 10 ambulances, five service vehicles, five governmental buildings, four SARC centers, three international organization centers, three ancient sites, two bakeries, two infrastructures, two embassies, one bridge, one civil defense center, 1 pharmaceutical factory, one garage, and one orphanage.
the Security Council failed to carry out Resolution 2139, adopted on 22 February, 2014, which states: "all parties immediately cease all attacks against civilians, as well as the indiscriminate employment of weapons in populated areas, including shelling and aerial bombardment, such as the use of barrel bombs.", the Security Council should at least press on government forces to stop targeting vital places, which are usually crowded, such as schools, hospitals, markets, bakeries, and places of worships. In this report, SNHR highlights the documented attacks against vital facilities. It is worth noting that what we documented was the minimum due to the many practical obstacles we run across during our work.
SNHR affirms, through its investigations, that there were no military points or presence in these places before or during the attacks. The Syrian regime, and the crimes perpetrators, should justify their brutal attacks before the United Nations and the Security Council.
full pdf report
Syrian-Russian Alliance Forces Target 31 Civil Defense Vital Facilities in the Fourth De-Escalation Zone in 11 Weeks
Idlib Governorate and its Environs Have Been Under Indiscriminate Bombardment for 11 Weeks and the Security Council Doesn't Act
The Most Notable Human Rights Violations in Syria in the First Half of 2019

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Term 3 starting 29 August 2017.
Learn how to make your own digital hazard "storymap" for your school or home.
Using free online tools, experts in digital mapping will show you how easy it is to map your distance from the sea for tsunami risk, contours and elevation for flooding and tsunami risk, distance to major fault lines for earthquake risk, and contours for landslide risk.
The experts will show you how to bring your map to life as you add photos of previous natural hazard events in your area.
Lastly, the experts will help you to interpret your map, firstly to assess your own risk of experiencing an earthquake, tsunami, flood or landslide at your school or home, and secondly how your map can help you to plan so you can recover quickly from such an event.
Take your primary or secondary students to Wellington. Like many places in New Zealand Wellington is at risk from a number of natural hazards. As well as being one of New Zealand's largest cities, with hundreds of thousands of people in the greater region, Wellington is also the seat of government and houses the head offices of many government departments who all have important roles to play when an emergency happens.
During this field trip, you will visit places around Wellington that are hazard-prone and find out what data and what information people and organisations need, to recover quickly from emergencies. Stand on a road overlooking a beach and work out where you will go in a tsunami. Find out how tsunami maps are made. Go downtown and inspect a main road that sits on a fault line. Find out how earthquake maps are made. Go to the Hutt River and see evidence of previous floods and how they are managed. Find out how flood maps are made.
Relate what you learn about Wellington to your own location. You will be able to use technology to find out where natural hazards exist, the areas they may affect and assess your own risk for earthquakes, tsunami and floods. If any of these emergencies happened in your area, work out what information you would need, what web sites you would go to and what apps and maps you could use so you can be more resilient to natural hazards and recover quickly from future events.
Resilience - what information is needed to help people and organisations recover quickly from a major event?
meet experts on natural hazards, resilience and/or location data from major organisations like GNS, Wellington City Council, Wellington Regional Council and Land Information New Zealand.
In 2017, you will go to Wellington to find out how location-based technology works and how it can help us to recover quickly from a natural hazard emergency.
Why Wellington? Wellington sits on a fault line, it is surrounded by hills, it is on the coast and has a major river in the Hutt Valley. So it is at risk from future earthquakes, tsunami and floods and has experienced all three in the past. Wellington is the perfect place to investigate resilience and how quickly the city, its region, its people and its organisations can recover from emergency events.
Go to more comments about related field trips.


The ashes were interred in 2014. The memorial is the creation of Carrboro sculptor Mike Roig, who works in what one might call the kinetic style.
As N&O/Durham News writer Jim Wise noted, the ashes were given to an American soldier in April 1945, when U.S. Army troops liberated the Dachau concentration camp north of Munich. The soldier kept them in a drawer for nigh 70 years.
Thanks to the soldier's son, the fate of a person or persons lost to Adolf Hitler's genocide won't be forgotten. More important, Roig's artwork will ensure that the gravesite itself can't be forgotten.
I visited Dachau one cold, rainy day in the fall of 1956, when I was a freshman at Munich American High School. I was too young to absorb the magnitude of evil that flourished at Dachau, opened in 1933 as the first of an archipelago of concentration camps.
But I do remember vividly the prisoners' barracks, the wall where so many were shot by SS troops, and the crematoria where their emaciated bodies were reduced to fine, gray flakes.
Dachau was never as large as Buchenwald and Auschwitz, which killed Jews and others deemed unworthy of life or service to the regime on an industrial scale. But Dachau didn't disappoint its masters.
What isn't generally known about the Nazi gulag is the extraordinary extent of it. All concentration camps had subcamps where able-bodied prisoners were farmed out to war industries.
Dachau alone had 123 subcamps in Bavaria. So when you hear someone say ordinary Germans didn't know they were living in the midst of genocide, don't believe it. They knew. Hitler had told them what he intended to do.
Germans didn't like to talk about it. That was true when I lived in Germany from 1956 to 1958. War damage was still visible in the big cities then, but no one talked about Hitler and the Nazis. Looking back, it was almost as if the regime had never existed.
That was, I suppose, a form of national denial. It was all too fresh, too near, to know the extent of the Hitler regime's criminality, much less relive the period in histories and literature.
Today, of course, thousands of books have been written about the Holocaust, why Hitler and his minions settled on the Final Solution in early 1942, and the extent of the German nation's complicity in it.
How many "undesirables" died at the hands of the Nazis is unknown. The accepted figure is 6 million. They were killed simply because they didn't fit the template of a fantasy Master Race.
We will never know, either, how many lives are among the ashes buried at the Hebrew Cemetery, their nationality or their ethnicity. Dachau housed more than 200,000 prisoners over 12 years, and more than 32,000 of them died there.
Germany has striven mightily since 1945 to come to terms with its past. How one comes to terms with that past varies, but one aspect is common: It isn't easy.
Bob Wilson lives in southwest Durham,.


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USMCA could kill Canadian retailers. Here's how to save them (without handouts)
Lawrence Solomon: Under the new trade deal, shopping in Canada will often be too pricey to compete
Oct 12, 2018 • Last Updated October 12, 2018 • 4 minute read
In future, when Canadians compare prices on offer at Canadian websites with those in the U.S., shopping in Canada will often be too pricey to compete, writes Lawrence Solomon. Photo by AP Photo/Paul Sakuma, File
Under the USMCA, pretty much every Canadian industry is either ahead or no worse off. Even the dairy industry, which grieves over its minimal surrender of market share, will receive bucketfuls of cash as compensation.
But one industry — retail, including online retail — stands to lose big through new rules that give U.S. online merchants a major advantage over their Canadian counterparts. In future, when Canadians compare prices on offer at Canadian websites with those in the U.S., shopping in Canada will often be too pricey to compete.
The USMCA will let Canadian consumers avoid HST on purchases under $40 in the U.S., a $5.00 to $6.00 benefit for most Canadians, and avoid customs duties altogether on purchases under $150, often a big benefit when the product is manufactured outside North America. U.S. online retailers will be sure to tailor their offerings to Canadians to capitalize on these new USMCA-driven windfalls.
Even without the USMCA, Canada's retailers have struggled to be competitive. According to a PwC study last year for the Retail Council of Canada, there is a 36-per-cent gap in price on products sold in the U.S. and Canada, a gap reduced to a still substantial 11.6 per cent once taxes, duties and shipping are calculated.
After the USMCA, shopping in Canada will often be too pricey to compete
Canadian retailers are saddled with higher corporate taxes and needless regulations, such as the requirement that the appliances they import pass a separate Canadian electrical inspection — a burden that can add five or 10 per cent to the cost of a product — even though the identical product has already passed inspections in the U.S. and the EU. Because of this onerous requirement, Canadian retailers avoid importing many items, limiting choice to Canadian consumers and providing another spur to their taking to the internet for satisfaction in the U.S.
This uneven playing field isn't the fault of the U.S. — Canadian governments are entirely to blame for the many impediments preventing Canadian retailers from being competitive. But how best to level the playing field?
Some Canadian retailers suggest that our governments eliminate HST on the first $40 in Canadian purchases. While that would certainly help, it seems a non-starter. For one thing, governments would lose immense revenue; for another, since most economists favour taxes on consumption, curbing the HST would be criticized as poor tax policy.
A better leveller — one that would eliminate the killer advantage U.S. retailers would otherwise land — would be to replace the gas tax with road tolls that charged couriers and other commercial vehicles on the basis of distance travelled.
Pay-by-distance road tolls are becoming common in the U.S. because they are widely seen as fairly recovering the costs of building and maintaining roads, and so would raise no trade-based objections from the U.S. Our governments would lose no gas-tax revenue — rather, they would now be collecting revenue from foreign as well as domestic vehicles. As a side benefit, the tolls would act to reduce congestion on our highways, particularly if they employed peak pricing, to discourage road use during high-traffic periods.
By recognizing road costs, a major advantage that online shippers have would instantly stall. Assuming 40 cents per kilometre (a typical fee for a van or light-duty vehicle on Highway 407 north of Toronto), the trip from Buffalo at the Canada-U.S. border to Toronto and back would cost the U.S. shipper an extra $136. Assuming 80 cents per kilometre (a typical fee for a heavy vehicle), the cost would be $272.
Road tolls would not only tilt the economics of online shopping to Canadian rather than U.S. retailers, they would especially tilt shopping from online to bricks and mortar, since courier deliveries within Canada would no longer be subsidized through their free use of roads. The winners of allowing the natural advantage of shopping close to home to rule, most importantly, would be the Canadian economy and the Canadian worker.
The PwC study last year estimated the losses in jobs and GDP in various scenarios that removed duties and HST. While it didn't produce estimates for the precise scenario settled upon in the USMCA, it's clear from the PwC estimates that by 2020 the USMCA would cost Canada's retail sector several billion dollars in GDP and many tens of thousands in job losses. Moreover, the job losses "will affect employees with relatively modest incomes and with relatively few options for alternative employment. …most benefits will go to those who consume the most, which tend to be the relatively well off layer of Canadian society. …The result would likely be an increase in inequality."
The elimination of free roads would protect the one Canadian industry harmed by the USMCA. While we're correcting that harm, we might also redress other harms to Canadian industry entirely of our own making, by lowering our too-high corporate taxes and lessening our load of needless regulations.
Lawrence Solomon is executive director of Toronto-based Energy Probe. LawrenceSolomon@nextcity.com.


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7 best podcast apps for Android and iPhone
By Kevin Downey, Komando.com July 2nd, 2018
Carmenmurillo | Dreamstime.com Dreamstime.com
Everyone has a podcast, right? It sometimes seems that way.
Well-known actors have podcasts. Comedians, fashion icons, sports anchors and reality TV stars have podcasts. Many of the major personalities you listen to on the radio have podcasts.
When it comes to your digital life, whether it's your Facebook account, your smartphone, news about tech companies or something else, there's only one place to go. Actually, there are four.
Do you know that Kim Komando hosts a few podcasts? These are informative, fun and quick bites of digital news that you can access from any internet-connected device.
Podcasts are simply recorded, radio-style shows that you stream on your smartphone, tablet, PC or smart speaker. You can hear Kim's insights into technology anytime of day, no matter where you are.
This podcast is your best resource to listen to Kim Komando whenever you want. Komando On Demand is quite different than the "Kim Komando Show" that you listen to on the radio.
Click here for the best of Komando on Demand podcasts
Kim interviews tech experts on Komando On Demand to provide additional insight directly from Silicon Valley about new technology and similar topics. Kim also tells you about the most important tech news that's happening right now.
Komando On Demand is lighthearted and it zips by! It's pure entertainment mixed with the tech news you need.
One listener said, "Kim delves into the important tech stories and issues that impact each and every one of us. It's a great way to stay informed in our constantly changing tech world." Another listener said, "Kim's podcasts are the best researched and the production quality surpasses any other content in the podcast universe."
Fast, fun and super-informative. Tech News Today is Kim's daily podcast.
In about three minutes, Kim talks about that day's hottest tech news. You'll be surprised by how much is going on in the digital world.
Click here for the best of Tech News Today
One listener said, "I really appreciate knowing today's tech headlines in less than 3 minutes. This is just another great way that Kim Komando is educating people about what they need to know in today's tech world."
Podcast listeners absolutely love Tech News This Week. It's to the point yet incredibly informative. You'll hear Kim talk about all the week's biggest tech news stories.
TNTW, like Kim's other podcasts, is produced in a state-of-the-art studio. The sound quality is crisp and the production value is top of the line, as you'd expect from Kim.
Click here for the best of Tech News This Week
One listener said, "Listen to this podcast and you know all you need to know in the world of tech! Bravo!"
This one-minute, weekday podcast is bite-sized but informative. Kim Komando talks about the day's tech headlines.
It goes fast, but that's sometimes all you have time for. It's similar to scanning through Facebook for the day's big news stories, only it's Kim Komando talking tech.
Click here for the best of Consumer Tech Update
One listener said, "When tech headlines are overlooked in the mainstream media, I turn to Kim's podcasts to stay up-to-date."
Here are the 7 best apps to find my podcasts anytime
iTunes and Google Play are probably the most well known sites for music and podcasts. You can access iTunes at iTunes.com or download the app from the Apple store. For Google play, go to play.google.com and click on Apps.
Click here for Komando on Demand
Click here for Tech News Today
Click here for Tech News This Week
Click here for Consumer Tech Update
Stitcher is one of the most popular podcast platforms. You can access it online at stitcher.com or you can download the app from the App Store or Google Play store.
It's free if you don't mind ads. There is also a premium version with no ads (start with the free trial).
Here's where to find Kim Komando's four podcasts on Stitcher:
You can sign up for Spotify for free on its website Spotify.com and Apple or Android apps. Then click on the browse button on the left and type either of these:
TuneIn is a popular podcast platform, notably for sports fans. But you can sign up to listen to radio stations and podcasts, like Kim's four podcasts.
Player FM
Player FM is a cloud-based podcast platform found at Player FM and for Android users on the Google Play store. Here's where to find Kim Komando.
You can find Overcast at Overcast.FM or in the App Store. Here's where to find Kim Komando.
Click for Tech News This Week
5 of my favorite podcasts you might have missed
If you're a Kim Komando fan, you know she knows tech. She shares her insights with you in a fun, easy-to-understand way.
We're in the Digital Age together. It's a great time for innovation and it's a great time to share in the fun.
Click here to listen to Kim Komando's favorite podcasts right now!
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Forbes, Ernest R.. "New Brunswick". The Canadian Encyclopedia, 26 November 2018, Historica Canada. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick. Accessed 17 January 2020.
Forbes, E., New Brunswick (2018). In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick
Forbes, Ernest R., "New Brunswick". In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Article published April 03, 2008; Last Edited November 26, 2018. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick
Forbes, Ernest R.. The Canadian Encyclopedia, s.v. "New Brunswick", Last Edited November 26, 2018, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick
Article by Ernest R. Forbes
Updated by Kevin Anderson And Erin James-abra
Published Online April 3, 2008
Last Edited January 21, 2019
The area of New Brunswick is 72,908 km2. The principal regional divisions are the watershed of the Bay of Fundy, centering on the Saint John River	valley, and the north and east shores. The Saint John River offered early access to much of the best farmland and timber resources of the province.
HDR image of caves and coastal features at low tide of the Bay of Fundy at St. Martins, New Brunswick. Photo taken on: April 16, 2012. 35880033 \u00a9 Jamie Roach | Dreamstime.com
Fisheries are of great importance to many small communities around the Bay of Fundy (photo by John de Visser/Masterfile).
The residents of north and east shores, living in coastal fishing villages and interior lumbering settlements along the rivers, are separated physically from the valley communities by uplands and belts of forest, and separated culturally by their predominantly French language and Catholic religion.
New Brunswick's rock foundation was largely formed in the Palaeozoic era (544–250 million years ago). It was part of a geological formation extending from the southeastern US to Newfoundland. Much of the rock in northern and western New Brunswick was created through ocean deposits of the Ordovician period (510–441 million years ago). These rocks were folded, intruded with granites, and overlain with lavas which reflected sporadic volcanic activity throughout the Palaeozoic era. They contain the zinc-lead-copper deposits of the Bathurst to Newcastle	area.
Folding, faulted movements and volcanic activity reached a climax over 350 million years ago in what has been called the Acadian Orogeny. Much of the base of the central and eastern parts of the province originated in the later Carboniferous period (ending 300 million years ago), with the rocks formed in rivers, swamps and shallow basins. These included red, green and grey sandstones, some of which are coal-bearing, and conglomerates and isolated deposits of limestone, gypsum, salt and oil-bearing shale.
New Brunswick topography is characterized by northern uplands rising to 820 m and mountainous in appearance, gently rolling hills in the centre and east, sharp hills on the southern coast sloping down to tidal marshes and a lowland plain in the southeast.
The soils tend to be thin and acidic over the uplands, deeper but frequently poorly drained and acidic in the centre and west, and rocky in portions of the south. The best soils for agriculture tend to lie in intervale lands along the rivers. The upper Saint John River is flanked by low plateaus of well-drained sandy loam with good lime content — excellent for growing potatoes. The finely textured soils of the Fundy lowlands are also suitable for agriculture.
Mixed forests cover the relatively shallow soils of the uplands of New Brunswick with red spruce, hemlock, white pine, balsam fir, yellow birch and maple (photo by Tim Fitzharris).\r\n
About five per cent of the province is farmland; most of the remainder of the province, some 83 per cent, is under forest cover. Almost all of the forest cover is considered suitable for forestry. Spruce and fir are the leading softwoods, followed in importance by cedar	and white pine. Jack pine, red pine, hemlock and larch are also present. The hardwoods are led by red and sugar maples, poplar, white and yellow birch, and beech	in that order, with occasional ash, elm, hop hornbeam and red oak.
No part of New Brunswick is more than 180 km from the ocean, the principal means of early transportation. An extensive river system brought access well into the interior of the province, permitting early development of the timber trade and dictating patterns of settlement. The largest cities are located on the rivers, as are most of the towns and villages. Lakes are common in the south, with the largest, Grand Lake , more than 30 km in length.
New Brunswick's climate tends to be continental, though tempered by proximity to the ocean. It is harshest in the northwest, where more than one-third of precipitation comes as snow, and temperatures are several degrees colder than the central interior. The high temperature in Fredericton in January is -4°C while the low is -15°C. Fredericton's summers are much warmer, reaching an average high of 25°C and low of 13°C in July.
Coastal communities are several degrees warmer in winter and slightly cooler in summer. The annual precipitation rate is about 1,078 mm and is fairly evenly distributed throughout the province, but with the highest rate occurring in the southeastern region of the province.
The forests are the focal point of conservation efforts in the province. Forest management has evolved considerably since the province first gained control over its crown lands in 1837. It is now considered to have one of the best systems in Canada. The trees were first considered a commodity with controlled harvests. Then, in the mid-1960s, forestry practices changed to the cultivation of the forests. Later forest management finally evolved to an integrated and sustainable approach where other factors, such as recreation and wildlife preservation, are also considered.
The provincial park system is currently being restructured, with some parks being transferred to municipal governments or the private sector. The largest park remaining in the system is Mount Carleton Provincial Park.
The two largest cities in New Brunswick are Moncton and Saint John. Moncton has long been a headquarters for transportation and distribution facilities. It is also the traditional headquarters for Acadian media and financial institutions; and, in 1963, became the site of the provincial francophone university, Université de Moncton.
As a leading centre of British North America in the mid-19th century, Saint John owes its importance to the timber trade (made accessible by its river) and to its ice-free port, which supplied the estuary and dominated shipping and shipbuilding on the Bay of Fundy. Saint John's current urban status is largely industrial, based on an oil refinery, pulp and paper mills, a nuclear power plant, dry dock facilities and a major container port.
Fredericton (the province's capital), Dieppe, Bathurst,Miramichi, Edmundston and Campbellton are New Brunswick's remaining urban centres.
The trend to urbanization changed New Brunswick from more than two-thirds rural before 1941 to predominantly urban by 1971. Then came a reversal as the officially designated urban population dropped from 52 per cent in 1976 to 48 per cent in 1991, owing to a resumption of migration from the region as well as a residential move to the suburbs, which had been made attractive by improved services, cheaper land and lower taxes. In 2016, the population was 747,101, 49 per cent of which was urban.
Traditionally, young New Brunswickers have migrated to other provinces to find employment. This trend has persisted over the years. In 2013, Statistics Canada noted many of those who migrate settle permanently in their new province of choice.
In 2016, the sectors employing the most people were health care and social assistance, retail, and public administration. Historically, New Brunswick has had a higher than national average unemployment rate. In 2016, the unemployment rate was 11.2 per cent, making it the third highest in the country after Nunavut and Prince Edward Island.
Language and Ethnicity
The population of French origin grew dramatically after Confederation, from about 16 per cent in 1871 to 24 per cent in 1901 and 34 per cent in 1931. Other ethnic groups in 1871 included English (29 per cent), Irish (35 per cent) and Scots (14 per cent).
In 2016, the most commonly reported ethnic origins in New Brunswick were Canadian, English and French. Just over 3 per cent of the province's population belongs to a visible minority group, compared to just over 22 per cent of the Canadian population, while 4 per cent are Indigenous (including First Nations, Métis and Inuit). At about 65 per cent, the majority of New Brunswickers reported English as their mother tongue in 2016, followed by 32 per cent who reported French.
In 2011, 84 per cent of New Brunswick's population identified as Christian, while 15 per cent reported no religious affiliation.
Aboriginal Settlement
The first settlers of New Brunswick were the Mi'kmaq, whose communities spread from Nova Scotia	and Prince Edward Island to the south coast of the Gaspé Peninsula, the Maliseet along the Saint John River valley and Passamaquoddy Bay along the St Croix River. From the early 16th century, they developed contacts with the Europeans and established a trade, which made them dependent on European technologies and victims of European diseases. The Mi'kmaq had long followed a pattern of seasonal migration from hunting grounds in the wooded uplands in winter to gatherings on the shore in summer for shellfishing and social congress.
When the French attempted settlement, first at the mouth of the St Croix River in 1604 and later at Port-Royal, they were welcomed by the Mi'kmaq, who taught them how to survive. After the French had shifted their interest to Québec, Aboriginal peoples helped a few young men who remained, including Charles de Saint-Étienne de La Tour, to establish a fur trade on the Saint John River.
The death of Isaac de Razilly in 1635, leader of a revived settlement at Port-Royal, occasioned a feudalistic struggle over trade and territory between La Tour, Charles de Menou D'Aulnay	and Nicolas Denys. On d'Aulnay's death in 1650, La Tour regained control of the Saint John and Denys recovered a fishing and trading post at Miscou Harbour and built another at Nepisiguit (Bathurst).
After an extensive career in trade and fisheries along the coast of Acadia, Denys returned to Nepisiguit in 1668 to write a historically important description of Acadia before returning to France in 1671 to have the volume published. The French launched raids against New England from the Saint John River valley in the 1690s, helping to create a deep-seated and persistent hostility to the French presence in Acadia.
European Settlement
Meanwhile the tiny settlement begun at Port-Royal flourished, spreading around the Bay of Fundy to include the Chignecto Isthmus and Shepody on the north shore. The Acadians developed a unique society characterized by dyking technology which enabled them to farm the marshes left by the Bay of Fundy's tides. Their society was also characterized by neglect from the French authorities, and this encouraged the development of a tightly knit and independent community.
Caught in an imperial struggle between British and French, most were expelled by the British in 1755 or later and scattered throughout the Thirteen Colonies or were returned to France. Those who returned after the Treaty of Paris	(1763), found their lands occupied by several thousand immigrants, largely from New England. Some received grants of land in the Memramcook area, some squatted along the Saint John River	and some found employment with the Robin brothers of Jersey in the Channel Islands, who in 1764 began to establish fishing stations along the coast from Gaspé to Cape Breton Island.
A lighthouse in New Brunswick bears the colors of the Acadian flag. Photo taken on: August 25, 2009. 47020939 \u00a9 Pierre Forgues | Dreamstime.com
A rustic covered bridge in southern New Brunswick. 20981723 \u00a9 Anne M. Fearon-wood | Dreamstime.com
A pile of lobster traps against an old fishing shack, New Brunswick. Photo taken on: September 18th, 2012. 27662825 \u00a9 Anne M. Fearon-wood | Dreamstime.com
After the American Revolution, approximately 14,000 Loyalist refugees came to the north shore of the Bay of Fundy, established the city of Saint John, and settled the Saint John and St Croix River valleys. A few penetrated other parts of the province. Hungry for jobs and conscious of their isolation from Halifax, they petitioned for separate colonial status, which was granted in 1784.
Napoleon's continental blockade, which in 1807 cut Britain off from traditional timber supplies from the Baltic region, led to a deliberate effort through protective timber tariffs to foster the colonial industry as a dependable source. Blessed with rivers, which made rich stands of spruce and pine accessible, New Brunswick's squared-timber trade boomed for half a century. Timber became a source of development leading to new settlement and giving its own peculiar cast to the economy, and to politics and society. Population grew from perhaps 25,000 to almost 200,000 by mid-century.
Booms and slumps tended to bankrupt settlers who relied on timber, and many settlers were reduced to wage labour status, dependent on a few influential entrepreneurs in each region. Associated with the timber industry was wooden shipbuilding, for which production sites dotted the coast and rivers of the province, and by mid-century turned out over 100 vessels a year, both for export and for the use of the merchants of Saint John.
Construction of the "Cutty Sark", named for the famous British clipper, at Saint John in the 1880s (courtesy Wilson Studios, Saint John).
New Brunswick industries, helped by the Crimean War and American Civil War, and by a reciprocity treaty with the US in natural products, weathered the crisis of the British abandonment of the timber tariffs andNavigation Acts in the late 1840s. The conjunction of blows which afflicted New Brunswick's economy after Confederation, of which the National Policy	of protective tariffs was but one, proved more permanently damaging. The reciprocity treaty was cancelled, timber resources became less merchantable and the wooden vessels lost in their competition with steam-driven, iron-hulled ships. New Brunswickers by the thousand left the declining ports and timber towns to find employment in the US. (See alsoNew Brunswick and Confederation.)
Some New Brunswick entrepreneurs were quick to make the transition to a national continental economy. Confederation brought the Intercolonial Railway to New Brunswick by 1876 and the Canadian Pacific Railway reached Saint John in 1889. Merchants, lumbermen and shipbuilders tended to transfer their capital to iron foundries, textile mills, sugar refineries and other secondary industries whose growth was fostered by the tariff. Eventually many of the new industries, scattered through the province, were taken over by the larger and better capitalized industries of central Canada. The classic pattern emerged of takeover, failure to modernize, closure and the exploitation of the market from expanding plants in central Canada.
The postwar recession of the 1920s saw the continued decline of traditional industries, and the virtual collapse of a manufacturing sector further undercut by adverse federal policies in tariffs and transportation. Investigation of Maritime problems by a federal royal commission and attempted remedial action were largely negated as New Brunswick plunged with the rest of the world into the Depression of the 1930s. Several decades of economic stagnation reduced New Brunswick to a standard of living much lower than the national average. National policies served to increase the disparity, as the tariff created and maintained a manufacturing sector in central Canada. Meanwhile, Maritime governments lacked the money to maintain essential services.
By 1940, New Brunswick's expenditures on education and health services were slightly over half of the national average; its illiteracy and infant mortality rates were the highest in the country. Despite the recognition of the Rowell-Sirois Report on Dominion-Provincial Relations (1940) stating the need for a fairer distribution of the tax revenues from a national economy, the adjustment grants, which the commissioners recommended for the poorer provinces, were not adopted until the early 1960s.
The nature of New Brunswick's disparity was two-fold: the extreme disparity of standards of living compared with other provinces; and the internal disparity between the urban sections of the largely English south and the rural sections of the largely French north. The attack on both proceeded simultaneously.
Within the province, the government moved behind a slogan of "equal opportunity " to provide greater equality in services. Acting on the recommendations of the 1963 Byrne Commission, the Robichaud	administration, led by the first Acadian premier, proceeded with more than 125 pieces of legislation to radically alter the division in responsibilities between provincial and county or municipal units of government. Acting on the principle that the provincial government should maintain services to people, the government took responsibility for educational, medical, judicial and social assistance services. To the municipalities it gave services such as water, sewer, fire protection and local police services. Taxes were to be assessed province-wide on the actual market value of property.
Along with the rationalization in services went a determined effort at economic development. The optimism of the 1960s persuaded both federal and provincial governments that the chronic disparity of province and region could be overcome through industrialization. Federal-provincial attempts at rural development, government investments in electricity generation, mining, forestry, fishery and secondary manufacturing, the building of major highways through the north of the province, and the use of transportation subsidies to help New Brunswick products reach national markets were all part of a federal-provincial effort to push the province's standard of living closer to the national average.
Since the early 19th century, timber has dominated the New Brunswick economy. The province, like the Maritime region as a whole, underwent severe economic dislocation in the latter half of the 19th century as a declining shipbuilding industry, stagnant timber markets and increased tariffs struck hard. New railways and the rise of manufacturing towns failed to compensate for losses in the older industries.
In the 1920s industrial towns declined, as their industries were closed down after takeovers by central Canadian competitors, or were adversely affected by national policies and hindered from competing in national markets.
By the 1930s pulp and paper mills had surpassed lumber in importance and their rise encouraged the development of hydroelectricity. Nevertheless, farm and fishing activity declined and emigration rates remained high in succeeding decades. Government campaigns for economic development in the 1960s and early 1970s, although not always successful, meant the expansion of forest industries, the advent of a new and important mining industry, modernization of fisheries and farming, increased manufacturing based largely on local resources and the cultivation of tourism.
Potatoes, especially seed potatoes, are the province's chief agricultural export. In 2012, they accounted for about 44 per cent ($110 million) of New Brunswick's total crop value. Production is concentrated along the upper Saint John River valley.
New Brunswick (Corel Professional Photos).
Following potatoes, the most important crops are fruits and berries, and floriculture (including nursery crops and sod).
Dairy production is most important in Kings, Westmorland and York counties, where farmers supply the three major cities. Dairy and poultry production were of near-equal importance in 2012, each accounting for about 40 per cent ($101 million) of the total value of livestock production.
Mining was traditionally of scant importance in New Brunswick. The gypsum, granite and grindstones included among 19th-century exports were largely of local significance. Although coal led to a rapid development of the Grand Lake region, especially with the arrival of the railway in 1903, this area never yielded enough to make the province self-sufficient. With coal's loss of status to oil and hydroelectricity, coal mining came to a virtual halt by the mid-1960s.
The energy crises of the early and mid-1970s led to coal's recovery through strip-mining, but by then coal was upstaged by mineral developments in the northeast. The discoveries of extensive base metal reserves in the Bathurst-Miramichi region in the 1950s raised the mining industry to a position of major importance.
Today, the major minerals mined are zinc, silver and lead. Among non-metallic minerals, peat, stone and sulfur are of greatest importance. When combined, the value of metallic and non-metallic minerals in the province was an estimated $1.1 billion in 2012.
New Brunswick was better off than its Maritime and New England neighbours at the end of the cheap oil era signalled by the OPEC cartel and the shortages of 1973–74 and 1979–80. The publicly-owned New Brunswick Electric Power Commission (1920) had built, with federal assistance, a major dam on the Saint John River near Fredericton, which had more than doubled the province's electrical capacity from that source.
In 1970, the New Brunswick government had already committed the province to nuclear energy through the construction of a Candu reactor at Point Lepreau. By 1985, the proliferation of electrical generation capacity combined with a federal program to convert homes from oil to electrical heating resulted in a significant decline in the demand for oil and natural gas.
In 2011, petroleum accounted for about 54 per cent of the province's energy consumption, electricity about 31 per cent and natural gas, 13 per cent. Of the electricity produced in 2012, 64 per cent came from thermal plants and 29 per cent from hydropower. The province's primary energy provider is NB Power.
New Brunswick has been producing natural gas since 1909, when a well at Stoney Creek began production. In 2012, there were 30 producing natural gas wells in the province.
See Fracking.
The forest, which covers about 83 per cent of the province, has traditionally dominated the New Brunswick economy. Accessible rivers and a British preferential tariff led to the rapid development of the timber industry early in the 19th century as white pine was slashed for British marine and domestic needs. Closely integrated with the timber trade	was a widely diffused shipbuilding industry which both absorbed forest products and facilitated their access to markets.
In the mid-19th century, forest products accounted for more than 80 per cent of the province's exports. The timber trade had declined by the end of the century and the province lost markets from a shrinking West Indian economy, new American tariffs and fresh competition from west coast timber. These problems were only partially alleviated by the rise of a vigorous pulp and paper industry in the 1920s.
NB, by P. Harry, 1835 (courtesy Library and Archives Canada/C-003552).
Pulp mills demanding large capital outlays and a large work force have been major factors in the urban development of the province. For example, pulp mills controlled by the Irving Group	interests at or near Saint John produce sulphate pulp, newsprint, tissue and materials for corrugated cardboard cartons. Desite its traditional importance, declines in the industry have shifted the industry's prominence. SeePulp and Paper Industry.
In 2012, New Brunswick's forestry industry employed 11,900 people, and generated revenues of about $437 million.
New Brunswick has both freshwater and sea fisheries, though the sea fishery is of far greater significance. For example, in 2012, the province's sea landings (i.e., fish brought ashore) were valued at $200 million, ranking it third among the Atlantic coast fisheries. By comparison, the value of freshwater fish landings in the same year was $522,000. The most valuable catch is lobster, which accounted for over half (53 per cent) of the total landed value of the province's sea fishery in 2012. Other important species in terms of landed values are Queen crab, shrimp	and herring. The main fishing areas are the Gulf of St Lawrence, Northumberland Strait	and the Bay of Fundy.
See History of Commercial Fisheries.
Manufacturing industries are largely based on the processing of primary products produced locally. For New Brunswick, this in large part means forestry and food products (what with the abundance of potatoes, there are McCain factories in Florenceville and Grand Falls). These goods (wood and food) generally rank the highest in terms of sales. The Irving oil refinery in Saint John is another large producer.
In 2011, 32,700 people worked in the tourism industry, accounting for about eight per cent of the labour force. Visitors are drawn to such attractions as Saint John's reversing falls, the potted-plant-shaped rocks on Albert County's Fundy coast (see The Rocks Provincial Park), the tidal bore of the Bay of Fundy, rugged forest, coastal scenery and recreations of historical communities: For example, a Loyalist settlement, Kings Landing near Fredericton	and the Acadian Historical Village at Caraquet. There are also more than 60 museums, restored fortifications and other sites of historic interest around the province, including a new archaeological site at Mud Lake Stream.
This historical reconstruction near Caraquet, New Brunswick, recreates life in early Acadia (photo by John deVisser/Masterfile).
This historical park recreates life as it was after the Loyalists settled in New Brunswick (photo by J.A. Kraulis/Masterfile).
Two major National Parks, Fundy near Alma	and Kouchibouguac near Richibucto, are complemented by nine provincial parks.
Most financial institutions such as banks and insurance companies are local branches of central Canadian firms. Among the few exceptions are local credit unions and the Assomption Vie, a largely Acadian institution with its headquarters at Moncton.
Far from central markets, New Brunswickers have traditionally shown great concern about transportation and its link to economic development. They have protested disproportionately high railway freight-rate increases, loss of regional autonomy in the federally owned Intercolonial Railway and a failure to channel Canada's winter trade through Canadian ports. In 1927, their region won a partial victory in the Maritime Freight Rates Act, which created statutory reductions in freight rates.
In 1969, the Federal/Provincial Committee on Atlantic Region Transportation was created to administer transportation subsidies in support of industrial development. By then transportation had become much more complex as highway trucking surpassed the railways in the carriage of freight. Airplanes and buses carried the bulk of public passengers. The advent of containerized traffic, for which the ice-free facilities of the port of Saint John were particularly well suited, encouraged a renewed struggle for enhanced status as a national port.
Saint John Harbour, around 1900. The city's early economy emerged through the timber trade and shipping (courtesy PANB/00239-1).
Currently, New Brunswick has two major railway systems. The New Brunswick Southern Railway took over most of the Canadian Pacific Rail lines in the province when CP Rail pulled out in 1994. New Brunswick Southern Railway is a short line whose eastern terminus is Saint John. The second major railway system is CN, whose regional headquarters is Moncton and main terminus is Halifax. VIA Rail	offers passenger service from Halifax through Moncton north to Campbellton and then on to central Canada.
There are four major airports in the province in Moncton, Saint John, Bathurst and Fredericton. Maritime Bus provides intercity bus service within the province with connections throughout the Maritimes and into Québec. There are also a number of smaller scheduled passenger and charter bus companies operating throughout the province. Municipally-owned urban transit is maintained in Saint John, Moncton and Fredericton.
Saint John is the major port, with year-round service for containerized and bulk traffic. Its busy season has traditionally been the winter, when the St Lawrence River	is frozen over. It is served by numerous container shipping lines with access to over 350 ports in the world and annually handles 31 million metric tonnes of cargo. Nine other ports dot the New Brunswick shoreline, of which Newcastle	is an outlet for fish and timber exports, and Belledune the major outlet for the base metal industry.
Provincial Political Structure
There are 49 seats in New Brunswick's provincial government. Each seat is held by a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) elected by eligible voters in their electoral district. According to the Legislative Assembly Act, provincial elections are to be held on the third Monday of October, every four years. Sometimes, should the party in power see it as advantageous, an election may be called before this date. Elections may also occur before four years have passed in cases where the government no longer has the confidence of the Legislative Assembly (see Minority Government).
As with the other provinces, New Brunswick uses a first past the post electoral system, meaning the candidate with the most votes in each electoral district wins. The party with the most seats forms the government, and the leader of this party becomes premier. Technically, as the Queen's representative, the lieutenant-governor holds the highest provincial office, though in reality this role is largely symbolic. (See also Premiers of New Brunswick: Table; Lieutenant-Governors of New Brunswick: Table.)
The premier typically appoints members of the Cabinet from among the MLAs also belonging to the party in power. Cabinet members are referred to as ministers and oversee specific portfolios. Typical portfolios include finance, health and education.
Provincial Government History
New Brunswick's first elections were held in 1785. At the time, political parties didn't exist, and voters instead chose candidates based on personal characteristics such as religion and social class. About 100 years later parties began to form; however, it wasn't until 1931 that party affiliations became consistent. While the terms "liberal" and "conservative" were used earlier on in provincial politics, they meant little, as representatives frequently voted across ideological lines.
In the years following Confederation a two-party system became firmly entrenched in New Brunswick politics, with either the Liberals or the Conservatives (eventually Progressive Conservatives) holding power. Equally characteristic of provincial politics were the multiple terms enjoyed by the governing party, for example, five consecutive Conservative premiers governed from 1870 to 1883, followed by six consecutive Liberal premiers, from 1883 to 1908. Up until 1982, when the New Democratic Party won a single seat, the only third party to make a mark in provincial politics was the United Farmers of New Brunswick, which won nine seats in 1920.
As with other provinces, initially not everyone had the right to vote in provincial elections. Women received this right in 1919, and Indigenous people in 1963. (See alsoWomen's Suffrage in Canada; Indigenous Suffrage.) Similarly, Catholics were denied the vote until 1810, after which time they could vote only if they pledged allegiance to England's Protestant King. This law effectively disenfranchised the province's French Canadian and Acadian populations, most of whom were Catholic.
Indeed, ethnicity and regional disparity have historically been recurring themes in New Brunswick politics. In 1972, a separatist political party, the Parti-Acadien, was formed in an effort to better represent the province's French-speaking communities. Politicians have occasionally exploited tensions between the French and English, but the winning party has traditionally been the one able to win a substantial share of support from both.
Robichaud to Hatfield: 1960s – 1980s
In 1960, Liberal Louis J. Robichaud became the province's first elected Acadian premier (Peter J. Veniot took over in 1923 following a resignation, but was not elected) and the first francophone. Robichaud introduced sweeping changes to economic and linguistic policies. Acadians gained most from these changes as income was redistributed from urban centres to a poverty-stricken north, and language services were developed to serve both the English and French as recommended by the federal Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism.
Despite the opposition of prominent corporations and conservatives appalled at the pace of change, Robichaud remained in power for the decade. His successor, Conservative and Protestant Richard Hatfield	(who remained premier for 17 years, 1970–87), did not reverse the trend. Hatfield's government implemented changes in keeping with those of Robichaud and his party made increasing inroads in Acadian constituencies, defusing the Parti-Acadien's bid for a separate Acadian province.
McKenna to Alward: 1990s – 2000s
In 1984, the RCMP found marijuana in then premier Hatfield's luggage. While he ultimately wasn't charged with possession, the incident affected Hatfield's public image. In 1987, New Brunswick's Liberal party, under the leadership of Frank McKenna, swept the polls, winning every riding in the province. This had only happened once before in Canadian history, when the Prince Edward Island Liberals won every seat in 1935. McKenna attacked the province's deficit and streamlined the government in an effort to bring provincial spending under control. Many of McKenna's budgetary initiatives have since become blueprints for other provinces wrestling with deficits. His success in this area resulted in another large majority victory in the 1991 general election. The fledgling anti-French Confederation of Regions Party (CoR) showed surprising strength in this election, winning eight seats, largely as a result of the backlash against the failed Meech Lake Accord (see Meech Lake Accord: Document) and Charlottetown Accord (see Charlottetown Accord: Document).
Following the province's trend of brief third-party success, the CoR won no seats in their second election, and McKenna won his third consecutive majority in 1995. In 1999, Bernard Lord led the PCs to the biggest PC victory in the province's history. In 2003, however, new Liberal leader Shawn Graham took advantage of public outrage against auto insurance premiums; Graham constantly attacked Lord and the PCs on this issue, even suggesting a system of public auto insurance to control prices. Lord was reduced to the smallest possible majority government, winning 28 seats, while the Liberals won 26 and the NDP one.
Graham defeated Lord in the 2006 election, which was controversially called early by Lord in order to avoid entering a new legislative session with a minority following the resignation of PC MLA Peter Mesheau. This backfired, and the Liberals formed a majority government, with 29 seats to the 26 won by the PCs. Despite this, disillusionment with Graham's government grew, making him the first one-term premier in New Brunswick since Confederation. Under the leadership of David Alward, the Tories won a landslide victory in 2010 with 42 of the 55 seats compared to the Liberals' 13. In 2013, the province's riding boundaries were redrawn, reducing the number of seats in the legislature from 55 to 49.
Gallant to Higgs: 2014 – 2018
During the 2014 election, the province swung left again, giving Liberal leader Brian Gallant a narrow majority government with 27 seats. Alward's PCs won 21 seats and, for the first time in New Brunswick's history, the Green Party garnered a seat when provincial party leader David Coon defeated the PC energy minister in the Fredericton-South riding.
In addition to this defeat, voters seemed to reject the PCs' energy platform more generally. Alward had campaigned on the need to develop the province's natural resources, including fracking, while Gallant pushed infrastructure spending. Technical difficulties with the vote-counting machines caused a delay in results and led the PCs to demand a recount. Elections New Brunswick, however, maintained the results were sound.
The 2018 election resulted in a near tie between the Liberals and PCs. The PCs, under the leadership of Blaine Higgs, won 22 seats — just one more than Gallant's Liberals. The Green Party, still led by Coon, won three seats, as did the People's Alliance led by Kris Austin.
There is a rarely-used parliamentary tradition that says that the incumbent premier has the first right to try and form government, regardless of how many seats their party won. Gallant — who's party won 37.8 per cent of the popular vote compared to the PC's 31.9 per cent — chose to make use of this tradition in an effort to stay in power.
On 2 November, Gallant delivered a throne speech in order to test the legislature's confidence	in his government. Having lost one voting member of their party to fill the role of speaker of the legislature, the Liberals now needed the support of four non-Liberal MLAs. While the three Green Party members voted in favour of the speech, the Liberals were unable to sway members of the People's Alliance, a fiscally-conservative party in opposition to many of the province's bilingual policies. Without the confidence of the legislature, Gallant stepped down as premier, paving the way for Higgs.
Although New Brunswick was the first province to establish a department of health, economic difficulties resulted in its services lagging far behind most other provinces until the late 1960s.
Today the province is divided into two major regional health corporations, Horizon Health Network, serving the areas of Miramichi, Upper River Valley, Fredericton, Saint John and Moncton. Vitalité Health Network is a francophone network serving the largely French areas of the province, comprised of the Nothwest region, Restigouche, Acadie-Bathurst, and Beauséjour with major regional hospitals at Moncton, Bathurst, Campbellton and Edmundston. Psychiatric care is offered in the home, in chronic care hospitals at Saint John and Campbellton, and in units of the regional hospitals. Hospital and other medical services are provided without premiums under the nationally integrated programs. Small user fees were introduced in 1983.
A provincial plan aids people over 65 in the payment of prescription drugs. Public health services include nursing, inspection, control of communicable diseases, maternal and child health care, home care, nutrition, tuberculosis control and the operation of a home dialysis program.
The educational institutions of Loyalist New Brunswick began with a strong Anglican bias which stimulated the proliferation of other denominational schools and colleges. The Common Schools Act of 1871, which established free public schools, virtually excluded the Catholics. A later compromise permitted teaching by members of religious orders and religious instruction after school hours. Education, however, remained a flash point of tension among religious and language groups in the province. For example, it was not until 1963 the Université de Moncton was created, giving Acadians and other francophone New Brunswickers access to a modern, fully funded French-language university during the drastic changes that took place under the first Acadian premier, Louis Robichaud.
This and other educational reforms of the 1960s relieved municipalities of their responsibilities for education and sought full educational services for both French and English in their own languages. Full curriculum and services are offered in both official languages through two parallel systems, from k to 12. Financing is provided by the province. In 1996, school boards were abolished, and were replaced with a parent-driven structure at the school, district and provincial levels. Seven school districts remain, divided linguistically, and each linguistic grouping is responsible for its own curriculum: there are three francophone districts (Northeast, Northwest and South) and four Anglophone districts (North, South, East and West). Each district is divided further into sub-districts (27 in the francophone districts, 41 in the anglophone districts), and is led by elected District Education Councils (DEC). All of the schools in New Brunswick have to report to the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development.
The Department of Post-Secondary Education, Training, and Labour is responsible for community colleges, adult continuing education programs and the New Brunswick College of Craft and Design. Post-secondary institutions include the New Brunswick Community College, the University of New Brunswick, Saint Thomas University, Mount Allison University and the Université de Moncton.
Cultural Life
Bliss Carman, Sir Charles G.D. Roberts, A.G. Bailey, Desmond Pacey, W.S. MacNutt, Alden Nowlan and Antonine Maillet are a few of the New Brunswick literary and historical figures of international repute. Prominent artists include John Hammond, Miller Brittain, Alex Colville, Jack Humphrey and Lawren P. Harris .
From the 1920s private patrons such as J.C. Webster of Shediac and Lord Beaverbrook (formerly Max Aitken	of Newcastle) helped develop institutional bases for creativity and for popular education through museums, art galleries, playhouses and universities.
In recent decades the universities have been centres of literary and artistic endeavour. Mount Allison is famous for its artists and musicians. The University of New Brunswick has developed journals of national stature, such as the literary Fiddlehead and the historical Acadiensis. The Université de Moncton has become a centre of research in Acadian studies. Acadian choirs have gained an international reputation for excellence.
Theatre New Brunswick, a professional theatre company based in Fredericton, offers live theatre in the towns and cities of the province. There are two professional French-language theatre companies, Théâtre Populaire d'Acadie (Caraquet) and Théâtre l'Escaouette ( Moncton).
There are also two dance companies, DancEast and DansEncorps, and 14 public art galleries. The Beaverbrook Art Gallery, the province's largest, features exhibitions of New Brunswick, Canadian, and international historical and contemporary art.
Prominent Acadian musicians include Edith Butler, Angèle Arsenault, Roch Voisine	and more recently, rap duo Radio Radio. See Acadian Music.
Daily newspapers include the Saint John Telegraph-Journal, the Fredericton Daily Gleaner, the Moncton Times-Transcript (all owned by the Irving interests) and L'Acadie Nouvelle. Until its bankruptcy, the French-language L'Evangeline was the daily voice of Acadians in the province.
In terms of television, CBC, CTV, Global, Radio-Québec and cable TV service the province.
New Brunswick is home to 61 National Historic Sites. The New Brunswick Museum (and its predecessor) in Saint John has been an exhibitor of natural and human history for over 150 years. The Musée Acadien de Université de Moncton owns a collection of over 30,000 objects related to the Acadians of the Maritime Provinces. The Legislative Library in the capital contains an excellent collection of materials, books, pamphlets and government publications.
Kings Landing, the restoration of a Loyalist settlement up the river from Fredericton, is a spectacular attempt to bring history alive to visitors through the activities of a 19th-century village. Acadian Historical Village at Caraquet	represents the history of the survival of the Acadians after the event known as La Déportation (1780–1890). Fort Beauséjour, a national historic park located near the Nova Scotia border (near Sackville), is a restoration of a significant French fort of the mid-18th century.
Roosevelt Summer Home and Park on Campobello Island, run by a joint Canadian-American Commission, includes the Franklin D. Roosevelt summer estate and neighbouring houses, and offers accommodation for small conferences. Recently a second international park has been designated on Saint Croix Island, the site of Champlain's first settlement in North America.
New Brunswick Parliamentary Representation
House of Commons 10
Senate 10
Provincial Legislature 49
New Brunswick Stats
Joined Confederation
Jocelyne Roy-Vienneau
Blaine Higgs
Population (Rank)
Population (Total)
Area (Rank)
Area (Total)
GDP (Rank)
GDP (Total)
$28.9 billion (2015)
Emblems of New Brunswick
S.A. Saunders, Economic History of the Maritime Provinces (1939); E.C. Wright, The Loyalists of New Brunswick (1955); H.G. Thorburn, Politics of New Brunswick (1961); W.S. MacNutt, New Brunswick: A History 1784–1867 (1963); R.A. Tweedie, F. Cogswell and W.S. MacNutt, eds., Arts in New Brunswick (1967); A.G. Bailey, Culture and Nationality (1972); W.A. Spray, The Blacks in New Brunswick (1972); G.A. Rawlyk, Nova Scotia's Massachusetts, 1630 to 1784 (1973); R.J. Bryn and R.J. Sacouman, eds., Underdevelopment and Social Movements in Atlantic Canada (1977); Ernest R. Forbes, The Maritime Rights Movement 1919–27: A Study in Canadian Regionalism (1979); L.F.S. Upton, Micmacs and Colonists: Indian-White Relations in the Maritimes, 1713–1867 (1979); G. Wynn, Timber Colony: A Historical Geography of Early Nineteenth Century New Brunswick (1981); J. Daigle, ed., The Acadians of the Maritimes: Thematic Studies (1982); J. Fingard, Jack in Port: Sailortowns of Eastern Canada (1982); Elizabeth McGahan, Whispers from the Past: Selections from the Writings of New Brunswick Women (1986); see also the journal Acadiensis.
New BrunswickThe official website of the Government of New Brunswick.


If someone asked you to name the origin of a story about gods who take human wives and then give birth to a race of semidivine heroes, you might answer: It's a Greek myth, or perhaps a Norse legend, or maybe a folktale from Africa or India. Surely this story couldn't come from the sacred scriptures of Judaism and Christianity. Or could it?
For thousands of years this story has scandalized readers of the Bible, and for good reason. The story appears to go against the grain of our traditional understanding of biblical religion.


Suffolk Spotlight Pointe Shoe will help any dancer get up and on top of their box. It is an English shoe with a square box with a taper. Good for wider metatarsals. It is a medium vamp with a softer standard shank then most other Suffolk pointe shoes. The U shape is hand cut and draw string makes for a sure fit.
All pointe shoes are recommended to be fit by one of our professional fitters before purchase.
Ribbons and Elastic are sold separate. Checkout the wide variety of Styles here.


text:
Q: What are these two revision numbers in 'svn info'? svn info for the whole codebase (not a particular file) gives me below output. I don't understand

*

*what is the difference between Revision: 12838 and Last Changed Rev: 12817

*and how it can happen that these two numbers are different

Could someone explain?
Path: .
URL: svn+ssh://radek@repository.company.com.au/var/lib/svne2/edumate2/tags/4.0.1
Repository Root: svn+ssh://radek@repository.company.com.au/var/lib/svne2/edumate2
Repository UUID: edccd8aa-08f3-0310-ac9a-cddb71435de8
Revision: 12838
Node Kind: directory
Schedule: normal
Last Changed Author: radek
Last Changed Rev: 12817
Last Changed Date: 2011-12-20 15:07:53 +1100 (Tue, 20 Dec 2011)

A: "Revision" is the current revision (remember that all files in an SVN repo use the same revision number).  "Last changed" was the revision when this particular file was last changed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Henry Aiken
The Life of Henry
Henry Aiken was born on 12 November 1903, in India as the son of Aiken and Kathleen Roberts. He died on 10 March 1974, in Belfast, Ireland, at the age of 70.
Learn about Henry's homeland.
Put your face in a costume from Henry's homelands.
Kathleen Roberts
John Aiken
Male– • Male
Male1901– • Male
Irish War of Independence against Britain ending in the Anglo Irish Treaty.
In the Government of Ireland Act 1920, Ireland was partitioned, with the unionist-dominated north east becoming Northern Ireland.
Irish Civil War between the Free State army and IRA.
Variant, associated chiefly with northern Ireland, of the Scottish surname Aitken .
Aikens
Aikin
There are no historical documents attached to Henry.


enabled Bridget to move into a new career.
his education after overcoming adversity.
Apply 30 military training credits to a BST degree.
The BGS degree is designed to be multidisciplinary and have maximum flexibility to suit the needs of a wide variety of students.
Combine an associate degree, applied coursework or military training with 300+ level courses to create an educationally sound emphasis that supports your career goals.
Degree Completion advisement is offered by the Western Institute.


text:
Wasting No Time Desaparece
Longtime Producer Wasting No Time Dead at 27
SEGUIN, TX—MARCH 10, 2013—Bob and Jerry Gaston's multiple stakes producing mare Wasting No Time died today (Sunday). She was 27.
The daughter of leading broodmare sire Streakin Six, Wasting No Time was a full sister to 1984 Champion 2-year-old filly Sixy Chick, winner of 11 of 15 starts, earning $751,284. Bred by Preston M Carter, Jr., she was also a full sister to Grade 3 winner and leading sire Sixarun ($291,228).
Generating Cash, the last foal of Wasting No Time, shown winning the 2012 Heritage Place Juvenile at Remington Park. © Dustin Orona Photography
Placed only once in six starts at 2 and 3, Wasting No Time was sold and resold by Agent James Pruitt to a number of his clients until 1998 when Bob and Jerry Gaston purchased her. The Texas couple owned her until her death.
Wasting No Time produced 21 named foals, 19 starters, 19 ROM, three stakes winners and three stakes-placed earners of nearly $450,000. Her offspring include stakes winners Wasting No Cash ($77,992), Generating Cash ($30,261), Timeless Favorite ($23,910), and stakes-placed runners Some Waste Time ($72,959), Corona Cerveza ($38,611), Heza Two Timing Man ($27,120) and Chicory Glass ($19,853). Her last foal, Generating Cash was born in 2010 and he won the 2012 Heritage Place Juvenile at Remington Park.
Wasting No Corona, a grandson of Wasting No Time from her daughter by Stoli, shown winning the 2012 Sunland Park Winter QH Futurity(G2). © Coady Photography
Wasting No Time is also the granddam of numerous stakes horses including AQHA Racing Champion Aged Gelding Gotta Get ($972,834), 2012 Grade 2 Sunland Park Winter Futurity winner Wasting No Corona ($119,509 to 3), RG1 placed Corona Toast ($233,224), and RG2 placed Corona Dashin Bye ($85,768). She is also the great-granddam of two-time Remington Park Distance(G3) winner Stone E Motion ($125,566), etc.
Out of the stakes winning Chick's Deck mare Chickarun ($43,455), this is the female family of such outstanding runner's, sires and producers as Eye For Corona ($1,100,121), Valors Gold ($319,114), Brookstone Bay ($183,770), First Down Mr Jess ($180,612), Down With You ($222,052), Remarkably Ritzy ($200,138), Sixes Royal ($384,977), and many more.
Wasting No Time will be laid to rest next to her stakes winning son Wasting No Cash at the Gaston's ranch near Seguin.


text:
Andrea Blythe
Game Writer • Storyteller • Editor
Games Writing
Ten Things That Made My 2022
Games Development, Games Writing
Let me be real: 2022 was another tough year in a variety of ways that I won't get into. Lately, I've been trying to focus on the things I'm grateful for, rather than dwelling on the negatives. So, please allow me to highlight some of the fantastic, wonderful, and exciting things that I experienced or discovered over this last year.
1. I completed two tiny video games — What Lies Underneath and Bluebeard: An Interactive Tale. Each I constructed with different game making tools, representing different kinds of gameplay and storytelling, and I am proud of the work I did on both.
2. . . . and all of that hard work paid off, since the games I made earlier in the year helped me snag my first freelance work in the games industry. I am currently working a contract writer for Lost Lake Games on a project I can tell you nothing about.
And I am also working with Patrick Knisely, a solo dev in charge of One Frog Games. Together, we are working on building the story, world, and scenes, which will be incorporated into the gameplay for a platforming game tentatively titled Monochrome Heights (play the demo).
3. I sold my fourth poetry chapbook, titled Necessary Poisons, which will be published by Interstellar Flight Press later this year. I've been working on this collection of strange little poems since 2016, and I'm so grateful and delighted that it has finally found a home. (A cover reveal and release date will be be coming soon.)
Continue reading on The Narrative Thread.
January 30, 2023 January 30, 2023 Andrea Blythe
What I Learned Making My First Twine Game
If you want to get into the profession of game development, the first thing folks in the industry will tell you is to start making games. Fortunately, there is an abundance of tools available for artists, designers, writers, and other creators to dive into the process and craft of making games. The first games you create don't have to be perfect, nor do they even have to be good. The point is to just learn from your successes and failures, and then continue making games.
My journey into making games comes from my passion for storytelling. I'm fascinated by how games can create unique interactive narratives that cannot be experienced in a strictly linear format. When I thought about making my first game, I wanted to draw on my existing skills as a writer and create a text-based game built that allows the player to make choices as they move through the narrative. Hoping it will help other first-timers, here are a few of the lessons I learned on the journey of making my first game, Bluebeard: An Interactive Tale.
Continue reading on SUPERJUMP.
September 8, 2022 September 8, 2022 Andrea Blythe
On Making Two Games at Once and Other Creativities
Sometimes you need to move at a slow and steady pace towards progress, dipping your toes in the pool and inching in little by little until you're used to the chilly water — and sometimes you need to just launch yourself off a rock, plunging straight into the center of the lake with the hope that you'll make it back to shore.
Guess which one I've been doing over the last month or so.
I've realized for a couple of years now that I wanted to write and build narratives for games. And so, I've been learning about the art of game narratives, which is beautifully varied and complex — ranging from heavily scripted games like The Last of Us to completely wordless experiences like Journey, with a vast number of other variants along the outskirts and in between.
While I've been exploring game narratives, I have also been toying around with making interactive narratives myself. Or rather, I have been noodling on a single interactive text, a Twine* adaptation of the classic French folk tale, "Bluebeard." Having written a retelling of the story, in which I explored a number of alternative endings, I figured it would be a relatively straightforward process to add gameplay choices that branch off to each of those endings.
Spoiler: It was not that easy.
After a period of struggling — not only over the process, but also due to the frustrations of trying to maintain a creative life amidst daily obligations — I realized I needed an extra push to help me get to done. Fortunately, I stumbled across The "Finish It" Narrative Game Jam** in May. The focus of the jam was to complete an in-progress narrative game or interactive fiction project between May 12-31. This seemed like a perfect way to push myself toward finishing my current project, and I immediately signed up.
A day or so after signing up for the Finish It Jam, I was told about the Greenlight Jam by a game writing friend. The Greenlight Jam featured a unique format, having multiple deadlines over the course of about a month (May 16th to June 19th), focused on the various stages of game design, from ideation to prototyping, production, and final release of the game. Drawn in by this concept, I had an Ah, what the hell moment and signed up before even considering the fact that the two jams overlapped or the incredible amount of work that would be involved.
And I'm so glad I did.
July 6, 2022 July 6, 2022 Andrea Blythe
Making Games: Bluebeard Goes Live
Over the past month, I've been working on a couple of game projects — an interactive tale based on a classic folk tale and a narrative adventure. The first of these has been completed and launched and the second is currently in development.
Bluebeard: An Interactive Tale
After oodles of work, I finally completed my first Twine interactive tale. Bluebeard: An Interactive Tale is based on the French folk tale, "Bluebeard," relating the story of a young woman who weds a wealthy man harboring deadly secrets.
The interactive tale features a branching narrative with a total of seven possible endings.
It's been an interesting process adapting a linear tale into a text game with multiple endings (which I plan to write more on later). Along the way, I've learned a lot about crafting branching narratives, and I'm so proud of this project.
Play the Tale.
What Lies Underneath – Development Process
What Lies Underneath is a small narrative game built using the Bitsy game maker (created by Adam Le Doux), an open source tool designed to be simple enough for just about anyone to make their own games.
The game is being developed as part of the Greenlight Jam, which is designed to have participants work through each stage of the game development process — from ideation to prototyping, production, and release of the final product.
Thus far, I've worked through the first two stages, ideation and prototyping, for the game, which I shared a little bit about on Itch.io, where you can also play the prototype of the game.
June 1, 2022 June 1, 2022 Andrea Blythe
Don Quixote and Modular Storytelling
Recently, I finished reading Character Development and Storytelling for Games by Lee Sheldon. The author has a long history of working both in the games industry, as well as in television and fiction — enabling him to draw directly form his own personal experience in a variety of mediums.
Sheldon's book provides a significant amount of interesting detail about character creation (roles, traits, encounters, etc.) and the ways in which games differ from other storytelling mediums. He uses examples from a variety of sources, including classic literature, film, and television, as well as games, in order to provide evidence for the theories on storytelling, theme, and structure that he presents. He makes some interesting connections between these different mediums. However, sometimes his chapters are so heavy with references (many of which I've never heard of) that I sometimes found it somewhat overwhelming to process the lessons he is trying to impart.
My copy of the book was the first edition, published in 2004. While discussions of character and story are everlasting, when the book speaks about the future of games, it sometimes felt a bit out of date. Apparently, a second edition was published in 2013, which likely provides a more modern perspective and up-to-date cultural references.
Regardless, one section in particular presented me with a new way of thinking about story — namely, modular storytelling and how it can help blend gameplay and story into interactive narratives. And I was surprised to learn that classic literature could provide an early example of this kind of structure.
January 9, 2022 January 9, 2022 Andrea Blythe Tagged book review


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A record of the tools that were run, along with the parameter settings, on a file.
Files created, or modified, by CIAO tools record the tool name and the parameter settings in the HISTORY section of the file. These records can be queried to find out these settings, which can be used to re-run a tool, perhaps on another file or to change a setting. This functionality complements the subspace information (ahelp subspace) which records what filters were applied to a file, whereas the history information records how the file was created or modified.
The history records are added by most CIAO tools, and many CIAO scripts, and can be queried with the dmhistory tool or with the following Crates routines from Python: add_record, get_all_records, get_comment_records, get_history_records, add_comment, delete_comments, add_history, delete_history, and print_history.
List to the screen all the dmcopy records stored in the history header of img2.fits.
Copy the dmgroup parameters used to create the file src_grp.pi file to the dmgroup parameter file (using action=pset). Run dmgroup with these settings (over-riding the infile and outfile values to apply them to a different file).
Return a list of history entries from the file (using Crates to read in the file in Python).
Before CIAO 4.11, using Crates to read in a file and then write it out would cause the history information to be lost. Crates has also been updated with a range of routines to read and write these records.


Hi are there any birthdays for March or April?
Hello, I lost your email on here. Hope you received my reply. I got a reply from Ranger today and from what I can tell, the Dylusions Spray Ink is the same as Rainbow inks. I think I'll try a little bit in one of my Tim Holtz spray bottles. Again, hope you received my reply and thank you for your generosity.
Are there any December birthdays?
Some time ago I saw a project done with a Kaleidacolor inkpad. The reason that it interested me was that the inkpad was used with individual color pads spread apart from each other.
I thought it was done by Dee on the Carol Duvall Show, but I've been all though the HGTV website and haven't found anything.
Is anyone out there familiar with the technique?
Nedra, was this ever answered to your satisfaction. Did you get a chance to use this method?
Please, remove my name from the birthday swap. I am dropping out of the swaps for a while til I get myself all together again. I'm so busy I don't have time for anything! Thanks a bunch.